THE 


GENERAL 


GAZETTEER: 


OR,  COMPENDIOUS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY: 


CONTAINING  A DESCRIPTION  OF  THE 


HARBOURS, 


EMPIRES, 


PROVINCES. 


RIVERS, 

LAKES, 

CANALS, 

CAPES, 


CITIES, 

TOWNS, 

FORTS, 

OCEANS, 

SEAS, 


KINGDOMS, 

REPUBLICS, 


ISLANDS, 

STATES, 


MOUNTAINS,  4*0, ^•c 


DEPARTMENTS 


In  the  Known  World; 


WITH  THE 


EXTENT,  BOUNDARIES,  AND  NATURAL  PRODUCTIONS  OF  EACH 
COUNTRY;  GOVERNMENT,  CUSTOMS,  MANNERS,  AND  RELI- 
GION OF  THE  INHABITANTS  ; TRADE,  MANUFACTURES, 
POPULATION,  ANTIQUITIES,  AND  CURIOSITIES 
OF  THE  CITIES  AND  TOWNS;  AND  SEVE- 
RAL OTHER  HISTORICAL  EVENTS, 

' ' ■ also, 

THEIR  LONGITUDE^  LATITUDE,  BEARING  AND  DIS- 
TANCE IN  ENGLISH  MILES,  FROM  RE- 
MARKABLE PLACES. 


THIRD  EDITION  WITH  LARGE  ADDITIONS, 
Brought  down  to  the  Year  1816, 


Illustrated  with 

and  t^ee 


'2Bertoicfe'Upon=Ct»ceti  t 

PRINTED  AND  PUBLISHED  BY  W.  LOCHHEAD, 


Sold  also,  by 


T.  tOCHHEAD,  BOOKSELLER,  421,  GALLOWGATE, 
GLASGOW, — [1816.] 


GENERAL  GAZETTEER. 


AAR 


ABB 


A A,  a large  river  of  Courland,  which 
rises  in  Saniojitia,  and  runs  into  the 
i)ay  of  Riga. 

Aa,  a river  of  France  in  Picardy,  which 
rises  in  the  department  of  Somme,  becomes 
^ navigable  near  St.  Omers,  from  whence  it 
, passes  N to  Gravelines,  below  which  it  falls 
xinto  the  English  channel. 

Aa,  a river  of  Westphalia,  which  rises 
near  Munster,  waters  the  city  and  falls  into 
the  river  Embs,  Several  other  rivers  of 
less  note  are  called  by  this  name  in  France, 
Holland,  and  Germany,  as  Aa  in  the  Dan- 
ish language  Ea  in  the  Saxon,  and  Eau  in 
the  French  signify  water. 

Aabe,  a small  town,  on  the  coast  of  the 
Baltic,  situated  in  S .lutland,  Denmark. 
Lon.  9 17  E,  lat.  55  29  n. 

Aack,  a little  town  situated  in  the  circle 
of  Suabia.  Lon.  9 0 e,  lat.  47  55  n. 

Aag-IJolm,  a small  island  of  Norway. 
Lat.  58  N. 

Aalms,  a town  of  Westphalia,  and 
V bishopric  of  Munster.  Lon.  7 1 e,  lat. 
-^52  10  N. 

^ Aain-Charain,  a village  near  Jerusalem ; 
^and  near  it  there  is  a convent,  a large  ele- 
gant building,  with  a handsome  cupola,  and 
^ under  it  an  extraordinary  fine  Mosaic  pave- 
“^Anent ; said  to  be  the  place  where  Zecha- 
^rias  the  father  of  John  the  Baptist  lived. 

Aalborg,  the  capital  of  the  bishopric  of 
Cthat  name,  lies  on  the  s coast  of  Lymfurt, 
on  the  confines  of  the  bishopric  of  Wiburg. 
.^t  is  a rich  and  populous  city  in  Denmark, 
^t  was  taken  by  the  Swedes  in  1643,  and 
1058.  Lon.  9 46  e,  lat.  56  5Q  n. 

-b-t  Aalen,  a town  of  Suabia,  on  the  Kocher, 
%40  miles  nw  of  Augsberg. 

Aar,  8i  small  island  in  the  Baltic, 
?There  are  two  rivers  of  the  same  name ; 
^-Sone  in  Westphalia  in  Germany ; the  other 

Switzerland  which  rises  in  a lake  near 
\ Mount  Saalberg,  in  the  s of  the  canton  of 
Bern,  and  running  nw  through  the  whole 
^*of  the  extent  of  the  lakes  of  Brientz  and 
^hun,  is  joined  by  the  Reuse  and  Limniat, 
/ and  falls  into  the  Rhine  opposite  Waldshut. 
^ Aaravj,  a town  and  bailiwick  of  Bern. 

is  situated  on  the  river  Aar,  and  contains 
1,700  inhabitants,  Lon.  8 IS  E,  lat,  47  20  n. 
) 


Aare,  a small  town  on  the  coast  of  Nor» 
way.  Lon.  7 0 e,  lat.  58  15  n. 

Aarhuus,  a large  district  of  N Jutland, 
which  extends  from  that  of  Wiburg,  to 
Categat,  about  15  miles  in  length,  and  be- 
tween eight  and  nine  in  breadth.  It  con- 
tains 308  parishes  besides  the  capital. 

Aars  Herred,  a district  of  N Jutland,  in 
Denmark,  containing  14  parishes. 

Abaca,  one  of  the  Philippine  islands. 

Abaeh  or  Weltenhurg,  a market-town  iil 
Lower  Bavaria,  seated  on  the  Danube, 
seven  miles  sswof  Ratisbon.  It  is  defend- 
ed by  a citadel,  and  is  remarkable  for  it» 
Roman  antiquities,  as  well  as  for  its  mine- 
ral waters.  Lon.  11  58  e,  lat.  48 
53  N. 

Abacoa,  one  of  the  Lucaya  or  Bahama, 
islands,  180  miles  e by  n of  Cape  Florida. 
Lon.  77  0 w,  lat.  24  0 n. 

Abakansk,  a town  cf  Siberia  in  the  pro- 
j vince  of  Tobolsk,  340  miles  ese  of  Koly- 
van.  Lon.  91  9 E,  lat.  54  50  N.  * 

Abala,  a city  in  the  tribe  of  Judah  ; also 
a town  of  the  Troglodytes,  in  Africa,  near 
the  Red  sea. 

Abalak,  a town  in  Siberia,  famous  for  an 
image  of  the  virgin,  14  miles  from  Tobolsk. 
Lon.  68  20  e,  lat.  58  1 1 n. 

Abano,  a town  of  Italy,  famous  for  its 
hot  baths.  It  contains  3,000  inhabitants. 
It  is  five  miles  sw  of  Padua.  Lon.  10  4T 
E,  lat.  45  30  N. 

Abaraner,  a town  of  Turcomania,  on  the 
Alengena  and  20  miles  n of  Naksivan. 
Lon.  63  59  e,  lat.  39  0 n. 

Ahascia  or  Abcas,  a country  in  Asia, 
tributary  to  the  Turks.  Abascia  has  few 
towns,  and  they  are  of  little  consequence. 
Anacopia,  Dandar,  .and  Czekorni,  are  the 
chief. 

j Abascia,  a river  of  Mingrelia  in  Asia, 
which  falls  into  the  Fasso. 

Abascus,  a river  of  Asiatic  Sarmatia. 

Abaskaia,  a town  of  Siberia,  situated  on 
the  river  Ischim,  128  miles  s by  e of  To- 
bolsk. Lon.  69  5 e,  lat.  50  10  N. 

Abatos,  an  island  of  Egypt  in  the  lake 
Moeris. 

j Abbemlle,  a considerable  town  of  France 
; in  the  department  of  Somme,  on  the  river 
^ A 


ABE 

Somme,  wbich  separates  the  town  into  two 
parts.  Here  are  manufactures  of  woollen 
cloth,  canvass,  coarse  linen,  and  soap.  It 
has  12  parish  churches  and  a collegiate  one? 
the  chief  of  which  are  St.  George’s  and  St. 
Giles’s.  It  is  20  miles  ivw  from  Amiens. 
A2  s of  Calais,  and  SO  nw  of  Paris.  Lon. 

1 55  E,  lat.  50  7 N. 

ABBEVILLE,  a county  of  S Carolina, 
25  miles  long  and  21  broad,  situated  in 
the  sw  corner  of  the  district  of  Ninety-Six. 

It  is  about  35  miles  in  length,  and  21  in 
breath,  and  contains  7,532  free  inhabitants, 
and  1,665  slaves.  The  chief  town  is  Cam- 
bridge. 

Abbey-Boyle.  See  Boyle. 

Abbey-Holm.  See  Holm. 

Ahhey-Milton.  See  Milton. 

Abotts- Bromley,  or,  Pagets-Bromly,  a 
town  in  Staffordshire,  six  miles  e from 
Stafford,  and  129  from  London.  It 
has  a weekly  market  on  Tuesday,  and  three 
annual  fairs  for  horses  and  cattle.  Lon.  I 
53  w,  lat.  52  51  N. 

Ahhottshury,  a town  in  Dorsetshire,  so 
named  from  an  abbey  near  it,  many  traces 
of  which  remain,  and  some  of  the  offices 
are  yet  entire.  A mile  w of  the  town  is 
Strangeways-castle,  where  there  is  a large 
swannery.  It  has  a market  on  Thursdaj', 
a fair  on  the  10th  of  July,  and  seated  near 
the  sea,  seven  miles  wsw  of  Dorchester, 
and  127  w by  s of  London. 

Abbots  Longley,  a village  in  Hertford- 
shire, four  miles  sw  of  St  Alban  : famous 
for  being  the  birth  place  of  Nicholas  Break - 
speare,  who  under  the  name  of  Adrian  iv, 
was  the  Q,nly  Englishman  that  ever  became 

pope.  . ^ 

Abb^s  (St)  Head,  a promontory  in  Ber- 
wickshire, on  the  Southern  extremity  of  the 
frith  of  Forth,  10  miles  xnw  of  Berwick. 
The  remains  of  a castle  and  church  are  still 
visible.  Lon.  1 56  w,  lat.  55  55  n. 

Abdie,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Fife,  near  the  s bank  of  the  Tay, 
among  those  highlands  which  to  the  west- 
ward obtain  the  name  of  Ochils.  It  con- 
tains two  remarkable  hills,  Clatcbart  Crag, 
and  Norman  Law.  Not  far  from  the  for- 
mer are  the  Loch  and  village  of  Lindores. 
Population  is  about  723. 

ABENRADE,  a mountainous  district 
and  jurisdiction  of  Sleswick  ; it  has  for  its 
capital  a town  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
seated  on  a spacidus  open  bay  in  the  Baltic, 
surrounded  by  high  mountains.  Lon.  9 14 
E,  lat.  55  6 N. 

Abensperg  or  Abensberg,  a town  of  Ba- 
varia, subject  to  the  duke,  seated  on  the 
river  Abens,  near  the  Danube,  15  miles  sw 
of  Ratisbon.  Lon.  1 1 55  e,  lat.  48  46  n. 
Aberath,  a parish  of  Cardiganshire. 
Aberavon,  a borough  town  of  Wales  in 
Glamorganshire,  seated  on  the  mouth  of  the 
Avon,  19  miles  nw  cf  Cowbridge,  and  195 
w from  London.  Lon.  348  w^lat,  51  35  n. 


ABE 

Aberbrotbwickf  or  Arbroath,  a seaporl 
town  on  the  east  coast  of  Scotland,  in 
Aagussbire,  15  miles  ne  of  St.  Andrew’s, 
and  40  nne  from  Edinburgh.  It  is  situa- 
ted on  the  mouth  of  the  small  river  Bro- 
thick,  is  a royal  burgh,  well  built  and 
flourishing.  The  number  of  its  inhabitants, 
are  estimated  at  about  7000.  The  chief 
manufactures  are  brown  linens,  or  osna- 
burghs,  sail-cloths,  and  white  and  brown 
thread.  At  this  place,  in  default  of  a na- 
tural harbour,  a tolerable  artificial  one  of 
piers  has  been  formed.  The  harbour  is 
defended  by  a small  battery,  mounting  six 

1 2-pounders.  The  parish  of  Aberbrothwick 
is  of  small  extent,  containing  little  more 
than  the  town  and  royalty.  It  contains 
about  4943  inhabitants,  exclusive  of  tha 
town.  At  Aberbrothwick  is  a chalybeate 
water.  Fairs  are  on  31st  January,  3d 
Wednesday  of  June,  and  1 8th  July.  Lon. 

2 39  w,  lat.  56  36  N. 

Aberconway,  a corporate  town  of  Wales 
in  Carnarvonshire,  with  a market  on  Fri- 
day. It  is  surrounded  by  a wall  with 
towers;  and  on  a rocky  promontory  are 
the  massy  remains  of  a castle,  formerly 
one  of  fhe  most  magnificent  structures  of 
the  kind  in  the  kingdom.  It  is  pleasantly 
situated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Conway,  18 
miles  ENE  of  Carnarvon,  and  220  wnw  of 
London. 

Abercorn,  a village  and  parish  of  W 
Lothian,  on  the  s bank  of  the  Frith  of  Forth 
12  miles  w from  Edinburgh.  The  Ro- 
man wall  built  by  Antoninus,  is  said  to 
have  begun  in  this  parish,  and  extended 
to  Kilpatrick  on  the  irith  of  Clyde. 
Population  of  the  parish  and  village  is 
about  814.  , ' 

Aberdeen,  the  principal  city  in  the  n of 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  coast  of  the  Ger- 
man ocean,  120  miles  ne  from  Edinburgh, 
in  Ion.  1 45  w,  lat.  57  9 n.  Under  this 
denomination  are  comprehended  two  towns, 
OZifand  Kew  which,  how’^ever,  are 

almost  united  by  their  respective  suburbs. 

Aberdeen,  Old,  formerly  Aberdeen,  is 
pleasantly  situated  on  an  eminence  near  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Dcto,  about  a mile  n of 
New  Aberdeen.  It  is  of  great  antiquity  ; 
'but  prior  to  the  year  1154  uo  authentic  re- 
cords are  extant.  In  that  year  David  I. 
translated  hither  the  episcopal  see  of  Mort- 
lach,  and  the  town  was  erected  by  charter 
into  a free  burgh  of  barony,  holding  direct- 
ly of  the  crown.  The  town  consists  chiefly 
of  one  long  street.  There  is  a neat  towm- 
house,  and  a Trades  hospital.  But  the  chief 
ornament  of  Old  Aberdeen  is  the  large  and 
stately  fabric  of  King’s  College,  situated  on 
the  s side  of  the  town.  It  is  built  round  a 
square  wittf  cloisters  on  the  s side.  The 
building  is  ancient,  being  founded  in  1506 
by  bishop  Elphiuston.  The  annual  number 
of  students  is  from  120  to  160.  Over  the 
Don  at  Old  Aberdeen,  there  U a noble  Go- 


ABE 

vbic  bridge  of  one  arch,  67  feet  span,  and 
and  an  Laif  high  from  the  surface  of  the 
river.  The  population  of  Old  Aberdeen 
and  parish  in  1811,  13,731. 

Aberdeen  New,  is  the  capital  of  the 
shire  of  Aberdeen.  For  extent,  trade,  and 
beauty,  it  equals  any  town  in  the  north  of 
Scotland.  It  is  built  on  a gentle  emi- 
nence, rising  from  a small  bay,  formed  by 
the  river  Dee.  The  streets  are  numerous, 
spacious,  and  well  paved  ; the  houses  are 
built  of  granite.  The  whole  town  is  about 
two  miles  in  circumference,  and  the  po- 
pulation in  1801,  was  returned  at  17,597, 
in  1811,  21,639.  The  municipal  govern- 
ment is  vested  in  a provost,  four  bailies, 
a dean  of  guild,  treasurer,  town-clerk,  a 
town-council,  and  seven  deacons  of  incor- 
porated trades.  The  town  is  a royal 
burgh,  and  uniting  with  Aberbrothwick, 
Brechin,  Inverbervie,  and  Alontrose,  sends 
a member  to  parliament.  The  market- 
place is  situated  in  the  centre  of  the  town, 
and  consists  of  a large  oblong  square. 
The  town-house  and  the  tolbooth,  a square 
tower  120  feet  high,  both  ardorned  with 
elegant  spires,  and  the  Mason  Lodge,  rises 
on  its  northern  side.  In  tiie  middle  of 
Castle  Street  is  the  cross.  It  is  a stone 
octagon  building,  ornamented  with  neat 
has  relievos  of  the  kings  of  Scotland  from 
James  I.  to  James  Vi.,  having  a Corin- 
thian column  in  the  centre  mounted  with 
an  unicorn.  In  the  High  Street  is  a large 
church  which  belonged  to  the  Franciscans. 
There  are  a number  of  benevolent  institu- 
tions, the  principal  of  which  are,  Gordon^s 
Hospital,  a handsome  building,  and  the 
infirmary.  On  the  site  of  a fortification 
built  by  Cromwell,  a little  to  the  e of  the 
town,  a commodious  barracks  was  erected 
in  1794.  New  Aberdeen  is  also  graced 
with  an  elegant  college,  founded  by 
George  Keith,  the  earl  Marischal  of  Scot- 
land, in  1593.  This  instilution  is  entirely 
distinct  from  that  of  King^s  College.  The 
ofl&cers  are,  a chancellor,  rector,  dean  of 
faculties,  regent,  and  principal.  The  earl 
Marischal  being  attainted,  the  crown  is  the 
superior.  The  number  of  students  is  much 
the  same  with  King’s  College.  The  trade 
is  considerable,  but  might  be  greatly  ex- 
tended. The  town  has  erected  a strong 
pier  on  the  n side  of  the  harbour.  This 
pier  is  1 200  feet  long,  and  the  perpendicu- 
lar elevation  is  38  feet.  It  was  built 
under  the  direction  of  Mr  Smeaton ; and 
the  expence  amounted  to  above  17,0001. 
Aberdeen  once  enjoyed  a good  share  of  the 
tobacco  trade ; but  of  late  years  its  chief 
imports  were  from  the  Baltic,  and  a few 
merchants  trade  to  the  W Indies,  the  Le- 
vant, and  North  America.  Its  exports  are 
stockings,  thread,  salmon,  pickled  pork, 
.and  oat-meal.  Fairs  are  on  the  31st  Jan. 

3d  Wed.  June,  and  13th  July.  The  parish 
of  New  Aberdeen,  of  St  Nicholas,  is  of 


ABE 

small  extent.  It  includes  Footdee,  a con- 
siderable village,  Aberdeen  has  two  pri- 
vate banking  companies. 

ABERDEENSHIRE,  a county  of  Scot- 
land, bounded  on  the  nw  by  Banffshire, 
a.nd  the  Deveron  ; on  the  n and  ne  by  the 
German  Ocean ; on  the  s by  the  counties 
of  Kincardine,  Angus,  and  Perth;  and  on  the 
w by  Inverness-shire.  Itsi^ength  from  ne 
to  sw  is  about  80  miles;  its  breadth  not 
quite  30.  It  contains  458,000  acres,  and 
is  divided  into  85  parishes,  which  in  1811 
included  135,075  inhabitants.  It  compre- 
hends the  districts  of  Mar,  Garioeh,  Strath- 
bogie,  and  the  greater  part  of  Buchan  ; 
and  sends  one  member  to  parliament.  It 
is  wasned  on  the  e and  n by  the  ocean  ; 
and  abounds  in  sea  ports.  It  is  watered  by 
numerous  streams,  whose  banks  display  the 
most  extensive  plantations.  In  the  river 
Ythan,  is  also  a celebrated  pearl  fishery, 
where  some  pearls  have  been  found,  which 
have  sold  singly  at  21.  or  31.  The  sub- 
terranean stores  of  this  icounty,  as  far  as 
yet  discovered,  consist  chiefly  of  granite 
slate,  manganese,  plumbago,  lime-stone^ 
amianthus,  amethysts,  and  other  precious 
stones.  The  soil  is  various,  and  agricul- 
ture, in  general,  rude.  This  countv  is 
noted  for  the  thriving  state  of  its  manu- 
factures of  linen  and  wool. 

Aberdour,  a small  town  in  Fifeshire, 
Scotland,  with  a good  harbour  on  the  Frith 
of  Forth,  about  10  miles  nw  of  Edinburgh. 
It  has  a manufacture  of  checks  and  iron 
utensils.  This  village  gives  name  to  the 
parish,  on  the  eastern  border  of  which 
stands  the  old  castle  of  Aberdeen.  Popu- 
lation about  1620. 

Aberdour,  a parish  in  Aberdeenshire, 
Population  1306. 

Aberford,  or  Aberforth,  a small  town  in 
the  W Riding  of  Yorkshire,  16  miles  swof 
York,  and  184  nnw  from  London  ; market 
on  Wednesday.  It  is  noted  for  pin-making. 

Aberfoyle,  a parish  in  the  county  of  PertL 
The  population  about  711. 

Aberjraw,  a town  of  N Wales,  in  the  isle 
of  Anglesey,  formerly  famous  for  a palace 
of  the  princes  of  N Wales.  In  the  neigh- 
bourhood, a considerable  flannel  manufac- 
tory is  carried  on,  and  the  mountains  near 
it  abound  in  coal,  iron,  and  limestone. 
Several  iron  works  have  lately  been  erect- 
ed. It  lies  six  miles  nw  of  Newburgh. 

Abergavenny,  a town  in  Monmouthshire. 
Here  are  theruine  of  a casile,  a large  Gothic 
church,  which  formerly  belonged  to  a pri- 
ory, and  a free  school  formed  by  Hen- 
ry VIII.  It  has  a trade  in  flannels,  and  in 
the  adjacent  mo  niains  are  extensive  iron 
works.  It  has  two  weekly  markets  and 
three  fairs.  It  is  seated  on  the  Gavenny, 
at  its  conflux  with  the  Usk,  16  miles  w of 
Monmouth,  and  146  w by  n of  London. 
Lon.  3 10  w,  iat.  5 1 50  n. 

Abergeley,  a town  of  Wales,  in  Den- 
A 2 


ABE 

bigbshire.  It  stands  on  the  sea  coast,  and 
is  much  frequented  for  bathing.  It  has 
four  annual  fairs,  and  a market  on  Satur- 
day. It  is  12  miles  nw  of  Denbigh,  and 
229  of  London. 

AbergwiUy,  a village  of  Wales,  in  Car- 
marthenshire, at  the  conflux  of  the  Gwily 
with  the  Towy,  two  miles  e of  Carraathen. 
The  bishop  of  St  David  has  a palace  here. 
The  church  was  formerly  collegiate,  but 
Henry  VIII.  transformed  its  revenues  to 
the  college  at  Brecknock.  It  has  two 
fairs  in  the  year, 

Aberlady,  a small  village  in  E Lothian 
in  Scotland,  containing  about  400  inha- 
bitants. It  gives  name  to  the  parish, 
where  it  is  situatetl.  The  total  population 
about  875. 

Aberlemno,  a village  of  Angus-shire,  in 
Scotland,  six  miles  sw  from  Brechin.  It 
gives  name  to  the  parish.  The  population 
Is  near  1,000. 

Aberley,  Aburley,  or  Abbotsley,  in  Wor- 
cester, five  miles  from  Bewdly. 

Aberlour,  a parish  in  Banffshire.  It 
contains  about  820  inhabitants. 

Ahernethy,  a small  town  in  Stratbern,  a 
district  of  Perthshire  in  Scotland,  seated 
near  the  junction  of  the  Erne,  with  the  Tay. 
The  chief  manufacture  i^  household  linen, 
and  silesias.  The  town  is  a burgh  of  ba- 
rony, of  which  Lord  Douglass  is  superior, 
formerly  the  seat  of  the  Pictish  kings,  and 
the  see  of  the  bishop.  Near  the  church, 
which  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  cathe- 
dral, is  an  antique  tower  74  feet  high,  and 
48  in  circumference.  Abernethy  gives 
name  to  the  parish  in  which  it  lies ; and 
ihe  population  is  about  1355. 

Abernyie,  a small  parish  of  Perthshire, 
in  Scotland.  Population  is  about  271. 

Aberpoidk,  a village  of  Wales,  in  Cardi- 
ganshire, seated  in  a cove  of  St  George^s 
Channel.  It  has  a trade  in  coals,  lime- 
stone, and  culm.  It  is  seven  miles'  enb  of 
Cardigan. 

Ahertarff,  a populous  parish  in  Inver- 
ness-shire, united  to  that  of  Boleskin,  which 
contains  the  celebrated  Fall  of  Foyers. 

Aberystwithj  a town  of  Wales  in  Cardi- 
ganshire. It  is  seated  near  the  mouths  of 
the  Ystwdth  and  Rhydol,  in  Cardigan  bay. 
It  is  governed  by  a mayor.  In  the  bathing 
season  it  is  a fashionable  watering  place. 
It  was  formerly  fortified  with  a castle,  once 
the  residence  of  the  great  Cadwalladev, 
From  the  silver  and  lead  mines  in  its  iieigh- 
bourhoed,  the  celebrated  Sir  Hugh  Middle- 
ton  acquired  his  large  fortune.  It  is  rich 
and  populous,  having  a good  trade  in  lead, 
a considerable  fishing  in  herrings,  cod,  &c. 
and  a good  w'eekly  market  on  Monday.  It 
lies  34  miles  ne  of  Cardigan,  and  208  wnw 
of  London.  Lon.  4 0 w,  lat.  52  25  n. 

ABESKOUN,  or  Abcoun,  an  island 
in  the  Caspian  sea,  about  12  miles  from 
Ispahan. 


ABO 

ABEX,  a country  of  Africa,  on  the  Red 
sea,  which  bounds  it  on  the  e ; on  the  w it 
is  bounded  by  Abyssinia  and  Nuabia,  on 
the  N by  Egypt,  and  on  the  s by  the  coast 
of  Ajan.  The  chief  towns  are  Arkeko,  or 
Ercoco,  and  Suaqiiam  ; which  last  is  the 
capital,  and  the  seat  of  a governor.  It  is 
subject  to  the  Turks.  It  is  500  miles  in 
length,  and  100  in  breadth.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  Mahometans, 

Abher,  Hahar,  or  EbJieVj  a city  of  Per- 
sian Irak,  or  ancient  Parthia.  It  con- 
tains 2,500  houses,  and  is  governed  by  a 
Deroga.  Lon.  50  59  e,  lat.  36  14  n. 

Abingdon,  or  Ahington  a town  of  Berks, 
on  the  Thames,  so  named  from  an  abbey 
formerly  built  in  it.  It  has  two  churches, 
dedicated  to  St  Nicholas  and  St  Helena ; 
and  two  hospitals.  It  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament.  Markets  on  Mon- 
day and  Friday,  seven  miles  s of  Oxford, 
and  56  w of  London.  Lon.  1 12  w,  lat. 
51  42  N. 

Ahington,  a post  town  and  capital  of 
Washington  countj'^,  Virginia.  It  is  300 
miles  wsw  of  Richmond,  and  587  from 
Philadelphia.  Lon.  7 0 w,  lat.  36 
57  N. 

Ahington,  a small  town  of  Hertford  coun- 
ty, Maryland.  A college  was  instituted 
here  by  the  Methodists  in  1785,  and  named 
Cokesbury,  in  honour  of  their  two  principal 
bishops.  It  is  24  miles  ne  by  e of  Balti- 
more, and  78  sw  of  Philadelphia. 

Ahington,  a township  of  the  United 
States  in  Plymouth  county,  Massachusetts. 
22  miles  se  of  Boston.  It  contains  about 
1,453  inhabitants. 

Abiul,  a small  town  in  Biera,  Portugal, 
contaiuing  about  1300  inhabitants.  Lon. 

7 10  w,  lat.  40  20  n. 

ABKHAS,  one  of  the  seven  nations  in 
the  countries  comprehended  between  the 
Black  sea  and  the  Caspian.  They  are  tri- 
butary to  the  Turks,  and  are  divided  into 
'two  governments,  the  Western  and  the 
, Eastern,  each  subject  to  a bashaw,  com- 
monly chosen  out  of  the  principal  native 
families  ; one  of  whom  resides  at  Sotchuk- 
kale  and  the  other  at  Soghumkale.  The 
capital  is  Anacopia,  formerly  Nicopsas. 
The  Abkhas  speak  an  original  language. 
They  have  very  little  religion,  though 
they  preserve  some  traces  of  Christianity. 

ABLAI,  or  xIblay,  a country  in  Great 
Tartary,  subject  to  the  Russians.  Lon, 
from  72  to  83  e,  lat.  51  to  54  n. 

Abo,  a sea  port,  the  capital  of  Swedish 
Findland,  which  lies  upon  the  point  w^here 
the  gulf  of  Bothnia  and  Findland  unite.  Is 
the  see  of  a bishop;  and  has  an  university, 
founded  by  queen  Christiana,  in  1640 ; be- 
sides a school,  founded  by  Gustavus  Adol- 
phus, for  300  scholars.  The  town  is  tolera- 
bly well  built,  and  the  inhabitants  export 
linen,  corn,  and  planks.  Here  the  treaty  of 
peace  between  Russia  and  Sweden  in  1743, 


A B Y 

was  concluded.  It  was  taken  by  the  Rus- 
sians in  1808.  It  lies  120  miles  ne  of  Stock- 
holm. Lon.  22  18  e,  lat.  00  27  n 

Aboukir,  an  island  and  bay  on  the  coast 
of  EgypL  at  the  mouth  of  the  Nile,  rendered 
famous  by  the  total  defeat  and  destruction  of 
the  French  ileetby  admiral  Nelson,  in  1798. 
The  French  call  the  island  Beguires,  and 
the  Italians  Bicchieri.  It  is  20  miles  ene 
of  Alexandria.  Lon.  31  24  e, lat.  31  32  n. 

Aboutigey  Abutisliy  or  AhohibeyiXiQwn  in 
Upper  Egypt,  seated  near  the  Nile.  I'he 
best  opium  is  made  here.  Lon.  49  0 E,lat. 
26  30  N. 

Aboyney  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Aber- 
deenshire, composed  of  the  districts  of 
Aboyne  and  Glentanar.  Charlestown  of 
Aboyneis  a pleasant  little  town,  and  much 
frequented  by  valetudinarians.  It  is  a 
borough  of  barony  under  the  earl  of  Aboyne, 
and  has  a w^eekiy  market  and  four  fairs. 
Population  about  916. 

Abrantcs,  a town  of  Portugal,  in  Estra- 
madura,  seated  on  the  Tajo.  It  contains 
35,000  inhabitants,  and  has  4 convents,  an 
hospital,  and  an  alms  house,  and  is  80 
miles  NE  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  7 18  w,  iat. 
39  13  N. 

Abrug-Banyay  a populous  town  in  Tran- 
sylvania, on  the  river  Ompay,  35  miles 
above  Alba  Julia.  There  are  mines  of  gold 
and  silver  near  it.  Lon.  23  24  e,  lat. 
46  50  N. 

AbruzzOy  a province  of  Naples,  bounded 
on  the  E by  the  gulf  of  Venice,  on  the  n and 
w by  Ancona,  Umbria,  and  the  Campagna 
di  Roma,  and  on  the  s by  the  Terra  di  La- 
vora,  and  Molise.  It  is  divided  into  tw^o 
parts  by  the  river  Pesea,ra,  called  Ulteriore 
and  Citeriore.  The  fomer  has  Aquilla,  and 
the  latter  Solomona,  for  its  capital.  It  has 
two  mountains,  Cavallo,  and  Mayallo,  be- 
sides the  Appenines.  The  woods  abound  with 
bears  and  wolves.  The  top  of  Mayallo  is 
alw^ays  covered  with  snow,  and  the  woods 
are  infested  with  bears  and  wolves.  The 
country,  though  cold,  is  fertile  in  corn,  rice, 
fruits,  saffron,  vines,  and  olives ; but  the 
staple  commodity  is  wool. 

Abs,  a town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Ardeche,  formerly  the  chief  town  of  Vi- 
vares,  and  a Bishop's  see,  but  now  little  re- 
mains of  its  ancient  granduer  but  ruins.  It 
is  eight  miles  nw  of  Vivers. 

ABSTEINEN,  a district  and  village  of 
Prussia,  in  the  circle  of  Tapien. 

Aburquerque,  a town  of  Spain,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Estramadura,  situated  on  a branch 
of  the  river  Guadiana.  Lon.  6 2 w,  lat.  38 
54  . 

Ahgdosy  a town  and  castle  of  Asia  Minor, 
now^  the  southern  castle  of  the  Dardanelles, 
situated  at  the  strait  called  Gallipoli.  Here 
all  ships  from  the  Archipelago  are  searched. 
Lon.  37  36  e,  lat.  40  16  k. 

ABYO,  or  Abuyo,  one  of  the  Philippine 
islands,  in  the  East  Indies,  between  Min- 


AB  Y 

dauao  and  Luzon,  where  the  Spaniards  have 
a fort.  Lon.  122  15  e,  lat.  10  0 n. 

ABYSSINIA,  a kingdom  of  Africa  j 
according  to  some  900  miles  long,  and  600 
miles  broad  ; others  660  miles  in  iength  and 
550  broad.  It  is  bounded  on  the  n by  Nu- 
bia, on  the  E by  the  Red  Sea  and  Adel,  s 
by  Machidas,  Gingiro,  and  Manoemugi, 
and  w by  Negroland  and  Darfoor.  Ac- 
cording to  Bruce,  it  is  divided  into  12  pro- 
vinces. The  country  is  mountainous,  but 
in  the  vales  the  soil  is  fertile.  The  climate 
is  cold,  and  the  rainy  season  continues  from 
April  to  September.  During  the  other  six 
months,  the  sky  is  cloudless  and  the  sun 
vertical.  The  heat  is  scorching  through 
the  day ; but  the  night  is  extremly  cold. 
Notwithstanding  these  days,  the  ground 
feels  disagreeable  to  the  feet,  owing  partly 
to  the  six  months  rain,  when  no  sun  ap- 
pears, and  partly  to  the  equality  of  nights 
and  days.  There  is  no  country  in  the 
world  produces  a greater  quantity  of  quadru- 
peds, both  wild  and  tame.  Of  black  cattle 
there  are  various  species,  also  a great 
number  of  sheep  Among  the  wild  ani« 
mais,  are  lions,  boars,  leopards,  rhinoce- 
roses, antelopes,  panthers,  hippopotamuses 
and  crocodiles.  But  none  of  them  exceeds 
the  hyaena  for  merciless  and  savage  fero- 
city. The  number  of  birds  is  still  great- 
er than  that  of  the  quadrupeds ; there  are 
many  species  of  eagles,  and  still  more  of 
the  vulture,  which  infest  all'  parts  of  the 
country.  Also  a species  of  glede,  called 
haddoyn,  which  is  frequent  in  Egypt,  and 
comes  punctually  into  Abyssinia  after  the 
tropical  rains.  There  are  not  many  owls, 
but  they  are  amazingly  large  and  beauti- 
ful. There  is  but  one  species  of  geese, 
called  the  golden  goose ; or  goose  of  the  Nile, 
which  is  common*in  all  the  south  of  Africa. 
Of  the  various  insects,  the  most  extraor- 
dinary is  a species  of  By,  called  Tsaltsal, 
which  though  very  little  larger  than  a bee, 
is  very  fatal  to  the  cattle,  in  some  dis- 
tricts great  emigrations  take  place  in  the 
beginning  of  the  rainy  season,  to  prevent 
the  cattle  from  being  destroyed  by  it.  As 
to  vegetables,  Abyssinia  produces  wheat  in 
abundance.  The  teff,  an  inferior  kind  of 
grain,  and  the  ensste,  an  herbaceous  plant 
afford  bread  to  the  inhabitants  in  general. 
Tile  Abyssinians  are  a mixture  of  Moors, 
Pagans,  Jews,  and  Christians,  There  is  a 
remarkable  coincidence  between  the  cus- 
toms in  the  court  of  ancient  Persia,  and 
those  of  Abyssinia.  The  religion  of  the 
country  is  a mixture  of  Judaism,  and  of 
the  Christianity  of  the  greek  church  ; and 
the  language  bears  a great  affinity  to  the 
Arabic  ; but  particuU?r  provinces  have  a 
different  dialect.  The  Abyssinians  in  ge- 
neral are  of  an  oli  ve  complexion,  tail,  grace- 
ful, and  well  featured  ; and  their  dress  is  a 
light  robe,  bound  with  a sash,  the  head 
being  covered  with  a kiad  of  turban.  The 


ACE 

bouses  are  built  of  clay,  and  the  roof 
thatched  m the  form  of  cones,  and  even  the 
churches  are  of  a circular  form,  surrounded 
by  a portico.  Some  travellers  affirm  that 
at  an  Abyssinian  banquet,  the  flesh  is  cut 
from  the  live  oxen,  and  they  devour  it  raw 
with  the  blood.  The  government  is  of  an 
hereditary  and  absolute  nature.  The  king 
is  approached  in  the  attitude  of  prostration. 
They  have  no  learning,  and  only  a few  re- 
ligious books,  the  principle  of  which  is  the 
Bible.  The  population  of  this  kingdom  is 
computed  at  about  3,000,000.  According 
to  Mr.  Bruce,  the  celebrated  river  Nile  has 
its  source  in  this  country.  Gondar  is  the 
capital. 

ACADIA.  See  Nova  Scotia* 

ACAMBOtr,  a large  district  of  Guinea, 
in  Africa. 

ACANNY,  an  inland  country  on  the 
Gold  coast  of  Guinea,  w’hich  affords  the  best 
gold  in  great  plenty ; also  a town  of  the 
same  name  in  that  country.  Lon.  0 30  e, 
lat.  8 30  N. 

Acajithion^  a mountain  of  Ethiopia. 

Acapala,  a towm  of  New  Spain,  in  the 
province  cf  Chiapa,  and  audience  of 
Mexico, 

AeapylcOf  a city  of  New^  Spain,  in  the 
province  of  Mexico,  on  a bay  of  the  Pacific 
ocean.  It  has  a fine  harbour,  defended  by 
a strong  castle,  from  whence  a ship,  (some- 
times tw'o)  a.n«ualiy  sails  to  Manilla  in  the 
Philippine  islands,  near  the  coast  of  China, 
in  Asia ; and  another  returns  annually  from 
thence  with  all  the  treasures  of  the  East  In- 
dies, such  as  diamonds,  rubies,  sapphires, 
and  other  precious  stones ; the  rich  carpets 
of  Persia,  the  carapliire  of  Bornea  ; the 
benjamin  and  ivory  of  Pegu  and  Cambo- 
dia ; the  silks,  muslins,  and  calicoes  of  Mo- 
gul ; the  gold  dust,  tea,  and  china  ware, 
silk,  and  cabinets  of  China  and  Japan  ; be- 
sides cinnamon,  cloves,  nutmegs,  and 
pepper ; insomuch  that  this  single  ship  con- 
tains more  riches  than  many  whole  fleets. 
Annual  ships  also  arrive  from  Limi,  and 
other  ports  of  Chili  and  Peru,  with  specie, 
<fec.  Here  is  an  hospital  supported  by  the 
merchants.  Lon.  99  46  w,  lat.  17  0 n. 

Acariaf  a towm  of  Paraguay,  built  by 
the  Jesuits  in  1624.  Lon.  dl  5 w,  lat. 
20  0 s. 

Acasabastlan^  a small  town  of  New  Spain, 
in  the  province  of  Vera  Pas  ; seated  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  70  miles  ene  of 
Guatiraala.  Lon.  91  20  w,  lat.  14  50  k. 

Acharabad.  See  Agra, 

ACCOMLIC,  a maritime  county  of  Vir- 
ginia. It  contains  9,697  free  persons,  and 
4,262  slaves. 

Acdia,  a town  of  the  Campagna  di 
Boma  in  Italy.  Lon.  13  7 e,  iat.  41 
41  N. 

Acerenza,  a small  town  of  tiie  province 
of  Basilicata,  in  the  kingdon  of  Naples.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Branduno,  at  the  foot  of 


A c H 

the  Appenines,  97  miles  e by  s of  Naples. 
Lon.  16  5 E,  lat.  49  20  n. 

Aeerno,  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  citerior 
principality  of  Naples,  situated  17  miles 
sw  of  Coiiza,  and  J2  ne  of  Salerno.  Lon. 
15  6 E,  lat.  40  45  n. 

Acerra,  a towm  in  the  kingdom  of  Na- 
ples, in  the  Terra  di  Lavora,  on  the  river 
Agno,  12  miles  ne  of  Naples.  Lon.  14  30  e, 
lat.  40  55  N. 

Achf  a tow’n  of  Suabia,  in  the  landgra- 
viate  of  Nellenburg,  on  the  river  Ach,  14 
miles  NE  of  Schaffhausen. 

AC  HAM,  a country  in  Asia,  bounded 
on  the  N by  Boutan,  on  the  e by  China,  oh 
the  s by  Burmah,  and  on  the  w by  Hin- 
doostan.  It  is  very  little  known  to  Euro- 
peans. It  is  situated  between  91  and  96 
degrees  Of  e Ion.  and  between  25  and  28 
N lat. 

ACIIEEN,  a kingdom  on  the  nw  part 
of  the  island  of  Sumatra,  in  the  Indian 
ocean.  Though  no  longer  the  great  mart 
of  eastern  ccmmodilies,  it  still  carries  on 
a considerable  trade  wuth  the  natives  of 
that  part  of  the  coast  of  Hindoostan,  called 
Telinga,  It  is  esteemed  comparatively 
healthy,  being  more  free  from  woods  and 
sw^amps  than  most  other  parts  of  the  island. 
Its  chief  produce  is  fine  fruits,  rice,  cotton, 
gold  dust,  and  sulphur.  The  Acheens  are 
taller,  stouter,  and  darker  complexioned 
than  the  other  Sumatrans.  They  are  ex- 
pert navigators,  and  have  a good  share  of 
sagacity  and  penetration.  Their  religion 
is  Mahometanism.  The  country  of  Acheen 
is  divided  into  three  districts,  and  named 
Duo-pooloo^duo,  Duo-pooloo-leemo , and 
Duo-podloo-Anam, 

Acheen,  or  Acliem,  the  capital  of  the 
kingdom  of  the  same  name.  It  lies  1000 
miles  se  of  Madras,  and  is  situated  on  a 
river  which  runs  into  the  sea  near  the  nw 
point,  or  Acheen-head,  about  two  miles 
from  the  mouth.  The  river  is  not  large, 
and  by  flowing  in  several  channels  is  ren- 
dered very  shallow  at  the  bar.  The  houses 
in  common  are  built  of  bamboos  and  rough 
timber,  and  raised  some  feet  from  the 
ground  on  account  of  the  place  being  over- 
flow^ed  in  the  rainy  season.  A considera- 
ble fabric  of  a thick  species  of  cotton  cloth, 
and  of  stuff  for  short  draw^ers,  worn  both 
by  Malays  and  Achenese  is  manufactured 
here.  They  weave  also  very  handsome 
silk  pieces,  of  a particular  form  for  that 
part  of  the  dress  which  is  called  by  the  Ma- 
lays cayen  farrong.  Payments  are  gene- 
rally made  in  gold  dust.  Crimes  are  pu- 
nished wdth  remarkable  rigour,  but  it  is  sup- 
posed the  rod  of  justice  falls  only  on  the 
poor ; yet  the  Achenese  have  been  consi- 
dered as  the  most  dishonest  and  villainous 
people  in  the  east.  Lon.  93  34  e,  lat,  52  2 n. 

Ackmetschet,  a town  of  Crim  Tartary, 
See  Sympkeropol. 

AchmintfdiXoyvn  of  Upper  Egypt, situated 


A C R 


A D E 


the  eastern  bank  of  the  Nile.  Though 
this  town  be  fallen  from  its  ancient  splen- 
- ilour,  it  is  still  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of 
Upper  Egypt,  and  is  the  residence  of  an 
emir,  or  prince  of  the  country.  It  has  a 
manufactory  of  cotton  stuffs,  and  pottery  ; 
205  miles  s of  Cairo. 

Achombane^  a town  of  S Guinea. 
Aclioncagmiy  a river  of  Chili,  in  S Ame- 
rica. 

Aehoiinjy  a small  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Sligo,  and  a bishop's  see  united 
to  Killala.  It  stands  on  the  Shannon,  16 
miles  wsw  of  Sligo. 

AchgTy  a strong  town  and  castle  of  the 
Ukrain  ; on  the  river  Uorsklo,  127  miles  E 
of  Kiof.  Lon.  36  10  e,  lat.  49  32  n, 
Acken,  a town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
duchy  of  Magdeburg,  with  a citadel,  on  the 
Elbe,  five  miles  nw  of  Dessau. 

Acoma,  or  S^  Estevan  de  Acoma,  a 
town  of  N America,  in  New  Mexico, 
seated  on  a hill,  with  a good  castle.  To 
go  into  the  town,  one  must  walk  up  50 
steps  cut  out  of  the  rock.  It  is  the 
capital  of  a province.  Lon.  104  15  w,  lat. 
35  0 N. 

AcqSy  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Arriege,  on  the  river  Arric^ge, 
province  of  Foix,  in  France,  It  is  famous 
for  hot  springs  in  its  neighbourhood,  from 
which  it  takes  its  name.  Lon.  1 40  e.  lat. 
43  0 N. 

Acqua,  a town  in  Tuscany,  noted  for 
warm  baths  j 15  miles  e of  Leghorn. 
Lon.  12  10  E,  lat.  43  55  n. 

Aequapendente,  a large  town  of  Italy, 
in  the  territory  of  Orvieto ; it  is  seated  on 
a mountain,  near  the  river  Paglia,  30  miles 
N by  w of  Rome,  and  10  w of  Orvieto. 
Lon.  12  IT  E,  lat.  42  43  n. 

Acquaria,  a small  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Modenese,  noted  for  its  medicinal  waters. 

It  is  situated  12  miles  s of  Modena.  Lon. 

11  19  E,  lat.  44  12  N. 

Acqitavwa,  a town  of  Naples,  in  Terra 
di  Bari,  18  miles  s of  Bari.  Lon.  16  20  e, 
lat.  41  10  N. 

Acquiy  a town  of  Italy,  in  Montserrat. 

It  has  commodious  warm  baths.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Bornio,  25  miles  nw  of 
Genoa,  and  30  s of  Casal.  Lon.  8 35  e,  ; 
iat.  44  40  N.  * 

ACRA,  a territory  of  Guinea,  where  the 
English,  Dutch,  and  Danes,  have  built  j 
strong  forts.  The  town  is  of  the  same  ( 
name,  each  fort  has  its  particular  village,  j 
Lon  0 20  E,  lat.  5 0 n.  < 

ACRA,  an  island  on  the  coast  of  Bar-  ^ 
bary,  forming  a good  harbour  in  the  Medi-  ^ 
terranean  sea,  for  vessels  of  every  de-  i 
scription. 

Acrey  or  Sf  John  d^icre,  a sea  port  towm  j ( 
of  Syria,  in  Palestine.  It  was  formerly!  & 
called  Ptolemaisy  by  the  Greeks ; and  in  I 1 
scripture,  Accho.  It  is  situated  at  the  n ' 1 
angla  of  a bay,  which  extends  in  a semi-'  1 


b Circle  of  three  leagues,  as  far  as  the  point 

- of  mount  Carmel,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
f Eardanah;  or  ancient  Belus.  Since  the 
r)  expulsion  of  the  knights  of  St  John  of 
X Jerusalem,  this  town  fell  rapidly  into  de- 
j y 1^*^!  ibe  Pacha  Dejezzar  repaired  it, 

which  has  made  it  one  of  the  first  towns 
on  the  coast.  Here  is  a synagogue,  four 

- churches,  and  three  mosques.  In  1759 
great  damage  was  done  by  an  earthquake  ; 

- and  the  year  following  5,000  persons  died 
1 by  the  plague.  Corn  and  cotton  are  the 
} chief  articles  of  traffic.  During  the  Cru- 
sades, Acre  underwent  several  sieges  ; and 

i in  1799,  made  a successful  stand  against 
i the  French,  commanded  by  general  Bona- 
parte, who  was  obliged  to  raise  the  siege, 

J after  failing  in  his  12th  assault,  owing  to 
) the  assistance  given  to  the  garrison  ])y-  the 
British  under  Sir  Sidney  Smith.  It  rs  28 
i miles  s of  Tyre,  and  37  n of  Jerusalem 
, Lon.  35  25  E,  lat.  32  32  N. 

> ACBON,  GREAT  and  ACRON  little. 

I two  inland  republics,  in  Africa,  near  the 
Fantean  country.  In  the  latter  the  Dutch 
have  a fort  called  Patience. 

Aeroteriy  a town  m the  island  of  Santo- 
rini, two  miles  wsw  of  Scauro.  Lon.  25 
12  Ey  lat.  33  25  n. 

Aclou,  a township  of  Massaehusets,  in- 
habitants 853  y NW  of  Boston  24  miles. 

Adair y an  ancient  little  town,  eight  miles 
from  Limerick,  and  102  fronx  Dublin. 

Adaky  a lake  near  the  Caspian  sea. 
Adamsy  a township  of  Massaehusets,  in 
Berkshire  county,  containing  2,040  inha- 
bitants. It  is  situated  about  140  miles 
NW  of  Boston. 

Adanay  an  ancient  town  of  Asia,  in  Na- 
tolia,  in  the  province  of  Caramania.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Choqiier.  It  is  25  miles 
NE  from  Tarsus  on  the  road  to  Aleppo. 
Lon.  36  12  e,  lat.  37  26  n. 

Adam,  a city  of  Judea,  where  Judas 
Maccabaeus  killed  Nicanor. 

Adages  ; see  Mexicano. 

ADDISON,  a county  of  Vermont.  It 
contains  17  townships,  and  6,449  inhabi- 
tants. The  chief  tov/a  is  Middlebary. 

ADEL,  a kingdom  on  the  eastern  coast 
of  Africa,  about  400  miles  in  length,  on  the 
s side  of  the  straits  of  Babel mandel,  that 
unite  the  Red  sea  and  the  sea  of  Arabia. 
This  country  produces  corn,  and  feeds  a 
great  number  of  cattle.  The  inhabitants 
carry  on  a trade  in  gold,  silver,  ivory,  oil, 
frankincense,  pepper,  and  other  merchan- 
dises of  Arabia  and  the  Indies.  Rain  is 
very  rare  in  this  country  ; but  it  is  well 
watered  by  rivers.  The  capital  is  Auoa- 
gural.  The  inhabitants  are  Mahomedans. 

AdeUy  formerly  a rich  and  populous  town 
of  Arabia  Felix.  It  is  seated  by  the  sea- 
side, a little  eastward  of  the  straits  of  Ba- 
belmandel ; but  much  reduced  by  its  trade 
being  removed  to  Mocha.  Lon,  46  30  e, 
lat.  13  10  N 


ADR 

Adenhurg  or  Aldenhurg,  a town  of 
Westphalia,  in  the  duchy  of  Berg,  It  is 
12  miles  ne  of  Cologne.  Lon.  7 16  e,  lat. 

51  2 N- 

ADERBIGANjOT  Aderbeitzan, a pro- 
vince of  Persia.  The  chief  town  is  Tauris. 

Adige,  a river  in  Italy,  rises  s of  the  lake 
Glace  among  the  Alps,  runs  s by  Trent,  then 
E by  Verona,  falls  into  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
10  miles  N of  the  mouth  of  the  Po. 

admiralty  islands,  a cluster  of 

islands  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  to  the  nw  of 
New  Ireland.  They  consist  of  between  20 
and  30  islands,  the  largest  of  which  is  18 
leagues  long,  in  the  direction  of  east  and 
west.  They  were  discovered  in  1767.  The 
centre  one  is  supposed  to  be  in  Ion.  146  44 
E,  lat.  2 18  s.  They  lie  to  the  n of  New 
Britain. 

Ado7i,  a toSvn  in  the  province  of  Stuhl 
Weissemberg,  Hungary.  Lon.  19  25  e, 
lat.  47  33  N. 

Adoni,  a town  of  Hindoostaii,  in  Gol- 
gonda,  on  one  of  the  branches  of  the  river 
Tungebadda.  It  lies  175  miles  sv/  of 
Hydrabad,  and  310  tcw  of  Madras.  Lon. 
77  0 E,  lat.  15  37  n. 

Adorf,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Voigtland,  15  miles  nnw  of  Egra. 

Adour,  a river  of  France,  which  rises  in 
the  department  of  Upper  Pyrenees,  running 
N by  Tarbes,  through  Gascony,  afterwards 
turns:  e,  and  passing  by  Dax,  falls  into  the 
bay  of  Biscay,  a little  below  Bayonne. 

Adra,  formerly  Abdara,  a sea  port  town 
of  Spain,  in  Granada,  with  a strong  cita- 
del ; 47  rftiles  se  of  Granada,  and  22  sw  of 
Almeira.  Lon.  2 37  w,  lat.  36  42  n. 

Adramiti,  a town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in 
Natolia,  70  miles  n by  w of  Smyrna.  Lon. 
26  49  E,  lat.  39  34  N. 

Adria,  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  territory  of 
Venice,  seated  on  the  Tartaro.  It  was  cal- 
led Atria  by  Pliny  and  Ptolemy,  and  Adrias 
by  Strabo.  It  has  the  honour  of  giving 
name  to  the  Adriatic  Sea.  It  is  three  miles 
in  circumference,  ana  contains  a cathedral, 
a church,  two  parishes,  and  7,000  inhabi- 
tants. It  lies  25  miles  sw  of  Venice.  Lon. 
12  5 E,  lat.  45  8 N. 

Adriano,  or  Sierra,  a mountain  of  Adria- 
no, in  Guipuscoa,.a  subdivision  of  the  pyo- 
vince  of  Biscav  in  Spain.  There  is  a road 
over  it  to  Aalba  and  Old  Castile,  which  is 
at  the  one  end  very  dark  ; it  is  40  or  50  paces 
long,  cut  through  a rock,  after  which  it 
passes  over  the  mountain,  which  is  one  of 
the  highest  of  the  Pyrenees,  and  inhabited 
by  a few  shepherds, 

Adrianople,  a large  city  of  European 
Turkey,  in  the  province  of  Romania,  and 
the  see  of  an  archbishop,  under  the  jiatri- 
arch  cf  Constantinople.  It  was  iounded 
by  the  emperor  Hadrianon,  the  site  of  the 
ancient  Orestias.  It  is  situated  on  a plain, 
and  is  watered  wdth  three  rivers,  the  chief  of 
w'hicb,  Mariza,  is  navigable.  It  is  about 


A F G 

I seven  or  eight  miles  in  circumference,  in- 
cluding the  old  city  and  some  gardens. 
The  houses  are  in  general  low,  mostly 
built  of  brick,  clay,  and  mud ; the  streets 
are  narrow,  and  exceedingly  dirty.  The 
city  was  surrounded  by  walls  and  towers, 
most  of  which  are  fallen  into  decay.  The 
public  buildings  are  the  mosques  and  a beau- 
tiful basar,  or  market  half  a-mile  long,  cal- 
led Ali  Basa.  The  population  is  estimated 
at  100,000.  The  city  is  governed  by  a 
mullah  cadi,  who  has  an  absolute  authority 
both  in  civil  and  criminal  cases.  Its  com- 
merce is  considerable.  It  is  135  miles 
NW  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  26  27  e,  lat. 

41  45  N. 

Adriatic  Sea;  see  Venice,  gulf  of , 
Adventure  Bay,  in  Van  Diemen^s  land, 
on  the  E coast  of  New  Holland,  so  called 
after  the  ship  in  which  captain  Furneux 
sailed.  The  inhabitants  are  mild  and  cheer- 
ful, with  little  of  that  wild  appearance 
common  to  savages.  Lon.  147  30  e,  lat. 

42  23  s. 

Adzenota,  a small  town  of  Spain,  in 
Valencia,  seated  on  the  mountains  Pegua 
Golossa.  Lon.  2 16  w,  lat.  39  10  n. 

Ae,  a river  in  Dumfries-shire,  which 
joins  the  Annan  near  the  borough  of  Loch- 
maben. 

^GADES,  three  small  islands,  viz.  Le- 
venzo,  Favignana,  and  Maretama;  lying  oil 
the  west  side  of  Sicily,  between  Marsella 
and  Trapama. 

Mgilsiawik,  a harbour  of  .Sundermania. 
Mgean  Sea.  See  Archipelago. 

^GINA,  one  of  the  islan'ds  of  the  Archi- 
pelago. It  contains  about  800  houses  and 
a castle. 

Aershat,  a large  walled  town  of  the  ci- 
de-vant  Austrian  Brabant,  now  included 
in  the  department  of  Dyle.  It  is  situated  on 
the  river  Demur,  10  miles  e of  Malines. 
Lon.  4 49  E,  lat.  51  1 n. 

AFGHANISTAN,  a country  of  Asia, 
stretching  from  the  mountains  of  Tartary 
to  the  Arabian  sea,  and  from  the  Indies  to 
the  confines  of  Persia.  The  principal  cities 
are  Candahir  and  Cabul.  Zemaun  Shah 
is  the  present  Sultan.  The  inhabitants 
of  this  country  speak  a language  peculiar 
to  themselves.  They  are  strong  and 

hardy,  and  of  very  uncivilized  manners. 
Their  dress  consists  of  a shirt,  a woollen 
vest,  and  long  and  narrow  trowsers.  The 
head  is  covered  with  a high  turned  up 
cap,  of  a conic  form  with  two  small  slips, 
made  of  broad  cloth  or  cotton.  An 

army  of  the  Afghans  invaded  Persia 
about  the  year  1720;  they  took  Ispahan, 
and  made  the  sultan  Husseyn  prisoner. 
For  ten  years  they  kept  possession  of 
it  and  the  southern  provinces,  after 
which  period  they  were  defeated  in 
several  battles,  aud  forced  out  of  the 
country  by  Nadir  Kuli ; known  in 
I Europe  by  the-  name  of  Kouli  Khan. 


A F R 

After  Nadir  had  deposed  his  sovereigfi  Shah 
Thomas,  he  laid  siege  to  Condolmr,  and 
took  it.  He  being  assassinated  in  1747 
the  general  of  the  Afghan  troops  effected 
a sate  retreat  into  his  own  country,  though 
attacked  by  the  whole  Persian  army, 
where  he  was  ackaowiedged  sovereign  of 
the  Afghan  territories  by  the  title  of  Ah- 
med Shah. 

AFRICA,  one  of  the  four  grand  divisions 
or  quarters  of  the  world : it  lies  s of  Eu- 
rope, and  west  of  Asia,  bounded  on  the  iv 
by  the  Mediterranean,  which  separates  it 
from  Europe  ; on  the  w by  the  Atlantic 
ocean ; and  on  the  b by  the  isthmus  of 
fcuez,  the  Red  sea,  and  the  Indian  ocean. 
It  IS  a peiiinsula  of  great  extent,  being 
joined  to  Asia  by  the  isthmus  of  Suez,  which 
IS  125  miles  over.  Its  greatest  length 
^ extending  from  cape  Bona  in 
the  Mediterranean,  in  37  0 n,  to  the  cape 
of  (rood  Hope,  in  34  7 s lat.  is  4300  miles, 
according  to  some  4600  ; and  its  greatest 
• cape  Verd,  in  17  20  to  cape 

^urdafui,  near  the  straits  of  Babelman- 
del,  in  61  20  e Ion.  is  3500  miles  from  e 
to  w.  The  equator  divides  this  continent 
almost  in  the  middle;  the  greatest  part  of 
It  IS  within  the  torrid  zone,  which  renders 
the  heat  almost  insupportable,  it  bein<y 
gieatly  increased  by  vast  deserts  of  sand^ 
Notwabstanding  this  the  land  is  extremely 
fertile,  with  the  exception  of  those  exten- 
tensive  tracts,  which  are  unsupplied  with 
moisture.  As  to  animals,  there  is  scarcely 
^y  species  wild  or  tame,  that  is  not  to 
found  m Africa;  but  there  are  some 
animals  pecmiar  to  it ; as  the  hippopota- 
mus,  or  river  horse,  the  rhinoceros,  with 
two  horns  in  its  nose,  and  the  beautiful 
stripped  zebra.  Besides  crocodiles,  lions 
elephants,  tigers,  leopards,  hyaenas,  ichneu- 
mons, &c.  which  are  numberless;  there  is 
a great  variety  of  other  animals,  birds,  and 
serpents,  not  to  be  met  with  in  Europe. 
Its  larpst  rivers  are  the  Nile  and  the  Ni- 
ger  ; the  former  takes  its  rise  in  Abyssinia, 
and  after  a prodigious  course,  falls  into  the 
Mediterranean  ; and  the  latter  glides 

^nt.  Both  these  rivers  annually  overflow 
their  banks,  fertilizing  the  countries 
through  which  they  pass.^The  Gambia  and 

vZlf  tT'"  branches  of  the 

tK.  aT?®  ®0"*‘‘*®rable  mountains 
are  the  Atlas,  winch  is  supposed  to  divide 
almost  the  continent  from  e to  w-  the 
the  Moon;  and  the  Sierra 
ex^en?’  continent  has  deserts  of  vast 
extent.  Zahara,  or  the  desert,  by  wav  of 
eminence,  is  the  most  considerable.  The 

Mahometans, 

and  Christiap.  if  we  except  the  people  of 

mack.  The  Pagans  are  the  most  numerous 

CaneTf^r^^u  ® cancer  to  the 

Cape  of  Good  Hope.  The  Mahometaos 


A G A 

possess  Eppt  and  the  coast  of  Barbary. 
The  mhabitants  of  Abyssinia  are  eaile,! 
Christians,  but  retain  many  Pagan  and 
Jewish  rites.  There  are  some  Jews  in  the 

^"®f’  ‘‘“e  trade 

^ that  part  of  the  country.  In  the  division 
*1^  learned  are  not  agreed,  but 

the  following  IS  most  generally  received, 
VIZ.  Barbary  Egypt,  Biledulgerid,  Zahara, 
Negroland,  Guinea,  Bornou,  Cashna,  Fez- 
zan.  Senna,  Nubia,  Abyssinia,  Abex 
Loango,  Congo,  Angola,  Benguela,  Ma- 
taman,  Zanguebar,  Monopotapa,  Moiia- 
"fT’  Caffraria,  and  the  country 

of  the  Hottentots.  The  form  of  govern- 
ment IS  in  all  these  monarchial,  or  rather 
despotic.  Few  princes-  however  possess  a 
very  extensive  jurisdiction  ; as  the  na- 
lives  are  grossly  ignorant  in  all  aits  of  uti- 
lity or  refinement,  they  have  little  inter- 
course  with  one  another ; and  are  gene- 
rally united  in  small  societies,  each  go- 
veriied  by  its  own  prince.  No  part  of  the 
world  aixmnds  more  with  gold  and  silver. 
Copper  is  also  found  in  great  plenty.  But 
tne  horrid  tr&mo  of  buying  and  selling  the 
natives,  whicu  has  been  carried  on  during- a 

fimral 

100  nnT  ' U*-"®  BO  less  than 

100,000  negroes  being  annually  exported  to 
different  nations;  but  of  late  years  it  has 
bcea  abolisned  by  most  nations.  Since  that 
ptriod,  a society  has  been  instituted  in  Bri- 
ton with  a view  to  the  civilization  of  this 
unenlightened  country ; also  great  exertions 
tove  been  used,  under  the  direcfion  of  the 
Missionary  Society  in  London,  in  different 
parts,  to  bring  the  natives  to  an  acquaint- 
ance With  the  Sacred  Oracles. 

nffifr?’  a sea-port  town 

from  TuJIf  T 

^frigue.  Si,  a town  in  France,  dept  of 
Aveiron,  six  miles  e by  n of  Vahres.  ^ 
Ajwestad,  a town  of  Sweden,  in  Baleoar- 
lia,  seated  on  the  Dala ; which  has  a large 

LotTlI in^’  ® silver. 

Lon.  14  10  w,  lat.  61  10  N.  ^ 

AGADES,  a town  and  kingdom  of  Ne- 
groland,  between  Gabur  and  Cano,  for- 

kini^nfm  tributary  to  the 

and®thfrc®'"^u®‘®-,®'  watered; 

and  there  is  abundance  of  p-rass  cafilp 

senna,  and  manna.  Lat  20  10  m’  ion.  14 

®ai,lega,  an  island 
lat.^10*  12’},"^®'^  Madagascar.  Lou.  54  8 e, 

Agamenticus,  a mounlain  of  N America 
in  the  province  of  Main;  about  eight  miles 
jrom  York  harbour,  and  a few  miles  w 
Irom  Wells,  a noted  laiid-mark  for  mari- 
ners. Lon.  70  39  w,  lat.  43  16  N. 

^ ^‘tily,  in  the  ulte- 

nor  principality  of  Naples,  20  raffes  xe  of 
Naples,  Loa.  14  38  e,  lat.  41  5 n. 


E,  lat.  41  5 N.  , 


A G I 


Agatha,  St,  a town  in  the  N Riding  of! 
Yorkshire. 

Agatoriy  a town  of  Guinea^  situated  near 
the  rnouth  of  the  river  Farmosa,  89  miles  s 
of  Benin.  Lon.  6 7 e,  lat.  7 20  n. 

Agde.  a populous  city  of  France,  in 
Lower  Languedoc,  in  the  department  of 
Herauit,  situated  on  a river  of  the  same 
name,  about  four  miles  and  a-half  from  its 
mouth,  in  the  gulf  of  Lyons,  where  there 
is  a fort  io  defend  the  entrance.  It  is  17 
miles  NE  of  Narbonne.  Lon.  3 33  e, 
lat.  43  19  N. 

Agea,  a town  in  the  province  of  Yerak 
Agemi,  Persia.  Lon.  53  30  e,  lat.  32 
50  N. 

Ageuy  a city  of  France,  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  the  Lot  and  Garonne ; and  a 
bishop^s  see.  The  houses  are  ill  ])uiit,  and 
the  streets  narrow,  crooked,  and  dirty  ; but 
the  situation  of  the  town  is  very  convenient 
for  trade.  The  chief  manufactures  are 
linen,  cambiets,  serges,  sail  cloths ; and 
prunes  are  a considerable  object  of  com- 
merce. Lon.  0 4 E,  lat.  44  12  n. 

Agdnahat^  or  Agnethina,  a town  of  Tran- 
sylvania, 20  miles  ne  of  Hennainstadt. 

Agenois,  a fertile  district  of  France,  in 
Guienne,  now  included  in  the  department  of 
Lot  and  Garonne. 

AGGA,  or  AeoNKa,  a town  and  district 
on  the  Gold  Coast  of  Guinea,  where  the 
English  have  a fort.  Here  is  a very  high 
hill  called  the  DeviPs  Mount.  Lon.  0 5 e, 
lat.  6 0 N. 

Aggerhuifs,  a fortress  of  Norway,  subject 
to  Denmark,  and  very  mountainous  ; in 
a province  of  the  same  name.  See  Chris- 
tiana, 

Aghadoe,^  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Kerry,  seated  near  the  lake  of  Killtirney. 
It  is  a bishop's  see,  15  miles  sse  of  Ardfer. 

a village  of  Ireland,  il  miles 
ene  of  Galaway  ; rendered  memorable  by 
a decisive  battle  fought  there  July  12, 
1691,  between  General  Ginckle,  and  Mon- 
sieur S.  Ruth,  commanders  under  King  Wil- 
liam III.  and  James  II.  S.  Ruth,  general 
of  the  Irish  army,  was  slain,  and  6000  of 
his  men.  The  English  army  lost  only 
about  700. 

Aghriny  a town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Wiokiow,  13  miles  sw  of  Wicklow. 
Agimerey  or  Azmerey  a province  and  town 
• of  Ilindoo'stan  proper.  It  is  an  extensive 
district,  containing  several  smaller  states. 
The  town  is  built  at  the  foot  of  a mountain, 
160  miles  w by  s of  Agra.  Lon.  75  50  e, 
lat.  26  35  N.  •* 

Agiucourty  a village  of  the  French  Ne- 
tberlpaids,  in  the  department  of  the  Straits 
of  Calais,  seven  miles  n of  Hesdin  ; famous 
for  the  battle  fought  near  it,  in  14  J 5,  where- 
in Henry  V.  an  army  of  only  10,000 
men,  defeated  the  French,  whose  army  a- 
mounted  to  upwards  of  100,000.  Lon.  2 
10  E,  lat.  50  31  -N. 


A G R 

Aglia,  a town  of  Italy  in  Piedmont,  sev  en 
miles  s of  Ivrea. 

Agmaty  a town  built  on  the  river  Agmat, 
upon  the  declivity  of  one  of  the  mountains  of 
Atlas,  16  miles  s of  Morocco.  Lon.  7 15  w, 
lat.  30  56  N. 

Agniondesham,  See  Amersliam, 
Agnadelloa,  a village  of  the  ci-devant 
duchy  of  Milan,  and  territory  of  Como.  It 
is  situated  on  the  canal  between  the  Adda 
and  the  Serio,five  miles  se  of  Cassano,  and 
10  N of  Lodi.  Lon.  9 26  E,  lat.  45  25  n. 

Agnauy  a town  of  France,  in  the  dept, 
of  Loire  and  Cher,  of  the  form  of  an  am- 
phitheatre, at  the  foot  of  which  runs  the 
Cher,  60  miles  distant  from  Bourges. 

AgnanOy  a circular  lake  in  the  kingdom 
of  Naples,  in  the  ‘Perra  di  Lavora,  seven 
miles  from  Puzzoli.  It  is  about  half  a mile 
I in  breadth,  surrounded  by  mountains ; near 
I it  is  the  famous  Grotta  del  Cane. 

AGON,  an  island  in  Sweden,  with  a good 
harbour.  Lon.  18  10  E,lat.  61  20  k. 

AGOSTA,  an  island  in  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
nice,  18  miles  in  circumference,  and  lies  10 
miles  sw  of  the  island  of  Carzola.  Lon.  17 
0 E,  lat.  42  55  N. 

AGRA,  a province  of  Hiadoostan  Pro- 
per, belonging  to  the  great  Mogul.  It 
contains  40  large  towns,  and  340  villages. 
The  capital  is  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
strong  fort ; and  was  formerly  the  ancient 
metropolis  of  Hindoostan.  It  is  built  in 
the  midst  of  a sandy  plain,  about  nine 
miles  long,  and  still  exhibits  the  most  mag- 
nificent ruins.  The  palace  is  prodigiously 
large,  and  the  seraglio  fit  to  contain 
1000  women.  There  were  upwards  ot  6U 
caravanseras,  800  baths,  700  mosques,  and 
two  magnificent  mausoleums.  In  the  war 
with  the  Mahrattas  in  1 803,  it  was  taken 
by  the  British.  The  Persians,  Chinese, 
and  English  resorted  to  it,  and  the  Dutch 
had  a factory  ; but  it  has  since  greatly  de- 
cUned.  The  mdigo  of  Agra  is  the  most 
valuable  of  the  E Indies.  This  town  is 
dtuated  on  -the  river  Jemma,  about  50 
miles  above  its  confluence  with  the  Te- 
hemel ; 100  miles  s by  e of  Delhi,  and 
800  NE  of  Surat.  Lon.  78  30  e,  lat.  27 
On. 

Agram,  or  Zagrahy  a strong  town  ot 
Croatia,  capital  of  the  county  of  Zagrab, 

' Save, 


and  a bishop’s  see ; situated  ou  the 
25  miles  ne  of  Carlstadt.  Lon.  16  18  e, 

iat.  46  20  N.  ^ 

Agramonty  a small  tow'n  of  Spam  in  ca- 
talonia,  seated  on  a mountain,  18  miles  e 
of  Balaquer.  Lon.  1 0 E,  lat.  44  30  n. 
AGREEABLE,  an  island  m the  river  ot 

Fez,  Africa.  , ^ . i 

Agreda,  a town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile, 

eight  miles  sw  of  Taracona.  Lon.  2 0 w, 
lat.  41  52  N. 

Agria,  called  by  the  Germans  EgeVy  a 
small  but  strong  town  in  Upper  Hungary, 
and  a bishop’s  see,  with  a citadel ; situated 


A I C 

cn  the  Agri,  47  miles  ne  of  Buda,  and  55 
V/  of  Cassovia.  Lon.  20  10  E,  lat.  4S 
10  N. 

AGRIGNAN,  one  of  tha  Ladrone  islands, 
43  miles  in  compass.  It  is  mountainous, 
and  has  several  volcanoes.  Lon.  143  0 e, 
lat.  19  40  N. 

Agropoliy  a town  of  Naples,  in  Principato 
Citeriore,  22  miles  sse  of  Salerno. 

Agueduy  or  Agada,  a town  of  Portugal, 
in  Estrarnadura. 

Aguilar,  a towm  of  Spain,  in  Navarre, 
24  miles  w of  Estella.  Lon.  2 38  w.  lat. 
42  35  N. 

Ahun,  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Creuse  ; eight  miles  se  of  Gueret, 
30  NE  of  Lomages,  and  55  se  of  Moulins. 
Lon.  2 4 E,  lat.  40  5 n. 

AhuySy  a small  but  strong  sea  port  town 
of  Sw’eden,  situated  in  the  principality  of 
Gothland,  with  a good  harbour,  about  15 
miles  SE  of  Christianstadt.  Lon  14  15  e, 
lat.  46  15  N. 

AIANON,  an  island  of  China. 

Aial,  a town  of  Berdoa,  in  Africa. 

Ajaccio,  a sea  port  town  of  Corsica,  capi- 
tal of  the  department  of  Liamone,  and  a 
bishopts  see.  Here  Napoleon  Bonaparte, 
emperor  of  France,  was  born  in  1T69.  It 
stands  on  the  w side  of  the  island,  160 
miles  SE  of  Toulin.  Lon.  8 30  e,  lat.  40 

6 N. 

A.TAN,  a country  on  the  coast  of  Africa, 
extending  from  Cape  Gardafui  to  Zangue- 
bar  700  miles.  It  comprehends  several 
separate  kingdoms,  as  Adel,  Magadoxa,  &c. 
The  w’hole  sea  coast  from  Zanguebar  to 
the  straits  of  Babel-mandel,  is  called  the 
coast  of  Ajan  ; which  on  the  e is  barren 
and  sandy  ; but  towards  the  N the  soil  is 
fertile  and  productive.  Ivory,  gold,  and 
horses  of  an  excellent  breed,  are  the  articles 
of  trade. 

Ajazzo,  a sea  port  town  of  Natolia,  in  the 
province  of  Caramania,  anciently  Silesia, 
on  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  on  the, 
site  of  the  ancient  Isus,  where  Alexander 
the  Great  fought  his  second  battle  with  Da- 
rius. It  is  30  miles  s of  Antioch,  and  40 
w of  Aleppo.  Lon.  36  10  e,  lat.  36  0 n. 

Aich,  a town  of  Germany,  in  Bavaria, 
with  a castle  seated  on  the  river  Par,  18 
miles  s of  Newbury.  Lon.  ii  20  e,  lat. 
48  30  N. 

Aichstat,  a town  of  Germany  in  Franco- 
nia, and  capital  of  a bishopric  of  the  same 
name,  now  subject  to  the  duke  of  Bavaria ; 
containing  several  hospitals,  a seminary 
for  students,  a cathedral  and  other  churches, 
one  of  which  is  built  after  the  model  of  the 
ehurch  at  Jerusalem,  named  the  Holy  Se- 
pulchre. In  it  there  is  a curious  piece  of 
workmanship,  called  the  Son  of  the  Holy 
Sacrament,  which  is  of  massy  gold,  and  en- 
riched with  350  diamonds,  400  pearls,  250 
rubies,  and  other  precious  stones.  It  is 
situated  on  a valley,  on  the  river  Altmul^ 


A I L 

;400  miles  s by  e of  Nuremberg,  The 
I bishopric  is  45  miles  long,  and  17  broad. 
Lon.  11  10  E,  lat.  48  57  n. 

Aider,  the  principal  sea  port  of  Nuabia, 
seated  on  a mountain,  near  the  coast  of  the 
Red  sea.  It  has  a trade  in  ebony  and 
aromatic  plants.  Lon.  35  57  e,  lat.  22 
12.N. 

Aiderhezan,  or  Azet^heyan,  a fruitful 
province  of  Persia,  n of  Georgia,  and  w 
of  the  Caspian  sea,  in  a healthy  but  cold 
climate. 

Aiello,  a small  town  in  Abruzzo  Ul- 
terior, in  Naples.  Lon.  15  20  e,  lat,  41 
40  IT. 

Aigen,  a town  of  Austria,  on  the  confines 
of  Bohemia,  24  miles  n\v  of  Steyre. 

Aigle,  a bailiwick  in  the  territory  of 
Romand,  in  Switzerland. 

Aigle,  a large  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the 
canton  of  Bern,  on  the  banks  of  the 
Rhone,  six  miles  from  its  entrance  into  the 
lake  of  Geneva.  The  houses  are  all  built  of 
w^hite  marble,  found  in  the  neighbourhood. 

Aigle,  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Orne,  w'here  a brisk  trade  is 
carried  on  in  hardwares,  <fec.  It  is  47  miles 
w of  Rouen.  Lon.  1 0 e,  lat.  48  45  n. 

Aignan,  St,  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Loire  and  Cher,  on  the  river 
Cher,  60  miles  ssw^  of  Bourges. 

Aiguemorte,  a town  of  France,  in  Lower 
Languedoc,  in  the  department  of  the  Mouths 
of  the  Gard.  It  was  formerly  a sea  port, 
but  the  harbour  is  now'  chocked  up,  the  sea 
having  retired  two  French  leagues  from  th© 
tow^n.  It  is  12  miles  ese  of  Montpellier. 
Lon.  4 3 E,  lat.  43  34  n. 

Aigueperse,  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Puis-de-Dome,  near  which  is  a 
very  cold  spring  fatal  to  animals,  IS  miles 
N of  Clermont. 

Aigxiibello,  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Drome,  six  miles  se  of  Monte- 
limart. 

Aiguihello,  a town  of  Savoy,  on  the  river 
Arc,  15  miles  ne  of  Chamberry, 

Aigiillon,  a small  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lot  and  Garonne,  10  miles 
Nw  of  Agen,  and  50  se  of  Bourdeaux, 
Lon.  0 30  E,  lat.  44  19  n. 

Agnillas,  Cape,  the  most  southerly  point 
of  Africa,  13  leagues  ese  of  the  CapO  of 
Good  Hope.  Lon.  20  8 e,  lat.  34  55  s. 

Allah,  a small,  but  ancient  town  of  Asia, 
in  A rabia  Petnea,  on  the  e side  of  a bay  on 
the  Red  sea,  108  miles  ese  of  Suez.  Lon. 
33  10  E,  lat.  29  10  n. 

Ailesburg,  or  'Alesbury,  a borough  town 
in  Buckinghamshire.  Dividing  the  honour 
with  Buckingharii,  sends  two  members  to 
parliament.  Alarket  on  Saturdays;  and 
three  fairs  for  cattle.  It  is  60  mites  se  of 
Buckingham,  and  41  nw  oi  London. 

Aill'j,  a town  of  Fiance,  in  the  depart- 
meat  of  Somme,  nine  miles  sse  of  Amiens. 

Aiisa^  an  insulated  rock,  oia  the  wesiera 
B 2 


A I S 

coast  of  Scotland,  between  the  shores  of 
Ayrshire  and  Cantire,  Its  base  is  two 
miles  in  circumference.  It  rises  in  a pyra- 
midal form,  900  feet  high,  and  accessible 
only  by  the  ne.  A great  number  of  birds 
resort  to  it,  particularly  the  gannets  or 
solan  geese.  The  rock  is  rented  from  the 
earl  of  Cassilis,  at  331.  per  annum.  The 
ruins  of  a castle  and  a chapel  are  still  seen 
on  this  sequestered  rock. 

, Aimargues,  a town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Garde.  Lon.  3 20  e,  lat.  44 
<5  N. 

Aime,  or  AymOy  a small  town  formerly 
belonging  to  Savoy,  now  to  France,  in  the 
department  of  Mont  Blanc,  17  miles  ene 
of  Moustiers. 

AIN,  a department  of  France,  which 
takes  its  name  from  a river  which  rises  in 
Mount  Jura,  and  enters  the  Rhone  near 
lyons;  comprehending  the  ci-devant  pro- 
vince of  Bresse.  Bourg  is  the  capital. 

Ainereville,  a town  of  France,  three 
miles  sw  of  Dun. 

Ainstty  a town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  on 
the  r.ver  Ara,  30  miles  n of  Balbastra. 

Ainstable,  a town  in  Cumberland,  be- 
tween Brampton  and  Kirk-Oswald. 

Aiiithorpy  a small  town  of  Cumberland, 
in  the  parish  of  Boulness. 

Airdrie,  a flourishing  town  of  Scotland, 
in  the  parish  of  E Monkland,  county  of 
Lanark  ; near  it  are  iron  and  steel  works. 
It  lio>  on  the  high  road  betvveem  Edin- 
burgh and  Glasgow.  It  has  weekly  and 
annual  markets.  The  population  is  about 
6,800. 

Aire,  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Landes  on  the  river  Adour,  65  miles 
s of  Bourdeaux.  Lon.  0 16  e,  lat.  43 
42  N. 

Aire,  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Straits  of  Calais,  on  the  river 
L s,  22  miles  s of  Dunkirk,  and  communi- 
cating with  St  Gmers,  by  a canal  cut  from 
the  river  Aa.  It  is  a strong  town,  and  has 
a castle,  122  miles  s of  Dunkirk.  Lon.  2 
29  E,  lat.  30  42  n. 

Aire,  a river  in  Yorkshire,  which  issues 
from  a lake  near,  Settle,  runs  by  Skiptoii, 
Keithley,  leeds,  and  Snaith,  and  falls  into 
the  Ouse,  below  Howden. 

Airly,  a parish  of  Scotland,  Angus-shire, 
in  the  vale  of  Strathmore,  and  s side  of  the 
Grampian  hills.  The  ponulatiovi  is  about 
1,041. 

Airth,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Stirling- 
shire, on  the  banks  of  the  Forth.  The  po- 
pulation IS  about  1855. 

ATSNE,  a department  of  France,  so  cal- 
led from  the  river  of  that  name,  w'hich  falls 
iniO  the  river  Oise ; containing  the  ci- 
devaut  provinces  of  Soissonois,  and  Ver- 
mandois.  This  was  the  scene  of  many 
sanguinary  battles  in  February  and  March 
18  i 4,  between  the  allies  and  the  French. 
Laon  is  the  capital. 


A K E 

Aithsiing,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Shet- 
land, to  which  that  of  Siandsting  is  united^ 

Aix,  a large  and  populous  city  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  the  Mouths  of  the 
Rhone,  the  capital  of  the  ci-devant  Pro- 
vence.  It  is  well  built  and  embellished 
with  a number  of  beautiful  squares,  build- 
ings and  fronts.  The  baths  without  the 
city,  which  were  discovered  not  long  since, 
have  good  buildings,  raised  at  vast  expence, 
for  the  accommodation  of  those  who  drink  ~ 
the  w^aters.  The  trade  of  Aix  is  confined 
chiefly  to  oil,  wine,  and  some  stuffs,  manu- 
factured by  the  inhabitants.  It  is  75  miles 
E of  Montpellier.  In  the  vicinity  the  vine- 
yards yield  wine  of  great  estimation.  Lon , 

5 31  E lat.  43  32  N. 

Aix,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Mont  Blanc,  in  the  ci-devant 
duchy  of  Savoy,  12  miles  n ofChambeiry. 
Lon.  6 10  E,  lat.  4 40  n. 

AIX,  a small  island  on  the  coast  of 
France,  12  miles  nw  of  Rocbfort,  and  12 
ssw  of  Rochelle.  Lon.  1 10  w,  lat.  46 
45  E. 

Aix  la-Chapelle,  a large  and  handsome 
city  of  France,  in  the  Duchy  of  Juliers,  on 
the  left  side  of  the  Rhine,  ceded  by  Austria 
to  the  French,  at  the  treaty  of  Campo 
Formic,  in  1797,  and  confirmed  to  them 
by  the  treaty  of  Lunev i lie.  It  has  a castle, 
built  upon  a hill,  from  w^hich  may  be 
seen  60  different  towns,  the  ocean,  and 
even  England  in  a clear  day.  The  town 
is  situated  in  a valley.  The  French  call 
it  Aix  la-Chapelle,  on  account  of  a chapel 
built  in  honour  of  the  Virgin  Mary,  by 
Charlemagne  ; who  haring  repaired,  beau- 
tified, and  enlarged  the  city,  made  it  the 
usual  place  of  his  residence.  He  lies  in- 
terred in  the  church  of  Nctre  Dame,  where 
are  kept  his  sword,  his  belt,  and  the  four 
evangelists  written  in  letters  of  gold.  It  is 
well  fortified,  having  two  walls,  the  one 
having  ten  gates,  the  other  11.  There  are 
likewise  30  parochial  churches.  A number 
of  people  generally  resort  to  it  for  iti» 
mineral  waters ; and  near  it  are  mines  of 
iron,  coal,  calamine  and  sulphur.  This 
place  is  famous  for  several  councils,  and 
two  celebrated  treaties  of  peace  concluded 
here,  in  1668,  and  1874.  It  was  taken 
by  the  French  in  1792,  retaken  by  the 
Austrians  in  1793,  and  again  taken  by  the 
French  in  1794;  the  allies  entered  it  again 
in  1814.  It  is  surrounded  by  mountains, 
22  miles  ne  of  Leige.  Lon.  6 3 e,  lat.  50 
48  N. 

Aizenay,  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Vendee,  29  miles  s of  Nantes. 

Akansas.  See  Arkamaw, 

Akazike,  a town  and  castle  of  Asiatic 
Turkey,  in  Georgia.  Lon.  54  55  e,  lat. 
41  55  N. 

Aker  man,  see  Bielgorod,  an  ancient  town 
of  Turkey  in  Europe,  on  the  Dneister, 
where  it  falls  into  the  Black  Sea. 


ALA 

Akissaty  the  ancient  Thyatira,  a city  in 
Katolia,  in  Asia,  situated  in  a plain,  18 
miles  broad,  which  produces  plenty  of 
cotton  and  grain.  The  inhabitants,  who 
are  reckoned  to  be  about  5,000,  are  mostly 
Mahometans.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Hermits,  60  miles  se  of  Pergamos.  ion, 
28  30  E,  lat.  38  48  h, 

Aktiar,  See  Sebastopol, 

ALABA,  or  Alava,  one  of  the  three 
smallest  districts  of  Biscay,  in  Spain,  20 
miles  long,  and  17  broad.  Vittoria  is  the 
principal  town. 

Alacerdo  Sal,  a town  of  Portugal,  in  Es- 
tramadura.  Lon.  8 4 w,  lat.  38  20  n. 

ALADULIA,  a considerable  province 
of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Natolia,  separated  by 
the  mountains  of  Antitaurus  from  Amasia 
on  the  N,  and  from  Caramania  on  the  w. 
The  people  are  robust  and  thievish.  The 
capital  is  Adana. 

Alais,  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gard,  with  a citadel,  seated  near 
the  river  Gard.  It  contains  10,000  inha- 
bitants j and  its  annual  export  of  raw 
silk  is  1,200,000  lbs.  It  is  situated  37 
miles  N of  Montpellier,  and  350  s by 
E from  Paris.  Lon.  4 10  e,  lat.  44 

8 N. 

Alall,  Lancashire,  near  Ormskirk. 

Alaman,  a town  of  Switzerland,  in  the 
canton  of  Bern,  nine  miles  ne  of  Nion. 

Alan,  a river  of  Cornwall,  which  runs 
into  St  George^s  channel,  at  Padstow. 

ALANDES,  a cluster  of  Swedish  islands 
in  the  Baltic,  at  the  entrance  of  the  gulf  of 
Bothnia.  The  principal  island,  which  gives 
name  to  the  rest,  lies  75  miles  e ffom 
Stockholm  ; is  about  40  miles  long,  and 
from  12  to  16  broad  ; and  contains  15  vil- 
lages, and  about  9,000  inhabitants.  Lon. 
between  17  and  19  deg.  e,  lat.  betw’eeii  50 
and  61  deg.  n. 

Alanguer,  a town  of  Portugal,  Estrama- 
dura.  Lon.  8 12  w,  lat.  36  9 n. 

Alania,  a town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in 
Caramania,  50  miles  k of  Satalia, 

Alanta,  a small  city  of  Wallachia. 
Alapaewskoi-Sawod,  an  iron  mine  in 
Catherineburgh,  Siberia. 

Alarcon,  a town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 
near  the  Xucar,  50  miles  s of  Cuenca. 

^ Alathama,  a large  navigable  river  of 
North  America,  rising  in  the  Apalachian 
mountains,  runs  se  through  the  state  of| 
Georgia,  and  falls  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
below  the  town  of  Frederica,  about  60 
miles  sw  of  the  Savannah. 

Alatri,  a town  of  Italy,  seated  on  the 
bill,  in  the  campagna  di  Roma,  40  miles  se 
of  Rome.  Lon.  15  8 e,  lat.  41  30  n. 

Alatyr,  a provincial  town  of  Asiatic 
Russia,  in  the  circle  of  Alatyrskoi,  on  the 
river  Sune,  40  miles  se  of  Rome. 

a considerable  river  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  W'hich,  after  watering  the  ne  part 
of  Transylvania,  and  part  of  Wallachia, 


AL  B 

falls  into  the  Danube  almost  opposite  to 
Nicopolis. 

Alba,  an  ancient  town  of  the  Marsi,  in 
Italy,  situated  on  the  n side  of  the  Lacus 
Fucinus,  which  still  retains  its  original 
name. 

Alba,  a small  fortified  town  of  Upper 
Italy,  in  Montserrat,  20  miles  ss  of  Turin. 
Lon.  8 5 E,  lat.  44  46  n. 

Alba,  in  Leicestershire.  Alba,  in  Pern- 
brokeshire. 

Alba  J ulia,  now  JVeissenhnrg,  a town  of 
Transylvania,  on  the  river  Merisch,  to  the 
w of  Hermanstadt,  14  miles  ne  of  Bel- 
grade. 

Alban,  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Tarn,  15  miles  ese  of  Aiby. 

Alban,  St,  a borough  in  Hertfordshire,  so 
called  from  an  abbey  of  the  same  name 
built  near  it,  by  Offa  king  of  the  Mercians 
m 1795,  in  memory  of  St  Alban,  the  first 
martyr  in  England.  No  part  of  the  Abbey 
now  remains,  except  the  gate  and  the 
church  ; in  the  latter  are  the  monuments  of 
Offa  and  Humphrey  duke  of  Gloucester, 
whose  lead  coffin  was  discovered  in  1703. 
The  town  is  situated  near  the  ruins  of  the 
ancient  city  of  Veruiam,  of  which  nothing 
remains  but  some  old  ruins.  It  sends  two 
members  to  parliament,  and  has  one  of 
the  best  markets  of  wheat  in  England. 
Here  are  two  silk  mills  and  a cotton  ma- 
nufacture. This  town  is  famous  for  the 
victory  obtained  by  Richard  d-:ike  of  York, 
in  1455,  over  Henry  VI. ; and  for  a victory 
which  queen  Margaret  gained  in  1461,  over 
the  earl  of  Warwick.  It  has  market  days 
on  Wednesdays  and  Saturdays.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Coin,  21  miles  n by  w of  London. 
Albanbury,  in  Yorkshire. 

Albanella,  a town  of  Naples,  in  Princi- 
pato  Citra,  20  miles  se  of  Salerno. 

ALBANIA,  OR  ARNAUT  LAROS,  a 
province  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  240  miles 
long  and  60  broad.  The  people  are  strong, 
large,  courageous,  and  good  horsemen,  but 
their  dispositions  are  said  to  be  thievish. 
There  are  several  large  towns  in  this  pro- 
vince. Durazzo  is  the  capital.  It  nro- 
duces  cotton,  flax,  hone)',  wax,  wine,  and 
salt.  Lon.  from  18  to  22  e,  lat.  from  39 
to  43  30  N. 

Albano,  a town  of  Italy,  seated  on  the 
lake  of  that  name,  in  Campagna  di  Roma. 

It  was  called  by  the  ancients  Albanum 
Pompeii,  and  built  out  of  the  ruins  of  Alba 
Longa.  It  is  15  miles  sse  of  Rome.  The 
town  is  famous  for  its  excellent  wine,  and 
the  ruins  of  a mausoleum.  Lon.  12  50  e, 
lat,  41  42  N. 

Albano,  a town  of  Naples,  in  Eaeilicata, 
seated  on  the  ri  ver  Basiento,  15  miles  e by 
s of  Potenza. 

Albanopolis,  a town  of  European  Tur- 
key, in  the  province  of  Albania,  seated  on 
the  river  Breno,  40  miles  e of  Alessia. 
Lon.  20  12  E,  lat.  41  48  n. 


A LB 

ALBANY,  a populous  aiid  fertile  county 
of  the  state  of  New  York  ; bounded  on  the 
•N  by  Saratoga  county,  on  the  e by  Hud- 
son river,  on  the  s by  Ulster,  and  on  the 
w by  Schoharie  county.  It  is  46  miles 
in  length,  and  28  in  breadth,  and  is  divid- 
ed into  eight  townships.  It  contains 
25,324  inhabitants,  Albany  is  the  chief 
town, 

Albany y a city  in  the  state  of  New  York, 
situated  on  the  w side  of  Hudson^s  river. 

It  contains  upwards  of  600  well  built 
houses,  and  about  6021  inhabitants.  Ad- 
venturers from  various  parts  fiock  to  this 
place,  by  the  advantage  it  a fiords  for  trade, 
as  it  is  situated  on  a fine  river,  and  is  the 
storehouse  of  the  trade  of  Canada  and  the 
lakes ; and  has  manufactures  of  tobacco, 
snuff,  chocolate,  mustard,  starch,  &c.  It 
is  160  miles  n from  New  York.  Lon.  75 
20  w , lat.  42  36  K. 

Albany^  a river  of  N America,  which 
falls  into  Jameses  Bay.  At  its  mouth  is  a 
fort  of  the  same  name.  Lon.  84  30  w, 
lat.  51  30  N, 

Albany,  a British  fort  in  New  South 
Wales.  Lon.  81  50  58  w,  lat.  52  14 

40  N. 

Alharazin,  an  ancient  and  strong  town 
of  Spain,  in  Arragon.  It  is  seat^  on  the 
river  Guadalavir,  about  100  miles  e of 
’Madrid.  Lon.  1 16  w,  lat.  40  30  n. 

Albarracin,  k city  of  Spain,  in  Arragon, 
which  contains  about  5,000  inhabitants. 

It  is  100  miles  e of  Madrid.  Lon.  I 16  w, 
lat.  40  30  N. 

' Albazete,  a small  town  of  Spain,  in  Mur- 
cia, with  manufactures  of  iron  and  steel, 
44  miles  w by  n of  Almanza. 

Albazin,  a town  of  Great  Tartary,  si- 
tuated on  the  river  Yamour.  Lon.  103 
SO  E,  lat.  54  0 N. 

' Albe,  a city  and  bishopric  of  Italy,  si- 
tuated in  the  district  of  Mountserrat.  Lon . 

8 20  E,  lat.  44  44  N. 

Albecky  a town  of  Suabia. 

Alhcgne,  a small  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lot. 

Albemarle,  a river  of  N Carolina, 
Albemarle,  or  Aumales,  a town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  the  Low-er 
Seine,  with  a manufactory  of  Serges  and 
other  stufts.  it  is  seated  on  the  declivit}' 
of  a hill  on  the  borders  of  Picardy,  35  miles 
NE  by  N of  Rouen,  and  70  tjnw  of  Paris. 
Lon.  I 30  E,  lat.  49  50  n. 

ALBEMARLE,  a mountaiiious  and  billy 
county  of  America,  in  Virginia.  It  con- 
tains 7006  free  inhabitants,  and  5579  slaves. 
Chief  town,  Charloitesvile. 

Albemarle  Sound,  an  inlet  of  the  Atlan- 
tic, which  extends  w into  N Carolina,  about 
' 60  miles,  and  is  from  four  to  15  miles  in 
“‘breadth.  It  is  30  miles  n of  Pamlica 
* Sound.  Lon.  0 56  w,  lat,  35  52  n. 

Albemarle,  the  most  northern  part  of  the 
state  of  N Carolina,  America. 


ALB 

Alhen,  a mountain  of  Carniola,  in  Ger- 
many. 

Albeng,  or  Alhengua,  a sea  port  town  of 
Italy,  in  the  territory  of  Genoa,  anciently 
called  Alhingnniini.  It  is  38  miles  sw  of 
Genoa.  Lon,  8 3 e,  lat.  44  4 n. 

ALBION.  See  Britain. 

ALBION,  New,  a country  on  the  w 
coast  of  America,  extending  from  lat.  33 
to  45  N,  bounded  on  the  s by  California, 
and  on  the  n by  New  Georgia.  It  was 
discovered  in  1578,  by  Sir  Francis  Drake, 
who  gave  it  its  name.  Its  harbour  is  in 
ion.  121  50  w',  lat.  38  20  n,  but  the  coast 
had  been  examined  by  Juan  Rodriquez 
Cabrillo,  in  1542 ; and  the  country  is  called 
New  California  by  the  Spaniards,  Set 
California. 

Albisola,  a small  tow  n in  the  territory 
of  Genoa  ; here  is  a porcelain  manufacture, 
Lon.  8 10  E,  lat.  44  15  N. 

Alboloduy,  a small  town  of  Spain,  iu 
Granada.  Lon.  3 30  e,  lat.  37  15  n. 

Albona,  a populous  town  of  Italy,  in 
Istiia,  16  miles  s by  e of  Rovigno.  Lon. 

14  37  E,  lat.  45  31  N. 

ALBORAN,  an  island  lying  between 
the  coast  of  Spain  and  Africa. 

Allret,  a small  town  of  France,  in  tht 
department  of  Landes,  35  miles  s of  Bour- 
deaux. 

Alhricliton,  in  Shropshire,  on  the  borders 
of  Staffordshire,  10  miles  nne  of  Bridge- 
north.  It  has  three  fairs,  on  the  23d  May, 
18th  July,  and  9th  November. 

Alhricliton,  in  Shropshire,  near  Salop. 
Albuera,  a small  towm  of  Spain,  in 
Andalusia.  Here  a severe  action  wa.s 
fought  May  1811,  between  the  French, 
comma.nded  by  general  Soult,  and  the 
allied  army  commanded  by  general  Beres- 
ford,  in  which  the  French  vrere  defeated 
with  the  loss  of  8000  killed,  w'ounded, 
and  prisoners.  It  lies  12  miles  s of 
Badajoz. 

Albuquerque,  a small  city  of  rSpain,  in 
the  province  of  Estramadura,  with  a strong 
castle,  sealed  on  eui  eminence,  nine  miles 
from  the  frontiers  of  Portugal,  and  22  N 
of  Badajoz.  A great  trade  in  wool  and 
woollen  manufactures  is  carried  on  by  the 
inhabitants.  Lon.  7 3 w,  lat.  38  40  n. 

Aihurg,  a city  of  Denmark  in  N Jutland, 
capital  of  a diocese  of  its  name.  It  is  10 
miles  from  the  Categat,  and  30  n by  e of 
Weburg.  Lon.  9 41  e,  lat.  57  0 n. 

Alburgh,  a town  in  the  E Riding  of  York- 
shire, near  the  sea  coast,  s of  Mapleton. 

Alby,  an  ancient  city  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Tarn.  It  is^the  chief  city 
of  the  Albigeois,  and  was  formerly  the  see 
of  an  archbishop.  The  Albigenses  made 
tlieir  first  appearance  in  this  city,  w'ho  dis- 
puted the  Pope's  authovit}’,  so  early  as  tha 
ilth  century.  It  is  sealed  on  the  Tarn,  42 
miles  NE  of  Toulouse,  Lon.  2 14  e,  lat. 
44  15  N. 


A L C 

Alcala  de  Gandaira,  a.  small  tov/n  of 
Spain,  in  Andalusia.  Lon.  6 10  w,  lat. 
37  29  N. 

Alcala  de  HenareZy  a beautiful  and  ex- 
tensive city  of  Spain  in  New  Castile.  The 
university,  which  had  gone  to  decay,  was 
re-established  in  1494,  by  Cardinal  Francis 
Xiinenes ; at  whose  charge,  and  under  whose 
direction,  the  first  polyglot  bibie  was  printed 
in  this  town.  It  is  15  miles  ene  of  Ma- 
drid. Lon.  3 5 w,  lat.  40  26  n. 

Alcala  de  los  GazideZy  an  ancient  town  of 
Spain,  in  Seville,  with  a castle,  situated  on 
a ruountain,  14  miles  ene  of  Medina  Si- 
donia. 

Alcala  de  Real,  a small  city  of  Spain,  in 
Andalusia,  with  a fine  abbey,  built  on  the 
top  of  a high  mountain,  near  the  river  Sa- 
lad o,  six  miles  s of  Seville,  and  15  n of 
Granada.  Lon.  5 22  w,  lat.  37  38  n. 

Alcamer,  an  ancient  tmd  elegant  tov/n  of 
ICbmmerland,  a part  of  North  Holland.  It 
opened  its  gates  to  the  British  in  1799  after 
the  second  battle  near  Bergen  ; a treaty 
soon  afterwards  was  concluded  here  for 
evacuating  the  country.  It  lies  15  miles 
N by  E of  Haerlem,  and  17  n by  w of  Am- 
sterdam. Lon.  13  52  E,  lat.  52  40  n. 

Alcamo,  a town  of  Sicily,  in  the  valley 
of  Mazaro,  26  miles  wsw  of  Palermo. 
Lon.  15  51  E,  lat.  38  2 n. 

Alcaneide,  a town  of  Portugal  in  Estra- 
madura.  Lon,  6 0 w,  lat.  39  2 n. 

Alcaniz,  a town  of  Spain  in  Arragon, 
seated  on  the  river  Guadaloupe,  53  miles 
ESE  of  Saragossa.  Lon.  0 5 w,  lat.  41  On. 

Alcantara,  or,  Valentza  de  Alcantara,  a 
small,  but  very  strong  city  of  Spain  in  Es- 
tramadura.  It  lies  in  a very  fruitful  soil, 
and  is  celebrated  for  its  bridge.  It  is  raised 
200  feet  above  the  level  of  the  water ; and 
though  it  consists  but  of  six  arches,  is  770 
feet  ill  length,  and  28  in  breadth,  said  to 
have  been  erected  by  the  emperor  Trajan. 
It  was  taken  by  the  earl  of  Galway  in  1 706  ; 
but  retaken  the  same  year.  It  is  25  miles 
from  Madrid.  Lon.  3 7 v/,  lat.  39  20  n. 

Alcantara,  a town  of  Spain  in  Andulusia. 
It  stands  pretty  high,  near  a morass  where 
the  Romans  built  a bridge,  with  a tower  at 
each  end.  It  is  14  miles  s of  Seville. 

Alearaque,  a river  in  Spain,  that  falls 
into  the  Guadiana. 

Alcaraz,  a small  city  of  La  Mancha,  in 
Spain,  defended  by  a strong  castle,  and  re- 
markable for  an  ancient  aqueduct.  Itstands 
near  the  source  of  the  Gnadalquiver.  It  is 
25  miles  n of  the  confines  of  Andalusia, 
108  s of  Cuenza,  and  135  ese  of  Madrid. 
Lon.  2 5 w,  lat.  38  28  n. 

Alcazzar,  a city  of  Barbary,  situated 
about  two  leagues  from  Larache,  in  Asga, 
a province  in  the  kingdom  of  Fez.  Lon. 
12  35  vv,  lat.  35  15  n. 

Aleaudete,  a small  town  of  Spain,  in  An- 
dalusia, 19  miles  wsw  of  Jaen.  ^ 

. a city  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 


A I.  D 

defended  by  a strong  fortress  on  a high  hill, 
100  miles  nw  of  Carthagena.  Lon.  4 20 
w,  lat.  38  15  N. 

Alcazzar  do  Sal,  or  Alcasere  do  Sal,  a 
strong  and  almost  impregnable  town  of  Por^* 
tugal,  in  Estramadma,  with  a strong  cas- 
tle, seated  on  a rock,  near  the  river  San- 
dao,  35  miles  se  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  9 10  w, 
lat.  3018  n. 

Alcazar  Seguer,  a town  of  Africa,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Fez,  and  province  of  Ilabat. 
It  is  seated  on  the  coast  of  the  Straits  of 
Gibraltar.  Lon.  5 30  w,  lat.  38  0 n. 

Alcazar  Quiber,  a rich  and  populous 
town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez.  It  was  once 
of  great  note,  having  15  mosques,  of  which 
only  two  are  now  used.  A little  to  the  n 
of  this  town,  Don  Sebastian,  king  of  Por- 
tugal, v/as  killed  in  a battle  with  the 
moors,  in  1578.  The  bashaw  of  Tetuan 
appoints  a governor  to  this  town.  It  is  20 
miles  SE  of  Laroche.  Lon,  12  13  w,  lat. 
35  15  N. 

Alcazava,  a castle  of  Malaga. 

Alcestet',  or  Alncester,  a town  in  War- 
wickshire, eight  miles  nw  of  Stratford, 
noted  for  a manufactory  of  needles.  It  is 
14  miles  wsw  of  Warwick,  103  «iw  of 
London. 

Alcmaer,  a city  of  North  Holland,  in  the 
department  of  the  Texel,  about  four  miles 
from  the  sea,  15  from  HaerlCm,  and  20  ic 
from  Amsterdam.  It  is  a handsome  city 
and  one  of  the  cleanest  in  Holland.  The 
streets  and  houses  are  extremely  neat  and 
regular,  and  the  public  buildings  very 
beautiful.  The  town  has  a good  trade  in 
butter  and  cheese,  which  is  esteemed  the 
best  in  Holland.  Lon.  4 26  e,  iat.  52 
35  N. 

Alcolea,  a small  town  of  Andalusia  in 
Spain,  near  the  Gudalquiver.  Lon.  4 55  w, 
lat.  37  32  N. 

Alconchvl,  a castle  of  Spain,  on  the  fron- 
tiers of  Estramadura,  20  miles  s of  Badajoz. 

Alcosser,  a sea  port  on  the  Red  sea,  100 
miles  ssE  of  Seuz,  in  Egypt. 

Alcoutim,  a town  of  Portugal,  in  Al- 
garve, with  a strong  castle,  seated  on  an 
island  in  the  Guadiana,  22  miles  ne  of 
Tavira.  It  contains  a disirict  of  six  pa- 
rishes, and  about  1000  inhabitants.  Ion. 

7 20  w,  lat.  37  20  n. 

Alcoy,  a town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia, 
near  w^hich  is  an  iron  mine ; also  the  name 
of  a river.  It  is  22  miles  n of  Aiicant. 

Alcudia,  a city  of  Spain,  in  the  island  of 
Majorca,  situated  between  two  bays  on  the 
ne  coast,  35  miles  ne  of  Palma,  contain- 
ing about  1000  houses.  Lon.  3 0 b,  lat. 
30  50  N. 

Aldborougli,  a sea  port  town  in  Suffolk, 
with  a market  on  Wednesdays  and  Satur- 
days ; and  two  annual  fairs,  1st  March  and 
3d  May.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  in  tha 
valley  of  Slaughden.  It  is  a large  town, 
composed  of  two  or  three  streets  qf  low 


ALE 

houses  rmiEiDg  parallel  to  each  other ; and 
^'as  formerly  much  larger,  but  from  the 
encroaohirents  of  the  sea,  whole  streets 
have  been  necessarily  reduced.  It  is  94 
miles  KE  from  Londou,  and  40  e from 
Bury.  Lon.  1 42  e,  lat.  <52  16  n. 

Aldborongh,  a town  in  the  W Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  represented  by  two  members  in 
parliament.  It  was  anciently  a Roman 
city,  called  Isurium  Brigantium.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Ure,  1.5*railes  ne  of  York,  and 
205  N by  \v  of  London.  Lob.  I 10  w,  lat. 
54  8 N. 

Aldea  Gallegay  a town  of  Portugal  in 
Estramadura,  seated  on  the  Tajo,  ] 0 miles 
6E  of  Lisbon,  Lon.  8 55  w,  lat.  38  36  n. 

AldenbvrgJiy  an  ancient  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  Westphalia-  Here  is  a college, 
which  has  always  been  in  a flourishing  con- 
dit  on,  20  miles  eke  of  Dusseldorf. 

Aldcrbury,  in  Wiltshire,  two  miles  from 
Salisbury,  built  on  a hill  near  the  Avon. 
It  has  a manufacture  of  oottans  and  fus- 
tains.  By  a fire  in  1777,  200  houses  were 
destroyed. 

ALDEIIHOLM,  a pleasant  island  of 
Sweden;  formed  by  the  three  arms  of  a river 
running  through  Gentle,  a town  of  Noid- 
land,  in  Sw^eden.  It  has  a wfiarf,  in  which 
a considerable  trade  is  carried  on  ; two 
packing  houses,  a large  custom-house  for 
receiving  toll  from  the  ships,  an  arsenal  for 
cannon,  and  a granary  kw  of  Upsal.  It  is 
80  miles  n of  Stockholm.  Lon.  17  0 e, 
lat  60  45  N. 

ALDERNEY,  or  Aurigni,  an  island 
in  the  British  channel,  subject  to  tlie  crowm 
of  Great  Britain,*  six  miles  distant  from 
France,  and  30  from  the  nearest  part  of 
England.  It  is  about  eight  miles  in  com- 
pass, and  is  separated  from  Cape  la  Hogue, 
in  Normandy  by  a narrow  strait  called  the 
Race  of  Aldermy,  a very  dangerous  pas- 
in  stormy  w'eatber,  w^hen  the  two 
ouiTtnts  meet ; otherSvise  it  is  safe,  and 
has  a depth  of  w'ater  for  the  largest  shi|.s. 
The  island  is  healthy,  fruitful  in  corn  and 
pasture,  and  contains  about  200  houses, 
and  1000  inhabitants.  It  has  but  one  har- 
bour called  Crabby,  which  is  at  a distance 
ftom  the  town  of  Alderny.  To  the  w lie 
the  range  of  rocks  called  the  Caskets,  Lon. 
2 7 w,  lat.  49  45  n. 

Aldstone,  See  Alston^woor, 

Ale,  a small  rivulet,  which  falls  into  the 
Teviot,  near  Ancrum. 

Alehy,  in  Lincolnshire,  near  Alford.  Al- 
coats,  in  Nottinghamshire,  near  Worksop. 

filed,  a river  in  Denbighshire. 
’^ALEFCHIMO,  a district  of  the  island 
Corfu,  containing  28  villages,  and  about 
10,000  inhabitants. 

Alegre,  a town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Loire,  15  miles  se  of 
Rrionde. 

• Alegrette,  a town  of  Portugal,  in  Alen- 
tejo.  It  is  finely  situated,  seven  miles  se 


ALE 

of  Por  Allegre,  and  30  n of  Elvas,  Laa, 
7 25  w,  lat.  39  2 N. 

Alei,  a river  in  Asiatic  Russia, 

Aleksin,  a small  town  in  the  circle  of 
Tuli,  belonging  to  Moscow. 

Alenpigon,  a lake  in  the  United  States. 

Alen,  a river  in  Denbighshire. 

Alencon,  or  Alenzon,  a large  and  popu- 
lous town  of  France,  the  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Orne,  on  the  Sarte,  20  miles  n 
of  Mons,  63  s by  w'  of  Rouen,  and  87  sw  of 
Paris ; surrounded  with  good  fortifications. 
Lon.  0 10  E,  lat.  48  25  k, 

Alenquir,  the  capital  of  a district  of  the 
same  name  in  Portuguese  Estramadura,  1*4 
miles  sw  of  Santarem. 

Alensgut,  a village  in  Prussia,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Nantangeri.  Lon.  21  0 e,  lat.  53 
30  N. 

Alenstein,  a village  of  Prussia,  in  the 
circle  of  Marienburg.  Lon.  20  30  e,  lat. 
53  38  N. 

ALENTAKIEN,  a district  of  Russia. 

ALENTEJG,  one  of  the  largest  pro- 
vinces of  Portugal,  situated  between  the 
Tagus  and  the  Guadiana,  and  watered  by 
both ; bounded  on  the  n by  Estramadura 
and  Beira ; on  the  e,  by  Spain ; on  the  s 
by  Algarve,  and  on  the  w by  the  sea,  ex- 
tending from  N to  s about  40  miles,  and 
from  E to  w between  30  and  34.  The 
soil  is  very  fertile,  and  the  inhabitants  in- 
dustrious. 

Aleppo,  the  metropolis  of  Syria,  called 
by  the  natives  Haleb,  and  anciently  Bc- 
roea.  It  is  next  to  Constantinople  and 
•Cairo  in  extent,  population,  grandeur, 
and  riches.  The  population  is  computed 
to  be  235,000,  of  whom  30,000  are 
Christians,  and  5,000  Jews.  It  lies  70 
miles  E of  Scanderoon ; 170  miles  n by 
E of  Damascus,  and  60  miles  distant 
from  the  sea.  The  language  mostly 
spoken  is  vulgar  Arabic.  The  houses,  as 
usual  in  the  east,  consists  of  a large  court, 
with  a dead  w^aii  to  the  street,  an  arcada 
or  piazza  encircles  it,  paved  with  marble. 
The  streets  are  narrow:,  well  paved,  and 
uncommonly  clean.  There  are  a num- 
ber of  mosques  and  khams.  The  mar- 
ket place  of  bazars,  are  long,  narrow, 
covered  streets.  Each  branch  of  busi- 
ness has  its  particular  bazar,  or  market 
place  ; the  slaughter  houses  lie  in  the  open 
fields  of  the  suburbs.  Water  is  conveyed 
by  an  acqueduct  from  the  river  Heylan 
into  the  city,  said  to  have  been  made  by  the 
empress  Helena,  as  the  water  in  the  wells  of 
the  city  is  exceedingly  brackish,  w hicfiis 
said  to  be  the  cause  of  that  particular  disor- 
der, called  the  ring- worm,  or  pimple  of  Alep- 
po, so  prevalent  in  that  quarter.  The  city  is 
the  emporium  of  Armenia  and  Diarbekir ; 
sends  caravans  to  Bagdad  and  Persia ; and 
carries  on  trade  with  the  Persian  Gulf  and 
India  by  Bassora  ; with  Europe  by  Scande- 
roon j with  Egypt  and  Mecca  by  Damascus. 


ALE 

The  Christians  have  their  houses  and 
churches  in  the  suburbs.  Several  Euro- 
pean nations  have  factories  here,  and  the 
merchants  live  in  greater  safely  and  splen- 
dour than  in  any  other  part  of  the  Turkish 
empire.  Instead  of  coaches,  the  people  of 
quality  ride  on  horseback,  attended  by  a 
iiuni))er  of  servants  proportioned  to  their 
rank.  South-east  of  Aleppo  about  18  miles, 
is  a large  plain,  encircled  by  low  rocky 
hills,  which  is  overllowed  in  winter.  When 
the  water  evaporates  in  April,  a cake  of 
salt  is  left  in  some  places  half  an  inch  thick, 
which  abundantly  supplies  all  this  part  of 
the  country.  On  this  account  it  is  called 
the  Valleij  of  salt.  Commerce  is  carried  on 
here  chiefiy  by  barter  ; the  principal  arti- 
cles are  raw  and  spun  cottons,  linens,  silk, 
stiilfs,  go.at\s  hair,  gall  nuts,  (fee.  Aleppo 
and  its  suburbs  are  seven  miles  round.  A 
number  of  foreign  mercliarits  reside  here. 
The  English,  French,  and  Dutch,  have  con- 
suls.' This  city  has  been  on  the  decline 
since  the  year  1770;  and  is  supposed  by 
some  not  to  contain  atpresent  above  100,000, 
several  of  the  bazars  being  abandoned,  and 
vrhole  streets  uninhabited.  Lon.  37  20  e, 
lat.  35  45  N. 

Aleppo  Old,  anciently  called  Chalcis,  is 
about  12  miles  s from  New  Aleppo. 

Aleria,  an  ancient  town  of  Corsica,  now 
called  Aleria  Distratta. 

Alertnn,  in  the  county  of  Huntingdon, 
near  Peterborough, 

Aleskam,  a neat  and  populous  town  in 
Norfolk,  15  miles  n of  Norwich,  and  121 
NE  by  N of  London,  has  a weekly  market, 
and  two  annual  fairs,  on  23d  March  and  last 
Tuesday  in  September.  The  principal  ma- 
nufacture is  knitting  stockings.  Lon.  0 
30  E,  lat.  52  53  n. 

Alesscmo,  a town  of  Naples,  15  miles 
sw  of  Otranto.  Lon.  18  25  E,  lat.  40 
10  N. 

Alessia,  or  Alessio  Lissris,  a town  of  Eu- 
ropean Turkey,  in  the  province  of  Albania, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Drino,  40  miles  w of 
Albanopolis,  famous  for  the  castle  where 
Scanderberg  died,  and  was  buried  in  1467. 
Lon.  20  6 E,  lat.  42  8 n. 

Alessio,  a town  of  Turkish  Dalmatia,  in 
Hungary,  25  miles  from  Spalatro, 

Alet,  a town  of  France,  on  the  river  and 
in  the  department  of  Aude,  near  the  Pyren- 
nean  mountains,  15  miles  s of  Carcassonne, 
and  37  sw  of  Narbonne,  remarkable  for  its 
baths,  arfd  the  grains  of  gold  and  silver 
found  in  an  adjoining  rivulet.  Lon.  2 15  e, 
lat.  42  5P  N. 

ALEUTIAN  ISLANDS.  See  Nor-i 
TiiERN  Archipelago.  ! 

Alexandretta,  called  by  the  Turks,  Scan-  I 
dreon,  a town  in  Syria,  at  the  extremity  of  i 
the  Mediterranean  sea. ^ It  is  the  port  of! 
Aleppo,  from  which  it  h distant  about  70 
rRile*;.  It  is  now  nothing  but  a village, 
whicla. entirely  owes  its  existence  to  the  ma- 
1 


ALE 

ritime  road  which  it  commands.  This 
though  inconvenient  in  many  respects,  is 
the  only  road  in  all  Syria,  where  vessels, 
anchor  on  a solid  bottom,  without  their 
cables  being  liable  to  chafe.  Sut  the  worst 
circumstance  is  the  extreme  unwholesome- 
ness of  the  air,  occasioned  by  stagnant 
waters  and  mepjiitic  exhalations.  It  is  said 
that  this  carries  off  one-third  of  the  crew^s 
of  vessels  which  remain  here  during  the 
■mmmer.  During  the  extreme  heat,  the 
principal  inhabitants  retire  to  the  villages 
among  the  neighbouring  mountains,  where 
they  find  excellent  water,  and  most  deli- 
cious fruits.  Lon.  36  15  e,  lat.  36  35  N. 

Alexandria,  a celebrated  city  of  Lower 
Egypt,  built  by  Alexander  the  Great, 
about  333  years  before  the  Christian  era. 
It  . Was  long  esteemed  the  grandest  city  of 
the  globe,  Home  excepted.  It  rose  upon 
the  ruins  of  Tyre  and  Carthage ; soon  be- 
came verj'  populous,  and  the  emporium  of 
the  world.  It  is  situated  on  the  Medi- 
terranean, in  the  most  westerly  part  of 
Egypt.  Before  the  Portuguese  discovered, 
the  passage  to  India  by  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  this  city  v/as  a place  of  great  com- 
merce. It  furnished  Europe  and  part  of 
Asia  with  the  commodities  of  the  East 
Indies  which  were  conveyed  by  the  Red 
sea.  In  the  time  of  Diodoras  Siculus 
there  were  on  its  roil  300,000  citizens  ; 
and  pos^^esed  a library  containing  400,000 
volumes,  which  was  founded  by  Ptolemy 
Soler,  44  years  B.  C.  In  1642,  A.  C. 
by  order  of  the  Saracen  kalif,  this  li- 
brary was  destroyed,  xvhich  had  been  in- 
creased to  700,01)0  volumes.  When  this 
city  was  taken  by  the  Saracen  general, 
he  wrote  to  the  kalif,  that  there  were  at 
that  period  in  it  4,000  palaces,  4,000 
baths,  40,000  Jews  who  paid  tribute,  400 
royal  circi,  and  12,000  gardeners,  by 
whom  the  city  was  supplied  with  vege- 
tables in  great  abundance.  U was  em- 
tellished  botii  by  its  own  princes  and  the 
Romans.  The  ancient  Pharos,  anciently 
numbered  among  the  seven  wonders 
the  wwld,  is  now^  a castle  called  Pha- 
rillon,  and  is  still  used  to  direct  vessels 
into  the  harbour..  The  harbour  is  joined 
with  the  w branch  of  the  Nile  by  a canal 
at^Kfemanie.  Although  the  city  is  in  a 
ruinous  state,  yet  there  are  some  remains 
wiiich  shew  its  former  magnific^ce,  viz, 
the  cisterns,  acqueducts,  and  ^^pey/s 
pillar,  v/bich  is  one  entire  piece  of  granite, 
<0  feet  high,  and  25  in  circumference,  with 
an  obelisk  full  of  hierogliphics,  called  Cleo- 
patra  s Needle.  Part  of  the  ancient  Wf"*!!* 
are  standing,  with  large  square  towers  200 
paces  distant ; and  the  gates  are  of  Thebaio 
and  granite  marble.  It  is  .subject  to  tha 
Grand  Signior,  but  his  authority  is  limited. 
Many  of  the  materials  of  the  old  city  havei 
bsen  taken  to  build  New  Alexandria,  which 
at  present  is  a very  ordinary  sea  port.  It 


A L F 

contains  only  about  12  or  14>000  inhabi- 
tants, a strange  mixture  of  different  nations, 
as  well  as  from  various  parts  of  the  Turkish 
empire.  The  British  and  French  carry,  on 
a considerable  commerce,  and  have  each  a 
consul  residing  here.  The  present  city  is  a 
kind  of  peninsula,  situated  between  the  two 
ports.  The  old  port  which  is  to  the  w is 
the  best ; but  Turkish  vessels  only  are  al- 
lowed to  anchor  in  it.  The  other,  called 
the  New  Port,  the  harbour  for  Europeans, 
is  very  bad,  being  clogged  with  sand>  which 
has  oceasoned  the  loss  of  many  vessels.  It 
is  ill  fortified,  and  not  fitted  to  withstand  a 
siege.  The  French  under  Bonaparte  took 
it  in  1798,  and  it  was  retaken  by  the  British 
in  1801.  It  is  situated  12  miles  distant 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Nile,  and  120  nw  of 
Cairo.  Lon.  30  10  e,  lat.  31  11  n. 

Alexandria,  or  Alessandria,  a consider- 
able and  strong  city  of  Italy,  in  the  Mila- 
nese, with  a good  castle,  built  in  the  year 
3 178,  in  honour  of  Pope  Alexander  III.  now 
the  capital  of ’ibe  department  of  Marengo. 
The  French  took  it  in  1798,  the  Austrians 
and  Russiems  retook  it  in  1799  ; but  w^as 
given  up  to  the  French  after  the  celebrated 
battle  of  Marengo.  The  inhabitants,  a- 
inounting  to  12,000,  carry  on  a consider- 
able trade  in  silk  and  cotton.  It  is  Id 
miles  SE  of  Cassel,  3d  n by  w of  Genoa, 
and  40  s by  w of  Milan.  Lon..  8 40  e,  lat. 
44  d3  N. 

Alexandria,  in  N America,  a town  of 
Virginia,  in  Fairfax  county,  on  the  s bank 
of  the  river  Potomac.  Nine  miles  below 
the  town  is  mount  Vernon,  formerly  the  seat 
of  the  celebrated  general  Washington.  It 
is  situated  100  miles  n from  Richmond, 
five  miles  sw  of  Washington,  arid  contains 
upwards  of  400  houses,  many  of  which  are 
elegant.  Lon.  77  30  w,  lat.  38  4d  n. 

Alexandria,  a city  of  Albania,  in  Asia,  at 
the  foot  of  mount  Caucasus,  called  by  the 
Turks,  Tomurcapi,  or  Iron  Gates,  10  days 
journey  from'  Echatana. 

Alexandria,  a towmship  of  New  Jersey, 
in  Hunterdown  county. 

Alexandria,  a town  of  the  state  of  Ohio, 
at  the  confluence  of  the  rivers  Ohio,  and 
Sciote,  60  miles  s of  Chillicothe. 

Alexandrowsl:,  a fortress  of.  Russia,  six 
miles  from  Kitchkase,  and  46  from  Ke- 
mensk. 

ALFACS,  an  island  of  Spain,  in  the 
principality  of  Catalonia,  with  a town  of  the 
same  name,  20  miles  se  of  Tortosa. 

Alfaro,  a town  of  Spain  in  Old  Castle, 
nine  miles  wsw  of  Tudela. 

Alfaifates,  a town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira, 
containing  about  dOO  inhabitants,  on  the 
confines  of  Spain,  IdO  miles  ne  of  Lisbon. 
Lon.  5 48  w,  lat.  40  9 n. 

Alfeizerao,  a tow'n  of  Estramadura,  Por- 
tugal, on  the  sea  coast,  7d  miles  nxe  of 
Lisbon,  containing  about  700  inhabitants. 
Lou,  9 10  w,  lat.  39  30  n. 


A L G 

AlfeW,  a town  of  Germany,  in  the  oircl© 
of  Lower  Saxony,  situated  on  the  Seine,  15 
miles  ssw  of  Heildesheim.  Lon.  10  4 B, 
lat.  dl  dS  N. 

Alfidena,  an  ancient  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Naples,  and  Citerior  Abruzzo. 
Lon.  14  20  E,  lat.  41  48  n. 

Alford,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Aber- 
deenshire, formerly  spelt  and  still  pronoun- 
ced Awfurde,  which  gives  name  to  the  pres- 
bytery to  which  it  belongs,  and  extends  from 
sw  to  NE  between  seven  and  eight  English 
miles  in  length,  and  between  three  and  five 
in  breadth.  Population  is  about  644. 

Alford,  a town  in  Lincolnshire^  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday  for  provisions  and  corn ; 
and  two  fairs  on  Whit-Tuesday,  and  Nov. 
8th,  for  cattle  and  sheep.  Alford  is  six 
miles  from  the  sea,  and  2d  n of  Boston,  and 
140  of  London.  Lon.  0 Id  e,  lat,  d3  30  n. 

Alford,  in  Somersetshire,  five  miles  from 
Burton,  famous  for  its  mineral  waters. 

Alfreton,  in  Derbyshire,  built  by 

Alfred  the  Great,  six  miles  from  Chester- 
field, 13  N of  Derby,  and  142  nnw  of  Lon- 
don. It  has  a weekly  market  on  Monday  ; 
and  a fair,  2«J  July. 

Algagiola,  a small  sea  port  tov/n  in  the 
island  of  Corsica,  fortified  with  wails  and 
bastions.  Lon.  8 dd  e,  lat.  42  30  x. 

, ALGARV A,  a province  in  the  kingdons 
of  Portugal  67  miles  in  length,  and  20 
breadth  ; bounded  on  the  w and  s by  the  sea, 
on  the  E by  the  Guadiana,  and  on  the  k by 
Alentejo.  It  is  very  fertile,  producing  figs, 
almonds,  dates,  olives,  and  excellent  winesj 
The  capital  town  is  Phaio.  It  contains  four 
cities,  12  towns,  67  parishes,  and  about 
61,000  inhabitants, 

Alguacin,  a town  in  Grenada,  Spain,  seat- 
ed on  the  riJge  of  a hill  adjoining  the  Gua- 
diaro,  wsw  of  Malaga  d2  miles. 

Algezira,  or  A Igez  iras,  an  ancient  town  of 
Andalusia,  in  Spain,  with  a sea  port  on  the 
coast  of  the  Straits  of  Gibralter  ; now  much 
decayed,  bat  still  aflbrds  anchorage  for  nu- 
merous gunboats  and  small  craft.  It  was 
formerly  called  Old  Gibralter,  and  lies 
about  16  miles  w from  the  island  of  Algebra, 
and  seven  miles  w from  Gibraltar.  Lon. 
5 22  w,  lat.  36  14  n. 

Alghier,  or  Alger i,'  a town  in  Sardinia, 
upon  the  nw  coast  of  the  island,  beiw'eeii 
Sassari  and  Bossa,  six  miles  s of  the  former, 
Lon.  8 40  E,  lat.  40  40  n. 

ALGIERS,  a kingdom  of  Afrioa,  now 
one  of  the  States  of  Barbary ; extending 
about  600  miles  in  length  from  e to  w,  and 
40  to  100  in  breadth  along  the  coast  of 
Barbary.  It  is  bounded  on  the  x by  the 
Mediterranean  ; on  the  e by  the  river  Zaine, 
on  the  w by  the  Mulvya,  and  the  mountains 
of  Trava  ; and  on  the  s by  mount  Atlas  and 
Zaara.  In  most  places  the  climate  is  mode- 
rate, and  they  enjoy  a constant  verdure.  The 
soil  varies,  towards  the  north  the  coast  is  fer- 
tile, but  the  iuterior  is  full  of  barren  deserts. 


A L G 

anfested  by  tigers,  lions,  and  other  ferocious ' 
animals.  This  kingdom  is  divided  into 
the  territory  of  Algiers,  and  the  province 
of  Constantine,  Mascara,  and  Titeri. 
The  Turks  have  the  government  in  their 
hands,  who  do  not  exceed  7000  in  rmm- 
T3er.  It  is  a pure  military  aristocracy, 
under  the  protection  of  the  Grand  Signior' 
and  governed  by  a sovereign  called  the 
Dey,  who  is  elected  by  the  Turkish 
soldiers,  and  irequentiy  deposed  and  put  to 
death  by  tbem.  He  can  undertake  nothing 
of  importance  without  consulting  the  ja- 
nissaries. The  Dey^s  troops  consist  of 
severa^  thousand  Moors,  both  horse  and 
foot ; and  the  Deys  or  Viceroys  have  each 
an  army  under  bis  command.  The  Arabs 
who  reside  in  tents  are  a distinct  people, 
governed  by  laws  ^nd  magistrates  of 
their  own,  though  under  the  controul 
of  the  Turks,  when  they  choose  to  inter- 
fere. The  whole  military  strength  of 
Algiers  does  not  exceed  25,000  men.  The 
Tevenues  of  the  government  arise  from  the 
duties  or  taxes  imposed  upon  Moors,  Arabs, 
Christians,  and  Jews  : the  prizes  they  take 
at  sea  sometimes  equal  the  taxes  they  lay 
upon  the  natives.  Their  complexions  are 
tawny  ; they  are  a robust  and  well  made 
people.  The  Algerines,  in  the  year  1767, 
took  the  lead  of  the  other  states  of  Ear- 
bary,  in  exempting  themselves  from  their 
usual  tribute  to  the  Porte.  Their  religion 
IS  Mahometanism,  and  their  language  is  a 
a dialect  of  the  Arabic.  They  have  also 
a jargon  composed  of  Italian,  Spanish,  and 
French,  called  lingua-Franca,  which  the 
merchants  and  common  people  understand, 
particularly  on  the  shores  of  the  .Mediter- 
ranean. Very  few  commodities  are  ex- 
erted, as  they  are  barely  sufficient  for 
home  consumption.  The  inhabitants  weave 
some  veivef,  tafielas,  <fcc.  The  corsairs 
import  gold  and  silver  stuffs,  damasks, 
spices,  tin,  iron,  plated  brass,  cordage, 
san-cloth,  sugar,  cotton,  <fec.  Lon.  0 16 
and  9 16  w,  lat.  36  S3  to  44  SO  K, 

the  capital  or  metropolis  of  the 
Kingdom  of  the  same  name  ; is  built  on  the 
declivity  of  a hill,  in  the  form  of  an  amphi- 
theatre, and  contains  about  120,000  inhabi- 
lants  ; of  which  15,000  are  Jews,  cind4000 
Chnstiai.s.  It  is  probably  the  ancient  Ico- 
sium  ; the  Arabians  call  it  Algezair,  or  Al- 
jezeriah.  The  houses  rise  gradually  above 
each  other,  and  make  a fine  appearance  from 
the  sea.  They  are  square,  and  built  of  stone 
and  brick ; the  roofs  of  them  are  flat,  and 
the  people  walk  on  them  ; they  are  covered 
with  earth,  and  planted  for  gardens.  The 
streets  are  narrow,  and  will  scarcely  admit 
of  two  persons  walking  abreast.  There  is 
blit  one  broad  street  whichruns  from  e to  w, 
where  the  principal  merchants  have  their 
shops,  and  is  the  market  for  corn  and  other 
commodities.  There  is  nothing  remarkable 
la  the  architecture  of  the  seven  larger 


A L I 

mosques,  nor  even  in  the  Dey^s  palace.  The 
mole  of  the  harbour  is  500  paces  in  length, 
extending  from  the  continent  to  a small 
island,  where  there  is  a castle,  and  a large 
battery.  The  lower  part  of  the  walls  round 
the  city  are  of  hewn  stone,  and  the  upper 
part  is  built  with  brick ; their  height  on 
the  land  side  is  30  feet,  and  40  towards 
the  sea ; the  fosses  or  ditches  are  20  feet 
broad  and  seven  deep.  There  are  five 
gates,  which  are  open  from  the  rising  of 
the  sun  to  its  setting ; and  seven  Ions  cr 
castles  without  the  w^alls,  all  of  them  are 
well  furnished  with  great  guns.  The 
country  about  Algiers  abounds  with  gar- 
uens  and  villas,  watered  by  fountains  and 
rivulets,  wiiich  afford  a most  agreeable 
retreat  to  the  inhabitants  in  the  hot  sea- 
son. Although  the  city  of  Algiers  has 
often  bid  defiance  to  the  greatest  European 
pow'ers,  yet  it  is  the  decided  opinion  of 
competent  judges,  that  it  is  incapable  of 
standing  a regular  siege.  Algiers  is 
situated  opposite  to  Palma  in  Majorca,  380 
miles  w of  Tunis.  Lon.  2 IS  e,  lat.  36 
49  N. 

AlgtsBy  or  Alghise^  a handsome  towm  of 
Italy,  seated  on  the  river  Savarana,  and  ci- 
devant  district  of  Eresciano,  containins' 
3000  inhabitants.  ^ 

ALGONQUINS,  a nation  of  American 
Indians,  in  Upper  Canada,  on  the  n side  of 
the  lake  Huron. 

Algue^  a tow  n of  Chili,  in  the  province 
of  Eancagua,  is  remarkable  for  a very  rich 
mine  of  gold. 

Alguil^  a strong  town  in  the  province  of 
Hea,  Morocco. 

A LH  ALLOW,  one  of  the  Orkney  islands, 
noted  for  a good  fishery. 

Mhama,  a populous  and  well  built  towm 
of  Granada,  in  Spain,  situated  in  the  midst 
of  some  craggy  mountains,  about  25  miles 
sw  of  Granada,  on  the  banks  of  the  Frio, 
possessing  fine  w^arm  baths.  Lon.  3 25  w, 
lat.  36  49  N. 

Alhania,  a village  of  Airagon,  in  Spain, 
noted  for  medical  baths. 

Alhambia,  an  ancient  fortress,  in  Gra- 
nada. Thew^alls  are  entirely  unornamented, 
all  gravel  and  pebbles,  daubed  over  with 
plaister,  in  a very  coarse  manner. 

Alhambra y a river  of  Arragon. 

Alhampton,  in  Somersetshire,  near  Shep. 
ton  Mallet. 

Alhandra'y  a town  of  Estramadura,  Por- 
tugal. 

Alhangay  a town  of  Estramadura,  Spain. 

ALIBALUC,  an  island  in  the  Caspian 
sea. 

Alicanty  a rich  sea  port  towm  of  Spain,  in 
the  kingdom  of  Valencia,  and  territory  of 
Segura.  The  port  is  defended  by  three  bas- 
tions furnished  with  artillery,  and  has  w^alch- 
tow'crs  to  give  notice  of  an  enemy ship. 
The  houses  are  high  and  w'ell  built ; a very, 
great  trade  is  carried  on,  particularly  in  wico 


all 

and  fruit.  The  English,  Italians,  <fec.  have 
consuls  here  in  time  of  peace..  It  is  seated 
on  the  Mediterranean,  on  a bay  of  the  same 
name,  and  has  a strong  castle,  3T  miles  ne 
of  Murcia,  and  75  s of  Valencia,  Lon. 

0 S6  w,  lat.  38  24  n. 

Alicatay  anciently  called  Leocatay  a sea- 
port of  Sicily,  in  the  \ alley  of  Mazara,  which 
is  remarkable  for  corn  and  good  wine,  seated 
on  a peninsula  near  the  sea,  28  miles  se  of 
Girgenti.  Lon.  52  0 E,iat.  37  11  N. 

ALICUDA,  the  most  western  of  the 
Lipari  islands  in  the  Mediterranean,  10 
miles  w of  Felicuda. 

JlJfy  a town  in  Terra  di  Lavoro,  Naples, 
at  the  foot  of  the  Appenines,  35  miles  kw  of 
Beneventc* 

Aim  grabs,  or  Alingsahs,  an  inland  town 
of  West  Gothland,  in  Sweden,  where  there 
are  silk,  woollen,  tobacco,  and  pipe  manu- 
fact Olid's.  Lon.  13  20  e,  lat.  50  20  n. 

Alkmaar.  See  Alcmaer. 

ALL-SAINTS,  an  island  near  Guada- 
loune. 

All-Saints  Bay,  a large  harbour  of  S A- 
mcrica,  near  St  Salvadore,  in  Brazil.  Lon. 
40  10  w,  lat.  12  3 s. 

Allahabad,  a city  and  capital  of  Hm- 
doostan,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Ganges 
and  Jumna.  It  is  470  miles  nw  of  Cal- 
cutta. Lon.  82  0 E,  lat.  24  45  N. 

ALLAHABAD,  a province  cf  Hindoos- 
tan  Bx:oper,  160  miles  long  and  120  broad  ; 
bounded  on  the  ir  by  Oude,  e by  Babar,  s 
by  Orissa  and  Berare,  w by  Malva,  and 
Agra.  Near  its  s side  from  e to  w flows 
the  Nerbudda,  which  takes  its  rise  on 
the  SE  borders  of  the  province,  and  the 
Ganges  crosses  it  from  w to  B near  its 

Allan,  a river  in  Perthshire,  whioh  rises 
near  Gieneagles,  and  falls  into  the  Forth, 
a mile  above  Stirling  bridge. 

Allan,  Fort,  a village  and  harbour  of 
Scotland,  in  the  county  of  Wigton.  Allan, 
St,  in  Cornwall,  near  Truro.  Allanton, 
in  Northumberlandshire,  near  Rothbury. 

Alias,  a sea  port  towui  in  the  E Infiies, 
on  the  strait  between  the  isle  of  Lambock 
Lon.  86  14  E,  lat.  10 


md  Combava 

!0  N. 

Allc}iurc1i,m  Worcestershire,  formerly  a 
>orough,  five  miles  e by  n of  Broomsgrove, 
)n  the  road  to  Leicester.'  The  Roman 
[pkni^ld  Street,  and  the  Worcester  Canal 
lass  it.  The  church  contains  a number 
3f  antique  monuments. 

Alle,  a principal  river  in  Prussia,  whicn 
falls  into  the  Pregal,  near  Wehlaw.  , 

Alleghany,  a river  of  North  America, 
which  rises  in  the  Alleghany  mountains,  in 
lat.  42  0 N.  At  French  Creek  it  is  200 
yards  broad  and  navigable  lot  small  craft. 
This  and  the  Monorgahela  river  unite  at 
Pittsburgh  and  form  the  Ohio. 

Alleguony,  or  Apalachian  Movnto^ns,  a 
chain  of  mountains  in  N Anierioti,  situated 


ALL 

between  30  deg.  and  40  n lat.  They  ars 
distant  about  150  miles  from  the  Atlantic 
Ocean.  They  extend  ke  and  sw  through 
the  southern  United  States : and  occupy  a 
space  of  about  900  miles  in  length,  and  from 
60  to  200  in  breadth,  to  the  east  of  the  Mis’- 
sissippi,  and  the  lakes.  The  different  ridges 
have  various  names  in  the  different  states 
in  which  they  are  situated,  such  as,  the 
’Kittatiny,  the  North,  the  South,  the 
Blue  Mountains,  &c.  The  blue  moun- 
tain is  about  4000  feet  high  from  its  base. 

A large  fertile  valley  extends  between 
this  and  the  north  mountain.  The  Alleg- 
hany is  the  principal  ridge,  and  is  ^jailed 
the  Backbone  of  the  United  States.  Be- 
yond this  are  the  la,uiel  Mountains,  in 
one  of  which;,  in  lat.  36.  is  a spring  of 
water  50  feet  deep,  very  cold,  and  as  blue 
as  indigo.  They  take  the  name  of  Apaia- 
chian  mountains  from  the  river  Apala- 
chicola, which  has  its  sourse  in  the 
ridge.  They  are  not  confusedly  scattered, 
but  stretch  along  in  uniform  ridges, 
scarce  half  a mile  high,  spreading  to- 
wards the  south.  They  give  rise  to  many 
rivers,  which  run  southerly  into  the  gulf  of 

Mexico.  ^ , - 

ALLEGHANY,  a country  of  Maryland, 
containing  10,150  citizens.  Pittsburg'  is 
the  chief  towm.  . , , - 

Alleghe,  a lake  of  Belluno,  m Italy.  Seo 

Cordenolle^  . , , 

Allegranza,  one  of  the  Canary  islands^ 
situated  n of  G^’^ciosa.  The  baibour  is 
defended  by  several  forts. 

Allegre,  a town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment  of  the  Upper  Loire.  Lon.  3 50  e, 

lat.  45  10  N,  ....  u-  u 

Allemand,  a river  of  N America,  wbich 

falls  into  the  Mississippi. 

Allen,  a small  river  in  Flintshire,  which 
sinks  under  ground  near  Moid,  and  runs, 
subterraneously  for  some  space. 

Alle7i,  Bog  of,  an  immense  tract  of  moss, 
which  runs  through  part  of  the  counties  of 
Dublin,  Carlow,  Kildare,  Kilkenny,  and 
Meath.  Part  of  it  has  lately  been  recov- 
ered and  cultivated,  by  burning  and  sow- 
ing  it  with  rape  seed.  In  this  Bog,  the 
Boyne,  the  Little  Barrow,  and  several 
lesser  streams,  take  their  rise,  and  tollow 
their  different  courses  to  the  sea. 

ALLEN,  ISLE  OF,  a district  in  the 
county  of  Kildare,  Ireland. 

AUeahurg,  a narrow  and  dark  little  town 
of  Prussia,  commodiously  situated  on  the 
river  Alle,  25  miles  ese  of  Komgsberg. 
Lon.  22  10  E,  lat.  51  30  n. 

Allen-Castle,  a fort  in  Brunswick- 

Limenburg.  . , . . 

Allendarf,  a small  town  in  the  circle 
of  the  Upper  Rhine,  and  landgraviate 
of  Hesse-Causal,  remarkable  for  its  salt 
works,  and  three  briilges  over  the  M erra. 
It  is  sealed  on  the  Wvjaer,  15  miles  E oi 
Cassel.  Lon.  9 50  it  lat.  51  26 


ALL 

AUenhmghydi  lake  in  the  county  of  Lei- 
trim, Ireland,  eight  miles  long  and  two  and 
a-half  broad,  of  great  depth,  and  intersected 
by  the  Snanncn.  Its  western  banks  abound 
with  coal  and  iron. 

Allenstoivn,  a town  in  Monmouth  county. 
New  Jersey. 

Allenstown,  a township  on  the  e of  the 
Merrimack,  New  Hampshire. 

Allentowny^  town  in  Northampton  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania. 

Aliery  a river  of  Germany,  which  rises  in 
Magdeburg,  and  fails  into  the  Weser,  a lit- 
tle below  Verden. 

AU^iay  a decayed  tov/n  in  Corsica.  Lon. 
S 50  E,  lat.  S N. 

Allerhc  inly  a town  of  Oettingen,  Germany. 
Lon.  10  30  E,  lat.  48  54  n. 

AUersteiHy  a town  of  Prussia. 

Allerthcrpy  a town  of  Wakefield,  York- 
shire. 

AlleXydL  town  in  the  department  of  Drome, 
France,  iO  miles  s of  Valence. 

Alliery  comprehending  the  ci-devant  pro- 
vince of  Eourbormois.  Moulins  is  the  ca- 
pital. 

a river  of  France  which  rises  at 
Chabellier  inGevauden;  becomes  navigable 
near  Viale,  and  fails  into  the  Loire  above 
Orleans. 

Allington-Castley  an  old  fort,  near  the 
Medway. 

Allington-Cohhamy  a small  town,  Kent, 
near  Mailing, 

Allistony  a town  near  Peveiisay,  Sussex. 

AUoOy  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Clackmannan,  extending  about  tour 
miles  from  e to  w,  and  about  two  from  k 
to  s,  and  containing  about  3,900  acres  It 
is  watered  by  the  Devon  on  the  w,  vrhich 
joins  the  Forth  about  a mile  from  Tulli- 
body, and  has  a pier  built  at  its  mouth, 
•where  vessels  of  tolerable  burden  can  load, 
The  population  is  about  5,214,  inciuding 
the  town. 

Aclloa,  the  Alunna,  of  the  ancient  Ro- 
mans, a sea-port  in  the  above  parish, 
seated  on  the  n side  of  the  Forth,  seven 
miles  £ from  Stirling  by  land,  but  above 
17  by  water,  about  32  nw  from  Edinburgh 
by  land,  and  27  and  a-half  higher  up  the 
Frith  than  Leith.  It  is  pleasantly  situated, 
and  very  populous,  containing  near  3,000 
inhabitants,  who  have  a considerable  trade 
and  shipping.  To  this  port  belongs  1 15 
vessels,  which  employ  about  500  sailors 
in  the  coal  and  foreign  trade.  The  har- 
bour is  very  commodious,  receiving  ves- 
sels of  the  greatest  burden.  It  has  long 
been  famed  for  ship-building  ; and  an  excel- 
lent dry  dock  was  lately  erected.  A great 
quantity  of  coal  is  raised  in  the  neigbour- 
hood.  An  extensive  glass-work,  an  iron 
foundery,  a tile  work,  and  a tan- work,  in- 
crease the  trade  of  the  tovm,  which  has  two 
weekly  markets  and  four  fairs.  Adjacent  to 
the  town,  stands  the  lower  of  Aloa,  or  xiiloa  j 


A L M 

House,  the  property  and  residence  of  John 
Frances  Erskine,  Esq.  grandson  of  the  into 
: Earl  of  Mar;  built  about  the  13th  century, 
: the  highest  turret  of  which  is  89  feet  in 
height,  and  the  walls  are  1 1 feet  in  thick- 
ness. This  family  was  frequently  entrusted 
with  the  care  of  the  infant  kings  of  Scot- 
land. Lord  Mar,  son  to  John  first  Earl, 
Weis  educated  with  king  James  VI.  by  the 
celebrated  Buchcinnan.  The  first  heir  of  tho 
Scottish  monarchy,  who  was  nurtured  here, 
svas  Henry  Prince  of  Cumberland,  son  of 
king  James  VI.  whose  cradle,  gold  clubs, 
&c.  are  preserved  in  memory  of  mat  pro- 
mising prince.  This  family  are  also  in 
possession  of  the  private  signetof  the  unfor- 
tunate queen  Mary,  which  she  gave  to  the 
regent  Mar,  after  she  was  obliged  by  tbs 
treaty  of  Edinburgh  to  desist  from  wearing 
the  cirms  of  England.  Lon.  3 45  w,  lat. 
56  10  N. 

Alioayox  AUowaijy  formerly  apansh,  but 
now  annexed  to  that  of  Ayr.  The  church, 
now  in  ruins,  stands  on  the  banks  of  the 
Boon,  at  a short  distance  from  the  sea. 
Robert  Burns,  the  celebrated  Scottish  poet, 
a native  of  this  place,  has  immortalized  its 
desolate  church  in  his  humorous  and  beau 
tiful  poem  called  Alloway  Kirky  or  Tam 
o’Shanter,  a Talc.  The  church  standsabout 
two  miles  s of  Ayr. 

AllomAiousCy  in  Hampshire,  near  Christ 
Church. 

AlloJtbyy  a,  neat  town  on  the  coast  of 
Ciiffibcriand,  in  the  parish  of  Bromfield, 
stands  on  the  shore  of  the  Irish  sea,  eight 
miles  KNW  of  Coekemioutb,  and  22  wsw  of 
Carlisle. 

Allcsseuy  a town  in  the  district  of  Offen, 
Hungary.  Lon,  21  20  E,  lat.  47  SO  n. 

AlloZy  in  Piedmont,  Italy.  Lon,  7 0 e, 
lat.  44  20  N. 

Alluty  a town  in  the  island  6f  Ceylon, 
Lon.  SO  12  E,  lat.  7 55 

Almamrony  a sea-port  town  in  the  pro- 
vince of  MuTcia,  Spain,  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  tiie  river  Gueidaientin,  It  is 
about  20  miles  wsw  of  Carthagena.  It  has 
a prodigious  quantity  of  alum  . in  its  terri- 
tory, and  is  remarkable  for  a singular  kind 
of  red  earth,  employed  as  an  iiigredient  in 
Spanish  snuff,  and  instead  of  Tripoli  to  give 
the  last  polish  to  glass.  Lon.  0 56  w,  lat. 
37  28  N. 

Ahmday  a town  in  Portuguese  Estrama- 
dura. 

Almaden,  a town  in  the  province  of  La 
Mancha,  of  Castile,  Spain,  siiucited  upon  the 
top  of  a mountain  celebrated  for  its  rich 
mines  of  mercury  and  vermiliion,  45  miles 
w of  Cuidad  Real. 

Almacleny  a town  in  Andalusia,  Spain, 
near  which  there  are  also  silver  mines,  34 
miles  K by-E  of  Seville. 

Almagray  or  AlmagueTyix  town  of  Popa- 
} an,  in  S America,  36  miles  s of  Popayan. 

AlniagrOy  a fortress  of  Spain,  the  capital  of 


A L M 

one  of  the  districts  of  La  Mancha,  with  an 
university,  12  miles  ese  of  Caidad  Ileal. 

AlmagrOj  a town  of  New^  Castile. 

Almand,  a river  of  Athol,  which  runs 
into  the  Tay.  It  has  a cascade  near  30 
yards  high ; near  which  two  rocks  meei 
over  the  river  in  such  a manner  as  to  form 
a natsirai  bridge. 

Almanzcvy  a town  of  Barbary  in  the 
j'rovince  of  Temesne,  inhabited  by  a few 
Arabs,  10  miles  sw  of  S'ailee. 

Almanza y a little  town  of  New  Castile, 
on  the  frontiers  of  Valencia,  in  ^pain  ren- 
dered memorable  by  the  deicat  of  ihe  Por- 
tuguese and  English,  under  the  Marquis  de 
la  Minas,  and  the  earl  of  Galway,  by  the 
French  end  Spanish  commanded  by  the 
duke  of  Berwick,  in  ITOT  ; when  most  of 
the  English  w^ere  killed  or  taken,  having 
been  abandoned  by  the  Portuguese  horse,  at 
the  first  charge.  Almanza  is  situated  60 
miles  svv’  of  Valencia,  and  50  nw  of  Ali- 
cant.  Lon.  0 56  \v,  lat.  38  54  n. 

AlmaroZy  a town  near  the  river  Tagus, 
Spanish  Estramadiira.  Lon.  5 0w,  lat.  30 
30  N. 

Almarstacky  a town  of  Upland,  Sweden. 

AlmaSyin  the  county  of  Temeswar,  Hun- 
gary. Lon.  24  55  e,  lat.  46  10  n. 

Almeduy  a.  town  of  Estramadura,  Portu- 
gal, seated  on  the  Tajo,  opposite  to  Lisbon. 
Lon.  9 4 w,  lat.  38  53  n. 

Almeidnay  a decayed  town  of  Morocco. 
Its  ruins  are  still  grand. 

Almedinuy  a towm  of  Fez,  seated  on  a 
declivity  of  Mount  Atlas. 

Almedidy  a frontier  towm  of  Portugal,  in 
the  province  of  Tra-los-Montes,  on  the  con- 
fines of  Leon,  17  miles  nw  of  Cuidad  Rod- 
rigo. Lon.  T 10  w,  lat.  40  41  n. 

Almeida,  a fortified  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Beira,  on  the  river  Cca,  containing  about 
2,200  inhabitants.  The  French,  who  took 
it  in  1810,  after  blowing  up  the  fortress, 
abandoned  it  in  1811.  It  is  18  miles  neoI 
Guarda.  Lon.  8 15  w,  lat.  40  38  n. 

Almenaray  a town  of  Valencia. 

Af,m£ndralejOy  a town  of  Estramadura, 
Spain,  near  the  borders  of  Portugal.  Lon. 
5 6 w,  lat.  38  36  n. 

Almenoy  St.  Bartholomeo,  aud  Almeno 
St.  Salvatorey  towms,  seated  in  the  vale  of 
Imagna,  in  the  ci-devant  Venetian  territory 
of  Bergamesco,  included  in  the  Cisalphine 
republic. 

Almeriay  a city  of  Granada  in  Spain, 
plcastintly  situated  on  a river  of  the  same 
Bame,  near  a fine  bay  on  the  Mediterranean. 
It  is  at  present  little  better  than  a village, 
indifferently  inhabited,  and  has  nothing  to 
testify  its  former  greatness.  Almeria  is 
situated  64  miles  se  from  Granada.  Lon. 
2 0 w,  lat.  30  51  n. 

Almeriay  a sea-port  town  of  IMexico, 
seated  on  a river  of  the  same  name. 

AlmipigonySi  lake  in  Canada. 

Almissay  a strong  towm  in  Venetian  Dal- 
matia, anciently  called  Peguntiumy  seated 


A L N 

at  the  mouth  of  the  Cetina,  10  miles  e of 
Spalatro,  noted  for  its  piracies,  and  famous 
for  its  wines.  It  contains  12,000  inhabi- 
tants. Lon.  39  33  e,  lat.  43  56  n. 

Almo.  See  Aquataccio. 

Almodavar,  a small  towm  of  Alentajo, 
Portugal. 

Almodavcr-del-campo,  a town  of  New 
Castile,  Spain. 

Almondy  or  Amond,  a river  of  Scotland, 
w^hieh  rises  in  the  top  of  a glen  in  the  Gram- 
pians, called  the  Narrow  Glen.  Its  falls 
into  the  Tay  about  two  miles  above  the 
town  of  Perth. 

Almondhury,  a village  in  the  \V  Riding 
of  Yorkshire,  six  miles  from  Halifax,  and 
two  ssE  of  Huddersfield.  It  was  the  Cam- 
podonum  of  the  Romans.  It  was  afterwards 
a seat  of  theSaxen  kings,  and  had  once  a 
castle  and  cathedral.  Almomhvryy  a vil- 
lage in  Gloucestershire,  eight  miles  n of 
Bristol.  It  is  said  to  be  the  burial  place  of 
Alimond,  father  of  King  Edw^ard.  Here  is 
a Saxon  fortification  with  a double  ditch, 
which  commands  an  extensive  view  of  the 
Severn, 

Almcntey  a pleasant  towm  of  Andalusia, 

, Spain* 

ALMORA,  a country  of  Asia,  between 
the  mountains  of  Tibet  and  Hindoostan, 
Its  chief  towns  are  Rampour  and  Cassiponr* 

ALMUDEVAR,  a fertile  district  in  Ar- 
ragon,  Spain. 

Almuncsary  a sea-port  town  of  Granada 
on  the  shore  of  the  Mediterranean,  with  a 
good  harbour  defended  by  a strong  castle 
30  miles  sse  of  Albania.  Lon.  3 45  w,  lat, 
36  40  N. 

AlmuniGy  a tow  n of  Arragon,  Spain,  near 
the  Xiloca,  27  miles  sw  of  Saragossa. 

Alna-frithy  or  Altha-frithy  a small  wick, 
or  harbour,  in  the  parish  of  Belting. 

Alne,  the  name  of  three  rivers  in  Eng- 
land, viz.  one  in  Cumberland  which  runs  in- 
to the  Tyne  below  Kirkhaugh,  two  in  Nor- 
thumberland, which  falls  into  the  German 
Ocean  at  Almouth  ; and  three  in  Warwick- 
shire, which  runs  into  the  Arrow  at  Round 
Alne. 

Alne,  the  name  of  four  small  towns  in 
England,  viz.  1.  in  Cumberland,  near  Kirk 
Oswald ; 2.  near  York ; 3 Magna,  and  4. 
Parva,  near  Henley  in  Warwickshire. 

AlnemontJiy  a sea  port,  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Alne,  Northumberland. 

a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Ross-shire, 
extending  1 2 miles  along  the  coast  of  the 
Frith  of  Cromarty,  and  from  tw'o  to  four 
broad. 

ALNE  Y,  a small  island  near  the  city  of 
Gloucester,  famous  for  the  single  combat 
fought  upon  it  between  Edmund  Ironside, 
and  Canute,  king  of  Denmark,  to  decide 
the  fate  of  the  kingdom,  in  sight  of  both 
their  armies  ; the  latter  being  wounded,  he 
proposed  an  amicable  division,  and  accord- 
ingly obtained  the  n part,  the  s falling  to 
Edriiiind. 


ALP 

Alnwick y the  county  town  of  Northum- 
berland, on  the  road  from  Newccistle  to 
Edinburgh.  Malcolm  the  HI.  having 
made  an  inroad  into  Northumberland, 
was  killed  here  with  Edward  his  son,  and 
his  army  defeated  by  Robert  Mowbray, 
earl  of  this  county,  in  1093.— His  great 
grandson  William  I.  invading  England 
with  an  army  of  80,000  men,  was  encoun- 
tered here  and  his  army  routed,  and  himself 
made  prisoner  in  1 1 74.  The  town  appears 
to  have  been  formerly  fortified,  from  the 
vestiges  of  a wall  still  to  be  seen  in  several 
parts,  and  three  gates  which  remain  almost 
entire.  Alnwick  populous,  and  in  gene- 
ral well  built ; it  has  a large  town  house, 
where  the  quarter-sessions  and  county- 
courts  are  held,  and  members  of  par- 
liament elected.  It  has  a spacious  square, 
in  which  a market  is  held  every  Saturday, 
and  five  fairs  annually.  It  has  a hand- 
some shambles,  surrounded  with  piazzas. 
It  is  governed  by  four  chambeiiains,  who 
are  chosen  once  in  two  years  out  of  a com- 
mon council,  consisting  of  24  members. 
It  is  ornamented  by  a stately  old  Gothic 
castle,  the  seat  of  the  duke  of  Northum- 
berland, which  has  belonged  to  the  Percy 
family  ever  since  the  year  1309.  The 
manner  of  making  freemen  is  peculiar  to 
this  place,  and  indeed  is  as  ridiculous  as 
singular.  Those  who  are  made  free  have 
to  go  through  a dirty  pool  or  well.  This 
ceremony  is  owing  to  king  John,  who  was 
mired  in  this  well ; and  who,  as  a punish- 
ment for  their  not  mending  the  road,  made 
this  a part  of  their  charier.  Alnwick  is 
seated  on  the  Alne,  310  miles  n by  w from 
London,  33  n of  Newcastle,  and  30  s of 
Berwick.  Lon.  1 10  Wylckt.  55  24  n. 

Aloray  a towm  of  Granada,  Spain,  has  a 
castie  situated  on  a high  conical  hill,  24 
miles  Nw  of  Malaga. 

ALOST;  or  Aljlst,  a district  of  the  ci- 
devant  Austrian  Flanders,  now  belonging 
to  France.  Also  a city  of  the  same  name, 
seated  on  theDender,  13  miles  nw  of  Brus- 
sels, and  15  se  from  Ghent.  It  has  but  one 
parish ; but  the  church  is  collegiate,  and 
has  a provost,  a dean,  and  12  canons.  In 
one  of  the  converits  is  the  tomb  of  Theodore 
Martin,  who  introduced  the  an  of  printing 
into  the  Low  Countries.  It  w'as  taken 
II om  the  P^rench  in  170(>,  after  the  battle 
of  llamilies.  Lon.  4 10  e,  lat.  40  55  n. 

AlpheuiSy  or  AlplieiiiSy  a large  river  of  the 
Peloponnesus;  which,  rising  in  Arcadia, 
flows  by  Olympia  in  Ellis,  with  a sw 
course,  into  the  Sinus  ChelonUes,  about  10 
miles  s of  Olympia. 

AkphingtoHy  in  Devonshire,  two  miles  s 
ol  Exeter.  It  has  two  fairs,  1st  Thursday 
in  June,  and  16th  October. 

Alpnachy  a town  of  Switzerland,  in  Un- 
der wald,  stands  on  an  arm  of  the  lake  of 
the  lour  cantons,  six  miles  s of  Lucern. 

Alpsj  the  highest  mouutaiss  iu  Europe, 


ALP 

separating  Italy  from  France,  Switzerland, 
and  Germany.  They  are  about  tw  o miles 
perpendicular  in  height,  and  have  different 
names.  From  the  Mediterranean  to  mount 
Viso,  between  Dauphiny  and  Piedmont 
they  were  formerly  called  Maritime,  now^  ie 
rffontagne,  di  Tenda ; the  Coltian  moun- 
tains from  the  source  of  the  Vado  to  tlie 
city  of  Susa;  the  Grecian  Alps,  from  the 
city  of  Susa  to  the  mountain  of  St  Bernard  * 
ihe  Pennian  Alps,  from  mount  St  Bernard 
to  mount  St  Gothard  ; by  the  latter  are 
bounded  the  Rhetian  Alps,  which  extend 
to  the  source  of  the  river  Piave  ; also,  the 
Norician,  or  Carnician  Alps  extend  them- 
^ selves,  from  the  Piave  as  far  as  Istria  and 
the  source  of  the  Saave.  Few  of  these 
mountains  are  accessible,  and  the  passatres 
w'^hieh  intersect  them  are  narrow  and  dan- 
gerous. They  are  shrouded  in  constant 
^ow,  and  vegetation  is  little  and  unequal. 
The  glaciers,  \vhich  cover  the  declivities  of 
the  mountains  in  Savoy,  and  the  immense 
spiral  columns  of  ice  that  often  ascend  far 
above  their  elevated  tops,  have  been  deserv- 
edly reckoned  among  the  most  wmnderful 
works  of  nature.  Pieces  of  these  vast  co- 
lumns of  ice  and  snow  separate  from  the 
mountains,  roll  down  wdth  such  velocity 
that  nothing  can  stop  theirprogress.  Many 
rivers  derive  their  sources  Iroin  this  vast  re- 
gion, which  contribute  to  the  beauty  of  the 
prospect.  Hannibal  the  Carthaginian  gene- 
ralissimo, forced  a passage  through  these 
vast  mountains  into  Italy  in  the  middle  of 
winter,  which  he  accomplished  by  cutting 
the  snow  with  hatchets.  While  Mont  Blano 
and  the  adjacent  summits  are  composed  of 
vertical  strata,  the  most  elevated  peaks  of 
mount  Rosa,  are  horizontal,  or  not  inclined 
more  than  36  degrees  north  latitude. 

Alps  the  Lowery  a department  of  France, 
so  called  from  its  vicinity  to  the  mountains 
oi  that  name,  which  comprehends  part  of 
the  late  province  of  Provence,  Digue  is 
the  capital. 

Alps,  the  Upper,  a department  of  France; 
which  comprehends  part  of  the  ci-devant 
province  of  Dauphiny.  Chief  town  Bri- 
ancon. 

Alpsy  Maritime,  a new  department  of 
France,  of  wmich  Nice  is  the  capital. 

Alpujarrasy  or  Alpuxareasy  mountains  in 
the  province  of  Granada,  Spain,  on  the 
coast  of  the  Mediterranean  sea,  about  IT 
leagues  in  length,  and  1 1 in  breadth,  reach- 
ing  from  the  city  of  Velez  to  Almeria. 
They  are  inhabited  by  Moors, -who  are  the 
remains  ot  their  dispersed  and  ruined  em- 
pire. They  embraced  the  Christian  re- 
ligion; but  preserve  their  own  manners, 
and  speak  a corrupted  dialect  of  their 
ancient  language.  Between  Pitros  and 
Portuges,  is  a rivulet,  which,  in  an  instant 
changes  the  colour  of  linen  dipped  into  it, 
into  black.  From  a cavern  near  this  ri- 
1 vuiet;  proceeds  a steam  so  malignant,  that 


A L S 


it  destroys  such  animals  as  comes  near  it 
The  Moriscoes,  as  they  are  called,  excex 
in  cultivating  the  soil,  and  in  bringing 
fruit-trees  to  perfection. 

Jlresford,  a town  of  Hampshire,  situ- 
ated on  the  road  from  London  to  Soutnamp- 
ton.  It  is  a rectory,  and  consists  of  a omit 
200  houses;  has  one  church  and  two 
principal  streets.  On  the  sw  of  ti^e  town 
is  a sheet  of  water  which  covers  about 
200  acres,  and  is  the  source  of  the  river 


Itehin.  Linseys  are 


manufactured  here. 


Its  market  is  on  Thursday.  It  is  18 
miles  NE  of  Southampton,  and  5.  wsw 
of  London.  Lon.  1 1.1  w,  lai  516  n. 
ALROA,  or  Alrob,  a Damsa  Island. 
Alsace,  Lower  and  Upper,  a late  pro- 
vince of  Frctiicc,  now  includ'M  m 
partments  of  the  Lower  and  Upper  Rhine. 
Pleasant  hills,  and  mountains^  covered 
with  forests,  in  which  are  ioAy  pines, 
diversifying  the  landscape.  It  abounds 
with  corn,  wine,  wood,  flax,  tobacco, 
pulse,  pasture  and  fruit.  It  is  enricned  by 
mines  of  silver,  copper,  and  lead,  as  well 

as  mineral  waters.  ^ ^ ^ 

ALsasso,  a towm  of  Italy,  m tae  Mo- 
denese, adjacent  to  which  petroleum  and 
yellow  amber  are  produced. 

Alschwanpen,  a town  in  Coujland.  ^ 
ALSEN,  a pleasant  island  oi  DenmarK 
in  ths'E  sea,  or  entrance  into  the  Baltic, 
between  Sleswic  and  Funen,  belonging  to 
the  duchy  of  Sleswick.  It  produces  large 
crops  of  all  sorts  of  grain,  except  wneat . 
and  particularly  aniseeds.  It  contains 
two  old  castles,  100  miles  w of  Copenha- 
gen. Chief  town  Sonderborg.  Lon.  10 
12  b,  lat.  55  12  N- 

Alscrig,  a village  in  the  county  of  Cro- 
marly,  noted  for  large  plantations  of  fir. 

Alsefeld,a  ioyir\  of  Germany , m the  land- 
graviate  of  Hesse-Cassel,  seated  on  the 
Ichwalon,  10  miles  nw  of  Marpurg,  and  d4 
s of  Hesse-cassel.  It  is  an  ancient  town, 
and  the  inhabitants  were  the  first  of  this 
country  who  embraced  the  Reiorination. 
Lon.  9 5 E,  lat.  50  55  N. 

Alshash,  a very  beautiful  city 
baria,  supposed  to  be  the  same  with  taa 
which  is  now  called  Tasheant,  the  capital 
of  the  eastern  part  of  Turkestan,  possessed 

by  the  Kassats.  • j.u 

Alsheda,  a parish  of  Sweuen,  ill  the  pro- 
vince of  Smaland,  which  contains  a gold 

mine  discovered  in  n38. 

Alsiero,  an  episcopal  to\vn  of  Naples 

in  the  Molise,  23  miles  NE  of  the  town  of 

a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  three 

miles  ssw  of  Beniberg. 

ALSO  SA.TO,  a district  of  Hungar}, 
where  great  quantities  of  Cinnabar  are  dug. 

atown  of  Hungary,  which  i. 
celebrated  for  a mineral  spring. 

Alstadt,  a town  of  Upper  .Saxonv,  in 
Thuringia,  eight  miles  w of  Querfurt.  ^ 


ALT 

Alstadt,  a town  cf  Moravia,  in  the  circle 
of  01  m lit 35  miles  NNW  of  Olmut2. 

Alstead,  a towui.ship  of  New- Hampshiri^, 
eight  miles  s of  Charlestown,  containing 
about  1,111  citizens. 

Alstelton,  a small  town  of  Switzerland, 
in  the  bailiwick  of  RheinthaL  Lon.  9 
52  E,  lat.  47  10  n. 

Alston- More,  or  Alston-Moor,  a town 
and  parish  in  Curnberland.  The  town  is 
seated  on  a hill,  a't  the  bottom  of  w^hich 
runs  the  river  Tyne.  Near  this  place 
plenty  of  lead  ore  is  found  ; here  is  a ma- 
nufactory of  shot,  and  an  iron  foundery.  It 
is  20  miles  e by  s from  Carlisle,  and  276 
N by  from  London.  It  has  a market  oa  ^ 
Saturday,  and  two  annual  fairs,  la.st 
Thursday  in  Biay,  and  first  in  September. 
Lou.  2 14  w,  lat.  .54  45  n. 

AT.SVIG,  a small  island  near  the  isle 
of  Sky. 

Alsungen,  a lake  of  Sweden,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Halland. 

Alswangon,  a town  of  Courland,  Poland. 
Lon.  21  39  e,  lat.  56  58  n. 

Alsza,  a small  town  of  European  Turkey, 
situated  in  one  of  the  Tartar  districts,  be- 
tween the  Dnieper  and  the  Don. 

Alt,  or  Altwa,  a river  in  Transylvania, 

America.  . , 

Altaic  Chain,  a range  of  mountani.s  wnich 
forms  the  southern  boundary  of  Siberia. 
It  begins  at  the  vast  mountain  Bogdc, 
passes  between  the  Irtisch  and  the  Ob ; 
whence  it  proceeds  by  the  lake  Telezkoi ; 
and  afterwards  under  the  name  of  Sainnes 
is  uninterruptedly  continued  to  the  lake 
of  Baikal.  A branch  insinuates  itself 
between  the  sourcek  of  the  rivers  Onon  and 
Ingodo,  and  another  stretches  along  the 
Oleema.  The  principal  chain  approaches 
and  keeps  near  the  shores  of  the  sea 
of  Ohdkotz.  Aldan,  and  Maia,  is  dis^ 
tributed  in  small  branches,  v/hich  range 
between  the  eastern  river.s  that  fall  into 
the  icy  sea.  Another  branch  turning  s 
runs  through  all  Kamschatka.  The  last 
range  chieily  form.s  the  great  cape  Tsc^mt- 
ski,  with  its  promontories  and  broken 
rocky  shores. 

ALTALA,  a district  of  Cornea. 
AUamira,  a county  of  Galicia,  Spam. 
Altamoni,  a handsome  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  province  of  Calabria  Citerior,  Naples, 
15  miles  nw  of  Basigniano.  Lon.  16  22  e, 

lat.  39  50  N.-  ..UK*. 

Altawtsofi,  or  the  txold  fliver,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Bassora,  in  Asia.  It  has  many 
bituminous  and  hot  springs  cn  its  banks. 

AUamura,  a town  in  the  territory  of 
Bari,  Naples,  10  miles  ne  of  GraMiia. 

Lon.’lO  58  E,'lat.  41  6 X.  . , , 

ALTayeff,  a town  of  Hejaz,  m Arabia 
Felix,  situated  about  60  miles  e of 
behind  Mount  Gaswan.  It  is  surrounded 
with  a wall,  ami  its  territory  produces  ex- 
cellent raisins. 


ALT 

AUdorfy  a large  handsome  town  in  S\Yit“ 
2erland,  and  the  chief  of  the  canton  of  Uri. 
It  has  four  chure?;es,  and  two  convents, 
ion.  8 30  E,  lat.  3t>  50  >j. 

Aitea,  a sea  port  town  of  Valencia,  in 
Spain,  on  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean, 
rich  in  wine,  silk,  flax,  and  honey.  It  was 
taken  for  the  archduke  Charles  in  the  year 
1705;  but  lost  after  the  famous  battle  of 
Almanza,  30  miles  nb  of  Alicant.  Lon. 
0 15  E,  kit.  43  34  N, 

Aitemhirgy  or  AUenbvrg,  a tovvn  of 
Transylvania,  17  miles  sw  of  Wlsemburg. 
Lon.  6 E,  lat.  43  5^5  n. 

ALTEN,  a district  of  Fiamark,  Nor- 
way, 

’ Altenhvrg^  an  ancient  town  of  Germany’ 
on  the  river  Pleiss,  20  miles  s of  Leipsic,  in 
Misnia,  and  circle  of  Upper  Saxony.  Lon. 
12  23  N,  lat.  50  S9  n. 

Altenburgy  a small  fortified  town  of  Hun- 
gary, in  the  tenitoryof  Moson,  about  25 
miles  from  Vienna.  Lon.  35  30  e,  lat.  48 
J5  N. 

AUenhvrg,  or  Oldenhnrgy  an  ancient 
town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of  Holstein. 
•Lon.  10  20  E,  lat,  54  20  n. 

Altenburgy  or  Owaa,  a small  but  strong 
town  of  Hungary.  It  is  15  miles  s of  Pres- 
burg,  40  SE  of  Vienna.  Lon.  17  50  e,  ku. 
34  0 N. 

AUendomy  a town  in  the  duchy  of  West- 
phalia, 48  miles  e by  n ot  Cologne. 

AUenderfy  a town  of  the  canton  of  Che- 
vitz,  Switzerland.  Lon.  8 52  e lat.  46  55  n. 

a village  of  Germany  in  the 
circle  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  where  gene- 
ral Hoche  defeated  the  Austrians,  in  June 
1706,  15  miles  nne  of  Coblentz. 

Altenrgffy  a town  of  the  canton  of  Frey- 
burg,  Switzerland.  Lon.  7 4 e,  lat.  46 
20  N. 

- AUerinniSy  in  Hertfordshire,  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Monmouthshire,  nearly  encompa:  s- 
cd  with  the  windings  of  the  river  Mimnow. 

Alte.ssony  a town  of  Piedmont,  situated 
between  the  Dora  aud  Stura,  three  miles  n 
Of  Turin.  Lon.  27  24  e,  lat.  44  36  n. 

Aitezeyy  a late  territory  of  Germany,  in 
the  Low'cr  Palatinate,  now  annexed  to 
France,  and  included  in  the  department  of 
the  Rhine  and  Nahe. 

Altezey,  the  capital  of  the  above  district, 
15  miles  sw  of  Meniz,  Lon.  S 12  e,  lat 
49  40JC. 

Altkuv.Sy  a town  in  Polish  Prussia. 

Altin.  a lake  in  Siberia,  from  whence 
issues  the  river  Ob,  or  Oby,  in  Lon.  85  55  e, 
iat.  52  0 N.  This  lake  is  called  by  the 
Russians  Teioskoi  Ossero,  It  is  called 
Altin  Kiily  by  the  Tartars.  By  the  Kal- 
mucks it  is  called  AUimwr,  It  is  said  to 
be  90  miles  long,  and  50  broad,  with  a 
rocky  bottom  ; though  some  geographers 
state  it  only  18  miles 'long  and  Vi  broad. 

- AUiaOy  a tov,  n of  the  Trevisano,  in  lialy. 

Loij,  ^6  E,  iat.  45  36  n,  • jt 

1 


ALT 

ALTIVAIG,  a fertile  island  on  the  NW 
coast  of  the  isle  of  Sky.  it  has  a goy'd 
iiarbour. 

Altkirchy  or  Altkirky  a town  of  France, 
m the  department  of  the  Upper  PHiine,  45 
miles  ssw  of  Strasburg,  and  12  nw  of  Ba- 
sil, on  an  eminence  near  the  source  of  the 
river  111,  and  25  miles  s of  Colmar.  Lon. 
7 29  E,  lat.  47  40  n. 

AltmorSy  a town  in  the  county  of  Ty- 
ronne,aud  province  of  Ukter,  Ireland,  situ- 
ated seven  tiiiles  miles  nw'  of  Dongannoh. 
Lon.  7 2 w,  iat.  54  34  k. 

A-nmouta,  in  Lancashire,  seated  on  the 
mouth  of  the  Ait. 

Aitmully  a river  of  Germany,  which 
rises  in  Franconia,  runs  se  by  Anspach, 
and  falls  into  the  Danube  at  Kelheim,  12 
miles  above  Ratisbon. 

Alton,  a towui  in  Hampshire,  situated 
on  the  river  Wey.  It  is  governed  by  a 
constable ; and  consists  of  about  300 
houses,  indif/erently  built,  chiefly  laid  out 
in  one  pretty  broad  street.  It  has  one 
church,  a Presbyterian  and  a Quaker^s 
meeting,  and  a famous  free  school.  The 
principal  manufactures  at  present  are 
bombazeens,  sarsenets,  and  shawls.  Hops 
are  successfully  cultivated  in  the  envi- 
rons. li  is  28  miles  ene  from  South- 
ampton, on  the  London  road,  and  50 
miles  wsw'  from  London.  Lon.  0 46  w 
iat.  5112  N.  " 

ALTON,  a district  of  New  Hampshire 
ME  of  Barnstead, 

All  ana,  a city  and  sea  port  of  Lower 
Saxony,  Holstein,  on  the  Elbe,  two  miles  \v 
of  Hamburg.  It  was  built  by  the  Danes 
near  to  Kambiirg,  that  it  might  rival  her  in 
commerce.  The  Swedes  burnt  it  in  1712, 
but  it  has  been  elegantly  rebuilt,  and  its  po- 
pulation is  computed  to  amount  to  25,000. 
Lon.  9 58  e,  lat.  53  54  n. 

Altorfy  a town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Franconia,  and  territory  of  Nuremberg. 
It  has  an  urnversity,  a physio  garden,  a 
theatre,  and  a handsome  library.  It  is  sub- 
ject to  the  house  of  Brandenburg,  16  miles 
SE  from  Nuremberg.  Lon.  11  29  e,  iat. 
47  20  N.  ' 

AUorjy  a town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Suabia,  20  miles  ne  of  Constance. 
Lon.  9 30  E,  lat.  47  50  n. 

Altorjy  a town  of  Hungary. 

Altorfy  a town  of  Switzerland,  the  capi- 
tal of  the  canton  of  Uri.  It  is  seated  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Rea,  on  the  lake  Lucer- 
ne, 20  miles  se  of  the  tpwm  of  that  name. 
Here  cire  tw'o  stone  pillars,  130  paces  from 
each  other,  the  distance  at  which  the  im- 
mortal William  Tell  is  said  to  have  shot 
the  apple  from  his  son’s  head.  This  cele- 
brated deliverer  of  his  country  lived  at 
Burgh,  near  this  place.  A chapel  now 
stands  on  the  site  of  his  cottage,  in  which 
Mass  is  solemnly  taid.  Lon.  8 25  b,  lat. 
I(i55.\. 

% 


D 


A L V 

AUranstadty  a town  in  Saxony. 

Altringham,  a town  of  Cheshire,  in  Eng- 
land, governed  by  a mayor,  seven  miles 
from  Manchester,  10  miles  e from  War- 
rington, and  1 SO  nw  of  London.  Its  manu- 
factures ate  worsted  and  cotton,  and  it 
supplies  the  Manchester  market  with  great 
quantities  of  vegetables  and  fruit.  It  has 
a weekly  market  on  Thursday  ; and  two 
fairs,  5th  August  and  2d  December,  for 
cattle  and  drapery.  Lon.  1 32  w,  lat.  53 
25  N. 

Altrip,  a town  of  the  late  bishopric  of 
Spire,  in  Germany,  now  added  to  France. 
Lon.  8 20  E,  lat.  49.  18  n. 

Altshol,  a town  in  Hungary. 

Alstadt,  a small  town  of  Prussia. 

Alttinkvpri,  capital  of  Curdistan  in  Asi- 
atic Turkey,  residence  of  a Pacha,  seated 
on  the  Alton,  which  flows  into  the  Tigris, 
50  miles  se  of  Mosul.  Lon.  44  33  e,  lat. 
35  45  N. 

Altzeif,  a town  lately  of  the  Lower  Pala- 
tinate of  Germany,  now  annexed  to  France. 
Lon.  r 25  E,  lat.  49  44  n. 

AUzheim,  a town  in  the  Palatinate  of 
the  Lower  Rhine. 

Aboa,  a parish  in  the  county  of  Stirling, 
separated  from  every  other  part  of  the 
county  of  Stirling,  being  surrounded  by 
Clackmannanshire  on  every  side  but  the  x, 
where  it  is  bounded  by  Perthshire.  It  ex- 
tends over  a part  of  the  Ochil  hills,  and  in- 
cludes a large  portion  of  the  fertile  banks  of 
the  river  Devon.  A vein  of  silver  ore  was 
wrought  some  time  ago  ; and  silver  to  the 
value  of  40  or  50,0001.  was  computed 
to  be  raised.  Cobalt,  arsenic,  lead,  copper, 
and  iron  have  also  been  found  at  the  foot  of 
the  hills.  Plxtensive  veins  of  coal  are  now 
begun  to  be  wrought.  In  this  village,  a 
manufactory  of  coarse  serges,  and  .Scots 
blankets  is  carried  on.  The  population  is 
about  TS7. 

Abja,  a town  in  Beira,  FortugaL 

Alca-de-Tormes.  a considera})ie  town  in 
the  kingdom  of  Leon,  and  terrifory  of  Sala- 
manca, Spain.  It  is  iO  miles  se  of  Sala- 
manca, and  47  of  Rodrigo.  Lon.  5 4 w, 
iar.  41  0 N. 

a majestic  mountain  in  Banffshire, 
which  serves  as  aland-mark  to  mariners. 

Alvahf  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  the  county 
of  Kaiflf,  about  six  miles  in  length,  and 
in  some  places  nearly  as  much  in  breadth, 
but  in  others  only  two  or  three.  Popula- 
t;on  is  about  1057.  It  produces  more 
corn  than  it  consumes,  and  its  pastures 
.are  more  employed  in  breeding  than  in 
feeding  cattle. 

Ah:al(ada,  a town  in  Alentejo. 

Alvarada,  a town  of  New  Spain,  in  Gu- 
axaca,  on  a river  of  the  same  name,  near  the 
Gulf  of  M 'Xico,  42  miles  se  of  Vh^ra 
Cruz,  and  j()0  ne  of  Guaxaca. 

Ahmroy  ? (wo  towns  of  Estramadura, 

Alvarreft,  ^ Portugal. 


A L Z 

Alvastofif  a village  in  Gloucestershire, 
eight  miles  n by  e of  Bristol.  On  the  top 
of  a hill  near  the  Severn  is  a circular  camp 
named  Oldburg,  where  several  antiquities 
have  been  found. 

Alvayazerey  a town  in  Beira,  Portugal. 

Alvendf  or  Elvend  Mountain^  a branch 
of  Taurus,  the  most  considerable  in  Persia. 

Alverea,  a small  town  of  Estramadura, 
Portugal. 

Alves f a parish  in  the  county  of  Elgin, 
on  the  coast  of  the  Moray  Frith,  extend- 
ing about  five  miles  in  length,  and  nearly 
as  much  in  breadth.  The  population  was 
1,049,  it  has  been  decreasing  for  some  time 
on  account  of  the  increase  of  the  extent  of 
farms,  and  scarcity  of  fuel.  Here  is 
a lairn  of  very  extraordinary  size,  on  a 
moor  near  the  highroad,  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  which  Danish  and  Lochaber 
axes  of  a particular  figure  have  been  dug 
up  in  a bog. 

Alvie,  a parish  in  Inverness-shire,  ex- 
tending from  NE  to  sw  about  16  miles 
in  length,  and  between  one  and  two  in 
breadth,  in  the  low  grounds ; but,  includ- 
ing the  hills,  about  20  miles.  The  popu- 
lation is  about  1,058.  In  this  parish 
about  two  miles  from  Pitmain,  is  a 
cave  that  reaches  60  feet  below  ground, 
nine  feet  wide,  and  seven  feet  high,  built 
with  stone  on  the  sides,  and  covered  with 
flags.  In  one  of  the  tumuli  which  was 
opened,  the  bones  of  a human  body  were 
found  entire,  with  two  Jieart  bones  across. 

Alving^  a fort  in  Weissenburg. 

Alvington,  in  Gloucestershire,  near  Lid- 
ney,  in  the  Forest  of  Dean,  was  anciently 
one  of  the  Roman  stations,  but  is  now  only 
a village,  nine  miles  from  Monmouth  and 
22  from  Gloucester.  It  was  Abane  of 
Antoninus. 

AlvitOy  a small  town  in  Alentejo,  Portu- 
gal. 

Alvcrninha,  a small  town  in  Estrama- 
dura, Portugal. 

Aluiay  a river  in  Transylvania. 

Ahj,  a city  of  Georgia,  in  Asiatic  Turkey. 

Algthy  a parish  in  Perthshire,  on  the  n 
side  of  Strathmore,  about  12  miles  long,  and 
at  an  average,  three  broad,  stretching  from 
s to  N,  towards,  the  Grampians.  U is 
watered  by  the  Isla,  the  Ericht,  and  the 
Alyih. 

Algthy  a village  in  the  above  parish, 
which  was  erected  into  a burgh  of  bargny 
by  king  .Tames  lil.  It  contains  about 
2,307  inhabitants.  Their  principal  manu- 
facuires  were  yarn  and  brown  linens. 

Alzano,  Great  and  Little^  two  elegant 
towns,  situated  on  a canal  in  the  Vale  of 
Lower  Seriana,  Italy. 

Alzeuy  a town  of  Germany  in  the  circle 
of  the  Upper  Rhine,  in  the  deparfmetit  of 
Mont  Tonnere  st'aied  on  the  Seisse,  annex- 
ed to  France  in  December,  1796,  17  miles 
ssw  of  Mentz. 


A M A 

Ahiray  or  Ahtjra,  a town  in  the  kingdom 
of  Valencia,  Spain,  seated  on  the  river 
Xucar,  17  miles  s of  Valencia.  It  carries 
on  a considerable  trade  in  silk.  Lon.  0 20  e, 
lat.  39  10  N. 

Am,  a city  of  Armenia,  in  Asia,  now  very 
obscure,  formerly  called  Apamea,  but  it 
once  contained  100,000  houses,  and  100 
churches ! 

Amadabat,  a large  and  populous  city, 
the  capital  of  the  province  of  Guzemt,  Hin- 
doostari.  It  is  situated  120  miles  n of  Su- 
rat and  40  ne  of  Chambaya.  It  was  for- 
merly the  residence  of  the  Guzerat  kings  ; 
but  now  of  the  Mogul  viceroy,  who  lives 
very  splendidly,  and  maintains  60  elephants 
and  12,000  horse.  The  city  stands  on  a 
beautiful  plain,  and  is  surrounded  by  walls 
built  of  stone  and  brick,  fianked  with 
round  towers  and  battlements.  It  has  12 
gates  ; and  including  the  suburbs,  is  in 
length,  four  miles  and  a-half.  The  streets 
are  v/ide  atid  commodious.  The  king^s 
square  is  700  paces  long,  and  400  broad, 
planted  round  with  orange,  citron,  and 
palm  trees,  <^c.  On  the  w side  is  the 
eastle,  surrounded  with  a wail  of  free 
stone,  which  in  appearance  and  size,  is 
equal  to  a small  town.  The  caravansera 
is  on  the  s of  the  square,  and  is  its  prin- 
cipal ornament  ; near  the  meydan  also  is 
the  king^s  palace  ; and  in  the  middle  of 
the  city  is  the  English  factory,  where  is 
sold  tine  chintz,  calicoes,  and  other  Indian 
merchandize.  Besides  smaller  mosques  here 
are  about  30  large  ones,  one  of  which  is 
very  magnificent;  also  16  pagadoes.  Here 
the  Abyssinians,  Armenians,  and  Jews, 
have  their  respective  places  of  worship ; 
and  European  merchants  have  their  factors. 
According  to  some  late  accounts,  this  city 
1 > little  inferior  to  the  best  in  Europe ; it  is 
supposed  to  yield  ten  times  as  much  re- 
venue as  Surat.  Lon.  71  22  e,  lat.2310  n. 

Amadan,  or  Hamadan,  a town  of  Per- 
sia, between  Taurus  and  Ispahan  It  is 
situated  200  miles  ne  of  Bagdad,  at  the 
loot  ol  a mountain,  where  there  are  many 
springy  which  water  the  adjacent  coun- 
try. The  houses  are  built  of  brick  har- 
dened  m the  sun,  and  have  but  a very  in- 
aifferent  aspect.  There  is  l)ut  one  toiera- 

th®  garments,  and 

the  like  are  exposed  to  sale  ; it  is  strait, 
long  and  wide ; and  the  shops  are  very  well 
furnished.  The  Armenians  have  a church 
in  this  town,  and  the  Jews  a synasoo-ue 
near  a tomb  where  they  pretend  Esther 
and  Mordecai  lie  interred.  To  this  place 
they  come  on  pilgrimage  Ircm  several 
p aces  in  the  Levant.  Amadan  is  a very 

stroyed  by  Nebuchadnezzar,  and  rebuilt  by 
l ariu-s  who  brought  hither  all  his  riches. 

It  lies  83  miles  nw  of  Ispahan.  Lon.  47 
d it,  lat.  3.5  15  N. 

Amadanaaar,  or  Anadanger,  a beauti- 


AM  A 


ful,  rich  and  populous  town  of  India,  in 
the  province  of  Deccan,  situated  13(1 
“s  E^rabay.  Lon.  74  15  e,  lau 

Amadia,  a trading  town  of  Curdistan 
in  Asia,  seated  on  a mountain,  40  miles 
El  lat-  36  5 N. 

AMAK,  an  island  in  the  Baltic  sea 

I fvlTf  I'V*  llvtv/-a1 ^ 


about  eight  miles  long  aud  four  broad; 


on  which  that  part  of  Copenha  gen  called 
Chnstianshoseu  is  built.  It  is  separated 
xrom  Zealand  by  a canal,  oyer  which 
there  are  two  bridges  that  communicate 
Copenhagen.  The  island  contains 
between  3,  and 
4,000  souls.  It  has  two  churches,  in 


Which  the  ministers  preach  occasionally 
in  Dutcx]  and  Danish.  The  inhabitants 


nave  their  own  inferior  tribunals  ; but  m 
capital  offences  are  amenable  to  the  kino'^s 
courts  o[  justice  at  Copenhagen.  The  old 
national  habit  resembles  the  habit  of  the 
ancient  Quakers,  as  represented  in  the  pic- 
ures  of  the  Dutch  and  Flemish  painters. 
Ihe  island  is  laid  out  in  gardens  and  pas- 
^ ures ; and  still,  according  to  the  orifrmal 
esign,  supplies  Copenhagen  with  miik,°but- 
ter  and  vegetables.  Lon.  12  43  e,  lat. 

Amal,  a town  of  Sweden,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Daland.  It  has  a good  bar- 
hour  on  the  lake  Weuuer,  aud  carries  ot.  a 
gieat  trade  in  timber,  deals,  aud  tar:  is  175 
miles  sw  ofUpsal.  Lon.  12  40  e,  lat. 

A.MALAG.4N,  or  island  of  Conception, 
one  of  t.ieLadrone  islands  about  six  leagues 
in  circuraterenee.  Lon.  145  38  e,  iat. 

Amalfi,  an  ancient  city  of  Italy,  situated 
on  the  bay  of  Salerno,  10  miles  w from  that 
Cl  ^ . It  is  said  to  have  derived  its  origan 
irom  a number  of  Roman  families,  who, 
about  the  middle  of  the  4th  century,  em- 
barked tor  Constantinople  ; who  ‘settled 
_ere  from  be  ng  shipwrecked  on  the  coast  of 
x^alerno.  Their  situation  had  from  the  be- 
pmung  given  them  a turn  to  commerce, 
and  their  attention  to  naval  affairs  appeared 
ot  so  much  consequence  in  the  eyes  of  their 
protector  the  emperor  of  Con.stantinople, 

^ 4 orders,  a court  was  established 

at  Amalfi  tor  the  decision  of  all  controver- 
sies arising  in  maritime  traasactions.  To 
crowii  the  mercantile  and  naval  glory  of  th® 
republic,  it  was  re.served  to  the  lot  of  an  A- 
maifitan  to  make,  or  at  least  to  perfect,  th® 
most  important  discovery  ever  made  forth® 
improvement  of  navigation.  Pasitano,  a 
Village  which  stands  on  the  shores  a few 
of  Amalfi,  boasts  of  having  given 
birth  to  Flavius  Gioia,  or  as  others  call  him 
blavius  Bembo,  the  inventor  of  the  ma-= 
riner^s  compass.  At  present  Amalfi  is  sub- 
ject to  Naples,  and  is  the  see  of  an  arch- 
bishop. It  is  but  a shadow  of  what  it  w^as 
m Its  flourishing  state;  its  buildings  ar® 


AM  A 

nnt  rf  markable  for  elegance  or  ; and 
contain  at  most  4,000  inliabi tains,  vdio 
seem  to  be  in  an  indigent  condition.  Tiie 
cathedral  is  an  uncouth  bmhling:  under 
the  cheir  is  the  chapel  and  tomb  o! 

St.  Andrew.  Lon.  IJ  20  E,  lat.  40 
35  ^ . 

Amalrky  in  Perthshire,  about  66  miles 
?vw  from  Edinburgh.  It  has  a lair  on  the 
first  Wednesday  of  May. 

Amana,  one  of  the  Bahama  islands. 
Amance^  a lovrn  of  France,  seated  six 
miles  E of  Nanci,  aud  20  s of  Mentz.  Lon. 

6 25  E,  lat.  4S  42  n. 

Amand,  St,  a city  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Cher,  20  miles  s of  Bourges. 
Lon.  2 SO  E,  lat.  40  45  n. 

Anmnd,  St,  a city  of  ! ranee,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Noith,  seated  on  toe  Scarp, 
seven  miles  n of  VadeiiCit3nnes.  It  contains 
3 or  4,000  inhabitants.  Lon.  3 35  e,  lat. 

50  2T'n.  . ^ • 

Amantea,  a sea  jmrt  town,  situated  near 
the  bay  of  Euphemia,  in  the  province  of  Ca- 
labria,“ Naples,  20  rmles  sw  of  Cosensa. 
Lon.  16  10  E,  lat.  39  12  N. 

a mountain  oi  SjTia,  which  se- 
parates it  from  Cilicia.  it  is  now'  called 
Monte  Negro,  or  rather  Montagna  Neres, 
by  the  iahabitants ; that  is,  the  watery 
moindaiu,  cis  it  abounds  with  springs  a.nd 
rivulets.  , 

Amapalla,  a city  of  S America,  in  Nica- 
ragua, adjoining  to  the  port  of  Amapalla,  in 
tJjs  province  of  Ciiatiinala,  in  Mcjiico,  22o 
miles  SE  of  the  town  of  Guatimaia.  It  trades 
m cochineal,  cocoa , irdigo,  li.des,  &c.  Lon. 
88  30  w,  lat.  12  30  n. 

Amarante,  a town  of  Portugal,  in  Entre- 
Duero-e-Miuho,  30  miles  eke  of  Oporto. 
It  has  a iinea  ina.nufacture.  Lon.  6 52  w. 
fat.  4119  N.  , . 

Amas’m,  an  ancient  town  of  Natolia,  i ur- 
Ley,  the  capital  of  the  disiriot  of  the  same 
name,  famous  for  its  wines  and  fruits,  and 
menmrabie  for  the  birth  of  Strabo  the  geo- 
grai'her.  It  is  sealed  near  the  river  Iris  or 
Casaliuak,  36  miles  nw  of  Tocat.  It  was 
aneientlv  the  residence  of  the  kings  oi 
Cappadoda.  In  1794,  it  wms  destroyed 
by  an  earthquake.  Lon.  36  10  s,  lat.  41 
60  ii- 

Amasia,  the  norlhern  divisicn  of  Lesser 
Asia,  lying  on  the  s shore  of  tr.c  Euxipe 
sea,  in  NatcUa. 

if  a town  on  the  river  Jordan. 

Aniathiis,  an  ancient  toV.  h in  the  isle  ol 
Cyprus,  so  called  from  Ama  thus  the  founder, 
or  from  Amatb,  in  Phcimicia.  It  is  now 
called  Limibso. 

Amatiqoes,  a sea  port  of  Mexico,  in  the 
province  of  Vera  Pas,  principally  inhabited 
by  logwood  cuiters.  Lon.  0 w,  lat.  15 
23  K. 

atown  in  Calabria  Pltra,  Naples, 
bn  a river  of  the  same  name,  seven  miles  se 
of  Nicasiro. 


A M-  A 

Amo.irice,  a city  of  the  kingdom  of  Na- 
ples, in  Abruzzo. 

jiniazon,  Amazons,  or  Orellana,  general- 
ly esteemed  the  largest  river  in  the  world. 

It  is  formed  by  two  targe  rivers,  the  one 
rising  in  the  piovince  of  Quito,  a little  s of 
the  equator  ia  73  degrees  of  w Ion.  and  the 
other  named  Xauxa,  rising  in  the  lake  of 
Bourbon,  near  the  Andes.  These  two  rivers 
uniting  on  the  coniines  of  Peru  and  Ama- 
zonia, assume  the  name  of  Amazon  ; 
w'henee  running  eastw'ard  upwards  of  1,000 
miles, and  afterwards  meliningto  the  N,they 
fall  in/o  the  Atlantic  ocean,  by  84  channels, 
which  in  the  rainy  season  overflow  the  adja- 
cent country,  and  empties  itself  into  the  At- 
iantic  ocean,  direcriy  under  the  eqninoxial 
line,  with  such  force,  «hat  it  repels  the  sea 
to  the  distance  of  a iiiimber  mdes  from  the 
'land.  Besides  these  two  rivers  about  200 
others,  of  wliich  a number  have  a course 
of  1,500  miles,  and  some  of  them  equal  ih© 
Nile  or  Danube,  contribute  to  increase  the 
flood  of  this  extraordinary  river.  As  itruns 
almost  across  the  broadest  part  of  South  A- 
rnerica,  it  is  computed  to  be  between  4 and 
5,000  miles  in  iengib,  reckoning  all  its  wind- 
ings. At  its  mouth,  it  is  said  to  be  about 
1 50  miles  broad.  Its  depth  between  J unta  da 
ios  Bey  os,  and  the  Maraniion,  is  from  5 to 
10  fathoms  ; but  from  Maranbon  to  llio 
Negro-  it  increases  to  20  fathoms;  after 
whTch  it  is  sometimes  30  and  sometimes  50 
fathoms,  or  more,  till  it  comes  near  the  end 
of  Its  course. 

AMAZONIA,  or  the  country  of  the 
Americtin  Amazons,  is  situated  betw^een 
5G  and  70  degrees  of  w Ion.  and  betwt  en 
the  equator  and  15  of  s lat.  being  bounded 
on  the  s by  la  Plata;  on  the  w by  Peru; 
on  the  N by  Terra  Firma,  and  Guiana'^ 
and  on  the  e by  the  Atlantic  and  Brazil. 
It  was  first  traversed  in  1539,  by  Francis 
Orellana,  w'ho,  coming  from  Peru,  sa-led 
down  the  great  river  Amazon,  which  be  so 
named  from  observing  companies  of  armed 
w'omen  on  its  banks  and  the  countiy  it© 
called  Amazonia.  Amazonia  is  in  general 
a fiat  country,  abounded  in  w^cods,  lakes, 
rivers,  bogs, and  morasses.  The  chief  river 
is  the  Amazon.  The  air  is  cooler  Ihaa 
might  be  su;  posted  in  the  torrid  zone  This 
in  part  is  owing  to  the  heavy  rains  by 
which  the  rivers  are  inundated^  for  one 
half  of  the  year,  and  in  part  to  the  clouds 
by  w'hich  the  sun  is  obscured  the  greater 
part  of  the  day.  The  rainy  season  is  about 
the  time  of  the  equinoxes — the  fair  about  the 
solstices.  The  produce  of  ih?  country  is  In- 
dian corn  and  the  cassav.  roci  (ol  w mch  tney 
make  flour  and  bread,)  tobacco,  cotton,  su- 
oar,  sarsaparilla,  yams,  potatoes,  and  other 
roots.  The  have  also  [deeiy  of  venison,  fish, 
and  fow'i.  The  natives  a re  oi  t he  common  sta- 
im'«%and  have  good  ieauues,  a copper  com- 
plexion, black  cnt* comput- 
ed ihat  there  are  about  150  difforeiit  uibes 


A M B 

er  nations ; and  the  villages  arc  so  numer-  ’ 
ous  as  to  be  within  call  of  cne  another,  j 
The  sovereigns  of  these  tribes  are  dis- 
tinguished from  their  subjects  by  a coronet 
of  beautiful  feathers,  a belt  of  tygers  teeth 
or  claws,  and  a wooden  sword.  The 
country  affords  neither  gold  nor  silver 
mines  ; only  a small,  quantity  of  the  former 
is  found  in  the  rivulets  which  fall  into  the 
Amazon,  near  iis  sources  in  Peru.  While 
the  Spaniards  imagined  that  it  contained 
these  metals,  tliey  made  great  efforts  from 
Peru  to  reduce  this  territory  to  subjection, 
till  being  at  length,  undeceived,  they 
abandoned  the  design.  The  Portuguese 
have  some  small  settlements  between  Cape 
North,  and  ihe  mouth  of  the  Amazon. 

Amba-geshen,  a rock  in  Abyssinia,  of  a 
most  prodigious  steepness,  in  the  form  of  a 
castle,  built  of  freestone,  and  almost  im- 
pregnable. 

Aiubamarjam,  or  Amharaj  a principal 
town  of  Abyssinia,  s tuated  near  ths  head 
of  the  Nile.  Lon  36  14  e,  lat.  13  n. 

Amber  Bay,  a bay  on  the  coast  of  Yu- 
catan, Mexico,  N of  Ascension  Bay. 

Amber g,  a city  of  Germany,  the  capital 
of  the  Upper  Palatinate  of  Bavaria,  with  a 
good  castle,  armoury,  ramparts,  tfec.  The 
superb  churcii  of  St  Martin  contains  many 
beautiful  paintings  and  curiosities.  The 
mint  is  a building  not  surpassed  by  any  of 
the  kind  in  Germany.  It  was  taken  by 
4lie  Austrians  in  1743,  and  in  1706,  by  the 
French.  It  is  seated  near  the  coniines  oi 
Franconia,  on  the  river  Ills  or  V/ills,  40 
miles  E of  Nuremberg.  It  drives  a great 
trade  in  iron  and  other  metals.  Lon.  12 
7 E,  lat.  49  30  n. 

AMBERGREESE  KEY,  an  island  in 
Hanover  Bay,  Mexico,  70  miles  long,  but 
very  narrow. 

Amberieux,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Ain,  France,  26  miles  ne  of  Lj  ons. 

Ambert,  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
panment  of  Pay  de  Dome,  seated  in  a 
beautiful  valley  on  the  river  Eoie,  2! 
miles  E of  Isioire,  and  SoO  from  Paris. 
The  inhabitcints  carry  on  an  extensive 
manufacture  of  paper,  as  well  as  of  cam- 
blets,  ferrets,  coarse  laces,  <feo.  Lon.  3 
60  E,  lat.  43  26  x. 

Ambiancutwa,  a city  of  Ethiopia,  the 
capital  of  a kingdom  so  called,  lying  on 
the  river  Nile,  which  runs  through  part 
of  it. 

Ambleside,  a pleasant  town  in  Westmore- 
land, situated  among  lofty  mountains,  at 
the  upper  end  of  the  lake  of  Whnandei  meer, 

13  miles  \w  by  n of  Kendal,  and  270  nk\v 
of  London.  It  has  a manufacture  of 
woollen  cloth,  and  a,  market  on  Wednes- 
day. Lon.  3 0 w,  lat.  34  2S  a. 

Amhleteuse,  a sea  port  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  the  straits  of  Calais,' 
defended  by  a battery,  eight  miles  n op 
Boulogne.  Here  Ciesar  embarked  his  ca- 


A M B 

valry  when  he  invaded  England,  and  at 
this  port  James  II.  landed  after  he  left  his 
kingdom  in  1688.  Lon.  1 36  e,  lat.  30  49  n. 

Amboise,  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Indre  and  Loire,  seated  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Loire  and  Masse.  13 
miles  E by  n of  Tours,  and  118  s by  w of 
Paris.  The  staircase  of  the  castle  is  with- 
out steps,  and  may  be  ascended  to  the  very 
top,  Louis  XI.  here  instituted  the  order  of 
St  Michael.  Lon.  0 34  s,  iat.  47  25  n. 

AMBOIJLE,  a province  of  Madagascar. 
It  is  a fertile  and  agreeable  country,  water- 
ed by  the  river  Manampani,  whose  mouth 
lies  in  s latitude  23  30.  The  country  pro- 
duces fruits  and  plants  in  plenty.  The 
black  cattle  are  extremely  fat,  and  their 
flesh  excellent.  In  this  province  stands  a 
large  town  of  the  same  name. 

Amhournay,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Ain,  France,  27  miles  isie  of  Lyons,  and 
20  Nw  of  Belley.  Lon.  3 16  E,iat.  46  i n. 

AMBOYNA,  the  chief  of  the  Molucca 
islands,  in  the  East  Indies,  being  24  leagues 
in  circumference,  and  56  miles  in  length 
from  N to  s.  By  a large  bay  on  the  w 
side  it  is  divided  into  two  parts,  tbs  largest 
of  which  is  name^l  Heton,  and  the  other 
Ley  timer.  The  face  of  the  island  is  beauti- 
fully variegated  with  woody  mountains 
and  verdant  plains,  highly  cultivated  and 
interspersed  with  h^.imiets.  It  is  remark- 
able for  producing  large  quantities  of  cloves 
and  nutmegs.  Coflee  and  sugar  are  also  cul- 
tivated, and  gold  is  often  found  w ashed  down 
by  the  mountain  torrents.  The  principal 
animals  are  deer  and  wild  hogs.  The 
natives  wear  whiskers,  and  have  no  clothes 
except  a bit  of  cloth  wrapped  round  their 
middle.  At  the  beginning  of  the  17 ill 
century,  the  British  and  Batch  had  both 
factories  here,  but  in  1663,  the  Dutch  first 
tortured,  and  then  murdered  Lie  English, 
tliat  they  might  engross  the  whole  trade. 
Women  when  taken  in  marriage,  are  ?^ur- 
ohased  of  their  parents,  and  if  they  have  no 
children  the  marriage  is  void.  The  greuier 
part  are  Mahometans,  but  there  are  sonm 
Christians.  Amboyna,  with  the  other 
spice  islands,  was  taken  by  the  British  iu 
1793,  but  restored  by  the  treaty  of  Amiens 
in  1802,  and  again  taken  by  the  English  ia 
1810.  The  chief  town,  winch  is  neatly 
built  and  stands  at  the  sw  extremity,  is  of 
the  same  name.  Lon.  197  0 e,  lat.  4 0 s. 

Ambras,  Amras,  or  Onihra,  a fortified 
town  ol  Austria,  in  the  county  of  Tyrol,  a 
miiesE  from  Insprug  ; foi  mcriy  a summer 
seat  of  the  counts  of  Tyrol,  and  the  arch- 
dukes of  Austria.  It  still  conla-ins  numerous 
statues,  medals,  treasures  of  gold,  precious 
stones,  and  natural  curiosities.  Among 
these  last,  it  is  said,  there  is  the  trunk  of  aa 
Oak,  which  incloses  wnthiii  it  the  whole  body 
of  a deer.  There  is  also  a gnlluiy  of  busts 
and  paiiilings,  with  a good  library,  in  this 
town. 


Amhrafko,  sl  town  of  Albania,  on  the 
river  Voura.  Lon.  11  41  ifc,  lat.  39  15  n.  , 

Amhresy  a small  town  in  the  department  j 
of  Tern,  France.  j 

Ambresbury,  or  Amesbury,  an  ancient 
town  in  Wiltshire,  seated  on  the  Avon,  one 
mile  from  Stonehenge,  six  n from  Salisbury, 
and  SO  from  London.  It  is  said  to  have 
derived  its  name  from  king  Aurelius  Am- 
brosius,  who  rebuilt  the  monastery  after  it 
had  been  destroyed  by  the  Saxons.  It  con- 
sists of  two  streets,  which  intersect  each 
other  : and  has  a weekly  market  on  Fri- 
day, with  annual  fairs  on  17th  of  JMay, 
22d  June,  6th  Oct.  and  1st  Wed.  after  12th 
December. 

Ambrose^  a town  in  Piedmont. 

AMBROSE,  St.  an  island  in  the  S Pa- 
cific ocean,  on  the  coast  of  Chili,  about 
five  leagues  v/  of  St  Felix  isle,  abounding 
in  seals.  Here,  in  1792,  the  crew  of  cap- 
tain Roberts  took  and  cured  1300  seal 
skins  in  the  course  of  seven  weeks.  Lon. 
80  55  w,  lat.  26  15  s. 

AMBRYAI,  one  of  the  New  Hebrides, 
in  the  Pacific  ocean,  50  miles  in  circum- 
ference. Lon.  168  12  e,  lat.  16  10  s. 

Amhij,  a town  of  the  ci-devant  Austrian 
Netherlands,  situated  in  the  department  of 
the  Lower  Meuse,  opposite  to  Alaestricht. 
Lon.  5 45  e,  lat.  56  52  n. 

Amedahady  the  capital  of  Guzerat,  Hin- 
doostan,  of  which  the  walls  are  six  miles 
in  circumference,  with  12  gates.  Three- 
fourths  of  the  area  is  now  uninhabited. 
It  is  situated  on  a navigable  ri%er,  which 
flows  through  a level  country,  and  empties 
itself  into  the  gulph  of  Cambay,  320  miles 
K of  Bombay.  It  was  taken  from  the 
Poonah  Mahrattas  by  the  English  in  1780, 
but  restored  to  them  in  1783.  The  mosque 
and  tomb  of  the  founder,  Tartar  Aimed, 
are  constructed  of  stone  and  marble,  the 
latter  of  exquisite  workmanship.  Lon.  72 
27  E^  lat,  23  18  n. 

Aniednagiiry  a city  of  Hindoostaii,  in 
Deccan,  once  the  capital  of  a territory  of 
the  same  name,  now^  better  known  by  that 
of  Dowlatabad.  It  was  the  residence  of 
the  emperor  Aurengzebe,  during  his  con- 
quest of  Deccan  and  the  Carnatic.  In 
1803  it  was  taken  by  the  British  under 
general  Welle- ley,  (now  Duke  Welling- 
ton.) It  is  situated  181  miles  from  Bom- 
bay, and  'J3  miles  \e  of  Poonah.  Lon. 
75  0 E,  lat.  193  10  n. 

Ameer, ahady  a towm  of  Hindoostan,  35 
miles  N by  w of  Lahore. 

AMELAND,  an  island  of  Holland,  two 
miles  in  length,  and  three  in  breadth. 

Amelia,  formerly  Anuria,  or  Jilmilia, 
an  episcopal  city  of  Italy,  seatetl  on  a 
mountain,  between  the  Ti})er  am\  Nira,  in  a 
fertile  country,  20  miles  sw  of  Spoletto,  and 
45  N of  Rome.  Lon.  12  30  e,  lat.  42  33  x. 

Amelia,^  town  of  Italy,  Roman  republic. 

AMELIA,  a county  of  Virginia,  which. 


in  1790,  contained  along  with  Not ta way 
county,  7,060  citizens,  and  11,037  slaves. 

AMELIA,  an  island  on  the  coast  of 
E Florida,  about  two  miles  from  the  conti- 
nent, between  the  rivers  Nassau  and  St  Ma- 
ry ^s.  It  is  very  fertile,  has  a good  harlx)iir, 
and  is  18  miles  long  and  twm  broad.  Lon. 
67  23  w,  lat.  30  52  x. 

Amelia,  a town  seated  on  the  Santee,; 
S Carolina,  26  miles  se  of  Columbia. 

Amelins,  a river  of  the  United  States. 

Amenta,  a tow  nship  of  New'  York,  in 
Duchess  county,  containing  3078  citizens, 
of  xvhom  383  are  electors. 

AMERICA,  ihe  largest  of  the  four  grand 
divisions,  or  quarters  of  the  globe,  is  suppos- 
ed to  be  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  the  ocean, 
and  stretches  in  its  extensive  range  through 
every  inhabited  latitude  or  climate  in  the 
world.  This  large  continent,  which,  from 
its  immense  extent  and  recent  discoveries,  is 
denominated  the  NE  W WORLD,  is  washed 
on  the  w’est  by  the  Pacific,  and  on  the  east 
by  the  Atlantic  ocean.  We  can  only  in  the 
present  state  of  uncertainty  estimate  its 
length  from  72  degrees  of  x lat.  to  54  de- 
grees s lat.  comprehending  126  degrees,  or 
8,800  British  miles.  Its  breadth  is  very  ir- 
regular, in  some  parts  unknow'n  ; the  great- 
est is  estimated  to  be  about  4,400  miles,  and 
its  average  breadth  from  e to  w has  been 
calculated  to  be  about  1,400,  or  1 ,500  miles. 
The  original  discovery  of  America  is  gene- 
rally ascribed  to  Christopher  Columbui;  al- 
though Greenland,  which  b^some  is  consi- 
dered as  part  of  this  extensive'eontinent,  was 
visited  in  982,  and  part  of  Labrador  in  the 
year  1003  by  the  Norw  egians ; but  these  dis- 
coveries w'er©  unknow'n  to  the  s of  Europe. 
It  is  believed  by  many  that  it  was  know'o 
to  the  ancients  ; but  of  this  history  affords 
no  certain  evidence.  To  the  inquisitive,  re- 
flecting, and  enterprising  mind  of  Columbus 
(who  was  a native  of  Genoa,)  alone  we  are 
indebted  for  the  theory  which  led  to  this  im- 
portant discovery.  The  figure  and  magni- 
tude of  the  earth  had  been  ascertained  with 
some  degree  of  accuracy,  w-hich  led  him  to 
conceive,  that  another  continent  w as  neces- 
sary, that  the  terraqueous  globe  might  be 
properly  Iralanced,  and  the  land  and  seas 
proportioned  to  each  other.  At  this  period 
the  authority  of  the  pope  w^as  generally  ac- 
knowledged by  the  European  pow'ers.  He 
had  granted  to  the  Portuguese  nation  all  the 
lands,  islands,  <fec.  they  had  discovered  or 
might  discover,  to  the  e oi  the  Azores  ; by 
w^hich  the  other  pow'ers  of  Europe  w'ere  de- 
prived of  the  ad  vantages  arising  from  trading 
to  the  E Indies  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
Columbus  perceived,  w'ilh  the  greatest  con-’ 
cern,the  loss  his  country  had  sustained,  and 
concluding  the  earth  to  be  circular,  intend- 
ed to  evade  the  force  of  the  pope’s  decree,  by 
sailing  to  India  by  a western  course.  He 
applieil  first  to  his  own  countrymen,  and  af- 
terwards to  the  kings  of  France,  England, 


A M E 

<£:c.  but  by  all  his  schemes  were  rejected  as 
chimerical.  Spain  was  now  his  only  re- 
source, and  after  eight  years  of  solicitation 
and  attendance  at  that  court,  he  succeeded 
in  procuring  the  equipment  of  three  small 
vessels.  He  set  sail  on  his  voyage  of 
discovery,  on  Friday  the  third  of  August, 
1492,  and  after  discovering  one  of  the 
Bahama  islands,  which  he  named  St 
Salvador,  he  directed  his  course  south- 
ward, and  discovered  the  islands  of  Cuba 
and  Hispaniola,  after  which  he  returned 
to  Spain  1493.  In  his  second  voyage 
he  discovered  several  more  of  the  W India 
islands ; and  in  a third,  attained  the  great 
object  of  his  ambition  by  discovering  the 
continent  of  America.  Adventurers  from 
most  of  the  nations  of  Europe  sailed  to 
visit  the  new  continent,  among  whom 
were  Sebastian  Cobot  an  Englishman, 
who  had  the  good  fortune  to  discover  the 
northern  continent,  in  1497,  and  one  Ame- 
ricus  Vespucius  a Florentine,  who  first 
composed  and  published  an  account  of  the 
new  continent;  this  being  read  with  ad- 
miration, the  country  was  from  him  called 
America,  although  it  is  now  clearly  as- 
certained, that  Columbus  was  the  first  dis- 
coverer. The  division  of  this  vast  con- 
tinent into  N and  S America,  is  strongly 
marked  by  its  external  aspect.  In  the 
centre  the  connection  of  the  land  is  only 
maintained  by  the  narrow  isthmus  of 
Darien,  in  some  places  scarcely  exceeding 
60  miles  in  breadth.  This  division  is 
further  confirmed  by  the  transverse  direc- 
tion of  the  mountains  upon  the  isthmus. 
The  Aborigenes  of  this  vast  continent,  from 
the  strait  of  Magellan  in  the  s,  to  Hudson^s 
bay  in  the  n,  differ  in  some  respects  from 
all  other  people.  The  natural  colour  of 
their  skin  is  red  like  copper.  They  have 
no  hair  on  any  part  of  their  body,  except 
their  heads,  where  it  is  black,  straight, 
and  coarse.  They  have  no  beards— Hence 
it  is  evident,  that  they  are  of  the  same 
origin.  It  is  uncertain  from  whence  this 
quarter  of  the  globe  was  first  peopled.  A 
great  number  of  languages  are  spoken  by 
the  different  tribes.  There  is  great  nneer- 
tainty  likewise  as  to  their  religion.  Some 
of  them  seem  to  worship  the  sun,  most  like- 
ly believing  it  to  be  the  visible  representa- 
tive of  the  great  First  Cause  of  all  things, 
in  whom  the  most  unpolished  among  them 
seem  to  have  some  belief.  The  cold  in 
America  is  much  greater  than  in  European 
countries  under  the  same  latitude.  It  has 
the  loftiest  mountains,  such  as  the  Andes 
and  Alleghany,  and  the  largest  rivers,  such 
as  the  Amazon,  Plata,  and  Oroonoko,  that 
are  in  the  world.  Several  of  its  birds, 
beasts,  trees,  and  fruits,  were,  before  its 
ujsoovery,  peculiar  to  itself. 

AMERICA,  North,  is  supposed  to  be  j 
about  4,500  miles  in  length,  which  may  be  ' 
subdivided  into,  fom-  general  divisions  of  > 


A M E 

the  United  States,  the  British  and  Spanish 
territories,  and  the  possessions  of  the  native 
tribes.  The  United  States  were  so  called 
upon  their  separation  . from  the  mother 
country.  They  are  bounded  on  the  north 
by  the  great  chain  of  lakes,  and  the  river 
St  Laurence ; on  the  e by  the  Atlantic 
ocean ; on  the  w by  the  Mississipi ; and  on 
the  s by  E and  W Florida,  and  extends 
about  1300  miles  in  length,  and  1040  in 
breadth,  comprehending  a territory  of 
above  one  million  of  square  miles,  and 
contains  589,000,090  square  acres  of  land. 
It  is  divided  into  the  fallowing  states,  viz. 
Maina,  Vermont,  New  Hampshire,  Massa- 
chussets,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  New 
York,  New  Jersey,  Sennessee,  Ohio, 
Lousiana,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Mary- 
land, Virginia,  Kentucky,  N Carolina, 
S Carolina,  and  Georgia.  No  part  of  the 
world  abounds  with  so  many  springs,  rivu- 
lets, rivers,  lakes,  &c.  as  the  territory  of 
the  United  States.  It  also  abounds  with 
trees,  which  makes  the  country  to  appear 
like  one  increasing  forest.  On  the  shores 
of  the  Atlantic,  cultivation  has  made  a 
considerable  progress ; and  behind  the 
Alleghany  mountains,  are  extensive  de- 
serts, called  Savannahs,  with  a number  of 
marshes  and  meadows.  Its  surface  in 
some  places  is  hilly  and  mountainous  ; but 
what  is  called  the  north  western  territory 
is  remarkably  level.  The  southern  states 
enjoy  a healthy  climate,  as  the  air  is  more 
pure,  elastic,  and  dry  than  towards  the  n, 
where  mists  and  rain  are  frequent.  Each 
state  has  its  own  governor,  constitution,  and 
laws ; but  are  united  under  a general  faederat 
constitution  of  government,  administered  by 
an  elective  head,  called  a president,  and  re- 
presentatives of  the  people  from  the  different 
stales.  All  legislative  powers  are  vested  in 
the  congress,  consisting  of  a senate,  and 
house  of  representatives.  No  person  can  be 
chosen  as  a representative,  unless  he  is  25 
years  of  age,  and  has  been  a citizen  for  seven 
years.  Every  30,000  citizens  have  one  re- 
presentative. No  person  can  be  chosen  a 
senator  unless  they  are  30  years  of  age,  and 
have  been  nine  years  a citizen.  The^eaate 
consists  of  two  senators  from  each  state, 
chosen  by  its  legislature  for  six  years. 
Both  houses  are  paid  for  their  services. 
The  president  may  object  to  the  passing  of  a 
bill ; but  if  two-thirds  of  both  houses  agree, 
it  aftervrards  becomes  a law.  The  execu- 
tive power  is  vested  in  the  president  of  the 
United  States,  who,  with  the  vice-president, 
continues  four  years  in  office.  I’he  popula- 
tion is  about  6,280,000,  according  to  ihe 
statistical,  account,  including  slaves,  'i’ho 
English  language  is  universally  spoken. 
The  merchants  of  this  country  carry  on  an 
extensive  foreign  trade,  with  .most  of  the 
countries  of  Eur6psj<,  The  exports  in  1805, 
were  estimated  at  95, 563,011  dollars.  At 
that  period  there  were  no  less  than  72  banks 


A M E 

ir!  the  United  States,  and  the  dirCiilating 
coin  Vvas  i 8 , COO, 000  dollars.  The  military 
str<jagth  of  this  republic,  consists  in  a well 
disciplined  militia.  The  number  capable 
of  bearing  arms  in  1805,  amounted  to 
'<00,000,  and  the  seamen  only  to  '63^000. 
With  respect  to  the  naval  establishment  ol 
the  United  States,  it  is  comparatively 
small.  In  1804,  according  to  the  reports, 
it  consisted  of  12  frigates  from  36  to  44 
guns,  which  has  been  augmented  by  i03 
gun-boats,  ordered  to  be  built  during,  tbe 
year  1808.  The  Britisk  TerH lories,  are 
of  great  extent,  but  thinly  peopled.  Cana- 
tla  is  the  principal  part,  which  compre- 
hends Upper  and  J^'^'^er.  Its  extent  is 
com-uted  to  be  about  i 200  German  miles 
in  length,  and  iis  averr^ge  breadth  2o0.  It 
is  situated  between  43  degrees  and  49  k lat. 
64  and  97  w Icii.  The  population  is  about 
113,012  English  and  French,  exclusive 
of  10,000  Icyabsts.  Besides  Canada,  the 
islands  of  Newfoiinaland,  Si  John,  and 
Cape  Breton,  beloii^5>4iO  tbe  Briiise  Do- 
minions. The  Spai^^'JTerfitories.  Then 
extent  is  eslimatedjjili  2100  geographical 
miles  in  length,  cwjj^.Iheir  breadth  upon  an 
average  at  about  400  ; which  are  compre- 
hended under  seven  general  denornmaiions, 
1.  Florida,  2.  New  pJlexico,  3.  New  Biscay, 
4.  Mexico,  5.  Giiatimala,  6.  New  Leon, 
7.  Caliicrnia.  The  Spanish  dominions  in 
N America  are  very  extensive,  but  there  is 
scarce  a villcige  to  be  seen  in  the  interior 
provinces.  There  are  only  a few 
risoiis,  most  of  which  are  in  a ruinous 
state;  on  all  sides  there  are  mountains 
and  barrenness,  and  have  no  produce  ex- 


cept wdrat  is  derived  from  the  mines.  The 
Possessions  of  the  Native  Tribes,  contain 
Labrador,  tbe  interior  of  tbe  northern  parts, 
the  w^estern  coast,  and  Greenland,  &c,  <fec. 
The  inhabitants  of  Labrador  may  be  di- 
vided into  Iskimos,  w'^ho  are  tbe  oiigmai 
natives  of  the  country ; and  a race  oi  the 
more  southern  savage  nations.  The  nor- 
thern interior  parts  extend  from  Labrador 
to  Hudson's  bay.  These  territories  are 
estimated  from  70  degr<^es  to  115,  w^hich 
is  calculated  to  contain  1350  geographical 
miles  in  length,  by  an  average  breadth  of 
350.  The  discovery  of  the  N western 
coast  may  be  justly  ascribed  to  the  enter- 
prises of  the  Russians.  The  islands  be- 
tween the  two  eontinenis  of  Asia  and  Ame- 
rica,  receive  generally  in  the  p4,ussian  maps, 
the  name  of  the  Aleutian  isles.  The 
British  confine  this  name  to  what  is  usually 
called  the  Fox  isles,  while  the  nearest  Aleu- 
tian isles  of  the  Russians  are  termeil  Boii- 
r*ngs  and  Copper.  Nootka  Sound  is  situated 
in  this  territory.  The  extensive  region  ol 
Greenland  has  by  some  been  considered  as 
belonging  to  Europe.  If  continental,  it  is 
connected  with  America;  should  it  he  in- 
sular, the  sea  which  separates  it  from  that  i 
coutinent  is  far  narrower  than  that  which  1 


A -M  E 

divides  it  from  Europe.  The  native^’  of 
this  extensive  country  greatly  resemble  the 
Samoiedes,  Estp.iimciux,  and  Laplanders, 
in  manners  and  person.  There  are  several 
of  the  native  tribes  in  Canada,  the  United 
States,  an4  Spanish  Dominions. 

AMERICA,  South,  is  a peninsula  sur- 
rounded on  all  sides  by  the  ocean,  except 
at  the  isthmus  which  joins  it  to  N America. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  e by  the  Ethiopio 
ocean, , on  the  w by  the  Pacitic,  on  the  n 
by  the  isthmus  of  Darien,  and  on  the  s by 
the  Pacific,  the  Ethiopio,  and  the  Antartio 
Icy  Ocean.  It  extends  in  length  from 
tbe  isthmus  of  Darien  to  the  extremity 
01  Term  del  Fuego,  on  the  Antavtic  ; lies 
within  the  I2iii  degrees  of  n latitude,  and 
the  55th  s latitude ; oomvrphending  67 
degrees,  4,02J  geT)grai.hieal  miles.  From 
the  Pacific  on  the  w,  to  the  Ethiopio  on 
the  E,  it  spreads  between  the  35th  and 
80th  degrees  w Icngilude  from  London  ; 
or  about  2,800  geographical  miles  in 
breadth  ; containing  not  the  large.’ t,  but 
by  far  the  richest  d,vi.>ion  of  the  American 
contineiit.  It  was  first  discovered  by 
Columbus : afterward.s  claimed  and  bar- 
barously conquered  by  the  Spaniards, 
who  still  are  iii  posse.ssion  of  the  greatest 
part  of  it,  viz.  Peru,  La  Plata,  or  Peragua, 
New  Granada,  Caracas  and  Chili.  The 
Portuguese  possess  Brazil  and  Guiana, 
tlie  Dutch  Surinam,  and  the  French,  Cay- 
enne. The  reimainder  of  it  consisting  of 
part  of  Chili,  and  the  countries  called  A- 
mazonia  and  Patagonia,  is  still  inhabited 
by  the  original  natives.  The  barbaritie.s 
committed  by  the  Spaniards  in  subjugating 
this  part  of  the  New  World,  which  they 
did  not  effect  fill  about  the  i6th  century, 
exceed  all  description.  The  climate  of 
America  is  not  so  intolerably  hot  as  that 
of  those  countries  wluoh  are  situated  in 


latitude  in  the  other 
There  are  parts  of 


the  same  degree  of 
parts  of  the  globe. 

Peru  entirely  within  the  tropics,  even  dis- 
agreeably cold  ; and  tbe  climate  of  thiii 
is  very  moderate  and  delightful.  18oiitb 
America  is  very  subject  to  earthquakes, 
which  more  than  overbalance  the  riches  it 
produces.  Great  q\iantiiies  of  gold  are 
washed  down  from  tbe  mountains  by  the 
rivers.  The  mines  of  Peru,  during  a space 
of  ten  j^ears,  Leginmng  with  1780,  and  end- 
ing in  1789,  produced  no  less  a sum  in  gold 
?i:4  silver,  tiiau  L. 7, 7 03, 5 45.  The  nunes 
of  Potosi  in  Ihe  covuitiy  of  La  Plata,  are 
celebrated  throi  gliout  the  world  for  their 
inexhaustible  ueasures.  1 1 is  estimated  that 
about  6,600,000  of  dollars  are  annually 
coined  at  the  mint  of  Poiosi.  The  Chilese 
mines  yield  annually  gold  to  the  amount  of 
4,000,000  of  dollars,  luvleed  it  is  almost 
impossibie  to  give  ary  adequate  i^iea  ot  the 
gold  and  silver  prtxlticed  l\y  this  part  ot  the 
continent;  besides  winch  it  abounds  with 
miutu.  of  copper,  tin,  lead, mercury,  and  that 


A M E 

^iii^lar  new  metal  called  platina,  which 
some  metallurgists  consider  in  several  re- 
pects  superior  to  gold  itself.  Pearls  are 
also  found  upon  the  coasts,  and  the  negroes 
arc  very  expert  in  diving  for  them.  It  also 
produces  vegetables  in  great  abundance. 
I'he  principal  mountains  in  S America,  are 
the  Cordilleras,  and  that  great  range  called 
the  Andes,  whose  elevated  summits  are  co- 
vered with  perpetual  snow.  The  rivers 
Amazon,  Oroonoko,  and  La  Plata,, are  of  a 
great  length  and  breadth,  besides  a number 
of  others,  equal  in  size  to  any  in  Europe. 
The  population  of  S America,  consists  of 
Aboriginal  natives,  Europeans,  Creoles,  and 
negro  slav  es.  It  is  impossible  to  form  any  con- 
jectures respecting  the  former  class,  w hich 
consists  of  the  Patagonians  and  Amazonians, 
nations  little  known.  The  three  last  classes 
have  been  calculated  at  ^500,000.  One  of 
the  finest  countries  of  the  world,  wdiich  for- 
merly did  maintain  several  millions,  is  thus 
thinly  peopled,  owdng  to  the  oppressive  and 
tyrannical  laws  adopted  by  the  Spaniards. 
The  governments  existing  in  the  Dutch  and 
Portuguese  provinces,  are  little  better.  Com- 
merce and  manufactures  are  chiefly  confined 
to  the  cities,  of  which  Lima  has  a principal 
part.  It  consists  of  wines,  oils,  cottons, 
sugars,  grain  of  all  kinds,  gold,  silver,  pearls, 
diamonds,  copper,  tin,  lead,  hides,  hemp,  to- 
bacco, horses,  medicines,  &c. 

AmerpouTt  a towm  in  the  province  of 
Naples,  Hindoostan,  170  miles  ne  of  Patna. 
Lon.  87  2 E,  lat.  26  37  n. 

Amersfort,  a 6ity  of  the  Netherlands  in 
Utrecht,  seated  on  the  Ems,  12  miles  ene 
of  Utrecht,  and  25  s of  Amsterdam.  It  has 
a manufacture  of  dimity  and  bombazeen. 
Lon.  5 22  E,  lat.  52  14  n. 

Amersham^  or  Agmondeskam,  an  ancient 
borougli,  situated  in  a vale  between  w^oody 
hills,  in  Buckinghamshire,  the  Town  Hall  is 
the  most  elegant  in  the  county.  It  lies  12 
miles  from  Aylesbury,  26  se  of  Bucking- 
ham, and  26  nw  of  London.  It  sends  tw'o 
members  to  parliament;  has  a market  on 
Tuesday,  and  two  fairs,  on  Whitson  Mon- 
day, and  the  29  th  September.  Lon.  0 15  w^, 
kt.  51  47  K. 

Amesburyj  or  Amhresbiir^y  a town  seated 
on  the  Avon,  W iltshire,  at  the  place  where 
a number  of  Britons  w'ere  treacherousiv 
murdered,  and  near  Stonehenge,  that  cele- 
brated monument  of  antiquity.  Here  are 
the  venerable  ruins  of  an  Abbey. — But  is 
most  celebrated  as  the  native  place  of  the 
renowned  Joseph  Addis^on.  It  has  a marr 
ket  on  Tuesday,  and  is  six  miles  n of  Salis- 
bury and  77  w of  London. 

Amesbury,  a town  of  IMassachusctfs,  in 
Essex  county,  four  miles  2sw  of  Newbury 
Fort. 


A L M 

AiiiJiar,  or  Amhara^  a province  of  Abys^ 
sinia,  said  to  extend  40  leagues  from  e to  w. 
Here  is  the  famed  rock  Ambageshen.  See 
Amba^geshen, 

Amhersty  a towmship  in  Cumberland 
i county,  Nova- Scotia. 

Amhersty  a township  in  Hampshire 
county,  Massachusetts,  91  miles  w of 
Boston. 

Amhersty  a township  of  Hillsborough 
county,  New  Hampshire,  contairang  2563 
inhabitants,  55  miles  nw  of  Boston,  and  GO 
wsw  of  Portsmouth  ; here  the  Aurean  Aca- 
demy w'as  instituted  in  1790.  Lon.  71  35 
w,  lat.  42  54  n, 

Amkerstburgy  allown  and  fort,  on  the  e 
side  of  the  river  Detroit,  Upper  Canada, 
where  it  falls  into  lake  Erie.  Lon.  82  56 
w',  lat.  42  56  n.’ 

jimid,  a tovvn  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  40  miles 
from  Amasia,  and  60  from  Tocat.  Lon.  36 
40  E,  lat.  40  40  ...  ^ 

AmienSy  a large  and  populous  town  of 
France,  in  the  deparfment  of  Somme,  situ- 
ated on  the  road  Calais  to  Paris,  20 

miles  SE  of  AbbeViik,'  and  75  n of 


Aniewell,  a populous  town  of  Jcisey, 
Ki  Hunterdon  county.. 

£ 


^aris. 

The  tow’n  is  encompassed  with  a wall  and 
other  fortifications  ; and  the  ramparts  are 
planted  with  trees,  w'hich  form  a delightful 
w'alk.  The  river  Somme  enters  ilmiens  by 
three  different  channels,  under  as  many 
bridges.  Hie  city  has  five  gates.  Tiie 
houses  are  well  built;  the  streets  spacious, 
embellished  wdth  handsome  squares  and  good 
Besides  the  cathedral,  which  i.s 
a stately  edifice,  there  are  10  parish  churches, 
one  in  the  suburbs,  and  an  academy  of  belles 
lettres.  It  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Spa- 
niards in  1597,  but  was  retaken  by  Henry 
IV.  who  erected  a citadel  licre.  It  is  famons 
for  the  last  treaty  of  peace  concluded  lien; 
between  the  French  and  British, — March 
27th,  1802.  It  has  between  40,  and  50,000 
inhabitants.  They  liave  linen  and  woollen 
manufactures,  which  in  the  city  and  vicinity 
employ  30,000  people  ; and  they  also  make 
a great  quantity  of  black  and 
Lon.  2 50  E,  lat.  49  54  n. 

Amilpas,  two  volcanoes  in  Guatimala,, 

AjtiisuSf  the  chief  city  of  the  ancient  king- 
dom of  Pontus. 

AM IX,  a district  in  Lower  Navarre,  in 
I the  department  of  the  Lower- P)  renee.s, 
j France. 

Almwicky  a sea-port  town  of  N Wales,  on 
j the  NW  side  of  the  isle  of  Anglesey.  'When 
jthe  Farys  mines  were  opened  in  I7G8,  it  did 
j not  contain  above  six  houses,  in  1801  they 
j had  extended  to  1025.  Tiie  mining  com- 
j erected  the  chiirelt,  and  greatly  im- 
proved the  harbour,  whirlj  J:a.s  been  cut  out 
j of  the  rock,  and  can  contain  30  vessels,  200 
i tons  bnrtiicn.  It  has  an  annual  fair  on  12th 
1 November,  anfl  is  25  miles  \v  of  Beaun-aii^ 

I and  L 1 fa/  nw  oi  I.<ondon.— — See 

J 


anciently  callefl  Kabbah  Ammon,  ] 
BOW  the  chief  town  of  a district  of  Syria.  It 
is  50  miles  sw  of  Bosra. 

Ammercota,  fort  of,  Hindoostan  Proper, 
situated  in  an  extensive  sandy  desert,  l^etween 
the  Indus,  the  territories  of  A.gimere  and 
Aloultan,  and  the  Puddar.  Here  the  em- 
peror Humaioon  found  an  asylum  during 
his  troubles,  where  also  his  son,  the  illustri- 
ous Achbar,  was  born.  It  is  190  miles  nk 
of  Tatta.  Pon.  69  58  e,  lat.  26  1 5^. 

. Arnold  a town  of  Asia,  in  t.hc  country  of 
the  Usbccks,  60  miles  w of  Bokhara.  Lon. 
64  50  E,  lat.  59  20  N. 

Aniol,  a town  of  X’ersia,  at  the  foot  of 
mount  Taurus,  on  the  borders  of  the  Caspian 
sea,  50  mile’s  nw  of  Ferabarl.  Here  are  the 
ruins  of  an  ancient  palace  and  fortress.  Its 
manufacture  is  cottom  and  in  its  vicinity  are 
iron  mines  and  founderies  of  cannon.  Lon. 
52  58  E,  lat.  57  50  N. 

Amondy  a river  of  Scotland,  which  sepa- 
r.ates  the  counties  of  Edinburgh  and  Lin- 
lithgow, and  falls  into  the  Frith  of  Forth. 

atowirfifa^^rmany,  in  Upper 
Hesse,  belonging  to  the  - Elector  of  Mentz, 
eight  miles  ene  of  Marpurg. 

"a?vIORGO,  a island  of  the  Archipelago, 
abounds  with  oil,  wine,  and  corn,  30  miles 
in  circumference,  and  67  n of  Caiidia.  Lon. 
/•  26  15  E,  lat.  56  20  n. 

Anioiapa,  a town  of  Peru,  on  the  coasb 
31  car  Tumbas. 

Amour,  a river  in  Siberia,  which  runs 
^ through  Chinese  Tartary,  and  fails  into  the 
bay  of  Corea. 

Avio^i/,  or  Emonij,  the  chief  town  and  fort 
of  Fokien  in  China.  It  is  garrisoned  by 
7000  men.  Its  harbour  on  the  w side  can 
aTord  safe  anchorage  for  1000  ships.  Lon. 
118  45  E.  lat.  24  20  N. 

AMPAHE,  a province  of  Madagas- 
car'. I'he  inhabitants  are  said  to  be  great 
robbers. 

■ Amprdla,  or  Ampalia,  a city  and  port  near 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  550  miles  se  of  the  city 
of  Croat]  ms  la.  It  carries  on  a brisk  trade  in 
corh.inoal,  cocoa,  indigo,  Sec. 

Ampiepuis,  a tov.  n of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  lOione  and  Loire,  16  mites 
‘ E of  Rouenne,  and  26  nw  of  Lyon.  It  is 
celebrated  for  its  Avincs. 

Amposta,  a town  in  Catalonia,  Spain,  sea- 
ted on  the  Ebro,  seven  miles  s of  'rortoru. 

AoiplhUl,  a town  in  Bedfordshire,  plea- 
santly t.ituated  helAvecn  tv<o  i)il!s,  44  miles 
from  Ia>ndon,  betAvecn  the  roads  from  tlsonce 
to  Bud: irigh am  and  Royston.  The  princi- 
pal slicetsarc  ncut  and  regular,  crcsj-iug^cnch 
other  Jit  riglit  angles.  CatliJirincof  Arragon 
re.-itlcd  here  whale  her  unjust  divoicc  irom 
jitr.ry  \dll.  wru;  in  j'gitation.  , A column 
standing  on  the  site  (n'*  the  old  cnstle,  records 
this  event  in  a poetical  inscrjplion.  It  has 
the  fairs,  May  4th  and  Dec.  lilh;  and  a 


I weekly  market  on  Thursday.  Lon.  0 29  w,. 
lat.  52  2 N. 

AMPURA,  a province  of  the  kingdom  of 
Peru,  before  its  coisquest  by  the  Spaniards. 
It  is  said  to  have  been  conquered  by  Vira- 
choca,  the  eight  Inca. 

AMPURDAN,  a district  of  Spain,  in 
Catalonia.  It  produces  flax,  but  in  general 
is  barren. 

Amjmrins,  an  inland  town  of  Sardinia. 

Ampnrias,  a sea-port  town  of  Catalonia, 
in  the  district  of  Ampurdiin,  with  a harbour 
near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Flu  via,  70  iriiies 
NE  of  Barcelona.  Lon.  2 56  e,  lat.  42  5 n. 

Amrcis,  or  Amhras,  a strong  castle  of  Ger- 
many, seated  in  ■ Tyrol ; by  some  German 
writers  called  Arx  Ambrosiana,  and  by  others 
Omhras,  two  miles  se  of  Iiispruck,  Lou.' 
11  40  E,  lat.  47  0 N. 

AM  ROM,  ail  island  of  Denmark. 

Amsteg,  a small  town  of  the  canton  of  Uri, 
ill  Switzerland.  Lon.  8 50  e,  lat.  46  48  n, 

AmstcIveeUf  a town  in  Holland,  situated 
near  the  Amstel.  Lon.  4 40  e,  lat.  52  20  xr. 

Amsterdam,  the  metropolis  of  Holland,  a 
large,  rich,  populous,  and  commercial  city, 
seated  upon  the  conduence  of  the  rivers  Am- 
stel and  Wye.  The  walls  are  high  and 
strongly  fortitied,  and  has  eight  gates  towards 
the  land,  and  one  towards  the  vrater.  The 
exchange  and  tiie  post-ofiice  are  among  tlie 
principal  edifice^.  The  state  house  is  a large 
fabric,  founded  upon  15,659  piles  of  wood, 
which  cost  X.500,000  in  building.  Tiia 
public  buildings  are  fine  and  numerous. 
The  streets  in  general  are  narrow,  but  the 
Keysar’s  Graft;  the  Heer  Graft;  the  Cin- 
gel  and  Haerlem  are  spacious.  There  are 
a number  of  canals  which  cross  the  city  ia 
diherent  parts,  beside  three  large  sluices 
which  render  the  streets  clean  and  pleasjint. 
The  finest  is  called  the  Anwrack,  on  the 
side  of  it  are  two  large  quays.  This  canal 
has  several  bridges ; the  chief  of  which  is  that 
next  the  sea,  called  the  Ncav  Bridge ; it  is 
600  feet  in  length,  and  70  in  breadth,  ivith 
iron  balustrades  on  each  side ; it  has  o6 
arches,  of  which  il  are  v.ery  high,  and  eight 
are  shut  up  to  inclose  tlie  yachts.  4 he  har- 
bour is  a mile  and  a hov^t  in  leugtn,  and 
above  I COO  paces  broad.  It  is  difticult  of 
access,  because  of  the  shoals,  but  it  is  esteem- 
ed to  bo  01  iC  of  the-  largest  and  finest  in  Eu- 
rope, Avhere  constantly  may  be  seen  a num- 
ber of  vessels,  wd.ich  look  like  a forest,  or 
rather  a ficating  city.  Amsterdam,  includ- 
ing the  fortifications,  is  computed  to  be  half 
as  large  as  London,  and  ncjirly  us  populous 
according  to  its  size.  It  contains  people  of 
almost  every  nation  and  religion  in  Europe, 
who  are  tolerated  in  their  rta.pective  persua- 
sions ; hut  none  are  admitted  to  have  a share 
in  the  gONcrnn'cnt  except  those  who  profess 
to  be  Calvinists.  Here  are  1 1 churches  for 
the  Dutch,  two  FreiKh,  and  one  High  Dutch, 


A M W 

of  the  established  or  Calvinistical  religion. 
The  British  have  also  three  churches  in  this 
city.  The  Koman  Catholics  have  27  houses 
nr  chapels.  There  is  a number  of  Jews, 
Lutherans,  Arminians,  Anabaptists,  &c. 
The  commerce  of  Amsterdam  is  very  exten- 
sive, the  greatest  part  of  the  trade  of  the  E 
India  company  centres  in  this  city  ; besides 
it  carries  on  trade  with  ail  the  rest  of  the  | 
world,  and  may  be  justly  called  the  store- 
house of  Europe : prior  to  the  late  revolu-  | 
tioiiary  commotions  on  the  continent.  Am-  | 
sterdain  was  governed  by  30  senators,  who 
held  their  places  during  life,  and  12  burgo- 
masters. This  city  is  first  mentioned  in  the 
15th  century  ; in  the  14th  it  ranked  among 
the  commercial  cities  of  Europe ; towards  ! 
the  middle  of  the  17th  it  doubled  its  extent 
and  population  ; and,  at  this  period,  the  na- 
tional glory  of  the  Dutch  was  in  its  zenith. 
It  is  situated  70  miles  nw  of  Cleve,  and  80 
K by  E of  Antwerp,  17.5  e by  n of  London, 
240  N by  E of  Paris,  and  560  nw  of  Vienna. 
Lon.  4 44  E,  lat.  52  25  n. 

Amsterdam,  a township  of  New  York,  in 
Montgomery  county. 

Ainsterdam,  a tovrn  of  Siam,  in  Hither 
India.  Lon.  101  40  e,  lat.  15  40  n. 

AMSTERDAM,  and  St.  PAUL,  two 
small  islands  in  the  Indian  oce.ah,  lying  in 
the  same  longitude,  at  the  distance  of  40 
miles  from  each  other.  Amsterdam  is  high 
land,  is  more  than  four  miles  long  and  two 
broad,  is  without  trees,  but  covered  with  a 
deep  fertile  soil,  and  almost  in  every  part 
bears  .the  plainest  indications  of  volcanic 
eruptions.  On  the  e side  is  a large  crater, 
whose  sides  are  700  feet  in  perpendicular 
height.  Several  hot  springs  are  found  on 
the  narrow  strip  of  ground  which  divides  it 
from  the  sea.  The  surface  of  St  Paul  is  flat, 
has  shrubs  or  low  frees,  but  no  convenient 
landing  place.  Lon.  77  48  e,  lat.  57  51  s. 

Amu,  Amur,  or  Jarnur,  a considerable  ri- 
ver in  Asiatic  Russia,  which  is  formed  by  the 
junction  of  the  rivers  Argun  and  Schilk.  It 
is  navigable  to  the  sea.  It  is  409  miles  in 
length. 

Amu,  or  Gihon,  a river  of  independent 
Tartary,  takes  its  rise  in  the  mountains  of 
Belli r,  on  the  borders  of  Persia  and  India, 
directs  its  course  k of  Bokharia,  and  empties 
itself  into  lake  Aral  on  the  s,  after  it  has 
flowed  900  miles. 

Amuskeag  Falls,  a romantic  cataract  of  the 
Merrimack,  in  New  Plampshire,  ,16  miles 
below  Concord.  There  is  a wooden  bridge 
across  the  falls,  556  feet  long,  and  20  broad. 

Amwell,  a town  of  Hertfordshire,  a little 
to  the  s of  the  Ware,  and  21  miles  from 
London.  It  is  divided  into  two  parts,  viz. 
Amwell  Magi7.a,  and  Amwell  Parva.  This 
last  is  rencleied  famous  for  the  New  River 
of  London  taking  its  rise  at  the  head  of  it. 

I he  people  of  London  are  indebted  for  this 

E 


A N C 

useful  canal  to  the  patriotism  of  Sir  Hugh 
Middleton,  who,  with  some  parliamentary 
aid,  and  the  assistance  of  the  city  of  London, 
began  it  in  1606,  and  completed  it  in  1 6 1 2 ; 
but  to  the  great  diminution  of  his  private 
fortune.  The  annual  profits  of  the  New 
River,  are  computed  at  L.  70,000.  Sterling. 
The  canal  extends  59  miles  in  length,  having 
45  sluices.  There  are  215  bridges  over  it; 
and  the  property  is  divided  into  72  shares. 
It  supplies  near  40,000  houses  with  water. 

A NAB  O A,  a small  island  situated  near 
the  coast  of  Loanga  in  Africa,  subject  to 
Portugal,  in  Lon,  9 e,  lat.  1 u.  On  it  tliere 
are  frequent  rains ; but  it  produces  plenty  of 
bananas,  oranges,  pine-apples,  lemons,  ci- 
trons, tamarinds,  cocoa  nuts,  Ac.  together 
with  vast  quantities  of  cotton. 

Anacopia,  the  chief  town  of  the  nation  of 
the  Abkahs,  on  the  river  Makai,.>near  its  en- 
trance into  the  Black  Sea.  Lon,  40  50  e, 
lat.  45  20  N..  ■- 

Anadir,  a river  of  Siberia,  which  issues 
from  a lake  in  TehAotski,  aiSd  falls  into  the 
gulf  of  Anadir,  ill  the  sea  of  Kamschatka, 
lat.  65  N. 

Anadirshoi,  a town  belonging  to  Russia, 
seated  on  the  above  river, 

Anagni,  a town  of  Italy,  situated  in  the 
Campagna  di  Roma,  56  miiles  e from  Rom.e. 
Near  it  are  the  hot  waters,  formerly  called 
Thermos  Aniiice.  Lon.  1 5 45  e,  lat.  42  48  n. 

Anak,  a town  of  Diarbek,  Turkey,  tlm 
country  abounds  in  corn  and  fruit,  is  80  miles 
WNW  of  Bagdad,  and  240  sse  of  Diarbekir, 
Lon.  42  28  e,  lat.  54  6 n. 

Anamaboa,  a po])ulous  town  in  the  king- 
dom of  Fantin,  Guinea. 

Ananpju7%  a town  of  Mysore,  Ilindoostan, 
24  miles  se  of  Nae;ara. 

Anantpour,  a town  in  the  peninsula  of 
Hindoostan,  140  miles  ne  of  Seringapatarn. 

Anaradgurra,  a town  of  the  island  of  Cey- 
lon. Lon.  80  0 E,  lat.  8 50  n. 

, Anarghia,  is  one  of  the  chief  towns  of  Ibe- 
ria or  Imerita  in  Asia,  subject  to  the  Turks. 
Lon.  41  42  E,  lat.  45  20  n. 

ANASTATIA,  St,  a small  island  s of  the 
Mastances  and  St  Augustin’s  bay,  e Florida. 

ANATOLIA,  or  Natolia  Proter,  a 
province  of  Natolia  or  Asia  Minor. 

ANATTOM,  one  of  the  Nevv  Hebrides, 
in  the  South  Sea.  Lon.  1 70  9 e,  Tat.  20  1 0 s. 

Anbar,  a town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  stand- 
ing on  the  Euphrates,  50  miles  w of  Bagdad, 
Ancarano,  a town  of  Ancona,  Italy,  situ- 
ated 5 miles  n ef  Ascoli,  and  82  me  of  Rome. 
Lon.  15  29  £,  lat.  42  48  n. 

Ancaster,  a towm  in  Lincolnshire,  eight 
miles  from  Grantham,  and  15  s cf  Lincoln. 

It  stands  on  a Roman  higlrvvay,  at  the  lo-  t 
of  a hill,  where  are  a number  of  antiquities, 
and  at  the  s end  the  ruins  of  a casthe.  This 
place  gives  title  of  duke  to  the  noble  house  of 
Bertie.  Lon.  50  0 w.  lat.  52  SO  n. 


^ncastley  In  Oxfordshire,  oi>  the  borders  i 
of  Berkshire.  , v 

Ancenis,  a town  of  France,  seated  on  the 
Loire,  20  miles  e of  ■ Nantz.  Lon.  1 9 w, 
iat.  47  20  N. 

Ancholm,  a river  which  takes  its  rise  near 
Market  Rais  in  Lincolnshire,  and  is  naviga- 
ble from  Glanford  bridge  to  the  Humber. 

Andam,  a strong  town  of  Western  Pome- 
rania, in  Upper  Saxony,  on  the  Peene,  20 
miles  SE  of  Gripswald.  It  was  called  Taug- 
lini  by  the  Saxons.  It  is  advantageously  si- 
tuated amidst  excellent  pasture  lands,  and 
fertile  corn  fields ; and  the  river  Peene  af- 
fords good  opportunities  of  fishing,  and  ex- 
porting their  produce. 

Andiff,  in  Lancashire,  two  miles  from 
Wigan.  It  has  a hot  spring,  called  the 
Burning  Well. 

Aiicober,  or  Rio  Corhe,  a river  of  Africa, 
on  the  Gold  Coast  of  Guinea,  the  banks  of 
which  afford  an  agreeable  shade  in  that  warm 
climate.  There  is  a populous  village  on  its 
western  bahk ; and  it  gives  the  name  Anco- 
her  to  a territory,  situated  between  the  Gold 
coast  and  tiie  country  of  Axim.  Lon.  110 
w,  lat.  4 50  N. 

ANCONA,  a province  of  Italy,  in  the 
Pope’s  territlories,  70  miles  long,  and  50 
broad,  included  in  the  republican  depart- 
ments of  Tronto,  Kacina,  and  Melauro.  It 
produces  plenty  of  hemp,  flax,  wax,  and  ho- 
ney. It'is  situated  between  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
nice and  Mount  Appenine,  which  bounds  it 
on  the  K,  Abruzzo  on  the  e,  the  Duchy  of 
Spoletto,  and  that  of  Urbino  on  the  w. 

Ancona,  a sea-port  of  Italy,  the  capital  of 
the  above  marquisate,  and  chief  city  of  the 
dep.  of  Melauro.  It  is  situated  15  miles  n 
of  Loretto,  and  150  e of  Rome.  It  was  for- 
merly the  finest  port  in  all  Italy,  being  built 
by  the  emperor  Trajan  about  the  year  115, 
but  had  been  almost  ruined,  and  its  trade 
lost,  till  it  was  again  revived  through  the  pa- 
tronage of  Clement  XII.  who  made  it  a 
free  p'ort,  and  rebuilt  the  mole  for  the  safety 
of  the  harbour.  This  mole  is  above  1000 
feet  ill  length,  160  in  breadth,  and  60  in 
depth  below  the  surface  of  the  sea.  The 
town  lies  round  the  harbour  on  two  hills ; 
on  one  of  which  stands  the  citadel  which 
commands  the  town  and  harbour.  The  ex- 
change is  a handsome  square  portico,  in 
which  is  an  equestrian  statue  of  Trajan.  At 
the  four  corners  are  four  other  statues.  The 
triumphal  arch  of  Trajan,  which  was  built 
upon  the  mole,  remains  almost  entire,  with 
its  inscription.  It  is  supposed  to  be  one  of 
the.  most  beautiful  monuments  of  ancient 
Roman  grandeur  existing,  h he  end  of  the 
mole  Is  fortified  with  10  or  12  pieces  of  can- 
non. There  are  about  5000  Jews,  who  re- 
side in  a particular  quarter  of  the  city,  and 
have  a synagogue.  Ancona  is  a great  tho- 
roughfare lioiii  Uie  north  of  Italy  to  Loret- 1 


to.  It  was  taken  in  1796  by  the  Frendtt 
who  in  1799  surrendered  it  to  the  Austrians, 
Lon.  15  29  E,  lat.  43  36  n. 

Ancre,  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Somme. 

Ancre,  a town  of  France,  12  miles  se  of' 
Antona,  and  12  w by  n of  Perone.  Lon. 

2 45  E,  lat.  49  59  N. 

Ancrum,  a parish  of  Scotland,  with  a vil- 
lage of  the  same  name,  in  the  centre  of 
the  county  of  Roxburgh,  extending  (with 
Langnewton,  which  is  united  to  it,)  between 
five  and  six  miles  in  length  on  the  n side  of 
the  Tiviot,  and  about  four  in  breadth.  The 
river  Ale  runs  through  the  parish  ; and  the 
low  grounds  are  in  general  rich  and  fertile. 
Here  is  a building  of  stone  and  lime,  in  form 
of  a paralellogram,  called  Malton  Walls, 
within  which  vaults  have  been  discovered, 
supposed  to  have  belonged  to  the  Knights  of 
Malta,  or  St.  John  of  Jerusalem.  Near 
Ancrum  House  are  15  caves,  in  some  of 
which  are  vestiges  of  fire-places  and  chim- 
nies.  The  population  of  this  parish  in  1801 
was  1223. 

Andaja,  a river  in  Old  Castile,  Spain, 
which  runs  into  the  Duero. 

ANDALUSIA,  the  most  western  pro- 
vince of  Spain,  bounded  on  the  n by  Estra- 
madura.  La  Mancha,  and  the  Sierra  Mo- 
rena  mountains;  on  the  e by  Granada  and 
Murcia  ; on  the  s by  the  Straits  of  Gibral- 
tar, and  the  Atlantic  Ocean;  and  on  the 
w by  Alentejo  and  Algarva  in  Portugal, 
from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  river  Uu- 
adiana.  It  is  about  270  miles  long,  and 
80  broad.  The  Guadalquiver  runs  through 
its  whole  length.  The  chief  cities  and  towns 
are,  Seville  the  capital,  Baeza,  Gibraltar, 
Cordova,  Cadiz,  Medina,  Sidonia,  Jaen, 
Port  St.  Mary,  &c.  It  is  the  richest  and 
most  fertile  province  in  Spain,  and  abounds 
in  all  kinds  of  fruits,  wines,  grain,  silk,  su- 
gar, oil,  cinnabar,  metals,  cattle,  and  horses. 
It  was  formerly  resorted  to  by  the  Tyrians, 
Rhodians,  Grecians,  Romans,  &c.  It  is 
still  a place  of  great  trade,  having  a num- 
ber of  good  sea-ports. 

ANDALUSIA,  New%  a division  of  the 
province  of  Terra  Firina,  in  s America* 
The  produce  of  the  country  consists  chiefly 
in  dying  drugs,  gums,  medicinal  roots,  bra- 
zil wood,  sugar,  tobacco,  and  some  valuable 
timber.  The  capital  of  New  Andalusia  is 
Coinana,  or  New  Cordova,  situated  in  lat. 
9 55  N,  about  nine  miles  from  the  N sea.  ^ 

ANDAMAN,  or  Andeman  Islands,  in 
the  E Indies,  situated  on  the  e side  of  the 
buy  of  Bengal,  about  80  miles  distance  from 
Tennasserini,  on  the  coast  of  Siam.  The 
i irgcst  Andeman  is  about  1 50  miles  long, 
and  24  wide,  with  good  harbours,  and  vast 
creeks,  one  of  which  intersects  the  island, 
and  at  high  water  is  navigable  for  small 
vessels.  Its  forests  produce  ebony  and  the 


AND 

Nicobar  bread  fruit,  and  the  edile  bird  nests 
are  numerous.  Hogs,  monkeys,  and  rats 
seem  to  be  the  only  quadrupeds.  Tiie  in- 
habitants, who  perfectly  resemble  negroes, 
and  are  in  a state  of  complete  barbarism, 
live  upon  herbs,  fruits,  and  fish.  Their 
canoes  are  of  the  rudest  workmanship. 
Lon  95  £,  lat.  12  n;  and  Little  Andaman 
is  about  24  miles  in  length,  and  20  in 
breadth.  In  1795,  the  British  made  a set- 
tlement on  the  N end  of  the  Great  Andaman, 
which  is  called  Port  Cornwallis,  and  afibrds 
shelter  for  ships  during  the  ne  monsoon. 

Aiidat/ej  a fortified  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  lower  Pyrenees,  famous 
for  its  brandy.  It  is  seated  on  the  mouth 
of  the  Bidassoa,  opposite  to  Fontarabia,  in 
Spain,  18  miles  sw  of  Bayonne.  Lon.  1 55 
w,  lat.  45  25  n. 

Andegan,  a town  on  the  river  Sirr,  Lur- 
kestan,  190  miles  se  of  Taraz.  Lon.  69  0 £, 
lat.  42  1 8 N. 

Andely^  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Eure,  divided  into  two  parts,  by  a 
paved  causeway,  which  are  named  Great 
and  Little  Andely ; the  former  on  the  ri- 
vulet Gamons  the  latter  on  the  Seine.  There 
is  a manufactory  here  of  very  fine  cloth.  It 
is  29  miles  se  of  Rouen,  and  40  nw  of 
Paris.  Lon.  1 50  e,  lat.  49  20  n. 

ANDENAS,  islands  of  Norway,  in  the 
government  of  Drontheim. 

ANDENOEN,  an  island  of  Norway,  in 
Drontheim.  Lat.  69  50  n. 

Andeolf  Sty  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ardeche,  five  miles  s of  St. 
Viviers.  Lon.  2 50  e,  lat.  44  24  n. 

Anderahy  the  most  southern  city  of  the 
province  of  Balkb,  possessed  by  the  Usbeck 
Tartars.  It  is  very  rich  and  populous,  but  a 
place  of  no  great  strength.  This  city  is  sit- 
uated at  the  foot  of  the  mountains  of  Hin- 
dooko,  which  divide  the  dominions  of  the 
Great  Mogul  and  Persia  from  Great  Buck- 
haria,  240  miles  se  of  Balk.  Rich  quarries 
of  Lapis  Lazuli  are  found  in  its  vicinity. 
Lon.  69  58  e,  lat.  56  10  n. 

Anderlechty  a town  of  Brabant,  in  one  of 
the  new'  departments  of  France,  two  miles 
K of  Brussels. 

Andernachty  a city  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Rhine  and  Moselle.  It  is 
situated  in  a plain  on  the  Rhine,  formerly 
in  the  archbishopric  of  Cologn  ; and  is  for- 
tified with  a w'all,  castle,  and  bulwarks.  It 
has  a trade  in  pottery  ware,  which  are  sent 
to  the  mineral  waters  at  Dunclistein.  Here 
are  collected  great  quantities  of  timber, 
wdiich  is  floated  to  Dordrecht,  in  Hoilaiid. 
There  are  three  monasteries  here,  and  several 
Churches,  ten  miles  nw  of  Coblentz.  Lon. 
7 22  E,  lat.  50  29  n. 

Anderoy  St.  a sea-port  towui  in  the  Bay  of 
Biscay,  in  Old  Castle,  on  a small  peninsula. 


AND 

It  is  a trading  town,  and  contains  about  70^ 
houses,  tw'o  parish  churches,  and  four  mo- 
nasteries. Lon.  4 50  w,  lat.  45  20  n. 

Anderstony  a village,  and  suburb  of  Glas- 
gow, containing  about  4,000  inhabitants. 
Here  is  a brew'ery  of  ale  and  porter,  said 
to  be  the  largest  in  Scotland  ; several  large 
cotton  works,  a prinlfield  and  bloaclifields, 
give  employment  to  a great  number  of  hands. 

Andes,  a great  chain  . of  mountains  in 
South  America,  which,  running  from  the 
most  northern  part  of  Peru  to  the  Straits 
of  Magellan,  between  5,000  and  4,000 
miles,  are  the  longest  and  most  remarkable 
in  the  world.  The  Spaniards  call  them  the 
Cordillera  de  los  Andes:  They  form  two 
ridges,  the  lowermost  of  which  is  overspread 
with  woods  and  groves,  and  the  uppermost 
covered  with  everlastaiig  snow.  Though 
situated  under  the  torrid  zone,  the  cold  far 
exceeds  w'hat  the  human  mind  can  almost 
conceive.  From  experiments  made  with  a 
barometer  on  the  mountains  of  Cotopaxi,  it 
appeared  that  its  summit  was  elevated  6,252 
yards  above  the  surface  of  the  sea : and  the 
summit  of  Chimborars,  the  most  elevated 
point  of  this  chain,  is  said  to  be  6,760  yards. 
They  are  the  loftiest  and  most  extensive 
mountains  in  the  w'hole  wmrld.  It  is  af- 
firmed, that  there  are  in  the  Andes  16  vol- 
canoes or  burning  mountains  which  throw 
out  fire  and  smoke  with  a terrible  noise. 
There  is  a public  road  through  the  moun- 
tains 1000  miles  in  length,  part  of  which 
runs  through  Quito  to  Cusco. 

Andesy  a hamlet  of  Mantua  in  Italy,  the 
birth-place  of  Virgil ; now  called  Fieiolog 
two  miles  w of  Mantua. 

Andeuse,  a city  in  the  ci-divant  pro- 
vince of  Languedoc,  France.  Lon.  5 40  w, 
iat.  45  45  N. 

Andimoy  a town  of  the  island  of  Cyprus, 
Lon  52  10  E,  lat.  54  7 N. 

Andlauy  a town  in  th6  department  of 
Lower  Rhine,  France,  18  miles  ssw  from. 
Strasburg. 

Andovery  a large,  well  built,  populous 
town  in  Hampshire,  on  the  London  road ; 
pleasantly  situated  on  the  Ande,  and  on*the 
edge  of  the  Downs.  It  is  a great  thorough- 
fare between  London  and  Wiltshire,  New- 
bury, and  Salisbury ; and  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament.  From  tins  to  Southamp- 
ton water  is  a navigable  canal.  It  is  go- 
verned by  abailitf,  a steward,  a recorder,  len 
counsellors,  and  22  burgesses.  It  lies  ten 
miles  N by  w of  Winchester,  and  65  w’  by 
s of  London.  It  has  a weekly  market  ou 
Saturday,  and  fairs  on  Thursday  and  Fri- 
day, the  5d  week  in  Lent,  12th  May,  and 
6th  November.  It  carries  on  a manufacture 
oi’  shalloons  and  a great  malting.  Lon. 

1 20  w%  lat.  51  14  N. 

Andover ^ a large  and  thriving  town 


AND 

Esseit  county  Massachusetts,  seated  on  the 
Shawseen.  Here  is  an  excellent  seminary 
called  Philipps  Academy ; also  manufacto- 
ries of  gunpowder  and  paper*  It  contains 
S'SOo  inhabitants.  It  lies  about  24  miles  K 
of  Boston,  and  20  miles  wsw  of  Newbury 
Port. 

Andover,  a town  in  Hillsborough,  New 
Hampshire.  It  contains  C45  inhabitants. 

Aridraghira,  a liver  of  Sumatra,  upon 
which  the  Dutch  have  a factory. 

Aiidragiry,  capital  of  a kingdom  on  the 
E coast  of  Sumatra,  is  situated  on  a river 
convenient  for  trade.  Pepper  the  princi- 
pal produce ; ^00  miles  n by  w of  Bencoolen. 
liOn.  102  0 E,  lat.  O 58  s. 

Atidrariiin,  a town  in  S Gothland,  Sweden, 
near  three  miles  s of  Christianstadt,  where 
is  the  greatest  alum-work  in  the  kingdom. 

Andre,  St,  the  name  of  different  small 
places ; viz.  a district  in  Corsica ; twm  tov/ns 
of  France  in  the  department  of  Mont 
Blanc ; another  in  the  ci«devant  province 
of  Languedoc ; another  in  the  department 
of  Rhone  and  Loire  ; a village  in  Northum- 
berland, six  miles  E of  Hexham ; a fortress 
of  Dutch  Guelderland,  seated  on  an  island 
in  the  Waal ; and  a town  of  N America,  in 
Leon,  OR  the  gulf  of  Mexico. 

Andre,  St,  De  Beaulieu,  a town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Indre  and  Loire,  France. 

- Andrea,  St,  a small  village  on  the  Mala- 
bar coast,  in  the  E Indies,  founded  origi- 
nally by  the  Portuguese. 

ANDREA,  FOSSA  DI  ST,  was  a dis- 
trict of  the  Cisalpine  republic,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Benaco. 

ANDRE  ANOFFSKI  ISLES,  a cluster 
of  isles  between  Asia  and  America. 

Andreasberg,  a toivn  28  miles  ne  of  Got- 
tingen, Brunswick  Lunenburg,  has  good 
silver  mines. 

Andres,  St,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Gironde,  France. 

ANDRES,  ST,  or  Andreas,  an  island 
©n  the  Musquito  shore.  Lon.  82  30  w,  lat. 
12  30  N. 

Andrew* s Castle,  Si,  of  Hampshire,  be- 
tw^een  Southampton  and  Petersfield. 

Andrew,  St,  a town  in  Germany,  in  the 
the  circle  of  Austria,  and  duchy  of  Carin- 
thia,  20  miles  ene  of  Clagenfurt. 

Andrew* s,  St,  a town  and  island  between 
Brunswick  and  the  United  States,  on  the  e 
side  of  Scoodick,  an  arm  of  the  inner  bay  of 
Passamquoddy.  Tiie  inhabitants  are  chiefly 
employed  in  the  lumber  trade. 

Andrevos,  St,  a city  and  royal  borough  of 
Scotland,  in  Fifeshire,  once  the  metropolis 
of  the  Pictish  kingdom.  It  was  long  the 
metropolitan  archie  piscopal  see  of  Scotlanrl, 
and  still  the  scat  of  the  oldest  Scottish  uni- 
versity, It  is  situated  on  a bay,  where  the 
Eden  and  Kenlow^e  fall  into  the  Gernr^an’ 
ocean,  52  miles  nne  from  Edinburgh.  The 


AND 

town  of  St.  Andrev/’s  was  erected  into  ^ 
royal  borough  by  David  I.  in  1140,  and 
their  privileges  afterwards  conflrmed.  The 
charter  by  Malcolm  II.  written  on  a bit  of 
parchment  is  still  preserved  in  the  Toibooth. 
Here  also  are  kept  the  silver  keys  of  the  city, 
which,  for  the  sake  of  form,  are  delivered  ta 
the  king,  if  he  should  be  at  the  place,  or  to  a 
victonous  enemy,  in  token  of  submission. — • 
Also  the  axe,  which  in  164G  cut  off  the  heads 
of  Sir  Robert  Spotteswood  and  other  dis- 
tinguished loyalists.  The  ruins  of  a forti- 
fied castle,  built  by  bishop  Trail,  in  1401, 
upon  a rock  overlooking  the  sea,  still  remain 
witli  a Latin  inscription  over  the  gate.  This 
castle  was  the  scene  of  the  cruelty  and 
punishment  of  Cardinal  Beaten.  The  win- 
dow is  still  standing  from  which  he  with  in- 
human satisfaction  beiieid  tiie  martyrdom  of 
George  Wishart,  who  was  burnt  on  the  spot 
beneath.  In  the  same  apartment  he  himself 
was  put  to  death  and  thrown  out  of  tlie  same 
window,  and  the  avengers  of  innocent  blood 
escaped.  ' The  Cathedral,  the  chapel  of  St. 
Regulus,  the  church  of  St.  Saivador  and 
the  Priory  have  been  noble  structures.  St. 
Andrew’s  is  a mile  in  circuit,  and  contains 
three  principal  streets.  The  population  of 
the  town  does  not  now  exceed  2,000 ; a 
small  number  to  what  it  must  have  contained 
when  it  had  between  60  and  70  bakers. 
The  trade  of  St.  Andrew’s  was  once  very 
^considerable.  So  late  as  the  reign  of  Charles 
I.  this  place  had  38  or  40  trading  vessels, 
and  carried  ©n  a considerable  herring  and 
white  fishery  by  means  of  busses  in  deep 
water.  The  harbour  is  artificial,  guarded 
by  piers,  with  a narrow  entrance.  The  chief  ^ 
manufactures  of  this  city  are  at  present  sail- 
cloth and  Osnaburghs.  St.  Andrew’s  how- 
ever has  five  annual  fairs,  viz.  on  the  2d 
Thursday  of  April,  1st  Tuesday,  in  July,  1st 
x\ugust,  29th  September,  and  on  St.  An^ 
dreivs  Day,  all  O.  S.  and  a weekly  market 
on  Thursday,  The  celebrated  University 
of  this  city  was  founded  in  1411,  by  bishop 
Wardlaw* ; and  the  next  year  he  obtained 
from  Benedict  III.  the  bull  of  confirmation. 
It  consisted  once  of- three  colleges.  1.  St. 
Salvador’s  founded  in  1458,  by  bishop  Ken- 
nedy ; 2.  St.  Leonard’s  college,  founded  by 
prior  Hebburn,  in  1522  ; and  3.  St.  Mary  s 
college,  established  by  archbishop  Hamilton 
in  1553.  In  1747,  St.  Leonard’s  and  St. 
Salvator’s  were  conjoined  by  an  act  of  par- 
liament, under  the  name  ot  the  Lnited 
College.  The  univeioity  is  governed  by  a 
chancellor,  and  each  college  has  a principal. 
The  United  College  has  two  professors  of 
philosophy^  one  of  matlieinalics,  ot  huma- 
nity, Greek,  logic,  civil  history,  and  medi- 
cine. The  New  College  has  professors  of 
Hebrew,  ecclesiastical  history,  and  divinity. 
St.  Andrew’s  gives  name  to  the  parish  in 
I which  it  lies,  extending  ten  miles  in  length, 


A N G 


and  three  in  breadth.  The  soil  is  very  va- 
rious. but  in  general  rich,  highly  cultivated, 
and  produces  excellent  crops.  According 
to  the  census  made  in  1801,  the  population 
of  the  parish  and  town  was  4o35.  Loa  2 
45  w,  lat.  55  18  N. 

ANDREW’S  St,  is  also  the  name  of 
several  other  places ; viz.  an  island,  and  a 
town  in  Dalmatia ; an  island,  and  a town 
in  Hungary;  and  a village  in  Suffolk,  near 
Beedes. 

Andr/a,  an  episcopal  city  in  the  territory 
of  Sari,  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  four 
miles  from  the  Adriatic  coast,  and  26  w of 
Bari.  Lon.  17  4 E,  lat.  41  15  x. 

ANDROS,  an  island  24  miles  long  and 
eight  broad,  lying  between  Tenedos  and 
Euboea;  being  one  mile  from  the  former, 
and  10  from  the  latter.  It  is  one  of  the 
ancient  Cyclades.  Andros  is  now  siibjedl 
to  the  Turks ; and  contains  a town  of  the 
same  name,  with  a great  many  villages.  It 
23  the  most  fruitful  island  in  the  Archipela- 
go, and  yields  a great  quantity  of  silk. 
Tliere  are  said  to  be  about  6,000  inhabitants, 
besides  those  cf  the  villages  Arni  and,  A- 
mcddecs,  who  are  about  200,  have  a differ- 
ent language  and  customs,  and  are  called 
Albancis.  There  are  seven,  monasteries,  a 
great  number  of  churches,  and  a cathedral 
for  the  bishops  of  the  Roman  Catholic  per- 
suasion ; but  most  of  the  inhabitants  are  of 
the  Greek  communion.  Lon.  25  50  e,  lat. 
57  50  N. 

ANDROS,  a cluster  of  islands  sw  of 
Providence,  in  the  Bahamas.  They  take 
up  a space  of  50  leagues  long,  and  four  or 
five  broad,  intersected  by  many  narrow  pas- 
sages. 

0^  AndrcscoggWy  or  Amariscoggin,  a river 
in  the  district  of  Maine,  , the  chief  western 
branch  of  the  Kennebeck.  It  rises  >r  of 
Lake  Umbagog,  and  runs  s near  to  the 
White  Mountains,  from  which  it  receives 
the  Moose  and  Peabody. 

Andross,  one  of  the  Bermuda  islands. 

Andugan,  seated  on  the  river  Sirr,  capital 
of  the  province  Fergana,  Ushbec  Tartary, 
500  miles  ^'E  cf  Samarcand.  Lon.  68  55 
E,  lat.  42  25  N. 

Andvjar,  or 7 a large  and  populous  city 

Anduxu?',  5 of  Andalusia,  in*  Spain, 
seated  on  the  Guadalquiver,  25  miles  e of 
Cordova,  defended  by  a good  castle.  It  is 
adorned  w’lth  handsome  churches,  and  se- 
vcml  religious  houses,  and  the  inhabitants 
carry  on  a considerable  trade  in  silk.  Lon. 
4 2 wv  l?t.  57  45  n. 

Aivdux,  or!  a torvn  of  France  in  the 

Ayiduze,  5 deparlmcnt  cf  Herault, 
seated  on  the  river  Gardoii,  25  miles  n of 
Montpelier.  It  carries  on  a considerable 
tracie  in  serges  and  woollen  cloth.  Lon.  5 
42  E,  lat.  45  59  n. 


ANEGADA,  one  of  the  T 


about  6 leagues  long. 

O O 


irgin  isies,  ^ 


Lon.  65  0 w,  lat,  1 ^ 

55  N. 

ANGEDIVA,  an  island  on  the  w coast 
of  Hindoostan  belonging  to  the  Portuguese, 
60  miles  sse  of  Goa.  Lon.  74  12  e,  lat. 
14  45  N. 

Anfa^  a town  of  Temesne,  in  Barhary,  in 
a district  of  the  same  name,  situated  upon 
the  coast,  20  miles  n cf  mount  Atlas,  18 
miles  E of  Aramore,  and  1 9 w'  of  Rebat. 

Anganioiciy  a city  of  Asia,  on  the  pro- 
montory of  Malabar,  in  the  East  Indies, 
near  the  river  Aicct. 

ANGARAEZ,  a province  of  S Ameri- 
ca, in  Peru,  20  leagues  nw  by  w of  Gua- 
manga. 

ANG  AZYA,  one  of  the  Comora  islands, 
lying  between  the  n end  of  Madagascar 
and  the  coast  of  Zanguebar  in  Africa,  from 
lat.  10  to  15  s.  It  is  inhabited  by  Moors, 
who  trade  wo*th  dh'crs  parts  of  the  continent, 
in  cattle,  fruits,  and  other  comraodities  of 
the  island,  which  they  exchange  for  callicoes 
and  other  cotton  cloths. 

AngeihVf  a town  in  the  department  of 
Indre,  France.  Loix.  2 36  e,  hit.  47  25  w,- 

Angnfoy  Sty  the  name  of  several  places, 
viz.  a strong  castle  at  Rome)  to  which  the 
pope  retired  in  times  of  danger ; a castle, 
and  a district  of  Corfu  ; an  impregnable 
castle  in  Alaita ; a sea-port  town  of  Apulia, 
on  the  gulph  of  Venice,  eight  miles  n cf 
Manfredonia;  a small  but  strong  town  in 
the  Capifanata  of  Naples/  Lon.  15  56  s, 
lat.  41  45  N. ; a- city  and  a mountain  in  th& 
princfpato  Ulteriore  of  Naples  ; and  a town 
of  the  late  papal  province  of  Orbino. 

ANGELOS,  LOS,  a province  of  Mexi- 
co, the  ancient  republic  of  Tlascala,  of  which 
a city  of  the  same  name  w’as  once  the  capi- 
tal, That  city  is  now  reduced  to  an  inconsi- 
derable village,  and  lias  given  place  to  ano- 
ther called  Puebla  dos  los  Angelos,  or  the 
city  of  Angels.  It  is  bounded  on  n by 
Panuco,  E by  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  s by 
Guaxaca  and  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  w by 
Mexico  Proper.  Extensive  chains  of  lofry 
mountains  run  along  the  w and  kw^  confines, 
which  subject  this  province  to  frequent  f era- 
pests  and  inundations.  It  is  however  allow- 
ed to  be  the  most  populous  country  of  New 
Spain. 

AngeloSy  los  dc  Puehla,  the  seccrad  city  of 
Mexico,  was  formerly  an  Indian  town  ; but 
in  1550  was  entirely  abandoned  by  the  na- 
tives, on  account  of  the  cruelties  of  the 
Spaniards.  A succeeding  viceroy  of  Mexi- 
co by  a milder  treatment  recalled  theni ; 
and  the  town  of  which  the  buildings  are 
mostly  of  stone,  lofty  and  elegant,  is  now 
exceedingly  rich  and  populous,  so  as  even  fo 
vie  with  Mexico  itself  in  magniticence.  It 
is  situated  on  the  river  Zacatula,  in  a fine 
valley  about  80  miles  ese  of  Mexico,  and 
said  to  contain  67,SOO  inhabitants.  In  the 


A N G 

middle  is  a ircautiful  and  spacious  square/ 
froni  whence  run  the  principal  streets  in 
direct  lines,  which  are  crossed  by  others  at 
right  angles.  One  side  is  almost  entirely 
cccupied  by  the  magnificent  front  of  the 
<!atbedral,  while  the  other  three  consists  of 
piazzas,  under  which  are  the  shops  of  trades- 
men. Lon.  9S  lo  w,  lat.  19  O^r. 

j^ugerburgt  a town  with  a castle,  in  Prus- 
sia, situated  on  the  n side  cf  a lake,  from 
w’hich  it  derives  its  nan^c*.  70  miles  se  of 
'Kcnigsberg.  Lon  22  15  e,  iat.  54  8 n. 

ANGERMANLAND,  a province  of 
Nordland,  Sweden,  extending  to  150  miles 
Ki  length,  and  from  50  to  80  broad.  It  is 
in  general  mountainous  ^nd  woody,  has  con- 
siderable iron  works,  and  produces  Hax, 
which  is  dressed  and  spun  in  a manner  pe- 
culiar to  this  place.  Hernosand  is  the  chief 
town.  The  Angermanland  ri\^r,  which  runs 
through  this  country,  is  one  of  the  largest  in 
Sweden.  Near  the  sea  it  is  half  a mile 
broad,  and  navigable  for  a considerable  way 
in  land. 

Angerniond,  or  Angermwide,  a fown  of 
the  duchy  of  Berg,  in  Germany,  nine  miles 
N of  Dusseldorff,  subject  to  the  Elector 
Palatine.  L6n.  G 20  e,  lat  51  10  n. 

Anger Sy  a large  and  poi3ulous  city^  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Maine  and 
Loire,  situated  near  the  confluence  of  the 
Sarte.  The  Loire  and  the  Maine  divides 
the  city  into  two  equal  parts,  between  which 
there  is  a coirimunication  by  two  large 
bridges.  Angers  contains  12  parishes,  and 
tliere  are  four  in  the  suburbs,  which  in  all 
contain  upw^ards  of  9000  houses  and  5G,000 
inhabitants.  . The  castle,  situated  in  the 
centre  of  the  city,  on  a rock  overhanging  the 
river,  was  built  by  St  Louis  about  the  mid- 
dle cf  the  ISth  century;  and  afterwards  be- 
came the  principal  residence  of  the  kings  of 
Sicily,  as  dukes  of  Anjou.  It  is  flanked 
by  18  round  towers.  Its  environs  arc  adorn- 
ed with  numerous  country  houses,  and  a 
hundred  w indinills.  The  cathedral  is  a ve- 
nerable and  elegant  structure : the  princi- 
, pal  gate  is  surrounded  wdth  three  steeples. 
Near  the  church  of  St  Michael  is  the  Iiand- 
soinest.square  in  the  city,  from  whence  runs 
, a street  of  the  same  name.  On  one  side  of 
the  street  is  the  town  house  ; w'hich  has  a 
fine  tower  with  a clock  raised'upon  an  arch, 
that  serves  for  a passage'  into  the  great  square, 
'i'lie  university  of  Angers  was  founded  in 
1598,  and  the  academy  of  Belles  Lettres  in 
1 685.  This  last  consists  of  50  academicians. 
In  Angers  is  a great  annual  procession  on 
Corpus  Cliristi  day,  at  w'hicli  all  the  priests' 
and  monks  assist,  attended  by  the  inhabitants 
and  many  foreigners,  who  carry  burning 
torches  and  scripture  histories  engraved,  in 
order  to  atone  for  the  pretended  crime  of 
archdeacon  Bcrcnqartus  who  here  opposed 
Raasubstantiation,  when  that  tenet  was  first 


A N G 

introduced  by  the  Romish  church  about  the 
year  1019.  At  the  end  of  the  suburbs  of 
Bresigny  are  the  quarries  of  Angers,  Ibraous 
for  fine  slates,  of  the  thickness  of  a crown 
piece,  and  a foot  square.  All  the  houses  in 
Angers  are  covered  with  this  slate,  which 
has  gained  the  appellation  of  the  Black 
City.  Handkerchiefs  and  sailclotli  are  ma- 
nufactured here.  It  is  50  miles  ene  of  Nan- 
tes, and  175  sw  of  Paris.  Lon.  0 50  w, 
Iat.  47  28  N.  . 

ANGHIERA,  or  Angera,  a fruitful 
district  of  the  ci-devant  Milanese. 

Angkleray  or  Anger  ay  a town  in  the  above 
district  and  department,  seated  on  the  e side 
of  the  lake  Maggiore,  30  miles  nw  of  Mi- 
lan. Loll.  8 40  E,  lat.  45  42  n. 

'Anglars^  a town  in  the  department  of 
Puys  de  Dome,  France. 

Angky  in  the  department  of  Viennei 
France,  seated  on  the  Anglin,  22  miles  from 
Poictiers. 

ANGLES,  an  ancient  German  nation, 
originally  a branch  of  the  Suevi ; who,  after 
various  migrations,  settled  in  that  part  of 
Denmark,  and  duchy  of  Sleswick,  which  to 
this  day  is  called  AngleUy  or  Angeleuy  and  of 
which  the  city  of  Flensbourg  is  the  capital. 
To  this  nation  the  British  ambassadors  are 
said  to  have  applied  when  soliciting  succours 
against  the  Scots  and  Piets.  The  Angles, 
therefore,  came  over  in  greater  numbers  than 
any  other  Saxon  nation ; and  in  process  of 
time  they  became  masters  of  the  country,  and 
had  the  honour  of  giving  the  name  <>£  Anglia 
to  England. 

ANGLESEY,  Isle  of,,  the  most  %vestern 
county  of  North  Wales.  It  is  24  miles  in 
length,  18  in  breadtji,  containing  200,000 
acres,  and  is  about  250  miles  from  London. 
It  sends  two  members  to  parliament.  It  is 
separated  from  Ca3ruarvonsliire  by  a strait 
called  Mehaiy  and  on  every  other  side  is  sur- 
rounded by  the  sea.  It  is  a fertile  spot,  and 
abounds  in  corn,  cattle,  flesh,  flsh,  and  fowls. 
At  Port  Aethwy,  the  most  general  ferry  into 
the  island,  there  is  a great  passage  of  cattle. 
It  is  computed  that  the  .island  sends  forth 
annually  from  12,000  to  15,000  head,  of 
cattle,  and  multitudes  of  sheep  and  hogs ; 
besides  leaving  a stock  of  50,000  cattle.  In 
1770,  upwards  of  90,000  bushels  of  corn 
were  exported,  exclusive  of  wheat.  The 
improvements  in  husbandry  have  greatly  in- 
creased since  the  suppression  of  smuggling 
from  tlie  isle  of  Man:  not  but  that  the 
island  was  in  most  remote  times  famous  for 
its  fertility:  Mon  Mam  Gymry,  the  Nursing 
Mother  of  Wales,  was  a title  it  assumed  even 
in  the  12th  century.  At  a part  of  Trysel- 
wyn  mountain,  called  Fary’s  Mountain,  is 
the  most  considerable  body  of  copper  ore, 
perhaps  ever  known,  and  a lead  ore  rich  in 
. liver  has  been  lately  found  in  the  same 
mountain.  The  Macclesfield  company  had 


at  one  period  14,000  tons  of  ore  upon  the 
bank,  and  Mr  Huglies  50  000.  This 
island  is  divided  into  74  parishes,  most 
of  the  churches  of  which  are  j;ituated 
near  the  shores ; and  coiituins  about 
6,679  houses,  with  3.5,806  inhabitants.  Tlie 
chief  towns  are  Beaumaris,  Holyhead,  and 
Newburgh.  The  wooded  part  of  (lie  island 
is  on  this  side.  It  was  once  the  seat  of  the 
Druids,  whose  religious  rites  were  performed 
in  the  deep  gloom  of  the  thickest  woods — 
Rude  mounds  and  heaps  of  stones,  which 
are  said  to  bo  Druidical  remains,  are  frequent 
in  this  island.  s 

Aiigmerivg,  e and  w,  two  small  village 
in  the  county  of  Sussex,  near  Arundel. 
They  have  a weekly  market  on  Saturday, 
and  a fair  on  July  30lh. 

AngoU  a pleasant  and  well  watered  city  in 
^.e  province  of  Chili,  S America,  125  miles 
it  of  Baldivia.  Lon.  7*2  59  w,  iat.  37  56  s. 

ANGOLA,  a kingdom  on  the  western 
coast  of  Africa,  lying,  according  to  the  best 
accounts,  between  lat.  5 0 and  16  21s,  form- 
ing a coast  of  upwards  of  480  miles,  Ion.  be- 
tween 10  and  15  degrees  e.  Angola  Pro- 
per is  separated  on  the  n by  the  river  Dan- 
da,  from  Congo ; and  on  the  s by  the  Coan- 
za,  from  Benguela,  which,  however,  is  now 
included  in  the  kingdom  of  Angola,  having 
been  conquered  by  its  monarchy,  though  it 
still  retains  the  name  of  kingdom,  and  is  in- 
cluded in  the  dimensions  just  now  given 
The  air  here  is  very  hot  and  unvvhole.some, 
and  the  country  mountainous ; there  being 
but  few  plains  to  be  met  with  in  it,  except 
cn  the  sea  coast,  and  between  the  huge 
ridges  of  mountains.  The  Angolans  are 
universally  allowed  to  be  tall,  elegant,  and 
handsome  in  their  persons  ; but  the  disposi- 
tion of  their  minds  is  variously  represented 
by  authors.  The  manners,  religion,  dress, 
&c.  of  the  Angolans,  are  much  the  same  with 
those  of  the  Congoese,  The  men  are, averse 
to  labour,  which  they  commit  to  their  slaves 
or  wives.  The  soil  produces  Indian  corn, 
beans,  oranges,  leixions,  grain  of  various 
kinds,  and  great  variety  of  fruits.  The  Por- 
tuguese have  several  Settlements  on  the  coast. 
Bat  the  natives  trade  with  the  English  and 
Dutch.  Luanda  is  the  capital. 

ANGOT,  a province  or  kingdom  of 
Abyssinia,  formerly  rich  and  fertile,  but  al- 
most  ruined  by  the  Gaila.s,  a wandering  na- 
tion from  the  internal  parts  of  Africa,  who 
dispossessed  the  Abyssinian  monarchs. 

Angoulcs.ney  a city  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Chareine,  50  miles  vvsw  of  Li- 
moges, 64  SE  of  llochelle,  and  250  s by  vv  of 
i^aris.  It  is  seated  on  the  top  of  a hill,  sur- 
rounded with  rocks.  The  inhabitants  are 
about  8,000,  and  the  principal  manufacture 
Is  paper.  Lon.  0 Me,  iat.  45  30  n. 

ANGOUMOIS,  a ci-devant  province  of 
France,  bounded  on  the  by  Poitou,  on  the 
2 


:j  K by  Limousin  and  March,  on  the  s by  Pe- 
rigord,  and  on  the  w by  Saintonge.  It  is 
now  included  in  the  department  of  Charente. 
It  is  mountainous,  but  fertile,  and  possesses 
mines  of  iron. 

Angdura,  or  Angyra,  anciently  Ancyra,  a 
town  of  Natolia,  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  remark- 
able for  m remains  of  antiquity ; such  as 
inscriptions,  pillars,  ruins  of  temples,  Sec, 
It  is  at  present  one  of  the  best  cities  in  Ana- 
tolia ; its  streets  are  full  of  pillars  sind  build- 
ings of  old  marble,  among  which  ar^  so  no 
of  porphyry  and  jasper.  ^The  castle,  which 
is  as  large  as  a small  town,  and  v eU  * -t- 

ed  both  by  Christians  and  T irks.  ^ 

inclo.sure,  and  is  built  of  .vhivc  . >d 


stone  resembling  porohy  . h ' • 

0.,  •■•.TOS 

the  walls  of  the  town,  w j . o h" 

-•7,  : ::d 

those  of  the  houses  ul  . ’ r 

of  unburnt  brick,  bu’  c.  ^ o 

. .Q 

towers,  antique  fragm  ^ . "v.  ,, 

•5  E\ 

traves,  &c.  are  in  ten:  : ' 7 

- . , .Ij. 

computed  to  have  100,01  f -r. 

of  whom  are  Turks  ; (a’ 
are  Janissaries;)  Greet 

. . .'•.1 

compose  the  remaining 

menians  have  several  cl  . . ^ > 

' a 

monastery;  and  the  Greekr 

- c.  ■ 

try  produces  very  good  red  . .; 

■ 

lent  rice  grows  on, the  ban^ 

. ■-  ■■•'5 

rivers.  In  this  place  there 

.:od  of 

goats  ; their  hair  or  wool  is 

as  fine  as  silk;  a great  trade  > , 

this  article,  and  the  finest  s,  . ' ’ 

■ '".'y 

Gamble ts,  are  made  of  it.  7 

tants  are  employed  in  tlr 

The  exports  of  Angoura,  to 

and  Great  Britain,  area' 

> '.  ■ i 

loads  yearly.  Angoura  is  ’ : 

. . ca 

sE  of  Constantinople.  Lc  . 

do 

50  N.  See  Ancyra, 

ANGO  Y,  a kingdom 

ca,  bounded  on  the  n f , 

the  s by  Congo;  from  t.u;  i : 

■'  'id  ’ ,h 

it  is  separated  by  the  Cabi  c 

latter ^by  the  river  Zaire.  i . 

d-;  :;:i 

extent;  and  has  but  or;c 

led  Bomangoy.  Its  chief  pore  i ; 

Angra,  a city  of  Tarcera,  one  . 

- .0  A'^ 

zores  the  capita],  not  only  of  that  id  ' vt 
of  ail  the  rest,  and  the  residence  of  . . 

vernor.  It  is  seated  on  the  s side,  r ■ e 
middle  of  the  longest  diameter  of  the  ; - I 

on  the  edge  of  the  sea.  The  ha- ho.,  ’ .• 
the  form  of  a crescent;  the  extrech;;  o. 
vvhica  are  defended  by  two  high  roc':., 
run  so  far  into  the  sea  as  to  render  tL:.'  e i- 
trance  narrow,  and  easily  covered  by  the 
teries  von  each  side,  b ooi  tin's  harbour 
tovvn  is  s.aid  to  derive  its  name,  the 
Angra  signifying  u creek,  bay,  or  station  for 
shipping;  and  this  is  the  onh''  convenien?: 
one  among  ail  the  Azores.  The  town  is  vveii 
built  and  populous ; it  is  the  see  of  a bishop, 
under  &he  juiisdivftion  of  the  archbisbop  of. 


A N H 

Lisbon.  It  has  five  parishes,  a cathedral, 
four  monasteries,  as  many  nunneries,  besides 
an  inquisition  and  bishop’s  court,  which  ex- 
tends its  jurisdiction  over  all  the  Azores, 
Flores,  and  Gorvo.  It  is  surrounded  by  a 
good  wall,  a dry  ditch  of  great  depth  and 
breadth,  and  defended  by  a strong  castle. 
The  English,  French,  and  Dutch,  have  each 
a consul  residing  here,  though  the  commerce 
cf  any  of  these  nations  with  the  Azores  is 
very  inconsiderable,  being  only  for  wood, 
com,  and  other  provisions.  Lon.  27  7 w, 
lat.  58  ^^9 

Angra  de  Io$  RoyeSy  a town  of  Brazil,  in 
the  captainship  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  seated  on 
a small  bay.  It  has  two  churches  and  a 
monastery.  It  lies  JS  miles  from  Rio  de 
Janeiro.  Lon  41  10  w,  lat.  22  28  n. 

ANGROGNA,  7 a mountainous  but  fer- 

ANGROGNE, 5 tile  district  of  Pied- 
mont, accessible  only  at  two  places  from  the 
s and  E,  and  memorable  for  affording  several 
safe  retreats  to  the  Waldenses  and  Albigen- 
ses  ; who  stood  out  against  the  power  of  papal 
tyranny,  many  centuries  before  the  Refor- 
mation. There  is  a river  of  the  same  name 
in  Piedmont. 

Angrogne,  or  Angrogna,  a town  of  Pied- 
mont, seven  miles  w of  Pignerol.  Lon.  7 
15  E,  lat.  45  0 N. 

Angiud,  or  Angued,  a desert  of  Tremecen, 
inhabited  by  hordes  of  wdld  Arabs,  who  live 
chiefly  by  plunder,  aad  by  forcing  travellers 
to  pay  them  a tax  for  what  they  call  pass- 
ports, wdiich  are  a kind  of  small  flag  at  the 
end  of  a lance.  As  they  raise  little  corn, 
dates,  milk,  wild  fruits,  and  game  are  their 
principal  fare.  They  acknowdedge  no  chief 
but  their  o'wn,  nor  do  they  pay  any  tribute 
to  the  Algodnes. 

ANGUILLA,  tb  e m ost  II  ortherly  of  th  e 
Carribbee  islands;  it  has  its  name  from  its 
snake* like  form  ; and  is  about  ten  leagues  in 
length,  and  three  in  breadth.  The  inhabi- 
tants subsist  mostly  by  farming.  It  lies  in 
the  Atlantic  ocean,  60  miles  mw  of  St  Chris- 
topher’s. Lon  65  10  Wy  lat.  18  15  n. 

. ANGUILLA,  an  island  and  bank  e of 
the  Great  Bahama  Bank,  and  n of  the  island 
of  Cuba.  Lon.  78  10,  to  79  30  w,  lat.  23 
^0  E,  to  24  10  N. 

Anguitlahay  a tov/n  in  the  Patrimony  of 
St  Peter,  near  the  lake  Berecino,  15  miles 
j<w  of  Rome. 

ANGUILLARA,  a district  composed  of 
part  of*  the  late, territory  of  Padua,  Maritime 
Austria,  containing  two  cities,  and  2800  in- 
habitants, also  a market-town  in  this  district. 

Afiguille,  a bay  on  the  ene,  in  the  gulph 
of  St  Lawrence,  situated  on  the  kne  of  St 
Jobu’*^  island. 

ANGUS,  or  Forfar.  See  Forfar. 

ANHALT,  ap.nncipality  of  Germany,  in' 
the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony.  It  is  situated 
the  most  part  betwixt  tlie  rivtTs  Elba  and 


ANN 

SaaTc,  about  90  miles  in  length  from  s to  vr 
and  from  8 to  35  in  breadth  ; bounded  on 
the  s by  the  county  of  Mansfield,  on  the  w 
by  the  duchy  of  Halberstadt,  on  the  e by 
the  dueby  of  Saxony,  and  on  the  n by  the 
duchy  of  Magdeburg.  It  abounds  in  corn, 
and  is  watered  by  the  Salde  and  Mulda  ; it 
contains  rich  mines.  The  towns  in  these 
little  states  are  not  4So  numerous  in  propor- 
tion to  the  extent  of  country  as  in  Saxony, 
but  better  peopled.  Its  castle  is  in  ruins. 

The  capital  is  Zerbst 

ANHOLT,  an  island  of  Denmark,  in  K ! 
Jutland,  lying  in  the  Categate,  eight  miles  | 
from  the  coast  of  Jutland,  ten  from  Zealand,  | 
and  seven  from  Holland,  It  is  dangerous  | 
for  seamen,  for  which  reason  there  is  a light-  | 
house  erected  on  it.  It  affords  good  supplies 
of  water,  and  has  safe  anchorage.  It  was 
taken  by  the  English  in  1 809,  \vho  repulsed 
the  Danes  in  their  attempt  to  retake  it  in 
1811.  Lon.  11  35  E,  lat.  56  38  n. 

Aniane,  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Herault,  13  miles  wnw  of  Mont- 
pelier. Lon.  5 40  K,  lat.  45  45  n. 

Angengay  a small  towm  and  factory,  \vitb 
a fort,  on  the  coast  of  Malabar,  in  the  penin- 
sula on  this  side  the  Ganges,  belonging  to 
the  E.  India  Company.  This  settlement 
supplies  our  E India  Company  with  pepper,  ; 
calicoes,  &c.  46  miles  wn-w  of  Travancore, 
Lon.  76  40  E,  lat.  8 40  n.  ' 

Animallyy  a town  of  the  peninsula  of 
Hindoostan,  in  the  Mysore  country,  21  miles 
s of  Coimbetore.  The  chief  articles  of  com-  ^ 
mercc  are  drugs,  honey,  and  wax,  collected 
on  hills  to  the  & Lon.  77  10  k,  lat.  10  40  n. 

ANJOU,  a ci-devant  province  of  France, 
which,  in  conjunction  with  the  late  provinces 
of  Maine  and  Touraine,  now  forms  the  four  . 
departments  of  Maine,  Sarte,  Maine  and 
Loire,  and  Indre  and  Loire.  It  w'as  bound-  ^ 


and  in  breadth  60.  It  formerly  belonged  to  ■ 
the  sovereigns  of  England.  Through  it  run 
live  navigable  rivers.  The  air  is  temperate,  ; 
and  the  country  agreeably  diversified  with 
hills  and  meadows.  It  produces  white  wine, 
wheat,  barley,  rye,  oats,  pease,  beans,  flax,, 
hemp,  walnuts,  chesnuts,  cyder,  and  fruit 
trees  of  all  kinds.  Its  greatest  riches  con- 
sist in  cows,  oxen,  and  sheep.  There  are 
several  coal  and  iron  mines.  It  has  also 
several  saltpetre  works,  and  some  glass- 
houses. It  contains  the  following  towuis, 
viz.  Angers  the  capital,  Saumur,  Brisac,  Pons 
de  Cea,  La  Fleche,  and  Beaufort. 

Ann  Sty  a town  of  New  Brunswick,  situ- 
ated on  the  river  St  John,  opposite  Frederic- 
town,  80  miles  above  the  city  of  St  John. 

ANNA,  a province  of  Arabia  Desert^ 
and  the  name  of  one  of  the  three  principali- 
ties into  which  it  is  divided. 

' Anna  f one  of  the  chief  cities  of  the  above 


principality,  formerly  a noted  marlcet-t^wn, 
situated  on  the  w bank  of  the  Euphrates,  in 
a fruitful  and  pleasant  soil,  130  miles  w of 
“Bagdad,  and  12  degrees  ssw  of  Moussol. 
This  city  is  tributary  to  Turkey,  but  it  is  with 
great  difficulty  that  the  Turkish  aga,  and  the 
Janissaries,  who  are  kept  here,  can  levy  the 
tribute  imposed.  It  is  the  common  rendez- 
vous of  all  the  robbers  which  infest  the  De- 
gert.  Lon.  41  S5  e,  lat.  35  30  isr, 

Anna,  St,  a fortiiied  town  of  Russia,  si- 
tuated in  a marshy  country.  It  is  well  built, 
and  the  streets  are  broad  and  straight. 

Annaberg,  a town  in  Saxony,  famous  for 
sts  warm  baths.  Its  silver  mines  were 
formerly  very  productive.  It  has  a manu- 
facture of  lace,  17  miles  s of  Chemnitz. 
Lon.  13  6 E,  lat.  53  35  n. 

Annacloy,  in  the  county  of  Down,  Ire- 
land, seated  on  a branch  of  Strangford 
Lake. 

ANNAGH,  a small  island  opposite  the 
county  of  Mayo,  on  the  w coast  of  Ireland, 
£ve  miles  in  circumference.  Lon.  9 39  w, 
kt.  53  58  N. 

ANNAMOOKA,  one  of  the  Friendly 
Islands,  in  the  South  Sea.  It  was  discover- 
ed by  Tasman,  in  1643 ; and  visited  by  Cap- 
tain Cook,  1774  and  1777.  It  is  well 
cultivated  in  many  parts.  The  plantations 
of  yams  and  plantains  are  very  ex'tensive, 
«nd  often  inclosed  with  neat  fences  of  reeds. 
The  bread  fruit  and  cocoa  trees  are  generally 
'near  the  habitations  of  the  natives.  The  in- 
habitants are  friendly  and  hospitable,  but 
addicted  to  pilfering  from  their  European 
visiters.  Lon  about  187  0 e,  lat.  20  0 «. 

Annan,  a river  of  Scotland,  which  rises 
about  four  miles  n of  Molfat,  in  that^re- 
markahle  hill  which  also  gives  rise  to  the 
Tweed,  the  Cyde,  and  the  Evan.  It  falls 
into  the  Solway  Frith,  about  six  miles  from 
Hoddom,  It  abounds  with  salmon,  trouts,  ^ 
eels,  roaches,  par^,  &c 

Annan,  an  ancient  royal  borough  in 
Domfries-shirc,  and  capital  of  the  district 
of  Annandale,  situated  near  the  mouth  of 
the  above  river.  Vessels  of  about  250  tons 
can  come  within  half  a mile  of  the  town 
The  ruins  of  a fine  castle  built  by  one  of  the 
Bruces  are  still  to  be  seen.  A fabric  for 
carding  and  spinning  cotton  has  lately  been 
erected.  The  revenue  of  the  burgh  arising 
from  fsherics,  tolls,  and  feu-duties,  is  about 
L.300  Sterling  per  annum.  It  is  ] 6‘  miles 
ISE  of  Dumfries,  and  SO  s of  Edinburp'h. 
Lon.  3 4 w,  lat.  55  0 w.  The  parisii  of 
Annan  is  about  eight  miles  long,  and  from  ■ 
one  to  three  broad.  The  surface  is  gene- 
rally level,  and  the  soil  fertile.  Tire  popu-  : 
lation  of  the  parish,  including  the  town,  is 
aljout  2415. 

Annan  dale,  ^ stexvartry  or  district  of  ! 
Dumfries,  of  which  Lochmaben  t'asile  vvas 
formerly  the  chief  fortaiicg,  is  a fertile  Yale,  i i 


, U 24  rmfles  long,  and  about  14  miles  broad. 
I It  was  formerly  a lordship  under  the  Bruces, 
r who  took  their  title  from  it.  Upon  the 
, death  of  David  II.  in  1371,  it  fell  into  the 
1 hands  of  Randolph,  Earl  of  Murray,  next  to 
‘ the  Earls  of  March,  after  their  forfeiture  it 
I went  to  the  Douglasses,  who  also  lost  it  by 
similar  conduct.  It  is  now  a marquisatc, 
belonging  to  the  family  of  Johnston. 

Annano,  a fort  of  Italy,  seated  ©n  the 
Tanaro,  in  the  Milanese,  12  miles  s of 
Casal.  Lon.  8 30  e,  lat.  44  40  n. 

Annapolis,  the  chief  town  of  Maryland^ 
and  county  of  xVnn  Arundel,  N.  America, 

1 'formerly  known  by  the  name  of  the  'Severn, 
which  title  was  abolished  in  1694,  when  it 
was  made  a pert- town,  and  the  residence  of 
a collector  and  naval  officer.  The  houses 
are  generally  large  and  elegant.  The  state- 
house  is  the  noblest  building  of  the  kind  in 
the  United  States  ; it  stands  in  the  centre  of 
the  city,  from  which  the  streets  diverge  iii 
every  direction.  Washington  College  eft 
Chester  and  St.  John’s  College  here,  forth 
one  university,  called  the  Lhiiversity  of 
Maryland.  Annapolis  lies  on  Chesapeafe 
Bay  at  the  mouth  of  the  Severn,  30  miles  i 
by  N of  Washington,  and  35  s of  Baltimore, 
Lon.  76  48  w,  lat,  39  0 n. 

Annapolis  Royal,  a town  of  NoVa  Scotit, 
seated  in  the  bay  of  Fundy.  It  has  one  of 
the  finest  harbours  in  America.  The  town 
is  situated  at  the  mouth  of  a river  of  the 
same  name,  on  the  s of  the  harbour,  86  miks 
w by  N of  Halifax.  The  place  is  also  pro- 
tected by  a fort  and  garrison.  There  is  k 
trade  carried  on  here  by  the  Indians  with 
furs,  which  they  exchange  for  European 
goods.  Lon.  64  5 w,  lat.  45  10  n. 

Annajjolis,  a county  on  the  above  river, 
adjoining  to  King’s  county,  contains  three 
townships,  namely  Wilmot,  Granville,  and 
Annapolis.  The  principal  towns,  Clare  and 
Monkton. 

Ann,  Cape,  the  point  of  land  in  Glou- 
cester, iimerica.  Lon.  70  17  vv,  kt.  42 
45  N. 

Ann  Fort,  in  the  state  of  N York.  It 
lies  about  seven  miles  sw  by  s from  Skenes- 
borough  Fort,  and  12  ne  by  n from  Fort 
Edward  on  Hudson’s  river. 

Ann,  St,  n lake  in  Upper  Canada,  n of 
Lake  Superior. 

A}in,  St,  the  chief  town  of  the  province 
of  Paraua  in  Paraguay,  S America. 

Annecy,  a city  or  France,  in  the  departs 
ment  of  Mont  Blanc,  seated  on  the  banks 
ofthe  kke  Annecy,  16  miles  g of  Geneva, 
and  22  ns  of  Charaberry.  Lon.  6 12  s, 
lat.  45  53  N. 

Annecy,  a Jake  in  the  department  of 
Mont  Blanc,  nine  miles  long,  and  four 
bror'd, 

ANNEX,  one  of  the  Scilly  isles.  It  is 
uniriliabited  j but,  at  low  water,  the  foua- 
F 2 - , 


A N S 

Nations  of  ruined  habitations  are  visible, 
Which  are  supposed  to  have  been  destroyed 
by  the  sea  There  are  some  druidical  re- 
mains noon  it. 

ANNOBON,  a small  island  of  Africa, 
on  the  coast  of  J^oango,  belonging  to  the 
Portugviese;  so  called  from  its  being  dis- 
covered on  hew  year’s  day.  Here  are  two 
high  mountains,  the  tops  of  which  being 
continually  covered  with  clouds,  occasion 
frequent  rains.  The  road  for  shipping  lies 
on  the  NE  side,  where  they  may  anchor  in 
seven,  ten,  15,  or  Id  fathoms,  on  a fine  sand 
close  to  the  land,  opposite  to  the  village. 
It  contains  above  lOO  houses.  The  climate 
is  wholesome,  and  the  island  is  well  watered 
by  pleasant  brocks,  and  fresh  water  springs. 
The  valleys  produce  Turkey  corn,  rice,  mil- 
let, yams,, potatoes,  Sic.  and  afford  pasture 
for  abundance  of  oxen,  sheep,  goats,  Sec. 
poultry  and  fish  also  abound  here ; but  the 
only  mercantile  production  is  cotton.  Lon. 
5 10  E,  lat.  I 50  s. 

Annona^i  a tov/n  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ardeche,  seated  at  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Cannes  and  Deumes,  12  miles 
sw  of  Vienne.  A great  paper  manufactory 
is  carried  on  here,  where  M.  Montgolfier, 
the  pr<>prietor,  it  is  said,  first. discovered  ra- 
*^fified  air  balloons.  Lon.  4 55  e,  lat.  45  15  n. 

Annone,  a fort  of  Italy,  in  Montserrat, 
seated  on  the  Tanaro,  nine  miles  e from 
Asti.  Lon.  28  14  e,  lat,  44  28  n. 

Annotf  a small  city  in  the  department  of 
the  lower  Alps,  France.  Lon.  7 0 e,  lat, 
44  4 N, 

ANNOSI,  a province  of  the  island  of 
Madagascar,  lying  between  1st.  25  18  and 
26  s.  It  is  ^vatered  b}'  many  rivers,  Fran- 
chere  and  the  Manghasia  are  the  principal 
ones.  Between  the  two  rivers  lies  Cape  St. 
Remain,  half  a mile  distant  from  the  mouth 
of  Franchere ; near  it  there  is  a peninsula, 
called  Pholangare.  Fort  Dauphin  lies  to 
the  N of  this  peninsula,  and  Port  Dauphin 
over  against  it.  Phis  province  has  several 
other  peninsulas  and  small  islands  belonging 
to  it. 

Anover,  a town  of  New  Castile,  Spain, 
near  the  Tajo,  17  miles  ne  of  Toledo,  and 
22  s of  Madrid. 

AnsauvUlersy  a town  in  the  department  of 
pise,  France,  five  miles  sse  of  Bretenil. 

Ansey  an  ancient  towm  in  the  department 
of  Rhone  and  Loire,  France,  10  miles  n 
of  Lyon,  25  s by  w of  SVTacon,  and  10  w of 
Trtvoux.  Lon.  4 ^0  e,  lat.  45  55  n. 

ANSIKO,  or  Ansico,  a kingdom  of 
'Africa,  bounded  on  the  w by  the  river 
XJmbre  which  runs  into  the  Zaire,  the  king- 
dom of  Wangua,  and  the  Amboes  which 
border  on  Loangoa ; on  the  n by  some  de- 
serts of  Nubia  ; and  on  the  s by  Songo  and 
Sonda,  provinces  of  Congo.  Ansiko  has 
iinany  cojpper  mines.  The  inhabitants  are 


A N T 

very  uncivilised.  The  king  of  Ansiko,  of 
great  Macco,  comrnands  15  kingdoms,  and 
is  esteemed  the  most  powerful  monarch  in 
Africa.  . 

Anslo,  or  Onslo,  a sea*  port  town  in  th« 
province  of  Aggerhuys,  Norway,  100  miles 
N of  Gk>Uenbiirgh.  The  supreme  court  of 
justice  is  held  here.  It  is  seated  on  a bay  of 
the  name.  Lon.  10  14  e,  lat.  50  24  n. 

Anspachf  a margravate  of  Franconia  in 
Germany:  bounded 'on  the  n by  the  bi- 
shoprics of  Wurtsburgh  and  Bamberg, 
stretching  on  the  w by  the  earldoms  of  Ho- 
lach  and  Oeting  with  the  bishopric  of  Aich- 
stat  on  the  s,  and  the  palatinate  of  Bavaria 
and  the  territory  of  Nuremberg  on  the  e. 
The  country  which  is  fruitful,  abounds  in 
corn  and  cattle,  and  is  interspersed  with 
woods.  It  has  iron  mines  and  medicinal 
springs.  There  is  a river  of  the  same  name. 
The  principal  towns  are  Anspach,  Krcglin, 
Swasbac,  Kreilsheim,  Rot,  and  Wasser 
Truding. 

Anspach)  the  capital  of  the  margravate,  is 
a small  but  pretty  wailed  towm,  very  well 
I built,  and  has  several  churches.  In  the 
palace  there  is  a fine  cabinet  of  curiosities. 
Here  are  several  manufaclories,  the  chief  of 
which  is  lace ; it  is  seated  on  the  Retzat, 
25  miles  wsw  of  Nuremberg.  Lon.  10  12 
E,  lat.  49  14  N. 

AnstratheT)  Easter,  a royal  burgh  of  Scof- 
land,  which  is  now  a small  fishing  village, 
situated  on  the  se  coast  of  Fife,  26  miles 
NE  from  Edinburgh,  and  nine  miles  sse  of 
St.  Andrew  s.  Ship  building  is  carried  on 
to  a coEbiderable  extent.  It  has  also  a 
thread  manufacture.  The  parish  is  small, 
ancl  the  soil  sandy.  Population  about  1000. 

Anstrutker,  Wester,  a royal  burgh  of 
I Scotland,  on  the  se  coast  of  Fife,  about  25 
miles  from  Edinburgh.  This  burgh  is  go- 
verned by  three  bailies,  a treasurer,  and  any 
number  of  counsellors.  The  towns  have 
three  fairs,  on  the  fir^t  Tuesday  after  the  1 1th 
of  April,  11th  July,  and  12th  November. 
Lon.  2 25  w,  lat.  56  20  n.  The  parish 
contains  about  550  acres,  which  are  w’eil 
cultivated.  Population  about  400. 

Ansty,  a village  in  Devonshire,  near  S 
Moulton. 

Ansty,  a village  in  Wiltshire,  near  AVar- 
dour  Castle. 

ANTA,  or  Ante,  a small  kingdom  on 
the  Gold  Coast  of  Africa,  extending  about 
ten  leagues  in  length.  The  country  is  co- 
vered with  large  trees,  among  which  stand  a 
number  of  fine  villages. 

Antab)  a town  of  Syria,  three  miles  in 
circumference,  seated  on  two  hills  and  the 
interjacent  valley,  with  a strong  old  castle, 
w’atered  bv  the  Sejour.  Medals  ot  the  kings, 
both  of  Syria  and  of  Cappadocia,  have  been 
found  here.  Its  principal  manufacture  is 
callicoes.  Fifty  miles  e of  Alexaudretta  and 


ANT 

(;0  » by  r.  of  Aieppo,  Lon.  57  55  e,  lat. 

3.5 

ANTAVARE,  si  province  in  the  island 
of  Madagascar,  lying  about  21  50  degrees 
s lat.  and  bounded  by  the  province  and  cape 
of  Manousi. 

Ante^  a river  of  France,  in  the  ci-devant 
province  of  Normandy. 

Antequera,  a handsome  tonm  of  Spain,  an- 
ciently called  Singiliam,  in  Granada,  divided 
into  the  Upper  and  Lower  parts.  The  Upper 
is  seated  on  a hill,  and  has  a castle.  The 
Lower  stands  in  a fertile  plain,  and  is  water- 
ed by  a great  number  of  brooks.  The  re- 
mains of  the  mines,  whence  the  Romans 
drew  immense  quantities  of  gold  and  silver, 
are  still  to  be  seen,  here  are  the  ruins  of  nu- 
merous ancient  buildings,  and  in  the  vicinity 
natural  salt  in  abundance,  a spring  famous 
for  the  cure  of  the  gravel,  and  excellent 
stone  quarries.  It  is  situated  26  miles  ww 
of  Malaga,  'Lon.  4 40  w,  lat.  56  51  n. 

Anicqueraf  a town  of  America,  in  New 
Spain,  in  the  province  of  Guaxaqiia,  75 
miles  SE  of  Guaxaqiia.  Population  2000, 
Lon,  97  40  w,  lat.  17  45  n. 

Ajiter  Chester y h\  Northumberland,  near 
Learniouth. 

Aiiihom/,  East  and  JVest,  two  villages  in 
Cornwall,  near  Saltasb. 

AnlJionpy  East  and  Westy  two  villages 
near  Falmouth. 

..  Arilhont/y  a village  in  St  Meney,  near 
Helston  Uowms,  in  Cornwall. 

Aathonpy  & village  in  Somersetshire,  eight 
miles  from  Somerton. 

Adthonps  Fally  Sty  a grand  cataract  of 
the  Mississipi,  10  miles  nw  of  the  mouth  of 
St  Pierre,  in  lat  44  50  x. 

Anthony'' s Kill,  a w'estern  branch  of  Hud- 
son river,  in  North  America. 

Antihariy  a town  of  European  Turkey, 
situated  upon  a hill,  on  the  Adriatic  coast. 
It  has  a harbour  at  the  foot  of  the  hill. 
Lat  42  25  N. 

ArUibeSy  a sea  port  in  the  department  of 
Var,  France,  defended  by  a strong  castle, 
situated  15  miles  ss\r  of  Nice,  on  the  Medi- 
terranean. The  adjacent  grounds  produce 
excellent  fruit.  Lon.  7 5 e,  lat.  45  55  x. 

ANTICOSTI,  a barren  uninhabited 
Island  in  the  mouth  of  the  river  St  Law- 
rence. It  is  nearly  80  miles  in  length,  and 
20  at  its  greatest  breadth,  excellent  cod  is 
found  on  the  shores.  Lon.  64  16  w,  lat. 
from  49  to  52  n. 

Anticlam  CreeJcy  a river  in  Maryland, 
which  rises  by  several  sources  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  falls  into  tiie  Patowmack,  three 
miles  ssE  from  Sharpsburg,  after  vvorking 
several  mills  and  forges  in  its  course. 

ANTIGUA,  or  Aktego.  one  of  the  An- 
tilles or  Caribbee  islands,  situated  60  miles 
of  St  Christopher’s,  and  40  x of  Guada- 


ANT 

loupe.  It  is  about  20  miles  long  and 
many  broad,  and  50  in  circumference  j and 
is  reckoned  the  largest  of  all  the  British 
Leeward  islands,  containing  about  70,000 
acres  of  ground.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  go- 
vernor-general of  these  islands.  Antigua 
having  no  rivers,  and  but  few  springs,  th« 
inhabitants  are  obliged  to  preserve  the  rain 
water  in  cisterns.  It  has  six  towns  and  vil- 
lages. Antigua  is  very  subject  to  hurri^ 
canes,  but  has  excellent  harbours,  particularly 
English  harbour.  The  principal  trade  is 
carried  on  in  St  John’s,  the  capital,  situated 
in  the  xw  part  of  the  island,  which  has  water 
sufficiently  deep  for  merchant  vessels.  It 
raises  at  present  about  1 6,000  hogsheads  of 
sugar.  The  number  of  white  inhabitants  is 
reckoned  at  about  10,000.  It  is  divided  into 
five  parishes,  St  John’s  town  Falmouth* 
Porhain,  Bridgetown,  on  the  s side,  and  Sfc 
Peter’s,  which  is  no  town,  but  lies  almost  in 
the  centre  of  the  island.  It  was  taken  from 
the  French  in  1782,  and  restored  in  the  fol- 
lowing year.  Lon.  62  10  w',  lat.  17  30  n. 

AntilibanuSy  a mountain  of  Caalo- Syria. 
In  the  scriptures  no  distinction  is  made 
I between  Libanus  and  Antilibanus,  both 
being  denominated  by  the  common  name 
Ijebanon. 

ANTILLES,  the  French  name  for  the 
Carribbee  island.s. 

Antio,  a fortified  town  of  Italy,  situated 
on  a promontory  in  the  middle  of  the  papal 
division,  and  in  the  republican  department  of 
Cincino. 

ANTIOCA,  a small  island  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, near  Sardinia.  Lon.  9 e,  lat. 
41  N. 

Antioch,  a city,  and  formerly  the  capital 
of  Syria,  in  Asia,  built  on  the  river  Oroutes, 
by  Seleucus  Nicanor,  founder  of  the  Syro- 
Macedonian  empire,  who  made  it  his  capital. 
It  stood  about  15  or  20  miles  from  the  place 
where  the  Orontes  falls  into  the  Mediter- 
ranean, being  equally  distant  from  Constan- 
tinople and  Alexandria  in  Egypt,  that  is, 
about  700  miles  from  each.  This  city  is  men- 
tioned, Acts  xi.  19,  27.  where  the  disciples  of 
Christ  were  first  called  Christians,  and  yet 
the  see  of  a Greek  patriarch,  of  which  the 
magnificent  ruins  only  remain,  is  now  called 
Anthakiahy  and  is  no  more  than  a ruinous 
tow'n,  where  houses  built  with  mud,  straw, 
aftd  narrow  miry  streets,  exhibit  every  ap- 
pearance of  misery  and  wretchedness.  I’hesc 
houses  are  situated  on  the  southern  bank  of 
the  Orontes,  at  the  extremity  of  an  bid  de- 
cayed bridge : they  are  covered  to  the  s by 
a mountain;  upon  the  slope  of  which  is  a wall 
built  by  the  crusaders.  The  distance  be- 
tween the  present  town  and  this  moiintoin 
is  about  400  yards.  The  plain  of  Antioch, 
though  an  excellent  soil,  is  uncultivated,  and 
abandoned  to  the  TurkomaTib^.'  Antioch  if. 


Actuated  50  miles  s of  Scandroon,  50  Nvr  of 
Aleppo,  and  15  £ of  the  Mediterranean, 
ion.  56  40  E,  lat.  56  10  n. 

ArUiocki  the  capital  of  Pisidia,  where  Paul 
and  Barnabas,  permitted  by  the  ruler  of  the 
Jewish  synagogue,  preached  the  gospel. 
Acts  xiii.  14 — 50. 

Anthchetta^  a town  of  Carimania,  in 
Asiatic  Turkey,  opposite  the  island  of 
Cyprus,  88  miles  s of  Cogni,  a bishop’s  see. 
X.on.  55  26  E,  lat.  56  42  k. 

Antiochiaf  of  Popayan,  in  Terra  Firma, 

S America,  and  the  name  of  about  11  an- 
cient towns  in  difTcrent  parts  of  Asia. 

ANTIOOO,  St,  an  island,  14  miles  long 
and  three  broad,  on  the  w coast  of  Sardinia, 
was  taken  by  the  French  in  1795,  but  soon 
afterwards  evacuated. 

ANTIPAROS,  an  island  in  the  Archi- 
pelago, opposite  to  Parcs,  in  a western  di- 
rection, by  which  it  is  separated  by  a strait 
about  seven  miles  broad.  It  is  the  Olearos,  or 
OliaroSi  mentioned  by  Roman  authors ; and 
was,  according  to  Heraclides  Ponticus,  first 
peopled  by  a Phoenician  colony  from  Sidon. 
It  is  about  16  miles  in  circumference,  pro- 
flucing  a little  wine  and  cotton,  with  as 
much  corn  as  is  necessary  for  the  maintain- 
ing of  60  or  70  families,  who  live  together 
in  a village  atone  end  of  the  island,  and  are 
mostly  Maltese  and  French  Corsairs.  Here 
is  a' remarkable  grotto,  containing  a great 
■variety  of  figures,  of  a white  transparent 
crystalline  substance,  resembling  vegetables, 
marble  piUars,  and  a superb  marble  pyramid. 
The  grotto  is  about  100  yards  bread  and  80 
high.  Lon.  25  44  e,  lat.  37  8 n. 

Antipatrzs,  a town  of  Palestine,  anciently 
called  vCaphar  Saba.  It  was  situated  in  & 
pleasant  valley,  near  the  mountains,  in  the 
road  from  Jerusalem  to  C^sarea,  42  miles 
from  the  former,  26  from  the  latter,  and  17 
from  Joppa,  according  to  Josephus. 

Antiquia^  capital  of  a province  in  New 
Granada,  ceieb»“atcd  for  its  gold  mine?,  situ- 
ated on  the  Cauca,  200  miles  nmw  of  St. 
Fe  de  Bogota.  Lon.  74  20  w,  lat.  6 50  N. 

ANTI- RHODES,  a small  island  in  the 
harbour  of  Alexandria. 

Antivari.  a strong  forlided  .towm  of  Al- 
bania, in  European  Turkey.  It  lies  iO  miles 
w of  Dulcigno.  I on.  J9  40  e,  lot.  42  IOn. 

Antoine,  St,  in  the  department  of  Iscre, 
France,  seated  among  the  mountains,  4 5 
miles  3 of  Lyons,  and  five  miles  ke  of  St 
MarcclJan.  Lon.  5 15  k,  lat.  45  45  n. 

Antonia,  St,  in  the  department  of  Avc- 
iron,  France.  Lon.  0 55  e,  lat.  44  10  n. 

Antonia,  St,  a Dutch  fort  in  Axim,  on  the 
gold  const  of  Africa.  The  garrison  lUidn- 
taii.ed  at  the  expcnce  of  the  W India  Com- 
par.y.  p 

Antonio,  a tow’n  in- the  Modenese,  Italy. 
It  formed  part  of  the  liahnn  yopublic,  in  tiie 
department  of  the  Appcnlnes. 


Antonio,  m the  province  Navarra,  N 
America,  situated  on  a river,  which  flows 
sw  into  the  gulph  of  California. 

Antonio,  St,  a sea- port  of  Biscay. 

ANTONIO,  ST,  one  of  the  Cape  de 
Verd  islands,  separated  from  St.  Vincent’s 
bv  a navigable  channel  15  miles  broad.  On  j 
the  N side  it  lias  a good  road  for  shippingj 
with  a collection  of  fresh  water,  rising  from 
springs.  The  island  stretches  from  ne  to 
sw,  and  ie  filled  with  mountains  ; one  of 
which  is  of  an  extraordinary  height;  its  top 
is  constantly  covered  with  snow.  Here  is 
produced  a variety  of  fruits,  oranges,  lemons, 
palms,  melons,  &c.  and  some  sugar  canes. 

The  inhabitants  are  in  number  about  .500, 
chiefly  negroes,  under  the  Portuguese.  Lon. 

0 26  E,  lat.  18  4 N. 

Antonio  Cape,  St,  the  most  w^estern  point 
of  the  island  of  Cuba.  Lon.  85  50  w,  lat, 

22  15  N. 

Antonio  ^ Cabo,  St,  a town  in  the  p?o« 
vince  of  Pernambiicco.  Brasil,  situated  near 
Cape  JSt.  Augustine,  and  50  miles  ssvv  of 
Olinda,  famous  for  its  sugars.  Lon.  50  22 
w,  lat.  8 54  s. 

Antonio  de  Sugfiilepsc,  St,  ivi  the  province 
of  Guatimala,  Mexico,  70  miles  w by  if  of 
GiialimalH.  Lon.  95  5 w,  lat.  15  O if. 

Antonio  de  los  Cues,  St,  a town  in  Guax-  ; 

CCS,  New  Spain,  famous  for  the  remains  of  , 

ancient  Mexican  fortifications,  65  miles  k of  ^ 

Guaxaca. 

Anionio,  St,  the  eapital  of  the  province  of 
Ajyjckiera,  in  New  Mexico:  also  a town  oh 
the  liver  Hondo,  in  Mexico-  ^ ^ ' 

Anto7iio,  St,  a town  on  the  w side  of  the 
Rio  Bravo,  North  Mexico,  below  Bt. 
Georgia. 

Antonowoski  Gorka,  in  Novogorod,  Rus- 
sia. . > ' 

Antons  Klosier,  Si,  a town  in  Russia.  : 

Antrain,  a town  of  France,  in  the  d«-  > 

partment  of  Isle  Vilaine.  province  of  Nor-  | 
mandy,  15  miles  s of  Avranches.  Lon.  1 

42  E,  lat.  4S  55  if.  ^ ^ 

ANTRIM,  in  the  province  of  Ulster^ 
Ireland,  and  the  most  northerly  one  in  the  < 
island.  It  is  bounded  by  that  of  Down  on 
the  ss,  those  of  Tyrone  and  Londonderry 
on  the  w,  (from  which  last  it  is  separated 
by  the  river  Bann),  part  of  Armagh  on  lh« 

St  George’s  Channel  on  the  e,  and  the 
Deu- Cakdoni.an  Ocean  on  the  n.  Its  great- 

1 Col  length  is  about  46  miles,  and  its  greatest 
I breadth  about  27.  The  number  of  acres  it 

contains,  plantation  measure,  are  computed 
at  585,000  ; and  inhabitants  170,000.  The  V 
iiaeii  manufacture  is  carried  on  very  exten- 
sively in  this  country.  It  sends  two  mem 
bers  to  the  imperial  parliament.  Besides 
[ Lough  Nefth,  it  is  remarkable  for  another 
j striking  curiosity  which  attracts  the  attention 
] of  travellers,  via.  the  Giants  Causeway.  It 
!;  consists  of  iohy  pillars  of  Bassaltes,  all  of 


ANT 

angular  shapes,  from  three  sides  to  eight, 
and  extends  three  miles  along  the  shore. 
The  Barm  and  Lagan,  are  the  principal  ri- 
vers. 

Antrim,  the  capital  of  the  county  of  that 
name,  is  seated  at  the  nw  end  of  Lough 
Neagh,  whose  waters  are  of  a putrifyingquali- 
ty,  about  6 miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  bay, 
having  a good  road  before  it,  with  a pier 
near  the  place,  within  which  vessels  lie  dry 
at  low  water.  It  lies  16  miles  w from  Car- 
rickfergus,  where  the  assizes  are  held,  and 
84  N from  Dublin,  was  anciently  a borough 
of  great  consequence.  Near  this  stands  a 
beautiful  seat,  surrounded  by  highly  cultiva- 
ted desmesiies,  the  property  of  the  earl  of 
Massareene.  Lon.  6 26  w,  lat.  54  45  n. 

Antrim,  a township  in  Hiilsbcrough  coun- 
ty, New  Hampshire,  75  miles  mw  of  Boston, 
eontaining  528  inhabitants. 

Antrobus,  in  Cheshire,  near  Bucklow. 

Antron,  in  Cornwall,  near  Helston  Dowms. 

Antrum,  a mountain  of  the  Swiss  Alps, 
in  the  Vallais,  by  which  there  is  a commu- 
□icatioii  with  the  valley  of  Antrona,  in  the 
Milanese. 

Antwerp,  a city  in  the  cl-devant  Austrian 
Netherlands,  now  the  capital  of  the  French 
department  of  Deux  Naites.  It  lies  in  a 
low  marshy  ground  on  the  Scheldt,  here 
400  yards  broad,  admitting  large  vessels  to 
come  up  to  the  quay,  24  miles  n from  Brus- 
sels, 22  NE  of  Ghent,  and  64  s of  Amster- 
dam. This  city  is  large  and  well  built, 
containing  12  squares,  and  above  200  streets, 
ail  straight  and  broad,  especially  that  called 
Ihe  Mere,  in  which  6 coaches  can  go  abreast. 
Most  of  the  houses  are  of  free- stone,  and 
have  an  air  of  antiquity,  being  high,  with 
courts  before,  and  gardens  behind.  At  the 
head  of  the  Mere  is  a crucinx  of  brass  35 
feet  high,  on  a marble  pedestal,  formed 
from  a demolished  statue  of  the  cruel  duke 
ot  Alva,  which  he  himself  bad  erected  in 
the  citadel,  and  wlu’ch  is  one  of  the  strongest 
fortresses  in  the  Low  countries.  The  "ca- 
thedral,  dedicated  to  the  Virgin  Mary,  has 
one  of  the  finest  steeples  in  the  world,  and 
contains  a collection  of  paintings  by  the 
greatest  masters  of  the  Flemish  school.  The 
other  churches  likewise  contjun  many  fine 
paintings.  The  stadt-house,  and  the  ex- 
change, are  magnificent  structures.  The 
ktter  is  the  first  building  of  that  kind  in 
Liirope,  and  on  Iis  model  the  exchanges  of 
London  and  Amsterdam  are  built.  It  now 
serves  for  the  accommodation  of  an  academy 
for  architecture,  painting,  sculpture,  and  the 
mathematics.  The  city  is  environed  with  a 
fine  w'ali,  planted  with  rows  ©f  trees  on  each 
side  v/ith  walks  betw'een  ; and  is  also  de- 
fended by  a very  strong,  large,  regular  cita- 
del, in  the  form  of  a Pentagon,  erected  by 
the  duke  of  Alva  in  1568,  when  it  was  the 
nneipai  Mart  of  Flemisfi  commerce.  The  I 


AON 

inhabitants  amounted  to  200,000,  but  now 
it  contains  only  50,000.  It  has  still  some 
commerce,  and  good  manufactures,  particu- 
larly lace  and  linen.  Alter  a long  and  memo- 
rable 'siege,  Antwerp  was  taken  by  the  prince 
of  Parma,  in  15&5.  It  has  olten  changed 
* masters  since,  with  less  opposition.  I? 
now  under  the  sway  of  France  who  took  it 
in  1794.  The  navigation  of  the  Scheldt 
having  been  stopt  by  the  treaty  of  Munster 
in  1 648,  the  trade  of  Antwerp  w'as  almost 
annihilated.  Lon.  4 15  e,  lat.  5112  n. 

Anvieler,  in  the  department  of  the  Lowest 
Rhine,  France,  seated  on  the  Quinch,  above 
Landau. 

Anver^4e~hamDn,  in  the  department  of 
Sarte,  France.  Lon.  O 29  e,  lat.  47  45  ir. 

Anville,  or  Millerh  Town,  in  Bauphine 
county,  Pennsylvania,  at  the  head  of  Tulpo- 
hecken  creek,  on  the  canal  between  the 
Schuylkil  and  the  Susquehanna,  65  miles 
WNw  of  Philadelphia. 

Amvick,  a parish  in  Lincolnshire. 

Anwick,  in  Northumberland.  See  Ahi^ 
wick, 

Anwoth,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  the  shire 
of  Kirkcudbright,  six  and  a-half  miles  long, 
and  three  and  a-half  broad.  Population  k 
about  495,  of  whom  270  were  males.  The 
soil  is  improved  by  marl  and  sea-shell  found 
in  the  parish,  and  lime  from  Cumberland. 
Here  are  two  ancient  buildings,  viz.  the  tow^- 
er  of  Runo,  and  the  castle  of  Cardonnes, 
and  a moat  with  a trench  ; near  this  is  a stona 
about  five  feet  five  inches  high,  with  a rud« 
figure  ofa  cross  and  some  other  engravin<^s. 
Nigh  the  church,  about  5C0  feet  ^ove  the 
level  of  the  sea  is  a vitrified  fort,  on  the  a 
side  of  w^hich  is  a broad  fiat  stone,  engraved 
with  several  spiral  and  waving  lines.  Tim 
parish  is  famous  for  tlie  incumbency  of  the 
celebrated  Mr  Samuel  Rutherford. 

Anp,  a small  village,  12  miles  se  of 
Limerick,  in  the  province  of  Munster, 
Ireland. 

AnweilUr,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Mont  Tonnere,  France,  lately  of  Germany, 
situated  on  the  Queich,  in  the  duchy  of  Deux- 
Ponts,  eight  miles  w by  n of  Landau. 

Anzarba,  a town  of  Caramania,  Asiatic^’ 
Turkey,  55  miles  ne  of  Adana.  . 

ANZERMA,  a province  of  S America, 
where  there  are  gold  mines  : and  a town  in 
that  province,  seated  on  the  Coca.  Lon.  7^ 
26  w,  lat.  4 58  K. 

Anxt,  a small  town  in  Naples. 

ANZIKO,  a kingdom  of  Guinea,  situat- 
ed N of  Congou,  and  e of  Gabon.  The  kin|f 
is  styled  Micoco,  by  which  name  the  coun- 
try is  sometimes  known.  Monsol  is  the 
capital. 

Anzuqui,  a town  in  the  island  of  .Tapan, 
and  district  of  Vomie,  upon  the  bay  of  Meacc*. 

A ONI  A,  a part  of  ancient  Bseatia. 

Afnian  the  bill  Parnassus. 


A P A 


A05T,  Aoust,  or  Aousta,  a territory  of  j 
l^iedmont  which  has  the  title  of  a duchy. 

It  is  a valley  50  miles  in  length,  extends 
from  the  pass  of  St  Martin’s,  near  the  fron- 
tiers of  Yvree,  to  St  Bernard.  It  abounds 
in  pastures,  and  all  sorts  of  fruits. 

jioustay  or  Aost,  a town  of  Piedmont,  ca- 
pital of  the  above  district.  It  is  remarkable 
for  several  monuments  of  the  Romans.  It 
is  seated  at  the  foot  of  the  Alps,  on  the  river 
Doria.  Lon.  7 53  e,  lat.  45  38  n. 

Aouste,  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Drome,  15  miles  se  of  Valence. 

APACHIERA,  a province  of  New 
Mexico,  whose  capital  is  St  Fe,  in  Lon.  104 
w,  lat.  56  30  N. 

Apafalva,  a village  in  Transylvania.^ 

Apalaches,  or  St  Mark*s  Mivert  rises  in  the 
country  of  the  Seminose  Indians,  in  E Flo- 
rida, in  lat.  51  30  n.  and,  after  a course  of 
155  miles,  falls  into  Apalachy  bay,  15  miles 
below  St  Marks. 

Apalachian  Mountains^  more  properly  cal- 
led the  ALlegha7iy  Mountainti  which  see. 

ApalachicoUh  a river  in  N America,  be- 
tween E and  W Florida,  which  rises  in  the 
Alleghany  mountains.  From  its  source,  to 
the  mouth  of  Flint  river,  a distance  of  500 
miles,  it  is  called  Chaia-Uche.  It  empties 
itself  into  the  gulph  of  Mexico,  e of  Cape 
Blaize. 

Apcilachicdat  or  Apalachuday  the  capital 
of  the  Creek  or  Muscogulge  confederacy. 
It  is  about  three  days  journey  from  Fallassee, 

APALACHY,  a country  of  E Florida, 
having  the  Seminose  country  on  the  east. 
There  are  also  a town  and  harbour  in  Flori- 
da, of  the  same  name,  90  miles  e of  Pensacola. 

Apciloosay  a river  in  N America, 

Apameuy  or  Apamiay  a city  of  Bithynia, 
formerly  called  Myrlea. 

ApameOf  now  called  Famia,  a strong  city 
of  Syria,  below  the  confluence  of  the  Oron- 
t€s  and  Marsyas ; situated  in  a peninsula, 
formed  by  the  Orontes  and  a lake.  The 
Koil  of  the  neighbourhood,  abounding  in  pas- 
turage, fed  no  less  than  50,000  mares,  300 
stallions,  and  500  elephants;  instead  of  which 
the  marshes  of  Famia  now  scarcely  support 
. a lew  buflaloea  and  sheep ; 55  miles  s ot 
Antioch, 

ApuTioyvda,  a town  of  Santorin,  an  island 
in  the  Mcdlterriineau  sea,  seated  on  the  nw 
coast,  seven  miles  knw  of  Scauro.  It  has  a 
spack)iis  harbour  in  the  form  of  a half-moon, 
but  it  is  too  deep  for  anchorage.  Lon.  25 
59  e.  lat.  56  18  N. 

APANTA,  a province  of  S America,  ly- 
ing bet'vecn  the  lake  of  Fartne,  and  tlie 
riVor  Amazon. 

A PA  HI  A',  a province  near  the  Amazon, 
S A tnerica,  towards  that  partwdicre  it  receives 
the  Caravayo,  to  the  n of  the  province  of  Pa- 
tainoro,  and  w of  the  county  of  Caiinlle. 

Apixih  a village  iu  Hungary, 


ApedaUi  in  Staffordshire,  near  Stone. 

A PEE,  one  of  the  New  Hebrides  in  the 
S Sea,  near  Mallicolo.  Lon.  168  32  e, 

16  46  N. 

Apelepi  in  Devonshire,  near  Barnsmble. 
Apenrade,  See  Abanrade. 

AFENZEL,  a canton  of  Switzerland, 
consisting  of  only  three  or  four  valleys ; hav- 
ing  the  town  and  abbey  of  St  Gall  on  the  n, 
the  county  of  Toggenburg  on  the  w,  th« 
lordship  of  Sax,  in  the  canton  of  Zurich,  and 
that  of  Gambs  in  the  canton  of  Schweitz,  on 
the  8,  and  the  Rheinthall  or  Rhine- valley,  on 
the  E.  Its  greatest  length  is  about  50  miles, 
and  its  breadth  20.  It  yields  good  pastur- 
age, and  also  produces  considerable  quantities 
of  corn,  flax,  and  wine;  besides  a great  deal 
of  fruit,  wood,  and  turf.  The  inhabitants 
subsist  chiefly  by  their  manufactures  of  linen, 
crape,  fustian,  and  thread,  by  bleaching,  Sec, 
Of  the  23  parishes  in  the  canton,  four  are 
Popish,  and  1 9 Protestant.  Capital  of  the 
same  name  ; 40  miles  e of  Zurich,  Lon.  9 
51  E,  lat.  47  21  K. 

Aperleijy  two  villages;  one  in  Durham,  vsr 
cf  Chopwell ; the  other  in  Northumberland, 
near  Bellingham. 

Aperside,  a village  in  North  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  near  Middleham. 

Apescrossj  a village  in  Gloucestershire, 
near  Wicksware. 

Apedepy  a village  in  Bedfordshire,  near 
Wooburn. 

Apethorpy  a village  in  Northamptonshire 
four  miles  from  Oundel. 

Apet0n,  a Village  in  Staffordshire,  near 
Church- Eaton,  on  the  Penk. 

Apewoody  a village  in  Staffordshire,  nw  of 
Kinver. 

Apewood- Castle,  See  Abbotts- Castle, 
ApkioMy  Aphiouy  or  Aphiuniy  Karahissart, 
a town  of  Natolia,  in  Asiasic  Turkey,  bulk 
round  a high  rock,  on  the  top  ot  which  is  a 
fortress ; so  named,  because  it  produces  a 
great  deal  of  opium,  called  ephiora  by  the 
Turks.  It  is  three  miles  in  circumference, 
and  has  a considerable  trade.  Its  chief  ma- 
nufacture is  carpets,  1 50  miles  e of  Smyrna. 
It  was  formerly  the  patrimony  of  Othnaan, 
the  founder  of  the  Turkish  monarchy.  Lon. 
51  10  E,  lat.  58  35  N. 

Aphrodisiay  a sea- port  of  Caramania,  Na- 
tolia. 

Aphrodisiurriy  a town  on  the  sea-coast  of 
Tunis,  Barbary.  , . 

Apicey  a town  in  the  Principato  Citenore, 
Naples,  seven  miles  ese  of  Benevento. 

ApliiGy  or!  a town  of  Apulio,  or  La  Pog- 
Apincey  5 Diomedes,  as  was 

also  Trica). 

ApUcomby  a village  in  Somersetshire,  near 
Castle  Carey. 

Apletoyi,  in  Durham,  near  Sherborn. 
Apleijy  the  name  of  three  villages,  viz. 
_1.  in  Lincclnshirej  near  Market- raisings 


A P P 

2.  in  Shropshire,  near  Bridge-north  ; and, 

3,  in  ditto,  near  Wellington. 

Apdday  a town  in  Thuringia,  Upper  Sax- 
ony, eight  miles  n of  Jena,  and  40  sw  of 
JLeipsic. 

Apolloniay  a promontory  of  Africa,  upon 
the  coast  of  Guinea. 

Apollomay  the  name  of  several  ancient 
towns,  viz.  1.  in  Albania;  2.  in  Asia  Minor, 
supfkised  to  be  the  Assos  mentioned  in  the 
Acts  of  the  Apostles;  3,  in  Barca,  called  by 
the  Arabs,  Bonandreeaud;  4.  in  Macedonia ; 

5.  at  Mount  Parnassus,  near  Delphi ; and, 

6.  in  a small  island  in  the  Euxine  Sea. 

APOLO-BAMA,  a jurisdiction  of  Peru, 

consisting  of  seVen  towns  of  converted  In- 
dians, The  missionaries  are  Franciscans. 
Jt  is  180  miles  from  that  city. 

Appenines,  a chain  of  mountains  running 
through  Italy,  from  nw  to  sjs,  for  700  miles, 
In  the  form  of  a crescent.  It  is  the  source 
of  the  brooks  and  rivers  in  that  fertile  coun- 
try ; and  separating,  as  by  a ridge,  the  Adri- 
atic from  the  Tuscan  sea. 

APPENINES,  or  Appenine  Alps,  was 
a department  of  the  Cisalpine  Republic.  By 
the  census  taken  in  1797>  this  department 
contained  70,822  citizens.  Carrara  and 
Massa  are  the  chief  towns. 

Appian  Wai/y  or  Appia  Via,  a road  that 
reached  from  Rome,  through  Capua  to  Rrun- 
dusium,  between  330  and  550  miUs  long, 
and  45  feet  broad.  Appius  Claudius  Cescus, 
the  Censor,  in  the  year  441,  carried  it  from 
the  Porta  Capena  to  Capua;  Julius  Caesar 
from  Capua  to  Benevento;  and  Augustus 
thence  to  Brundusium.  It  was  laid  with 
very  hard  stone,  large  and  squared  ; and  it 
v/as  so  wide  that  several  waggons  could  go 
a 'breast.  Caius  Gracchus  placed  stones 
alongst  it,  called  cippi  and  termini,  to  mark 
the  miles,  afford  foot-passengers  resting  seats, 
and  to  enable  equestrian  travellers  to  mount, 
there  being  then  no  stirrups  used.  Great 
part  of  this  road  still  remains  entire. 

Appii  Forum,  a town  in  the  sw  of  Italy, 
about  50  miles  s of  Rome,  and  18  from  the 
Three  .Taverns,  where  the  Christians  of 
Rome  came  to  meet  Paul  in  his  journey  to 
Rome. 

Appiii,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Argyll- 
shire, united  to  that  of  Lismore,  the  two  to- 
gether forming  an  extent  of  about  63  miles 
in  length,  and  from  10  to  16  milef?  in 
breadth.  Tim  soil  of  Appin  is  various,  the 
vailiesare  suited  to  corn,  and  the  mountains, 
wiiich  are  by  far  most  extensive,  to  grass,  and 
keep  25,000  sheep.  The  united  parishes 
comprehc;:d  the  d-stricts  of  Aird.s,  Strath  of 
Appin,  Durror,  Giencairu,  -and  Glenco ; 
and  the  population  i.,  about  3,243.  There 
are  in  the  iuuicd  three  places  of  wor- 

ship, a parociiiai  ai.d  society’s  school,  well 
endowed. 


A P IT 

Apple,  Indian  town  on  ths  s side  f>f 
Seneca  Lake  in  New  York. 

Appleby,  or  Apulby,  anciently  AhnU&ba^ 
a town  in  the  county  of  We-i^tmoreland, 
pleasantly  situated  on  the  Eden,  ar,d  almost 
surrounded  by  it.  It  now  consists  of  only 
one  broad  street,  having  been  twice  demo.- 
lished  by  the  Scots.  The  castle  is  on.tho 
upper  or  s end.  It  was  a Roman  station 
in  the  time  of  Aurelian.  It  is  thi'  only  1;^- 
rough  in  Westmoreland,  and  sends  twa 
members  to  parliament.  It  hss  four  fairs  ; 
on  Whitsun- Eve,  Whitsun- Monday,  1 0th 
June,  and  10th  August,  vdth  a market  eveSjy 
Saturday,  From  the  old  English  statutes 
it  appears  that  parliaments  were  formerly 
held  here.  It  has  two  churches;  a town- 
hall,  in  which  the  assizes  are  held  ; a county 
jail.  It  is  governed  by  a mayor,  12  aider- 
men,  a common  council,  and  two  seijeants 
at  mace,  Ac.  It  lies  10  miles  se  of  Pen- 
rith, 20  KNE  of  Kendal,  and  9.66  knw.  of 
London.  Lon.  2 34  w,  iat.  5A54 

Applecross,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Roiss- 
shire,  extending  about  20  miles  along  tire 
coast  in  a straight  line ; niountainops  and 
rocky,  but  intersected  with  mmx  fertiis 
valcs^  There  is  a rich  copper  mine  In 
northern  district.  The  population  h about 
1896.  Boat  builders  and  smiths  are  al- 
most the  only  professed  mechanics.—- Thig 
corn  is  ground  in  querns  or  hand-mflti. 
Here  are  some  natural  caves,  and  die  ruins 
of  a Danish  dun  or  beacon,  Gaelic  is  spoken 
here. 

Appleclore,  B.  small  port  in  Devonsbire,  op 
the  coast,  the  first  harbour  within  the  bar  of 
Barnstaple,  three  miles  n by  e of  Biddeford, 
Here  the  Danes  landed,  under  Hubba,  ira 
the  time  of  Alfred ; and  a village  in  Kent, 
near  Tenterden,  on  the  Rother,  54  miles 
from  London. 

Applegarth,  or*  Applegirth,  a parish  of 
Scotland,  in  Dumfries- shire,  on  the  n sick 
of  the  Annan  ; extending  about  six  miles 
from  s to  N and  about  five  from  w to  s.  It  ig 
situated  about  11  miles  from  Dumfries, 
from  Annan,  and  60  from  Edinburgh  and 
Glasgow.  The  population  is  about  795. 

Apremont,  in  the  department  of  Vienna^ 
France.  Lon.  0 30  w,  lat.  46  45  n. 

Apt,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
mouths  of  the  Rhone,  Fi  ance,  seated  on  the 
Galarpn ; 20  miles  in  of  Aix,  which  has  4 
considerable  trade  in  prunes,  coarse  serges, 
and  wax- chandlery,  and  abounds  in  many 
fine  Ilorn^ui  antiquities.  Lcn.  5 30  e,  lat. 

43  51  N. 

Aptera,  Apteria  or  jpteron,  a town  of 
Crete,  on  the  w side  of  the  island,  12  miles 
s of  Sidon,  towards  the  Itlontes  Leuc?,  and 
as  many  from  the  Sinus  Amphimelas.  Lon* 

25  0 E.  l.'U  35  50  N, 

Apulia.  See  Fagiia. 

Q 


1 


A R A 

the  Sea  of  Asoph,  20  miles  n by  e of 
CafTa. 


A R A 

Apurimay  or  Aporamac,  a rapid  river  of 
Peru,  in  S America,  which  rises  10  miles 
si  o Arequipa,  and  flows  n about  4S0 
jniies,  and  after  receiving  the  Xauxa  from 
the  w,  uad  the  Paurartambo  from  the  e,  it 
assumes  llic  name  of  Ucayaly  and  after  pur- 
suing its  course  470  miles  further,  it  enters 
the  A-nazon  in  Ion.  72  46  vv. 

Aqua,  a flourishing  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Cisalpine  Republic. 

Aquafort,  a settlement  in  Newfoundland, 
lat.  47  10  N. 

AQUAMBOE,  one  of  the  greatest  king- 
doms on  the  coast  of  Guinea,  in  Africa, 
stretehing  20  miles  in  breadth,  and  ten  times 
that  space  in  length  from  e to  Vv%  It  is  di- 
vided into  a number  of  smaller  kingdoms, 
all  of  whose  sovereigns  and  subjects  are 
under  the  unlimited  controul  of  the  king 
' of  Aqiiambo.  The  natives  are  formidable 
to  the  neighbouring  kingdoms,  being  of  a 
haughty,  turbulent,  and  warlike  disposition. 
At  Acra,  deemed  the  best  place  on  the  Gold 
Coast,  the  English,  Dutch,  and  Danes,  have 
settlements. 

Aquanegray  or  Aqua  Nigra,  a small  trad- 
ing town  in  Italy,  seated  on  the  Adda,  22 
miles  w of  Mantua.  Lon.  30  5 s,  lat, 
45  7 N. 

Aquaviva,  a town  of  the  kingdom  «f 
Naples,  and  province  of  Band. 

Aqui,  a town  of  Piedmont,  seated  on  the 
Broraida,  with  a citadel  and  mineral  baths; 
15  miles  8 of  Alexandria. 

Aquila,  a fine  large  city  of  Italy,  ancient- 
ly called  Avia,  and  AvtUa,  the  capital  of 
Abruzzo,  seated  on  a hill,  on  the  banks  of 
the  river  Alterno,  or  Fescara,  near  its  source. 
It  is  situated  55  miles  w from  the  Adriatic, 
«and  92  e of  Rome.  In  1700,  2400  of  its 
mhabitants  were  killed  by  an  earthquake. 
Lon.  14  20  E,  lat  42  50  n. 

Aquiieiu,  an  ansient  and  large  city  of  the 
Carni,  or  Veneti,  in  Italy,  seated  on  the 
rivers  Naiiso  and  Turrus,  about  50  miles  w 
of  Trieste,  and  15  ne  of  Venice.  It  was 
demolislied  by  the  Huns  in  452.  Its  ancient 
patriarch  was  next  in  power  to  the  Pope.  In 
the  15th  century  his  power  was  much  re- 
duced, and  in  1750,  the  ai’chbishoprics  of 
Gorz,  and  Udine  were  established  on  its  en- 
tire abolition.  Lon.  15  50  e,  lat.  4«6  20  n”. 

Aq  uino,  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Naples,  and  Terra  di  Lavora,  It  lies 
50  miles  nw  of  C.apua.  it  was  tl;e  birth- 
place of  Juvenal,  and  ruined  by  the  emperor 
Conrade.  Lon.  i4  50  e,  iat.  41  52  n. 

AQUITAINE,  the  ancient  name  of 
Guienne,  a ci-devant  province  of  France, 
which  now  forms  the  two  departments  of 
Gironde,  and  of  Lot  and  Garonne. 

Ar,  the  ancient  metropolis  cf  Mcab,  in 
Arabia  Pelrsen. 

Arahat,  a town  and  fort  of  the  province 

D^urida,  i.a  the  Crimea,  bordering  on 


ARABIA,  an  extensive  country  of  the 
sw  of  Asia,  anciently  called  Arabfih,  which, 
according  to  some,  signifies  solitude  or  de- 
sert. This  country  m^y  he  reckoned  a pe- 
ninsula, being  bounded  on  the  w by  Pales- 
tine, part  of  Syria,  the  isthmus  cf  Suez,  and 
the  Red  Sea;  on  the  e by  the  Eunhrates, 
the  Persian  Gulf,  and  the  bay  cf  Onnas  ; 
on  the  >r  by  part  of  Syria,  Diyiir-Beor,  Irae, 
and  Khusestan  ; and  on  the  s by  the  straits 
of  Babel-Mandei  and  the  Indian  Ocean.  It 
is  situated  between  12  and  52  degrees  n lat. 
and  55  and  about  60  e Ion.  extending  nearly 
to  1450  miles  in  length,  and  its  bceadlh 
fr*m  E to  w about  1200.  It  is  generally 
divided  into  three  parts,  Arabia  Petrsea, 
Arabia  Deserts,  Arabia  Felix  : or  the  Stony, 
the  Desert,  and  the  Happy.  The  Arabians 
divide  it  into  six  provinces,  called  Heeijas, 
Hadramaut,  Yemen,  Oman,  Hadsjar,  and 
Lachsa.  Arabia  Petrsea  is  the  least  of  the 
three  divisons,  which  is  very  mountain ou?;', 
and  little  cultivated,  and  thinly  inhabited  on 
account  of  its  barrenness.  This  is  supposed 
to  be  that  tract  of  country  vdiich  the  children 
of  Israel  traversed,  (sided  the  wilderness  in 
scripture),  on  their  journey  from  Egypt  to' 
Canaan.  Its  principal  city  was  Petra,  wiiich 
Was  called  by  the  Syrians  Rakum,  and  also 
Joktheol.  Arabia  Deserta  has  large  plains 
of  sand,  and  mountaiiis  covered  with  naked 
rocks  and  precipices,  nor  is  it  ever  refreshed 
with  rain  except  about  the  equinoxes.  The 
climate  is  excessively  hot,  and  spiings  or 
rivulets  are  rarely  to  be  met  with.  There 
is  a destructive  w'ind,  which  blows  mostly 
upon  the  frontiers,  called  the  Smum,  w'hich 
produces  instant  suffocation  to  every  living 
creature  that  happens  to  b«  within  the 
sphere  of  its  activity,  and  immediate  putre- 
faction succeeds.  When  the  wind  blows 
hard,  it  causes  the  desert  to  assume  the  Sjj- 
pearaiice  of  the  most  rough  and  tempestu- 
ous sea.  The  sand  is  raised  up  by  the  force 
of  the  winds,  and  driven  along  like  clouds, 
waves,  and  rain ; every  tlung  within  its 
reach  is  overwhelmed,  and  caravans  fiiicd 
with  travellers,  horses  and  camels,  find  one 
common  grave  in  the  deluge  of  sand.  When 
the  Arabians  are  on  a journey,  they  carry 
with  them  garlic  and  dried  grapes,  i'or  the 
revival  of  those  who  faint  from  the  hot  blasts, 
and  notwithstanding  its  torrid  qualities,  it 
serves  to  cool  their  liquors.  They  carry 
t’ucir  water  in  bardaks, ' or  ungiazed  pots, 
made  of  a sort  of  porous  earth,  which  they 
place  so  «s  to  be  most  exposed  to  the  cur- 
rent of  this  hot  wind,  which  renders  the 
w'atcr  extremely  cool ; this  is  ascribed  to  the 
effects  of  sudden  evaporation.  The  plains 
of  sand  in  Arabia  are  interspersed 

1 with  fruitful  spots,  which  appear  like  so 
^ many  in  the  midst  of  the  ctean 


A R A 

These  are  rendered  extremely  pleasant, 
ov/iiig  to  the  tVightful  deserts  with  which 
they  are  surrounded.  The  Arabs  encamp 
upon  them,  and  having  consumed  their  pro- 
duce, remove  to  another.  These  fruitful 
spots  are  also  frequent  in  Lybia,  which  are 
called  by  the  Egyptians  aliases  or  abases. 
Jn  the  general  aspect  of  this  desert  region, 
M-bich  is  that  of  a vast  plain,  ended  ©n  all 
sides  by  the  horizon  ; the  eye  seeks  in  vain 
for  some  intervening  object;  and  after  look- 
ing over  a dismal  waste  of  sand,  or  scorched 
bushes  and  brambles,  it  returns  to  enjoy  re- 
laxation in  the  herds  of  cattle.  An  iiniver- 
snl  silence  reigns  over  this  heavy  landscape. 
One  traveller  mentions,  while  traversing  the 
whole  extent  of  Arabia  Deserta,  he  saw  only 
four  rabbits,  a few  rats,  and  ten  birds.  Near 
to  the  bai^ks  of  the  Euphrates,  the  land  is 
cultivated,  and  well  stocked  with  great  docks 
of  sheep,  and  herds  of  cattle.  There  are 
also  a number  of  ostriches.  Arabia  Felix 
is  by  far  the  most  considerable  of  the  three 
divisions.  It  produces  cassia,  aloes,  myrrh, 
frankincense,  manna,  spikenard,  cinnamon, 
oranges,  lemons,  figs,  &c.  also  honey,  was, 
and  it  abounds  with  ccdee.  Various  are 
the  manners  of  the  people  inhabiting  this 
extensive  country ; those  that  enjoy  the  fer- 
tile parts  are  civilized ; and  they  have  been 
the  inventors  of  many  important  discoveries, 
both  in  chemistry  and  mathematics;  but 
those  of  the  desert  parts  have  no  houses  but 
tents  ; they  lead  wandering  lives : lie  in  wait 
for  the  caravans,  which  they  frequently  plun- 
der, as  they  travel  across  the  desert  from 
Egypt  to  Mecca,  and  from  Bussorah  to  A- 
Jeppo.  In  this  division,  several  towns  for- 
merly stood,  particularly  Nysa,  noted  for 
being  the  birth-place  of  Bacchus  ; and 
Musa  or  Muza,  a celebrated  emporium  or 
harbour,  where  the  Arabian  merchants  re- 
sorted to  with  their  commodities.  The  cities 
of  Mecca,  Medina,  Thaisa  or  Taisa,  Gjud- 
da  or  Jodda,  Yanbo  or  Yanbo,  and  Ma- 
dian,  the  Modiano  of  Ptolemy,  and  the  Mi- 
dian  or  Madian  of  scripture.  Having  never 
been  conquered,  Arabia  has  undergone  few 
changes,  except  those  produced  by  nature. 
Arabia  has  been  hitherto  but  little  known  ; 
before  the  Portuguese  interfered  in  the  na- 
vigation of  the  Red  Sea,  the  Arabs  enjoyed 
all  the  commerce  that  was  conveyed  by  that 
channel;  the  city  of  Aden,  v/hich  is  situated 
upon  the  borders  of  Arabia,  v/as  the  store- 
house of  these  parts.  Afterwards  the  kiiig 
of  Yeman  removed  the  trade  to  Moccha. 
Coffee  is  one  of  the  principal  exports  of  this 
country,  which  is  estimated  at  12.550,000 
pounds  weight  annually.  The  best  of  that 
article  is  purchased  by  the  caravans  and  the 
Europeans  at  eightpence  halfpenny  per  i 
pound ; some  of  an  inferior  quality  is  1 
bought  by  the  Persians  at  sixpence  half- 
penny. If  ^ve  estimate  the  whole  exported  [ 

IIBRARV 
UWWERSiTY  0 


A R A 

I at  the  average  priee  of  sevenpence  5- eight# 
per  pound,  it  will  amount  to  L.  384,745. 
15s.  The  imports  are,  Abyssinian  sheep, 
elephants*  teeth,  musk,  slaves,  gold,  amber, 
ivory,  dates,  tobacco,  corn,  &c,  &;c.  The 
Arabs  are  of  the  middle  stature,  and  brown 
complexion,  and  alw'a3^s  of  a grave  and  me- 
lancholy air.  Their  Emii  s,  or  natural  princes, 
are  the  only  sovereigns  whom  they  aeknow- 
ledge  and  obey.  Their  Schieks  are  chiefs 
of  advanced  age,  whom  they  frequently  con- 
sult, and  whose  advice  they  follow.  Their 
dress  is  a white  robe,  bound  about  the 
body  by  a broad  girdle  of  leather  fastened 
by  a clasp  or  buckle.  Draw’ers  of  linen  de- 
scend to  the  lower  part  of  the  leg.  They 
have  a red  cap,  and  5omei;ime.s  wear  slippers, 
but  more  frequently  half- boots.  A large 

cloak,  made  of  goats  or  of  the  hair  of  seine 
other  animal,  stripped  black  and  white,  trisy 
w'ear  in  all  seasons.  The  dress  of  the  Emjrs 
differs  from  the  rest  only  in  the  colour  of 
the  cloak  which  is  black.  Mahomet  was  a 
native  of  this  country. 

Arabo . ov  Raad,  one  of  the  principal  rivers 
in  Hungary. 

A RAC  AN,  or  Recgak,  a province  of 
Acbain  in  Asia,  bounded  on  Ibe  kw  by  Chi- 
tagong,  NS  and  e Birmah,  and  sw  by  the  gulf 
of  Bengal.  The  climate  presents  only  two 
seasons ; the  rainy  seasor,,  hetweeu  April 
and  October;  and  the  fair  season,  which  in- 
cludes the  rest  of  the  year,  and  is  called 
summer.  The  inhabitants  are  Pagans;  a 
dastardly  race  of  people,  extremely  loose  in 
their  manners.  The  vromen  are  in  .gensrsl 
fair,  but  unchaste  and  immodest.  The 
largest  ears  are  reckoned  the  most  beautiful, 
and  in  these  they  wear  a number  of  rings. 
The  country  produces  great  quantities' of 
rice,  and  ail  the  fruits  common  to  the  Indies. 
Their  pastures  are  luxurious,  and  nature  is 
ever  green.  It  is  very  thinly  inhabited  oa 
account  of  the  great  number  of  wild  ele- 
phants and  buffaloes.  There  are  some  islands 
near  the  sea,  inhabited  by  a few  miserable 
fishermen.  The  rich  burn  their  dead  bodies  ; 
but  the  poor  who  are  not  able  to  buy  wood, 
throw  them  into  the  river.  Their  articles  of 
commerce  are  rice,  salt,  elephants’  teeth,  and 
bees’  w'ax.  It  was  long  an  independent  na- 
tion, but  since  the  year  1785,  they  have  been 
subjected  to  the  Birmans. 

Aracan,  the  capital  of  the  above  province, 
with  an  extensive  fort,  ne  of  the  Bay  of 
Bengal.  The  river  Aracan  intersects  the 
city,  and  branches  into  the  different  parts 
by  arms  or  canals.  The  harbour  is  ac- 
counted large  enough  to  hold  all  the  ships 
in  Europe.  But  although  the  produce  of 
the  country  is  abundant,  there  is  little  trade. 
The  buildings  are  slight,  being  made  of 
palm  trees,  and  bamboo  canes,  and  covered 
with  leaves.  Few  of  them  are  above  six 
feet  high.  The  number  of  mhabitants  is 
G 2 

FlUiMOIS 


A R A 

€ii>mputc-d  at  100,000.  It  lies  260  miles  ssz 
of  ilainabad,  and  250  wsw  of  Ava.  Lon. 
93  10  I,  ist.  20  55  K. 

' Amck,  the  chief  city  of  Arabia  Petraa. 
Loo.  49  0 E,  lat  50  20  n. 

ARAD,  a district  and  town  of  Hungary, 
KKE  24  miles  of  Temeswar. 

' Aradiis^  a iowm  of  Fhcsnicia,  on  the  coast 
of  the  P4editerranean. 

drafatf  or  Gih^l  el  Orphaty  the  Mountain 
ef  JGiiowledge,  a mountain  m Arabia,  near 
‘Siecca.  The  Mahometans  say,  that  here 
Adam  first  met  and  knew  Eve.  It  is  usu- 
itlly  visited  by  devotees  who  come  annually 
in  pilgrimage  to  Mecca. 

Aragona,  a principality  in  the  Val  di  Ma- 
sara,  belonging  to  Sicily,  Italy. 

Araicke,  a scwport  wlili  a strong  castle 
and  several  batteries,  cn  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Kos,  in  the  kingdom  of  Fez.  The 
emperor’s  larger  vessels  usually  winter  in  a 
cove  of  the  river,  where  are  magazines  of 
tsaval  stores,  40  miles  ssw  of  Fangeir.  Lon. 
6 2 w,  iat.  25  i 1 N. 

Arakel-  Vane^  a celebrated  village  at  the 
foot  of  Mount  in  Armenia. 

Aral^  a great  lake  ia  the  kingdom  of 
Khowarazm,  lying  a little  to  the  eastward  of 
the  Caspian  Sea.  Its  length  from  n to  s is 
said  to  be  near  150  miles,  and  its  breadth 
fi'om  E to  w about  70,  while  others  make  it 
250  miles  long,  and  in  some  places  150 
broad.  200  miles  s of  the  Caspian  Sea,  be- 
tween 58  degrees  and  62  s Lon.  and  42 
degrees  and  47  n Iat.  It  is  but  a few  years 
since  the  lake  was  knovrn  to  geographers ; 
and  several  great  rivers,  which  were  sup- 
posed fco  run  into  the  Caspian  Sea,  are  now 
known  to  fall  into  this  lake.  It  has  no  visi- 
ble outlet ; and  the  wniter  is  very  salt. 

Aramont^  a town  oF  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gerde,  seated  on  the  Rhone,  five 
miles  w of  Avignon,  and  20  of  Uses.  Lon. 
5 O H,  Iat.  45  54  n. 

' AraUi  a town  of  the  province  of  Zerak 
Ageani,  in  Persia.  Lon.  51  20  e,  Iat. 
34  On. 

Arande-de’Diiero,  a town  of  Old  Cas- 
tile, 25  miles  w of  Osma,  and  42  e of  Valla- 
dolid. Lon.  5 50  w,  Iat.  41  40  n. 

AravjueZy  a town  of  Spain  in  New  Cas- 
tile, where  there  is  a royal  palace  and  gar- 
dens, reckoned  the  most  delightful  in  the 
t world.  It  is  seated  cn  the  Tajo,  50  mile^ 
fi  by  E of  .-Madrid,  by  a pleasant  road,  piant- 
fid  on  each  -side  with  trees,  wliich  cost 
220-,000l.-  sterling,  The  village  of  Aran- 
Juez  formerly  consisted  of  the  palaec,  its 
t?ffices,  and  a few  miserable  huto.  Above  a 
HnilUon  sterSing  has  however  been  laid  out 
at  Ararduez  since  1763  ; several  fine  streets 
4iii'a\vn  ii.’!  straiglit  lines,  with  broad  pavc- 
mcifits,  a double  row''  of  trees  before  the 
and  a very  grand  road  in  the  mid- 
elie  I cijmaiodioKs  hotels  for  the  mihisters 

•■f ... 

m- 


A R A 

and  ambassadors;  great  squares,  market?/ 
churches,  and  a theatre  have  been  erected ; 
besides  the  accession  of  two  new  wings  to 
the  palace.  Here  the  supreme  Junta  of  go- 
vernment of  the  kingdom  were  installed,  and 
held  their  first  meeting  September  25th,  1808. 

Arar  or  Araris.  See  Saone, 

Avar  at  f the  mountain  on  which  Noah’s 
ark  rested,  after  the  abatement  of  the  waters 
of  the  universal  deluge.  Concerning  this 
mountain  there  are  various  conjectures ; 
though  it  is  almost  universally  allowed  to 
be  in  Armenia  Major.  It  stands  by  itself 
in  form  of  a sugar-loaf,  in  the  midst  of  a 
very  large  plain,  detached  as  it  were,  from 
the  other  mountains  of  Armenia,  which 
make  a long  chain.  It  consists,  properly 
speaking,  of  two  hiiis;  the  lesser  of  which 
is  the  more  sharp  and  pointed ; the  higher, 
on  which  it  is  said  the  ark  rested,  lies  nw  of 
it,  and  rises  far  above  the  neighbouring 
mountains,  and  is  always  Cxovered  with  snow. 

Ararat  Mouat,  or  the  Stone-head,  a short 
range  of  mountains  on  the  northern  frontier 
of  N Carolania,  extending  in  a ns  direction 
from  the  river  Ararat. 

Arasd,  a maritime  populous  town  of 
Italy,  in  the  territory  of  Genoa;  five  miles 
sw  of  Albinguay,  and  37  e of  Ventimiglia 
Lon.  7 20  E,  iat.  44  5 n. 

Arastk,  a maratime  town  of  Fez. 

ARATHAPESCOU,  an  Indian  tribe, 
inhabiting  the  shores  of  the  lake  and  river 
of  that  name,  in  the  nw  part  of  N America, 
between  57  degrees  and  59  degrceslat.  n. 

A II A AVA,  the  name  of  a district : a for- 
tress ; and  a river  in  Upper  Hungary,  72 
miles  NW  of  Cassovia.  Lon.  29  0 e,  Iat. 
49  20  N. 

Arau,  the  capital  of  the  canton  of  Argau, 
Switzerland,  seated  on  the  river  Aar,  27 
miles  w of  Zurich.  Manutactures  of  cotton, 
printed  linen,  and  cuttiery.  Here  was  con- 
cluded in  1712,  a treaty  between  the  pro- 
lestants  and  catholic  cantons.  Lon.  7 50  e, 
Iat.  47  25  N.  ' 

Araiico,  the  name  of  a fortress;  a river; 
a valley ; and  a town,  in  Chili.  The  brave 
natives  carried  on  a defensive  war  against  the 
Spaniards  for  about  a century.  Lon.  75  20 
i w*  iat  57  50  s,  according  to  some;  but 
others  place  it  in  5 1 20  w Ion.  and  42  50  s 
iat.  and  others  in  78  6 w ion.  and  37 
5 s Iat. 

Arav.sio  See  Orange, 

Arato.  See  Aaraw, 

Araxjs,  or  Arras,  a river  of  Armenia 
Major,  which  lakes  its  rise  in  a mouniain 
called  Albos  or  Alba,  where  the  Euplnaies 
also  has  its  origin.  It  is  a very  rapid  river, 
and  is  supposed  to  be  the  Gihon  mentioned 
by  Moses.  It  joins  the  Kur  near  its  cn- 
j trance  into  the  Caspian  Sea. 
j Araya,  a cape  of  S America,  whicdi  forms 
1 the  north  point  of  the  Oronoko* 


ARB 

jifraxiba,  a chief  town  of  Porto  Rico. 

Arhe.  an  ancient  city,  the  capital  of  the 
island  of  Arbe,  containing  ciboiit  1000  inha- 
bitants. Lon/ 14  55  e,  lat.  45  5 n, 

ARBE,  or  Area,  an  island  of  Illyria  in 
tlie  gulf  of  Quarnaro.  The  climate  of  Arbe 
is  none  of  the  best ; the  winter  season  is 
horrid,  especially  when  agitated  by  the  vio- 
. lent  northerly  winds.  At  present  it  has  three 
towns  and  12  villages.  There  are  also  three 
small  islands  which  belong  to  it.  At  the 
treaty  of  Carnpo  Ferraio,  it  was  ceded  to 
Austria.  The  number  of  people  on  the 
island  does  not  exceed  ^000.  Arbe  pro- 
duces lire- wood,  corn,  oil,  excellent  wdne, 
brandy,  and  silk.  It  also  exports  hides, 
wool,  sheep,  bogs,  and  horses  of  a good 
breed.  There  is  also  abundance  of  good 
salt  made  on  the  island ; and  the  dshing  of 
tonny  and  mackerel,  makes  no  inconsidera- 
ble article  of  trade.  In  its  archives  are 
some  very  ancient  and  valuable  papers,  from 
which  it  appears  the  gold  and  silk  were  very 
plentiful  among  the  inhabitants  in  the  11th 
century. 

' Arhela,  a city  of  Assyria,  famous  for 
the  last  battle  between  Alexander  the  Great 
and  Darius  Cedomannus,  in  which  tlie 
former,  with  the  loss  of  only  500  men  on 
bis  side,  defeated  the  army  of  the  latter, 
consisting  of  200,000  foot  and  50,000  borsr, 
with  the  immense  slaughter  cf  90,000  or; 
the  spot.  This  battle  was  fought  351  years 
before  the  birth  of  Christ,  on  the  ist  of  Oc- 
tober. It  is  £Gatt?d  on  the  Lycos,  on  a tine 
plain,  o6  miles  n of  Altunkupri,  and  6C 
SE  of  Mousul,  the  ancient  Nineveh,^  and 
is  now  called  Arbil.  Lon.  44  12  s,  lat.  55 
1 5 N. 

Arberg  or  Aarberg^  a fortified  town  in  the 
canton  of  Berne,  Switzerland.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Aar,  in  a kind  cf  island,  10 
miles  uvv  of  Berne,  and  12  sw  of  Soleure. 
Lon,  7 5 E,  lat.  47  0 k. 

^ Arbes.  a city  of  Tunis,  situated  in  a beau- 
tiful plain,  two  days  journey  s of  Bona.  It 
contains  many  relics  of  Roman  inscriptions. 

Arbirlct,  a parish  of  Scotland,  with  a vil- 
isge  cf  the  same  name,  on  the  sea-coast, 
in  the  county  cf  Forfar;  four  miles  long 
and  three  broad.  I he  populatiiin  is  about 
r050  souls.  Huckenbois  path,  an  cld 
road  in  this  parish,  is  said  to  have  been  made 
by  Hector  Boethius  the  Scotch  historian. 
About  the  beginning  of  the  iSth  century 
the  crown  of  a kii,g  of  the  Pfets  was  found 
in  a quarry,  and  an  old  buiTing  laielv  pul- 
led down,  is  supposed  to  have  been  a*Dru- 
idicial  temple. 

Aruoga,  an  ancient  and  neat  town  of 
Westmania,  Sweden,  25  miles  ke  cf  Orebro, 
and  66  miles  w of  SJcckholm.  By  the  river 
Livison,  and  a canal,  it  i.’as  a con)niuak:auon 
withKielmar  and  Maelar. 

Arboisj  « small  populous  tor*  n of  the  dc-  I 


ARC 

partment  of  Jura,  Franco,  frmions  for  its 
wines.  It  lies  18  miles  se  of  DJe,  mid  2'J 
sw  of  Besancon.  Lon.  5 40  e,  lit.  55  k. 

Arbon^  an  ancient  town  on  the  n ha  ks 
of  the  lake  of  Constance,  In  Thurgaw, 
Switzerland.  It  has  a casde  built  by 'the* 
Romans,  and  Is  under  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  bishop  of  Constance.  It  is  situated 
eight  lYi’les  n pf  St  Gall,  and  12  ss  cf  Con- 
stance. Lon.  9 30  E,  lat  4 58  n. 

Arbroath.  See  AberbrothwieJe, 

Arbiirg.  or  Aarbarg,  a town  of  the  canton 
of  Bern,  with  a citadel.  12  miles  se  of  So- 
ieure,  on  thi*  Aar,  Switseriand.  Lon.  17 
55  E,  lat,  47  10  k. 

Arbuthnot,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Mearn- 
shire,  about  six  miles  in  length,  and  three  in 
breadth.  The  popiilation  is  about  942.  Be- 
sides plenty  of  fi'eestone,  here  is  a rock  full 
of  pebbles,  and  green  jasper.  The  clergy  of 
Mearnshave  the  benefit  of  a valuable  library^ 
left  them  by  Alexander  Aibuthnof,  first  Pro- 
testant Principal  of  Aberdeen  University, 
who  w^as  some  time  minster  of  this  parish. 
It  gave  birth  to  -Dr  Arbuthnot,  physician  to 
queen  Ann, 

Arcadia,  a sea- port  of  Ti'-aconic,  in  the 
province  cf  Eelvidere,  64  miles  sw  cf  Co- 
nr/tb,  and  22  n of  LU;varin.  Lon.  2i  42  s:, 
kt.  37  24  N. 

Arcahei^e,  a parish  of  the  island  of  St. 
Domingo,  which  extends  about  70  miles  ia 
kiigt’u.  Lon.  71  42  A.  iaL  19  2 x. 

Arcangelo,  San,  a small  town  seated  on  tha 
nver  Luso,  in  the  kle  republican  dapart- 
ment  of  the  ICubiccD,  Italy. 

Arcueil,  a village  cf  Pans,  reraErkable  for 
an  aqueduct,  built  hi  1624,  by  Mary  do  Ms- 
dicis,  which  supplies  Pai-is  wi^h  water. 

Archaig,  a lake  in  Invcrness-Ghlrc,  16 
miles  lorg,  and  one  and  a half  broad. 

Arcbin^el,  a city  of  Russia,  and  capital 
of  a government  cf  the-  Gam^^5  name  situated 
r.n  vhe  e sUe  c-f  the  xhev  Dwdoa,  about  six 
miles  frova  Uie  LVldte  3ea,300  n of  Moscow, 
6nd  400  KS  of  Petcreburgh.  llie  pas- 
s^tge  to  It  by  the  N Sea  was  first  found  cut 
in,  1555,  by  Ci-ptain  Liehard  Lane,  an  En- 
ghshman.  The  city  extends  about  three 
miles  in  length,  and  one  in  breadth.  Great 
part  of  it  was  distroyed  by  fire  in  1735,  but 
rebuilt  wdth  neatness.  Tim  bouses  are  ge- 
nerally cf  wood,  but  w ell  contrived  ; and 
every  chamber  is  provided  with.  a.  stwe  as  a 
fence  against  the  cold,  which  is  here  exces- 
sive in  winter.  It  is  rich,  populous,  built  in 
the  modern  taste,  and  is  a aictropoiitaii  see.’ 
For  many  years  it-  was  ll-e  o:f-y  seaqi-j.rt  of 
Russia,  but  since  tbe  of  Ik^ters-' 

burgh,  its  tinde  Las  rmhdy  diminished, 
Lcn.  59  0 s,  Li.  64  .3^  n. 

Archidona,  a town  c;  Grenada,  Spain, 
with  a r.:;sde,  15  m'k::  une  of  Anlaquera. 
;_iCn.  5 35  w,  k/.  37  9.  k. 

ARClili'LLAGO,  Is  that  part  of  the 


A R D 

Jfediterranean  "which  lies  between  Europe  \ 
and  Asia ; having  the  Mcrea,  Livadia,  and 
Macedonia  on  the  w,  liomaijia  on  the  n, 
Katoiia  on  the  e,  and  the  isle  of  Candi  on 
the  s.  It  contains  a great  number  of  islands,  ] 
such  as  Andros,  Antiparos,  Argentiera,  Ce- 
rlgo,  Delos,  Lenmos,  Milo,  Metelin,  Nax- 
ia,  Negropont,  Paros,  Patinos,  Rhodes,  Sa- 
mos, Santorin,  Scio,  Scyros,  Tenedos,  Tinah, 
S:c.  All  these  islands  lie  between  the  35th 
and  40Lh  degree  of  n lat.  Some  of  them 
are  called  Cyclades.  Others  are  called 
Sporades. 

ARCHIPELAGO,  Northern,  extends 
between  the  e coast  of  Kamtschatka,  and 
the  w coast  of  America,  and  comprehends 
four  clusters  of  islands  : one  called  Sasignan, 
containing  five  islands ; Khao,  including 
eight  islands  ; both  these  groups  together 
are  denominated  the  Aleuthian  islands  : the 
AudreanofTski  Ostrova  comprises  16  islands ; 
and  the  Lyssi  or  Fox  islands  include  16 
islands.  They  all  belong  to  Russia.  They 
are  valuable,  principally  on  account  of  the 
skins  of  the  sea  otter  and  other  animals 
found  there. 

Arcis-  sur-auhe,  a small  town  seated  on 
the  river,  and  in  the  department  of  Aube, 
France,  15  miles  n of  Troyes.  Lon.  4 12  e, 
lat.  48  32  N. 

Arcoj  a strong  town  and  castle  in  the 
Trentin,  belonging  to  the  house  of  Austria. 
It  stands  on  the  river  Scarca,  near  the  nor- 
thern extremity  of  the  lake  Garda,  16  miles 
"wsw  of  Trent.  Lon.  11  1 2 e,  lat.  46  0 n. 

Arcona,  a strong  town  situated  on  the 
island  of  Rugen,  in  the  Baltic. 

Areas,  a strong  city  of  Andalusia,  in  Spain, 
situated  on  a rock,  near  the  river  Guadalete, 
23  miles  nw  of  Cadiz,  and  38  miles  sse  of 
Seville.  Lon.  5 46  w,  lat.  36  52  n. 

^ Arcot,  a large  city  of  Flindoostan,  66 
miles  w by  s cf  Bladras,  and  180  s by  n of 
Seringapatam.  It  is  the  capital  of  the  Car- 
natic. Several  celebrated  temples  in  the  vi- 
cinity are  the  resort  of  numerous  pilgrims. 
It  has  a maoufaiure  of  coarse  cotton  cloth. 
Lon.  79  0 E,  lat.  12  30  n. 

Ard,  a lake  in  the  parish  of  Aberfoyle, 
Perthshire,  three  miles  long  and  one  broad. 

Arda^h,  a town  cf  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Longford,  which  united  to  Kilmare, 
gives  name  to  a bishopric,  but  without  any 
Cathedral  or  Episcopal  place  of  residence. 
It  is  seven  rriiles  se  of  Longford. 

Ardbraccan,  a small  town  in  the  county 
of  Meath,  Ireland,  three  miles  vv  of  Navan, 
and  25  nw  of  Dublin.  Lon.  7 0 w,  lat, 

53  40;  N.  . ' 

Ardckattany  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  the 
county  of  Argyle.  united  to  that  of  Muc- 
kairn.  These  united  parishes  extend  36 
miles  in  length,  and  about  20  in  breadth ; 
and  contain  about  2,371  inhabitants.  The 
•urface  is  mountainous,  and  chiefiy  appro- 


ARD 

piloted  to  rearing  sheep.  In  the  woodi 
are  a number  of  roes,  and  even  fallow 
and  red  deer.  In  Muckairn  is  a furnacs 
for  casting  pig-iron.  Part  of  the  walls  of  ^ 
priory  founded  in  Ard  chattan  in  the  13th. 
century,  still  remains.  Here  stood  the  fa- 
mous city  of  Beregoniura,  two  streets  still 
remain,  the  one  called  Market  and  the  other 
Meal  street  In  the  vicinity  are  some  ap- 
pearances of  volcanic  eruption,  which  coun- 
tenances the  tradition  that  this  city  was  de- 
stroyed by  fire  from  heaven.  Here  are 
tumuli  and  erect  stones,  supposed  to  be 
Druidical  places  of  worship. 

Ardclagh,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  the  sk 
extremity  of  Nairneshire,  and  lying  on  each 
side  of  the  Findhorn  ; about  i 1 miles  long, 
and  nearly  eight  broad : containing  about 
2,000  acres  of  arable  land,  and  4,000  of 
moss  and  moor.  The  climate  is  good,  but 
the  soil  poor.  Their  principal  manufactures 
are  plaidens,  coarse  tartans,  broad  cloths  and 
duflles.  Population  about  1,256. 

Ardea,  an  ancient  town  of  Latium,  the 
royal  residence  of  Turnus,  king  of  the  Ru- 
tuli.  It  is  now  a village  in  the  Campagna 
di  Roma.  Lon.  17  49  e,  lat.  41  30  n. 

Ardehil,  or  Ardevil,  a town  of  Persia,  in 
the  province  of  Aderbijan.  It  was  taken 
and  burnt  by  Jenghiz  Khan,  in  1222,  but 
was  afierwards  rebuilt;,  and  is  still  ranked 
for  dignity  among  the  best  cities  of  the  king- 
dom, having  been  the  resiaeace  and  burying 
place  of  many  Persian  kings,  particularly 
of  Shiek  Ssssi,  the  author  of  the . Persian 
sect.  It  is  the  resort  of  pilgrims  from  all 
quarters  of  Persia,  and  caravans  are  frequent 
to  and  from  CciistanUnople  and  Smyrna. 
The  principal  streets  have  shops,  and  are 
planted  on  each  side  with  elm  and  linden 
trees.  The  soil  near  the  city,  though  good 
for  corn  and  pasture,  produces  no  fruit  but 
apples,  pears,  and  peaches.  The  sheep  are 
so  numerous  that  100,000  have  passed  over 
the  city  bridge  in  a day.  Ardebil  is  situa- 
ted about  55  miles  ese  of  Tauris.  Lon.  43 
29  E,  lat.  38  15  n.  according  to  Walker; 
but  others  place  it  in  Lon.  48  40  e,  and  lat. 
38  20  n. 

ARDECHE,  a department  cf  France, 
prior  to  the  revolution  it  was  called  Vivaroi ; 
bounded  on  the  e by  that  of  Drome ; on 
the  s by  Gard;  on  the  w by  Lozere,  and 
01)  the  N by  Upper  Loire;  and  so  named 
from  Ardcche,  a river  of  France,  which  falls 
into  the  Rhone.  Privas  is  the  capital. 

Ardee,  or  Atherdee,  a borough  in  the 
I county  of  Louth,  Ireland.  It  has  a mount 
called  Castel- Guard  nearly  90  feet  high. 
The  main  trench  is  between  50  and  40  feet 
deep  ; the  circumference  at  the  top  is  about 
140,  and  round  the  foundation  it  is  upwards 
of  GOO,  supposed  by  some  to  be  the  place 
where  the  people  met  to  deliberate  on  public 
: afiiurs;  by  others,  to  have  beou  the  buiiai 


A R D 

filace  of  the  Irish  kings.  It  lies  14  milns  J 
Kw  of  Dragheda,  and  54  iniles  nw  of  Dub- 
lin. Lon.  5 40  w,  lat.  55  54  n. 

Arden,  in  Yorkshire,  near  Thirsk. 

Ardenburg,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Laiio,  France,  late  of  Dutch  Flanders. 
It  lies  10  voiles  ne  of  Bruges.  Lon.  5 50  e, 
lat.  51  16  K. 

ARDENNES,  a department  of  France, 
bounded  by  those  of  Aisne  on  the  w,  Marne 
on  the  s,  and  JMcuse  on  the  e,  and  so  named 
from  Ar’:>znnes,  a forcsi  hi  France,  formerly 
of  va.'t  extent.  Its  chief  town  is  Sedan. 

Arderder,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  the 
county  of  Inveroets,  in  w'hicn  is  the  garri- 
son of  Fort  Georg  *,  and  a village  called 
Campbeltown  ; 2 miles  and  a-hal.*'  long,  and 
as  many  broad ; eo-’taining  aLoiit,  1,041 
tnhsbiterits.  Tne  is  f.ither  siiarp, 

tut  the  soil  is  very  ’Fbe.  a are  eight 

teats,  and  6G  errukyed  in  ti:e 

lierrirg  u bile 

Arac-);,  a l=..\v'i  in  ioc  dc^.a.' mc-nt  of  Puy- 
Gu-Do.i.e,  IVancc.  Lcn.  5 iO  £,  lat.  45 
2h  K. 

Ardevil  07,  Ardf^viila,  a town  in  the  pro- 
vince ot  Servcii,  about  £0  leagues 

from  Bacu. 

ArdJ'ert,  a town  formerly  (he  capital  of 
Kerry,  Ireiand,  and  a bishop’s  see,  united 
with  Aghacioe,  to  Limerick.  It  is  now  a 
poor  place,  7 miles  ^’Nw  of  Train. 

Ard^lass,  an  ancient  but  decayed  sea- port 
town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of  Down,  of 
which  it  w'as  formerly  tiie  principal  city.  It 
has  a long  range  of  building  in  the  stile  of 
a castle,  called  by  the  inhabitants  the  New 
works,  yet  there  is  no  tradition  when  or  for 
trj}at  purpose  they  were  built.  This  range 
of  fortification  extends  250  feet  in  length, 
end  24  in  breadth.  The  walls  are  three  feet 
thick,  and  have  three  towers  in  front,  which 
makes  them  appear  uniform  and  elegant. 
The  bui’dings  have  been  divided  into  56  I 
apartments,  1 8 above  and  18  below;  with  a 
stair- case  in  the  centre.  Each  department 
on  the  ground  floor,  has  a small  Gothic  door, 
and  a large  square  window.  Within  10  feet 
©t  the  s tower,  stands  a square  fort,  called 
Horn-castle.  It  measures  40  feet  by  50, 
consists  of  two  stories,  and,  from  the  fire- 
places, appears  to  have  been  the  kitchen  and 
dining  hall  belonging  to  the  inhabitanls. 
There  are  also  relics  of  several  other  castles, 
towers,  and  gates,  within  the  ne  point  of 
Ardglass  harbour.  On  the  shore  there  is  a 
curious  natural  cave.  Tiie  duties  of  this  port 
were  farmed  so  lately  as  the  reign  of  Charles 
I.  It  lies  seven  miles  ke  of  Downp-itrick. 

ARDMEANACH,  a district  of  Ros- 
shire  and  Cromarty,  comprehending  eight  i 
paiishes,  whic  h form  a bleak  muirish  penin- 
stila  on  the  sea  ccart. 

Ardmillan  Spa,  a chalybeate  water  in  the 
tfcunty  ci  Down,  Ireland, 


ARE 

Ardmore- Head,  a noted  promontory 
Waterford,  on  the  s coast  of  Ireland. 

ARDNAMURCHAN,  a district  of 
Scotland,  comprehending  five  parishes  in 
Argyle  and  Inverness-shire,  within  the  su- 
perficies of  a square  of  20  m.iles,  or  275,280 
acres.  The  general  aspect  ia  mountainous, 
muirish  and  bleak. 

Ardoch,  a village  in  the  parish  of  Muthil, 
near  CiiciF,  Perthshire,  where  is  a Roman 
camp,  the  most  complete  of  any  in  Scotland, 
believed  to  be  that  occupied  by  Agricola, 
previous  to  his  attacking  the,  Caledonians 
near  the  Grsmpians.  Here  Roman  spears 
halberts,  &c.  have  been  fbuad,  together  with 
stone  coffins — Near  this  had  been  tv/o  ether 
encampments,  containing  betw'een  them  up- 
wards of  130  acres. 

ARDRA,  or  Aediiah,  a small  kingdom 
of  A.rica,  in  Guinea,  properly  so  called,  with 
a capual  of  the  same  name.  It  lies  at  the 
bottom  of  the  gulf  of  St  Thomas.  The  in- 
habitants are  very  licentious,  and  have  nei- 
ther temple  nor  any  place  for  religious  w'or- 
snip.  Tnis  country  is  fertile  in  Indian  corn, 
palm-wine,  plants,  and  fruits,  which  last  all 
the  year  : and  they  make  a gi-eat  deal  of  salt. 
Lon.  4 10  £,  lat.  5 5 n. 

Ardres,  a small  but  strong  toxvn  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  the  ^S^raits  of  Calais, 
An  interview  w'as  held  near  it  betw’fen  Fran- 
cis 1.  and  Henry  VII L king  of  England, 
in  1520.  Tile  plain  wdiere  the  monarchs 
met,  W'as  long  after  named  (he  Field  of  Gold 
Cloth,  on  account  of  the  finery  and  wealth 
displayed  on  (hat  occasion.  Ardres  is  seated 
in  the  midst  ol  a morass,  eight  miles  sse  of 
Calais.  Lon.  2 C e,  lat.  .50  50  n. 

Ardrossan,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Ayr- 
shire, SIX  miles  long  from  n to  s,  and  between 
three  and  five  from  s to  w.  /i hough  toe  soi  l 
is  capable  of  great  improvement,  tl:e  agricul- 
ture of  the  parish  is  still  in  a low  state. 
The  population  is  about  1846.  From  this 
place  to  the  Clyde  at  Glasgow,  a canal  is 
projected  to  go  by  Paisley. 

Ards,  a barony  in  the  county  of  Down,  in 
Ireland.  It  is  a narrow  blip  of  land,  in  soms 
places  three,  and  in  some  above  six  mfies 
broad.  The  barony  of  Ards  was  anciently  a 
county  of  itself.  Chief  town,  Newton- Ards. 

Ardstinchar  or  Stinchar,  a river  of  Scot- 
land, in  Ayrshire,  which  fails  into  the  sea  at 
the  village  of  Baiiantrae. 

Arebo,  or  Arebon,  a town  on  the  Slave 
Coast  of  Guinea,  in  Africa,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Forrnaso.  Hie  English  had  onie  a fac- 
tory there,  as  the  Dutch  have  still.  Lon.  5 
5 E,  lat.  6 0 N. 

ARKCA,  an  island  in  the  gulf  of  Ikrsia, 
three  miles  sw  of  Oimus.  It  is  nine  mjles 
long,  and  three  wide.  Here  (he  Dutch  at- 
tempted to  establish  a factory,  but  were  com- 
pelled by  the  Peraiani  to  rclinquiah  their 
object,  P^RARy 


Arekea,  a port  town  of  tlie  Red  Saa,  S5 
sniles  from  Sinken.  It  is  large  and  wc!l 
fortified,  and  has  an  island  in  the  entrance 
of  the  port,  about  200  paces  in  diameter. 
Lon.  59  0,  lat.  15  40  N. 

AREMBERG,  a ci-devant  county  ot 
Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Westphalia,  an- 
nexed to  France  by  the  treaty  of 
and  included  in  the  department  of  the  EiHel. 

It  has  a capital  of  the  same  name,  about  24 
miles  s of  Cologne.  Lon.  7 3 e,  lat.  50  57  M. 
Arena,  a town  of  Calabria,  Naples. 

Arendonk,  a town  near  Antw'erp.  ^ ^ 

ARENS,  or  Arensharde,  a distnct  m 
the  duchy  of  Sleswick,  Denmark,  through 
which  runs  the  famous  wall.  caLed  Dan- 
iieuaske,  which  Gottric  king  of  Denmark 
built  in  the  9th  century,  46  miles  a^c^oss  tne 
country,  from  Kollingsted  to  the  Sley,  as  a 
defence  against  the  inroads  of  tne  oasons 
and  Sclavi.  The  inheabitants  were  the  hrst 
in  the  country  who  professed  Christianity ; 
and  their  church,  built  in  826,  was  often 

demolishxed  by  the  idolaters.  ^ 

Arensberg,  a small  town,  in  a county  ot 
the  same  name,  in  the  circle  of  Y/estphalia, 
Germany,  upon  the  river  Koer,  22  miles  sse 
Ham,  and  65  he  of  Cologne.  Eon.  8 O 
E,  1st.  51  2o  K. 

Ji-enshourg,  or  Arensharg,  a sea  port,  and 
the  piiiicipu!  town  in  the  isle  of  Ocsel,  in  the 
Baltic  sea.  It  for.uerly  belonged  to  oweden , 
but  is  now  part  of  the  general  government 
of  Riga,  and  subject  to  Russia.  R 's  seateu 
nea'  the  southern  coast,  is  fortihed  vvitp.  a 
eastl?,  and  is  a bishop’s  see.  Eon.  25  40  e, 

^'^^AKnlLldc,  a town  in  the  New  Marclie 
of  Br.ardei-.buvg,  G- rmany,  seated  cn  Ine 
lake  S.  uin,  cn  the  ! ron tiers  of  lomeraim^ 

17  miles  ne  of  New  Stargard.  Eon.  .5  o- 

Alemibo,  oi  Arequipa,  a city  of  S Ame- 
rica, one  of  the  most  beautiif.l  cities  m all 
Bet-  . feunded  bv  Fisarro,  in  15.79,  situate,, 
in  the  -rti.e  v,  Uoy  ofQ,uilca,  on  tne  Apuri- 
ir.ac,  b v wi  it  conimumcates  wUh 
It  is  ei  ricUed  not  only  by  its  traftic,  biu  oy 
silver  mines  not  far  distant.  Toe  entrance 
into  tlie  l-arbour  is  rather  shallow  for  snips 
of  great  biiidcn.  The  houses  are  ouilt  of 

stone  and  vaulted;  and  finily  decorated  on 
the  outside.  Tae  inhabitants  Vlso  are  exempt 
from  many  diseases  common  in  other  par  s 
of  Peru  The  temperature  of  the  air  is  ex- 
trcmely  good.  In  the  vicinity  is  a volcanoe, 
and  is  very  suhiect  to  earthquakes,  jy  w iic 
it  has  already  been  four  times  laid  in  rums. 
It  is  240  miles  s of  Cusco,  and  460  se  o 
Lima.  Lon.  72  50  w,  lat.  16  40  s. 

Arevalo,  a town  of  Old  Castile,  Spam,  cn 
■ the  Adaga,  52  miles  N by  e of  Avila. 

Arctlinsa,  a city  and  bishop  s seemf  Sj  .la. 
Asiauc  Turkc'y ; also  a city  ol  Macenoma 


in  •European  Turkey ; and  likewise’  a IsVe 

in  Armenia.  • j,  t i 

Arezzo,  anciently  Aretium,  a city  of  Italy, 
in  Tuscany,  seated  in  the  territory  of  Flo- 
rence,  on  the  declivity  of  a mountain  in  the 
middle  of  a fruitful  plain,  17  miles  w of 
Citta  di  Castclla.  Mecasnas  Augustus  fa- 
vourite, the  celebrated  Francis  Petrarch,  anil 
Guy  Aretin,  a Benedictine  monk,  inventor 
of  some  musical  notes,  were  born 'nerc.  Lon. 
12  2 E,  lat.  43  27  K. 

ARGAU,  a new  canton  of  Switzeriano, 
of  viliich  Avail  is  the  capita),  lies  on  the  w of 

Zurich.  , ^ p 

Argences,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Calvados,  France,  10  miles  s of  Caen,  seat- 
ed on  the  Meance.  Lon.  0 10  w,  lat.  49 
1 5 N. 

Argenta,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 

Lower  Po,  Italy.  , ^ 

Argenlacy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Upper  Vienne,  France,  seated  on  the  Dor- 
dogne, 15  miles  of  Tolies,  and  45  kw  of 
Aurillac.  Lon.  2 3 e,  lat.  45  5 n. 

Argentan,  a town  in  the  department  ot 
Orne,  near  the  river  Orne,  France.  It  car- 
ries on  a considerable  trade  in  corn,  hne 
linen,  lace,  lawns,  guazas,  hats,  leather, 

It  is  situated  12  miles  nw  ot  Seez,  and  110 
w of  Paris.  Lon  0 5 e,  lat.  46  54  K. 

Argentaro,  Monte,  a cape  and  promontoiy 
of  Italy,  on  tne  coast  of  Tuscany,  12  ini  e. 
sof  Orbilello.  It  juts  out  into  the  sea  like 
a peninsula,  and  is  a good  land- mark. 

Argenteuil.  a town  of  the  isle  o.  France, 
five  miles  »w  of  Pa.-is.  It  is  a beautiful 
place,  with  fine  viney  irds.  In  tne  environs 


are  quarries  of  stucco.  Lon.  2 28  e,  lat. 

^^ARGENTIERA,  asm  ill  island  in  the 
Archipelago,  near  Iililo,  so  named  from  its 
silver  mines.  It  is  about  18  miles  in  cir- 
cumfeienoe,  full  of  barren  mountains,  pri^ 
diicing  nothing  but  b.arley,  cotton,  and  a few 
granes’  fit  only  foresting.  It  produces  too. 
Terra  CimoUa,  so  highly  esteemed  by  the 
ancients.  It  has  only  one  village,  vruich 
lias  no  supply  of  water,  but  what  is  preser- 
ved in  Cisterns.  Lon.  25  1 0 E,  lat.  o5  50  x. 

' a town  in  the  depaitmeut  ot 

Ardechc,  Fr.mce,  five  miles  sw  of  Atibe“^, 
and  17  w of  Viviers.  Lorn  4 22  e,  lat.  i 

Argentine,  a town  i.n  the  department  of 
Mont  Blanc,  France. 

■ Armenian,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
indre,  France.  It  is  divided  into  two  bj 
the  river  Creuse.  It  is  o 7 miles  sw  of 
Bioiigcs,  Lon.  1 38  e,  lat.  46  .^>0  K. 

ARGONNE,  a chdevant  ^ 

I territory  of  France"  comprehending  all  that 
1 tract  of  country  that  is  s.tuat«l  between  the, 
rivers  Meuse,  Marne,  and  Ame. 
hold  was  the  capital. 


Ar^ts,  a sea  port  in  the  IVTorea,  Enrspsan 
Turkey,  once  a large  city  and  capital  of  a 
kir-ii^dom.  Larissa,  the  citadel,  situated  on 
the  top  of  a rock,  is  now  wholly  deserted. 
The  town  stands  on  a plain  near  the  bay  of 
Napoli.  It  is  still  a bishop’s  see,  and  55 
miles  ssw  of  Corinth.  Lon.  23  5 ic,  iat.  37 
30  N. 

Argostol,  or  Argostoli,  a sea  port  of  Ce~ 
jphaionia,  opposite  to  x\lbanica.  it  is  the 
best  harbour  in  the  island.  It  is  eight  miles 
wsw  of  Cepbalonia. 

ARCOW,  or  Aargow,  acoun^^y  of  Swit- 
serland,  seated  on  the  A.ar,  from  w'hich  it 
derives  its  name. 

ArguAlj  a towm  in  tKe  department  of  t!te 
Lower  Seine,  France,  13  miles  ne  of  Rouen. 

ARGUl.M,  or  AiiGui>r,  .m  island  on  the 
coast  of  Africa,  about  16,  or  as  others  say  30 
miles  from  Capa  Blanco.  It  is  scarce  t'.vo 
jndes  in  length.  The-  Dutch  took  it  from 
the  Portuguese  in  165§,  who  were  after- 
wards dispossessed  o.f  it  by  the  French. 
Imn.  17  20  w,  lat.  20  30  n. 

Argiiin,  a river  h\  the  above  isle. 

Argun,  a city  of  Asiatic  Tartary,  seated 
0n  the  Argun.  There  are  mines  of  silver 
and  lead  adjacent  to  it.  Loo.  i03  56  e,  Iat. 
42  30  X,  or,  as'othevs  have  it,  loa.  104  5 e, 
iat.  51  3^  X.  . 

^ Arguji,  a river  of  Asiatic  Russia,  which 
divides  the  .empires  of  Russia  and  China, 
and  falls  into  the  Amur, 

ArgunAcoi,  a towm  cn  the  river  Onoge, 
Siberia.  Near  it  arc  lead  and  silver  liiines, 
and  a pearl  fishery  in  the  river  Argun.  It 
h 70  miles  sE  of  Nertschink.  Lon.  103 
56  E,  lat.  42  30  x. 

ARGYLE,  or  Argyll,  a county  of  Seot- 
Innd  ; bounded  on  the  s by  the  Irish  sea  and 
the  Frith  of  Clyde,  on  the  e by  the  counties 
of  Perth  and  Dumbarton,  on  the  ite  by  Lo- 
chaber,  and  on  the  xw  by  several  islands. 
It  extends  in  length,  from  s to  x,  betvveeK 
She  Mull  of  Kintyre  and  the  point  of  Ard- 
namurchan,  where  it  joins  Inverness-shire, 
about  1 M miles ; and  in  breadth,  in  some 
places,  including  the  isles,  to  70.  It  was 
anciently  called  Argathelia,  and  together 
with  Perthshire  and  the  Western  islands, 
constituted  the  ancient  kingdom  of  the  Scots. 

It  comprehends  Kintyre,  Knapdale,  Argyie 
Proper,  Cow'al,  and  Lorn.  The  principal 
islands  in  this  county  are  PAuli,  Islay,  Jura, 
Pirey,  and  Col.  This  county,  like  most 
other  parts  of  the  Highlands,  aS^rds  a very 
wild  prospect  of  hills,  rocks,  huge  mountains, 
and  tremendous  precipices,  piled  upon  each 
other  in  a stupendous  manner.  The  coast 
of  Argyie  is  rocky  : yet  indented  with  bays  ! 
and  inlets,  that  afford  good  harbours  for  i 
shmn.’ng.  Ihe  countiy  is  well  w'aterrd  by  j 
rivers,  brook, s,  and  lakes,  abounding  with 
fish  ; toe  vales  and  fiat  .parts  of  it  are  culti- 
vated icr  corn  ^ the  mountains  feed  an  in- 
2 


I ttumsubls  quantity  of  black  cattle.  TIi« 

I circumambient  sea,  w^ith  its  Icchs,  bays,  and 
harbours,  pours  forth  myriads  of  fish  3 but 
the  innate  w^ealth  of  the  county  is  dug  fwm 
the  bowels  of  the  mountains,  in  iron,  copper, 
lead,  and  other  metals  and  minerals.  The 
real  rent  of  the  county  is  X.l  12,762  Stei’- 
iing,  and  the  valued  rent,  i.  149,595,  IQs, 
Sects.  Toe  population  is  about  75,7 9Q. 
Argyie  is  the  seat  of  a provincial  synod,  c®n- 
j sisting  of  five  presbyteries  snd  49  parishes. 

I Argyieshire  is  in  general  peopled  by  the  clan 
I of  CWnpbell.  • It  sends  one  mcn.iber  to  par- 
j iiament.  The  chief  town  is  Iiiverary. 

I AFtGYLL  PROPER,  is  that  district  cf 
1 Argyieshire,  w’hich  is  bounded  by  Knapdal® 
j and  Cowal  on  the  s,  Loebaber  on  the  x, 
Lennox  and  the  Grampian  hills  ©n  the  2, 
and  La^me  on  vbe  w. 

■ Argyll,  a township  in  Washington  ccuniy. 
New  York,  on  the  e bank  of  the  Hudson, 
containing  404  electors,  2,527  citizens. 

Arheim,  formerly  Arenaoum,  or  Arenacus, 

3 town  ill  the  island  of  Batavia,  Lon.  5 
20  E,  iat.  52  2 X. 

Arhuion/  See  Aarhus. 

Ariano,  a town  sealed  on  a branch  of  tbs 
Po,  in  the  ci-devant  territories  of  the  Pope, 
Italy,  22  miles  xa  of  Ferrara.  Lon.  12 
8 E,  lat.  45  Ox. 

Ariano,  3 tov/n  in  the  ulterior  principality 
cf  Naples,  Italy,  under  the  archbishop  of 
Benevento,  15  miles  xe  of  that  town,  and 
10  Nwof  Trcvjco.  ’ It  contains  about  14,CCO 
inhabitants,  and  no  less  thfeu  20  parishes  and 
convents,  besides  an  ill  endowed  cathedral. 
Lon,  15  1 9 e,  iat.  4 1 8 x. 

ARXCA,  a sea  port  isnd  barren  territory, 
in  the  province  of  Los  Charcas,  in  Peru,  S 
America.  A lthough  it  has  suffered  a greafe  - 
deal  from  earthquakes,  it  is  still  a place  of 
considerable  trade,  and  very  populous.  Her* 
is  shipped  the  treasure  brought  froEi  Petosi, 
and  a vast  quantity  of  Guinea  pepper  is  cul- 
tivated. Adjacent  is  a mountian  ®f  rock 
salt.  It  lies  550  miles  ss  ©f  Lima.  Lon,- 
70  15  Iat.  18  26  s. 

Ariege,  a river  of  France,  which  rises  i» 
the  Pyrenean  mountains,  and  falls  iato  the 
Garonne. 

Arisnzo,  a town  in  the  Terra  di  Lavero, 
Naples,  14  miles  xe  of  Naples. 

Arima,  a town  and  port  in  Japan,  Asia, 
in  the  cuuntry  of  Zimo  or  Saicock. 

'ARIMO,  an  island  in  New  Guines^, 
Asia. 

Armdal,- a town  in  the  government  of 
Bergen,  Norway,  remarkable  for  the  valuablt 
iron  mines  in  its  vicinity.  It  is  10  mil^ 
XNE  of  Christian  sand. 

Arint/iot,  a ' towm  in  the  department  of 
Jura,  France,  eight  miles  s of  Orgelet. 

Arinxa,  a towui  of  the  province  of  Yerak 
A gem  j,  Persia.  Lon.  52  3.5  a.  lat.  32-20  x. 

a strong  town  on  the  western  coasst 
.H 


A R L 

&t  'tskaa  of  Ceyloa,  at  mou*  t^ie 
Sarunda;  to  the  a:  of  which  is  a pearl 
tshery.  Lon.  30  25  3E,  lat.  S 42  ^ 

ArhhKy  xn  ancient  town  in  the  isl^d  of 
Lesbos;  another  m Troas,  in  the  territory, 
and  to  the  se  of  Abydos;  also,  a colony  of 
£:he  MitylenlanS;  subdued  and  plundered  by 

Achilles.  ^ „ 

Arischy  Ml,  a town  and  fort  of  Egypt,  on 
a gulf  of  the  Mediterranean,  to  which  it 
. name.  El  Arisch  stands  on  the  con- 
Incs  of  Arabia  and  Palestine,  56  miles  sw 
-of  Gasa,  and  120  ns  of  Sues.  It  was  taken 
by  the  French  in  1799,  but  retaken  by  the 
English  and  Turks  the  same  year.^  The^ 

• Turks  and  French  in  the  year  following  en- 
tered  into  a convention,  by  which  the  latter 
were  to  evacuate  Egypt,  but  the  British  ad- 
refused  to  accede  to  the  capitulation. 
Arispey  capital  of  the  province  of  Sonora, 
l^^w  Spain,  the  number  of  inhabitants  about 
moo.  It  is  350  miles  n by  w of  Cinaloa. 
X»on.  108  35  w,  lot.  30  36  N. 

Arkansas,  a river  in  the  United  States,  a 
S?w  branch  of  the  Mississipi.  ^ ^ 

Arkamhaw,  a large  river  of  Louisiana.^  It 
tikes  its  rise  on  the  borders  of  New  Mexico, 

SE  lat.  41  N,  and  after  a course  of  2173 
ssilles,  witii  many  windings,  it  enters  the 
Mississipi,  in  lat.  35  45  N.  Its  banks  are, 
in  general,  rich  in  herbage,  and  abound 
widi  buffaloes,  elks,  and  deer.  An  explo- 
ratory part3%  under  lieut,  Pyke,^  in  1806, 
;9eruck  the  stream  of  this  river  in  Ion.  96 
SO  w,  lat.  37  4^  N.  From  this  point  it  was 
ascended  by  him  to  its  source,  and  by  lieut. 
Wilkinson  it  was  descended  to  its  mouth. 
In  the  spring  it  is  all  navigable  by  boats  con- 
structed for  the  purpose,  except  192  miles. 
In  summer,  soon  after  it  comes  to  the  plain, 
it  becomes  almost  dry  for  400  miles,  the  bed 
attending  over  a dry  sandy  soil.  Further 
down,  below  the  junction  of  Grand  river,  is 
a fall  seven  feet  perpendicular,  and  rapids 
that  extend  several  hundred  miles. 

. Arkniishawy  a town,  or  military  post,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  above  river,  100  miles 
above  its  mouth.  Lon.  92  20  w,  lat.  34 

10  w.  . ^ • 

Arklowy  a sea-port  town  of  Ireland,  m 
the  county  of  Wicklow,'  13  miles  s of  Wick- 
iow,  and  26  from  Dublin.  Lon.  6 5 w,  lat. 

^2  ^2  N. 

Arksey,  in  Yorkshire,  five  miles  n of  Don- 
caster. ArksUn,  in  Herefordshire,  between 
Druxton  and  Kingston.  Arladm,  in  Cum- 
berland, near  Whitehaven.  ArlSy  in  Glou- 
sestershire,  a mile  from  Cheltenham. 

Arles,  a large  ancient  city  in  the  depart- 
mant  of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone.  France, 
It  was  culled  Arelas,  by  the  Romans.  It  is 
celebrated  for  its  antiquities,  many  of  which 
ar«  ttill  to  be  seen  ; such  as  the  amphithea- 
tre, the  obelisk,  theelysian  fields,  Ac.  Arles 
fflOAdemy  ef  scienscs^ 


snembers.  Tlie  city  is  surrounded  with 
marshy  land.  The  air  of  the  country  around 
is  however  salubrious,  and  the  grounds,  pro- 
duce excellent  wines,  fruits,  olives,  manna, 
verniilUon,  Ac.  Arles  is  situated  on  the 
Rhone,  20  miles  se  of  Nismes  35  nw  of 
Marseilles,  and  430  & by  e of  Paris.  L»n. 

4 48  E,  lat.  43  40  N. 

Arlesy  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Eastern  Pyrenees,  France. 

Arleshemy  or  Arlesheim,  a neat  town  of 
France,  lately  of  Switzerland,  in  the  cantoa 
of  Basel,  3 miles  s of  Basel. 

Arleufy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Nievre,  France. 

Arieux,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
North,  France.  It  is  situated  in  the  ci- 
devant  province  of  Hainault,  six  miles  s of 
Doay,  and  about  eight  miles  sw  of  Cam- 
bray.  Lon.  3 10  E,  lat.  50  26  n. 

u4rZtV.gion,  a township  in  Bennington  coun- 
ty, Vermont,  1 2 miles  nw  of  Benington ; it 
has  991  inhabitants. 

Arlon,  a town  in  the  department  of  Forets, 
France.  It  is  seated  on  a mountain,  10 
miles  Nwof  Luxemburg,  according  to  some, 
but  according  to  others  76  miles.  Lon.  5 
56  E,  lat.  49  45  N. 

Arma,  a town  in  the  province  of  Popayan^ 
Spanish  America.  Lon.  74  45  w,  lat. 

5 25  N. 

Armacalesy  Almarcuvy  or  Naarmalcha^ 
a river  of  Babylon.  It  was  a cut  made  by 
Nebuchadnezzar,  from  the  Euphrates,  which 
naturally  divides  into  two  channels,  one  pas- 
sing through  Babylon,  the  other  through 
Selucia,  and  then  falls  into  the  Tigris. 

Arniaduiy  a town  of  Curdistan,  in  Aslan 
Turkey.  Lon.  42  0 e,  lat.  36  15  n. 

Armagh,  a county  of  Ireland,  bounded  by 
Louth  on  the  s ; Loch  Neagh  on  the  n ; 
Tyrone  and  Monaghan  on  the  w;  and 
Down,  in  part,  on  the  e.  It  is  in  length  32 
miles,  in  breadth  29,  and  is  divided  into  five 
baronies,  containing  about  170,630  acres, 
and  20  parishes.  The  climate  and  soil  are 
good,  especially  the-latter,  which  is  said  to  be 
the  richest  in  Ireland ; a tract  called  the 
Fowes  is  billy  and  less  fertile.  Here  are 
several  bogs  of  considerable  extent  Some 
o-ood  maible  is  found'in  this  county.  It  is 
separated  from  Tyrone  by  the  river  Black- 
w ater.  It  sends  three  members  to  the  impe- 
rial parliament,  viz  two  for  the  county,  and 
one  for  the  city.  Its  trade  in  linen  is  esti- 
mated at  291,9001.  sterling  annually. 

Armagh,  a city  of  Ireland,  seated  near 
the  river  Kalin,  about  52  miles  se  of  Lon- 
donderry,  and  63  n of  Dublin.  It  is  the  see 
of  the  primate  of  all  Ireland,  and  is  sate  to 
have  been  founded  by  St.  Patrick  in  the  oiU 
century.  In  1142,  it  was  constituted  tu 
archbishopric.  The  cathedral  was  often 
burnt,  but  as  often  rebuilt  and  enlargea, 
aud  parutulsrl,  b,  Patrick  Scaalam,  about 


ARM 


A R N 


1S€2,  This  town  was  first  subjected  to  lb© 
English  by  John  de  C«urcyj>  but  afterwards 
entirely  destroyed  by  Tir  Oen,  or  O^Neal, 
in  queen  Elizabeth’s  time.  It  was  reeovered, 
rebuilt,  and  garrisoned  by  the  English.  The 
chapter  of  Armagh  is  composed  of  five  digni- 
taries, and  four  prebendaries,  who  have  voices 
in  every  capitular  act.  Besides  an  elegant 
archi- episcopal  palace,  there  is  a noble  school 
founded  by  Charles  I.  accommodated  with 
^ a grand  building,  erected  by  Richard  Lord 
Rokely,  late  archbishop,  who  furnished  it 
with  a valuable  public  library,  a complete 
observatory,  and  a liberal  appointment  for 
an  astronomer,  and  bad  his  endowments  se- 
cured by  several  acts  of  Parliament.  St,  Co- 
lumbus founded  a monastry  at  Armagh  in 
610.  In  the  king’s  books  the  see  is  rated  at 
-iOOl.  annually,  but  it  is  now  estimated  at 
*0001. 

ARMAGNAC,  a ci-devant  province  of 
Guienne,  in  France,  55  miles  ia  length,  and 
40  in  breadth.  It  now  forms  part  of  the 
department  of  Gers.  It  is  fertile  in  corn 
and  wine:  and  carries  on  a considerable 
trade  in  brandy,  wool,  &c. 

Armamar^  a town  in  Beira,  Portugal. 
Armdalc,  a village  and  bay,  on  tlTe  coast 
of  the  county  of  Sutherland,  in  Scotland. 

ARMENIA,  a country  of  Asia,  anciently 
called  Arrarat,  and  divided  into  Armenia 
Major  and  Minor.  It  is  exteiisiv<?,  the  cli- 
niate  healthy,  and  the  soil  fertile.  This 
country  is  bounded  on  the  n by  Georgia;  on 
the  w by  the  Euphrates ; on  the  s by  Curdis- 
tan,  Ghilan,  and  Diarbekar;  on  the  e. by  Shir- 
van.  It  is  at  present  possessed  by  the" Turks 
and  Persians.  The  inhabitants  are  anxious 
for  trading.  The  greater  part  profess  Christi- 
^ity,  and  have  a patriarch  and  archbishop. 
Erzerum  is  its  capital. 

Armentiers,  a small,  but  elegant  t®wn  in 
the  department  of  the  North,  France.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Lis,  eight  miles  wnw  of 
Lisle.  Lon.  S 5 e,  lat.  50  40  n. 

Armeirsy  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
^ the  North,  France,  seated  on  the  Sambre, 

20  miles  s of  Mens.  Lon,  3 45  i,  lat 
50  7 is. 

Arrmro,  a sea-port  town  of  Macedonia,  in 
European  Turkey,  seated  on  the  Gulph  de 
"Velo,  50  miles  nw  of  Negropont,  and  30  se 
of  Larissa.  Lon.  23  40  e,  lat.  39  42  k 
ARMOUCHIQUOIS,  a nation  of  N 
Armerican  Indians  in  Canada. 

ArntGT/,  a small  town  in  the  county  of 
Antrim,  Ireland,  109  miles  from  Dublin, 
Anuoza,  or  Harmosiuy  a town  in  Cara- 
tuania,  at  the  mouth  of  Anamis,  which  falls 
miothe  Persian  Gulf.  Lon.  56  17  e,  lat. 

27  20  N. 

^ Armuj/den,  a sea- port  town  of  Zealand, 
m the  island  ot  W alcherin,  formerly  very 
Mfunshing,  but  now  incensiderable,  the  sea  I 
having  closed  up  the  harbour  with  'laad.  I 


fj.  Tbs  salt  are  its  chief  nssoisrsiss;  IT-- 

I lies  three  miles  x of  Middleburg,  at 
I mouth  of  the  canal  Lon.  5 42  x,  kt.  3i 
I 51  N, 

ARMY  LAND'S^,  several  distvicta  iia  the 
united  states  of  America,  situated  betwssm 
Lon.  80  91  w,  lat.  37  41  n. 

Arn&Sy  a town  of  Hordland,  Swede??, 
Lon.  1 9 S E,  lat.  93  22 

Arney-le-ducy  in  the  department  ©f 
d’Or,  France,  which  carries  on  a pretty  good 
trade.  It  is  seated  in  a valley  near  the  rives' 
Arroux,  25  miles  kw  of  Baun©,  Loba 
4 26  E,  lat.  47  7 k. 

Arndai,  a small  town,  but  a large  landing™ 
place  of  Christiansand,  in  Norway,  seated 
on  a rock  in  the  middle  of  the  river  Nid,  td* 
jacent  to  which  are  several  iron-mines. 

Arnehergy  a town  seated  on  the  Elb©<, 
Brandenburgb,  in  the  Old  Mark,  with  « 
^stl«  in  ruins,  between  Angurmund 
Werben,  three  miles  distant  from  each. 

Arned&,  a town  in  Peru,  S America,  yvkh 
a gcod  harbour,  25  miles  k of  Callao.  Lq^ 
76  53  w,  lat.  41  40  s. 

Arngask,  a parish  of  Scotland,  compr©» 

I bending  a part  of  three  different  counsiez^ 
which  meet  in  it;  viz.  Fifeshire,  Perthshire, 
and  Kinross-shire,  It  contains  about  564 
inhabitants.  The  soil  is  various,  and  the 
climate  salubrious, 

Arngilly  In  Vv^estmoreland,  on  the  Liaii*. 

Arnhaley  in  Warwickshire. 

Arnheim  or  Arneheimy  a town,  capital  of 
the  department  of  the  Rhine,  Holland^ 
cjgbt  miles,  n ©f  Nimeguen,  and  32  x by  ® 
of  Utrecht,  formerly  the  residence  of  ih% 
dukes  of  Gudderland.  It  is  adorned  with 
several  fine  churches.  The  town  has  fiv© 
gates,  and  several  fin*  ramparts.  There  k 
a canal  from  this  place  to  Nimeguen.  Th® 
air  is  very  healthful  Lon.  & 55  e,  kt. 

52  0 N. 

Arnhusen,  a siwali  towm  of  Pomerania^ 
Prussia,  near  the  Riga,  four  leagues  from 
Colberg  and  the  Baltic. 

Arn?f9Td  Lochy  a harbour  in  the  parish  of 
Burnish,  in  the  Isle  of  Skye. 

ARNIS,  an  island  of  Sieswick, 

Arnoy  a large  and  rapid  river  of  Italy,  in 
Tuscany,  rising  in  the  Appennines,  to  th« 
of  Florence,  near  a viliag*  called  i.9.  Marki 
della  GmiiCy  on  the  borders  of  .Romagnrs, 

15  ladies  to  the  w of  the  sources  cf  the  Pi- 
her ; fail*  ®jght  miles  below  Pisa,  into 
Tuscan  Sea, 

Arnon  or  Adramdecky  » river  that  mss 
in  the  mountains  of  Gilead,  and  runs  be- 
tween the  borders  of  the  Moabites  and  Am* 
monites. 

Arnoughy  a town  of  Annenk,  in  Asian 
Turkey.  Lon.  41  0 j:,  lat.  37  45  k. 

ArnsnUl  St,  & town  in  the  department  of 
Eure  and  Loire,  France,  on  the  road 
Chjirtreb  to  Paris, 


H2 


/ 


A R R 


Arnshnut  in  the  departmer/c  of  Rbine 
ard  i*^ahe,  France,  formerly  of  Germany, 
in  the  Palatinate  of  the  Khine,  eight  miles 
ft’am  Crutzenach. 

Ai^nstade,  or  Arnstadtf  a town  in  Thurin- 
gia, Germany,  on  the  river  Gera,  with  a 
palace,  a castle,  and  three  churches ; 10  miles 
»wof  Enfurt  Lon.  11  5 i,  lat.  40  54  n. 

ArnsLevif  a town  in  the  bishopric  of 
Wurtsburg,  Franconia,  with  a castle,  seated 
on  the  Weren,  nine  miles  sw  of  Schwein- 
fart. 

• AroJeage,  u city  of'  Segestan,  Persia,  and 
c?ipitai  of  at  district  of  the  same  name,^  110 
rtiileli  ssw  of  Candabar,  and  210  ese  ot  Za- 
r,ehg.  Eon.  €5  40  e,  lat  31  20  n.  j. 

Arolserif  a town  in  the  circle  of  the  Upper  h, 
Germany,  29  miles  sse  of  Faderborn.  H 

a province  of  New  Anda- 

in  S America,  on  the  Oroonoqiie.  | 

' Atona,  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  ot 
ISlilan,  seated  on  the  lake  Maggiore,  30 
miles  ^tw  of  Milan.  Eon.  $ 25  e,  lat.  45 

"^^Ar&nches,  a town  in  Alentejo,  Portugal, 
on  the  coohnes  of  Spain.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Caro,  IS  miles  se  of  Portalogro,  ana 
has  about  500  inhabitants.  Eon.  5 16  w, 

lat  14  29  N.  fir-  f 

AreoL  a town  in  the  govei-nment  ot  Kiel 

Kussia,  seated  on  the  river  Occa;  200  miles 
s of  Moscow.  Lon.  36  40  e,  lat.  51  58  k 
Aroshay,  a town  on  the  coast  of  the  island 
of  Madura,  near  Java,  E Indies.  Lon.  1 14 

;50  E,  lat.  6 30  s.  . . „ , i 

Arouca,  a town  of  Beira,  in  Portugal. 
Annnas  or  Jrpino,  a town  in  the  ierra 
di  Eavora,  Naples,  eight  miles  n cf  Acqui- 
ts, and  50  ESE  of  Rome.  Eon.  13  4t>  s, 

Arana,  or  ArquaU,  a town  tii  the  late 
Venetian  territory  of  Paduano,  Italy,  rema^ 
kahle  for  the  tomb  of  Petrarch, 

s of  Padua.  Lon.  11  45  e.  lat  .5 

Arqiw.i a.  town  in  the  state  of  Genoa, 
Italy,  situated  on  the  Serivia,  25  miles  K o 

Arqnct,  a town  in  tlie  department  of  the 
Lower  Some,  France,  with  an  ancient  castle, 
on  n river  of  the  "ar™;  iour 

Tniles  SB  cf  Dieppe,  and  four  tjk  ot  Lon 
jruevUle.  More  the  duke  of  Mayenne,  gc- 
" - ncral  cf  the  Le.«;.’e,  wes  ccir.pletely  defeated 

1)V  Et'evy  IV.  in  1589-  Eon.  1 U *, 

■ ' ^ -I  ’r'-c'.r-ffc,  a sea-port  in  ttie  previncc  of 

IVrnatnlmco,  built  on  a narrow 

. with  a eot.de  to  defend  the  harbmir, 

recUnned  a pl^we  of  the  greatest  strcngtl) 
if  -li)  rv;i2!l.  I-'Cti.  ltd  io  W,  lat.  8 /.O  s. 
'Arrak,  a town  cf  Bahtir.  Ilindoostan, 

lYii'es  w by  s oi  latha. 

A-rn-ir,  a se?'-po-t  of  Pernamhuco,  m 

BfiiW’.l.  Lor..  55  10  w,  lat.  S s. 


A R R 

AREAGGN,  a province  bf  Spa  ri; 


hounded  on  the  N by  the  Pyrenean  moun- 
tains, on  the  w by  Naverre  ind  the  two 
Castiles  ; on  the  s by  Valencia ; and  on  the 
K by  Catalonia.  It  is  1 80  mites  long,  and 
140  broad ; but  the  land  is  mountamons, 
dry,  sandy,  and  stony.  I ts  principal  nv^er* 

are  the  Ebro,  the  Xalo,  the  Cinea,  the  Ga- 
lego,  and  the  Arrafoo.  The  atris  pure  and 
wholesome,  and  there  are  mines  of  iron, 
i The  land  produces  corn,  wine-  oil-  hai, 

■ hemp,  various  fruits,  and  a sreasi  quantity  o 
1 saffron  ; besides  feeding  large  Hocks  oi  sheep  ; 

and  plenty  of  game  in  the  woods.  Saragossa 
! is  the  capital  of  this  province,  and  the  ower 

I principal  towns  are  Balbastro,  Jaca,  oara- 
i zona,  Haesca,  Calatajud,  Albaraam,  1 revel, 

II  Dareca,  and  Boria,  It  has  a river  of  toe 

1 same  name.  . , i 

' ARRAN,  a mountainous  island  ot 
land,  in  the  frith  of  Clyde,  between  Km- 
tyre  and  Cunningham;  nearly  24  miles m 
length,  from  ar  to  s,  and  about  14  in  breadth. 

Bv  the  immense  cairns,  the  vast  nmnumen- 
1 tai  stones,  and  many  relics  of  Drunitsm. 

this  island  must  have  been  very  considerable 
I i„  ancient  times.  The  inhabitants  rjave  st.il 
traditions  of  the  hero  Fingal. 
cold,  and  many  places  retain  his  n.-me. 
There  is  a spot  of  ground  near  the  n en 
named  Ar-Ehin,  which  signifies  the  slaugh- 
ter of  Fin  or  Fingal,  where  traUition  says 
that  her»  vanquished  Manus,  son  ol  e 
king  of  Sweden,  from  which  the. name  of 
I the  whole  island  is  supposed  to  be  oeriTCd. 
Robert  Bruee  retired  to  this  island  during 
his  distress.  Ai.out  the  year  1334,  it  formed 
i part  of  the  estate  of  Robert  II.  steward  ef 
Gotland.  Afterwards  it  belonged  to  lord 
Bovd.  After  his  disgrace  it  was  bestowed 
1 upon  Sir  James  Hamilton,  and  it  still  con- 
tLes  in  the  Hamilton  family.  ^ 
"about  7000  inhabitants,  who  chicfiy  reside 
on  the  coasts,  which  are  indented  witk 
several  safe  harbours.  Lamlash  on  the  sw, 
and  Lochransa  on  the  v are  the  pnne.- 
pal  ports.  The  mountainous  parts  of  tl^e 
island  rre  either  bare  rocks,  or  covered^  with 
heath  or  fern;  but  the  ® 

tolerably  fertile  and  well  cultivated  Hm 
climate  is  healihy ; and  about  1000  blaci^ 
catla  are  annualiy  exported.  There  are  two 
oarishes,  Kilbride  and  ABiaory  ; with  a .o 
of  chapel  of  case  to  each,  founded  in 
last  century.  A t ran  forms  part 
ly  of  Bine,  .and  is  subject  to  the  same  go- 
vernment, but  justice  is  besides  adminisleied 
It"he  bamn  btilie’s  court.  The  language  , 
Is  Gaelic,  hut  most  of  the  inhabitants  un- 
derstand English.  Of 

fel,  which  is  near  3000  feet  high,  is  the 
ihief;  among  the  rocks  ' 

spar,  and  a great  variety  of  beautiful  pe  ■ . 
hies.  Oo  the  coast  are  m.any 
eivernt. 


WOK 


r.deiful 


A R R 

Arran^  a town  of  Switzerland,  seated  on 
tJie  Aar,  25  miles  sw  of  Baden. 

A KHAN,  North,  an  island  situated  on 
the  coast  of  Donegal,  in  Ulster,  Ireland. 
Bon.  8 50  vv,  lat.  55  0 n. 

AIIRAN,  SOUTH,  Isles  of,  three  is- 
lands in  the  mouth  of  Galway  bay,  Ireland. 
Lon.  10  0 w,  lat.  55  0 n. 

Arras,  a city  in  the  department  of  the 
Straits  of  Crdais,  sealed  on  the  Scarpe,  for- 
merly the  capital  of  the  ci-devant  county 
of  Artois,  France.  It  is  seated  on  a moun- 
tain, and  the  parts  about  it  are  full  of  quar- 
ries, where  good  stones  are  got  for  building. 
It  is  divided  into  two  parts  t>y  a strong  wall, 
at  large  fosse,  and  the  rivulet  Chiinchron, 
the  one  called  the  city  and  the  other  the 
town.  Arras  has  four  gates,  and  a strong 
citadel,  with  five  bastions.  There  are  10 
parish  churches.  The  population  is  about 
30,000.  Arras  is  situatea  12  miles  sw  of 
Deway,  22  wnw  of  Canibray.  Lon.  2 50  e, 
l&t.  50  20  N. 

ARRAYNO,  St,  a small  island  in  the 
ci-devant  Dogado  of  Venice. 

ARRIEGE,  a department  of  France, 
bourided  ou  the  w and  n by  that  ©f  Upper 
Garonne;  on  the  e by  Aude;  and  on  the 
s by  the  Pyrenees,  comprehending  what 
was  called  Foix  and  Conferans,  prior  to  the 
revolution.  It  is  so  named  from  the  river 
Arrie^e,  which  rises  in  the  Pyrenees,  and 
directing  its  course  by  Foix  and  Pamiers, 
unites  witit  the  Garonne  near  Touicusc. 
Gold  dust  is  found  among  its  sands.  Ca- 
pital, Foix. 

ARROE,  a small  island  of  Denmark,  in 
the  Baltic  Sea,  a iiltle  s of  the  island  of 
Funen,  and  n of  that  of  Alsen.  It  is  eight 
miles  in  length,  and  about  tw’^o  in  breadth  ; 
and  produces  coin,  aniseed,  black  .cattle, 
and  horses.  It  contains  three  parishes,  Lon. 
10  20  E,  lat.  55  10  >r. 

Arrojo  de  St  Sevvan,  a town  of  Estrama- 
dura,  Spain,  eight  miles  s of  Merida,  and  25 
I of  Badajez.  Lon.  6 20  v/,  lat.  58  36  n. 

Arroquhar,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Dum 
bartonsuire,  14' miles  long,  and  about  three 
Ijroad.  Tc  contains  about  580  inhabitants, 
mostly  of  the  name  of  M-'Farlane,  after  the 
name  of  their  chief,  whose  estate  lay  in  this 
district,  and  to  whom  they  were  bhndiy  at- 
tached. Gsc’f  c and  Engiish  are  both  spoken. 

It  lies  on  the  i side  of  Loch  Lenriond. 

ARROO, five-islands  in  the  Indian  ocean, 
on  the  s and  "w  of  New  Guinea,  between  5 
Y'O,  and  7 0s  lat.  separated  by  narrow  chari- 
uels.  These  islands  are  considered  as  be- 
longing to  the  Dutch.  Their  principal  pro- 
duce IS  s?tgo.  Here  reside,  during  the  dry 
season,  cr  ■westc.  n menscon,  vast  flucks  of 
*lje  birds  of  paradise,  from  New  Guinea,  of 
which,  a great  many  are  killed  and  dried  for 
e'/rporiation,  particularly  to  Banda. 

ARROV/SiXE,  an  island  in  the  distiict 


ART 

of  Maine,  United  States,  separated  from  Far 
ker*s  island  by  a narrow  strait. 

Arsamas,  a town  in  the  territory  cfMor- 
duates,  Russia,  seated  on  the  river  iViockcha- 
treca,  on  the  road  to  Astrycan,  500  irnlcs  % 
by  E from  Moscow,  and  500  n by  w froui 
Asfcraean, 

Arschot,  in  the  department  of  Dyle, France 
seated  on  the  Demer,  four  miles  e of  Mec- 
lin.  Lon.  4 45  e,  hit.  5?  5 

ArsQjfa,  atovvn  of  Syria,  in  Asian  Turkey, 
Lon.  58  SO  E,  lat.  54  40  n. 

Arsuvy  a town  of  Palestine,  on  the  coast 
of  Sy.da,  with  a fortress,  10  miles  n ef  Jaffa. 

Arta,  ®r  LmHa,  a town  of  European  Tur- 
key, in  Lower  Albania,  seated  on  the  Asd- 
has,  70  miles  nnw  of  Lepanto,  and  20  ns  of 
Frevisa.  It  contains  about  7 or  8000  inha« 
bitauts.  The  cathedral  has  365  windows 
and  doors,  and  is  supported  by  above  2C0D 
marble  pillars.  Arta  carries  ola  a considc;^- 
bin  trade,  panicu’ariy  in  tobacco  and  furs. 
Lon.  2,1  20  s,  ht.  59  23  x. 

Artaki,  a town  of  Natalia,  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, Oil  the  s coast  of  tne  ses  of  3Iar,iiioraj 
76  miles  sw  of  Constantinople,  Lon.  27 
40  E,  lat.  59  50  n. 

ArmJcid,  a town  in  Romania,  Europeaa 
Tti/kep,  48  miles  nw  of  Gallipoli. 

Anamtai  an  apiciant  city,  the  roval  resf- 
dCi'Ce  end  metropolis  of  Armenia 
built  according  to  a plan  of  Hannibal,  for 
king  Artaxias. 

Artemisium,  a promo.r?tory  on  the  xe  of 
Euboea,  celebrated  for  toe  first  sea  engage- 
ments between  the  Greeks  and  Xerxes. 

Artern,  a town  in  TlutvlDgia,  Upper  Sax- 
ony, on  the  river  Unstrult,  29  miles  kne  of 
Erfurt. 

ArthuAs  culled  by  Buchanan,  7>m- 
plum  Termini,  an  ancient  ruin,  near  the 
Carron  works,  Srirlingsbii'e. 

Arthur  s Seat,  a high  liill  in  the  king’js 
park,  in  the  immediate  neighbourhood  of 
Edinburgh,  which  takes  its  name  from  king 
Arthur,  according  to  tradition.  This  hill 
rises  by  a steep  and  rugged  ascent,  till  it  ter- 
minates in  a rocky  point,  near  700  feet  high 
from  the  base.  Cond vcous,  upon  the  v/ 
and  partly  connected  with  it  at  the  base,  are 
Salisbury  craggs,  of  irifcricr  height.  The 
top  of  Anhui’s  Seat,  commands  a complete 
view  of  Edinburgh  and  its  castle,  the  Ger- 
man Ocean,  the  whole  course  of  the  Forth, 
the  distant  Grampians,  and  a portion  of  the 
most  popi^QUs  and  best  cultivated  part  of 
Scotland  ; the  most  extensive,  the  most  va- 
riegated, the  most  sublime,  and  richest  pros- 
pect in  the  kingdom. 

Arltbonilc,  a river  in  St  Domingo,  rises  in 
the  Cibao  mountains,  directs  its  course  to  the 
w,  and  after  many  meanders,  looses  itself  in 
the  ocean,  in  the  h/iy  o!  PTark. 

Artogne,  a conjilderinble  town  of  the  ci-de- 
raait  V eaetiaii  territory  of  the  Veronese. 


/ 1?  TOI.%  a c^d€vant  pwiiicc  of  Fi’aiic«, 
rgirt  iTiely  fertile,  and  formerly  one  of  the  17 
provirces  of  the  Netherlands,  It  is  now  in- 
cluded in  the  department  of  the  Straits  of 
C^alais* 

At  tonne  1 an  ancient  small  town  in  the 
department  of  Cantal,  seated  on  the  Morges, 
France. 

ARU,  a kingdom  in  the  isle  of  Sumatra. 
Jts  capital  is  of  the  same  name. 

ARUBA,  a small  island  pn  the  coast  of 
’I'crra  Firma,  subject  to  the  Dutch.  It  ex- 
tends about  15  or  16  miles  in  circumfer- 
€nce»  Ron.  69  -39  nr,  lat.  12  50  n.  ^ 

Arve,  a rapid  river  of  Savoy,  which  rises 
in  Faucigny.  It  has  many  cataracts,  one  of 
v?hich  near  *Salencbe,  is  said  to  be  above  1 100 
feet  high.  It  falls  into  the  Rhone  below 

Geneva.  ^ 

ARVERT,  an  island  with  a town  ot  the 
same  name,  in  the  department  of  Rower 
Charente,  France.  ^ ^ 

Arun^  3-  river  that  falls  into  the  English 
channel,  below  Arundel. 

A^undi^U  3 borough  and  market  town  m 
Sussex,  seated  on  tbe  nw  side  of  the  Arun, 
®vcr  which  there  is  a bridge.  It  had  once  a 
fca^’hour  wherein  ships  of  1.00  tons  burden 
in?£rht  ride,  which  has  been  almost  closed  up 
b/sand  ; but  still  admits  spiail  vessels.  ^ It 
^ two  members  to  parliament,  the  right 

ejection  is  in  tbe  inhabitants,  paying  scot 
«tnd  lct,  not  quite  200  in  number.  It  has 
' £e*t  members  to  parliament  ever  since  the 
25d  year  nf  king  Edtvard  I.  It  is  56  miles, 

. aw  by  s of  London,  and  eight  miles  s.  of  Chi- 
:■  eUester.  Arundel  is  the  premier  earldom  of 
. Fpo’land,  belonging  to  tbe  illustrious  family 
of  Norfolk;  and  is  the  only  title  in  Eng- 
land that  goes  along  with  the  lands.  It  has 
two  markets,  on,  W ednesday  and  Saturday. 
ILon.  0 25  w,  lat.  50  4 5 n. 

Arundel,  a township  iis  York  county,  dis- 
trict of  Maine,  containing  1458  inhabitants. 

Arnmngen,  a town  and  castle.in  the  canton 
of  , Berne,  Switzerland,  on  tlie  river  Aar,  five 
miles  below  Wangen,  and  1 2 e of  Soleure. 
ArzeOf  cr  Aarse^t  a town  of  Algiers. 

Ron.  2 10  E,  lat.  56  50  N.  ^ . 

Arzew,  a sea  port  of  Algiers.  ^ 

Arzignxtno,  a populous  town  of  Italy,  m 
the  territory  of  the  same  name.  ^ 

ArzHLa,  a very  ancient  maritime  town  of 
Africa,  in  the  kingdom  of  Fez,  about  IS 
jfpjles  saw  of  Tangiers.  Ron.  5 40  w,  lat. 

35  40-^n.  ^ ■ 

Arzina,  a river  of  Russian  Rapland. 

Asab,  a town  of  Daucali,  Abyssinia,  seated 
on  a bay  of  the  Red  sea,  56  miles  se  ot 

AF.r.d~(ihad,  a town  of  Fersia,  68  miles  ne 
of  Am?idan.  Loa  4S  25  e laU  56  20  n.  ^ 
Asavh,  St,  a small  ciiy  of  Fiuvishire,  in 
K Wales,  sluiatcd  in  apLas.uit  valleW;  at  t-:e 
cnwfiuence  of  the  Elwr.y  and  Civvui;  24 


miles  w of  Chester,  and  209  ww  of  LdndoJi, 
Tliisdiecese  does  notcentain  any  one  whol®. 
county;  but  consists  of  part  of  Denbigh, 
Flint,  Montgomery,  and  Merioneth- shiresj, 
and  a small  part  of  Shropshire  ; wherein 
121  parishes,  and  151  churches  and  chapels® 
most  of  which  are  in  the  immediate  patron« 
age  of  tbe  bishop.  This  bisltopric  was  fouisd- 
ed  in  the  year  560,  by  Kentigern,  a Scotch- 
man, bishop  of  Glasgow,  the  arch-dcaconry 
is  united  to  the  bishopric,  for  the  better  main- 
tenance thereof.  It  has  a market  on  Satur- 
day. Ron.  5 56  w',  lat.  35  12  n. 

Asburg,  a village  in  the  ci-devant  dueby 
of  Cleves,  now  in  the  French  department  of 
the  Roer, 

Ascalon,  an  ancient  city,  one  of  the  five 
satrapies,  or  principalities  of  the  Fbilistines; 
situated  on  the  Mediterranean,  45  miles  s\r 
of  Jerusalem,  between  Azotus  on  tbe  k,  and 
Gaza  on  the  s.  It  is  now  called  Scalona. 
Ren.  54  50  e,  lat.  51  30  n. 

ASCENSION,  an  uninhabited  liarren 
island  on  the  coast  of  Africa,  about  600  miles 
Nw  of  St  Helena.  It  has  a safe  harbour,  at 
which  the  E India  sbips.dften  touch  to  sup- 
ply tliemsclves  with  turtle,  wdilcn  are  here 
plentiful  and  large.  Ron.  17  20  w,  Ist. 

Ascension  Bay,  a bay  m the  Guspn  oi 
Mexico.  Ron,  52  0 w,  lat.  50  O N. 

Aschaffenbiirg,  a town,  lately  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Mentz,  Germany,  seated  on  the 
I Maine,  in  the  circle  of  the  Lovycr  Rhine ; 
but  now  capital  of  a principality  of  the  same 
1 name.  In  1743,  the  night  before  the  bathe 
of  Dettingen,  George  II.  l®dged  in  a palace 
in  this  place.  It  was  taken  by  the  I'rcnch 
in  1796,  and  in  1800.  It  is  29  mdss  ese 
«f  Frankfort,  and  40  nnw  of  Wurtzburg. 
Lon.  9 15  E,  lat.  50  On.  , y 
Ascoli,  anciently  called  Asculuni  FicenicM^ 
a pretty  large  and  populous  town  ot 
with  a citadel,  in  the  late  marqwsate  of  An- 
cona, 80  miles  ne  of  the  capital.  Lon.  IS 

29  E,  lat.  42  47  n.  , ’ h j y 

Ascola  di  Salriano,  formerly  called  Asen- 

him  Apiduniy  a city  of  Naples, 
tanata,  70  miles  e of  Naples,  and  50  w of 
Manfredonia.  Lon.  16  IQ  e,  lat,  41  8 K.  _ 
Ascra,  a village  of  ancient  Greece. 

Asdhusy  a river  of  European  lurkey. 
Aseer,  or  AscergnVy  a town  a.ia  strong  *ort 
of  the  Soubah  of  Candeish,  in  Deccan,  20 
miles  NE  of  Barhampoiir.  Surrendeted  by 
the  Mahrattas  to  the  British  in  1S03.  Lou. 

7C  0 E,  lat.  21  35  N, 

As^rMh  Force,  a cataract  on  the  leeA 
wh'ch  divides  Durham  from  Yorkshire,  » 
few  miles  w of  Bernard’s  Castle,  w ucre  the 
l iver  falls  down  a precipice  69  feet  perpen- 

y'sTiorn,  or  7 a neat  well  built  town  of 
Mkbournce,S  Derbyshire,  situated  m « 

pleasant  vaiiey  on  the  i side  of  the  liver 


A S,H 

D®Te,  and  on  the  berd^irs  of  Staftorrl shire, 
10  miles  ns  Uioiefer,  and  139  nnw  of 
ILondon.  V^^eekly  market  on  Saturday. 

AshhuriJzoTii^  a post  town  ir.  Worcester 
comity,  Massachusetts,  United  States,  seated 
on  the  river  Sowbegsn.  6*0  miles  nw  of  Bos- 
ton, and  402  frozii  i-'inladelphEa.  Lon.  5 
U E,  lat.  42  .57  Nc 

^ Askburisni  in  Devonshire,  seated  on  the 
. river  Dart.  It  carties  on  a considerable 
trade,  in  wool,  yarn,  and  serges.  It  sends 
two  members  to  parliament^  and  is  one  of 
the  four  stannery  towns.  It  is  seated  near 
some  hills  abound  in  tin  and  copper. 

It  has  markets  on  Tuesday  and  Saturday, 
and  four  fairs  annually;  on  the  fet  of 
Mlarchj  the  first  of  June,  iCHh  of  August, 
*nd  lith  of  November.  It  is  situated  10 
miles  from  Totness,  19  sw  from  Exeter,  and 
192  w by  s of  Londofi,  Lon.  5 SO  w,  lat 
^0  30  N. 

Ashby f a toiviishrp  in  Middlesex  xoiinly, 
Hassachusetts ; 50  ?.uz1c.j  nw  of'  Boston. 

Ashhy-CasfXe,  ? small  town  in  Northamp- 
tonshire, six  imlvs  from  Northampton,  and 
Wellingfmroupdr 

Ashby-^da^^a-  Z&uchf  a town  in  Leicester- 
shire, nam<r.d  from  the  Zouclies,  its  ancient 
lords,  .13  miles  s of  Derby,  1.5  from  Leices- 
ter, and  215  nnw  from  London.  If  has  a 
handsome  church  dedicated  to  St  Helen  j 
and  the  ruins  of  a castle,  in  whxh  James  l! 
once  quartered  witii  his  vdiole  court  at  the 
expence  of  the  earl  ©f  Huntingdon.  This 
town  has  a market  on  Saturday,  and  seven 
fairs,  via.  on  Easter- Tuesday,  Whitsun- 
Tuesday,  24th  August,  2d  September, 
St  Simon’s  and  Sfc  Jude’s  days,  and  2Sth 
October,  .noted  for  excellent,  horses.  Here 
is  a considerable  trade  in  malt,  and  manu- 
factures of  hats  and  stockings.  A canal  con- 
Fiects  this  towm  with  the  Coventry  canal 
Lon.  0 32  w,  lai.  52  4S  n. 

Ashcittney,  or  Asacutney,  a mountain  in 
the  United  Slates,  203  i feet  above  the  sea. 

Ashdon,  or  Ashdown,  a village  In  Essex, 
anciently  called  Assandrum,  or  the  hill'  of 
Asses,  famous  for  the  defeat  of  Edmund 
Ironside,  by.  Canute  the  Dane. 

Ashford,  a town  of  Kent,  seated  near  the 
influence  of  the  Ash  and  Stour,  14  miles 
8w  of  Canterbury,  and  55  miles  sn  of  Lon- 
don.  It  has  a large  Gothic  church,  formerlv 
^liegiate,  and  a handsome  market  housed 
Here  is  also  a monument  for  a countess  of 
Athol  near  ^00  years  old.  I has  fairs  on 
i7tli  May,  Sth  Ser  tern  her,  and  24  th  Oct. 
for  Welsh  cattle,  horses,  and  pedivry,  Lon. 


O 52  E,  lat.  51  4 N. 

Ashfgrd,  a township  In  Windham  epurjy, 
Connecticut.  ^ 

Ashford,  Nev),  a township  in  Berkshh’j 
county,.  Massachusetts. 

^ Ashklrh,  a parish  of  Scotland,  srren  rrf’es 

in  length,  and  three  sijiuKted  ii.  ' 


A S I 

thateountiea  of  Roxburgh  and  Sslkirk,  ^ 
chie%  in  the  former.  Jt'L  hilly,  .nj  fi; 
watered  by  the  n.ver  Ale,  and  12  lakes^ 
The  popularioii  ic  about  5i  i, 

Ashly,  a river  of  S Caroliaa,  which  rise?, 
in  Charleston  district,  a-d  falls  into  Charles- 
town b arbour,  e of  the  town..  It  is  iiaviga- 
bie  by  boats  for  several  miles. 

. Ashmore- Brooke,  a t®wn  In  StaSoM- 
shire,  near  LitchdekL 

JAi'oainebi,  a town  of  Eg^'pt,  on  the  iefi; 
bank  of  the  .Nile,  built  on  the  raiurj  of  ,a 
city  supposed  to  be  the' ancient  Hei  m^reoHrje 
140  iiiiies  ssw  of  Cairo.  Lon.  51  7 Ht 
2S'  10  N. 

Ashnagur,  *a  town  of  Candapar,  ssated  on 
the  Kanieh,  in  the  province  of  Cabul,  $0 
miles  N of  ,f\Uack,  snd  100  sr.  of  Cahuh" 
Ashpringfdn,  a small  town  in  Dev--;!.  JJre, 

N of  the  Ilarebos'n,  where  ft  i:  r..:,  the  Duilil 
Ashridge,  a small  towirof 
three  miles  from  Berkhaxaslead,  Her.?  r?^i, 
a monastery  wliere  Edward  i.  hold  a v^^u  lisk- 
ment  in  1291.- 

AsJited,  a village  in  Burry,  where  Chtr- ' 
les  II.  was  eiitenained;  The  cbmUy,  oeii-. 
tains  some  valuable  monuments. 

Ashton,  a village  four  miles  s of  Wegas?, 
Lancashire,  has  pretty  extensive  manufac- 
tures of  hardware  and  cotton. 

Ashton-under-llne,  a thriving,  pontJoka 
manufactiuing  town,  on  the  n'skIg  of  tha 
nyer  Tame,  seven  miles  e from  MancLef-'ier, 
The  church  is  a large  stately  fabric. 
sive  colleries,  an  iron  foimdiy,  a raauu- 
faeture  of  cotton,  and  a canal  from  Manches- 
ter, which  is  here  joined  by  the  KuddersUGli 
and  Peakforest  .canals,  employ  and  enrfeh^a 
populatlou  of  between  7 and  SOo6<.  Neasr 
this  are  many  ancient  and  curious  buildli^- 
It  has  fairs  August  5tb,  and  Dec.  9th, 
^^Ashishiyt  river  of  the  United  State viii 
New  Hampshire. 

AshvjeU,  a village  four  miles  n of  BH.-  • 
dock,  Hertfordshire,  formerly  a boroiT^L 
It  has  a2i  elegant  church,  near  which 
Roman  camp  occupj^Ing  12  acres  of  bsmd 
surrounded  by  a deep  ditch.  Many  sa-  . 
pidchrai  urns  have  been  found  in  its  yic'nhT. 

ASIA,  one  of  the  four  quarters  of  dis  . 
earth;  bounded  e by  the  Pacific  .'c-an; 
s by  the  Indian  Ocean  p w by  tbo  UA  ■■.■fii. 


tite  Mediterranean,  the  .Black  Sea,  iho 
and  the  Gbc  ; and  n by^he  Fro?'’':'!  Occfuu 
It  is  6050  miles  hi  len^xh  fr-'oo’  e bo  v,  and 
5450  in  breadth  from  >f  to  s/'  Inc*  iirlartp'&i 
countries  ioto  winch  A.:'a  Ir.  dhb'::-  are 
Si'jcriii,  Cl'.'urij  Xihcb  Hhicif- ' r a,  J'fi  i .oh, 
1 artery,  B.aun,.  A r’J.i’,  r'e-si... 
li.-te,  Natcl'?^  ij'HrL'ecxa:'’,  irpc.  Aio- 
Georgia,  Lnruisteii,  Gresi.  cn:!  Lltd?  Roc- 
icaria,  Covasi*:,  Ac,  fric,  b ' dti  t.';t  v? 
he&ds  of  the' reapective  couite»h.s  v.  I.::  !:• 
teund  the  natinai  ]:rca{.cticn'i,  soil,  e!h-  'r.u, 
iclJgious,  and  cLii  government, 


AS  O 


Skg.  'SiC.  But  it  is  here  necessary  to  obserre, 
il;at  'f  t>ie  ibur  quarters  of  tbs  qlobe, 

Ef  -iPr'.  to  have  been  peculiarly  disunguisuec 
i V Vieaven.  Hers  ipuu  was  created, 

<.  Uil  SAViOUE  bom,  cruciheci,  avA  rose 
Christianity  w^as  here  first  promui- 
4-ated,  the  law  given  to  Moses,  and  from 
iiance  proceeded  the  founders  of  tbe^  other 
quarters  of  the  -lobe  ; in  short,  sciences, 
arls,  and  reli<don,  almost  all  had  their  origm 
in  Asia.  It  is  superior  to  Europe  and 
^Erica  in  the  serenity  of  its  air,  the  fertility 


ton©! 


It  is  so  near  the  cataracts  of  the 


*!  >•( 


the  dciiciousness  of  its  fruits,  the 


ira.gi’ance  and  balsamic  qualities  its  plants, 
&pi‘’cs,  and  gums  ; the  saiuorlty  ot  its  drugs, 
tise  oamitily,  variety,  beauty  and  value  of  its 
-tms;  the  richness  of  its  metals and  the 
iuici.ess  of  its  silks  and  cotioiv  It  is  situat- 
ed between  Ion.  44  and  19d  e,  and  lat.  1 
stud  74  N. 

ASIA  MINOR.  See  Natolia.  ^ • 

A SI  A GO,  once  the  Setti  Communi,  or 
Sr  van  Communes  of  the  late  Venetian  pro- 
vince of  Vicentio.  It  is  situated  cn  one  of  the 
hi’-nest  oiiis  in  the  district,  the  top  ^f  which 
as  fiat,  15  miles  in  circumference,  shaded  by 
bushes  and  surrounded  vrith  pleasant  de- 
stents.  It  contains  1 1 ,000  inhabitants. 

A&iago,  a strong  town  in  the  above  com- 
mune, the  seat  of  the  council  and  courts  of 
^c;stlc<2  of  all  the  sevea 


ASSANTE,  or  ASIENTO,  a coimtjy 


0-f  AEka,  N of  the  Cold  coact,  capital  of  di; 
CdiTfie  name.  Lon.  0 10  e,  iUt.  8 10  n. 

ASINARA,  an  island  on  the  kw  coast 
of  Sardinia,  28  miles  in  circumference,  .fei*-. 

file  and  populous,  17  nnlles  u by  w oi 
SaEsari.  Lon.  8 59  E,  iat.  41  0 N.  ^ 

Asislo,  or  AsiUo,  a city  of ^Italy,  situated 
■S'brut  16  miles  e of  Perugia,  and  80  k o* 
It  is  said  to  have  been  the  birUi- 
St.  Francis.  Lon.  15'  95  s,  lab 

.Askeaton,  or  SO’ mdes  wsw  of 

•iSmerick,  Ireland,  remarkable  for  its  castie. 

aud  for  one  of  the  most  complete  Abbeys  iii 
the  country,  18  miles  wsw  of  Limerick. 

Asiceron,  a village  five  miles  from  Don- 
caster, noted  for  a strong  sulphureous  spring, 
used  in  curing  various  diseases  both  m men, 

bo/ses,  and  cattle. 

a sea  port  of  Sweden. 

; ^ t 'WP  in  the  N riding  of  Ycrk’ 

:rer6S'.mles  sby  e of  York,  and  18  inilcs 
0 by  E of  iiknmo  id,  end  246  k of  I^noon, 
i.r::tGd  near  the  Ure,  wbh  a mavket  on  xhurs- 
I - A.  1 0 w,  i.’t.  53  55  N. 

a provh  re  cf  India,  on  th^ 

side  the  Ga-grs,  be^-c-m 
Delhi.  As'.liiUU  Os’  Asnind,  a vuiage  Oi  JM 
h'iiii  'UvS  for  i-s  aiicur.i.t.  convci.t. 


Nile,  that  they  msy  be  heard  from  thence. 
Among  the  several  monuments  oi  antiquuT 
it  contains,  is  an  ancient  temple,  with  waliiS 
on  the  three  sides,  and  in  tne^  front  24  co-  • 
lumns,  not  much  eifaced  by  tin'ie.  Witnia 
are  three  stories  of  Hieroglyphics,  ot  men 
about  three  feet  high.  I'he  cielmg  is  orna- 
mented with  the  figures  of  animals  printed 
in  beautiful  colours.  It  is  now  used  as  a 
stable  for  ®xen,  camels,  and  goats.  On  th» 

N side  of  the  town  stands  another  temple 
richly  adorned  with  carvings  ot  Hieroysy- 
phics  and  crocodiles,  &c.  Xuc  monastry  of 
St.  Helen  is  seen  about  one  mile  to  the  s 
containing  a number  of  subaro  tombs.  'lbs 
inhabitants  are  Arabs,  except  about  200 
Copts,  Oi*  ancient  inhabitants,  wlio  ai  e Chrh- 
tians.  They  are  subject  to  the  Turks,  wb»'> 
have  a Cadi,  but  the  Arabs  have  two  Sch:eka 
of  their  own  naticn.  Asna  is  tne  piiucipal 
town  in  these  parts,  and  the  inhabitants  wun 
are  chiefly  Arabs,  drive  a considerable  trade  - 
into  Lower  Egypt  and  Nubia,  by  means  ot 
the  Nile,  and  also  by  the  caravans  that  pass 
over  the  Desart.  Lcn.  51  40  e,  iat.  o>8  IS 
cr  as  othei's  have  it.  Lon.  33  10  e,  lat« 

25  On.  . , , 

Asnisras,  a town  of  France,  ni  the  ae- 
partment  of  Upper  Vienne,  10  miles  NW  of 

Belac.  . . , w 

Asola,  the  name  of  a terniory  in  tae  late 

Italian  Republic  ; comprehe-ndmg  s:x  pa- 
rishes, and  3,000  inhabitants. 

Asola,  .a  frontier  town  in  Bresciano,  Italyv 
containing  4000  citizens,  20  miles  se  of 
Brescia,  and  25  nw  of  Tvlantua.  Lon.  14 


1 S E,  lat  45  i 5 N. 


Asola,  a pretorship  of  the  late  Maritime 
Austria,  43  miles  long  and  12  broad;  con- 


taining 


21  000  inhabitants,  who  cultivate 


.Id,  a town 


i:i  XJ.  per  iagypt, 
o -0  -Oi^es  s of  Ca- 

piP i tober  ,caT> 

Sa- 


bs.’  w’t  iUe  .4..'’ 


corn,  ’-and ' other  vegetables,  manufsct.-u-e 
woo!,  ar.d  silk,  and  rear  great  iiuHicers  ot 

cattle.  ■ , . , 

Mola.  the  ancient  Aoe'um,  a yauMtul 
town  of  the  above  Fretership,  near  the  M%- 
•ione.  It  has  several  relics  of  Roman  an„- 
quities,  having  beer,  a mnr.idpal  p"" 
that  empire.  It  Ml  afterwards  under  the 
German  emperors,  but  was  so  much  oppres- 
sed by  their  vicars,  that  the  people  threw  »» 
the  yoke,  and  subjected  themseh'cs  m loo7, 
to  the  ci-devant  republic  of 
which  they  received  several  high  • 

ASORH,  a chstvict  of  the  .vusstan  em- 
pire, bcrdeiing  on  the  sc.a  of  Asoph.  R was 
Lded  to  emharine  II.  by  the  Grand 
Si  taimv  in  1774;  .since  that  bme  sev  ml 
towns  have  beer,  bmlt  m tt,  one  of  s'-iich 
clied  CatharinruslaS-  ib-d  is,  Catlir-nne  s 
G’oru,  is  now  the  cipitah  , 

Dp/na  town  of  Coban  h* 

almve  district,  seated  on  tne  s bran^  Y.,  “ 

river  Don,  near  its  ef'.trunce  into  the  -- 

A bo-ih.  It  ha's 


‘U  ar.drctiiken*' 


ASS 

In  1759,  Hnd  1774,  it  was  ceded  to  Russia 
by  the  Tuvks.  The  river  is  now  so  choked 
up  with  sand,  as  scarcely  to  admit  the  smal- 
lest vessel : 1 5 miles  w by  s of  Rastof.  Lon. 
42  22  E,  lat.  47  0 ¥. 

Asaph,  or  Zaback,  anciently  called  Pal  us 
Mceolis,  a sea  between  Europe  and  Asia, 
about  600  miles  in  circumference.  It  lies 

of  the  Black  Sea,  with  which  it  commu- 
nicates by  the  Strait  of  Caffa,  the  ancient 
Cimmerian  Bosphorus. 

Asopk,  the  name  of  a village  of  the 
United  States,  which  was  burnt  during  the 
American  war,  and  the  inhabitants  put  to 
the  sword.  General  Washington  retaliated 
upon  the  first  fort  he  afterwards  took^  by  cut- 
ting off  an  equal  number  of  British  troops. 

Asow,  a celebrated  fortress  of  Russia, 
pnce  a place  of  considerable  trade,  but  now 
demolished. 

Asp-jren,  a tov/n  of  S Holland,  situated  on 
the  Linghe,  ir5  miles  s of  Utrecht,  and  22 
E of  Rotterdam;  famous  for  a long  siege 
which  it  held  out  against  the  Gueldrians  in 
1517. 

Asperosa,  a town  of  Turkey,  in  Europe : 
it  is  a bishop’s  see  situated  on  the  coast  of 
the  Archipelago.  Lon.  25  50  e,  lat.  40  58  x. 

Aspeptiai  a,  town  of  Spain,  in  Biscay. 
Lon.  2 22  lat.  45  20  n. 

Aqiro  Potama.  See  Achelous* 

Aspotagoen,  a mountain  of  N America, 
on  the  coast  of  Nova  Scotia.  It  is  500  feet 
above  the  sea  level. 

ASSAM,  a country  of  Asia,  bounded  on 
the  w by  Bengal  and  Bootan ; on  the  n by 
the  mountains  of  Tibet ; and  on  the  se  and 
s by  Meckiey.  The  Burrampooter  runs 
through  its  whole  length,  and  divides  it  into 
two  parts,  the  northern  called,  Uttercul,  and 
the  southern  Catchincul.  The  open  parts 
are  cultivated  and  fertile : the  forests  are  in- 
habited by  elephants.  It  produces  silk, 
musk,  pepper,  cocoa  nuts,  ginger,  and  sugar, 
besides  many  valuable  fruits.  Among  the 
mountains  dwell  a tribe  called  Nanacs. 
They  are  base  and  wicked  in  their  disposi- 
tions, go  without  any  covering,  and  e.Ht  dogs, 
cats,  mice,  locusts ; and,  all  kinds  of  flesh, 
except  human.  The  rest  of  the  inhabitants 
are  much  of  the  same  description,  lawless 
and  irreligious,  warlike  and  enterprising, 
but  savage  and  vindictive.  They  have  no 
horses  or  camels,  and  a very  few  asses.  They 
are  singularly  afraid  of  horses,  and  it  is  said 
one  trooper  would  put  a hundred  of  them  to 
flight.  The  invention  of  gunpowder,  which 
has  been  ascribed  to  so  many  nations,  has 
also  j>een  said  to  belong  to  the  Assamese. 

It  seems  to  have  been  known  in  Hiiidcostun 
and  China  in  very  ancient  times.  In  the 
code  of  Gentoo  Laws,  the  use  of  fire 
arms  is  prohibited,  but  it  is  not  certainly 
known  what  these  fire  arms  were,  Ger- 
ghon  is  the  capital.  Assam  lies  betweey 
i 


ASS 

Ion.  91  and  96,  and  between  latitude  25 
and  SO  N, 

Assancala,  or  7 a strong  town  in  Arme- 
Assancalc,  3 noted  for  its  hot 
baths,  22  miles  e of  Erzerum.  Lon.  41  10 
E,  lat.  59  46  N. 

Assanchif,  a town  of  Asia,  in  Diarbekir 
40  miles  se  of  Hiarbekir.  Lcn.  42  50  e, 
lat.  57  20  N. 

Assitrpour,  a towm  in  the  territory  of 
Cu-tch,  Hindoostan,  at  the  most  earstern 
mouth  of  the  Indus,  58  miles  w of  Booge- 
booge. 

Assert,  a town  of  Overyssel,  Holland,  i 2 
miles  s of- Groningen,  and  24  xnw  of  Coe- 
vorden. 

Assena,  a village  of  Arabia,  near  Bokha- 
ra,  remarkable  for  being  the  birth-place  of 
the  celebrated  physician  Avicenna. 

Assenheim,  a town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  at  the  conflux  of  the 
Wetter  with  the  Nidda,  11  miles  ne  of 
Frankfort. 

Asserts,  or  Asms,  a district  of  Denmark, 
in  the  province  of  Funen,  which  carries  on 
a considerable  trade  in  corn  and  other  por* 
ductions  of  the  country.  A battle  was  fought 
here  in  1555,  vrherein  Christian  III.  obtain- 
ed a decisive  victory  over  Christian  II. 

Asserts,  a sea- port  town  of  Denmark,  si- 
tuated upon  the  Little  Belt,  which  separates 
the  isle  of  Funen  from  the  continent.  It  is 
the  common  passage  between  the  duchy  of 
Sleswick  and  Copenhagen,  17  miles  sw  of 
Odensee.  Lon.  10  2 e,  lat  55  17  x. 

Assenton,  Nether  and  Upper^  two  vil- 
lages in  Oxfordshire. 

Asseria.  See  Asilia. 

ASSINOIS,  a nation  of  N American 
Indians,  inhabiting  the  forests  of  Canada. 

Assint,  a parish  of  Sutherlandshire,  Scot- 
land, 25  miles  long,  and  about  15  broad, 
composed  of  lofty  mountains,  huge  barren 
rocks,  extensive  heaths,  lakes,  mosses,  and 
rivers.  Considerable  flocks  of  sheep,  and 
herds  of  cattle,  find  a tolerable  pasturage  on 
the  hills.  Population  is  about  2595.  In 
a tumulus,  in  the  island  of  Oldney,  on 
the  coast,  is  a hallowed  stone,  with  a cover 
of  the  same,  in  which  was  formerly  a stone 
about  the  size  and  form  of  a large  egg,  beau- 
tii’ully  variegated  by  nature  with  brightness 
and  shade ; supposed  by  some  to  have  been 
the  stone  of  Loda,  or  stone  of  power  of 
Oiisian.  But  it  was  stolen  and  carried  off 
some  years  ago. 

Assisi,  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in  the  . 
late  duchy  of  Spoleto,  which  has  a very  mag- 
nificent cathedral  of  St  Francis,  22  miiei 
sw  of  Spoleto. 

Assongcro,  a towm  of  the  district  of  La 
Plata,  in  S America, 

Assos,  a sea-port  of  Natolia,  on  a bay  txf 
the  .^gean  Sea,  1 2 miles  si  of  Troas.  Lon.  • 
26  s,  lat.  59  52  X. 

I 


AST 

Msuyr<plic>}h  a river  of  the  United  States, 
£n  New  York,  which  faiis  into  ilhake  On- 
taa’io. 


ASSUMPTION,  an  island  of  N Ame- 


rica, in  the  Gulf  of  St  Laurence,  at  the 
moutli  of  the  river.  Lon  60  40  w,  lat 
40  30  N. 

. Assumption,  a large  and  populous  city  of 
IS  America,  capital  of  a province  in  Para- 
guay. It  is  a bishop’s  see,  situated  on  the 
river  Paraguay,  in  a country  fertile  in  corn 
and  fruits,  whose  trees  are  always  green. 
There  is  also  good  pasture,  and  the  air  is 
temperate  and  salutary.  Near  it  is  a lake,  re- 
markable for  having  a very  high  rock  in  the 
middle  of  it  resembling  an  obelisk.  Lon.  i 
57  40  w,  iat.  Y6  0 s.  Also  a river  in  the 
same  territory. 

Ass^him,  a town  of  the  United  States,  in 
lAtcerne  county,  Pennsylvania.  It  contains 
about  55  houses,  ail  inhalited  by  French 
people. 

ASSYRIA.  See  Syria. 

. ■ Asta.  See  Asti, 

Astubat,  a town  of  Armenia  in  Asia. 
The  land  about  it  is  excellent,  and  produces 
good  wine  ; and  a root  peculiar  to  the  coun- 
try, called  lianas,  which  dyes  a beautiful 
red  ; tlmee  niiies  from  the  river  Ara.s,  and  52 
SK  of  Naksivan.  Lon.  46  50  e,  lat  58  28.  n. 

Astachars  or  Astaehara,  a city  of  Persia, 
near  the  mins  of  Fersepolis,  once  the  capital 
of  the  kingdom  of  Persia,  but  now  f very 
much  decayed. 

Asiarfiy  a town  in  the  province  of  Mazan- 
deran,  Persia,  seated  on  the  Chiian  near. its 
entrance  into  the  Caspian  sea.  Lon.  50  40 


A S T 

Ahtier,  St,  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Dordogne. 

Aslorga,  a very  ancient  city  of  Spain,  in  ^ 
Leon,  a bishop’s  see,  situated  on  the  river 
Tuera,  25  miles  sw  of  I.eon,  and  well  forti- 
fied both  by  nature  and  art.  Lon.  6 20  w, 
lat.  42  50  N. 

Astrabad,  a town  of  Chorasan,  Persia,  on 
the  confines  of  Balk,  70  miles  kne  of  Herat. 

ASTilACAN,  a province  of  Russisa,  and 
the  roost  easterly  country  oi  Lurope,  extend- 
ing from  56  to  52  n lat.  The  summer  is 
long,  and  intensely  hot:  the  winter  con- 
tinues about  three  months,  and  is  very  se- 
vere. The  soil  is  rich  and  fertile ; but  the 
Tartars  who  inhabit  it  are  strangers  to  agri- 
culture. On  the  w'estern  and  southern  sides 
of  the  Volga  are  heaths  of  a prodigious  ex- 
tent, sandy,  desert,  and  uncultivated;  these, 
however  produce  vast  quantities  ot  fine  tran- 
sparent salt  in  pits,  where  the  sun  bakes  and 
incrustates  it  to  the  thickness  of  an  inch  on 
the  surface  of  the  w'ater. 

Astracan,  the -metropolis  of  the  above 
province,  and  an  archbishop  s see,  is  situated 
within  the  boundaries  of  Asia,  on  an  island 
callep  Dotgoi,  about  60  English  miles  above 
the  mouth  of  the  Volga.  It  was  founded 
by  Hadgec  Tarken,  a Tartar.  It  was  con- 


kt  58  5 N 


Astchicoufiipi,  a vast  lake  in  New  Britain, 
abiiundmg  w-nh  whales,  and  supposed  to 
commuidcate  with  the  Northern  Sea. 

ASTER AB  AD,  a province  in  the  re  of 
Persia.  It  is  a mountatucus  country,  except 
ncM  the  rivers  that  almost  surround  it,  where 
it  is  pleasant  and  fruitful,  producing  grapes 
cf  a prodigious  size.  Asterabad,  or  Asira- 
&ad,.  the  chief  tcw  ii,  gives  name  to  the  gulf 
JA  the  Ferstan  sea,  at  the  bottom  of  which 
k stands,  HO  xniks  e of  Ferabad.  Lon. 
54  55  E,  lat.  55  54  n. 

. ASTER  AC,  or  Estebac,  a ci-devant  dis- 
trict of  A^magnac,  nov/  in  the  department 
of  Gers.  It  is  fortiic  and  populous. 


Asti,  a principal  city  of  I^iedmont  in 


Italy,  15  mdes  siv  of  Cassel,  and  24  e of 
Turn.  It  is  a bishop’s  see  ; is  well  forti- 
fied with  strong  walls  and  deep  ditches  ; and 
is  divided  into  the  city,  borough,  citadal  and 
castle.  Beside?  the  caJlcdral  it  has  more 
than  50  other  churches,  also  convents  and 
ether  fine  buildings.  The  adjacent  country 
is  very  fertile  and  pleasant,  Lon.  8 lo  e, 
lat.  44  40  ». 

Astico,  a river  of  the  late  Maritime  Aus- 
tria, in  the  Vincenlino,^  .> 


j Quered  by  Iwaii  BassilowitE,  recovcicd  by 
the  Tartars  in  1668,  and  retaken  by  the 
iCzfir,  who  employed  for  this  purpose  a great 
^number  of  fiat- bottomed  vessels,  in  vvhich 
he  transported  his  forces  down  the  Volga 
from  Gasan.  It  is  about  two  miles  and  a- 

hali  in  circumference,  surrounded  by  a brick 
wail;  and  including  the  suburbs,  near  five 
miles.  It  has  a good  harbour,  and  ort  the 
w a triangular  fortress.  The  Russians  have 
25  churches  and  two  convents,  Lutherans, 
Armanians,  and  Fa.pists,  have  their  places 
of  worship,  and  the  Hindoos  have  be^n 
permitted  to  erect  a temple.  The  number 
of  iiihabitaals  amounts  to  70,000.  Tne 
garrison  consists  of  six  regiments  ot  the  best 
Russian  trt'Ops.  The  houses  of  Astracan 
are  built  of  w ood,  and  generally  mean  and 
inconvenient.  Tiie  Volga  is  here  about  three 
miles  in  breadth,  and  like  the  Nile,  overflows 
its  banks,  supplies  the  want  of  rain,  which 
seldom  falls  here.  There  are  extensive  vine- 
yards, and  manufactures  of  nitre  and  gun- 
I powder.  It  has  an  inland  communication 
I by  water  v/ith  Petersburg  and  Mos-  oiv,  and 
' is  the  chief  mart  tor  the  Caspian  commerce. 
From  Inly  to  Oetr,  this  pl?.ce  is  inlested 
with  locusis.  The  marshy  lands  on  the 
banks  of  it  render  the  place  very  sickl-y  m 
summer.  Astracan  is, a good  sea  port  for 
the  Persian  market.  It  lies  50  rndes  n of 
the  Caspian  sea,  and  770  se  of  Moscow, 
Lon.'  47  36  e,  lat.  46  22  N. 

AUrop-V/elh.  a village  in  Northanapton- 
shire,  famous  for  its.  mineral  watpr,  winch  is 
recommonded  as  excellent  .ia  female  oy- 


A T H 

Mryctions,  the  gravel,  hypochondriac,  and 
similar  disorders. 

jisiurUf  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  late  Cam- 
.pagna  di  Roma,  and  republican  department 
of  Circeo,  which  has  a good  harbour  and  a 
fortified  tower.  Cicero  lost  his  life  in  it,  and 
prince  Conradin,  last  heir  of  the  house  of 
Huhenstausen,  v/as  taken  prisoner,  in  1268. 

ASTURIAS,  ancienriy  tiie  kingdom  of 
Asturia,  now  a principality  of  modern  Spain. 
It  greatest  length  is  about  120  miles,  and  its 
breadth  54.  On  the  s it  is  separated  from 
Oid  Castile  and  Leon  by  high  mountains 
covered  with  woods.  Tiie  province  is  to- 
lerably fertile,  and  produces  excellent  wines 
and  horses,  but  is  thinly  inhabited,  it  has 
mines  of  gold,  lapis  Lzuii,  and  vermlilion, 
The  hereditary  prince  of  Spain  is  styled, 
Prince  of  the  Asturias,  It  is  divided  into 
two  unequal  parts,  called  Aslurius  cC Oviedo, 
which  is  largest,  and  lies  to  the  west;  and 
Asturias  de  Santillana,  wmich  lies  eastward, 
and  is  mountainous  and  woody. 

Atabyris,  a very  high  mountain  in  the 
island  of  Rhodes,  America. 

Atacama,  a chain  of  mountains  in  S A- 
nierica,  w^hich  separates  Peru  from  Quito, 
on  which  the  cold  is  so  violent  that  passen- 
gers are  sometimes  frozen  to  death. 

ATACAMA,  a feitiie  province  of  S A’* 
rnerica,  dividing  Peru  from  Chili,  remarka- 
ble for  the  fish  called  Tolo,  with  which  it 
tames  on  a great  trade  with  the  inland  pro- 
vinces : also  a town  and  harbour  in  this 
province,  210  miles  s by  e of  Arica.  Lon.  80 
^0,  according  to  others,  60  50  w,  lat.  22  0 s. 

Aialasa,  a town  in  the  province  of  Re- 
ira,  Portugal.  Lon.  8 15  w,  iat.  40  55  n, 

Atalye,  a,  town  of  Si  Domingo,  W Indies. 
Lon.  71  56  w.  lat.  19  24 

Aialaua,  a town  of  Portuguese  Estrama- 
dura,  five  miles  s of  Tomar.  Lon.  7 56  M, 
lat.  59  25  N. 

Aiickisons  Haven.  See  Achesons  Haven 
and  Morison’s  Haven, 

Ateila,  an  ancient  town  of  Campania  in 
Italy,  between  Capua  and  NeapolL.  Tiie 
ruins  of  this  town  are  still  to  be  seen  about 
1 1 miles  from  thti  modern  Aversa,  which 
was  built  out  of  its  materials. 

Alena,  a town  of  Italy  in  Naples,  near 
the  Negro,  22  miles  n of  Policastro.  Lon. 
15  58  E,  lat.  40  56  n. 

Ateste  See  Este, 

Atk.  See  jEtfu  < 

At/iaboli,  a town  of  Romania,  in  Euro- 
ppan  Turkey,  on  the  coast  of  the  Black  sea, 
70  miles  ss,  of  Adriariople. 

Atkboy,  a borough  town  of  Meath,  in 
Leinster,  Ireland,  34  miles  nw  of  Dublin. 
Lon.  7 2 w,  lat.  53  20  n. 

ATHELNEY,  an  island  in  Somerset- 
shire, formed  by  the  junction  of  the  rivers 
Inone  and  Parret,  a few  miles  below  Taun- 
ton, iier^king  Alfred  took  refuge, 


A T H 

collecting  a number  of  his  retainer',  madif 
frequent  siillies  upon  the  Danes.  On 
account  it  is  called  Etheiingey,  or  the  Isle 
of  Nobler, 

Alhclstaneford,  a parisli  of  Scotland  in  the 
county  of  Haddington,  four  miles  long,  and 
from  two  to  three  broad,  andeentainingabout 
3,750  acres.  The  lands  are  flat,  axid  highly 
cultivated ; the  soil  excellent,  and  the  ch« 
mate  healthy.  ThO'  number  of  inhabitants 
about  927.  Robert  Blair,  authoy  of  the 
poem  entitled  the  Grave,  and  John  Home, 
author  of  the  Tragedy  of  Douglas,  were 
successively  ministers  of  this  parish. 

Atlielstanefhy'-d,  a village  in  the  above  men  I 
tioned  parish  j so  named  i'roini  Athehtane,  tha 
king  or  vicoioy  of  NoitbuKd)e!iaiid,  being 
killed  near  it.  It  stands  on  the  side  of  the 
Garletou  hills,  and  commands  a most  delight* 
ful  prospect  of  the  Erith  of  Forth  and  adja.- 
cent  country. 

Atkenree,  or  Aihenry,  a town  of  Ireland, 
in  the  county  of  Galway,  which  v/as  built  of 
materials  taken  from  the  ruins  of  a noble 
monastery,  part  of  which  still  remains,  91 
miles  w of  Dublin.  It  is  governed  by  a 
portrieve,  and  has  a barrack  for  three  com- 
panies of  foot.  li:  was  formerly  a place  of 
considerable  s rength,  but  is  fast  decaying. 
L jn.  8 48  w,  lat.  53  14  h. 

Alliens,  now  cailed  Setines,  a celebrated 
city  of  ancient  Greece,  the  capital  of  the 
kingdom  of  Attica,  situated  100  miles  ne 
of  Laciotlcmon,  and  320  sw  by  w of  Con- 
stiintinopie.  Il  is  the  capital  of  Livadia, 
and  is  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Eugia.  It  en* 
ja}s  a line  temperature,  a serene  sky,  and 
contains  about  15,000  inhabuants.  The 
towns  stands  beneaih  the  aciopoHs,  or  citadel^ 
by  which  it  is  defended.  The  houses  are 
mostly  mean  and  struggling;  many  with 
large  areas  or  courts  before  them.  In  the 
lanes,  the  high  walls  on  each  side  are  com- 
monly white- v/ashed,  and  reflect  very  strong-* 
iy  the  heat  of  the  sun.  There  are  magniii- 
cent  ruins,  which  testify  its  former  grandeur. 
The  Turks  have  several  mosques  and  public 
baths.  Three- fourths  of  the  inhabitants  are 
Greeks,  who  have  convents  for  men  and 
women ; with  many  churches,  in  which  ser- 
vice is  rdgularly  performed.  It  is  the  see  of 
an  archbishop,  and  has  undei'gone  various 
revolutions  in  modern  times;  having  been 
taken  by  the  Venetians  in  1464,  and  1678  ; 
but  they  were  obliged  at  last  to  abandon  it  to 
the  Tuiks,  under  whose  dominion  it  still  re- 
mains. Lon.  25  57  e,  lat.  38  5 n. 

Alhcrdee,  See  Ardee, 

Axksrley,  or  Adderley,  a village  in  the 
county  of  Salop,  wiiich  has  a fair  on  the  29tli 
of  June. 

Aiherston,  or  Aiker stone,  a small  market 
town  of  XYarv/ickshire,  coiisisting  chiefly  of 
one  street,  with  a s^^quare  mas ket-piace,  ia 
the  centre  of  which  a good  maiket*iiousa 
I 2 


A T H 

f^rps  lately  erected.  The  road  from  London 
to  Derby  passes  through  the  towm  The 
habitants,  in  number  al^out  2,500,  are  chiefly 
employed  in  the  manufacture  of  hats,  rib- 
bons, and  shaloons.  It  has  four  annual 
fairs:  April  7,  July  10,  Sep.  19,  and  Dec. 

4 ; with  a market  on  Thursday.  The  canal 
which  unites  the  Isis,  the  Mertie,  and  the 
Trent,  carrying  boats  between  Bristol,  Co- 
ventry, Birmingham,  Manchester,  and  Li- 
verpool, passes  within  100  yards  of  this  town. 
Here  on  the  night  before  the  defeat  of  the 
tyrannical  Bichard  III.  on  Bosworth  field, 
the  earl  of  Richmond  and  bis  partizans  held 
a council.  It  lies  10  miles  n of  Coventry, 
and  104  from  London. 

Atkerston,  or  Atherton,  a town  of  War- 
wickshire, situated  on  the  Stour,  three  miles 
from  Stratford  upon  Avon.  Its  fair  noted 
for  cheese  on  the  19lh  of  September,  is  the 
greatest  in  England. 

Athhne,  a town  of  Ireland,  situated  on 
both  sides  of  the  Shannon  ; the  one  half  in 
the  county  of  Westmeath,  Leinster;  and 
the  other  in  that  of  Roscommon,  Con- 
naught; but  united  by  a well  built  bridge. 
Atblcne,  though  so  advantageously  situated 
for  trade,  still  remains  a poor  ruinous, 
neglected,  dirty  place.  The  castle  founded 
by  king  John,  is  built  on  a high  raised  round 
bill,  resembling  one  of  the  Danish  forts. 
It  had  formerly  two  convents,  and  was 
strongly  fortified.  In  1691,  part  of  the 
English  army  under  general  Ginckle,  al- 
though the  Irish  were  strongly  entrenched 
cn  the  opposite  shore,  forded  the  river, 
stormed  and  took  possession  of  the  town,  not 
losing  mere  then  50  men  in  the  attack ; 
which  is  esteemed  as  bold  an  enterprize  as 
any  recorded  in  history ; and  it  obtained  for 
the  general  the  title  of  Earl  of  Athlone. 
Athlone  sends  one  member  to  the  imperial 
parliament.  It  lies  60  miles  w from  Dub- 
lin. Lon,  7 41  w,  lat.  55  22  n. 

■ • . AthM,  ot  Atholl,  the  most  northern  dis- 
trict of  Perthshire  in  Scotland,  extending 
in  length  45  miles,  and  in  breadth  50.  The 
country  is  very  rough  and  mountainous,  and 
contains  part  of  the  ancient  Caledonian  for- 
est ; but  these  mountains  are  interspersed 
with  fruitful  valleys.  It  has  several  vil- 
lages, but  no  towns  of  any  considerador. 
The  duke  of  Athoil,  derives  his  title  from 
tins  district.  In  the  neighbourhood  is  the 
celebrated  pass  of  Kiilicranky  ; which  see. 

Athol,  a township  of  Massachusetts,  in 
Worcester  county,  containing  16,000  acres 
of  land,  and  848  inhabitants. 

Athos,  Mcnte  Santa,  oxihe  Holy  Mountain, 
so  t::;lled  f/om  the  great  number  of  monas- 
teries built  upon  it.  It  constitutes  one  en- 
tire chain,  seven  miles  in  length,  and  three 
in  breadth,  50  miles  in  circumference,  and 
two  in  perpendicular  height,  situated  in  a 
peiiiiisula  to  the  s of  the  Gulf  of  Gontessa 


A T G 

in  Macedonia.  It  is  inhabited  by  CaToyers, 
a sort  of  Greek  monks,  who  lead  an  austere 
life,  and  generally  live  to  an  old  age  ; it  is 
much  celebrated  in  ancient  history.  It  is 
70  miles  e of  Salonichi.  Lon.  26  20  e,  lat. 

40  50  N. 

Athy,  a borough  in  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Kildare.  A branch  of  the  grand  canal 
extends  from  Dublin  to  the  Barrov/,  and 
affords  great  commercial  advantages  to  this 
town.  Two  miles  to  the  nw  are  some  re- 
mains of  the  city  of  Reban.  Part  of  the 
ancient  castle  is  now  a prison.  Here  the 
assizes  are  held  alternately  with  Naas.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Barrow,  12  miles  s of  Kil- 
dare, 10  sw  of  Naas,  and  52  sw  of  Dublin. 

Lon.  6 57  w,  lat.  52  28  s, 

Aiigny,  or  Attigny,  an  ancient  town  of 
France,  where  several  of  the  kings  had  their 
residence.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Aisne. 

Lon.  4 47  E,  lat.  49  50  n. 

Alienza,  a town  of  Old  Castile,  Spain, 
with  an  ancient  castle  seated  among  moun- 
tains, 54  miles  ssw  of  Soria. 

ATLAND,  a province  of  Transylvania, 
Atlantic  Ocean,  that  immense  body  of 
water  which  lies  between  the  continents  of 
Europe  and  Africa,  and  the  continent  of 
America.  From  Guinea,  in  Africa,  to  Bra- 
zil in  S America,  which  is  about  its  least 
breadth,  it  is  2,500  miles  over.  The  equator 
divides  it  into  the  N and  S Atlantic  Oceans. 

Atlas,  a chain  of  mountains  in  Africa, 
which  separates  Barb  ary  from  Biledulgerid  | 
and  are  supposed  almost  to  divide  the  con- 
tinent from  E to  w,  extending  upward  of 
2000  miles.  Another  chain,  called  the  j 

Little  Atlas,  extends  from  Gibraltar  to  Bona 
in  Algiers.  Their  names  vary  according  to  i 

the  countries  they  pass  through.  They  ;i 

are  said  to  have  derived  their  name  from  ' 

Atlas  king  of  Mauritania.  They  ar6  i 

greatly  celebrated  by  the  ancients  on  ac-  | 

count  of  their  height.  The  climate,  though 
extremely  cold  in  winter,  is  very  healthy 
and  pleasant.  These  mountains  give  name  s 
to  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  are  situawd  be-  i| 
tween  20  deg.  and  25  k lat.  ^ ^ 

Ailiscos,  a town  situated  in  an  extensive 
plain  of  its  name,  in  Tlascala,  New  Spain, 

20  miles  w'sw  of  Puebla  de  los  Angelos. 

Atoch  See  Attack,  ^ 

ATOOL  one  of  the  Sandwich  Islands  m 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  10  leagues  in  length, 
and  containing  a great  extent  of  rising 
ground.  Captain  Cook  supposed  the  inha- 
bitants were  cannibals,  but  this  seems  doubt- 
ful from  the  superior  management  of  the 
plantations,  and  the  neatness  and  elegance 
with  which  their  grounds  are  laid  out.  They 
seem  to  be  the  most  civilized  ct  any  of  the 
Sanwich  islanders : on  the  sw  side  is  a 
large  road  and  anchoring  place,  caUed  vV)-' 
moa.  Lon.  159  40  w,  lat.  25  51  n. 

AtoyaguCf  or  Atoyaqne^  a detp  auJ 


} 


A V A 

river  of  Mexico.  Over  it  is  a famous  natu-  ( 
iral  bridge,  called  Pmto  di  Dio,  100  miles 
SE  of  Mexico,  along  which  carriages  pass. 

jllri,  or  Atria,  a town  of  Italy,  in  A- 
bruzzo  Uiteriore.  It  lies  26  miles  w of  A- 
quilla,  and  was  the  birth-place  of  the  em- 
peror Adrian.  It  is  the  see  of  a bishop,  and 
is  seated  on  a craggy  mountain,  four  miles 
from  the  Adriatic  sea,  and  10  se  of  Teramo. 
Lon.  15  20  E,  lat.  42  40  n. 

Attal,  a town  of  Arabia,  in  the  province 
of  Yemen,  in  the  empire  of  the  Iman.  Lon. 
45  40  E,  lat.  16  0 K. 

ATTICA,  an  ancient  state  of  Greece, 
situated  along  the  n coast  of  the  gulf  of  Sa- 
ron.  It  extended  in  length  from  nvv  to  se 
about  60  miles ; its  breadth  from  n to  s was 
56,  decreasing  as  it  approached  the  sea.  The 
soil  was  naturally  barren  and  craggy, 
though,  by  the  industry  of  its  inhabitants, 
it  produced  all  the  necessaries  of  life. 

Attleborough,  a town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday,  once  the  capital  of  the 
county,  14  miles  NS  from  Thetford,  and  95 
of  London.  Lon.  0 4 e,  and  lat.  52  25  n. 

Attleborough,  a township  of  Massachusets, 
in  Bristol  county,  52  miles  s of  Boston. 

Atloclc,  a city  and  fortress  of  Hindoostan, 
the  eapital  of  the  province  of  Lahore,  seated 
on  the  E bank  of  the  Indus,  and  on  the  site 
of  the  Taxila  of  Alexander,  where  he  cross- 
ed that  river,  180  miles  wnw  of  Lahore.  It 
stands  on  a high  point  of  land,  where  two 
great  riyers  meet,  and  is  one  of  the  best  for- 
tresses the  Mogul  has;  but  formerly,  none 
were  permitted  to  enter  it,  without  a pasS’ 
port  from  the  Mogul  himself.  Lon.  72  56 
E,  iat.  52  20  N. 

. Attack,  a river  of  Asia,  which  rises  in  the 
Tartarian  mountains,  and  falls  into  the  In- 
dus above  the  city  of  Attock.  By  a treaty 
between  Kouli  Khan,  and  the  Great  Mogul, 
it  was  made  the  boundary  between  Persia 
and  India. 

Attore,  a strong  town  of  the  Carnatic, 
Llindoostan,  60  miles  n of  Tritchinopoiy, 
and  80  wsw  of  Pondicherry. 

Attudje,  a town  of  Arabia,  in  Yemen. 
Lon.  43  25  e,  lat.  14  40  n. 

Attui,  a fort  of  Arabia,  in  Tehama,  seated 
on  the  coast  of  the  Arabic  Gulf.  Lon.  41 
40  E,  lat.  17  57  N. 

; A V A,  a kingdom  of  Asia,  in  the  penin- 
sula beyond  the  Ganges,  now  generally 
Called  Birmah.  Several  large  rivers  run 
through  tJiis  country,  which  annually  over- 
flow their  banks  like  the  Nile,  and  Uius 
render  it  extremely  fertile.  It  has  mines  of 
lead,  copper,  gold,  and  silver,  besides  large 
quantities  of  the  finest  oriental  rubies,  sap- 
phires, emeralds,  &c. 

Ava,  c ia.-ge  city  of  Asia,  the  ancient  me- 
tropolis of  the  kingdom  of  Biroinh,  seated 
on  the  Ava.  The  houses  are  built  vv  ith  um- 

hfcr  or  bamboo  canes,  with,  th;:.tched  rgois. 


A U B 

and  floors  made  of  teak  plank  or  split  bam* 
boo.  The  streets  are  very  straight,  with 
row's  of  trees  planted  on  each  side.  It  is 
divided  into  an  upper  and  lower  city,  both  of 
which  are  fortified ; the  low  er  is  four  miles  m 
circumference,  protected  by  a lofty  wall  now- 
mouldering  to  decay.  Ic  has  four  gates  ^ 
the  golden  gate  through  which  ail  ambassa- 
dors enter;  the  gate  ofjustice,  through  wdiich 
the  people  bring  petitions,  accusations,  or 
complaints;  the  gate  of  grace,  through  which 
those  pass  who  have  received  any  favours,  or 
have  been  acquitted  of  crimes  laid  to  their 
charge  ; and  the  gate  of  state,  through  which 
his  majesty  hims«lf  passes,  when  he  shew's 
himself  to  the  people.  Ava  is  situated  oa 
the  s side  of  the  Irrawaddy,  four  miles  sw 
of  Ummerapoora,  the  present  capital,  and 
1150  NE  of  Calcutta.  Lon.  96  50  e,  lat. 
21  0 N. 

Ava,  a largeriver  of  Asia,  which  rises  ia 
Tibet,  and  fails  into  the  bay  of  Bengal. 

AVA,  a kingdom  of  Japan  in  the  island 
of  Xicoco,  between  Niphon  and  Bongo. 
Lon.  133  40  E,  lat.  55  0 n.  It  has  a capi- 
tal of  the  same  name. 

Avalon,  an  ancient  but  small  city  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Yoiine,  about 
500  paces  long  and  500  broad.  It  carries 
on  a considerable  trade  in  grain,  wine,  and 
cattle.  It  has  a manufacture  of  cloth,  and 
is  defended  by  a strong  castle,  seated  on  tli,e 
Cousin,  24  miles  sse  of  Auxerre,  and  50  w 
of  Dijon.  Lon.  5 58  e,  lat.  47  30  n. 

Auumabo,  a town  on  the  Gold  Coas^ 
Africa.  Lon.  0 50  e,  lat.  3 0 n. 

Aub,  a town  in  the  principality  of  Wurta- 
burg,  Germany,  on  the  river  Goliach,  12 
miles  SE  of  Wurtzburg. 

Aubagne,  a towm  of  Provence  in  Franca, 
on  the  road  from  Marseilles  to  Toulon. 
Lon.  5 52  e,  lat.  45  17  n. 

Aube,  a department  of  France  named 
from  a river,  which  after  passing  by  Bar  sv.r 
Aube  and  Areis,  falls  into  the  Seine  above 
Nogent,  it  includes  part  of  the  late  proviric® 
ot  Champagne.  The  capital  is  Troyes, 

AUBEIT,  a district  of  Arabia,  in  the 
province  of  Yemen,  situated  between  Lon., 
42  deg.  and  43  e,  lat.  16  deg.  and  17  n. 

Aubenas,  a town  and  district  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Ardeche.  The  dis* 
trict  produces  oranges,  figs,  olives,  w'alnutsv 
chesnuts,  trulHes,  dec.  which  are  sent 
to  Paris.  The  mulberry  and  silk  worm, 
thrives  well  in  it;  and  the  silk  is  manufac- 
tured by  a curious  machine  invented  by  Vau- 
canson.  There  is  likewise  a manufacture  of 
Spanish  wool  and  red  cotton,  in  imitation 
of  Indian  handkerchiefs.  It  is  seated  on 
the.  Ardeche,  at  the  foot  of  the  Cevennes, 
two  miles  from  the  mineral  waters  of  Valz, 
and  15  nw  of  Vitiers.  Lon.  4 50  e,  lat* 

44  40  N. 

AiibentoUf  a town  of  France,  cn  the  Aube^ 


A U C 

sii  t^c  dcpavitnent  of  Alsne,  14  miles  e of 
Vifvios.  Lon.  4 5 f.,  iat.  49  4 i n. 

Aiihcterre,  9.  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Dordogne,  seated  on  the  Drome. 
Lon.  0 12  E,  lat.  45  17  N, 

Ay>.bic.ri^Si  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partmcriL  of  i ity  dc  Dcme,  three  miles  se  of 
Clermont. 

Anbignc,  or  Aubign^,  a small  town  of 
Fance^  in  the  department  of  Cher,  seated 
in  a f.ne  plain,  on  the  river  Nerre,  24  miles 
>1  of  Bruges,  with  a handsome  castle.  Lon. 
2 20  E,  Lt.  47  Si  N. 

' Aubin,  Aiihitn,  or  Aoibin  du  cormier,  a 
town  of  F ranee,  in  the  department  ol  XHt; 
and  Vilaine. 

AvMn,  St,  a bay  of  the  isle  of  Jersey.  It 
has  a port  of  the  same  name,  witii  a good 
trade,  and  a market  on  Monday, 

Aiihontis,  a district  or  baiirage  oi  Switssi- 
land,  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  is  on  a river, 
Aiibonne,  a town  of  S^witzerland,  in  a 
district  of  the  same  name,  built  in  the  form 
of  an  amphitheatre  | oil'  the  upper  part  of 
which  stands  a very  handsome  castle,  with 
a fine  court,  and  portico  supported  by  pil- 
lars of  a single  stone  each  ; above  there  is  a 
covered  gallery  which  runs  round  the  court; 
and,  as  the  castle  stands  high,  it  afTcirds  a 
nibst  delighiful  prospect.  The  castle  has  a 
tower  of  tin,  which  makes  a singular 


A V G 


VV'  7 • 

pearance  at  a distance  when  the  sun  shines. 
Aubonne  is  situated  IG  miles  w of  Lau- 
sanne. Lon.  6 15  E,  h;t.  43  oO  N. 

' a town  in  Wiltshire,  near  Ranis- 

biiry,  on  a branch  ©f  the  Kcnnet,  eight  miles 
^-£  of  Morlborough  and  81  w of  London. 
It  had  7 2 houses,  worth  20,0001.  destroyed 
by  fire  in  1760.  Lon.  1 52  w,  iat. 

45  5S  N.  ■ . .. 

Anbusson,  a small  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Creuse,  and  situated  on  the 
river  Creuse,  37  miles  ne  of  Limoges,  A 
manufacture  of  tapestry  is  carried  on,  by 
which  the  town  is  rendered  very  populous. 
Lon.  2 15  E,  iati  45  58  N. 

Aiicaugrel,  the  capital  of  the  .kingdom  of 
Adel  in  Africa,  situated  on  a rising  ground 
near  the  Hawash.  Lon.  44  25  e,  lal 
9 10  N. 

Audi,  Ache,  Audie,  or  Aiiv,  a city  of 
France,  formerly  an  archbishopric  in  the  de- 
partment of  Gers,  of  which  h is  the  chief 
town,  seated  on  the  summit  and  declivity  of 
a very  steep  hill,  surrounded  by  other  hills 
that  rise  at  a small  distance.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  about  6,000,  and  carry  on  manu- 
factures of  velvets,  serges,  hats,  crapes,  and 
leather.  The  cathedral  is  one  of  the  most 
magnificent  in  France,  both  in  construction 
^ml  internal  decorations.  The  chapels  are 
of  equal  beauty,  and  ornamented  at  a vast 
expence.  It  lies  37  miles  w of  Toulouse, 
and  320  sw  of  Paris.  L^u.  0 35  Iat. 
43  39  K. 


Aiickcihef  , or  Achabar,  a hill  in  Aberdeen- 
shire, Scotland,  on  the^  declivity  of  which 
ate  the  remains  of  a circular  Roman  re- 
doubt. 

Auchanskakh,  a district  of  Braemair  in 
Aberdeenshire,  Scotland,  where  an  annual 
market  is  held  on  the  5d  Monday  of  Octo- 
ber, O.  S.  for  sheep,  and  ou  Tuesday  for  all 
kinds  of  wares. 

Aiuchindinny,  a small  village  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Mid>  Lothian,  seven  miles  s from  Ed- 
inburgh, which  has  a paper  manufacture 
aiid  an  ancient  stone  bridge  of  uncommon, 
architecturcv 

Aitchindoir,  a parish  of  Scotland  in  A- 
berdeeushiie,  extending  about  seven  miles 
long,  and  about  five  broad,  containing  about 
55  square  miles,  of  which  there  are  only 
2,000  acres  arable.  It  produces  lime- stone, 
free-stone,  and  that  wonderful  mineral,  the 
ASBESTOS.  The  climate  is  healthy,  and  the- 
sail  iii  general  thin  and  dry.  The  popula- 
tion is  about,  5-32,  which  is  307  less  than 
it  was  ill  1755;  owing  to  the  removal  of 
cottagers,  and  emigrations  to  Aberdeen. 
A stone  with  some  rude  sculpture  on  it 
stands  near  a spring  called  Maiden’s  W ell, 
stands,  k is  said,  on  tho  spot  where  a 
young  woman  was  kiikd  by  a boar.  The 
boar  was  killed  by  the  lover  of  the  I'air  one, 
whose  name  was  Forbes,  and  a stone,  with 

a boar’s  head,  commemorative  of  this  deed, 

was  removed  from  this  place  by  Lora 
Forbes  to  his  house  of  Futachie.  From 
which  circumstance  a boar’s  head  makes 
part  of  the  armorial  bearings  of  that  family. 

Auchi^ihove^  a place  in  iianlFshire,  Scot- 
land, Hear  the  banks  of  the  Isia ; memor- 


able for  a battle  fought  beiween  the 

and  the  Danes,  in  tixe  reign  of  Donald  VI. 
Pieces  of  armour  weredug  up  m it  several 

years  ago.  . . , ^ 

Auciiinlech,  a pretty  eitensive  parish  of 
Scotland,  in  Ayshire.  Th^i  sail  isun  general 
poor.  It  produces  excellent  coals,  neescone, 
a blackstonci  which  is  fire-prerat,  used  for 
building  ovans,  and  other  mmerals.  It  Has 
also  a lead  mine,  which  has  never  been 
wrought,  but  is  said  lobe  rich  in  suverj 
and  two  mineral  wells.  The  population  is 

about  1,214.  . , 

Auckinleck,  a village  in  the  above  paNsh. 
It  has  a well  frequented  fair,  elnedy  tor 
lambs,  on  the  last  Tuesday  ot  August. 

Axwhinliilu  Linn  Spout,  a t.emer,dous  ca- 
taract,  in  the  parish  of  Fintry.  ScoUand, 

over  which  the  Carrou  rushes- in  us  course 

from  Carron  liog  to  the  Carse  ot  t^.kirk. 

AuclUossen,  Loch  of,  a lake  in  the  parish 
of  Lumphanan,  in  Abardeenshire,  Scotland. 

Auchmedden  a don  ot 
Aberdeenshire,  parish  of  Auetdour,  whiclv 
produces  some  rare  plants,  it  has  an  ea- 
, cellent  mill-stone  quarry,  heloiiging  to  the 

j earl  of  Absrdcia* 


A U C 

Aucliterarder^2L\!!2Lrh\\  in  Perthshire,  Scot- 
land, of  an  irregular  form,  extending  about 
five  miles  every  way.  It  lies  s of  the  Earn, 
and  is  mostly  level  and  arable.  It  produces 
all  kinds  of  grain  and  roots;  and  abounds 
in  durable  stones  and  slates.  The  Ruthven, 
which  runs  through  it,  turns  four  corn, 
three  lint,  and  tw^o  oil  mills;  one  paper, 
and  one  fulling  mill.  The  population  is 
2,0^2,  being  an  increase  of  842  since 
1755. 

■ AvLchterarder^  a village  in  the  above  prt- 
risb,  which  xvas  formerly  a royal  burgh,  and 
sent  a member  to  the  Scots  parliament.  Of 
late  years  the  weaving  of  cottons  may  be 
said  to  be  the  chief  employment.  It  has 
four  fairs,  one  of  them  held  on  the  10th  of 
March,  O.  S.  and  an  annual  tryst  in  the  be- 
ginning of  October  for  black  cattle.  On 
tlie  N of  the  town,  ore  the  remains  of  an 
ancient  castle,  said  to  have  been  a hunting 
seat  of  king  Malcolm  Canmore.  In  digging 
cut  the  foundation  of  the  church  some  years 
since,  there  was  found  a coin  of  Titus  Ves- 
pasian. 

JLuchttrderTan,  a parish  of  Fifeshire,  Scot- 
land, about  four  miles  long  and  three  broad. 
The  soil  is  barren,  as  it  lies  almost  wholly 
upon  coal : and  the  surface  unequal  and 
rocky.  The  population  is  about  1,045. 
There  are  some  rocks  of  a singular  appear- 
ance with  a number  of  detached  perpendi- 
cular pillars,  resembling  the  trunks,  of  large 
trees. 

Auckterga.ven,  Aughtergaven,  a parish  of 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  nine  miles  long  from 
E,  to  %v,  and  about  five  broad  from  n to  s. 
The  population  is  abont  2,042. 

Auchierkouse,  a parish  of  Forfarshire, 
Scotland,  s of  the  Sidlawhills,  and  seven 
miles  i^xv  from  Dundee.  The  air  is  sharp, 
but  healthy  ; and  the  soil  is  moorish,  but  has 
been  much  improved  by  manuring  with 
marie,  which  is  used  in  several  places.  Po- 
pulation is  about  655. 

Auchterlesiy  a level,  fertile,  and  well  cul- 
tivated parish  of  Aberdeenshire,  Scotland, 
seven  miles  long  and  three  broad.  Po- 
pulation is  about  1,129.  There  is  an  an- 
nual sheep  fair  on  the  2d  Tuesday  of 
April. 

AuchtermucMy,  a parish  of  Fifeshire, 
Scotland,  two  miles  long,  and  one  and  a- 
half  broad.  The  climate  is  healthy.  The 
soil  is  light,  loose,  black,  and  somewhat 
gravelly.  Population  including  the  town, 
is  about  2,060. 

Aacht-ermuchly,  signifying  in  Gaelic,  th^ 
cottage  oj  the  Kmg^  a town  in  the  above  pa- 
rish, which  was  constituted  a royal  burgh 
by  James  IV.,  confirmed  by  James  VI.; 
and  spll  enjoys  all  the  privileges,  except 
that  ot  electing  a representative  in  parlia- 
ment. It  has  three  bailies,  14  counsellors, 
a treasurer  ami  clerk.  1 1 has  four  fairs ; on 


A V E 

I 2 1st  August,  first  Tuesdaj^s  of  KoTeml?*? 
and  April,  and  ifith  July  ; which  last  is 
of  the  most  considerable  in  Fife,  for  horses, 
cattle,  &c.  The  chief  manufacture  is  whits 
and  brown  linens,  the  annual  amount  of 
which  is  nearly  20,000. 

Auchterloul^  a parish  of  Fifeshire,  Scot- 
land, twm  miles  long,  and  one  broad.  Po- 
pulation is  about  596. 

AiichteriGuU  a village  in  the  above  parish, 
containing  251  inhabitants. 

Aiichulrn,  a late  pcpulous  town  in  Ross- 
shire,  Scotland,  which,  in  1745,  was  render- 
ed uninhabiisble,  by  one  cf  those  mountain 
torrents  called  a Scriddan.  It  has  been 
since  converted  into  a gracing  farm. 

Auckland  Bishops,  See  Auckland, 

AUDE.  a department  of  France,  named 
from  the  river  Aude^  which  rises  in  Cer- 
dagne,  among  the  Pyrenees,  and  falls  into 
the  Mediterranean,  a little  to  the  ne  of 
Narbonne.  The  Romans  dug  up  gold  from 
its  banks  and  channel. 

Audierne,  a town  of  France,  Carcassone, 
in  the  department  of  Finisterre,  seated  on 
the  bay  of  . Biscay,  18  miles  w of  Quiinper. 

Audlcy- Castle i a fort  of  Ireland,  built  on 
a high  promontory  of  the  shore  of  Sirangerd 
Lough. 

Audley-Endf  a sumptuous  palace  in 
sex,  one  mile  s of  Saffron  Vfalden,  built  put 
cf  the  ruins  of  Walden-abbey,  by  Thomas 
Audley,  lord  Chanceiior,  and  intended  as  a 
palace  for  King  James  I, 

Audley- Road,  a part  on  the  w side  of 
Strangferd  Bay,  in  the  county  cf.Down, 
Ireland,  where  ships  may  lie  in  safety. 

Aveiro,  a considerable  city  of  Portugal 
in  Eeiro,  seated  near  the  head  of  a small 
gulf,  at  the  mouth  cf  the  Voiiga,  Vt^hich 
form.s  a haven  with  a bar,  ever  which  ves- 
sels may  pass  that  do  not  draw  above  eight 
or  nine  feet  of  water.  It  has  a remarkable 
nunnery,  where  none  are  admitted  but  the 
daughters  of  the  ancient  nobility.  The  in- 
habitants of  Aviero,  have  the  singular  privi- 
leges, that  no  stranger  whatever  can  pass  a 
night  there  without  the  leave  of  the  mj'gis- 
trate.  Its  chief  articles  of  commerce  is 
salt,  of  which  great  quantities  are  manu- 
factured in  the  vicinity.  It  lies  35  miles  s 
of  Oporto.  Lcn.  S 50  w,  lat.  40  40  n. 

A VEIRON,  a department  of  France,  in- 
cluding the  late  province  of,  Rouergue,  it 
takes  its  name  from  a river  which  rises  near 
Severac  le  Chateau,  and  falls  into  the 
Garonne  below'  Montaiibrm. 

Aveiia,  a town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  de 
L&vora,  famous  for  its  apples  and  honey, 
four  miles  jNe  of  Nola,  and  15  ne  of  Naples. 

> AveUino,  a cify  of  Italy,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Naples,  w ith  a bishop’s  see.  It  w'as  al- 
most ruined  by  an  earthquake,  in  1694.  It' 
is,  bow^ever,  at  present,  a pretty  considera- 
bls  place,  having  manufactures  of  cloth, 


A V E 

Bi.-ccarotia  paste,  &e.  Tbe  inKcibitarite  are 
fcstimated  at  8 or  10,000.  it  is  25  mucs 
>-E  of  Naples;  near  it,  is  the  celebrated 
Convent  of  Monte  Virginc,  on  a wild  moun- 
tain formerly  famous  for  a sumptuous  tem- 
ple of  Cybele.  Lon.  15  20  e,  lat.  41 

:ll  N.  . - . 

Jv-ii,  a river,  which  has  its  source  from 

Lcch-Aven;  falls  into  the  Spey,  near 
Biillendalloch,  about  a mile  above  the  church 
©f  Inveraven,  to  which  parish  it  gives  name. 

Aven,  Avon,  or  Even,  a river  ot  Scotland, 
Which  rises  in  the  confines  of  the  parishes 
.m  Son-)  and  Galston,  and  being  augmented 
in  the  latter  by  a cut  from  Loch- Gait,  runs 
from  sw  to  ne  the  whole  length  of  the 
parish  of  Ax^entiale,  to  which  it  gives  name, 
dividing  it  nearly  into  two  equal  parts ; re- 
ceives several  tributary  strearhs,  and  at  last 
falls  into  the  Clyde  below  Hamilton,  also  a 
iiver  in  Stirlingshire,  which  takes  its  rise  m 
the  parish  of  Cumbernauld,  from  Loch 
^’anny  side,  and  fails  into  the  Forth,  near 

Borrowstownness.  . , , 

Avenay,  a town  of  France,  in  the  deparl- 
xnent  of  Marne,  45  miles  wnw  of  Chalons 

Sur  'Marne.  „ rv  • i i 

Avenche,  an  ancient  town  of  Switzerland, 
m the  canton  of  Bern,  formerly  the  capital 
df  all  Svntaerland,  but  now  greatly  decayed. 

It  stands  at  the  s end  of  the  Lake  Morat, 
i 5 miles  w of  Bern.  Grain  and  tobacco 
tiow  grow  on  the  site  of  part  of  the  ancient 
dty.  Lon.  6 52  e,  lat.  4G  50  k.  ^ 

' Auenhehny  a town  of  Germany,  m the 
circle  of  Suabia,  near  Ossenbourg. 

Auerbach,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Yci'^tland.  In  the  vicinity  is  a rock  famous 
for  pale  topazes,  14  miles  s of  Zwickau. 
Vioril  and  others  have  said  that  its  waters 
were  of  so  poisonous  a quality  that  birds 
drop  dead  when  fiying  over  it,  therefore  they 
call  it,  the  lake  of  Hell ; a little  to  the  w is 
the  cave  of  the  Cainsean. 

Avemo,  the  ancient  Avernus,  a lake  or 
Lavoro,  in  Naples,  two  miles  long,  and  one 
broad.  It  is  180  feet  deep  in  some  places ; 
and  the  old  walls  standing  upon  its  banks 
are  supposed  to  be  the  ruins  of  a temple 

of  Apollo,  . , , . 1 

Aversa,  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Naples,  with  a bishop’s  see.  In  1805, 
it  was  greatly  injured  by  an  earthquake,  it 
stands  in  a fine  plain,  10  miles  nk  of  Naples. 

Lon.  14  20  E,  lat.  41  0 N.  ^ 

AuersLadt,  a small  villap  in  ^xony, 
between  Namur  and  Erfurt,  which  in 
1806,  was  the  scene  of  a battle  betvveeii 
die  French  and  Prussians,  decisively  fatal 

to  the  latter.  . 

Avery sburg,  a small  post  town  in  N Caro- 
lina, of  the  United  States. 

AVES,  or  the  isee  of  birds;  1.  one  ot 
the  Canibbee  islands,  with  a good  harbour 
for  careening  ships,  70  miles  s of  Cuiacoa, 


IJ 


and  109  K of  Terra  Firmai  2.  Another 
lying  northward  of  this.  Lat.  15  0 jTj 
and  a 5.  near  the  eastern  coast  of  New- 
foundland. 

AVESNES,  a ci-devant  district  of 
France,  now  comprehended  in  the  depart^ 
ment  of  the  North. 

Avesnes,  a fortified  town  of  France , in  thd 
department  of  the  North.  It  contains  aooufc 
2500  inhabitants ; and  is  fortified  in  a strong 
regular  manner.  Avesness  is  famed  for 
white  stones  used  by  sculptors  for  sta- 
tues, &c.  Lon.  3 58  K,  lat.  50  8 

Avestadt,  a tovim  of  Westmania,  Sweden^ 
famous  for  its  copper  works,  and  a mint 
for  copper  money ; 35  miles  vnw  of  West- 

teras.  . * , 

Avezzant,  a town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzze^ 
one  mile  from  the  lake  of  Celano,  to  wuica 
an  avenue  of  poplars  leads  from  the  baro- 
nial castle.  It  contains  2700  inhabitants. 

Auffen;  a town  of  Austria,  in  Upper 
Stiria,  near  WeistriU.  Lon.  34  0 e,  lat.  47 
13  k. 

AUFNAY,  a pleasant  little  island  in  the 
lake  of  Zurich,  below  Rapperschwyl.  It 
belongs  to  the  convent  of  our  Lady  ot  Um 

hermits.  . ^ 

AUGE,  a ci-devant  territory  of  Nor- 
mandy in  France,  now  comprehended  in  the 
departments  of  Calvados  and  Orne.  ^ 

Augher,  a borough  of  li'eiand,  m the 
county  of  Tyrone,  near  the  Blackwater, 

1 7 miles  wsw  of  Bungannan.  Lon.  7 20  w, 

lat.  54  24  N.  ^ ^ ^ ^ 

AUGILA,  a territory  of  Zahara,  on  the 

s of  Barca,  between  Fezaan  and  Egypt.  It 
is  fruitful  in  dates,  and  the  caravan  trade 
jrives  employment  to  the  inhabitants,  the 
capital  is  of  the  same  name,  220  miles  w of 
Siwah,  and  540  e by  k otMourzook.  Lon. 
23  40  e,  lat.  29  33  N. 

Aus^buTi,  a city  of  Germany,  the  metr^ 
polk  of  the  circle  of  Suabia,  near  the 

confluence  of  the  Ardech  and  the  Lech,  m 
a very  beautiful  plain.  It  is  one  of  the 
largest  and  finest  cities  of  the  empire,  being 
nine  miles  and  a-half  m circumference  ; but 
fortified  after  the  old  manner.  The  town- 
house  is  very  magnificent,  little  inferior  to 
that  of  Amsterdam ; being  a vast  sq^ro 
stone  building,  with  a marble  portico.  The 
Lutherans  have  a college  here,  * 

vast  square  building,  wiUi  a fine 
the  top  of  the  front.  Tlie  cathedral  sa 
large,  gloomy  Gothic  building,  with  two 
spire  steeples ; and  a great  gate  all  of  brass, 
over  which  are  several  scripture  scraes  well 
represented  in  basso  relievo.  The  Benedic- 
tine abbey  is  a vast  Gothic  building,  the 
ceiling  of  which  is  said  to  be  the  h>gj'^st  ^ 
- Augsburg  IS  a free  an  . inde- 


pendent ^imperial  city,  governed  by  a town 
council,  and  the  representatives  of  the 
burghers.  In  S62,  a cour.eil  hete  tou&im- 


AUG 

«d  the  order  for  the  celibacy  of  priests.  In 
1530,  the  confession  of  Faith  of  the  Pro- 
testants was  laid  before  the  Enrjperor  and  the 
Estates  of  Germany,  and,  in  1555,  the  fa- 
mous treaty  of  peace  was  signed,  by  which 
religious  liberty  was  secured  to  Germany. 
This  city  contains  about  36,000  inhabitants; 
50  miles  nw  of  Munich.  Lon.  10  55  e 
lat.  48  17  N. 

Augusta^  a sea- port  in  Val  di  Noto,  Sicily. 
The  town,  which  has  been  rebuilt  since  the 
earthquake  in  1693,  stands  on  a low  penin- 
sula, joined  to  Sicily  on  the  n by  a cause- 
way. Its  fine  harbour  is  defended  by  forts 
and  a citadel ; 1 9 miles  sse  of  Catania.  Lon. 
15  25  E,  lat.  37  13  N. 

Augusta,  a considerable  and  flourishing 
town  of  Georgia,  in  the  United  States,  and 
some  time  the  seat  of  government,  which 
Louisville  now  is.  It  is  pleasantly  situated 
on  the  sw  side  of  Savannah  river.  This 
fow’n  was  mostly  built  between  1785,  and 
1790,  at  the  latter  period  it  w^as  incorporated 
by  an  act  of  the  legislature ; and  it  is  go- 
verned by  a mayor  and  aldermen.  Opposite 
the  centre  of  the  town  a large  woodden  bridge 
has  been  erected  across  the  Savannah,  which 
opens  a commodious  and  easy  communica- 
tion wdth  S Carolina.  It  carries  on  a brisk 
trade  between  the  back  country  and  the 
town  of  Savannah.  It  is  52  miles  nne  of 
Louisville,  and  1 27  nnw  of  Savannah.  Lon. 
81  45  w,  lat.  53  59  n. 

Augusta,  a county  of  the  United  States,  in 
Virginia  ; it  has  a remrrkable  cascade,  called 
Falling  Spring.  Also  a town  in  Upper 
Canada. 

Augustine,  a Cape  of  S America,  in  Bra- 
2il,  300  miles  ne  of  the  bay  of  All- Saints. 
Lon.  55  40  w,  laf,  S 30  s. 

Augustine,  St.  a fort  and  chief  town  of  N 
America,  on  the  e coast  of  E Florida,  built 
by  the  Spaniards  ; vessels  4.hat  draw  more 
then  ten  or  1 2 feet  water  cannot  approach  it. 
It  is  defended  by  a strong'  castle.  Lon.  81 
50  w,  lat,  30  8 n. 

AUGUSTINE’S  CHAIN,  a chain  of 
fmall  islands,  two  miles  sw  of  St.  Augustines. 

Augustine^ s,  St,  a port  and  river  on  the 
coast  of  Labrador,  opposite  St.  John’s  Bay, 
Newfoundland.  Lon.  58  50  w,  lat.  51  1 0 n. 

AUGUSfriNE’S  SQUARE,  ST,aclus- 
ter  ot  small  islands  oil  the  Coast  of  Labrador, 
in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

Aagiistow,  a small  but  strong  town  of  Po- 
land, seated  on  the  river  Narieu,  50  miles 
w of  Grodno,  and  44  ir  of  Bielisk.  Lon. 
?3  5 E,  lat.55  10  N. 

Augustus,  Fort,  a small  fortress  of  Scot- 
land, in  Inverness-shire,  seated  on  a plain, 
at  the  head  of  Lochness,  betw'een  the  Taarf 
and  the  Oich,  taken  by  the  rebels  in  1745, 
who  immediately  desert«d  it,  after  demolish- 
ing what  they  could;  34  miles  ssw  gf  In- 


A V J 

Atigusiushurg.  See  SchsUenherg^ 

Aviano,  a- town  of  the  territory  of 
in  Friuli,  2S  miles  w of  Udina. 

Avich,  Lock,  anciently  called  LovMmnSp 
a lake  of  Scotland,  in  Argyllshire,  It  has 
one  castle  and  several  islands,  the  resort  of 
gulls,  cranes,  v.^ater  eagles,  and  w'ild  duck?. 
It  is  much  celebrated  in  ancient  Gaelic 
poetry. 

Avich,  a river  which  rises  from  the  abcTs® 
mentioned  lake,  and  gives  name  to  the  pa» 
rish  of  Dalavidi.  It  has  the  peculiar  pro™ 
perty  of  never  freezing ; even  in  1740, 
a particle  of  ice  was  observed  on  it,  although 
Loch  Avich  was  quite  frozen  over. 

Avigliano,  a small  fortified  town  of  Fievi- 


Avignon,  a city  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Valid  use,  seated  on  the  banks  of 
the  Rhone,  22  miles  ene  of  Nismes.  Befor© 
the  revolution  it  w’as  subject  to  the  Pope ; it 
contains  several  magniheent  churches,  the 
principal  of  which  are  the  churches  of  the 
Cordeliers,  Notre  Dame,  and  the  Ceiestines  ; 
besides  many  elegant  public  edifices.  Tha 
inhabitants  amount  to  about  50,000.  It  is. 
said  that  in  the  space  of  70  years,  there  have 
been  seven  gates,  seven  palaces,  £ve  colleges,^ 
seven  hosptials,  seven  popes,  in  Avignon  5 
and  before  the  revolution,  seven  monasteries, 
and  seven  nunneries.  The  university  has 
four  colleges.  Lon.  4 55  e,  lat.  45  57  n. 
It  was  the  capital  of  a territory  formerly 
subject  to  the  popes,  but  now  annexed  to  the 
French  empire.  It  is  extremely  fertile,  be*» 
ing  watered  by  the  Sargues,  which  takes  its 
rise  from  the  fountain  of  Vaucluse,  whithei\ 
the  celebrated  Petrarch  often  retired  to  in- 
dulge his  love-sick  melancholy.  In  thei 
Franciscan  church  is  the  grave  of  the  beau- 
tiful and  learned  Laura,  whom  Petrarch  hast 
immortalized  in  the  verses  he  made  on  her, 

Avila,  a city  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,* 
seated  on  an  eminence,  on  the  banks  of  the 
river  Adoga,  and  in  sight  of  the  mountain 
of  Pico.  It  is  fortified  both  by  nature  and 
art,  having  a v/all  9075  feet  in  circumfer- 
ence, adorned  with  86  lofty  towers,  and  10 
handsome  gates,  18  chapels,  seven  nunneries; 
two  colleges  ; besides  a noble  cathedral.  It 
has  an  university,  a considerable  bishopric. 
The  inhabitants  have  a manufacture  of 
cloth,  and  one  of  cotton,  set  on  foot  by  two 
Englishmen  in  1789.  The  vicinity  abound# 
with  fruit-trees  and  vineyards;  56  milea 
Kw  of  Madrid.  Lon.  4 55  w,  lat.  40  40  ir# 

Auila,  or  Aviles,  a town  of  Spain,  in 
Asturias,  on  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  16  miles 
N of  Oviedo.  Lon.  6 5 w,  lat  45  27  n. 

Avino  La  Fanea.  a toivn  in  the  w of  Leon, 
in  N America. 

Avio,  a town  of  Germany,  in  the  bi- 
shopric of  Trent,  a little  w of  the  Adig9» 
Lon.  28  25  e,  lat.  45  40  n. 

■K 


% 


A U L 

AviSi  a river  of  Portugal,  in  Alentejo, 
which  gives  name  to  a small  town  in  the 
same  province,  remarkable  for  giving  name 
to  the  military  order  of  the  Knights  of  Avis, 

25  miles  w of  Estremcs.  Lon.  7 40  w,  lat. 

58  46  N. 

Avis9,  a town  of  Naples,  in  the  Tens  di 
Lnvora,  six  miles  e of  Sora. 

AuMorough,  a ' village  of  Lincolnshire, 
England.  It  was  formerly  a Roman  town, 
with  a castle. 

AuJdand..  Bishop's,  a town  in  the  bishopric 
of  Durham  in  England,  situated  near  the 
condiience  of  the  \Vere  and  the  W^andles. 

It  is  a sanctuary  for  debtors.  The  bishop  has 
a princely  palace,  and  a park  in  it.  A few 
years  ago  a manufactory  was  erected  near  the 
west  end  of  the  town,  for  printing  muslins, 
•ottons,  and  caiiicoes.  It  has  fairs,  on  Holy 
Tuesday.  June  21st,  and  Thursday  before 
Michaelmas  ; with  a weekly  market  on 
Thursday.  It  is  eight  miles  s by  w of  Dur- 
ham, and  249  nnw  of  London.  Lon.  0 57 
w,  lat.  54  4 4 N. 

Aulcester,  a town  in  Warwickshire,  Eng- 
land. Lon.  1 52  w,  lat.  52  16  n. 

Aaldathp,  & district  in  the  parish  of  Dal- 
ineny,  county  of  Linlithgow,  Scotland,  for- 
merly a separate  parish. 

Auld  Davie,  a rivulet  of  Aberdeenshire, 
Scotland,  which  falls  into  the  Ythan.  Near 
its  banks  are  some  relics  of  Roman  anti- 
quities; and  the  ad  is  sup- 

posed to  have  been  at  the  conliuence  of  the 
two  rivers. 

' Auld  mu,  a hill  of  Ayrshire.  Scotland, 
on  the  top  of  which,' from  the  circular  ruins 
remaining,  there  seems  to  have  been  an  an- 
cient watch-tower. 

Auldion,  a village  in  Ayrshire,  where  are 
the  ruijis  of  a Danish  fort. 

Aulendorf,  a town  of  Suabia,  situated  on 
the  river  Schus,  eightmiles  Nof  Ravensburgh. 

Aulen  Hall,  a 'city  of  Germany,  formerly 
in  the  circle  of  Suabia,  but  now  an  integral 
part  of  the  duchy  of  Wirtemberg,  50  miles 
1?  of  Uim.  Lon.  iO  12  e,  lat.  48  50  N. 

Aulersl,  a town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  can- 
ton of  Frey  burg.  Lon.  24  40  e,  lat.  46 
35  N. 

» Aulna^',  a town  in  the  department  of 
Cavuidcs,  France,  1 4 miles  sw  of  Caen. 

Aul]:s,.&.  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Var.  Lon.  6 15  e,  lat.  43  40  n. 

AuUgrande,  a river  of  Scotland,  in  Ross- 
shire,  which  ir.kes  its  rise  from  Loch- Glass, 
Sind,  after  a course  cf  six  miles,  fulls  into 
Fri  h of  Cromarty.  For  two  of  these 
miles  it  runs  through  a deep  cnasni,  cahed 
Criii^^rc.'iide,  formed  by  two  rp’posite  preci- 
pic'is,  Ibrt  iise  perpcndicoifirlv  to  a grea^ 
F ‘g-t.  The  wddness  of  ti^e  steep  and  rug- 
g'.L  rctki-,  the  gloomy  horror  of  the  cldi- 

ai  d caveutB,  ‘Ynrt  ccssibie  by  mortabs  Uod,” 

tlri;  v;^ur-ihlls  wiuch  pour  dc'.vn  in  rspid 


A V d 

succession  ; the  hoarse  and  hollow  murmur- 
ing  of  the  river,  which  runs  in  many  places 
at  the  depth  of  near  150  feet  below  the  sur- 
face of  the  earth ; the  fine  groves  of  pine» 
which  majestically  crown  the  brink  of  the 
chasm,  with  the  other  numerous  beauties  of 
sportive  nature,  never  fail  to  excite  in  the 
mind  of  the  contemplative  beholder  emo- 
tions of  wonder  npd  admiration. 

Aultnacctorach,  a rivulet  of  Ross-shire> 
that  falls  into  the  Aultgrande.  There  is  lead 
ore  on  its  banks. 

Auliran,  AlbamcJc,  or  Scotsburn,  a rivulet 
in  the  parish  of  Loggie  Easter,  near  which 
a battle  was  fought  between  the  Scotch  and 
the  Danes. 

Aumisloivis,  a small  town  of  Bohemia. 
Lon.  32  38  e,  lat  50  10  k. 

Aumont,  a town  in  the  department  Lo- 
zere,  Fiance,  15  miles  nw  of  Mende. 

Atimore,  a town  in  Bengal,  Hindoostan, 
50  miles  s of  Rajemal,  and  46  nmw  of 
Moors'nedabad. 

Aunis,  or  Aiinix,  the  smallest  of  the  ci- 
devant  provinces  in  France.  It  is  now  com- 
prehended in  the  department  of  Lower  Cba- 
rante.  The  coast  has  several  ports;  the 
most  remarkable  of  which  are  Rochefort , 
Rochelle,  Brougc,  St.  Martin  de  Re,  Trem- 
biade,  Tonnai,  and  Charente. 

Avoch,  Audi,  Avadi,  Auach,  a parish  of 
Scotland,  in  Ross-shirc,  on  the  coast  of  the 
Moray  Frith,  consisting  chiefly  of  two  ridges 
of  hills,  moderately  high,  and  extending  a- 
bout  four  miles  from  s to  n,  and  two  and 
a-half  from  e to  w.  About  6C00  barrels  of 
herrfng  are  annually  cured.  Fhe  chief  ma- 
nufactures are  coarse  linens  and  Osnaburghs, 
which  bring  from  5001.  to  5001.  per  annum. 
There  are  some  excellent  quarries  of  free- 
stone ; and  marl  is  found  in  pne  laiie.  Po* 
pulation  is  about  1476.  In  it  is  a rivulet 
of  the  same  name  which,  at  its  mouth  af- 
fords, a safe  harbour  for  the  fishing  boats  in 

stormy  weather.  , 

Avon,  a river  of  Scotland,  which  rises  in 
Lanarkshire,  and  fails  into  the  Frith  of 
Forth,  near  Borrowstowness. 

Avon,  a village  in  Hampshire,  England. 
Avon,  the  name  of  four  rivers  in  England, 
viz.  1.  rises  in  Leicestershire,  and  falls  into 
the  Severn  at  Tewksbury  : 2.  in  Monmouth- 
shire : 5.  rising  in  Wiltshire,  fails  into  the 
Channel  at  Ciirist’s  Ciiurch  Bay ; 
and°  4.  the  Lower  Avon,  which  rises  near 
Tedbury,  in  Wihshire.  and  running  w to 
Bath,  becomes  navigable ; coniiniies  its 
course  to  Bristol,  and  falls  into  the  Severn 
Nw  of  that  city.  ' 

Avon,  a river  of  Nova  Scotio,  which  falls 
into  the  Atlantic  E.of  Kai'dax,  navigable  as 
far  as  Port  Edward,  for  vessels  of  400  tons. 

I " Aimidow,  the  name  of  the  united  streams 
of  two  rivulets,  the  sources  . of  the  Forth, 

1}  frcin  a little  above  the  bridge  of  Aberfoyle 


A U R 

tUl  it  enters  the  parish  of  Port  of  Monteath, 
Vi'hen  it  takes  the  name  of  Forth. 

Aupa,  a river  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Koningsgratz. 

Aiirach,  a town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Wirtemberg.  It  is  the  usual  resi- 
dence of  the  youngest  sons  of  the  house  of 
"VVirteriiberg,  and  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain  on  the  rivulet  Ermst,  15  miles 
£ of  Tubingen.  Lon.  9 22  e,  lat,  48  25  n 

Aiiran.  See  Urdno.  * 

Avranches,  an  ancient  city  of  Franco,  in  , 
the  department  of  the  channel,  seated  on  an 
eminence,  about  a mile  and  a^balf  from  the  | 
ocean.  The  cathedral,  a very  ancient  strong 
built  Fabric.  Flenry  II.  of  England  re- 
ceived absolution  from  the  papal  nuncio, 
for  the  murder  of  St.  Thomas  a-Becket,  in 
1172;  and  the  stone  on  which  he  kneeled 
during  the  performance  of  that  ceremon}^, 
about  50  inches  in  length,  and  12  in  breadth, 
stands  before  the  north  portal ; with  an  en- 
graving in  commemoration  of  the  event,  22 
miles  s of  Coutances,  and  160  w of  Paris. 
Lon.  1 20  w%  lat.  48  51  N. 

AVPcANCHIN,  a ci-devant  territory  of 
France,  now  comprehended  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Channel. 

Adras,  a town  of  Silesia,  seated  on  the 
Oder,  12  miles  nw  of  Breslaw ; also  a moun- 
tain in  Africa. 

Auray,  a small  sea  port  town  of  France, 
seated  on  a river  of  the  same  name,  in  the 
department  of  Morbiban,  eight  miles  w of 
Vannes.  Lon.  2 25  w',  lat.  47  40  n. 

Aurelius,  a military  township  of  New 
York,  America. 

Aurengabad,  or  Aurungabad,  a city  in  the 
E Indies,  capital  of  the  province,  of  Dow- 
latabad,  in  the  dominions  of  the  Great  Mo- 
gul. It  is  indebted  for  its  magnificnce  to 
the  illustrious  Aiuungzebe,  who  resided  here, 
and  from  whom  it  derives  its  name.  It  is 
seated  in  a fertile  plain,  almost  encircled  by 
mountains,  1 10  miles  s by  w of  Bmham- 
pour,  and  250  ese  of  Surat.  It  is  a modern 
city,  and  mostly  built  of  freestone,  with  ex- 
cellent gardens.  Lon.  76  2 e,  lat.  19  45  n, 

AurieJh  a city  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Westphalia,  to  which  the  king  of  Prussia 
claims  a right.  It  stands  in  a plain  sur- 
rounded by  forests,  12  miles  ne  of  Jb^mbden. 
Lon.  7 12  E,  lat.  55  28  n. 

Auriga,  a town  in  Germany.  Lon.  27 
12  E,  lat.  46  15  N. 

Aurillac,  a very  populous  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Cantal,  with  a castle  j 
which  commands  the  town,  seated  on  (he 
Jordanne.  Here  are  manufactured  con- 
siderable quantities  cf  velvet  and  lace : 50  | 
miles  ssw  of  St.  Flour.  Lon.  2 55  e,  lat. 
44  55  K. 

Auriol,  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone,  12  miles 
of  Marseilles. 


A U S 

Auron,  a river  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Cher,  anciently  called  A vara 

AURORA,  one  of  the  New  Hehridc 
islands  in  the  S sea,  in  which  Mr.  Forster 
supposes  the  Peak  d'  FAoU,,  mentioned  by 
Mr  Bougainville,  is  situated.  The  islaiid 
is  inhabited,  and  is  56  miles  long  and  six 
broad.  The  country  is  woody,  atid  the  ve- 
getation seemed  to  be  very  luxuriant.  Lon. 
168  24  E,  lat.  15  6 s. 

Aurseau,  a towm  of  France,  in  the  oepart- 
ment  of  the  Eure  and  the  Loire.  Lon.  1 
56  E,  lat.  48  27  N.  . . , 

Aursohin,  a town  of  Bohemia,  m the 
circle  of  Konigsgratz.  Lon.  5-3  58  e,  lat. 
50  14  K. 

Aurungahunder,  a town  in  the  province 
of  Tatta,  Hindoostan,  seated  on  a branch  of 
the  Indus,  to  which  it  gives  name  : 40  miles 

s by  w'  of  Tatta.  . 

Ausa,  formerly  Aha,  a river  of  Carniola. 
On  the  banks  of  which  ConstanUne,  the  son 
of  Constantine  the  Great,  fighiing  against 
Constan  was  slain ; also  a town  cf  Terra- 

conensis.  ...  . , 

Ausche,  a town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle 
of  Leitmeritz.  Lon.  32  0 e,  lat.  50  30  n. 

Ausekitz,  a town  of  Bohemia,  in  tne 
circle  of  Karzlm.  Lon.  52  58  e,  lat.  49 

52  N.  ^ .re  1 • 

Aushosen,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Suacia. 
Lon.  27  16  E,  lat.  48  15  n. 

AUSRERRY,  1.  a district  in  the  island 
of  Stronsay,  Scotland,  consisting  of  four 
iiolms  ; 2.  a small  pasture  isle  belonging  to 
the  parish,  and  three  miles  from  the  island  of 
Stronsay  ; and  on  which  there  are  the  ruins 
of  an  old  chapel,  and  of  a house  called  the 
Monker,  or  Moulds  House. 

Auspitz,  a fortified  town  of  Moravia,  in 
the  circle  and  20  miles  sse  of  Bvunn.  Lon, 
54  40  E,  lat.  49  9 0 N. 

Ausse,  a town  of  Moravia,  in  the  circle  of 
Olmutz  Lon.  54  45  e,  lat.  4 9 48  n, 

Aussig,  a town  of  Bohemia,  on  the  Elbe, 
in  the  circle  and  11  miles  wnw  of  Leitme- 
ritz. Lon.  51  42  e,  lat.  50  55  n. 

Aust,  a village  in  Gloucestershire,  Eng- 
land, famous  for  its  ancient  ferry  over  the 
Severn,  10  miles  n of  Bristol. 

Austel,  St,  a town  in  Cornwall,  England. 
It  has  three  fairs,  viz.  on  good  Friday, 
Whitsun- Thursday,  and  10th  November, 
with  a weekly  market  on  Friday.  It  hai 
considerable  trade  in  various  ariivles,  but  its 
chief  manufacture  is  woollen  cloth.  The 
potteries  of  Bristol,  Staffordshire,  and  Li- 
verpool are  supplied  with  its  fine  Cxay.  It  is 
situated  near  the  English  channel,  15  miles 
ExNE  cf  Truro,  and  245  w by  s of  London. 

Austerly,  a town  in  the  \V  liiuing  of 
Yorkshire.  A navigable  canal  was  made 
between  it,  and  Birmingham,  &c.  in  1 / / 2. 

Austerliiz,  or  Slawkow,  a town  of  Mora- 
via, in  the  circle  of  Brunn.  Here  was  the 
K2 


A U S 

of  a most  eventfid  battle,  hi  December 
JS05,  beUveen  the  French  and  Astro- ^lus- 
saan  arinies.  when  the  ktter  were  defeated 
with  the  loss  of  18, OCX)  men,  besides  cannon 
mid  stores ; the  eSect  cf  which  produced  the 
’degrading  peace  of  Fresbur^*  it  is  12  miles 
3 of  Brunn,  and  50  ssw  of  Olmuia.  Lon. 
^4  48  E,  lat.  49  8 n, 

AUSTIiALASI.4,  a name  given  by 
some  to  those  islands  that  lie  s of  the  con- 
tinent of  Asia,  as  New  Britain,  N Ireland, 
K Caledonia,  N Holland,  N Guinea,  N 
Zealand,  >T  Hebrides,  the  Solomon  isles, 
and  Arroo,  &c.  • 

AUSTRIA,  a circle  of  the  German  em- 
|)ire,  formerly  bounded  on  the  w by  Switaer- 
land,  on  tie  by  Suabia,  Bavaria,  Bohe- 
' mia,  and  Moravia ; on  the  "E  by  Hungary  : 
amd  on  the  s by  Italy  and  <L/roatia.  It  be- 
longs to  tbs  emperor,  as  heao  ot  the  house 
of  Austria  ; wnio,  since  Aiig.  1806,  wneii  he 
resigned  Ins  dignity  or  Lmpsror  ot  Ger- 
snany,  takes  th  e title  of  emperor  of  Austria. 
J[t  contained  the  archduchy  cf  Austria,  the 
duchies  of  Stiria,  Carinthia,  Carniola,  and 
Ooritia.  The  county  of  Tyrol,  and  the 
bishoprics  of  Brixen  and  Trent,  also  belong- 
ed to  it,  till  the  late  peace  of  Fresburg,  when 
these  were  ceded  from  A.ustria  to  support 
the  kingly  dignity  of  Baruria.  lije  result, 
however,  of  the  late  unfortunate  struggle 
• with  France  has  considerably  diminished  the 
extent  of  its  dominions.  By  toe  tieaty  of 
peace  there  concluded,  the  emperor  cedes 
the  territories  of  Sahsburg,  Berchtolsgadeu, 
W^assenkirch,  WedersdorfT,  Micheibacb, 
Griest,  Mackenhoffen,  Heist,  Jedina,  Go- 
ritia,  Montefalcone,  Trieste,  Carniola,  Wii- 
lach,  a part  of  Provincial  Croatia,  six  dis- 
tricts of  military  Croatia,  Fiume,  the  plur- 
garean  Littorale,  Austrian  Istria,  and  all 
other  territories  upon  the  right  bank  of  the 
Saave,  and  the  Icruship  of  iLadsuns  to  the 
fimperoi*  of  the  French.  To  the  king  of 
Saxony  the  whole  of  Wester  or  New  Gai- 
licia,  the  territory  of  Bohemia,  dep«nding 
upon,  and  included  in  Saxony,  a district  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Vistula,  and  another 
in  Easter  Gallicia.  To  the  emperor  of 
■ Russia  a tract  of  territory  in  the  eastermost 
part  of  Gallicia,  containing  a population  of 
400.000.  The  population  of  the  whole  of 
Austria  previous  to  this  division  was  esti- 
mated at  4,182,000. 

AUSTRIA,  ARCHDUCHY  OF,  or 
A»»tiij.a  Proper,  is  situated  in  the  above  cir- 
cle, and  excels  all  the  provinces  of  Germany 
in  richness  of  pasture,  fertility  of  soil,  and  sa- 
lubrity of  air.  The  inhabi lants  who  are  gay, 
polite  and  intelligent,  endeavour  to  distin- 
guish themselves  by  the  arts,  sciences,  and 
arms.  They  are  remarkable  for  their  courte- 
ous treatment  of  foreigners.  It  abounos  in 
^rn,  wine,  and  fruit ; and  its  sallron  is  sii- 
p@rior  to  that  of  the  E Indies#  The  chief 


A U X 

rivers  are  the  Danube,  Ens,  Inn,  Drave,  and 
Saave. 

Austria,  Lower,  is  chiefly,  though  not 
wholly,  situated  on  the  n side  of  the  Danube* 
Vienna  is  its  capital,  as  it  is,  indeed,  of  all 
Austria. 

Austria  Upper,  is  situated  on  the  s and 
w of  the  Danube  and  the  Ens.  Lintz  is  the 
chief  city. 

Austria,  Maritime,  comprehended  the 
dominions  ceded  to  the  emperor  of  Austria, 
by  the  French  republic  at  the  treaty  of 
Campo  Formic,  on  the  17th  October,  1797, 
and  which  he  enjoyed,  under  the  confirma- 
tion of  the  treaty  of  Liineville,  till  1805, 
w hen  it  w\as  lost  to  Austria  by  the  treaty  of 
Presburg,  and  annexed  to  the  new  kingdom 
of  Italy. 

AUSTRIAN  Neiheri^ands.  See  Ne- 

THERLANDl. 

Authiej  a river  of  France,  which  rises 
in  the  borders  of  the  departments  of  Somme, 
and  the  Straits  of  Calais,  and  falls  into  the 
sea  between  the  Somme  and  the  Canche. 

Autun,  an  ancient  city  of  France,  the  e- 
piscopal  see  of  the  department  of  Saone  and 
Loire.  The  Arroux  washes  its  walls,  the 
stones  of  which  are  so  closely  united,  that 
they  seem  almost  to  be  cut  out  of  the  solid 
rock.  This  city  contains  many  remarkable 
Roman  antiquities,  as  the  temples  of  Cybele 
and  Janus,  and  in  one  of  the  churches  is  the 
tomb  of  the  sanguinary  Brunehault,  who  is 
said  to  have  poisoned  her  son  Childebert,  and 
to  have  procured  the  death  of  ten  kings:  by 
order  of  her  grandson  Clovis  II.  she  was 
tied  to  the  tail  of  a wild  mare,  and  thus  mi- 
serably closed  her  bloody  career.  The  ca- 
thedral, the  college,  and  the  seminary  are 
most  worthy  of  notice.  The  inhabitants 
manufacture  delft  r/ares,  carpets,  coverlets, 
and  tapestjy  of  cow^s  hair  and  thread.  It  is 
45  miles  e by  s of  Nevers,  and  162  se  of 
Paris.  Lon.  4 18  e,  lat.  46  57  N. 

AiivaUy  a town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Westphalia.  Lon.  25  10  e,  lat.  50 
15  N. 

AUVERGNE,  a ci-devant  province  of 
France,  about  100  miles  in  length,  and  75 
in  breadth ; and  was  formerly  divided  into 
upjicr  and  lower ; the  latter,  otherwise  called 
Lima«ne,  is  one  of  the  finest  countries  in 
the  world.  It  nov/  forms  the  tw'o  depart- 
ments of  Carnal  and  Puy-de-Dcme. 

Auvillardt  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partments of  Lot  and  Garonne,  13  miles  se 
of  Agen. 

Aut»  See  Audi, 

Auxerre,  an  ancient  city  of  France,  capi- 
tal of  the  department  of  Yonne,  containing 
near  2000  inhabitants.  The  palace  of  the 
ci-devant  bishop  is  one  of  the  finest  in 
France,  and  the  churches  are  very  beautiful. 
It  is  well  situated  for  trade  with  Paris,  on 
1 the  river  Yonne,  25  miles  s of  Sens,  75  wnw 


A X H 

of  Dijon,,  and  90  ssk  of  Pari*.  Lon.  5 59  *. 
lat.  47  48  N. 

jiuxoTit  a town  in  the  department  of  Aube, 
Prance,  13  miles  s of  Troyes. 

uiuxonne,  or  ^ussonne,  a small  fortified 
town  of  France,  in  the  department  of  Cote 
d’Or,  seated  on  the  Saone,  over  which  there 
is  a bridge  of  23  arches.  It  has  a castle,  an 
arsenal,  a foundery  for  cannon,  and  a school 
for  the  artillery,  1 7 miles  e of  Dijon,  Lon. 
S^29  E,  lat.  47  1 1 N. 

' Aazen,  or  Tigre,  the  capital  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Tigre,  Abyssinia,  seated  on  a nver 
that  flows  into  the  Tacazze.  It  is  a place 
of  considerable  trade,  173  miles  vrs  of  Goii- 
dar.  Lon.  39  33  e,  lat.  14  4 n. 

Ai<o,  a town  of  Germany,  in  Bavaria. 
Lon,  29  25  e,  lat.  48  32  N. 

Aw,  or  IjOch-‘aw,  a beautiful  and  exten- 
sive lake  in  Argyllshire.  It  is  reckoned  the 
most^picturesque  of  any  in  the  Highlands. 
The  waters  of  which  it  is  formed,  descend 
from  the  top  of  a mountain  at  its  northern 
extremity,  called  Ben-Cruachan,  elevated 
3320  feet  above  its  surface.  This  lake  is 
about  30  miles  long,  but  not  above  three 
quarters  broad  upon  an  average,  though  in 
some  places  it  measures  two  miles.  The 
name  is  often  spelt  Lochow.  In  this  lake 
are  four  small  islands,  covered  with  trees,  in 
one  of  which  are  the  ruins  of  an  ancient 
castle,  and  on  a peninsula  is  the  noble  ruin 
of  the  castle  of  Kilchurn.  The  river  Awe, 
which  issues  from  this  lake  falls  into  Loch- 
Etive  at  the  village  of  Bunawe. 

Awatska  Bay,  a safe  and  extensive  har- 
bour of  Kamtschatka,  with  a town  called 
St  Peter  and  Paul.  The  entrance  to  it 
ifi  in  Ion.  158  48  and  lat.  52  51  N. 

AWERI,  or  OvEiio,  a kingdom  of  Afri- 
ca, dependent  on  Benin,  with  a town  of  the 
same  name  on  the  river  Formosa.  Lon. 
S 10  E,  lat.  6 10  N. 

Awlen,  a small  imperial  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  the  circle  of  Suabia,  on  the  river 
Cochen,  20  miles  wsw  of  Oeting.  It  w^as 
taken  by  the  French  in  1798.  Lon  10  15  e, 
lat.  48  56  N. 

Axas,  a town  of  New  Albion.  Lon.  114 
39  w,  lat.  39  5 N. 

Axhridge,  a town  of  Somersetshire,  in 
England,  seated  on  the  river  Ax,  near  the 
Mendip  hills.  It  is  governed  by  a mayor, 
and  has  fairs  on  the  25th  March,  and  1 ith 
June,  and  a weekly  market  on  Thursday, 
10  miles  nv/  of  Wells,  and  130  w of  Lou- 
don. Lon.  3 0 w,  lat.  51  17  n. 

Axel,  or  Auil,  a small  fortified  town,  for- 
merly of  Flanders,  but  now  of  France,  and 
department  of  Escaut,  seated  in  a morass, 
10  miles  n of  Ghent.  Lon  5 40  e,  lat. 
51  17  N. 

AXHOLM,  an  island  in  the  nw  part  of 
Lincolnshire,  England,  formed  by  the  rivers 
Trent,  Ide],  and  Dunj  about  10  miles  long, 


A Y A 

five  broad,  and  20  in  compass.  It  has  thr:® 
villages,  Crowle,  Ep worth,  and  Hyrst;  be- 
sides Axey  the  chief  town.  The  lower  part 
is  marshy,  but  produces  an  odoriferous 
shrub,  called  gall ; the  middle  is  rich  andi 
fruitful,  yielding  flax  in  great  abundance. 
It  also  produces  alabaster,  which  is  used  for 
making  lime. 

AXIM,  a sraAl  territory  in  Africa,  cn 
the  Gold  Coast,  with  a river  of  the  same 
name,  and  a town  on  the  e side  at  its  en- 
trance into  the  ocean,  which  is  its  capital. 
The  climate  is  so  excessively  moist,  rhat  U'  i# 
proverbially  said  to  rain  2 1 months  and  2^ 
days  of  the  year.  This  extensive  moisture 
renders  it  very  unhealthy : but  it  produce® 
great  quantities  of  rice,  water  melons,  le- 
mons, oranges,  &c.  The  whole  country  is 
filled  with  beautiful  and  populous  villages, 
and  the  intermediate  lands  are  w'cli  culti- 
vated. The  natives  all  go  naked,  although 
they  are  very  wealthy,  from  the  constant 
traffic  carried  on  with  the  Europeans  m 
gold.  This  canton  is  a kind  of  republic, 
government  being  divided  between  the  Ca^ 
boceroes,  or  chief  men,  and  the  Maiiaceroes, 
or  young  men.  But  in  their  courts  there  is 
not  even  a pretence  of  justice : all  is  bribery. 
The  Dutch  have  a factory  and  a fort  here 
called  St.  xlnthony. 

Agim,  or  Achambone,  the  capital  cf 
stands  under  the  cannon  of  the  Dutch  fort 
of  St.  Antonio.  The  coast  is  defended  by 
a number  of  small  pointed  rocks,  which  pro- 
ject from  the  shore.  Lon,  24  0 w,  lat« 
5 4 N. 

Axima.  See  Ahne, 

Axipoli,  a town  in  Bulgaria.  Lon.  24 
0 e,  lat,  45  40  N. 

Arminster,  a town  of  Devonshire,  on  the 
river  Ax,  on  the  great  road  between  Lon- 
don and  Exeter.  It  has  an  extensive  man- 
nufactory  of  carpets  after  the  Turkish  man- 
ner. It  has  four  fairs  on  24th  Feb.  25th 
April,  24th  June,  and  Vfednesday  after 
Michaelmas ; with  a market  on  Saturday. 
King  Athelstan  established  a minister  here 
in  memory  of  the  princes  in  his  army  who 
fell,  when  in  this  neighbourhood  he  obtained 
a victory  over  the  Danes.  It  is  27  miles  k 
by  N of  Exeter,  and  147  w of  London. 
Lon,  5 8 w,  lat.  50  45 

Axum,  or  Attuma,  formerly  a large  city, 
and  capital  of  the  whole  kingdom  of  Abys- 
sinia in  Africa,  but  now  reduced  to  a miser- 
able village,  scarce  containing  iOO  inhabi- 
tants. Among  its  extensive  ruins,  are  many 
obelisks  of  granite,  wiih  sculptures,  but 
without  hieroglyphies.  It  lies  125  miles  w 
of  the  Red  sea."  Lon,  38  45  e,  lat.  14  10  x. 

Ay,  a town  of  France,  in  the*  department 
of  Murne,  near  the  river  Maine,  remarkable 
for  its  excellent  wines.  Lon.  4 * i,  lat. 

■ 29  4 N. 

||  AyamonUi  a commodioui  sea- port  town 


A Y R 

cf  Andalusia  Spain^  with  a strong  castle 
ba  li  cii  a rock,  at  tljc  mouth  of  the  Guadi- 
?iris,  80  miles  kw  of  Ciid^s.  Lon.  7 15  w, 
kt.  57i2N. 

ATjaviriy  a town  of  Lima  in  Pern,  noted 
fv>i  mnoy  stately  tombs  t?f  the  Peruvian 
ncbslUy. 

Aj/bary  a town  in  the  province  of' Na- 
varre, in  Spaifj.  Lon.  1 10  w,  kt.  42  26  n. 

AycUff^y  an  ancient  village  of  England,  in 
the  county  of  Durham.  The  Saxon  Ghro- 
n:cai  meriticns  a synod  held  here  in  782, 
arul  anotlier  in  789. 

Aydon  Bridge,  or  Heydcn  Bridge^  a town 
in  Northumberland.  It  has  a market  on  Tues- 
day and  a fair  on  July  21,  22,  25,  and  24th. 

Ayerstoivny  or  Ayrstoiuii,  a town  of  New 
Jersey,  in  the  United  S ales, 

Aylesbury.  See  Aikshury. 

Aylesjord,  a town  in  Kent,  on  the  Med- 
wa)^,  52  miles  from  London. 

Aylesharn,  a town  of  England  in  Norfolk, 
with  a market  on  Saturday,  12  miles  n of 
Norwich. 

Aylmotilhy  a town  in  Northumberland,  on 
the  mouth  of  the  Alne,  with  a good  harbour 
for  fishiog  vessels.  In  the  reign  of  queen 
Elizabeth,  the  French  held  it  and  fortified 
it,  as  it  vras  the  first  port  near  Scotland, 
wltere  they  couli  safely  land  their  supplies 
for  Mary  of  Guise,  the  queen  regent.  It  is 
said  that  the  bones  of  giants  are  often  dug 
lip  in  the  neighbourhood. 

AylwGod,  a towm  of  Dorsetshire. 

Aymaraes,  a rich  district  of  Peru,  40 
leagues  sw  of  that  city. 

Ay  or  a,  a tov/n  of  Spain,  in  Valencia.  Lon. 
16  40  E,  lat.  59  5 N. 

Ayvt  or  Ayrshire,  an  e-xtensive  county  of 
Scotland,  divided  into  the  three  great  dis- 
tricts of  Garrick,  Coil,  or  Kyle,  and  Cunning- 
ham, formerly  the  three  great  bailiwicks  of 
Scotland,  which  comprehend  46  parishes, 
and  662,005  acres.  The  Tweed,  the  Esk,  the 
Nitb,  the7!Lnnan,  the  Urr,  &:c.  flowto the  Band 
6,  w hile  the  Stinchar,  the  Girvan,  the  Doon, 
the  Ayr,  and  the  Lugar,  intersect  the  county 
of  Ayr,  and  pour  their  copious  streams  into 
the  Frith  of  Clyde.  Besides  these,  the  Irvine 
and  other  smaller  rivers  water  the  n of  the 
county.  This  county  possesses  a rich  store 
of  mineral  treasures,  besides  inexhaustible 
beds  of  coal;  it  abounds  with  freestone, 
limestone,  iron,  lead,  and  copper ; antimony, 
and  molybdsena  have  also  been  discovered  ; 
and  in  the  hiiis  of  Garrick,  agates,  porphy- 
ries, and  other  valuable  fossils.  The  Dairy 
is  the  prime  object  with  the  farmers.  The 
cheese  of  Dunlop,  and  under  tiiis  name  all 
the  cheeses  of  Ayr  are  comprehended,  is  the 
bast  in  Scotland,  and  souglit  as  eagerly  in 
the  markets  at  the  Gloucester  and  Cheshire 
cheese  of  England.  The  gross  rent  of  the 
county  is  about  106,0001.  Sterling  j the  po- 
pulation Ja  about,  £4,506* 


A YR 

Ayr,  an  ancient  royal  borough,  the  ca-' 
pital  of  Ayrshire,  situated  at  the  influx  of 
the  river  A*yr  into  the  Frith  of  Clyde.  It 
extends  on  both  sides  of  the  river,  connected 
by  two  bridges  of  four  arches  each.  The 
one  venerable  for  its  antiquity,  the  other  re- 
markable for  its  elegance.  The  old  town 
was  made  a royal  borough  by  Y/illiam  the 
Lion  about  the  end  of  the  1 2th  century.  Its 
charter,  besides  the  town,  comprehends  the 
lands  of  Barrow  field  and  Alio  way,  or  Al- 
loa. The  council  c\)nsists  of  a provost,  two 
baillies,  a dean  of  guild,  a treausurer,  and  12 
common  counsellors,  annually  elected  on 
the  Friday  immediately  before  Michaelmas. 
This  borough  has  a revenue  of  6001.  and 
with  Irvine,  Rothsay,  Inverary,  and  Cam- 
beltown,  sends  a member  to  parliament. 
Plere  was  built  by  Oliver  Cromwell  an  ex- 
tensive citadel  containing  10  or  12  acres,  no 
part  of  which  is  now  standing  but  one  tower. 
It  is  still  called  the  Fort  or  Forth.  That  on 
the  N side,  called  the  New  Toivn  of  Ayr^ 
is  a borough  of  considerable  domain,  with 
baronial  jurisdiction,  being  governed  by  ma^ 
gistrates  elected  by  free  men,  but  without 
parliamentary  representation.  It  owes  its 
privileges  to  Robert  Bruce,  who  being  at- 
tacked with  the  leprosy,  came  to  reside  here, 
and  established  a Lazar- house.  The  chief 
trade  of  Ayr  is  the  exportation  of  coal  to 
Ireland,  in  which  nearly  2,000  tonnage  of 
vessels  are  engaged.  Toe  trade  of  this  port 
w'as  formerly  much  more  extensive.  It  is 
the  seat  of  a presbytery,  to  which  belong 
28  parishes.  Here  is  a flouri'^ihing  acaderayj 
in  which  youth  are  taught  most  branches  of 
education.  This  place  claims  ihe  honour  of 
having  given  birth  to  the  famous  John  Scott 
Eregina,  a voluminous  writer  of  the  9th 
century,  and  to  the  chevalier  Ramsay,  au- 
thor of  Cyrus’s  Travels,  &.c.  The  Barns 
of  Ayr  are  noted  for  the  Treacherous  mur- 
der of  a number  of  noblemen  and  gentle- 
men, by  the  English,  in  the  time  of  Sir  Wil- 
liam Wallace,  who  arriving  at  the  very  lime 
set  fire  to  the  Barns,  and  burnt  all  the  men 
in  them,  by  which  dreadful  act  ol  retalia- 
tion he  made  the  English  compensate  for 
their  perfidous  cruelty.  Mr.  John  Walsh 
was  some  time  minister  of  Ayr  near  the  time 
of  the  reformation,  by  whose  faithful  ser- 
mons, upright  conversation,  and  indefatiga- 
ble exertions  the  morals  of  the  inhabitants 
were  greatly  ameliorated.  It  is  also  a prin- 
cipal market  for  grain.  Leather  and  soap 
are  manufactured  to  a great  extent.  The 
harbour,  which  is  formed  of  the  river  Ayr, 
w as  often  obstructed  by  a bar  of  sand,  thrown 
quite  across,  especially  in  a strong  nw  wind  ; 
but  improvements  w^re  lately  made,  wEich 
will  remedy  this  inconvenience.  The  popu- 
lation is  about,  5,560.  It  has  w’eekly  mar- 
kets on  Tuesday  and  Fridays ' and  ,a  fair 
every  quarter  for  wooUeu  cloth  and 


A Z O 

A Coii'Jparsy  of  Fishers  from  the  K of  Scot- 
land are  settled  here,  who  supply  the  market 
with  fish,  and  earn  for  themselves  decent 
subsistence.  Ayr  lies  75  miles  sw  ot  Edin- 
burgh. The  parish  of  Ayr  extends  about 
four  miles  in  length,  and  three  in  breadth. 
Eon.  4 41  w,  lat.  55  ol  n. 

Jj/}'  Ifoss,  a place  in  the  parish  of  Au- 
chiulcck  in  Ayrshire,  memorable  for  a de- 
feat of  a party  of  those  friends  cf  religion 
and  liberty,  called  Covenanters,  during  the 
turbulent  and  oppressive  reign  of  Charles  II. 

Jysgarth,  a village  seated  on  the  Eure, 
N Yorkshire,  four  miles  e of  Asks  igg,  cele- 
brated for  a water-fall  called  Aysgarth  Force, 
and  a bridge  of  one  arch,  72  feet  in  the 
span,  overgrown  with  Ivy. 

Ayton,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Berwick- 
shire, on  the  London  road,  extending  four 
miles  and  a- half  in  length,  and  four  in 
breadth.  The  name  is  derived  from  the 
river  Eye,  which  runs  through  it.  The  soil 
is  fertile,  and  the  c’lirnato  healthy.  The  po- 
pulation is  about  1,453.  It  has  a wind- 
mill and  four  water-mills;  a p’per  manu- 
factory, and  a bleaching.  About  18  or  20 
tons  of  kelp  are  also  manufactured  annuahy. 

Ayton^  a village  in  the  above  parish,  seated 
on  the  Eye,  and  containing  near  600  inha- 
bitants. It  has  a fair  October  i2th. 

Ayton^  a village  seated  on  the  Derwent, 

Yorkshire,  live  miles  sw  of  Scarborough, 
has  a considerable  forge  for  iron-ware. 

Azat,  or  Azuy,  a town  of  France,  seated 
oh  the  Indre  and  Loire.  Lon.  0 55  e,  lat. 
47  18n. 

Azamor,  a small  sea  port  town  of  the 
kingdom  of  Morocco,  in  xifrica,  situated  on 
the  river  Morbeya,  in  the  province  of  Du- 
guella,  80  miles  n of  Morocco.  Lon.  7 0 
w,  lat.  32  50  N. 

Azaredo,  a sea-port  of  Brazil  in  the  Bay 
of  Spirito  Santo,  celebrated  for  sugar.  Lon. 
40  10  w,  lat.  20  18  s. 

Azelhurg,  a town  of  Bavaria,  formerly 
called  Agusta  Aciiia. 

Azem^  Asem,  Assam,  or  Acham*  See 
Ac  ham 

Azmer,  capital  of  a province  of  India  of 
the  same  name,  belonging  to  the  Great  Mo- 
gul, has  a very  strong  castle.  It  is  pretty 
large,  and  is  sometimes  visited  by  the  Mogul 
himself. 

Az'j,  a town  in  the  E Indies,  seated  on 
the  frontiers'  of  Achem  Lon.  88  3S  e,  lat. 
25  0 N. 

AZORES,  or  We'.tern  Isles,  nine 
islands  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  belonging  to 
Eorlugoi.  Their  names  are  St  Mana,  St 
Michr't'i,  Tercera,  St  Gecrge,  Graciosa, 
Fayal,  I'ico,  Ilores.  and  Corvu.  They  wtre 
frst  il'Si'ovcred  in  1439,  by  John  Vander- 
I.erg,  a merchant  of  Bruges,  woo  was  driven 
hcTi-  hy  stress  of  we?-thcr.  On  his  arrival 
Listen);  he  bo:incd  of  hh  discovery ; on 


BAA 

which  the  Pertuguese  set  sail,  and  took 
possession  of  them,  and  called  them  Azores, 
from  the  number  of  hawks  found  in  them, 
and  have  retained  them  ever  since.  They 
have  all  a salubrious  air,  and  ere  extremely 
fertile,  producing  in  abundance,  corn,  e- 
ranges,  lemons,  grapes,  and  other  frufts ; 
and  is  well  adapted  for  rearing  cattle  and 
siieep.  In  the  woods  are  found  multitudes 
of  birds  of  various  descriptiens,  and  it  is  said 
that  no  venomous  creature  is  to  be  found  in 
these  islands.  In  them  are  indications  ot 
volcanic  eruptions  in  former  times.  Tliey 
are  seen  at  a great  distance,  and  are  si- 
tuated 900  miles  w of  Portugal,  and  as 
many  e of  Newfoundland,  between  Lon* 
25  deg.  and  32  deg.  w,  and  between  lat. 
37  deg.  and  40  deg  n. 

Azoth,  Azoius,  or  AsJided,  one  of  the  five 
cities  of  the  PhilisUnes,  and  a celebrated 
sea-port  on  the  Mediterranean,  siiuated 
about  14  or  15  miles  s of  Ekron,  between 
that  and  Ascalon.  It  was  in  this  city  that 
the  idol  Dagon  fell  down  belbre  the  aik ; 
and  so  strong  a place  it  was,  if  w'e  ir.ry  be- 
lieve Kerodotus,  that  it  susiamed  a siege  cf 
29  years,  by  Psainmititus  king  of  Egypt* 
It  was,  however,  token  by  the  Maccabees 
in  a much  shorter  time  ; w’ho  burned  both 
city  and  temple,  and  with  them  about  8,000 
mep.  The  town  is  now  called  by  the  Arabs 
Hasaneyan.  The  number  of  inhabitants  is 
betw’een  2 and  3,000  mostly  Mahometans. 
The  houses  that  were  built  in  the  time  of 
Christianity,  still  preserve  some  claim  to  ad- 
miration ; but  the  modern  buildings,  though 
generally  of  stone,  are  no  way  attracting, 
i'he  towni  is  about  a mile  and  a- half  in  cir- 
cumference, and  has  in  it  a mosque,  a pub- 
lic bath,  a market  place,  and  two  inns. 
Here  is  an  old  structure  with  fine  marbiii 
pillars,  which  the  inhabitants  say  w^as  the 
house  that  S-^^mp-son  pulled  dow'u  ; end  to 
the  SE  just  out  of  the  towni,  the  water  where 
Philip  bc'iptized  the  Ethiopian  cunueb. 
'i'here  are  severrd  ancient  buildings,  with 
capitals  and  pillars  standing. 

yizjwyiia,  a town  of  the  province  of  Bis- 
cay, Spain.  Loo.  2 32  w,  lat.  45  14  n. 

Azua,  a small  town  on  the  s side  of  the 
island  of  St  Domingo,  seated  at  the  mouth 
of  a river  in  the  bay  of  Neyba,  60  ndcs  w 
of  St  Domingo,  and  trades  in  mehegany, 
ii«num  viise,  and  fustic.  Lon.  71  6 w,  lat, 

18  16  N. 

Azuvi,  a port  of  Abyssinia,  on  the  Bed' 

Sea 


Baal  beck,  or  the  Valley  cf  Baal, 

Afeitile  ccuniiy  of  Asia  about  30 
from  pitmaiicu®,  where  tlreic*  wai*  Rrmerly 


BAG 

A snagni Scent  temple  of  the  Sun,  tlie  ruins  jj 
of  which  are  still  admired  by  travellers. 
Geographers  all  agree,  that  it  was  one  of  the 
jnost  pleasant  spots  on  the  eai  th.^ 

Baar^  a landgraviate  of  Suabia  of  which 
Furstenburg  is  the  capital ; also  mountains 
in  the  duchy  of  Wirtemburg. 

Baba,  a towm  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Bulgaria,  seated  on  a gulf  of  the  same  name, 
in  the  Black  Sea,  90  miles  ne  of  Silistria, 
celebrated  for  its  sword  blades  and  knives. 
£on,  28  38  e,  lat.  44  40  jr. 

Babel.  See  Felu^o, 

Babel- Mandely  a famous  strait  between 
the  coast  of  Abyssinia  and  Arabia,  which 
unites  the  Bed  Sea  with  the  Indian  Ocean, 
in  it  is  a small  island  and  mountain  of  the 
same  name.  Lon.  43  50  s,  lat.  12  50  n. 

Babenkausen,  a town  of  Germany,  in 
Suabia,  in  the  duchy  of  Wirtemberg,  five 
xniios  N of  Tubingen.  Lon.  9 41  jt,  lat.  48 
55  N. 

Babingleyy  or  Bahurghley,  a village  ot 
England,  in  the  county  of  Norfolk,  noted 

being  the  place  where  helix,  the  Burgun- 
dian, fust  landed,  to  instruct  the  East  An- 
gles in  the  doctrines  of  the  gospel,  and 
where  the  first  church  is  said  to  have  been 

erected.  . d 

Babinglony  a small  town  in  Somerset- 
shire, near  ICilmersdon.  ^ 

, Babolizuy  called  also  Babolitxna  Carethna, 
Z town  of  Hungary,  or  rather  of  Sclavonia. 

BABUYANES,  a cluster  of  six  or  seven 
small  islands  in  the  N Pacific  ocean,  10 
leagues  n of  the  isle  of  Luconia.  The  chief 
produce  is  ^^ax,  ebony,  bananas,  cocoas,  and 
plantains. 

Babylony  the  capital  ot  the  ancient  king- 
dom of  Babylonia  or  Chaldea,  and  supposed 
to  have  stood  in  Ion.  44  0 e,  lat.  32  0 n. 
Bemiramis  is  said  by  some,  and  Belus  by 
others,  to  have  founded  this  city.  But,  it 
was  embellished  by  Nebuchadnezzar,  who 
made  it  one  of  the  wonders  of  the  world. 
The  walls  were  87  feet  thick,  350  feet  high, 
and  60  miles  in  circumference,  forming  an 
exact  square,  liaving  an  100  gates  of  solid 
brass,  25  on  each  side,  with  a street  running 
from  each  in  a straight  line  to  the  opposite 
gate,  So  that  there  were,  in  al),  50  great 
streets,  each  15  miles  long.  Now  a poor 
village  stands  on  its  site,  and  tne  surround- 
ing country  once  so  fertile  is  a mere  desert, 

Bahylouy  an  ancient  town  of  Egypt,  near 
the  eastmost  branch  df  the  Nile,  supposed 
to  have  stood  on  the  present  site,  of  Grand 
Cairo.  Lon.  31  12  e,  lat.  30  5 n. 

Baca,  or  Baza,  a town  of  Spain,  in  Gra- 
nada, situated  in  a valley  called  Hoya  de 
Baza,  15  miles  ne  of  Guadix.  Lon.  2 
42  w,  lat.  37  18  N. 

Bacaim,  or  Bazaim,  a sea  port  town  of 
the  Deccan  of  Hindoostan,  .on  MaLbar 
coast.  Lon.  72  40  *,  lat.  37  18 


BAG 

JSecano,  1.  a lak«  of  Italy,  in  the  patri*, 
mony  of  St.  Peter ; from  which  issues  th^ 
river  Varca;  2.  a river;  and,  3.  a village 
both  near  the  above  iai^.  The*  latter  20 
miles  Nw  of  Rome. 

Bacanoray  a town  of  N America,  in  New 
Mexico.  Lon.  112  2 w,  lat.  30  0 H. 

Bacuserayy  a town  in  the  peninsula  of 
Crim  Tartary,  where  the  khan  usually  re- 
sides. It  was  taken  from  Ibe  Turks  by  the 
Russians  in  1736.  Lon.  35  40  i,  lat.  45 
50  H. 

BACCALIAU,  an  island  three  miles  w 
of  Newfoundland. 

BA  CCA  RAC  H,  or  Bach  a rack,  a ter- 
ritory of  Germany,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Rhine,  now  annexed  to  France,  and  includ- 
ed in  the  department  of  the  Rhine  and 
Moselle. 

Baccarachy  a town  in  the  above  territory  ; 
formerly  imperial  and  free,  celebrated  for  its 
wine,  and  stands  at  the  foot  of  a mountain 
near  the  Rhine,  24  miles  s by  s of  Coblentz. 
Lon.  7 52  s,  lat.  49  55  N. 

Baccenty  or  Baciaim,  a port  of  Cambaia» 
in  India,  belonging  to  the  Portuguese. 
Lon.  72  10  E,  lat.  19  20  n. 

Bachy  or  Batha,  a town  of  Lower  Hun- 
gary, formerly  a bishop’s  see,  situated  near 
the  Danube,  30  miles  ene  of  Funrkircheh, 
and  85  s of  Buda.  Lon.  18  5S  x,  lat.  45 
33  N.  ^ ' 

Bacheseraiy  or  Bahtcliesemiy  a town  in 
the  province  of  Taurida,  Russia,  once  tha 
residence  of  the  Tartar  chans  of  the  Crimea. 
The  palace,  which  vi'as  visited  by  Cathe- 
rine II.  is  still  entire,  and  is  constructed  after 
the  Chinese  fashion.  The  otlier  buildings, 
many  of  w^hich  have  suffered  by  the  Rus- 
sians, have  an  oriental  appearance.  In  the 
vicinity,  on  the  top  of  a high  rock,  is  an  old 
fort,  called  the  Jews’  citadel,  having  been 
from  time  immemorial  inhabited  by  Karaite 
Jews.  The  town  stands  in  a deep  valley,  on 
the  rivulet  Katza,  18  miles  ssw  of  Sym- 
pheropol.  Its  manufactures  are  hardware* 
carpets,  felt,  red  and  yellow  leather. 

BACHIAN,  the  largest  and  most  sou- 
thern of  the  Molucca  islands,  belonging  to 
the  Dutch  ; situated  under  the  equator.  It 
is  governed  by  a sultan,  who  is  likewise 
sovereign  of  Deram  and  Ouby.  He  has  a 
pension  froni  the  Dutch,  either  for  the  sup- 
ply or  destruction  of  nutmegs.  The  island 
is  70  miles  in  circumference.  Lon.  1 25  5 i. 

JBachmety  a fortified  town  ot  European 
Russia,  in  the  district  of  Wornonesch,  seated 
on  a river  of  the  same  name,  and  defended 
by  a citadel.  . . 

Bachuy  a city  of  Shirvan,  in  Persia,  and 
the  best  haven  in  the  Caspian  sea.  It  lies 
on  the  N shore  of  the  Caspian  sea.  Lon.  49 
10  e,  lat.  40  3 N. 

Bachmelly  a village  in.  Somersetshire, 
which  has  ^ fair  on  21st  fiieptember. 


BAD 

JSacUt  Baruict  or  Bachu,  by  some  called 
Mar  de  Bachu,  a town  of  Persia,  upon  the 
coast  of  the  Caspian  Sea. 

Badagh,  a town  of  the  government  of 
Novogorod  Welicki,  in  Russia.  Lon.  38  0 
£,  lat.  59  35  N. 

Badagshan,  a very  ancient  city  of  Great 
Bukharia,  in  the  province  of  Balkh,  situated 
at  the  foot  of  those  high  nsouatains  which 
separate  Hindoostan  from  Great  Tartary 
The  city  is  strong,  and  belongs  to  the  khan 
of  proper  Bukharia,  who  uses  it  as  a kind 
of  state  prison  to  secure  those  he  is  jealous 
of.  The  inhabitants  are  enriched  by  mines 
of  gold,  silver,  and  rubies,  which  are  in  the 
neighbourhood;  and  those  who  live  at  the  foot 
of  the  mountains,  gather  a great  quantity  of 
gold  and  silver  dust,  brought  down  in  the 
spring  by  torrents,  occasioned  by  the  melting 
of  the  snow  on  the  top. 

Badajox,  or  Badajo%y  a large  and  strong 
frontier  town,  capital  of  Estramadura  in 
Spain  ; famous  for  the  late  treaty  of  peace 
between  Portugal  and  Spain.  In  1661,  the 
Portuguese  v/eie  defeated  by  don  John  of 
Asturias,  on  a bridge  built  here  by  the  Sbo- 
wans  over  the  Guadiana.  It  surrendered  to 
the  French  in  1811.  It  lies  14  miles  e of 
Elvas,  and  175  miles  s by  w of  Madrid. 
Lon.  6 40  w,  lat.  38  45  n. 

Badalon,  or  Badalonay  a fortified  town  of 
Catalonia  in  Spain,  sea-ed  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean, 10  miles  ne  of  Barcelona.  Lon. 

2 20  E,  lat.  41  1 2 N. 

Badbury^  a village  in  Dorsetshire,  famous 
as  a summer  station  of  the  Romans,  where 
many  of  their  urns,  coins,  &c.  have  been 
found.  Here  also  is  a Saxon  camp  consist- 
ing of  three  oblong  ramparts. 

Badalcskun,  caphal  city  of  the  province  of 
Kilan  Usbec,  Tartary,  seated  on  the  Har- 
rat,  or  Ama,  in  the  Belur  mountains.  Ca- 
ravans pass  through  this  city  to  Cabul  and 
China,  and  in  its  vicinity  are  found  rubies 
and  silver.  It  lies  330  miles  e of  Balk. 

Bcddingkarriy  a town  in  Suffolk. 

Baddlestouj  a town  in  Somersetshire,  near 
Milverton. 

Badeauty  Lochy  or,  as  it  is  erroneously 
put  down  in  some  maps,  Bodwelly  a good 
harbour  on  the  coast  of  Sutherland,  Scot- 
land,  where  shipping  of  all  sizes  can  enter, 
and  moor  close  to  the  land,  at  all  hours,  in 
perfect  safety. 

Jjadelona.  See  Badalon. 

BADEbT,  a district  in  Switzerland,  \vhich 
has  four  cities,  Baden,  Keifers  Stool,  Kling- 
naw',  and  Zurzach.  It  is  one  of  the  finest 
countries  in  Switzerland ; and  is  watered  by 
three  navigable  rivers,  the  Limmet,  the  Russ,  I 
8!ut  the  Are.  Most  of  the  inhabitants  are  | 
Roman  Catholics.  j 

Baderiy  a handsome  city,  the  capital  of  the 
above  district,  seated  on  the  side  of  the  Lim-  i 
met,  m a plain,  flanked  ty  tw  o hills*  This  i 
S 


BAD 

city  owes  its  rise  to  its  baths,  which  were 
famous  before  the  Christian  aera.  Several 
monuments  of  antiquity  have  been  found 
here,  particularly  in  1420.  The  bahff  of 
Baden  resides  in  a castle  at  the  end  of  a 
handsome  wooden  bridge,  which  is  covered 
in.  Before  this  castle  there  is  a stone 
pillar  erected  in  honour  of  Trajan,  who  paved 
a road  in  this  country  65  Italian  miles  in 
length.  Here  in  1714  a treaty  w^as  con.- 
eluded  between  Spain  and  Germany,  The 
inhabitants  are  rigid  Roman  Catholics.  It 
lies  10  miles  nw  of  Zurich.  Lon.  8 24  e, 
lat.  47  26  N. 

Baden,  a margravate  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Suabia ; about  90  miles  iii 
length,  from  N to  s ; but  not  above  20  in 
breadth,  where  it  is  widest.  It  is  very  po- 
pulous and  fruitful.  The  rivers  that  water 
this  territory,  are  the  Rhine,  Ens,  Wirinbs, 
and  Phints,  which  yield  plenty  of  fish. 
The  inhabitants  feed  their  hogs  with  ches- 
nuts,  which  make  the  bacon  excellent. 
They  have  free  stone  for  building,  and  mar- 
ble of  all  colours.  They  have  some  agate, 
and  great  quantities  of  hemp  and  flax  for 
exportation.  The  chief  towns  are  Baden, 
Durlacb,  Stolhafen,  Rastadt,  Gei^sback, 
Pforsheim,  and  Hochberg. 

Baden,  the  chief  city  of  the  above  mar- 
gravate, has  a castle  that  stands  on  the  top 
of  a hill,  which  is  the  residence  of  a prince. 
It  is  famous  for  its  baths,  the  springs  of 
which  are  said  to  be  above  300.  Some  of 
them  are  hot,  and  accounted  to  be  very  good 
in  nervous  cases.  They  partake  of  salt, 
alum,  and  sulpher.  Lon.  8 14  e,  1^, 
48  50  N. 

Baden,  a well  fortified  town  of  Germany 
in  the  arch  duchy  of  Austria,  seated  on  the 
Little  Suechat.  It  is  much  frequented  by 
the  people  of  Vienna,  and  the  neighbouring 
parts,  on  account  of  its  hot  baths ; which 
are  used  for  disterripers  of  the  head,  the 
gout,  dropsy,  and  most  chronic  diseases.  It 
lies  15  miles  ssw  of  Vienna.  Lon.  16  25  e, 
lat.  48  1 N. 

BADENOCH,  a large  district  of  Inver- 
nesshire,  Scotland.  It  extends  about  33  miles 
in  length,  and  27  in  breadth.  It  has  no 
considerable  town,  and  is  very  barren  and 
hilly,  but  abounds  with  deer  and  other  kinds 
of  game. 

Baden-  V/eiler,  or  Baden  Weller,  a town 
of  Suabia,  in  the  Brisgau,  belonging  to  the 
margvare  of  Baden.  It  has  several  hot 
' baths ; and  is  seated  near  the  Rhine,  10 
miles  sw  of  Friburg.  Lon.  7 30  2,  iat. 
47  40  N. 

Badey,  a town  of  Plindoostan  on  the 
river  Gemma.  Lon.  76  15  e,  lat.  27  30  n. 

Badgeivorth,  a village  in  Gloucestershire, 
noted  fora  mineral  spiing,  called  Cold  Pool, 
nearly  of  the  same  qualities  as  phaUer.han, 
seven  miles  ws  of  Gloucester, 

L 


B G 


BAG 


Badia,  a district  of  the  late  Maritime 
Aiiauis.,  coritaining  one  town  of  the  same 
Kavoe,  and  stvei-al  villages, 

. Badcsy  a fortress  of  Livonia,  subject  to 
Kussia.  -,:0  miles  e of  llevel. 

Badltsmcrc,  a town  in  Kent,  three  miles 
from  Canterbury.  It  i^as  a fair  September 

Badmingtonj  a village  in  Gloucestershire, 
contains  a remarkable  elegant  church,  built 
by  the  late  duke  of  Beaufort,  in  17S5. 

Bcidiiv,  a town  of  Hindoostan.  > Lon. 
75  5 E,  iat.  3i  12 

Baet,  a sea-rort  of  Hindoostan,  in  Guze- 
rat,  chiefly  ihbabited  by  pirates. 

Besza,  a city  of  Andalusia  in  Spain, 
seated  on  .the  Goadrilquiver,  the  see  of  a bi- 
shop, and  lias  a hind  cf  university  founded 
by  Jc>hn  dWvila,  in  tiie  year  1553  j 15  miles 
2^E  of  Jaeii.  Lon.  3 15  e,  ! at.  57  45  N. 

’ Ba^za,  the  chief  town  of  Q,uixos  in  the 
province  of  Quito  in  Peru,  though  long  the 
residence  of  the  governors  is  siiil  very  small. 

Basins  Bat/,  the  largest  and  most  nor- 
thern gidph  that  has  yet  been  discovered  in 
N America,  it  lies  to  the  n of  Hudson’s  j 
Lay,  and  is  said  to  have  been  discovered  by . 
Baffi't,  an  Englishman,  in  the  year  1662,  in 
his  attempt  to  hod  anvv  passage  to  the  S sea. 
'Its  existence  is  questioned  by  more  recent  | 
navigators. 

Baffo,  a considerable  town  in  the  island 
of  Cyprus,  built  near  ancient  Faplsos,  of 
which  considerable  ruins  still  remain,  espe- 
c.ial  ysome  broken  columns  winch  are  sup- 
posed to  have  belonged  .to  the  temple  of 
•Venus.  Lon  52  20  e,  lat.  54  50 

a lake  of  Sweden,  in  Sanderman- 
land,  containing  near  100  islands. 

Bajra,  a village  on  the  river  Palmes,  on 
the  coast  of  Guinea,  where  the  Engli)^^  and 
Dutch  have  each  a factory. 

B A G A M A D E R,  or  Bag aisiedri.  a pro 
vince  of  Abyssinia  in  Africa ; named  from 
the  great  number  of  ^lieep  bred  in  it,  A 
'great  part  of  it,  especially  towards  the  e, 
is  inhabited  by  vwandcring  Gallas  and  CafTres. 

Bagdad,  or  Bagdai,  a celebrated  city  of 
Asia  in  Irak  Arabia,  seated  on  the  eastern 
banks  of  the  Tigris,  it  has  a castle  ami  a 
considerable  ir.ide,  being  annually  visited  by 
the  Smyrna,  Aleppo,  and  western  caravans. 
It  was  the  caj>i<a\  of  the  Saracen  empire, 
till  taken  by  the  Luries  in  the  15th  CTUtury.; 
since  whicls  it  iias  been  taken  and  retaken 
several  times  by  the  Turivs  and  Persians ; 
and,  last  of  ail,  by  the  Im  ks,  in  1658.  It 

• iias  lest  mU'-'h  of  it  - ano'ent  splendour,  nor  is 
it  so  wealthy  as  when  la  posscsoion  of  the 
Persians,  yet  it  is  sull  a place  of  ler.ort  for 
the  commodities  of  Syria,  India,  and  Na- 

• t . lia.  h he  po  u at  (-n  supposed  to  be  about 
'-ifO.OOO.  It  L si.a  od  on  the  Tigris,  250 

tin’s ' li  ' y w cf  Lon.  44  46  fi; 

Hi.  35  eO 


I Baghermi,  a town  in  the  empire  of  Ber- 
1 lion,  and  capital  of  a territory  of  the  same 
name,  180  miles  sse  of  Bornon. 

Bagisjal,  a town  of  Persia.  Lon,  56  25 
E,  lat.  37  0 

BAGLANA,  Bockland,  or  Buglana,  a 
province  of  Hindoostan,  in  Deckan.  The 
Portuguese  territories  begin  in  this  province 
at  the  port  Daman.  It  was  fertile  in  many 
places,  although  it  be  exceedingly  moun- 
tainous. 

Bagnagar,  a town  of  Asia,  in  the  domi- 
nions of  the  Great  Mogul,  the  capital  of 
Golconda.  It  was  formerlv  the  residence 
cf  the  king,  and  is  still  adorned  with  many 
noble  palaces,  and  public  buildings.  Lon.  77 
50  E,  lat.  16  50  N. 

Bagnall- Chapel,  a towm  in  Staffordshire 

Bagnaiuca,  a town  of  Bosnia,  European 
Turkey,  55  miles  nv/  of  Serai. 

Bagnara,  a sea-port  town  of  Naples,  in 
Calabria  Ultra,  with  the  title  of  a duchy. 
In  this  town  5017  people  perished  by  the 
earthquake  in  1785.  Here  are  some  very 
high  waterfalls,  and  among  the  rocksi  the 
ruins  cf  the  former  town.  It  stands  neat' 
ji  the  Strait  of  Messina,  15  miles  nne  of  Reg- 
gio. Lon.T6  18  E,  lat.  58  15  n. 

Bagnarea,  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  ci- 
devant  papal  territories,  and  republican  de- 
partment of  Cimino,  five  miles  s of  Orvieto. 

Bu.gmrci,  a town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Upjier  Pyrenees,  so  called  from 
its  hot  rainerrd  waters,  sealed  on  the  Adour, 
iO  miles  s of  Tarbes.  Lon.  0 1 2 e,  lat.  45  5 n. 

Bagnialack,  a large  town  of  European 
Turkpy,  in  Bosnia.  Lon.  18  10  e,  lat* 
44  ld*N. 

Bagna  Della  Porretra,  a town  of  Italy,  in 
the  ci-devant  duChy  of  Modeno,  and  re- 
publican department  of  Panara.  It  has 
several  warm,  springs. 

Bugnolo,  a'  district  of  the  late  Italian  re-  • 
public,  in  the  department  of  the  Meila,^  and 
ci  dcvant  province  of  Bresciana,  containing 
15  parishes,  and  8000  souls ; also  a town  in 
the  above  district. 

I Bagriols,  a town  in  the  department  of 
I Guard,  France,  near  the  river  Cese,  has  a 
veiy  handsome  square,  and  two  lountains 
which  rise  in  the  middle  of  the  town,  from 
which  water  is  conveyed  to  the  lands  hi  the 
vicinity,  eight  miles  s of  Font  ot.  Esprit. 
Lon  5 45  e.  iat.  44  10  N. 

Bagclini,  a small  town  of  Ildy,  in  the 
late  republican  department  cf  Bw-iaao,  and 
ci-devant  Veronese,  serxfed  on  the  Ci-tlero.^ 

Bagshot,  a town  of  Suny,  noted  for  its 
excellent  mutton,  anti  the  good  accommoda- 
tion of  its  inns.  It  was  formerly  called 
j Holy  Hally  and  was  a lordship  of  our  an- 
I cient  kings,  wlio  had  a house  here,  and  an 

I extensive  park,  which  was  laid  open  after 
! the  civil  wars.  It  is  seven  miles  from  Wind- 

II  s:orj  and  28  fiom  LcuuHn, 


BAH 

Jin p shot-heathy  extends  for  many  tftdes  in 
BfH'kSiire  and  Hampshire,  and  proauces 
hardjy  any  thing  but  Furze.  The  soil  m 
many  places  in  this  heath  is  capable  ot  im- 
provement, and  where  it  is  inclosed  and  cul- 
tivated, produces  corn  and  grass. 

BAHAMA,  or  Lucaya  Islands,  the 
easternmost  of  the  Antiles,  lying  in  the  At- 
lantic Ocean,  situated  on  the  s of  Carolina, 
between  lat.  22  deg.  and  27  deg.  n,  and  Ion. 

75  deg.  and  SI  deg.  w.  They  extend  amng 
the  coast  of  Florida,  down  to  the  island  of 
Cuba,  are  said  to  be  300,  or  according  to 
others,  500  in  number,  some  of  them  only 
mere  rocks;  12  of  them  are  large,  fertile, 
and  in  nothing  diiTerent  from  the  soil  of  Ca- 
rolina. One  of  these  islands  was  the  first 
land  descried  by  Columbus  in  T192,  when 
his  ship’s  crew  despairing  of  finding  any, 
were  on  the  point  of  throwing  him  ovct- 
board.  The  first  island  he  landed  upon  he 
celled  St  Salvador,  as  it  proved  the  means 
of  his  safety.  They  were  not  known  to  the 
Em^lish  till  1667,  when  they  made  an  at- 
tempt to  settle  there,  they  were  however 
jibandonc?d,  and  became  a refuge  for  pirates, 
until  1718,  when  a fleet  was  sent  out  and  an 
independent  colbny  erected.  The  slaves  ais 
improving,  and  cotton  is  cultivated  m great 
shundance.  They  produce  a great  quantity 
of  dying  woods,  and  some  mahogany  and 
lignum  vitae.  Providence  is  the  only  one 
inhabited.  They  were  captured  during  the 
American  war,  but  retaken  *l>y  the^  English. 

BAHAMA,  the  chief  of  these  islands,  is 
554  miles  long,  and  nine  broad,  very  fruitful, 
serene  air,  and  is  watered  . by  many  springs 
and  brooks.  Its  chief  produce  is  cotton  and 
Indian  wheat. 

Bahama^  Gulf  dfy  h hetween  the  Bahama 
islands,  and  the  continent  of  Florida,  through 
which  the  Spanish  Galleons  sail  in  their  pas- 
sable to  Europe.  It  is  also  called  the  gulf 

of  Florida.  ^ ^ 

BAHAR,  a country  of  Hincoostan 
Proper,  siibjecttothe  English  E Indian  Com- 
pany : and  most  of  the  saltpetre  they  export 
is  manufactured  in  this  province.  Patna  is 
tiie  capUai. 

Bahavy  once  the  capital  of  the  country  of 
the  same  name,  and  now  distinguished  for 
its  numerous  funeral  moniimsnts,  is  95  miles 
5^  of  Patna. 

BA  HA  REN,  or  Bahrn,  a town  of  Ara- 
bia, situated  on  an  island  in  the  Persian 
gulf  30  miles  long.  It  gives  name  not  only 
to  tlie  island  on  which  it  is  seated,  but  lO  a 
cluster  of  them  celebrated  for  the  peari 
fishery,  and  also  to  a province  slrctching 


B A J 


along 4,116  w coast  of  the  gulf.  It  fell,  with 
Ormus  under  the  dominion  of  the  Portu- 
guese ; was  again  restored  to  Persia  ‘by 
Thomas  Konli  K’nan  ; and  alter  nis  death 
the  confusion  into  which  his  empire  was 
thrown,  gave  an  opportunity  to  an  entef- 


prising  and  ambitions  Arab  of  trA  ng  pos- 
session of  the  island,  where  he  sdli  main- 
tains bis  authority.  ■ Bahamn  was  fomous 
for  its  pearl  fishery,  even  vAen  pearls  wero 
found  at  Ormus,  Karek,  ICsshy,  and  other 
places  in  the  Persian  gulf;  but  it  is.  now 
become  of  much  greater  consequence  ; all 
the  other  banks  having  been  exhausted, 
while  this  has  suffered  no  sensible  diminu- 
tion. The  lime  of  fishing  begins  in  April, 
and  ends  in  October;  it  stands  on  the  w sids 
of  the  island  70  miles  nf.  of  Laslia,  the  capi- 
tal of  the  province.  Lon.  49  5 e,  iat» 

BAHI,  a pronvmce  of  Lucon  m- 
uilia,  one  of  the  Philippine  isianuv.,  belong- 
irg  to  the  Spaniards,  remarkable  for  pro- 
ducing  excellent  betel,  which  the  inuabi- 
tants,  Spaniards  as  well  as  natives,  chew 
constantly.  It  is  also  the  place  wuere  most 
of  their  ships  are  built.  The  allowance  to 
native  labourers  only  a dollar  per  month  and 
a qiiantity  of  rice.  ^ ^ 

BAHIA  I)E  TODOS  LOS.  SANC- 
TOS,  the  richest  province  of  Brazil,  be- 
longing to  the  Portuguese.  It  is  so  fertiiu 
in  sugar  and  other  commercial  rnlicles,  tnat 
the. Portuguese  flock  hiiher  as  to  the  seat  os 
affluence, ai  d grandeur. 

■ Bahia,  or  Si  Salvudor,  the  capital  of  the 
above  province,  is  populous,  magmtlcer.t, 
^ay,  and  opulent.  It  is  strong  by  nature, 
well  fortified,  and  defended  by  a numerous 
garrison.  It  contains  beiween  12,000  and 
14,000  Portuguese,  and  about  three  times 
as  many  negroes,  besides  people  of  dinerent 
nations  who  reside  in  it. 

Bahrenhurg,  a town  in  the  county  of 
Hoya,  Westphalia,  seated  on  the  nver  Suii- 
linf^en,  20  milesr  w of  Nienbiirg.  . , ^ 

Bahiay  Mondu,  a bay  on  the  n siae  ot 
Cuba.  Lon.  83  25  w,  lat.  23  36  k. 

BAHUS,  a province  of  Sweden,  on  the 
Nw  coast  of  Gothland,  115  miles  in  length 
and  from  15  to  80  in  breadth,  abour.mng 
with  lakes  and  rivers.  The  soil  is  ferUte. 
Chief  exports,  wood,  pitch,  liuneii,  tallow* 

and  hides.  ^ , 

Bahus,  a strong  town  in  Sweden,  ana 
capital  of  the  above  province,  seated  on  a 
rock  In  an  island  of  4he  river  Go'ua,  10 
; miles  K of  Gottenburg.  Lon,  1 1 40  e,  lat. 

i 58  20  N.  ■ ' 

-BajuyBaiay  Baijjciy  o'i  Bei^cu  a town  ot 
the  kinn-dem  of  Tunis  in  Africa,,  supposed  to 
be  the  ancient  Pucca  of  Sallust,  and  Oppiduni 
Vcfrense  of  Pliny.  It  has  long  been  a place 
of  7/<-eat  trade,  and  the  chief  noarket  of  the 
kingdom  for  corn  ; of  w hich  the -adjacent 
territoiies  produces  such  abundance  ituit  they 
can  supply  more  than  the  whole  kingdom 

with  it ; notwithstanding  which,  the  ir. habi- 
tants are  veiy  poor  and  great  pare  of  the 
land  about  the  town  remains^unculuvatecf, 
through  the  cruel  exactions  of  the  tyrannical 
L 2 


B A I 

government,  and  frequent  incursions  of  the 
Arabs.  The  town  stands  on  the  declivity  of 
a bill  on  the  road  to  Constantioa. 

Bcja,  or  Baice^  an  ancient  village  of  Cam- 
pania ill  Italy,  famous  for  its  natural  hot 
baths,  which  served  the  wealthier  Romans 
for  the  purpose  of  medicine  and  pleasure  ; 
distinguished  also  for  its  elegant  palaces, 
some  ruins  of  which  yet  remain,  and  for  its 
delightful  bay.  It  lies  1 2 miles  w of  Naples. 
Jlion.  14  45  E,  lat.  41  6 n. 

BajUf  or  Baia,  a populous  town  of  Hun- 
gary, seated  on  the  Danube,  35  miles  kw  of 
Essek.  Lon.  20  10  e,  lat.  46  10  n. 

BcijacLol't  u uttpc  oil  Uie  w coast  of  Africa, 
sof  the  Canary  islands.  Lon.  14  28  w,  lat. 

26  12  N. 

Bajanus  Lacus,  a lake,  or  bay,  mentioned 
by  Tacitus,  which  some  suppose  to  be  the 
lake  Lucrinus,  and  others  the  bay  of  Baiss. 

Baianus  Sinus,  or  Baiarum  Bortus,  a bay 
of  Naples,  so  called  from  Baice,  which  was 
enlarged  by  Augustus,  by  giving  entrance  to 
the  sea  into  the  Lacus  Lucrinus,  and 
Averni. 

Bajedo,  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Montagne,  and  ci-devant  county 
of  Como. 

Baikal,  a great  lake  in  Siberia,  lying  be- 
tween lat.  52  deg.  and  55  deg.  n.  It  is 
reckoned  to  be  500  worsts  in  length;  but 
only  20  or  50  broad,  and  in  some  places  not 
above  15.  It  is  environed  on  all  sides  by 
high  mountains.  Its  water  at  a distance, 
appears  of  a sea-green  colour;  yet  it  is  fresh, 
and  so  dear,  that  objects  may  be  seen  in  it 
several  fathoms  deep.  In  one  part  of  it, 
which  lies  near  the  river  Bargusin,  it  throws 
up  an  inflammable  sulphureous  liquid  called 
Maltha,  which  the  people  of  the  adjacent 
country  burn  in  their  lamps.  There  are 
several  islands  in  it,  and  the  largest  called 
Ochlon,  has  sulphureous  springs.  The  Se- 
linga  flows  into  it  on  the  s.  The  Angara 
issues  from  it  on  the  n,  and  flows  into  the 
Yenisei.  The  neighbouring  people  call  it 
Swiatoi  More,  or  the  Holy  Lake  ; and  when 
storms  overtake  them,  they  compliment  it 
v/ith  the  Utle  of  Sea,  imagining  from  this  that 
they  will  be  preserved  from  danger  ! When 
It  is  frozen  ov^r,  people  travel  upon  it  in 
tb?ir  way  to  China;  but,  although  the  ice 
is  fsonietimes  two  elis,  thick,  there  are  open 
places  in  it,  to  which  people  are  often  drivc^n 
by  tempestuous  w-inds,  where  they  are  irre- 
cr^verably  lost  This  makes  it  the  more  ne- 
cessary ' or  travellers  and  cattle  to  be  sharp 
shod.  Here  are  plenty  of  large  sturgeons 
and  pikes;  with  many  seals  of  the  black, 
but  noiie  of  the  spotted  kind ; and  the 
borders  are  frequented  by  sables  and  civet 
cats. 

Bailichelirh,  a liill  and  river  in  Argyl- 
shire,  Scc.tlond. 

Bciiileul,  a town  of  Fiance  in  the  dqiart- 


B A K 

ment  of  the  North,  formerly  very  strong.  It 
has  been  several  times  burnt  by  accident, 
and  contains  now  only  about  500  houses, 
nine  miles  sw  of  Ypres.  Lon.  2 55  e,  lat. 
50  45  N. 

Baillesborough,  a town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Cavan. 

Bailur,  or  Balyur,  capital  of  the  country 
of  Dancali,  Abyssinia,  stands  on  a spacious 
bay  of  the  Red  Sea.  Here  the  Abyssiniaa 
patriarch,  Alphonsus  Mendez,  with  his  Je- 
suites  and  Portuguese  landed  April  5, 
1724:  140  miles  e by  n of  Gondar.  Lon, 
42  40  E,  lat.  15  5 N. 

Bailuru,  a town  of  Mysore,  Hindoostan, 
with  a strong  fort.  It  trades  to  a consider- 
able extent  with  Jamalabad  and  the  country 
below  the  Gauts,  situated  near  the  Bhaarl, 
60  miles  wnw  of  Seringapatam. 

Bain,  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ille  and  Vilaine,  16  miles  s of 
Rennes. 

Bain-  Gonga.  a large  river  of  Hindoostan, 
which  rises  near  the  s bank  of  the  Nerbud- 
da,  and  after  a course  of  400  miles  unites 
with  the  Godavery. 

Bairdstown,  a post  towm  of  the  United 
States,  and  the  capital  of  Nelson  county, 
Kentucky.  Lon.  11  0 w,  lat.  57  49  N. 

Bairout,  the  ancient  Berytus,  a sea- port  of 
Palestine,  and  chief  town  of  the  Druses, 
seated  on  the  n side  of  a broad  promontory, 
60  miles  w'nw  of  Damascus.  It  has  an  ex- 
.^tensive  trade  with  Cairo  in  silks  And  cotton. 
Lon.  56  10  E,  lat.  33  45  n. 

Baka  Banya,  a royal  and  free  town  of 
Hungary  Proper. 

Bakan,  a large  and  handsome  town  of 
Asia,  in  the  E Indies,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Ava,  seated  on  a river  of  the  same  name. 
Lon.  98  0 iLy  lat.  19  55  k. 

Bakersfield,  a township  of  Franklin 
county,  Vermont,  N America, 

Bakewell,  an  ancient  market  town  in  the 
peak  of  Derbyshire  in  England.  It  has  an 
ancient  church  with  an  octagonal  tow  er  and 
a lofty  spire.  Its  church  is  a peculiar,  ex- 
empt from  episcopal  jurisdiction,  but  the  pa- 
rish is  the  most  extensive  in  the  county, 
being  20  miles  in  length,  and  above  eight 
in  breadth,  and  containing  no  fewer  than 
nine  chapels  of  ease.  It  has  a market  on 
Friday,  and  several  annual  fairs  ; and  in  its 
vicinity  are  numerous  mines  of  lead,  zinc, 
&c.  It  has  an  extensive  cotton  mill,  and 
black  and  gray  marbles,  which  are  found  in 
the  vicinity,  are  sawn  and  polished  at  the 
village  of  Ashford.  It  stands  on  the  Wye, 
27  miles  nnw  of  Derby,  and  155  of  London. 
Lon.  2 55  w',  lat.  52  50  n. 

Bakou,  or  Baku,  a town  of  Fersi.?,  in  the 
province  of  Sliirvan,  esteemed  the  most  com- 
modious haven  on  the  Caspian  sea;  but  the 
number  of  shoals,  islands,  ,and  sand  banks, 
render  rhe  entrance  in  some  places  extremely 


B A L 

aimrult  and  dangerous.  The  principal  ar- 
tides  of  exportation  which  support  its  trade, 
are  naphtha,  and  the  finest  rock-salt;  of 
both  which  there  are  mines  on  the  E side  of 
the  bay.  The  inhabitants  cultivate  saffron 
and  the  cotton- tree.  The  trade  of  Baku  is 
inconsiderable.  A Russian  consul  is  resi-^ 
dent  at  this  place.  It  is  a fortress  sur- 
rounded with  brick  w'alls,  300  miles  s of 
Astracaii,  and  66  from  Sliamakee.  Lon. 
49  15  K,  lat.  40  21  N. 

Bakow,  a town  of  Moldavia,  European 
Turkey,  seated  on  the  river  BisriUa,  60 
miles  sw  of  Jassy. 

Bala,  an  ancient  corporate  town  of  North 
Wales,  in  Merionethshire,  seated  on  the  lake 
Bala,  or  Bemblemere,  from  which  issues  the 
river  Dee.  The  lake  is  three  miles  long  and 
one  broad,  and  abounds  with  a species  offish 
called  gunard,  resembling  salmon  in  shape, 
but  in  taste  like  trout.  It  has  the  remains  of 
three  Roman  camps,  which  seem  to  have 
been  used  as  exploratory  staiions,  before  the 
Ordovices  were  totally  subdued-  It  has  two 
fairs,  May  1 4th  and  July  20th,  and  a market 
on  Saturday,  and  a great  trade  in  flannels, 
wmollen  stockings,  &c.  It  is  40  miles  se 
of  Carnarvon,  50  miles  se  by  e of  Holyhead, 
and  1 95  nw  of  London.  Lon.  3 35  w,  lat. 
5Q  50 

BA  LAB  OLA  one  of  the  Society  Islands 
in  the  S Sea,  visited  by  caotain  Cock.  It 
has  a very  capacious  harbour  on  the  w. 

Balackna,  a town  of  Moscow,  seated  on 
the  Volga,  in  the  government  of  Niznei  No* 
vogorod,  40  miles  nnw  of  Nknei  Novogo- 
rod.  It  is  famous  for  its  rich  salt  springs, 
Lon.  47  32  e.  lat.  57  10  N. 

Balaclava,  or  Bdlockley,  a sea  port  town 
in  Crim  Tartary,  on  the  sw  coast,  formerly 
in  the  hands  of  the  Genoese,  w'ho  called  it 
Jambelli,  now  subject  to  the  Turks.  The 
entrance  into  the  harbour  is  very  narrow, 
and  is  landlocked  by  steep  mountains  of  red 
and  white  marble,  in  the  sides  of  which  are 
several  excavations.  Near  the  port  are  the 
ruins  of  a Genoese  fortress.  The  inhabi- 
tants who  are  Greeks,  have  the  porticos  of 
all  their  doors  covered  with  vines.  It  is  18 
miles  ssE  of  Sebastopol. 

BALA  GAT,  or  Bala  cate,  a province 
of  the. Mogul  empire,  and  the  largest  of 
the  three  that  compose  the  kingdom  of 
Dekkan,  It  is  fruitful  and  pleasant,  abound- 
ing with  cotton  and  sugar.  It  has  sheep 
without  horns ; but  so  .strong,  that  when 
bridled  and  saddled,  they  will  carry  boys  of 
ten  years  of  age.  Its  present  capital  is  Au- 
rengabad,  but  formerly  was  Dowlet-Abad  ; 
and  from  the  latter,  the  whole  province  is 
sointimes  called  Dowlet-Abad.  It  is  subject 
to  the  Poonah  Mahrattas,  and  ejifcsKls 
through  their  territories,  and  the  peninsula, 
to  the  s extremity  of  Mysore.  The  iiihabi* 
tants  live  upon  rice,  milk,  rcotS;  and  herbs  • i 


B A L 

with  very  little  meat ; they  have  a sort  ■©€ 
small  arrac,  but  are  never  given  to  drunken- 
ness ; nor  do  they  import  foreign  vices,  for 
they  never  travel  abroad. 

Balagate,  or  GaiU  Mountains,  a chain  of 
mountains  which  divide  the  coast  of  Blala- 
bar  from  that  of  Coromandel,  running  al- 
most the  whole  length  of  the  peninsula  on 
this  side  the  Ganges.  Some  parts  of  them  are 
covered  with  fine  red  earth,  which  is  blown 
by  the  strong  w winds  as  far  as  Ceyiem  : and' 
when  the  rays  of  the  sun  are  reflected  freun 
these  mountains,  they  seem  to  be  all  on  Are. 
They  make  surprising  alterations  in  the  sea- 
sons ; fof  on  the  N side  of  the  Cape  Como- 
rin, it  is  winter  in  May,  June,  July,  August, 
and  September ; in  which. months  it  is  sum- 
mer on  the  s side  of  the  Cape ; on  one  side 
there  are  continual  tempests,  thunder  and 
lightening,  while  the  other  enjoys  a constant 
serenity. 

Balagich,  a hill  of  Scotland  Renfrewsbire, 
1,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  It 
produces  barytes,  and  is  supposed  to  contain 
silver  and  lead. 

Balagna,  or  Bnlagnia^  a town  of  Mus-  ^ 
covy,  in  the  province  of  J1  ittle  Novogorod, 
on  the  Woiga.  Lon  45  5 e-  lat.  50  36  x. 

Balaguer,  a city  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,: 
seated  at  the  foot  of  a rock  on  the  n bank  of 
the  Segre,  five  miles  ne  of  Lerida,  and  75 
wNw  of  Barcelona.  Lon.  1 0 e,  lat. 
41  55  N- 

BALAISE,  an  island  in  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  with  a fort,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Mississippi,  Lon.  89  20  w,  lat.  29  6 w. 

Balambuan,  or  Palambiian,  a strong  trad- 
ing town  of  Asia,  in  the  E Indies,  on  the  e 
end  of  the  island  of  Java,  and  capital  of  a ter- 
ritory of  the  same  name.  It  abounds  in  cot- 
ton, pepper,  maize,  rice,  fruit,  horses,  an- 
telopes, buffalos,  and  oxen,  and  is  seated 
a bay  in  the  Strait  of  Bali.  Lon.  1 14  10  E, 
lat.  7 10  s. 

BALANBANGAN,  a small  island  in 
the  Indian  ocean,  n of  Borneo. 

Balanecusaig,  a village  in  Argylshire, 
Scotland. 

Balapura,  Chica,  a town  of  Mysore,  Hin- 
doostan,  celebrated  for  the  manifficture  of 
cloyed  sugar  and  sugar- candy,  15  miles  ne 
of  Doda  Balapwra. 

Balapura  Doda,  a town  of  Mysore,  Hin- 
doostan,  encompassed  with  a strong  mud 
wall,  and  a hedge,  and  has  a palace  with  a 
strong  mud  fort.  It  has  manulactures  of 
sugar  and  cloth,  22  miles  n by  w of  Banga- 
lore and  57  se  of  Sera. 

Balaruc,  a small  town  of  France  the 
ci-devant  province  of  Languedoc,  famous 
for  its  ba'dis,  21  miles  from  Montpellier. 

Bala  sore,  a sea*  port  of  Asia,  on  the  NW 
of  the  bay  of  Bengal,  four  uiiles  from  the 
sea  by  land,  but  20  by  the  v/uidings  of  the 
1 river  Gonga/har,  on  which  it  is  seated,  ahd 


B A L 

^licb  plenty  of  fish,  and  has  a 

considerable  trade.  It  is  124  miles  sw  of 
Olciitta.  Lon.  86  48  je,  lat.  21  26  n. 

BALAYAN,  a province  of  Manilla, 
belonging  to  the  Spaniards.  There  were 
formerly  gold  mines  in  it,  but  they  have 
been  long  since  given  up.  It  abounds  in 
Gotten,  rice,  and  palm-trees,  and  is  well 
cUlfiviited. 

' Balldyssan,  a town  of  Celebes,  one  of  the 
Indian  islands, 

I Balbasiroy  an  episcopal  city  of  Spain,  in 
Airagon,  on  the  river  Vero,  near  its  conflux 
vyith  the  Cinca,  45  miles  kne  of  Saragossa. 
X/on.  0 6 s,  lat.  41  54  k. 

Balbccy  or  Baalhccky  a city  of  Asia,  in 
Syria,  anciently  called  Heliopolis,  and  by 
the  Arabians^  the  Wonder  of  Syria,  stands  at 
the  foot  of  Mount  Libnnus,  on  the  ne  ex- 
tremity of  the  fertile  valley  of  Bocat.  Mag- 
nificent ruins,  particularly  those  of  the  Tem- 
ple of  the  Siui,  are  to  be  seen  on  the  e side. 
Jn  1759,  the  tovm  w'as  nearly  destroyed  by 
an  earthquake,  and  is  now  a poor  place,  57 
miles  NNw  of  Damascus. 

Balhirriie,  a village  in  Fifeshire,  famed  for 
its  extensive  collieries. 

Balbrig^en,  a sea- port  of  Ireland,  with  a 
pier,  15  miles  n by  s of  Dublin. 

BALCA,  a territory  of  Usbeck  Tartary, 
xvith  a town  of  the  same  name,  on  the  fron- 
tiers of  Persia.  Lon.  65  20  e,  lat.  37  10  n. 

Balcarry,  a sea- port  on  the  w coast  of 
Scotland,  stewarty  of  Galloway,  naturally 
a safe  commodious  harbour. 

BdUcastle,  a village  in  the  parish  of  Sla- 
manan,  Stirlingshire. 

Balchristie,  a village  of  Fife,  in  the  parish 
of  Newbuni  anciently  given  to  the  Culdees 
by  king  Malcolm  III.  and  iiis  queen  Mar- 
garec.  There  is  a tradition,  that  the  first 
Christian  church  in  Scotland  was  built  here. 

Balduiiha,  a settlement  on  the  s part  of 
Kentucky,  N America. 

Bcihlernocky  or  Bather  nock,  a parish  of 
Scotland  Stirlmgshire,  n of  the  Kelvin.  Po- 
pulation is  about  796.  In  this  parish  are 
found  coals,  freestone,  limestone,  ironstone, 
and  ochre.  Most  of  the  inhabitants  are  em- 
ployed in  agriculture. 

paid  Head,  a promontory  at  the  mouth 
of  Cajte  Fear  river,  N Carolina.  A light 
house  was  erectsd  here  in  Dec.  1794,  four 
miles  ^’'NW  of  Cape  Fear. 

Baldivia,  or  Valdivia,  a sea-port  town  of 
Chili,  in  S Amsric£r,  bdbnging  to  the  Spani- 
ards, situated,  between  the  rivers  Callculles 
and  Portero,  w’liere  they  fall  into  the  S sea. 
It  takes  its  name  from  the  Spanish  general 
Valdivia,  its  founder  in  1551.  Itis  defended 


fcompesed  mostly  of  transported  criminals  on 
who  n no  dependence  can  be  placed.  The 
district  belvnj'uig  to  this  city  extends  IVom 


BA  L 

the  ocean  to  the  distance  of  36  'miles,  and 
18  broad,  on  both  sides  of  the  river  Val- 
divian,  in  the  country  occupied  by  the 
Araucanians.  It  abounds  in  timber  and  the 
purest  geld  dust.  It  was  taken  by  the  Dutch 
in  1643,  v,bo  were  obliged  to  relinquish  it 
through  sickness  and  famine.  Ships  trade 
between  this  port  and  Lima,  in  gold,  corn, 
hides,  and  salt  provisions ; which  are  ex- 
changed for  slaves,  sugar,  chocolate,  and 
European  comrnodlucs  and  manufactures;- 
210  miles  s of  Conception.  Lon.  73  20  e, 
xut  39  35  s. 

Baldo  Castel,  a town  wdth  a fort  and  fer- 
tile district  of  the  late  maritime  Austria, 
in  the  Paduano,  along  the  iaft  bank  of  the 
Adige. 

Baldo  Monie,  a mountain  of  Italy,  the 
hiohcbt  in  the  Veronese,  It  is  situated  at 

o 

the  head  of  lake  Garda,  and  is  famous  for 
its  rare  plants.  Sea  shells  are  found  upon 
the  top  of  it. 

Baldock,  a pretty  large  and  populous 
town  in  Hertfordshire,  seated  among  hills, 
nine  miles  wnw  of  Royston,  and  37"'  miles 
NNw  from  London.  It  has  a 
market  on  Thursday  for  corn  be- 

sides six  fairs,  on  24th  Febrt)ar^'<7ih  “March, 
last  Thursday  in  May,  6th  2d  Oc- 
tober, and  1 ith  December.  G 5 w,  lat. 

52  2 N.'  ■ ■■ 

Baldoivrie,  a village  of  Ar;gu3rsbire,Avh8re 
there  is  an  ancient  Danish  monument  six 
feet  high,  with  figures  carved  on  it,  but" 
greatly  defaced. 

BA  LEA  RES,  or  Baleaeie  Islands,  of 
which  the  principal  are  Majorca,  Minorca, 
Ivica,  lye  to  the  e of  Spain  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean sea.  Formentara  Gabrea,  Dra- 
ganera,  and  some  smaller  cuts  have  few  or 
no  inhabitants,  but  the  former  e.re  populous. 
They  belong  to  the  Spaniardk- 

Balerno,  a village  of  Scotland,  in  Mid- 
LothLn,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  rivu- 
let Pavelaw  with  the  river  Leith,  It  has  an 
excellent  free-stone  quarry. 

Balfour  Castle,  an  ancient  structure  in 
Angus-shire,  now  in  ruins. 

Balfron,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Stirling- 
shire, eight  miles  long,  and  about  one  and 
a- half  broad.  The  population  is  about 
1634. 

Balfron,  a vlihige  in  the  above  parish, 
containing  about  1,100  inhabitants,  who  are 
mostly  employed  in  the  cotton  manufacture. 

Bajfrush,  a town  of  Prussia,  in  Mazan- 
deran,  12  miles  w of  Ferabad. 

Bcdga,  a town  of  Prussia,  on  the  Fritch 
PlafT,  24  miles  sw  of  Konigsberga 

Balgavies,  a lake  of  Scotland,  in  Angus- 
shire,  through  which  the  Lunan  runs.  It 
furnishes  much  marie  for  manuring  the  ad- 
jacent  grounds. 

Balgmj.  a hill  of  Scotland,  near  Dundee, 
covered  with  a thrivi»s  plantation  of  various 


B A L 


B A L 


trees.  From  the  s side  of  it  arises  a rivulet 
of  the  same  name,  which  runs  into  the  sea. 

Balgillo,  a hiil  of  Scotland,  in  Angus- 
shire,  on  which  there  are  still  to  he  seen 
the  remains  of  those  fortifications  that  were 
erected  by  the  English,  under  Henry  VIII. 

Balglais,  a district  in  the  parish  of  Kil- 
learn,  Stirlingshire,  in  v/hich  is  situated  an 
ancicr^  castle,  said  to  have  been  one  of  the 
retreats  occupied  by  the  brave  Scottish  pa- 
triot, Sir  William  Y/ailace.  The  Corries  of 
Bai  glass  are  semicircular  ezeavatiens,  natu- 
rally hollov>^ed  out,  in  the  western  extremity 
of  the  Campsie  Fells.  Some  of  them  §re 
above  a mile  in  diameter,  and  in  several 
places  beautifully  exhibit  tlie  various  mineral 
strata  of  which  the  mountains  are  composed. 
They  are  frequer.ted  by  eagles,  h-srons, 
owls,  &c. 

Balgonie^  a village  in  Fifeshire.  Near  it 
is  Balgonie  castle,  a frahric  of  great  antiquity, 
and  one  of  the  seats  of  the  earl  of  Leven, 
from  which  his  eldest  son  takes  his  title. 

Balhomie,  a village  of  Scotland,  situated 
in  the  parish  of  Cargill,  but  belonging 
sacra,  to  the  parish  of  Caputb,in  Perthshire. 

BALI,  an  ijXand  of  the  £ In- 

dies^  forming  the  n side  of  the/  Straits  of 
Java,  through  which  the  E India  ships 
some  times  return  from  China  to  Europe ; 
but  tive  passage  is  commonly  difficult  on  ac- 
count of  contrary  winds.  The  inhabitants 
are  Pagans  and  very  warlike.  Lon.  115 
50  E,  lat.  7 10  3. 

Baiinackadei',  a village  of  Scotland,  parish 
of  Lecropt,  where  there  are  relics  of  ai;i  an- 
cient fort. 

Balintore,  a fishing  town  of  Scotland,  on 
the  Murray  Frith. 

Balize,  a town  of  Jucatan,  in  the  bay  of 
Honduras,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  a river  of 
the  same  name,  navigable  for  above  200 
miles,  but  on  account  of  a bar,  ships  of  bur- 
den cannot  approach  the  town.  The  houses 
are  constructed  of  wood  raised  on  piles.  It 
is  the  chief  settlement  of  the  English  on  this 
coast.  Its  principal  trade  is  mahogany  and 
logwood.  Lon.  87  40  w,  lat.  17  50  n. 

BALK,  or  B.alkh,  a province  of  Great 
Bukharia,  in  Asia,  about  o60  miles  long, 
and  250  broad.  It  is  the  least  of  the  three 
provinces  that  make  up  what  is  called  Great 
Bukharia ; but  being  extremely  fertile  and 
Weil  cultivated,  the  prince  draws  a great 
revenue  from  it.  The  country  particularly 
abounfj.s  with  silk,  of  which  the  inhabitants 
make  some  beautiful  manufactures. 

Balk,  the  capital  of  the  above  province,  is 
tlie  most  considerable  city  possessed  in  tliese 
parts  of  the  Mahometan  Tartars  ; it  is  Irirge, 
well  built,  and  populous,  and  the  houses 
con  isting  of  the  most  part  of  stone  or  brick. 
The  fortifications  consists  of  bulwarks  of 
e.uth,  fenced  without  with  a strong  wed, 
high  enough  to.  cover  ffie  soldiers  hi  thdr 


defence.  The  khan’s  palace  or  castle,  con^ 
sists  almost  entirely  of  marble,  of  ivhich 
there  are  fine  quarries  in  the  neighbc:  r- 
hood.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Eervask, 
which  unites  with  the  Amu,  tovvauls  the 
border  of  FersiaT  220  miles  ss  of  Bokhara. 
Lon.  65  16  E,  lat.  56  28  n. 

Baliack  Glacks  of,  a narrow  and  renDark- 
able  pass,  near  the  castle  of  Ancbinclown, 
Barffishire ; cornmemcrated  as  the  scene  of 
the  old  Scots  song,  entittled  “ li'  y ’s  Wife  of 
Aldevallach.” 

Ballcji,  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Sarte.  Lon.  0 20  e,  lat.  48  10  n. 

Ballantrae,  Ci  parish  of  Scotland,  in  Ayr- 
shire. The  coast  is  frequented  by  the  sad- 
fish,  which  are  often  killed,  and  measu'-s 
from  20  to  50  feet ; each  of  their  live.'s  usu- 
ally produce  from  40  to  50  gallons  of  oil. 
The  staple  , commodities  are  black  cattle  and 
sheep.  Population  of  the  parish  is  about  857, 

Ball&nirae  a village  in  the  above  parish,, 
at  liie  mouth  of  the  Stinclmr,  containing 
about  500  inhabitants.  It  has  an  esceliem 
free-school,  owing  to  the  liberality  of  a native, 
w'iio,  about  50  years  ago,  left  4Q0l.  to  esta- 
blish it.  Here  a considerable  quantity  of 
salmon  are  taken. 

Ballasedere,  a town  of  Ireland,  three  miles 
from  Sligo.  Flere  are  the  magnificent  ruins 
of  an  ancient  abbey,  and  church,  and  a,lsa 
beautiful  waterfalls,  one  of  which  is  about  1^ 
feet  perpendicular. 

Ballatar  Crag,  a rocky  hill  in  Aberdeen- 
shire, whose  most  tremendous  impending 
rocks  seem  to  threaten  the  astonished  travel- 
ler with  instant  destruciion. 

Balledgarno,  a thriving  village  of  Scot- 
land, in  Perthshire. 

Ballengary,  a town  of  Ireland,  county  of 
Kerry. 

Bailey- Salley,  a village  in  the  Isle  of  Man^. 
five  miles  from  Castletowm. 

. Balliboy,  a town  in  King’s  County,  Ire^- 
land,  18  miles  sw  of  Fhiiipstcwn. 

Ballimaney,  a town  in  the  county  of  An- 
trim, Ireland,  seven  miles  ese  of  Colerain, 
and  28  NNw  of  Antrim. 

Ballimore,  a town  in  the  county  of  W 
Meath,  Ireland,  15  miles  ne  of  Athlone. 

Ballimote,  a town  in  the  county  of  Sligo, 
14  miles  s of  Sligo,  noted  for  its  extensive 
linen  manufacture. 

Ballinasloe,  a town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  Connaught,  county  of  Galway, 
28  miles  e of  the  town  of  that  name,  and 
72  V/  from  Dublin,  seated  on  the  Suck, 
which  is  so  far  navigable  ; noted  for  its  great 
fairs,  of  fat  cattle,  and  sheep,  wool,  &c.  Tie 
fair  for  ffie  latter  is  in  summer,  for  the  ior- 
mer  in  October,  in  which  10,000  black 
cattle  and  100,000  sheep  are  annually  sold, 
from  tiie  pastures  of  Galway,  Clare  and 
Mayo. 

L MBulmvar^  a town  of  Ireland,  m Cork,. 


B A L 

'BaUm^aggirtt  a town  of  Irolarid,  in  Mayb. 

BaUinekil,  a town  of  Ireiaml,  in  Queen’s 
rounty. 

JBaUingarryt  a town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Limerick. 

Ballingham,  a town  of  England,  i Here- 
fordshire. 

Ballingry,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Fife- 
shire,  three  miles  long,  and  one  broad.  The 
population  is  about  227.  There  are  some 
vestiges  of  a Roman  camp,  believed  to  be 
tfche  place  where  the  Caledonians  defeated 
the  Itoirians  under  Agricola.  A lake  in  this 
parish,  called  Ijochore,  contains  on  an  island, 

old  castle,  built  by  Duncan  Lochore,  in 
the  reign  of  Malcolm  III. 

Bailinguich,  a cleft  on  the  fw,  bet^veen 
Stirling  Castle,  and  the  rocks  immediateijT 
adjacent.  The  witty  king  James  V.  w'ho 
made  frequent  excursions  in  disguise,  and 
resided  mud)  at  Stirling,  designed  himself 
the  G.iidemcin  of  Balliaguick. 

Bcdlinphelic^  a village  of  Ireland,  county 
of  Cork,  noted  for  a sulphureous  chalybeate 
spring. 

Ballinrohe,  a town  of  Ireland,  in  Mayo, 
18  miles  s by  e of  Castlebar. 

.Balliniogher,  a town  of  Sligo,  Ireland. 

Bollintoyy  a town  of  Ireland,  on  the  coast 
of  Antrim,  with  a good  bay,  and  trade  in 
coals,  four  miles  w by  n of  Balleycastle^ 

BalUoch,  a village  of  Scotland,  in  Ross- 
shire;  so  named  from  its  having  been  the 
place  where  the  wounded  were  lodged,  after 
a bloody  battle  fought  near  it  between  the 
Scots  and  Danes,  and  wherein  the  Prince  of 
Deo  mark  w as  skin.  A large  obelisk,  10 
4eet  high,  marks  the  place  of  his  interment. 

Ballishannon,' n borough  and  sea  port 
Town  of  Ireland,  county  of  Donegal,  with  a 
good  haven,  seated  near  the  mouth  of  the 
.Erne,  llO  miles  nw  of  Dublin.  It  has  an 
extensive  linen  manufacture,  and  a good 
salmon  fishery.  Lon.  8 15  w,  lat.  54  25  n. 

Balloch,  a lake  of  Perthshire. 
BALLOGISTAN,  a district  of  Hin- 
jdoustan,  80  miles  long,  and  from  50  to  40 
broad,  on  the  n of  Mewat,  and  reaching 
within  14  miles  of  Delhi,  seized  by  the  Bal- 
loges,  or  Baloches,  during  the  last  century. 
They  are  represented  as  a very  savage  and 
cruel  race.  Their  territory  is  full  of  ravines, 
and  of  course  difficult  cf  access. 

Ballon,  or  Ballone,  an  ancient  castle,  seat- 
ed on  the  sea  coast,  in  Ross- shire,  which  ex- 
hibits a monument  cf  the  taste  and  grandeur 
of  former  ages. 

Ballriman,  a peninsula  of  Ireland,  coun- 
ty of  Louth ; in  which  tliere  are  relics  of  a 
iiruid’s  grove,  v/here  the  Arch  Druid  is  sup- 
posed to  have  resided. 

Billstown,  or  BaUtown,  a township  of  New 
York,  ill  Saratoga  county,  which  contained 
7555  inhabitants  in  1790.  Its  mineral  wa- 
called  BalUouon  Springs,  are  celebrated 


B A L 

fdr  their  medical  virtues.  They  Sre  brisk 
and  sparkling  like  Champaigne.  In  drinkr 
ing  they  affiect  the  nose  and  palate,  like  bot- 
tled beer ; and  slightly  affect  the  head  of 
some  people  by  their  inebriating  quality. 
They  are  used  instead  of  yeast  ill  making 
bread,  and  make  it  rise  more  speedily  and 
effectually  than  any  other  ferment  in  ordi- 
nary use.  Horses  drink  these  waters  with 
avidity.  They  are  apt  to  burst  bottles  v/ben 
corked  in  very  w'arm  weather.  Fish  and 
frogs  are  very  soon  killed  in  them,  and  geese 
and  ducks  can  only  swim  a few  minutes  be- 
fore they  expire.  They  are  remarkably  cold, 
but  can  be  drunk  with  safety  in  the  hottest 
weather;  and  boil  with  very  little  heat* 
They  are  cathartic,  diuretic,  and  sudorific, 
and  are  highly  serviceable  in  many  diseases. 
They  are  situated  196  miles  above ‘Nevy- 
York. 

Ballumbie,  a district  of  Angus- shire. 
The  remains  of  an  ancient  castle  are  still  to 
be  seen  on  it,  which,  in  the  reign  of  James  I. 
king  of  Scots,  was  possessed  by  Alexander 
Lovet,  and  his  heroic  lady,  Catharine  Doug- 
las, who  got  her  arm  fractured  in  attempting 
to  defend  that  monarch  ftom  the  assassins 
who  murdered  him  at  Perth,  A.  D.  1456. 

Bally,  a Gaelic  word,  analogous  to  Bax^ 
which  makes  part  of  the  names  of  at  least 
126  places,  mostly  small  towns  or  villages  in 
Ireland.  The  word  seems  to  be  a corrup- 
tion of  the  term  Ballibetagk,  anciently  used 
to  express,  a town  land  able  to  mainiain 
hospitality. 

Ballycaslle,  a sea-port  on  the  n coast  of 
Antrim,  seated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Glen- 
shesk,  55  miles  n by  w of  Antrim,  noted  for 
• its  chalybeate  spring,  and  collieries.  Lon. 
6 49  w,  lat.  55  14  n. 

Ballyconnel,  a town  of  Cavan,  11  miles 
NE  of  Cavan. 

Bally gamboon,  in  Kerry ; noted  for  pro- 
ducing great  quantities  of  cyder. 

Ballymena,  a towm  in  Antrim,  ©n  the  ri- 
ver Maine,  1 2 miles  nnw  of  Antrim. 

Ballynahinch,  in  Down,  famous  for  the 
defeat  of  the  rebels  in  1798,  when  the  great- 
er part  of  the  town  was  burnt.  It  is  26 
miles  NE  of  Newry. 

Ballynakill,  a borough  in  Queens  county, 
with  some  w'oollen  manufactures,  and  the 
ruins  of  a castle,  18  miles  nw  of  Kilkenny. 

Bally  waiter,  in  Down,  opposite  to  which 
there  is  a reef  of  rocks,  dangerous  in  a high 
degree  to  mariners,  six  miles  and  a-half  iroua 
Donaghadee,  and  16  ne  of  Downpatrick. 

Balmaclcllan,  a parish  of  Scotland  county 
of  Kirkcudbright,  of  an  oblong  figure.  Po- 
pulation is  about  554.  The  soil  is  nearly 
in  the  state  of  nature,  and  is  employed  in 
breeding  cattle,  horses,  and  sheep.  Thomas 
Goirdon,  one  of  the  authors  of  the  Indepen- 
dent Whig,  was  a native  cf  this  palish. 
Schoolmaiiterk  salary  i.56,  owing,  in  pait. 


B A L 

*0  the  liberality  of  a Mr.  Murdow,  aIsO/A  na- 
tive. There  are  five  lakes,  in  one  gf  which 
*s  found  a species  of  large  trout,  ^ihat  often 
Veighs  eight  or  lOlbs.  , 

Balmaghie,  another  parish  in  the  same 
county,  nearly  nine  mihrs  in  length,  and 
five  in  breadth.  There  are  five  mineral 
springs  in  the  parish,  and  some  relics  of  an- 
tiquities; particularly  Threeve  castle,  and 
several  sepulchral  monuments  in  memory  of 
those  who  suffered  for  their  adherence  to  re- 
ligion and  liberty,  before  the  revolution.  In 
this  parish,  the  sect  of  M‘Millanites  took 
their  rise,  Mr.  M'Millan,  their  founder, 
having  been  minister  of  it  before  his  deposi- 
Uon  Population  is.  about  9^9. 

JBalmangan  Bay^  a small,  but  safe  harbour 
of  Scotland,  on  the  w side  of  the  island  of 
JLittle  Ross,  on  the  coast  of  Kircudbright, 
with  a good  road. 

BalmerinOf  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Fife- 
§hire,  three  miles  and  a-half  long,  and  two 
and ‘a  quarter  broad,  comprehending  above- 
5,000  Scots  acres,  most  of  which  is  arable 
and  well  cultivated.  The  population  is 
about  786.  Salmon  and  Sperlings  are  taken 
here  and  some  seals. 

B.almerinoy  a village  in  the  above  parish, 
anciently  called  Baimuranach,  or  Sailor  s 
Town,  with  a harbour,  from  which  consider- 
able quantities  of  grain  are  shipped.  The 
ruins  of  the  old  church  and  abbey,  founded 
in  1229  by  Emegarda,  widow  of  William 
the  Lion,  king  of  Scotland,  and  her  son 
Alexander  II.  still  afford  matter  of  enter- 
tainment to  the  antiquary  : exhibiting  pil- 
lars of  excellent  workmanship  and  durable 
stone,  each  ornamented  in  a different  man- 
ner, and  covered  by  a beautiful  arch.  Its 
lands  were  erected  into  a barony  by  king 
James  IV.  and  bestowed  on  Secretary  El- 
phinston,  ancestor  to  Arthur,  Lord  Balme- 
rino,  who  suffered  for  treason  in  1746. 

Balnacoul,  a village  of  Scotland,  parish 
of  Speymouth,  Morayshire. 

^ Balnagavri,  a village  of  Perthshire,  pa- 
rish of  Little  Dunkeld. 

^ BALNAHUAICn,  one  of  the  Western 
islands  of  Scotland,  on  the  coast  of  Argyll- 
shire, and  in  the  parish  of  Jura,  on  the  n 
end  of  that  island.  It  abounds  with  excel- 
lent slates,  the  quarrying  of  which  forms  the 
principal  employment  of  the  inhabitants,  in 
number  about  150. 

Balquhidder,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in 
Perthshire,  15  miles  long  and  seven  broad. 
It  consists  chiefly  of  hills,  which  in  general 
are^  very  high  but  mostly  green,  the  heath 
having  been  nearly  rooted  out  by  pasturing 
sheep,  for  which  it  is  naturally  well  calcu- 
lated. There  is  abundance  of  limestone, 
and  some  appearances  of  lead.  A consider- 
able extent  of  the  ancient  Caledonian  Forest 
sti  etches  through  this  parish.  By  the  river 
i^lvag,  and  three  large  iakesj  in  the  time  of 


B A t 

floods,  which  occur  10  or  12  times  a-yw,, 
the  intermediate  grounds  are  so  completely 
inqndated,  as  to  form  one  continued  sheet  of 
water,  12  miles  in  length.  Population  is 
about  1577.  Here  are  two  schools  erected 
by  the  Society  , for  propagating  Christian 
knowledge.  There  are  four  flax  mills  ; fuel 
very  scarce. 

Balrie,  a moss,  formerly  a large  lake,  ex- 
tending over  120  acres  in  Augus-shire  whiciji 
was  begun  to  be  drained  above  40  years  ago^ 
Several  thousand  bolls  of  fine  shell  marl® 
are  dug  out  of  it  annually. 

Balrie- Cattle,  a very  ancient  fort,  now 
in  ruinsj  situated  on  an  eminence  at  the  ^ 
end  of  the  moss.  It  was  destroyed  by  ih^ 
Marquis  of  Argyie,  in  1 640.  The  walls  are 
eight  feet  thick. 

JS^lntddery,  or  Balrothery,  a town  of  Ire- 
land, near  the  sea,  county  of  Dublin,  1$ 
miles  N of  Dublin. 

Balsicarn-,  a town  e of  Gog  Magog  Hills^ 
10  miles  from  Cambridge. 

Balsora,  a city  of  Arabia  Deserta,  on  the 
confines  of  Arabia  Felix,  and  tlie  borders  of 
the  province  of  Ayerack,  situated  near  the 
confluence  of  the  Tigres  and  Euphrates, 
where  they  fall  into  the  Persian  gulph. 
was  formerly  under  the  kings  of  Persia^ 
but  now  belongs  to  the  Turks. , 

BaLTA,  a small  island  of  Shetland. 

Baltena  or  PaUena,  a valley  e of  Poli- 
cella,  in  the  Veronese,  Italy,  containing  one 
town  and  18  villages. 

BALTI  A,  an  island  which  gives  name  to 
the  Baltic  Sea. 

Baltic  Sea,  an  island  sea,  surrounded  by 
Sweden,  Russia,  Courland,  Prussia,  Pome- 
rauia,  and  Denmark;  with  it  are  connectedt 
the  gulph  of  Bothnia  and  Finland.  It  con- 
tains a number  of  islands,  the  chief  of  whichi 
are  Aland,  Bornholm,  Dago,  Gothland,  Oe- 
land,  Oesel,  I^aland,  and  Rugen.  It  is  se- 
parated from  the  Categat  by  the  islands  of 
Funen  and  Zealand.  It  is  remarkable  that 
this  sea  neither  ebbs  nor  flows,  and  there  is 
always  a current  sets  through  the  sound  into 
the  ocean.  It  is  generally  frozen  over  three 
or  four  months  in  the  year.  Yellow  amber 
is  found  on  the  coast.  , 

Baltimore,  a town  in  the  county  of  Cork, 
Ireland,  seated  on  a head  land  which 
stretches  out  into  the  sea,  and  forms  a safe 
harbour,  five  miles  ne  of  Capellear  and  50 
miles  sw  of  Cork.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  an 
Abbey.  Lon.  9 i4w,  lat  51  18  n. 

- Baltimore,  a large,  populous,  and  well 
cultivated  county  of  the  United  States^  on  the 
western  shore  of  Maryland.  It  is  36  miles 
from  N to  s and  45  from  e to  w.  In  this 
county  are  found  vast  quantities  of  iron  ore 
of  the  best  quality,  which  is  manufactured 
into  pig  and  bar  iron,  hollow  ware,  See, 

■ Baltimore,  the  largest  and  most  flourish- 
ing coruiiiercieil  town  in  the  slate  of  I8ary- 
M'-  ■ ' - 


B A M 


BAM 


It  is  the  capital  of  Baltimore  county, 
and  is  situated  on  the  nw  branch  of  the  Pa- 
tapse^  river,  near  its  entrance  into  Chesa- 
p'>ak  bay.  It  is  the  fourth  to  wn  for  magni- 
tude in  the  United  Slates.  The  bason  which 
washes  the  town  will  admit  only  vessels  of 
sihall  burden,  but  there  is  a good  harbour  at 
Fell’s  point,  a place  at  a short  distance. 
The  number  of  houses  in  1790,  was  about 
1,955,  of  which  755  were  at  Fell’s  point, 
almost  contiguous.  Tiiere  are  nine  ^ places 
for  public  worship.  The  number  of  inhabi- 
tants at  tlic  same  time  was  upwards  of 
15,000  ; 35  miles  n of  Annapolis.  Lon.  1 
35  w of  Philadelphia,  and  76  50  w of  Lon- 
don. 'Lat.  39  lo  N. 

JBaltinglass,  a town  of  Ireland,  county  of 
Wirklow,  where  extensive  woollen,  linen, 
sfid  diaper  manufactures  are  carried  on, 
■Seated  on  the  Slaney,' 35  miles  sW  of  Dublin. 

B.alvag,  a river  of  Perthshire,  which  runs 
through  and  connects  the  lakes  LochdoJne, 
Lochvo/l  and  Lochlubuaig,  in  the  parish  of 
B^quhidder.  it  abounds  in  trouts  of  dif- 
ferent species,  char,  ^.c/and  has  occasionally 
a few  salmon. 

JBalvaird,  a district  of  Perthshire,  in  the 
parish  of  Abernetby,  memorable  for  one  of 
those  monuments  of  ancient  ingenuity  and 
superstition,  tailed  Rocking  Stoiics  : wiiereby 
the  priests  imposed  upon  the  credulity  of  the 
people.  It  is  mentioned  by  Buchanan,  but 
has  long  ago  lost  its  motion,  its  centie  being 
choaked  with  earth  and  gravel.  Near  it  h 
Belvaird  Castle,  the  property  of  the  Murrays 
of  Belvaird  in  the  reign  of  Robert  II.  and  | 
now  with  the  estate  belongs  to  their  Hiieal 
descendvint,  the  earl  of  Mansfield. 

Baluclavo,  or  Jambol,  a sea*  port  town  of 
Crimea,  on  the  Black  Sea,  where  ships  are 
built  for  the  Grand  Signior.  Lon.  35  15 
•£,  hit.  44  50  If. 

Balvedock,  a village  of  Pevthihire  in  the 
parish  of  Clurde. 

Balveme,  or  Balveny,  a mountamous  dis- 
trict of  Scotland,  in  ihe  county  of  Bamfi.  | 
Here  i^  a noted  rock  which  produces  hones 
and  whet-stones  sullicient  to  supply  the  whole 
island.  Here  are  also  veins  of  aiuin-stone, 
and  springs  of  aluni-w^ater. 

Balveny  Caslle,  an  ancient  fort ; and  Bal^ 
venUi  Craig,  9-  Idll,  or  rock,  in  the  parish  of 
Mortlach,  Barnffsbire,  remarkable  tor  the 
picturesque  and  rural  scenery  around 

Bumba-,  a towm  of  the  kingdom  of  Con-;;, 
go,  in  . Africa,  in  a province  cf  the  same 
i^ume,  situated  between  the  rivers  Ambrisi 
tmi  Loze.  The  governors  of  this  province 
ber^r  hie  name  oi  duhea,  and  are  always  prin- 
c cf  the  royal  family.  They  are  as  despo- 
tic as  if  they  were  really  kings,  notwithstanu- 
i ‘g  the  care  their  incuarchs  take  to  keep 
them  ‘viihiii  bounds.  Its  chief  trade  is  in 
slaves.  It  is  160  miles  s\v  of  St,  Saivador, 
LvU.  13  ^5  E,  Li.  7 2 s, 


BAMBARA,  a kingdom  of  Negroland,. 
on  the  sw  of  Tombuctoo,  of  which  Sago  is. 
the  capital.  Here  corn  is  produced  in  a- 
biindance,  and  the  inhabitants  are  distin- 
guished fortheir  hospitality  to  strangers. 

Bamberg,  a large  handsome  town  of 
Franconia,  in  Germany,  and  the  capital  of 
a bishopric  of  the  same  name.  It  was 
formerly  imperial,  and  subject  to  the  bishop  ; 
but  has  been  given  over  to  Bavaria.  It  has 
an  university,  founded  in  lo85  ; and  is  situ- 
ated at  the  confluence  of  the  rivers  Main 
and  Reidnitz.  The  cathedral  is  a large  .Go- 
thic pile , and  the  palace  an  extensive  edmee. 
In  1758  and  1762,  it  was  taken  by  the 
Prussians,  and  by  the  Irench  in  1794^ 
35  miles  n of  Nuremberg.  Lon.  10  56  e, 

lat'  49  55  N.  . j 

Bamberg,  a town  of  Bohemia,  situated  at 
thefootof  a mountain,  30  miles  s of  Glatz 
Lon.  1 6 50  E,  lati  49  53  n. 

Bamhorough,  a village  of  England,  in 
Northumberland,  on  the  sea  coast.  It  was 
once  a borough,  and  gave  name  to  a tract 
called  Bamboveugbshire.  It  has  a castle  on 
a rock,  inaccessible  on  all  sides  except  the 
G,sai{l  to  have  been  built  by  king  Ida  about 
570.  This  castle,  and  the  manor,  were 
purchased  after  the  rebellion  of  1715,  by 
lord  Crew,  bishop  of  Durham,  who  bequeath- 
ed it  for  many  benevolent  purposca,  particu- 
larly that  of  mirdstering  immediitce  relief  to 
seamen  md  vessels  that  happen  to  be  cast  on 


:ii:>  dcngero^i'^  coast. 

B AMBUCK>  a country  of  Africa,  seat- 
d between  the  rivers  Fatemi  and  Senegal, 
dd  to  be  very  populous,  and  on  the  banks 
f the  river.s  fertile,  but  in  othcrpaits  sandy 
nd  barren ; capital  of  the  same  name,  Ion, 

30  w,  lat.  15  30  k.  Tire  mrra  remarka- 
le  animals  are  a species  ©f  while  apes, 
diich  they  will  not  akuw  i.o  be  sent  out  of 
le  country;  white  foxes,  a.^  1 tne  girafa,  an 
nimal  not  so  large  as  an  cK  puant,  but  made 
lore  like  a camel,  raid  of  remv-ivanle  swift- 
ess.  There  are  mines  of  gold,  silver,  Un, 
2ad,  and  iron. 

Barnff,  or  Banjf,  a ceiu-ly  of  Scotland, 
omprehending  'Slrathdovern,  Boyne,  Bo.zife, 
itrathaven,  Baivenie,  and  part  of  Bm'han  ; 
xtends  50'  miles  from  e to  w%  and  30  m 
ireadth  h orn  n to  s.  The  face  qI  the  coun- 
rv  is  air.‘eeab]y'  diversified  wUh  hills  and 
lales,  woods  and  rivers;  and  exhibits  many 

eatsar.<!pl.nt.tions.  Tl>e  f Pf 
:!imate  healthy,  a.id  the  s>,!l  ie.Ule,  pro- 
lucin^  plentiful  cops  of  co.u.  Var.ous 
minerals  htve  been  fouiid  la  (lihere.it 
jarts  of  the  shire.  ■ Along  vhe  coast,  tiipte 
ire  ancient  P.tnish  ai-.U  i'icU*  tnontw 
rnent?,  atich  as  cairns,  tuarai:,  ana  huge 
itones  standing  erect.  Goraou -castle,  and 
Icverai  other  seats  of  the  o'Ae  of  Gnidon 
are  situated  in  this  county.  1 .le  valued  lent 
is  7b,-t)Sl- 'Scats,  and  the  real  rent  dA-iP-n 


BAN 

i&terling.  It  contains  25  parishes,  and 
the  number  of  inhabitants,  v^as  about 
35,807  ; it  sends  a representative  to  pavlia* 
ment. 

JBamff,  capital  of  the  county,  is  pleasantly 
situated  on  the  s side  of  a hill,  at  the  mouth  j 
of  the  Devernn.  This  place  war.  erected 
into  a borough,  by  a charier  from  Robert  | 
II  dated  Oct.  7^  1572,  endowing  it  wish 
the  same  privileges,  and  putting  it  on  the 
same  footing  witli  the  Burgh  of  Aberdeen^ 
but  tradition  says,  it  was  founded  in  the 
reign  of  Malcolm  III.  The  harbour  is 
bad,  from  the  shifting  of  the  sands  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Dcveron ; the  pier  is  there- 
fore placed  on  the  outside,  and  defended  by 
a battery.  Manufactories  of  thread,  cotton, 
and  stockings,  are  carried  on  to  a considera- 
bleextent;  and  greatquantitics  of  salmon  are  | 
annually  exported.  BamfF  has  two  fairs,  on 
the  first  Tuesday  of  Feb.  and  the  third  Tues- 
day of  Dec.  both  O.  S.  Lon.  2 14  w,  lat. 
57  55  N.  Near  the  town  is  a most  magni- 
ficent seat,  lately  built  by  the  earl  of  Fife  ; 
it  lies  in  a beautiful  plain,  washed  by  the 
Deveron,  the  lofty  banks  of  which,  clothed 
with  wood  on  the  opposite  side,  aiFord  a de- 
lightful contrast  to  the  soft  vale  beneath. 
Tire  parish  is  about  six  miles  in  length,  and 
two  in  breadth.  Population  of  the  town 
and  parish  was  about  3,572  : 44  miles  nnw 
of  Aberdeen. 

JJamian,  a city  of  Asia,  in  Zablestan,  170 
rniles  ssE  of  Balkh.  It  is  remarkable  for  a 
number  of  recesses  cut  out  of  a moun- 
tain, which  from  their  size  and  workman- 
ship, are  supposed  to  have  been  temples. 
The  principal  feature  in  its  history  is  the 
dreadful  catastrophe  which  it  suffered  when 
taken  by  Jenghiz  Khan,  in  1221.  Lon.  66 
'20  E,  lat.  39  30  N. 

Bamos,  a town  in  the  n borders  of  the 
kingdom  of  Birmah,  with  a fort  seated  on  the 
Irawady,  170  miles  nne  of  Umrneropoora. 

BamptoUj  a large  town  in  Oxfordshire, 
seated  near  the  Thames,  12  mtles  w of  Ox- 
ford, and  71  w by  n of  London.  It  has  a 
market  on  Wednesday,  and  a fair  on  August 
26th.  Here  is  the  remains  of  an  ancient 
castle,  and  its  trade  is  in  leather  gloves  and, 
breeches. 

Bamptorii  or  Baunton,  a town  of  Devon- 
shire, situated  21  miles  nne  of  Exeter,  and 
163  w by  s of  London.  It  has  a marjiet  on 
Saturday,  and  fairs  on  Whitsun-Tuesday, 
and  Oct.  24.  It  has  a manufacture  of  ser-. 
ges,  and  a medicinal  spring. 

a river  of  Ireland,  which  rises  in  the 
county  of  Down,  and  falling  into  the  Nev^^ry 
canal,  is  afterwards  discharged  into  Lough 
Neagh.  It  is  noted  for  clear  water. 

Banagker,  a town  of  Ireland,  King’s, 
county,  seated  on  the  Shannon,  over  which 
it  has  two  bridges,  15  miles  s of  Athlone. 

Banaresj  or  a handsome  town  or 


BAN 

Asia,  capital  of  a country  of  the  same  name 
ceded  to  the  English,  in  1775,  in  the  domi- 
nions of  the  (ireat  Mogul,  celebra  ed  for 
beino*  the  university  of  tlie  Indian  Biamins. 

It  is  seated  on  the  n side  of  the  Ganges,  the 
banks  of  which  are  adorned  with  several 
Hindoo  temples.  The  streets  are  narrow, 
and  many  of  the  buildings  five  stories,  inha- 
bited by  several  families.  The  more  wealthy 
Gentocs  live  in  detachetl  houses,  with  open 
courts  inclosed  by  a v/all.  A Mahoraedan 
mosque,  built  by  the  emperor  Aurungzebe, 
on  the  dte  of  a magnificent  Hindoo  temple, 
which  he  demolished  for  the  purpose,  stands 
near  the  centre  of  the  city.  Tiie  British  in- 
terest was  endangered  by  an  insurrection 
here  in  1781,  which  occasioned  the  deposi- 
tion of  the  rajah,  Cheyt  Smg,  in  1783.  Be- 
nares is  136  miles  w by  s of  Patna,  and  o80 
w’Nw  of  Calcutta.  Lon.  83  10  e,  lat,  25 
20  N.  . 

Banhridge,  a village  of  Ireland,  county  of 
Down,  noted  for  its  great  fairs  of  linen  cloth, 
14  miles  n by  e of  Newry. 

Banbury,  a town  of  Oxfordshire,  with  a 
large  handsome  church,  lately  rebuiit,  a free- 
scbool,  two  charity  schools,  a work  nouse, 
and  two  meeting  houses.  The  town  wiui 
its  suburbs  contains  about  700  houses.  The 
principal  manufacture  is  plusli  or  snag  cloth. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Charvvel,  17  miles  from 
Oxford,  and  71  nnw  of  London.  It  has  a 
market  on  Thursday,  noted  for  its  cakes  and 
cheese,  and  seven  fairs,  viz.  1st  Tiiuisday 
after  jam  17,  the  1st  Thursdciy  in  Lent,  Oti 
Ascension  Day,  Corpus  Cnristi,  June  12, 
August  12,  and  Thursday  after  October  10, 
It  sends  a member  to  parliament.  To  the 
westward  lies  Edgcbill,  where  the  famous 
battle  of  that  name  vras  fought,  between  tbs 
forces  of  Charles  I.  and  the  parliament’s 
iftTuy. 

BANC  A,  an  island  in  the  East  Indies, 
between  Sumatra  and  Borneo,  celebrated  for 
its  tin  mines,  the  annual  profit  of  which  to 
the  Dutch  is  estimated  at  L.  150,000.  It 
has  a strait  and  town  of  the  same  name* 
Lon.  105  41  E,  lat.  2 22  s. 

Bancalis,  a sea- port  town  on  the  e coast 
of  Sumatra,  where  the  Dutch  have  a settle- 
ment- Lon,  100  7 E,  lat.  1 15  n 

Banchory- JDavinich,  a parish  of  Scotland, 
counties  of  Aberdeen  and  Kincardine,  being 
divided  by  the  Dee.  The  surrace  of  the 
i parish  is  rugged,  and  the  soil  inferior.  Ex- 
cellent blue'^  granite,  part  of  which  is  export- 
ed to  London,  is  found  here.  A considera- 
ble fishery  is  carried  on,  on  liie  coast. 
There  are*  several  Driiidical  temples  in  the 
parish.  Population  w'as  about  17<.  0. 

Banchory- Ter  nan,  another  parish  of  Scot- 
land, Kincardineshire,  on  the  banks  of  the 
I river  Dee,  containing  about  20,000  acres. 
Population  was  about  1465. 

BancQchi  a town  of  the  kingdom  of  S{>a\» 
M2 


BAN 

Bs?  Asl&i  With  a fort,  seated  near  the  mouth 
©f  the  Meiian,  40  miles  s of  Siam.  The 
houses  are  made  of  canes  covered  with  palm 
leaves ; and  the  inhabitants  go  almost  naked. 
iLon.  100  4S  E,  lat.  15  44  n. 

JSancQutj  a town  and  fortress  on  the  coast 
©f  Conan,  Hindoostan.  It  has  a good  har- 
bour, and  trades  in  salt.  It  was  taken  by 
the  English  in  1755,  is  66  miles  s of  Bom- 
i>ay.  Xon.  72  48  e,  lat.  18  5 n. 

BANDA,  an  island  in  the  Indian  ocean, 
the  chief  of  a group  called  the  Banda,  or 
^atmeg  Islands,  lying  between  127  deg. 
and  128  deg.  Ion.  e,  and  between  4 deg 
and  5 deg.  lat.  s.  Banda,  or  Lantor,  is  not 
more  than  eight  miles  in  length,  and  five  in 
breadth.  The  names  of  the  others  are  Nero, 
pooloron,  Gonapi,  and  Rossigen  or  Rosing- 
ing.  The  nutmeg  tree  is  about  the  size  of 
a pear  tree,  and  bears  fruit  from  the  age  of 
10  to  100  years.  The  great  nutmeg  harvest 
IS  in  Ju^y  and  August.  The  land  will  not 
bring  forth  any  kind  of  corn  ; and  the  inha- 
bitants are  obliged  to  use  the  pith  of  tiie 
sago  for  bread.  The  climate  also  is  very 
unhealthy.  They  have  been  subject  to  the 
patch  since  1609,  when  they  took  them 
:h*om  both  the  natives  and  the  English,  who 
retook  it  in  1796,  restored  it  in  1802,  and 
took  it  again  in  1810. 

Banden,  a hill  of  Scotland,  in  Fifeshire, 
which  commands  an  extensive  view  of  the 
j^trath  of  Eden,  from  Kinross  so  St  An- 
drews’s bay.  The  remains  of  an  ancient 
rampart  and  circumvallation,  200  yards  in 
diameter,  and  of  a circular  form,  are  to  be 
^en  upon  it. 

Bander- Ah assii  a town  of  Persia,  upon 
the  coast  of  Ears,  over  against  the  isle  of 
Ormus,  100  miles  e of. 

Bander- Congo,  a small  sea- port  town  on 
the  E side  of  the  Persian  Gulf,  80  miles  w 
of  Gombroon.  Eon.  55  8 e,  lat.  27  10  n. 

Bandirran,  South,  a village,  locally  situ- 
ated in  the  parish  of  Collace,  in  Angus-shiro, 
but  belonging  to  that  of  Caputh,  in  Perth- 
shire, quoud  sacra, 

Bando,  a town  of  Hindoostan.  Lon.  75 
5 E,  lat.  28  45  N. 

Bandon,  a town  of  Munster,  seated  on 
the  Bandon,  about  17  miles  sw  of  Cork.  It 
is  a military  station.  Its  manufactures  are 
cotton,  ticking,  and  camblets.  It  sends  one 
jneniber  to  parliament. 

Bandora,  the  capital  of  the  island  of  Sal- 
sette,  separated  from  Bombay  by  a narrow 
channel,  and  subject  to  the  Portuguese,  six 
miles  N of  Bombay.  Lon.  72  40  e,  lat. 

BANFF.  See  Bamff* 

Bangalore,  or  Banjdire,  a fortress  in  the 
pr.nEisula  of  Hindoostan,  and  capital  of  My- 
sore, the  fort  was  built  by  Hydcr,  and  in  the 
bulwark  of  Mysore,  on  the  side  of  Arcot. 
I'bc  SUigliih  tgok  U in  ITOl,  tuu}  restored 


BAN 

it  to  Tippoo  the  3rear  following.  He  de- 
stroyed it,  but  it  has  been  rebuilt.  The  pa- 
lace, which  is  not  distitute  of  elegance,  ia 
constructed  of  mud.  There  are  two  exten- 
sive gardens,  formed  by  the  Sultans.  Its 
principal  articles  of  manufacture,  are  silk 
and  cotton  cloths,  muslins,  leather,  and  oil. 
It  is  74  miles  ne  of  Seringapatam.  Lon, 
77  57  E,  lat.  15  0 n. 

Banghir,  a town  of  Ireland,  King’s  coun- 
ty, seated  on  the  Shannon. 

Bangor,  anciently  called  Bangor  the  Great, 
a town  of  Wales,  Csernarvenshire,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday.  It  is  a bishop’s  see  ; 
and  has  fairs  on  5th  April,  25th  of  June, 
and  25th  October.  It  is  56  miles  w of  St 
Asaph’s,  and  25  1 nw  of  London.  Lon.  4 
1 2 w,  lat.  55  1 2 N. 

Bangor,  a town  of  Ireland,  county  of 
Down,  on  the  s shore  of  Garrick- Fergus 
bay. 

Bangor,  a township  of  the  United  States, 
in  Hancock  county,  district  of  Maine. 

Bang^ri,  a town  on  the  peninsula  of  Ma* 
lacca.  Lon.  99  5 e,  lat  9 25  n. 

Banjaluka,  a town  of  European  Turkey, 
the  capital  of  Bosnia,  upon  the  frontiers  of 
Da,lmatia,  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Verbonia  and  Yerbas,  supposed  to  contain 
18,000  inhabitants,  70  miles  nw  of  Serai, 
and  155  w of  Belgrade.  Lon.  18  20  e,  lat. 
44  44  N. 

Banjar,  a river  in  the  island  of  Borneo, 
in  the  E Indies,  which  flows  s from  the  cen- 
tre of  the  country,  to  the  port  of  Banjer- 
raassin,  and  at  its  mouth  the  Dutch  have 
their  principal  factory. 

B ANJERMASSIN,  a kingdom  of  the 
island  of  Borneo,  producing  pepper,  gold, 
iron,  diamonds,  canes,  wax,  edible  birds  nests, 
and  dragons  blood.  Capital  Negara.  It 
has  a town  of  the  same  name,  with  a good 
harbour,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Banjar. 
Lon.  1 14  50  E,  lat.  5 15  s. 

Bank-Head,  a hill  of  Scotland,  Dumfries- 
shire, which  is  supposed  to  contain  lead  mines. 

Bankinskui,  a town  of  Siberia,  on  the 
banks  of  the  lake  Baikal.  Lon.  117  14  e, 
lat.  52  11  N. 

Bankiop,  a town  of  the  kingdom  of  Laos, 
in  Thither  India,  situated  on  the  river  Me- 
con.  Lon.  .101  10  e,  lat.  20  50  n. 

BANKISH,  a province  of  the  Mogul’s 
dominions,  on  the  n part  of  the  Hither  Ind'>a. 

Bunkmore,  a sand  bank  in  the  Irish  sea, 
one  mile  s of  Portaferry  harbour. 

BANK’S  ISLAND,  a small  island  in 
the  S Sea,  of  a circular  figure,  about  24 
leagues  in  compass ; and  so  high  as  to  bd 
seen  at  the  distance  of  near  20  leagues. 
Lon.  174  50  vv,  lat.  45  50  s. 

bank’s  ISLAND,  another  island  in 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  near  the  vf  coast  of  N 
America,  about  six  miles  long  and  five  broad 
Lon,  150  0 w,  lat  55  50  K* 


B A R 

JBannockhurny  a village  of  Scotland,  aljout 
three  miles  and  a-half  se  of  Stirling,  seated 
on  the  Bannock,  from  which  it  is  named ; 
famous  for  the  complete  emancipation  of 
Scotland  from  the  English  yoke,  by  the  de- 
cisive battle  fought  near  it,  between  king 
Robert  Bruce,  and  Edward  II.  wherein  an 
army  of  500  000  Englishmen,  was  complete- 
ly routed  by  30,000  Scots,  A.  D.  1514.  On 
Brock’s  brae,  is  a perforated  stone,  in  which 
Bruce’s  standard  is  said  to  have  been  plant- 
ed. Not  far  distant  are  two  erect  stones  in 
memory  of  the  engagement  betw^een  Ran- 
dolph and  Clifford,  the  preceding  night.  Its 
manufactures  are  carpets,  tartans,  and  cotton. 

JBannow,  a borough  and  sea  port  of  Ire- 
land, county  of  Wexford,  on  the  e side  of  a 
bay  of  the  same  name,  20  miles  sw  of  V/ex- 
ford.  Lon.  6 40  w,  lat.  52  5 n. 

JBansteady  a village  in  the  county  of  Surry, 
noted  for  its  abundance  of  walnut-trees,  and 
still  more  for  the  Downs  in  its  neighbour- 
hood, of  a fine  carpet  ground,  covered  with 
short  herbage,  excellent  for  rearing  sheep. 
It  extends  about  50  miles. 

BANTAM,  a kingdom  of  Asia,  in  the 
islaud  of  Java,  once  independent,  but  now 
subject  to  the  Dutch,  who  deposed  the  king, 
and  expelled  the  English  and  Danes,  in  the 
reign  of  James  II.  A D 1682.  The  chief 
produce  of  the  country  is  pepper.  It  is  also 
noted  for  the  peculiar  race  of  its  fowls,  whence 
has  originated  the  well  known  term  of  Ban- 
tam Fowls,  See  Java. 

Bantam^  the  capital  of  the  above  kingdom, 
once  populous  and  flourishing,  but  now  a 
poor  place,  its  harbour  being  so  choaked  up, 
that  it  is  inaccessible  to  vessels  of  burden. 
Lon.  105  26  E,  lat.  6 20  s. 

Bantry,  a sea  port  town  of  Ireland,  coun- 
ty of  Cork,  seated  on  a bay  of  the  same 
name,  26  miles  long,  three  broad,  and  ^0 
fathoms  deep  in  the  middle ; 40  miles  v/sw 
of  Cork.  Lon.  10  10  w,  lat.  51  SO  n. 

Banwelly  a village  in  ‘ Somersetshire.  It 
has  two  fairs,  on  18th  January,  and  18th 
July.  A monastery,  founded  here  by  one  of 
the  Saxon  princes,  was  destroyed  by  the 
Danes.  Some  remains  of  an  episcopal  pa- 
lace, erected  on  its  site,  are  still  to  be  seen. 

Banza,  a town  of  Congo  Proper,  ©n  the 
river  Zaira.  Lon.  15  50  e,  lat.  6 50  s. 

■Bapaumep  a town  of  France,  in  the  ci- 
devant  French  Netherlands,  now  included 
in  the  department  of  the  Straits  of  Calais, 
12  miles  se  of  Arras.  Lon.  2 55  e,  lat. 
50  8 N. 

Bapchildy  a village  in  Kent,  famous  for  a 
5ynod  held  by  A bp  Brightwaid,  in  1692. 

BAR,  a ci-devant  duchy  of  France,  which 
now  forms  the  department  of  Meuse.  The 
chief  towns  are  Bar-le-diic,  Clermont,  St 
Michael,  Longwy,  Pont-a-Mousson,  and 
Stenay.  In  1756,  it  was  given  to  Stanis- 
laus, then  king  gf  Poland, 


Bar 

JSah  a strongly  fortified  city  of  Poland,  fit 
Podolia,  seated  on  a river  that  unites  with 
the  Bog,  Here  a catholic  confederation 
was  held  in  1768,  in  support  of  the  religion 
of  the  country,  against  the  encroachments  of 
dissenters.  It  is  40  miles  ene  of  Kaminieck, 
and  55  nw  of  Bracklaw.  Lon.  27  40  e,  lat. 
49  14n. 

Bar,  a town  of  Bahar,  Hindoostan,  seated 
near  the  Ganges,  54  miles  ese  of  Patna. 

Bar,  a fort  of  Italy,  in  the  valley  of 
Aouste,  subject  to  the  king\)f  Sardinia.  It 
is  strongly  fortified,  and  commands  the  pas- 
sage into  Piedmont.  Lon.  27  5 e,  lat.  4 
15  N. 

Bar,  a hill  of  Scotland,  Renfrewshire,  on 
the  top  of  which  are  the  remains  of  an  old 
encampment,  consisting  of  a semicircular 
parapet  of  loose  stones  towards  the  s,  and 
defended  on  the  n by  perpendicular  basaltic 
rocks.  On  the  w side  of  this  hill  there  is  a 
quarry  of  freestone,  which  is  remarkable  for 
having  coal  over  the  freestone,  and  whin- 
stone  above  the  coal,  and  the  n side  of  the 
hill  has  perpendicular  basaltic  columns  ia«* 
cumbent  upon  coal. 

Bar  au'der  Aube,  an  ancient  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Aube,  and  ci- 
devant  province  of  Chan||iagne.  Lcn.  4 
22  E,  lat.  47  50  n. 

Bar -le- Due,  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meuse,  and  ci-devant  capital  of 
the  duchy.  Its  wines  are  excellent,  and  not 
inferior  to  those  of  Champagne.  It  is  SO 
miles  w of  Toul,  55  w of  Nancy,  and  158  s 
of  Paris.  Lon.  2 SO  e,  lat.  48  44  n, 

Bar-le-Mont,  a town  of  France,  in  th6 
ci-devant  French  Netherlands,  now  in  the 
department  of  the  North.  Lon.  5 40  e,  lat* 
50  10  N. 

Bar -sur- Aube,  or  Bar-smr-Auche,  a town 
of  France,  in  the  department  of  Aube,  thdi 
ci-devant  Champagne,  famous  for  its  wines, 
18  miles  sw  of  Joinville.  Lon,  4 55  E,  lat. 
48  15  N. 

Bar- sur- Seine,  a towm  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Aube,  20  miles  sw  of  Bar- 
sur-Aube.  Lon.  4 50  e,  lat.  48  5 it. 

Bara,  or  Barr  ay.  See  Barr  ay, 

Barabiaco,  a town  of  the  Italian  republic, 
seated  in  a fertile  country,  on  the  river,  and 
in  the  department  of  the  Olona*. 

Baracoa,  a sea  port  on  the  nh  coast  of  the 
island  of  Cuba,  90  miles  ene  of  St  Jago  de 
Cuba.  Lon.  74  42  e,  lat.  10  50  n. 

Barakan,  or  Parakan,  a town  of  Kun- 
gary,  formerly  fortified,  in  the  further  circle 
of  tiie  Danube,  where  the  Turks,  in  1664, 
were  defeated  by  the  imperialists,  who  took 
the  town  by  storm.  It  is  directly  opposite 
to  Gran,  of  which  it  i4  reckoned  a part, 

Baranco,  de  Malambo,  a town  of  Term 
Firmc,  in  America,  with  a bishop’s  see,  and 
a good  haven.  It  is  a place'  of  great  trade,, 
seated  on  the  river  Magdaieite,  70  miles  vit 


B A R 

eP  Caythagena.  Lon.  74  BO  w,  lat.  11  | 

£0,  K. 

Baranivahr,  a town  of  Lower  Iiuiigary, 
in  a county  of  the  same  name  ;•  taken  by  the 
emperor  of  Germany  from  the  Ttiiics  in 
3684.  It  stands  on  an  island  formed  by 
the  river  Crasso,  40  miles  n of  Essek,  and 
120  s of  Buda..  Lon.  19  16  e,  lat.  45 
42  N. 

Baraquicimito,  a town  of  Terra  Eirma, 
in  the  province  of  Caracas,  on  a river  of  the 
same  name,  80  miles  e by  N of  Truxiilo. 
Xion.  66  55  w,  lat.  8 55  n. 

Barbacoa,  a town  of  Popayan,  New  Gra- 
nada on  the  Tolembi,  110  miles  sw  of  Po- 
payan. 

Barbacoay  a town  of  Venezuela,  Terra 
pinna,  e side  of  the  lake  Maracaybo,  150 
miles  s by  w of  Venezuela. 

BARB  ADO,  a district  in  the  island  of 
Arbe,  which  produces  excellent  wines. 

BARBADOES,  the  most  easterly  of 
all  the  Carribbee  islands  subject  to  Great 
Britain;  and,  according  to  the  best  geo- 
graphers, lying  between  Lon.  59  deg.  50  tn. 
and  60  deg.  2 m.  w,  and  between  lat.  12 
deg.  56  ra.  and  15  deg.  16  m.  n.  It  is  70 
miles  from  St  Vincent’s,  21  miles  in  length 
iVom  N to  s,  an^l4  in  breadth  from  e to  w, 
containing  106,470  acres  of  land,  most  of 
which  is  under  cultivation" : and  is  divided 
Into  five  districts  apd  1 1 parishes ; and  con- 
tains 4 towns,  viz.  Bridgetown,  the  capital, 
Charlestown,  St  James,  and  Speight’s 
Town.  It  is  said  to  have  contained  in 
1670,  50,000  whites,  and  100,000  blacks, 
whose  labours  employed  60,000  tons  ot 
shipping,  This  may  be  exaggerated,  but 
it  is  certain  that  its  population  has  decreased 
rapidly.  In  1786  the  numbers  were  16,167 
whites  ; 858  free  people  of  colour,  and 
62,115  negroes.  The  exports  on  an  aver- 
age, of  1784,  1785,  1786,  had  fallen  to 
1^554  hogsheads  of  sugar,  5448  puncheons 
.of  rum,  6520  ba.gs  of  ginger,  8531  bags 
of  cotton,  exclusive  of  small  articles.  In 
1787,  245  vessels  cle.ared  outwards  ; and 
their  cargoes  amounted  to  559,6051.  14s  lOd. 
It  has  suffered  much  from  hurricanes,  par- 
ticularly from  the  dreadful  one  in  1780, 
w'hich  destroyed  no  less  than  4,525  inhabi- 
tants. The  ^oss  of  property  was  computed 
at  above  I,52Q,500L  The  earliest  planters 
of  Barbadoes  w^ere  reproached  wffh  the 
guilt  of  forcing  or  decoying  into  slavery, 
the  Indians  of  the  neighbouring  continent. 
It  has  a singular  production  called  Barbadoes 
tar,  which  rises  out  of  the  earth  and  swims 
on  the  surface  of  the  water.  The  history  of 
InJcle  and  Yarico,  in  which  Inkle  is  recorded 
as  being  more  barbarous  than  the  slaves, 
in  a poetical  translation  of  it  we  have  their 
characters  summed  up  in  the  four  following 
P^itbctle  line?  i . . 


BAR 

This  youth  was  born  too  near  the  Northew 
pole, 

Which  chiird  each  virtue  in  his  frozen  soul ; 
But  near  the  suu  the  nymph  her  birth  con- 
fess’d, 

Where  every  virtue  glow’d  within  her  breast, 

which  Mr  Addison  in  his  Spectator  has  re- 
corded for  the  detestation  of  mankind,  took 
its  rise  in  this  island. 

BARB  ANA,  a district  and  village  of  the 
late  Maritime  division  of  Austria,  in  the 
province  of  I stria. 

Barbara,  a town  of  the  kingdom  of  Adel, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Hawash,  200  miles  , 
NE  of  Aucaguel.  Lon.  46  25  e,  lat,  11 

2 N.  ^ ; 

Barbara,  the  capital  of  a jurisdiction  of 
the  same  name,  on  the  coast  ot  X^e^w  Albion. 
The  circumjacent  country  is  rugged,  but  it 
has  a good  harbour.  Lon.  119  46  w,  lat. 

54  26  N. 

BARB  ARANA,  a district  .of  the  late 
maritime  division  of  Austria,  in  the  Vicen- 
tino,  comprehending  a town  of  the  same 
name,  and  15  populous  and  opulent  vil- 
lages. 

Barhareen,  a village  six  miles  s of  Caltii- 
ra,  on  the  w coast  of  Ceylon,  with  a con- 
siderable manufacture  ot  cables  and  cord- 
age from  the  cocoa  tree. 

BARB  ARY,  a kingdom  o,f  Africa,  in- 
cluding the  states  of  Algiers,  Morocco,  Tri- 
poli, Fez,  and  Tunis.  This  country  contains 
almost  the  whole  of  what  the  Romans  pos- 
sessed of  the  continent  of  Africa,  excepting 
Egypt.  It  is  near  2000  miles  in  length 
and  in  some  places  750  in  breadth.  It  in- 
cludes the  ancient  Mauritiania,  Numidia, 
Proper  Africa,  and  Lybia.  It  is  fertile  in 
corn,  wine,  maize,  citrons,  oranges,  figs, 
almonds,  dates,  melons,  olives,  &c.  ^ The 
chief  trade  of  the  inhabitants  consists  in  the 
sale  of  their  fruits,  Morocco  leather,  ostrich 
feathers,  indigo,  wax  tin,  coral,  and  the 
horses  called  Arabs.  The  reigning  religion 
is  the  Mahometan;  there  are  some  Jews, 
but  no  Christians  except  the  slaves. 

Barbas,  a cape  of  Africa  in  the  Atlantic 
Ocean.  Lon.  19  40  w,  lat.  22  15  n.  . 

Barhe  St,  a town  of  Biscay,  in  Mexico, 
near  which  are  rich  silver  mines,  500  miles 
Nw  of  Mexico.  Lon.  107  5 w,  lat.  26 

On.  , . 

Barberino,  a town  of  Italy,  in  Tuscany, 
at  the  foot  of  the  Appenine  mountains,  12 
miles  N of  Florence.  Lon.  12  15  e,  lat.  4i> 

40  N.  . 

Barhezieu^,  a town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Charente.  It  has  a mineral 
spring,  and  a manufacture  ©t  linen  cloth,^ 
It  is  45  miles  ne  of  Bourdeaux. 

BA  RBI  SANG,  a district  of  the  late 
maritime  division  of  Austria,  county  ot 
Cololto  and  territory  of  Treviso. 


BAR 


BAR 


JJarhi^ton,  an  ancient  castle  in  Ayrshire ; 
wear  which  a battle  w'as  fought,  wherein, 
it  is  said,  Coilus  king  of  the  Britons  was 
slain 

Barbonne,  a tow^n  of  France,  in  the  ci- 
devant  province  of  Champagne. 

Barbara,  a maritime  town  of  Africa,  in 
the  kingdom  of  Adel 

• BARBUDA,  or  Barmuda,  one  of  the 
British  Carribbee  islands,  about  20  miles 
long,  and  12  broad.  It  is  low  land,  hut 
fruitful  and  populous.  The  inhabitants 
amount  to  about  1 500,  and  are  chieily  em- 
ployed in  rearing  cattle  for  the  neighbouring 
islands.  It  is  35  miles  n of  Antigua. 
Lon.  61  50  w,  lat.  17  50  n. 

Burbue,  a river  of  N America,  in  the 
north-western  territory,  which  runs  w by  n,  j 
and  falls  into  the  lake  Michigan.  It  is  ! 
about  150  yards  broad  at  the  mouth  ; also 
another  river  of  N America,  which  runs 
into  lake  Erie. 

Barb^,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  capital 
cf  a county  of  that  name,  with  an  ancient  i 
castle,  and  an  academical  college,  founded  I 
by  the  United  Brethren,  in  1754.  It  is  | 
seated  on  the  Ellib,  13  miles  se  of  Magde-  , 
burg.  Lon.  12  4 e,  iat  52  2 n. 

BARCA,  a large  county  of  Africa,  lying 
on  the  s coast  of  the  Mediterranean  sea, 
extending  in  length  from  e to  w,  from  Ion. 
39  deg,  to  46  deg.  e,  and  in  breadth  from 
N to  s,  about  SO  leagues.  It  is  fertile  and 
populous  along  the  coast,  the  interior  is  a 
barren  desert  inhabited  by  wandering  Arabs. 
It  is  governed  by  a Sangiac,  who  is  depen- 
dant on  the  bashaw  at  Tripoli.  Its  capital 
k Derna.  Here  was  seated  the  famous 
temple  of  Jupiter  Ammon,  so  dilficult  of 
access  on  account  of  the  burning  sands. 

Barcelona,  a handsome,  rich,  and  strong 
city  of  Spain,  in  the  province  of  Catalonia, 
cf  which  it  is  the  capital.  It  is  situated  by 
the  sea  side,  and  surrounded  on  the  n and 
E by  double  walls,  the  ramparts  of  which 
are  high,  broad,  and  spacious,  insomuch  that 
coaches  drive  upon  them.;  and  defended  by 
a vast  citadel  on  the  e,  and  a strong  fort  on 
a rocky  .mountain,  one  mile  w from  the 
town,  called  Monljouich.  It  is  divided 
Into  two  parts,  the  Old  and' the  New  Towm, 
w hich  are  separated  from  each  other  by  a 
wall  and  a large  ditch  ; the  streets  are  .hand- 
some, w^ei]  paved  wdth  large  stones,  wide,  and 
very  clean.  It  is  the  residence  of  a viceroy,  j 
is  a bishop’s  see,  has  a cathedral  with 
Jo.'ty  towers,  a fine  university,  an  inquisition, 
an  extensive  cannon  foundery,  an  arsenal  of  ] 
great  cxti.ut,  and  docks  for  shipbuilding,  a 
mint;  a good  port,  and  is  adorned  with  hand- 
^ some  buildings.  It  is  a place  of  great  trade, 
and  to  each  kind  of  trade  a particular  dis- 
trict is  allovred;  they  make  curious  works 

glasfv  avid  their  swords,  hats,  shoes,  and 
knives  are  in  great  reputation,  as  are  also 


their  blankets.  It  has  also  manufactures 
of  silk,  cotton,  lace,  and  printed  cailicoes. 
Its  population  is  above  150,0.00.  In  1705, 
t it  was  taken  by  the  earl  of  Peterborough, 
after  a siege  of  three  weeks.  In  1706, 
Philip  V.  invested  it  with  a numerous  army, 
but  was  obliged  to  raise  the  siege.  In  1714, 
it  was  retaken  by  the  French  and  Snauiarda, 
and  the  citadel  built  to  keep  it  in  aw'e.  It 
is  250  miles  e of  Madrid.  Lon.  2 8 e,  lat„ 
41  25  N, 

Barcelona,  a town  of  the  province  of 
Cumaiia,  in  Terra  Firma,  situated  on  thss 
ieft  bank  of  the  Neveri.  near  its  mouth ; beeves 
and  hogs  con^ltute  its  chief  trade,  of 
which  many  are  exported  alive,  and  cargoes 
of  jerked  beef  sent  annually  to  the  Havali- 
nab ; it  is  65  miles  |w  by  s of  Ciimana* 
Lon.  65  15  w,  iat,  10  8 n. 

Barcelonette,  a town  of  France,  in  a val- 
ley of  the  same  name,  department  of  tha 
Low’er  Alps,  seated  on  tile  Hhbaye,  13 
njiles  SE  of  Embriin,  which,  with  the' adja- 
cent territory,  formerly  belonged  to  the 
House  of  Savoy,  and  was  ceded  to  France 
by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  in  1712,  In  1714^ 
It  was  annexed  to  the  gcvernnient  of  Pro- 
vence. Lon  6 40  E,  lat.  44  26  n. 

Barcelore,  or  Barcnra,  a towm  of  Ask, 
in  the  E Indies]  dn  the  coast  of  Caiiara,  'x 
gives  name  to  a district,  but  is  gone  muclr 
to  decay.  It  is  a Dutch  factory,  where'  a 
coruideT?ible  trade  is  carried  on  in  p^per  j 
40  miles’ w cf  Mangalore.  Lori,  74  15  ev 
lat  13  45  N. 

JBarceJos,  a tovvm  of  Portugal  in  Entra- 
Duero-e-Minho,  near  the  river  Cavado,  10 
miles  wsw  of  Braga.  Lon.  9 15  w,  lat.  41 

20  N.  - 

BardoidcJc,  a towm  of  German^/,  on  the 
river  limenau,  in  the  circle  cf  Lower  Sax- 
on^, and  duchy  of  Lunenburg.  It  is  17 
railes  SE  of  Hamburg.  Formerly  a very 
large  place ; but  being  ruined  in  1189,  by 
tlie  duke  of  Saxony,  has  never  yet  recovered 
itself.  Lon.  10  6 e,  iat.  53  40  n. 

Bardi  a town  of  Italy,  with'  a magnificent 
castle,  50  miles  sw  of  Pamca. 

Bardney,  a town  between  Lincoln  and 
Iloriicasfle,  meruorable  for  the  tomb  of  St 
Oswald. 

■ Bardock,  a rivulet  of  Aberdeenshire, 
which  rises  in  a hill  in  the  parish  of  Strath- 
ciop,  enters  an  aitifrcial  ditch  on  the  nw  side 
cf  an  ancient  mount,  divides  in  two,  aqd  en- 
tirely surrounds  it,  and  unidog  at  the  east- 
ern extren.iify,  falls  into  the'  Don. 

Bcirddocrc  B6ch,  a lake  of  Sdrlingshire, 
paiisii  cf  BaMernock,  covering  about  70 
acres,  and  containing  plenty  of  pikes  and 
perches. 

BARDSEY,  an  island  of  S Wales, 
which  forms  the  n point  of  Cardigan  bay. 

Bardl,  a.  river  of  Swedish  Pomerania. 

Bardi,  a strong  and  rich  tow  u of  Swedisli 


^ A R 

with  a castle  and  spacious  bar-  ' 
hour,  situated  near  tl^e  Baltic,  15  miles  w by 
K of  Stralsund,  Lon.  13  0 e,  lat.  54: 
2^.n. 

Baveges,  a village  of  France,  seated  in 
a valley  of  the  same  name,  12  miles  s of 
l^gneres,  and  24  s of  Tarbes,  famous  for  its 
mineral  baths. 

BABBITH,  a late  margravate  of  Ger- 
many, in  the  e division  of  Franconia.  The 
margrave  was  a branch  of  the  Brandenburg 
family,  and  thence  styled  Brandenburg- 
Bareith,  but  it  was  abdicated  in  1791,  in 
favour  of  the  king  of  Prussia,  since  which  it 
has  fallen  under  the  power  of  France. 

BareitJh  a town  of  Germany,  in  the  above 
margravate,  with  a famous  college.  Lon.  1 1 
56  E,  lat.  0 N. 

Barenlon,  a town  of  France,  in  the  de* 
paVtm^nt  of  Manche,  20  miles  ese  of  Avran- 

Cf-ie. 

BdTjieur^  a c^pe  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Channel,  12  miles  e of  Cher- 
l3urg.  Near  this  cape,  part  of  the  French 
rnvy  was  destroyjed  in  1692,  the  day  after 
the  victory  of  La  Fiogue,^^  obtained  by  the 
caniV'derate  fleet  under  admiral  Russel. 

Bnr^eii-r,  a town  of  Fra;:ice,  in  the  de- 
partmeiit  of  the  Channel,  and  ci-devant 
province  of  Normandy.  It  was  ruined,  and 
i>ad  its  harbour  filled  up  by  the  English,  in 
1346  5 175  miles  nw  of  Paris*  Lon>  1 
3|0  w,  lat.  49  40  N* 

'Barga,  a town  of  Italy^  in  the  duchy  of 
Tuscany,  on  the  river  Serchio.  Lon.  10 
42  E,  lit,  44  5 N. 

Bargarron,  Bargarron,  a village  in  Ren- 
f bwshfre,  in  the  parish  of  Erskine,  famous 
being  tiie  first  place  in  Scotland  where 
floe  thread  \yas  manufacture^. 

Bcirgey.  or  Barges,  jk  town  of  Piedmont, 
iii  the  district  of  the  four  valiies,  seven  mHes 
5,  of  Pinerola. 

BargunzinsJe,  a town  in  the  government 
of  Irkutsk,  Siberia,  at  the  influx  of  the  Bar- 
guzin  into  the  lake  Baikal,  170  miles  NNEof 
Selenginsk.  Lon.  1G9  30  e,  lat.  S3  20 
Barham,  a village  in  Sulfolk,  six  miles  se 
Canterbury,  which  gives  name  to  the 
beautiful  spot  called  Barham  Downs,  where 
the  Canterbury  horse-races  are  held  in  Au- 
gust; yearly.  The  course  has  been  recently 
extended,  and  great  improvements  made  in 
building,  to  accommodate  company. 

Bar-head,  a village  in  the  Abby-parish 
cf  Paisley.  . 

Barhutt,  a town  of  Lusatia,  in  Germany, 
on  the  river  Gordo.  Lon.  14  10  e,  lat.  50 

10  N. 

, Bari,  or  Barri,  an  elegant  and  rich  sea 
port, town  of  Italy,  in  Naples;  the  capital  of 
a;  province  of  the  same  name,  and  an  arch- 
bishop’s see.  It  is  seated  on  the  Gulph  of 
Venice,  is  well  fortified,  and  had  formerly  a 
l^bod  harbour,  which  was  desUoyed  by  the 


Q A R 

Venetians.  The  city,  however,  Is  populo^f# 
well  built,  and  has  a good  trade,  consisting 
principally  in  almonds  and  olives.  It  lies 
26  miles  e by  s of  Trani,  and  85  nw  of 
Otranto.  Lon.  17  0 e,  lat,  41  15  n. 

BARI,  or  Terra  di  Bari,  a territory  of 
Italy,  in  Naples.  It  is  one  of  the  three 
subdivisions  of  the  ancient  Apulia.  The 
soil  is  fertile,  but  it  is  infested  with  serpents 
and  tarantulas. 

Barjols,  a small  populous  to\vn  of  France^ 
in  the  department  of  Var,  (a  part  of  the  ci- 
devant  province  of  Provence,  19  miles  ssw 
of  Riez. 

Barkadares,  a part  of  the  Logwood  coun- 
try, on  the  E side  of  Yucatan.  Lon.  89  w* 
lat.  17  45  N. 

BarkhamsteadyH  township  of  Connecticut* 
Litchfield  county. 

Barking,  a town  of  Essex,  seated  on  the, 
river  Roding,  near  the  Thmnes,  in  a very 
unwholesome  air.  Goods  are  brought  up; 
from  the  Thames  iu  vessels  to  its  quay.  It 
lies  seven  miles  e of  London ; and  has  a. 
fair,  October  22d,  and  a market  pn  Saturn 
day.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  a magnificent 
nunnery. 

Barkley,  a » town  of  Gloucestershire,  in 
England,  seated  on  a branch  of  the  river 
Severn.  It  was  formerly  of  sonae  note  for- 
a nunnery,  and  has  still  the  title  of  a barony. 
Lon.  2 50  w,  lat.  51  30  n. 

Barko,  a neat  little  town  in  the  middle  of 
a fine  plain,  half  a day ’sjourney  from  Gon- 
tar  in  Upper  Ethiopia. 

Barkivay,  Oi  town  of  Hertfordshire,  bn  thef 
great  road  from  London  to  York.  It  has  a 
fair  July  2Ctii,  and  a market  :9n  Friday. 
Lon.  0 5 w,  lat.  52  0 n,  ; ; 

Barlborough,  a neatly  built  town  in  Her*, 
byshire,  it  is  11  miles  from  Sheffield. 

Barletta,  a strong  sea-port  town  of  Italy, 
in  Naples,  in  the  Terra  di  Bari,  with  a.  bi- 
shop’^'  See;  situated  on  the  Gylf  of  Venice*^ 
30  miles  se  of  Manfredonia.  It  has  a largQ- 
stone  pier,  and  trades  irreorn,  almonds,  and 
salt.  Lon.  16  30  e,  lat.  41  19  N. 

Barmach,  or  Parmach,  a high  mountain* 
a quarter  of  a league  from  the  Caspian  sea* 
which  has  its  name  from  a steep  rock  on  the 
top  that  resembles  a finger  extended. 

BARMAS,  a nation  in  the  E Indies, 
who,  in  17 15,  possessed  all  the  coast  extend- 
ing from  Bengal  to  Pegu.  They  were  for- 
merly masters*  of  Ava,  the  dominions  of 
which  extended  as  far  as  China ; and  of 
consequence,  the  Barmas  were  masters  of 
most  of  the  northern  part  of  the  peninsula 
beyond  the  Ganges.  By  the  latest  accounts, 
their  kipgdom  extends  from  the  province  of 
Yunnen,  in  China,  about  808  miles  in  length 
from  N to  s,  and  250  in  breadth  from  e to  w* 
See  Peoju. 

Barmekirii  a hill  of  Scotland,  Aberdecn«^ 
shirci  of  a cooical  shape.  Ou  the  U>p  of 


BAR 


BAR 


it  are  the  remains  of  an  ancient  fortifioa- 
. tion. 

Bar  moor,  in  Northumberland,  10  miles 
from  Berwick. 

Barmouth,  a small  sea  port  town  Of  Me- 
rionethshire, much  frequented  during  the 
bathing  season.  It  has  weekly  markets, 
Tuesday  and  Friday,  well  supplied  with 
fowl  and  fish,  and  has  a good  trade  in  Flan- 
nel and  hose.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Haw,  w'here  it  falls  into  Barmouth  bay,  Vi 
miles  s of  Harlech,  and  222  nw  of  London. 
Lon.  3 58  w,  lat.  62  44  n. 

Barnard,  a township  of  Vermont,  in 
Windsor  county,  containing  673  inhabi- 
tants ; 65  miles  ne  of  Bennington. 

Barnard  Castle,  a town  and  barony, 
seated  on  the  Tees,  county  of  Durham, 
belonging  to  the  earl  of  Darlington,  Ber- 
nard Castle  w’^hence  the  town  derives  its 
name,  was  founded  by  Bernard  Baliol, 
great  grandfather  to  John  Baliol,  king 
of  Scotland,  who  founded  an  hospital  here. 
It  was  a very  extensive  structure,  and 
us  remains  are  said  to  cover  more  than 
six  acres  of  ground.  The  town  is  pretty 
large  and  populous,  and  has  a manufacture 
of  stockings,  serges,  &o.  It  lies  15  miles 
from  Richmond.  It  has  a market  on 
Wednesday,  and  fairs  on  Witsun-Wednesday, 
St  Jameses  day,  and  25th  July.  It  is  24 
miles  sw  of  Durham,  and  246  nnw  of 
London. 

BARNAVELT,  an  island  s of  Terra  del 
Fuego.  Lon.  66  58  w,  lat.  55  49  s. 

Barmy,  an  ancient  fort  at  Dunse,  in 
Berwickshire.  Dr  Anderson  of  Churnside 
says,  these  Barnays,  or  Barnekins,  were  a 
kind  of  forts  commonly  placed,  during  the 
feudal  system,  at  some  distance  from  the 
baron^s  castle,  to  defend  the  bridge  or  passage 
to  it. 

Barnegat,  a village  of  the  United  States, 
on  the  E bank  of  Hudson  river. 

Barnes,  a town  in  Surrey,  five  miles  from 
Kingston,  and  seven  from  London,  almost 
surrounded  by  the  Thames. 

Barnet,  Chipping  Barnet,  or  High  Barnet, 
a town  on  the  top  of  a hill,  partly  in  Mid- 
dlesex and  partly  in  Hertfordsliire.  It  is  a 
great  thoroughfare,  and  has  a market  on 
Wednesday,  famous  for  hogs  ; and  three 
fairs,  on  April  8,  9,  10.  Sept.  4,  5,  6.  and 
Oct.  18.  19.  Near  it  two  great  battles  were 
fought  between  the  houses  of  York  and  Lan- 
caster, in  1468,  and  1471  ; in  the  last  of 
which  the  earl  of  Warwick  and  10,000  men 
were  slain.  In  1740,  Sir  Jeremy  Sambrook, 
Bayt.  erected  a stone  column,  with  an  in- 
scription to  commemorate  this  event;  11 
miles  N by  w of  London. 

Barns,  E,  and  Hf.  two  villages  in  Had- 
dingtonshire. The  latter  is  seated  on  the 
Biel,  and  has  several  ^our  mills  ; besides  a 
cotton  and  flax  mill,  whieh  was  erected  in 
1792,  and  a cotton  manufacture  established 
in  the  village. 

Barnsley j or  ftlack  Barnsley,  a town  in 
4 


the  W Riding  of  Yorkshire,  seated  on  the 
side  of  a hill,  and  five  furlongs  in  length. 
It  has  a market  on  Wednesday,  and  fairs, 
Wednesday  before  25th  February,  12th 
May,  and  10th  October.  It  has  exten- 
sive manufactures  of  coarse  linen.  la  the 
neighbourhood  are  coal  mines,  a glass 
manufacture,  and  many  bleaching- fields. 
Population  5014  in  1811.  Tt  is  seated  on 
the  Dearne,  and  has  a canal  to  the  Don,  and 
another  to  the  Calder  ; 10  miles  s of  Leeii  •, 
and  172  N by  w of  London.  Lon.  1 20  w, 
lat.  53  35  N. 

Barnstaple,  a sea  port  and  borough  o£ 
Devonshire,  with  a market  on  Friday,  and 
fairs,  Friday  before  the  21st  of  April,  iOtli 
September  and  2d  Friday  in  December, 
which  lasts  four  days,  toll  free.  It  is 
governed  by  a mayor  ; it  once  had  a strong 
castle,  no  part  of  which  remains,  except 
the  mount.  Its  manufactures  are  tarn  in  ies, 
shalloons,  baize,  and  other  articles,  seated 
on  the  Taw,  12  miles  e of  Biirnstaple  bay^ 
in  the  Bristol  channel,  35  miles  nkw  of 
Exeter,  and  192  w by  s of  London.  Lon.  4 
5 w,  lat.  5!  8 N. 

BARNSTAPLE,  a county  and  penin- 
sula of  Massachusetts,  divided  into  10  town- 
ships, viz.  Barnstaple,  Falmouth,  Sandwich, 
Yarmouth,  Harwich,  Eastham,  Weelfleet, 
Chatham,  Truro,  and  Province-town. 

Barnstaple, Si  port  of  entry,  and  post  town 
of  Massachusetts  ; situated  in  the  above 
county,  at  the  head  of  a bay  of  its  own 
name,  67  miles  se  of  Boston.  Lon,  70 
10  w,  lat.  41  48  N. 

Barnstead,  a township  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, Stafford  county. 

Barnzone,  a mountain  of  Italy,  in  the 
late  republican  department  of  the  Mincio, 
in  which  wells,  above  100  feet  deep,  are 
j dug,  whose  waters  have  a reddish  oil  oo 
their  surface,  which  is  skimmed  off  every 
fortnight. 

Baro,  Si  parish  of  Scotland,  in  Hadding- 
tonshire, united  to  that  of  Garvald  in  1702. 

Baroaeh,  a town  of  India,  in  Guzerat, 
Hindoostan,  on  the  n bank  of  the  river 
Nerbudda.  It  has  extensive  manufactures 
of  cotton.  Lon.  72  55  k,  lat.  21  45  n. 

Baroehe,  a town  of  Cambaya,  in  the 
dominions  of  the  Great  Mogul.  It  is 
1 walled  round,  and  was  formerly  a place  of 
great  trade.  It  is  now  inhabited  by  wea- 
vers and  cotton  manufacturers.  Here  they 
have  the  best  cotton,  and  manufacture  the 
best  bastas  in  the  world.  The  English 
and  Dutch  had  formerly  factories  here, 
which  are  now  abandoned.  Lon.  72  5 e, 
lat.  22  15  N. 

Baronis,  a mountain  of  Chaus,  in  Bar- 
bary, three  miles  n of  Fczza.  It  pro- 
j duces  red  grapes,  of  which  they  made  good 
I wine.  Their  women  are  fair,  and  wear 
I ornaments  of  silver.  There  are  35  villages 
situated  on  this  mountain.  Lon,  25  6d  e, 
lat.  32  40  N. 

Barr,  a parish  of  Sootlaad,  AyrsnkOp 
N 


BAR 

®Tected  out  of  those  of  Girvau  and  Dailly, 
la  1853.  The  surface  is  hilly,  and  the  cli- 
mate healthy.  There  are  some  mineral 
springs  iu  the  parish:  one  of  which  is  a 
strong  chalybeate,  of  acknowledged  effica- 
cy in  scorbutic  and  stomachic  complaints. 
There  is  freestone,  limestone,  and  lead,  in 
this  parish,  but  the  last  has  never  been 
wrought.  A fair  is  held  here  on  the  last 
Saturday  of  May,  called  Kirk-Dominoe  Fair, 
from  an  old  chapel  dedicated  to  the  Virgin 
Mary,  near  which  it  is  held.  Population  742 
in  1801. 

Barray  a hill  of  Scotland,  Aberdeenshire, 
on  the  top  of  which  are  still  distinctly  visible 
the  remains  of  an  ancient  camp,  of  a circu- 
lar form,  surrounded  with  three  ditches,  and 
extending  to  near  three  acres. 

Barra y a village  of  Maritime  Austria,  on 
the  Adige. 

BARRA,  a small  kingdom  of  Africa, 
dn  the  coast  of  Guinea. 

Barra,  or  Bara,  See  Barray, 

BARRABA,  or  Barrada,  a tract  of 
land  in  Siberia,  lying  between  the  rivers 
Irtis  and  Oby,  in  the  province  of  Tobolsk. 
It  is  interspersed  with  a great  number  of 
lakes,  and  the  country  contains  great  num- 
bers of  elks,  deer,  foxes,  ermine,  and  squir- 
rels. Between  the  Irtis  and  Oby  are  some 
rich  copper  mines  ; particularly  on  a moun- 
tain called  Pictowayhom  the  pictdy  or  w^hite 
firs,  that  grow  upon  it.  Every  hundred 
weight  of  the  ore  found  here,  yields  12 
^builds  of  pure  copper.  Most  of  these  ores, 
besides  being  very  rich  in  copper,  yield  a 
^eat  deal  of  silver,  which  affords  so  much 
gold  as  makes  riph  returns  , for  the  expence 
cf  extracting  it. 

BarrauXy  a fortified  town  of  France,  seat- 
ed on  the  Isere,  at  the  entrance  of  the  valley 
of  Gresivaudan,  six  miles  s cf  Chamberry, 
It  was  built  by  a duke  of  Savoy,  in  1597  ; 
but  taken  by  the  French  in  1598.  Lon.  5 j 
30  E,  lat.  45  5 n. 

BARRAY,  Barra,  or  Bara,  one  of  the 
Western  Isles  of  Scotland,  eight  miles  s from 
that  of  South  Uist,  eight  miles  in  length, 
and  from  two  to  four  in  breadth,  which 
makes  it  at  least  12  English  miles  long,  and 
from  three  to  six  broad ; being  intersected 
in  different  places  by  arms  of  the  sea.  It 
belongs  to  Inverness-shire,  from  the  western- 
most part  of  the  continent  of  which,  it  is 
. distant  60  miles.  It  has  a barren  rocky 
appearance,  but  on  the  n end,  in  good  sea- 
£ons,  it  may  vie  in  fertiliiy  with  any  ground 
of  equal  extent  in  Scotland.  In  the  middle 
and  s end,  there  are  very  high  hills,  which 
are  a mixture  of  green,  rock,  and  heath,  and 
seem  fitted  for  sheep-walks.  The  w coast 
is  low  and  flat ; the  soil  fine  shell  sand,  in 
many  parts  very  fertile  ; but  the  ground  rises 
to  the  E coast  w’here  it  is  barren,  and  breaks 
off  abrupt,  irregular  and  steep.  It  contains 
about  1500  inhabitants.  Lon.  7 30  w,  lat. 
^0  55n. 

JBdtray^iit  Barrd,  a palish  of  Scotland, 


H A H. 

in  Inverness-shire,  consisting  of  the  island 
of  Barray y and  a number  of  smaller  ones  ; 
of  which  Watersay,  Sanderay,  Pabay,  Men- 
galay  and  Berneray  on  the  s,  and  Flodday, 
Killesay,  and  Gigay,  on  the  n are  inha- 
bited ; besides  several  others  uninhabited* 
The  population  of  the  parish  in  1801,  wa* 
1,935,  about  80  of  whom  are  protest  ants,  the 
rest  are  Roman  Catholics  On  account  of 
the  small  number  of  the  former,  there  is  no 
church  in  the  parish,  but  public  worship  is 
performed  in  private  houses  in  different 
quarters  alternately.  There  is  no  public 
school  in  the  parish  except  one,  established 
by  the  Society  for  propagating  Christian 
knowledge.  The  whole  parish  has,  for 
many  centuries,  been  the  property  of  a fa- 
mily of  the  name  of  M‘Neal,  originally 
from  Ireland  before  the  Danish  invasion^, 
acknowledged  to  be  the  bead  of  the  clan  of 
that  name, 

Barrey  a township  of  Worcester  county^ 
Massachusetts,  noted  for  its  butter  and 
cheese,  24  miles  Nw  of  Worcester. 

BarrePs  Sound y on  the  nw  coast  of  Ame- 
rica, is  situated  about  six  leagues  nw  of 
Washington,  or  Charlotte  Islands,  Lon* 
131  0 w,  lat.  52  0 n. 

Barren  Creeky  a river  of  the  United  States^ 
which  rises  in  the  nw  corner  of  Delawar# 
State,  and  falls  into  the  Nanticote. 

Earriey  a parish  of  Scotland,  on  th« 
coast  of  Forfarshire,  extending  about  three 
miles  from  e to  w,  and  four  from  n to 
s,  and  resembling  in  form,  a bovy  fully 
bent.  A high  verdant  bank,  which  seems 
once  to  have  formed  a steep  shore  of  the 
ocean,  runs  through  it  from  e to 
which  gives  the  n division  the  appearance 
of  a great  regular  terrace  elevated  about 
50  feet  above  the  s part.  Roth  the  soil 
and  the  climate  are  various,  yet  by  jinii” 
cious  management  good  crops  are  pro- 
duced.— Osnaburgs  are  the  staple  manufac- 
ture of  this  parish.  Upon  the  sands  of 
Barrie,  which  project  far  into  the  Tay^ 
there  are  two  light-houses  erected  to  guido 
the  mariner  through  the  banks.  Population 
886  in  1801.  ' 

Barrihuay  or  Barehy  a fortified  town  of 
Napaul,  on  the  n of  it  is  a forest  celebrated 
for  its  numerous  elephants  and  excellent 
timber,  seated  on  the  river  Jumna,  80  mileft 
N of  Patna,  and  95  s of  Catmundu. 

Barrosy  a town  of  Sumatra.  Lon.  9T 

15  B,  lat.  I 32  N.  . u • 

Barratry  a river  of  Ireland,  which  rises 
ill  Queen’s  county,  and  flowing  by  Athy^ 
Carlow,  and  New  Ross,  falls  into  Water* 
ford  harbour.  , 

BarroWy  a river  of  Westmoreland,  whicU- 
runs  into  the  Barbeck,  near  Howsehouse. 

Barrow  y a village  iu  Leicestershire,  on 
the  river  Soar,  for  a number  of  centuries 
noted  for  a particular  kind  of  lime,  in  great 
request  for  works  in  water,  and  is  ex- 
ported in  great  quantities,  two  miles  a ol* 
MontsovuU 


/ 


BAR 

" BAffOtPmonf,  a town  of  Ireland,  county 
€)T  KilkennJ^ 

Barrstobrick,  a rocky  moorish  hill,  county 
of  Kircudbright,  where  the  unfortunate 
llary,  Q,ueen  of  Scots,  rested  and  refreshed 
herself,  with  a few  faithful  friends,  in  1568, 
after  the  fatal  battle  of  Langside ; from 
which  an  adjoining  farm  has  ever  since  been 
called  Queen^s  HilL 

Barry y a hill  of  Scotland,  Angus-shire,  688 
feet  in  height,  ou  which  are  the  remains  of 
ail  ancient  fort  built  of  free-stone,  without  any 
cement,  but  in  some  places  strongly  vitrified. 

BARRY,  an  island  on  the  sw  coast  of 
Glamorganshire,  S Wales. 

Barrymore,  1.  a barony  ; and  2.  an  island 
©f  Ireland,  county  of  Cork. 

BARSALLI,  a kingdom  of  Africa, 
bordering  on  the  river  Gnmbia,  inhabited  by 
a tribe  of  negroes  called  Jalopfs.  The  go- 
vernment of  this  kingdom  is  a most  despotic 
monarchy  ; all  people  being  obliged  to  pro- 
strate themselves  on  the  earth  when  any  of 
she  royal  family  appear. 

Barsick,  a headland  on  the  coast  of  the 
Island  of  s Ronaldsay,  one  of  the  Orkneys, 
which  is  250  feet  perpendicular  above  the 
level  of  the  sea. 

BarsOy  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  late  re- 
publican department  of  Montagne. 

BARTHOLOMEW,  a small  island  in 
to  Pacific  Ocean  one  of  the  New  Hebrides. 
Lon.  167  18  e,  lat.  15  42  s. 

BARTHOLOMEW,  St.  one  of  the 
Carribbe  islands,  25  miles  n of  St.  Christo- 
pher's, and  30  ne  of  Saba.’  It  is  reckoned 
jive  leagues  in  circumference.  It  produces 
tobacco,  cassava,  and  several  curious  trees  ; 
as  the.  soap  tree,  the  celebach,  the  canapia. 
Whose  gum  is  an  excellent  cathartic,  and  the 
parotane,  whose  boughs  grow  downw'ards 
and  take  root  again.  It  belonged  to  the 
French  till  1785,  when  they  ceded  it  to 
Sweden.  It  was  a nest  for  privateers,  when 
under  the  French,  and  at  one  time  had  50 
British  prizes  in  its  harbour.  It  vras  taken 
by  the  British  in  1801.  Lon.  63  10  w,  lat. 
15  42  N. 

Barton,  a town  of  Lincolnshire,  seated  on 
the  Humber,  from  which  there  is  a con- 
siderable ferry  to  Hull,  in  Yorkshire.  It 
bas  a fair  on  Trinity  Thursday,  and  a mar- 
ket ou  Monday.  It  was  formerly  a place  of 
considerable  note.  The  remains  of  its  ram- 
part and  moat  are  still  visible.  East  se,  four 
miles  distant,  are  the  noble  ruins  of  Thorn- 
ton Abbey.  It  has  two  large  churches,  54 
miles  N of  Lincoln,  and  167  of  London. 
Lon.  0 32  w,  lat.  53  40  n. 

Barton,  a town  in  Lancashire,  noted  for 
its  trade  and  manufactures.  The  inhabi- 
tants, 6197  in  1801,  and  6948  in  1811.  If  is 
seated  on  the  Irwell,  and  the  duke  of  Bridge- 
water^s  canal,  six  miles  sw  of  Manchester. 

Baruth,  a town  of  Lusatia,  on  the  fron- 
tiers of  Brandenburgh,  26  miles  s by  b of 
Potsdam. 

Baruthf  an  ancient  town  of  Turkey  in 


BAS 

Syria,  with  a Christian  church  of  the  Nest#- 
rian  persuasion,  30  miles  k e of  Seyda.  Lou. 
34  20  E,  lat  33  30  n. 

BAS,  an  island  of  France,  on  the  coast 
of  the  department  of  Fiuisterre.  Lon.  4 
0 w,  lat.  48  48  n. 

Easaim,  or  Bacceim,  a port  town  of  Asia, 
in  the  E Indies,  province  of  Cambaya,  40 
miles  N of  Bombay,  and  subject  to  Pprtu-' 
gal.  Lon.  72  5 E,  lat.  19  30  e. 

Basartschick,  a considtrable  towm  of 
ropean  Turkey,  Romania,  situated  on  tbq 
river  Meritz,  and  has  a great  trade.  Loa, 
24  40  E,  lat.  41  49  n. 

BASHEE,  the  most  eastern  of  a cluster 
of  islands,  in  the  Chinese  sea,  lying  to  the  9, 
of  Formosa,  called  the  Basheb  Islajjds. 
It  is  of  a circular  form,  six  miles  in  dia- 
meter, and  has  a town  of  the  same  name. 
Its  chief  productions  are  pine-apples,  sugar- 
canes,  plantains,  bananas,  yams,  potatoes, 
and  cotton.  Its  quadrupeds  are  bog* 
and  goats.  Lon.  121  50  £,  lat.  20  30 

N. 

Basil,  or  Basle,  a canton  of  Switzerland, 
24  miles  long  and  21  broad  ; bounded  o» 
the  N by  Bnsgau,  b by  the  Forest  towns, 
s by  the  canton  of  Soleure  and  w by  tha 
bishop^s  see  of  Basel  and  France,  which 
joined  the  confederacy  in  1501.  The  lowef 
parts  of  it.  are  fruitful  in  corn  and  wine  | 
but  the  mountains  are  barren.  Populatioa 
about  38,000,  and  is  of  the  Calvinistic  re? 
ligion.  The  bishop  wajs  a prince  of  to 
German  empire.  In  1778  the  French  seiz- 
ed on  his  territory  annexed  it  to  France,  an4 
made  it  a new  department. 

Basil,  or  Basle,  the  capital  of  the  cantoDj^ 
is  the  largest  city  in  all  Switzerland,  having 
220  streets,  six  market-places  or  squares,  si? 
suburbs,  five  gates,  and  46  fountains,  thought 
by  some  to  have  risen  on  the  ruins  of  tho 
old  Augusta  Rauracoium,  built  by  Mana- 
tius  Planeus,  a Roman  general,  about  50 
years  before  Christ.  Julian  the  apostate  cal- 
led it  Basil,  in  honour  of  his  mother  Basilic 
na.  It  is  fortified  with  walls,  moats,  towers, 
and  bastions.  It  is  divided  into  two  part? 
by  the  Rhine,  which  are  connected  by  ap 
elegant  bridge.  The  town-house  and  paint- 
ings are  much  admired  ; and  the  university 
founded  in  1459,  has  a fine  library  and  a 
valuable  cabinet  of  medals,  and  has  produced 
many  celebrated  scholars,  as  Occolampadius 
the  Buxtorfs  father  and  son,  Weinstein,  Eu* 
ler,  Holbein,  the  Bernouillis,  &,  <fec.  Th^ 
burghers  sons  receive  an  excellent  educa- 
tion, and  even  the  honest  mechanics  arauso 
themselves  with  Virgil^  Horace,  Plutarch, 
<fec.  The  principal  church  is  an  elegant 
Gothic  building.  In  it  the  great  Erasmu* 
is  interred,  and  a marble  tomb  erected  over 
his  grave.  The  clocks  here  are  always  an 
hour  before  the  time,  because  the  town  clock 
was  so  on  a day  on  which  it  had  been  re- 
solved to  put  the  magistrates  to  death,  by 
which  the  conspiracy  was  discovered.  Pa^r 
was  mveatfd  in  p, 


BAS 

Tmde  still  flourishes,  especially  in  silk,  rib- 
bons and  wines  ; and  the  police  is  under  ex- 
cellent regulations.  Three  treaties  of  peace 
were  concluded  here  in  the  year  1T9<3,  with 
the  French  republic  by  Prussia,  Spain,  and 
Hesse  Cassel.  The  allies  passed  through 
this  city,  when  ;hey  invaded  France  in 
1813.  It  is  capable  of  containing  100,000 
inbabitants ; but  the  number  is  scarcely 
more  than  14,000.  It  is  175  miles  n by  E 
of  Geneva,  and  250  E by  s ot  Paris.  Lon.  7 
34  E,lat.  47  35  n. 

BaMl  Bishopric,  a considerable  princi- 
pality in  the  circle  of  the  Upper  Rhine.  The 
bishop  w^as  a prince  of  the  German  empire, 
.£Mid  the  capital  was  Pountriu.  In  1798,  the 
French  seized  it  and  added  it  to  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Up|.er  Rhine. 

BASILIBATA,  or  Basilicata,  a ter- 
ritorj^  of  Italy,  watered  by  several  rivers ; 
and  almost  ail  occupied  by  the  Apennine 
mountains.  The  principal  towns  are  Aca- 
renza,  the  capital,  Mesi,  Torsi,  Rapollo, 
Muro,  Lavello,  Tracario,  Monte  Pelose, 
and  Veneso,  which  are  all  episcopal  sees. 
Some,  of  its  mountains  are  perpetually  co- 
vered with  snow,  but  it  abounds  in  corn, 
wine,  oil,  cotton,  saffron  and  honey. 

Basllipotamo,  the  ancient  Euroias,  a river 
of  European  Turkey,  in  the  Morea,  which 
flows  into  the  gulf  of  Colocythia. 

Basing,  or  Old  Basing,  a village  in  Hamp- 
shire, famous  tor  the  Downs  in  its  neigh- 
bourhood, now  called  Basintoke  Downs, 
where  an  obstinate  baltle  was  fought  be- 
tween the  Danes  and  Saxons  in  871  ; and 
still  more  for  the  re  olute  stand  made  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  I.  against  the  parliamen- 
tary forces,  by  the  marquis  of  Winchester  ; 
the  remains  of  whose  fortress  are  still  bold 
and  striking 

Basingstoke,  a large  and  populous-  town 
in  Hampshire,  situated  on  a small  brook,  at 
the  junction  of  five  great  roads,  from  which, 
and  from  a canal  opened  in  1694,  between 
the  river  Wey,  in  Surrey,  and  this  place,  it 
.derives  a very  considerable  trade.  The 
number  of  houses  in  1801  was  512,  and  the 
population  2580.  The  principal  manufac- 
ture is  druggets  and  shaloons.  It  has  a 
great  weekly  market  on  Wednesday  and 
fairs  on  Easter  Tuesday  for  sheep;  Whit. 
Wed.  and  Michaelmas  day,  for  cattle,  <fec, 
and  Sept.  23  for  sheep  ; besides  a statute 
for  servants  on  the  10th  Oct.  It  lies  18 
miles  NNE  of  Winchester,  and  45  w by 
s of  London.  Lon.  1 10  w,  iat.  51  20 
K. 

BASKINRIDGE,  a district  of  New 


Jersey,  Somerset  county.  Here  Col.  Har- 
court  surprised  Gen.  Lee,  December  1 3th, 

1776.' 

BASQES,  a department  of  France,  with 
a bay,  in  which  a French  fleet  took  shelter 
from  the  English,  who  followed  and  burnt 
several  vessels  in  1809. 

Bass,  an  insulated  rock,  near  a mile  in 
«ir4mmljereii.ce,  situated'  in  the  mouth  of  the 


BAS 

Frith  of  Forth,  about  a mile  from  the  towh 
of  N Berwick.  It  is  steep  and  inaocesi- 
ble  on  all  sides,  except  the  sw,  and  even 
there  a single  man  scarcely  climb  up  with 
the  assistance  of  a rope  or  ladder.  1 0 
castle,  which  was  once  the  state-prison  of 
Scotland,  is  now  in  ruins.  A garrison  was 
iWmerly  kept  here;  but  a party  of  Kmg 
■lames’  adherents  keeping  possession  ot  it 
long  afier  the  rest  of  the  kingdom  bad  sub. 
milled  to  the  new  government.  It  surren- 
dered to  King  William  in  1694,  when  the 
fortifications  were  ordered  to  be  destioye  . 
There  is  a spring  of  excellent  water 
top  of  the  rock.  This  rock,  with  St.  KiWa 
and  Aisla,  is  the  only  place  m Scotland 
where  the  gannet  or  solan  g6®se  btee  . 
They  arrive  in  June,  and  retire  in  Septem- 
ber. These  birds  are  then  so  numerous 
that  they  almost  darken  the  air : and  the 
surface  of  the  Bass  is  so  covered  with 
nests,  eggs,  and  young,  that  it  is  <i‘®cult 
to  walk  without  treadiug  on  them.  TMte 
is  a rabbit  warren  and  pasture  tor  a tew 
sheep. 

Bass  Straits,  separates  Van  Diemau  s 
Land  from  the  s extremity  of  New  Hol- 
land. It  is  about  40  leagues  wide,  and 
was  discovered  by  Surgeon  Bass,  m liJS. 
It  is  cro.ssed  by  a chain  of  small  islands. 
Colonel  Daniel  Collin,  who  was  appomted 
lieutenant  governor  of  a settlement  in- 
tended to  be  established  in  this  strait, 
lord  Hobarts  administration,  sailed  in  IbOd, 
but  finding  the  place  unfit  for  the  purpose^ 
removed  to  Derwent,  early  in  1804,  where 
he  died  in  1810,  and,  by  lus  own  desire, 
was  interred  in  a vault,  where  be  had  order- 
ed a church  io  ho  built,  w hioh  is  dov;  erect- 
ing.  This  settlement  is  uamed  Hobart 

Town.  e , 1 , n,T 

BASSANO,  a pretor.ship  of  the  late  Ma- 
ritime division  of  Austria,  in  Treviso.  Lon. 
11  24  E,lat.  45  5i  N. 

Bassano,  a town  ip  the  above  pretorship, 
near  five  miles  in  circumference,  containing 
11,300  souls.  It  has  a large  and  elegant 
market-place,  neat  streets,  six  gates,  50 
churches,  four  nunneries,  many  hospitals 
and  superb  palaces,  particularly  one  built  by 
the  tyrant  Ezzelin,  as  a place  of  security  ; 
.and  the  celebrated  printing-house  of  Re- 
mondini,  which  has  50  printing  pressp  con- 
stantly employed,  and  is  supplied  with  pa- 
per by  three  paper  mills.  It  has  a great 
trade  in  silk,  linens,  cloths,  leather,  paper, 

books,  <fec.  !■  WT  j 

Basse,  a town  in  the  department  of  ISiord, 
France,  formerly  of  great  strength,  but  de- 
mantled  by  Lewis  XIV.  It  is  seated  on 

tfaeDeule,  18  miles  sw  of  Lisle. 

Basseen,  a city  and  fortress  of  Hindoo- 
stan,  in  the  county  of  Baglanaj  20  miles  n 
of  Bombay.  It  was  taken  by  the  English 
in  J780,  but  re.stored  to  the  Mahrattas  in 
1783.  It  stands  on  the  sea  coast,  oppo- 
site the  Nw  point  of  .the  island  of  Salseite. 
Lou.  72  40  E,  lat.  19  19  N. 


BAS 

Bassenihwaite,  a town  in  Cumberland,  on 
the  N side  of  Bassenthwaite  Water,  seated 

the  Derwent,  a few  miles  below  Keswick 
lake. 

Bassenthwaite-^iVafer,  an  extensive  lake 
in  Cumberland,  three  miles  nw  of  Keswick, 
four  miles  long  and  one  broad  ; having  on 
the  one  side  the  vale  of  Bassentbwaite  and 
the  lofty  Skiddaw,  and  on  the  other  the 
steep  and  v/oody  mountains  of  Whitbop. 
The  river  Derwent  flows  through  its  whole 
length. 

BASSETERRE,  a part  of  the  island  of 
St.  Christophers^,  one  of  the  Caribbee 
islands,  formerly  occupied  by  the  French, 
but  ceded  to  Great  Britain  by  the  treaty  of 
Utrecht,  in  1713. 

Basseterre y the  capital  of  St.''Christopber’s, 
built  by  the  French,  a place  of  great  trade, 
defended  by  three  batteries,  ceded  to  the 
English  in  J7I3.  Lon.  63  13  w,  lat.  i7 

10  N. 

Basseterre,  the  chief  city  in  tiie  island  of 
Guadalope,  with  a citadel  and  ether  fcrti- 
flcations,  seated  on  the  sw’  part  of  tiio  island. 
Lon.  61  59  w,  lat.  lo  59  k. 

BasseVs  Cross,  a \ iilage  in  Warwickshire. 

Bas^ien,  or  Persaim,  a city  of  Fegu,  ca- 
pital of  the  province  of  Bassien,  110  miles 
sw  of  Pegu.  It  IS  a trading  place,  situated 
on  a river  of  the  same  name,  which  is  the  v/  ' 
branch  of  the  Irrawaddy.  Lon.  94  53  e, 
lat.  66  62  N. 

Bassova,  Balsora,  Bossora,  or  Basra,  a 
eity  between  Arabia  and  Persia,  situated  on 
the  extremity  of  the  desarts  of  Irak  Arabi, 
about  a day  and  a-halCs  journey  from  one 
of  the  mouths  of  the  Tigris,  where  it  falls 
into  the  Persian  Gulf,  hence  called  the  Bay 
ef  Basrah,  lying  in  about  Ion.  47  deg.  e, 
and  lat.  30  n.  It  was  built  by  the  com- 
mand of  the  khaliflf  Omar,  in  the  15th  year 
of  the  Hegira,  for  the  sake  of  carrying  on 
more  comrnodiously  an  extensive  commerce 
between  the  Syrians,  Arabians,  Persians, 
and  Indians.  It  is  at  present  a famous  em- 
pory  of  the  e ; the  English  and  Dutch 
have  their  consuls,  and  their  ships  come 
loaded  with  all  the  merchandize  of  India, 
which  are  conveyed  hence  to  Bagdad 
Aleppo,  Constantinople,  and  even  to  the 
Mediterranean  shore.  The  circumjacent 
tract  is  looked  upon  by  the  Arabs  to  be  one 
of  the  most  delightful  spots  in  Asia,  and 
rvcn  as  one  of  the  most  beautiful  gardens  in 
the  world : the  hot  winds,  however,  that 
frequently  blow  there,  are  very  troublesome 
to  travellers,  and  sometimes  overwhelm  them 
with  sand  from  the  neighbouring  desarts. 
The  pop’ilation  is  about  50,000;  their  Ian- 
guage,  the  Arabic.  The  city  is  surrounded 
by  a wall  of  clay,  said  to  be  six  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, the  houses  have  a mean  aspect, 
and  the  streets  narrow  ; 35  miles  nw  of  the 
Euphrates  in  the  gulf  of  Persia,  and  260  svv 
©f  Ispahan.  Lon.  47  35  t:,  lat  30  31  n. 

Basil.  See  Baza. 

Bastia,  a sea  port  town  of  Albania;  in  Eu- 


BAT 

ropean  Turkey,  at  the  moutb  of  the  nve?' 
Caiamu;  opposite  the  island  of  Corfu.  Lon, 
20  20  B,  lat.  39  40  n. 

Bastia,  the  capital  of  the  island  of  Corsica, 
with  a strong  castle  and  a good  harbour,  si- 
tuated on  the  ME  coast  of  the  island,  80 mile* 
ssw  of  Leghorn,  and  120  s of  Genoa,  Lon. 
9 20  E,lat.  42  35  n. 

Bastida,  sl  town  of  Biscay,  Spain,  1 7 miles 
ssw  of  Vittoria. 

BASTIMENTOS,  several  small  islands 
near  Ten  a Firma,  in  S America,  at  the 
mouth  the  bay  oi,  Nombre  de  Dius,  witU 
a fort,  and  a good  harbour.  Lon,  79  45  vv, 
lat.  9 30  N. 

Bastion  of  France,  a fortress  on  the  coast 
of  Barbary,  belonging  to  the  French;  80 
miles  w of  Tu.>is.  , Lon.  8 5 e,  lat.  50  5 n„ 

BasL0g7:e,tit'j^vii  of  France,  in  the  ci-de- 
vant  Austrian  Neineriands,  2 ■ miles  nw  of 
LuxcMiburg.  In  1688  it  was  fortifled  by  the 
I French,  and  on  account  of  the  number  of 
j inhabitants  «nd  elegant  buildings  was  called 
I Paris  in  Ardennes.  Lon.  5 26  e,  lat,  50 
^ 5 N. 

Easmlle,  a sea  port  in  Martinico. 

Baswapattana,  a town  of  Mysore,  Hio- 
doostan,wicb  a oeiebrated  mosque  and  fort, 
j 60  miles  e by  n of  Nigara. 

Batabano,  a town  of  the  island  of  Cuba, 
opposite  Pinos  island,  55  tniles  ssw  of 
the  Kavannah.  Lon,  82  0 w,  lat.  22 
20  N, 

BATACULA,  a smatl  kingdom  on  the 
coast  of  Malabar,  in  the  E Indies,  whicii 
produces  a good  deal  of  pepper. 

Batacala,  Batacalo,  or  hattecola,  a forti- 
fied town  and  castle  on  the  e coast  of  the 
island  of  Ceylon  in  the  E Indies. 

Dutch  drove  away  the  Portuguese,  and  pos- 
sessed themselves  of  part  of  the  adjacent 
country,  65  miles  s by  e of  Trincomal© 
Lon.  81  3 E,  lat.  8 2 n. 

Batalka,  a town  of  Estremadura,  Portu- 
gal, famous  for  its  rich  monastery  founded  in 
1386  by  John  I.  who,  with  his  queen  Phi- 
lippa, is  interred  here,  eight  miles  ssw  of 
Letra. 

Bataseck,^  town  of  Lower  Hungary, seat- 
ed-on  the  Danube,  70. miles  sof  Buda.  Lon. 
19  20  E,  lat.  46  15  N. 

Batavia,  a city  of  the  kingdom  of  Ban- 
tam in  the  island  of  Java,  and  capital  of  the 
Dutch  settlements  in  the  E Indies,  Th® 
fort  is  built  of  coral  rock,  brought  from 
some  oi  the  adjoining  islands,  and  has  a for- 
i tification  of  brick.  A-  part  of  the  town  wall 
is  built  of  den?e  lava  from  the  mountains  in 
the  centre  of  Java.  No  stone  of  any  kind, 
is  to  be  found  for  many  miles  beyond  this 
city;  but  marble  and  granite  are  brought 
here  from  China.  There  are  canals  in  th© 
principal  streets,  planted  on  each  side  with 
trees.  It  has  a haiid.;omL*  hospital  and  ar- 
senal; and  all  the  goods  brought  from  other 
parts  of  the  E Indies  are  laid  up  here,  till 
they  are  exported.  The  city  u seated  among 
swamps  and  stagnant  pools,  with  which  tli® 


BAT 

climate,  renders  the  air  so  unwholesome  that 
it  is  represented  as  the  grave  of  Europeans. 

It  contains  a prodigious  number  of  inhabi- 
tants of  every  country  in  these  parts.  The 
city  surrendered  to  the  British  in  1811. 
Its  harbour  is  excellent,  and  is  situated  on 
the  NE  part  of  the  island.  Lon.  106  *51  e, 
lat.  6i0s. 

BATAVIAN  REPUBLIC.  See  Hol- 
land. 

Batecoley  a town  on  the  Malabar  coast. 
Lon.  T4  3 e,  lat.  14  0 n 

BathyO.  city  of  England,  in  Somersetshire, 
governed  by  a mayor,  with  a market  on 
Wednesday  and  Saturday,  situated  in  a fer- 
tile valley,  on  the  Avon,  over  which  there  is 
an  elegant  bridge.  This  place  has  been 
particularly  famous,  from  the  time  of  the 
Romans,  for  its  medicinal  waiep,  which 
have  retained  their  warmth  and  virtues  for 
ages  ; and  which  are  known  to  be  very  be- 
nificial,  not  only  as  baths,  but  when  taken 
internally.  From  the  reputation  of  these 
springs,  Bath  has  become  next  to  London, 
the  principal  resort  of  persons  of  rank  in 
England,  and  the  constant  residence  of 
opulent  invalids,  as  well  as  of  numerous 
\otaries  of  luxury  and  dissipation.  At  the 
same  time,  this  city,  in  splendour  and  ele- 
gance of  architecture,  is  certainly  superior 
10  every  other  town  of  England,  being  en- 
tirely constructed  of  a beautilul  white  stone, 
which,  as  well  as  lime-stone  and  slate, 
abound  in  the  neighbourhood.  At  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  town  there  is  a stone  monu- 
ment, with  an  inscription,  erected  to  the 
memory  of  Sir  Beville  Granville,  who  was 
here  killed  in  a battle  which  he  fought 
with  the  parliament's  army,  in  the  reign  oi 
Charles  I.  Bath  sends  two  members  to 
parliament.  The  earldom  of  • Bath  was 
bestowed  on  William  PuUeny,  in  the  end  of 
Sir  Robert  Walpole’s  administration,  as  a 
reward  lor  his  patriotism ; but  it  is  now 
extinct  for  want  of  heirs-male.  The  num- 
ber of  inhabitants  in  180  i,  was  32,000; 
and  31,496  in  1811.  This  city,  joined  with 
Wells,  constitutes  a bishopric.  There  are 
eight  parish  churches,  besides  chapels  and 
meeting  houses.  The  poor  who  come  here 
to  drink  the  waters,  are  admissible  into  a 
magnificent  hospital.  Great  benefits  are 
derived  from  the  baths  in  gouty,  paralytic, 
bilious,  and  other  cases.  They  are  distin- 
guished by  the  names  of  the  Cross,  the  Hot, 
the  King,  the  Queen,  the  Corporation,  and 
the  duke  of  Kingston  bath,  Bath  is  13 
miles  ESE  of  Bristol,  and  107  w of  London. 
Lon.  2 22  w,  laf.  *51  22  N. 

Bath  a flourishing  town  of  Berkely  coun- 
ty, Virginia,  situated  at  the  loot  of  a small 
mountain,  known  by  the  name  oi  the  Warm 
Spring  mountain,  near  .Tackson  rive;,  a 
branch  of  the  James.  The  springs  conti- 
guous to  the  town  are  much  celebrated ; 
they  are,  however,  found  to  be  less  efficacious 
thdu  the  Warm  Springs  ia  Bath  county  ; 
tho  water  U weakly  mineralized,  and  scarce- 


BAT 

ly  warm.  Upwards  of  1000  people  oolleet 
here  every  summer,  from  different  parts  of 
the  United  States,  either  for  health  or  amuse- 
ment.  The  country  is  agreeably  variegated; 
with  hills,  and  the  soil  rich  and  well  culti- 
vated. It  is  ISO  miles  w of  Fredericsburg. 
Lon.  80  10  w,  lat.  38  10  n. 

BATH,  a large  mountainous  county  of 
Virginia,  60  miles  in  length,  and  dO  ia 
breadth.  In  this  county  are  two  springs,  re- 
markable for  their  medicinal  quality.  They 
are  called  the  Warm  and  Hot  Springs,  and 
rise  near  the  foot  of  Jackson  mountain,  but 
more  generally  known  by  the  name  of  the 
Warm  Spring  mountain.  The  Hot  Springy 
so  called  from  its  possessing  a greater  de- 
gree of  heat  than  the  Warm  Spring,  has  fre- 
quently been  so  hot  as  to  have  boiled  an  egg.' 
Some  believe  its  heat  to  be  diminished.  A 
fountain  of  common  water.  Which  rises  near 
its  margin,  gives  it  a striking  appearance. 
The  Warm  Spring  rises  about  six  miles  from 
the  former,  and  issues  with  a bold  stream, 
sufficient  to  turn  a grist  mill,  and  to  keep 
the  water  of  its  bason,  which  is  nearly  an 
hundred  feet  in  circumference,  at  the  vital, 
warmth.  The  water  is  strongest  in  the  hot- 
test w^eathcr,  which  occasions  their  being 
visited  in  the  months  of  July  and  August* 
They  I’emove  rhuematisms,  and  various  other 
complaints.  It  rains  here  four  or  five  days 
every  week. 

Bath,  a port  of  entry  and  post  town  of  the 
district  of  Maine,  Lincoln  county,  on  the  w 
side  of  the  Kennebec,  13  miles  sw  of  Wis- 
casiet. 

Bath,  a small  post  town  of  the  state  of 
New  York,  Ontario  county. 

Bath,  a small  town  of  Hyde  county,  N 
Carolina,  situated  near  a bay  which  sets  n 
from  Tar  river.  Lon.  2 1 w,  lat.  3*5  31  N. 

Bath,  a village  in  the  island  ot  Jamaica, 
so  named  from  a famoui  hot  spring  in  it» 
vicinity,  efficacious  in  curing  the  dry  belly 
ache.  The  water  Js  sulphureous,  and  too 
hot  to  bold  the  hand  in  it. 

a village  in  the  county  of  Rensala- 
en,  New  York.  It  has  a commodious  bath- 
ing house,  containing  hot,  cold,  and  shower 
baths. 

Bafha,  or  Bath,  the  capital  of  a country 
in  Hungary,  seated  on  the  Danube.  Lou. 

20  40  E,  lat.  46  5 N.  . . , ^ x 

Bafhans,  Abbey  of  St,  a parish  of  Scot- 
land, Berwickshire,  situated  in  the  Lara- 
mermoor  hills,  about  six  or  seven  miles 
in  length,  and  three  in  breadth.  It  con- 
tains the  remains  of  the  old  abbey  of  the 
Beruardines,  founded  in  the  reign  of  Wil- 
liam I.  and  for  which  Ada  countess  of 
March,  swore  fealty  to  Edward  I.  of  Eng- 
land, in  1296;  and  a spring  called  the  WeU 
of  SL  Barthans,  which  never  freezes.  The 
parish  abounds  in  game,  and  is  embellished 
by  an  elegant  seat  of  the  earl  of  Wemys, 
called  the  Retreat,  Population  in  1801, 
164,  which  is  four  more  than  double  the 
number  in  1756, 


BAT 

Bathgate,  a parish  of  Scotland,  county 
Linlithgow,  seven  miles  long,  and  two 
feroad.  The  soil  is  deep,  and  tolerably  fer- 
tile ; the  climate  wet,  but  not  unhealthy. 
It  abounds  in  lime  stone,  free  stone,  iron 
•tone,  and  coals.  A veiu  of  silver  ore,  was 
discovered  in  the  earl  of  Hopeton’s  ground 
some  years  ago;  but  the  produce  did  not 
repay  the  expense  of  working  it.  The 
coallieries  produce  more  valuable  and 
essential  riches.  Population  about  2,500. 

Bathgate,  a small  town  or  village  in  the 
above  parish,  containing  about  2,000  inha- 
bitants. It  was  part  of  the  extensive  pos- 
sessions given  by  king  Robert  Bruce,  A D 
1316,  as  the  dowry  of  his  daughter.  Lady 
Margery^  to  Walter,  Lord  High  Steward 
of  Scotland,  who  died  in  it,  in  1328.  Some 
traces  of  his  mansion,  in  the  middle  of  a 
lake  near  the  town,  are  still  visible.  Bath- 
gate was  anciently  a burgh  of  regality  : 
it  is  regular  and  well  built ; its  inhabitants 
are  mostly  employed  in  tallow,  weaving, 
and  tambouring  muslins  for  the  Glasgow 
market.  It  has  a tile  work,  a tannery, 
and  a chandlary,  and  seven  fairs,  all  on 
Wednesdays;  viz.  the  2d  in  April,  1st 
after  Whitsunday,  O S.  4th  in  June,  3d 
in  July,  3d  in  August,  4th  in  October, 
and  Jst  after  Martimas.  It  lies  18 
miles  w of  Edinburgh,  and  24  e of  Glas- 
gow. 

Batnir,  or  Batinda,  a town  of  Hin- 
doostan,  in  the  province  of  Moulton,  150 
miles  ESE  of  Moultan,  and  170  nw  of  Agi- 
mere. 

BATO,  one  of  the  Ladrone  islands. 
Lon.  142  0 E,  lat.  12  0 

Batoa,  a small  island  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  near  the  w side  of  Sumatra,  on  the 
equinoctial  line.  Lon.  98  0 e. 

Battochy  Mount,  a hill  iu  Scotland, 
Aberdeenshire,  1 150  yards  high. 

Battecola,  a town  of  Ceylon,  subject  to 
the  British.  Lon.  81  3 e,  lat,  7 55  n. 

Battel,  or  Battle,  a town  of  Sussex,  six 
miles  Nw  of  Hastings,  It  was  formerly 
called  Epiton : and  is  the  place  where  Wil- 
liam the  conqueror  vanquished  Herold  II, 
king  of  England,  October  11th,  1066. 
William,  iu  memory  of  his  victory,  erected 
an  abbey,  which  he  called  BaUel  Abbey; 
and  if  a criminal  could  but  reach  this 
abbey,  he  was  dismissed  from  thence,  and 
was  afterwards  in  no  danger  for  his  past 
faults.  The  abbey  w^as  a large  and  noble 
itTucture,  as  may  be  judged  from  the  re- 
mains, particularly  the  gate-house,  which 
is  almost  entire,  and  is  appropriated  for  the 
sessions,  and  other  public  meetings.  This 
place  is  noted  for  making  gun-powder  equal  ( 
to  that  of  Dantzic ; and  the  best  goes  by  ' 
the  name  of  Baltel  gun-powder.  It  has  a I 
weekly  market  on  Thursday,  and  a monthly 
one  on  Tuesday,  with  fairs,  2d  August, 
and  22d  November.  It  has  4 good^faar- 
bokr  for  barges.  It  l&  SA  miles  e of 


B A V 

Lewes,  and  57  se  of  London.  Lon.  0 33  s, 
lat.  50  55  N,  ^ 

Battenberg,  of  Battenburg,  a town  of 
Dutch  Guelderland,  on  the  n banks  of  tho 
Meuse.  Lon.  5 33  e,  lat.  51  48  n. 

Battenburg,  a town  and  castle,  in  Uppe? 
Hesse,  Germany,  on  the  Eder,  14  miles  n 
of  Marburg. 

Battenhausen,  an  ancient  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  the  territory  of  the  Catti. 

Battersea,  anciently  called  Patrick's  Ea, 
or  isle,  a village  in  Surry,  on  the  Thames ; 
four  miles  wsw  of  London,  over  which, 
there  is  a wooden  bridge  from  it  to  Chelsea. 
It  is  noted  for  the  seat  of  the  family  of  St. 
Johns,  where  the  famous  Bolinbroke  was 
born,  and  died.  On  the  site  of  it  now  stands 
a distillery,  and  a curious  horizontal  air- 
mill,  to  be  seen  at  a great  distance.  Sir 
Walter  St,  John  founded  a free  school  in 
the  village. 

Battlefield,  a town  in  Shropshire,  where 
Henry  IV.  defeated  the  rebels  under  Henry 
Percy,  surnamed  Hotspur,  five  miles  from 
Shrewsbury. 

Bat(le4aw,  a place  in  the  parish  of  Bal- 
merino,  Fifeshire,  where  the  Scots  obtained 
a second  victory  over  the  Danes,  after  the 
battle  of  Luncarty,  and  forced  them  to  fly 
to  their  ships,  then  lying  in  the  mouth  of 
the  Tay.  Here  arms  and  stone  coffins  have 
l>een  found. 

Batuculla,  a town  of  Canara,  Hindoo- 
Stan,  seated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Saneada, 
which  flows  through  a beautiful  valley,  2S 
miles  NNw  of  Kundapura.  Ii  is  distinguish^ 
ed.  by  two  mosques,  and  upwards  of  70 
temples. 

BAVARIA,  an  ancient  kingdom  of 
Germany,  which  extended  from  the  mourn, 
tains  of  Franconia  to  the  frontiers  of  Hui> 
gary  and  the  Adriatic  Gulf.  It  compre* 
bended  Tirol,  Carinthid,  Carniola,  Stiria^ 
Austria,  and  other  States,  which  are  now 
fallen  to  different  princes. 

BAVARIA,  a late  circle  and  electorate 
of  Germany,  bounded  on  the  w by  Suabia, 
on  the  NW  by  Franconia,  on  the  ne  by 
Bohemia,  and  on  the  e and  s by  Austria. 

It  contained  Bavaria  Proper,  the  Upper 
Palatinate,  the  bishoprics  of  Freissingen 
and  Passau ; the  duchy  of  Neuburg,  and 
the  utchbisbopric  of  Saltzburg,  with  35 
cities,  94  towns,  720  castles,  4,700  villa- 
ges, eight  great  abbeys,  and  75  cloisters 
or  monasteries,  besides  those  of  the  mendi- 
cants ; comprehending  in  all  a superficial 
area  of  16,176  square  miles,  a population 
of  1,934,000,  and  a revenue  of  L.  1,666,000. 
Among  the  numerous  revolutions  which 
the  power  of  France  had  brought  about 
on  the  Continent,  this  electorate  has 
assumed  its  ancient  regal  honours,  and 
been  acknowledged  an  independent  king- 
dom in  the  treaty  of  peace  concluded 
ati  Presburg  between  Austria  and  France. 
Tha  whole  of  the  German  and  Itaiiafe 


B A U 


, Tyrol,  the  bishopric  Anspach,  with 
sevferal  other  large  bishoprics  and  lord- 
ships in  Germany,  have  been  incorporated 
into  the  sovereignty  by  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte, who  has  nearly  doubled  her  territory 
it  the  expence  of  Austria.  In  October, 
1813,  notwithstanding  this,  he  withdrew 
his  forces  from  those  of  France,  and  joined 
the  allies  on  condition  of  them  guaranteing 
his  large  accessions.  It  was  formerly  di- 
, Tided  into  the  four  great  bailiagesof  M«- 
nich,  Landshut,  Straubing,  and  Burkhau- 
sen.  The  inhabitants  are  strong  and  labo- 
•rious,  and  exercise  themselves  in  shoot- 
ing with  rifle  muskets  at  a mark,  to 
^render  themselves  expert  again-st  an  enemy. 

BAVARIA  PROPER,  a late  duchy 
of  Germany  in  the  above  circle,  about  1 
miles  long,  and  87'  broad.  The  air  is 
.wholesome.  The  upper  part  of  the  duchy 
is  mountainous,  woody,  and  full  of  swamps, 
fitter  for  pasture,  than  tillage ; the  lower 
is  level,  and  fruitful  in  corn  and  Tines  ; but 
ihe  principal  dependence  of  the  inhabitants 
is  on  their  iron  and  lead  mines,  and  we  I 
grown  forests.  They  manutacture  silk 
stuflfe,  velvets,  tapestry,  coarse  cloth,  and 
woollen  stuffs,  which  afford,  with  the  other 
produce,  a source  of  considerable  trade. 
There  are  also  numerous  salt-works,  mine- 
lal  springs,  mines  of  silver,  copper,  and 
lead,  and  quarries  of  excellent  marble. 
•The  inhabitants  are  nevertheless  \^ry 
poor.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Da- 
Lbe,  Inn,  Iser,  and  Nab.  The  mhabi- 
tants  are  reckoned  the  mo.st  rigid  catho- 
lies  of  any  in  Europe.  Munich  is  the 
capital. 

BAVARIA,  Upper,  Palatinate  of, 
a late  duchy  of  Germany,  in  the  above  cir- 
cle,  sometimes  called  Nordgauy  from  its 
situation  in  the  n part  of  the  circle 
zia;  and  sometimes  the  Upper  Palatinate, 
to  distinguish  it  from  the  Palatinate  of  the 
Rhine,  often  called  the  Lower  Palatinate. 
It  is  only  the  principalities  of  Newburgh 
and  Saltzbach,  not  the  whole  of  this  duchy, 
as  some  Gazetteers  state,  which  belonp 
to  the  Elector  Palatine.  Amberg  is  the 

^^^Bavayy  a little  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  North,  (late  provide  of 
Hainault,)  to  which  the 
the  battle  of  Malplaquet,  in  1709.  It  was 
taken  by  the  Austrians  in  1792,  but  reco- 
vered the  same  year.  It  is  six  miles  ne  of 
Quesnoy,  and  12  sw  of  Mons.  Lon.  3 52  e, 

^^^Bauhoriy  a town  in  Cochin  China,  regu- 
larly divided  into  wards,  and  at  the  end  ot 
each  street,  are  railed  gates  to  mark  their 

zespectable  limits.  ^ „ 

Baudsy  anciently  an  extensive  rnoor  ot 
Bamffshire,  now  a plantation  belonging 
to  the  earl  of  Findlater;  memorable  p 
the  scene  of  a bloody  battle  between  the 
.Scots  and  Danes ; wUerem  the  fgvraer  ob- 


BA  U 

tained  a complete  victory,  but  with  th# 
loss  of  their  king,  Indulfu.s,  A D 907,  ac- 
cording to  Buchanan,  bnt  961,  according 
to  Abercromby  There  are  still  a vast 
number  of  the  cairns  or  burying  places  of 
the  slain  in  it ; and  one  of  them,  said  to  b® 
the-  grave  of  Indulfus,  bears  the  name  of 
King’s  Cairn. 

Baverwit.  a tov/n  of  Germany,  in  Silesia. 
Lon.  35  46  e,  lat.  50  7 n. 

Batige,  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Mayenne  and  Loire,  seated  on  th© 
Coesnon,  18  miles  e of  Angers. 

Bauleahy  a town  of  Bengal,  seated  on  th« 
left  bank  of  the  Danube,  22  miles  ne  of 
Moorshedabad. 

Baumey  St,  a mountain  of  France,  be- 
tween Marseilles  and  Toulon,  where  Mary 
Magdalen  is  said  to  have  died,  and  on  that 
account  much  frequented  in  the  days  of 
French  superstition. 

Baume4es-NoneSy  a town  of  France,  m 
the  department  of  Doubs,  seated  cn  the 
river  Doubs,  which  takes  its  na.rae  from  a 
nunnery  that  still  remains.  It  is  15  miles 


NE  of  Besancon.  Lon.  6 20  e,  lat.  47 
24  N.  Five  miles  from  this  town  is  a re- 
markable cavern,  whose  entrance  is  20 
paces  wide;  and,  after  descending  300 
paces,  the  entrance  is  seen  to  a grotto, 

35  paces  deep,  60  wide,  and  covered  with  a 
kind  of  vaulted  roof,  from  which  water  con- 
tinually  drops.  It  is  also  intersected  by  a 
small  brook  said  to  be  frozen  in  summer, 
but  not  in  winter ; and  at  the  bottom  ar® 
stones  resembling  candied  citronpeel. 
When  the  peasants  perceive  a mist  rising 
out  of  this  cave,  they  judge  that  itwill  ram 

the  next  day.  . i j 

BAUMAN  ISLANDS,  three  islands  in 

the  Pacific  ocean,  the  largest  of  whi<^  is 
about  22  miles  in  circumference,  iney 
were  discovered  in  1722,  by  Bauman,  a 
Dutchman,  who  accompanied  Ropewin. 
They  abound  in  variety  of  veptables,  ana 
fruit  trees.  The  inhabitants,  who  are  num^ 
rous,and  whose  armour  consists  in  bows  aM 
arrows,  are  friendly  to  strangers.  Lon.  1 lU 

0 w,  lat.  14  0 s.  ^ 

Baumeuy  a cave  of  Lower  Saxony,  m 
Germany,  about  a mile  from  Wermigerode, 
and  18  from  Goslar.  The  « 

through  a rock,  and  so  narrow,  ^ 
above  one  person  can  pass  at  a time.  Some 
think  it  reaches  as  far  as  Goslar. 

Bausk,  or  Bautka,  a small  but  ™portant 
town  in  the  duchy  of  Courland, 
tiers  of  Poland,  with  a strong  castle  built  on 
a rock.  It  was  taken  by  tbe 
1625,  and  by  the  Russians  in  ^ 

a bloody  battle  between  them  and  iha 
Swedes.  It  is  situated  on  th*  Musza,  15 
miles  SE  of  Mittau,  Lob.  24  44  e,  lat. 

^^Banirg,  or  Baictrg,  a 

ing  of  Yorkshire,  and  partly 

shire,  seated  on  the  Idle,  en  the  road  from 


BAY 

London  to  York.  It  has  markets  on  Wed- 
Hiesday  and  Saturday,  and  fairs,  four  days 
in  Whitsun- week,  Old  Martinmas,  and  22d 
November.  It  is  eight  miles  s by  e of 
Doncaster,  22  s of  York,  and  1.53  n of 
London.  It  has  good  inns,  and  has  been 
long  noted  for  grindstones  and  raillstones., 

Bautzen,  or  Budissen,  a considerable 
town  of  Germany,  and  capital  of  Upper 
Lnsatia,  seated  on  the  river  Spree,  subject 
to  the  elector  of  Saxony,  with  a strong  cita- 
del, and  some  trade,  30  miles  e by  n of 
Dresden.  Here,  on  the  20th  of  May,  1813,  I 
a severe  battle  was  fought  between  a French 
army  amounting  to  above  100,000  men, 
commanded  by  Bonaparte,  and  the  united 
army  of  Russia  and  Prussia,  in  which  the 
former  merely  obtained  possession  of  the 
place,  at  a vast  expenee  of  lives  and  blood. 
Lon.  14  30  E,  lat.  51  10  n. 

Baux,  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  mouths  of  the  Rhone,  seated  on 
a rock,  at  the  top  of  v/hich  is  a strong 
castle,  10  miles  e by  n of  Arles. 

Baxos  de  Bahuca*  See  Alrojos. 

Baya,  or  Baja,  a town  of  Lower  Hun- 
gary, on  the  Danube,  32  miles  n of  Fsseck. 
Lon.  19  59  e,  lat.  46  12  n. 

Baya,  a sea  port  of  Guinea,  on  the  Gold 
coast,  60  miles  ese  of  Acra.  Lou.  1 50  e, 
lat.  5 45  N. 

Bayaguana,  a toy\m  of  St,  Domingo. 
Lon.  68  48  w,  lat.  18  35  n. 

Bayania,  a town  in  the  E part  of  Cuba, 
on  the  river  Estero,  which  forms  a bay  on 
the  coast,  20  miles  below  the  town.  It 
gives  name  to  a channel  between  the  small 
islands  and  rocks  called  Jardin  de  la  Reyna 
on  the  Nw,  and  the  shoals  and  rocks  which 
line  the  coast  on  the  se,  situated  80  miles 
Wfiw  of  St.  Jago.  Lon.  77  20  w,  lat.  20 
45  N. 

Bayersdorf,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Bayreuth,  Franconia,  seated  on  the  Rednitz, 
four  miles  n of  Arlang.  It  has  a large  sy- 
nagogue  and  a seat  of  justice. 

Bayeux,  a considerable  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Calvados,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Normandy.  It  w^as  formerly  the 
capital  of  Bessin,  and  had  a bishop’s  see.  , 
The  cathedral  is  elegant  and  there  are  17 
other  churches.  It  is  situated  on  the  river 
Aure,  four  miles  from  the  English  channel, 
and  140  w by  n of  Paris.  Its  principal 
trade  is  in  leather.  Lon.  0 43  w,  lat.  49 
16  N. 

Bay  on,  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Meurthe,  seated  on  the  Moselle,  12 
miles  s of  Nanci. 

Bayon,  Of  Bayona,  a town  of  Gallicia,  in 
Spain,  with  a very  commodious  harbour, 
and  the  country  around  it  is  fertile.  Lon.  9 
30  w,  lat.  43  3 n. 

Bayonne,  a small,  but  rich,  populous, 
commercial,  and  fortified  city  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  Lower  Pyrenees. 
Two  rivers,  the  Nive  arid  the  Adour,  unite 
4 


B E A 

their  streams  in  the  middle  of  the  cHy,  and 
proceed  to  the  sea  at  the  distance  of  a mile. 
The  whole  city  is  divided  into  three  parts, 
the  great,  the  little,  and  the  new.  By  the 
Nive,  ships  come  up  into  the  middle  of  the 
city,  which,  from  its  vicinity  to  Spain,  has  a 
considerable  trade,  particularly  in  wiat>s, 
w^oollen  cloihs,  silks,  cottons,  &Co  Tlie 
cathedral  is  remarkable  for  the  height  of  iu 
nef,  and  the  delicacy  of  its  pillars.  The 
citadel  is  the  strongest  in  France.  The 
court  was  held  here  for  some  time,  in  1808, 
when  the  king  of  Spain  and  his  son  were 
obliged  to  sign  a treaty,  to  resign  the  crown 
of  Spain  to  Bonaparte,  Bayonne  \yas 
besieged  in  1814,  by  the  English.  During 
the  siege,  the  French  made  a sally,  in  which 
the  loss  of  the  British  was  considerable, 
and  their  commauder  taken  prisoner, 
Bayonne  is  famous  for  its  hams  and  choco- 
late. The  military  weapon,  the  bayonet, 
bears  the  name  of  this  city,  in  which  it  was 
invented,  as  the  pistol,  for  the  same  reason, 
is  so  called  from  Pistola,  a town  in  Tus- 
cany. It  lies  25  miles  sw  of  Dax,  85  s of 
Bourdeaux,  and  425  s by  w of  Paris.  Lon. 

I 29  w,  lat.  43  29  N. 

Bayreuth,  See  Bareith, 

Baza,  a town  of  Granada,  in  Spain, 
anciently  called  Basti,  seated  at  the  foot 
of  a mountain.  Nine  iron  cannon,  em- 
ployed in  taking  this  place  from  the 
Moors,  in  1489,  support  the  front  of  the 
market-house.  It  is  21  miles  ene  of 
Guadix. 

BAZ ADDIS,  a ci-devant  territory  of 
Guienne,  in  France,  which  formed  a part  of 
Lower  Gascony.  Its  capital  was, 

Bazas,  a town  of  France,  now  in  the  de- 
partment of  Gironde,  built  on  a rock,  five 
miles  from  the  Garonne,  and  42  se  of  Eour- 
deaux,  lately  an  episcopal  see.  Lon.  0 2 w, 
lat.  44  22  N. 

Beachy-head,  the  highest  promontory  on 
the  s coast  of  England,  between  Hastings 
and  Seaford,  in  Sussex.  Lon.  0 19  e,  latj 
50  44N. 

Beacon-Hill,  a high  rock  in  Perthshire, 
from  whence  a fire  in  the  night  might  be 
seen  at  the  distance  of  50  miles  E,and  which 
seems  to  have  been  so  called  as  a place  of 
signal. 

Beacon-Hill  \ 1.  a hill  in  Essex,  on  the 
s side  of  the  mouth  of  the  port  of  Harwich, 
with  a large  high  light-house  on  it ; 2.  ano- 
ther in  Wiltshire,  between  Marlborough  and 
Sandy-Lane. 

Beaconsjield,  a town  of  Buckingham- 
shire, eight  miles  from  Marlow  and  Ux- 
bridge, and  25  wnw  of  London.  It  con- 
sists of  four  streets,  which  assume  the  form 
of  a cross.  Here  the  poet  Waller  lived, 
and  is  buried.  In  the  church,  there  is  a 
monument  to  the  memory  of  Edmund 
Burke.  It  has  a market  on  Thursday , and 
two  fairs,  February  1 3th,  and  Holy  Thurs- 
day. Lon.  0 25  w,  lat.  51  36  N 
O 


BE  A 

'Beule^  a river  of  England,  wbieh  rnns  j 
flirough  part  of  the  counties  of  Sussex  and 
Kent,  and  falls  into  the  Medway,  near  Twy- 
■ford  bridge, 

Benlt,  Buallt,  or  Builth,  a town  of 
Brecknockshire,  S Wales,  seated  on  the 
Wye,  over  which  is  a bridge  into  Radnor- 
shire, it  consists  of  about  lOU  houses,  w^hose 
inhabitants  have  a trade  in  stockings. 
Here  was  an  ancient  castle,  of  which  the 
last  remains  were  burnt  down  in  1690,  and 
the  whole  town  nearly  destroyed.  In  its  | 
vicinity  the  Welsh  made  their  last  efforts  to 
main  their  independence,  but  w^ere  defeated 
by  Edward  I.  in  1283.  It  has  markets  on 
Monday  and  Saturday,  and  fairs,  June  27th, 
October  2d,  and  December  6th.  It  is  92 
miles  from  Chester,  12  n of  Brecknock,  and 
JT3  w by  N of  London.  Lon.  4 10  w^,  lat. 
52  4 N. 

Beaminster,  an  ancient  town  of  Dorset- 
shire, seated  on  the  river  Bert.  The  inha- 
bitants, in  number  above  2,100,  carry  on  a 
considerable  trade  in  w^oollen  cloth,  sail- 
cloth, iron,  tin,  and  copper  goods.  They 
have  a market  on  Thursday,  with  a fair 
September  19th,  and  of  late  years,  two 
public  sales  oil  April  4th,  and  October  19th, 
for  cattle,  cheese,  &c.  Beaminster  lies 
15  miles  wnw  of  Dorcester,  and  132 
%v  by  s of  London.  Lon.  2 50  w^  lat;  52 
45  N. 

' Beaness,  an  anchoring  ground,  on  the  s 
of  the  isle  of  Sanday. 

Bearalston,  a poor  towui  of  Devonshire, 
Which,  however, is  a borough  by  prescription, 
and  sent  two  members  to  parliament,  since 
the  27th  of  queen  Elizabeth. 

Bear- Creek,  a head  water  of  the  Jennessee, 
in  S Carolina. 

Bear-Lake,  one  of  the  sources  of  the  Mis- 
sisippi  river,  N America.  Lat.  43  15  n. 

Bear-Lake,  Black,  in  New  S Wales. 
Lon.  107  30  w,  lat.  53  30  s. 

Bear-Lake,  Great,  in  the  Nw  part  of  N 
America,  near  the  Arctic  Circle. 

Bear-Lake,  White,  situated  due  w of 
Bear-Lake,  another  source  of  the  Missisippi. 
Lon.  98  20  w,  lat.  48  15  n. 

BEARN,  a ci-devant  province  of  France, 
which  now  forms,  with  Basques,  the  de- 
partment of  the  Lower  Pyrenees.  The 
hills  are  covered  with  vines,  and  the  plains 
are  fertile,  and  peculiarly  adapted  lor 
pasture. 

Beat,  St,  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Garonne,  and  ei-devant 
county  of  Comminges,  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Garonne  and  the  Pique ; betw'een  two 
mountains.  All  the  houses  are  built  with 
marble,  there  being  no  other  stone  for  the 
purpose  ill  the  place.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Garonne,  12  miles  sss  of  Bertrand.  Lon. 
I 0 w,lat.  42  50  N. 

Beaucaire,  a towui  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Gard,  and  ci-devant  pro- 
vince of  Languedoc,  on  the  Rhone,  oppo- 
site to  Tarascon,  with  which  it  had  a com* 


B E A 

mumcation  by  a bridge  of  boats.  The 
much  famed  fair  of  the  Magdalene,  ^ 
22d,  is  held  for  six  days  in  the  town  amx 
an  adjacent  valley,  and  is  one  of  t e 
most  famous  in  Europe.  Beaucaire  is  it 
miles  E of  Nismes,  Lon.  4 39  w',  lat.  4 
50  . . 

BEAUCE,  a ci  devant  province  oi 
France,  betw/een  the  isle  of  France,  Bl^ 
sois,  and  Orleannois.  It  is  so  fertile  la 
w^heat,  that  it  is  called  the  granary  of  Paris. 

It  now  forms  the  department  of  Eure  and 
Loire.  , . , 

Beauchamp  Court,  a village  in  Warwick- 
shire, N of  Aulcester. 

Betmchamp  Oton,  Beauchamp,  St.  Peter r 
and  Beauchamp,  Walter,  three  villages 
near  Clare,  Essex. 

Beauchief,  an  abbey  in  Derbyshire,  neat 
Dronefield. 

Beduchin,  a village  in  Dorsetshire. 

Beaudesert,  a small  town  in  Warwick- 
shire, called  also  Beldesert,  from  its  plea- 
sant situation.  In  the  reign  of  king 
Stephen,  it  had  a charter  lor  a market 
on  Sunday,  w^hich  w^as  changed  for  ane?- 
tber  OH  Monday.  It  has  a fair,  Septem- 
ber  1st. 

BEAUFORT,  a county  of  the  United 
States  of  America,  in  the  district  of  Nev/- 
beni,  N Carolina,  containing  3,830  free  per- 
sons, and  1,632  slaves.  The  chief  town  is 

Washington.  t 

BEAUFORT,  a maritime  district  of 
S Carolina,  lies  between  Combahee  and 
Savanna  rivers.  In  the  n part  there 
are  forests  of  cypress,  and  the  lands 
produce  indigo,  rice,  <fec.  The  number 
of  free  persons  is  4,517,  and  of  slaves 
14,236. 

Beaufort,  a post-town  of  S Carolina,, 
situated  in  the  above  district,  on  Port 
Royal  island,  at  the  head  of  a harbour  of 
that  name,  73  miles  sw  of  Charlestown. 
It  has  a safe  harbour.  The  courts  once 
held  here  are  now  removed  to  Coosewat- 
chie.  Lon.  80  54  w,  lat.  32  12  n.  ^ 

Beaufort,  a maritime  town,  and  the 
capital  of  the  Carteret  county,  N Carolina, 
seated  on  the  ke  side  of  Core  sound,  55 
miles  ssE  of  Newbern.  Lon.  77  10  w,  lat. 

34  38  N.  ^ . 

Beaufort,  a strong  town  of  France,  m 
the  department  of  Mont  Blanc,  the  ci-de- 
vant duchy  of  Savoy,  seated  on  the  Oron, 
12  miles  ns  of  Moustier.  Lon.  6 28  e, 
lat.  45  50  N. 

Beaufort,  a strong  town  of  France,  m 
the  department  of  Maine  and  Loire,  and 
late  province  of  Anjou,  with  a castle,  near 
the  river  Authion.  It  contains  two  parishes, 
and  formerly  had  a convent  of  Reco- 
lets.  Lon.  0 9 w,  lat.  47  26  n.  Beau- 
fort gives  title  of  duke  of  England,  to  tb® 
noble  family  of  Somerset,  who  are  lineally 
descended  from  John  ot  Gaiint,  duke  of 
Lancaster,  whose  duchess  resided  in  this  towBi 
and  here  gave  birth  to  John  of  Beaufort, 


B E A 

Seangenc^y  a towu  of  France^  in  th«  de-  [ 
partment  of  Loiret,  famous  for  its  wines,  i 
seated  on  the  Loire,  six  miles  w of  Orleans.  | 
Lon.  1 46  E,  lat.  47  48  n.  ! 

Beavjeuy  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart-  j 
inent  of  Rhone  and  Loire,  and  late  province 
of  Lyonnois,  with  an  ancient  castle  at  the 
foot  of  a mountain,  seated  on  the  Ardiere, 
13  miles  nnw  of  Villefranche. 

Beaujalois,  a ci-devant  district  of  France, 
30  miles  long, .and  24  broad.  Villefranche 
the  capital. 

Beauliewy  a town  of  France^  In  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Indre  and  Loire,  situated  on  the 
Indre,  opposite  Loches. 

Beuulyy  or  Beulyy  a river  in  Inverness- 
shire,  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  rivulets 
Ferrary  Canichy  and  GlasSy  near  Erkless  cas- 
tle. The  river  abounds  with  excellent  sal- 
mon, and  several  kinds  of  trouts  ; and  it  is 
reckoned  one  of  the  best  in  Scotland  for 
angling.  Ths  Frith,  or  mouth  of  the  river, 
is  six  miles  in  length,  and  two  in  breadth. 

It  is  navigable,  at  high  water,  by  ships  of 
SO  tons  burden,  as  high  up  as  the  village  of 
Beauly,  or  Beulyy  12  miles  w of  Inverness  ; 
considerable  quantities  of  salmon  are  sent  to 
London,  (fee. 

Beaumari^y  G*r  BemimarsTiy  the  county 
t<Jwn  of  Anglesey,  in  N Wales,  seated  on  a 
bay,  which  affords  good  anchorage,  and  is 
frequently  a refuge  for  ships  in  storms  ; hav- 
ing seven  fathoms  water  at  the  lowest  ebb. 
The  town  is  neat  and  well  built,  and  one 
street  is  very  handsome.  Edward  I.  when 
he  built  the  town,  fortified  it  with  a castle, 
and  surrounded  it  with  walls,  made  it  a cor- 
poration, and  endowed  it  with  great  privi- 
leges, and  land«  to  a considerable  value. 
He  removed  the  ancient  freeholders,  by  ex- 
change of  property,  into  other  counties. 
Beaumarw  is  governed  by  a mayor,  recorder, 
tw'o  bailiffs,  an4  2 1 burgesses.  It  sends  one 
member  to  parliament,  who  is  chosen  by 
these  25,  none  else  having  a vote  in  the  elec^ 
tion.  It  was  once  very  extensive,  but  it  has 
declined  greatly  since  Liverpool  became  so 
great  a mart.  The  coasting  business  is  still, 
however,  considerable,  from  the  great  cop- 
per works  at  Almwick,  <fec.  It  has  mar- 
kets on  Wednesday  and  Saturday,  and  fairs 
on  Feb.  13,  Ascension  day,  Sept.  10,  and 
Dec.  19.  Beaumaris  is  59  miles  w by  n of 
Chester,  and  251  nw  of  London.  Popula- 
tion in  1810,  1811.  Lon.  4 15  w,  lat.  53  15  n. 

Beauminster,  See  Beaminster, 

Beaumont,  a town  ot  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North,  and  ci-devant  French 
Hainault  12  miles  s of  Charleroy.  It  was 
taken  in  1691  by  the  English,  who  blew  up 
the  castle.  It  is  sitijateil  between  the  rivers 
Maeseand  Sambre,  10  miles  e of  Maubeuge. 
Lon.  4 19  E,  lat,  50  12  n. 

Beaumonty  stiled  formerly  Beaumont  le 
Vizompte,  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Sarte,  and  late  province  of  Maine, 

10  miles  e of  Alaiis*  Lpn,  0 10  b,  lat.  18 

42  N. 


B E B 

Beaumont  le  Roger,  a town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Lower  Seine,  and  lat© 
province  of  Normandy,  22  miles  sw  of 
Rouen.  Lon.  0 56  e,  lat.  49  2 n. 

Beaumont  sur  OisCy  a town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Seine  and  Oise,  and  lat« 
province  of  the  Isle  of  France,  20  miles  Sf 
of  Paris.  Lon.  2 26  e,  lat.  49  9 n. 

Beaumont  de  Lomagney  a town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Upper  Garonne,  seat- 
ed on  the  Gimone,  12  miles  se  of  Lee- 
toure. 

Beauney  a handsome  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Cote  d^Or,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Burgundy,  remarkable  for  its  excel- 
lent wines.  Its  church,  before  the  revolu- 
tion, w'as  reckoned  the  finest  in  France, 
and  the  great  altar  was  adorned  with  a ta- 
ble enriched  wuth  jewels.  The  organs  be- 
longing to  it  w^ere  very  magnificent,  and 
were  placed  on  a piece  of  ingenious  work- 
manship, 25  miles  ssw  of  Dijon.  Lon.  4 
50  E,  lat.  47  2 n. 

Beaupreauy  a towm  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Maine  and  Loire.  Loa.  0 
50  w,  lat.  47  20  n . 

Beauvaisy  a city  of  France,  capital  of  th© 
department  of  Oise,  and  late  province  of  th© 
Isle  of  France.  The  cathedral  and  St  Ste- 
phen’s church  are  much  admired.  The  town 
w'as  ineffectually  besieged  by  the  Eng- 
lish in  1443,  and  by  the  duke  of  Burgundy 
with  an  army  of  80,000  men.  In  this  last 
siege  the  women  signalized  themselves  un- 
der the  conduct  of  Jeane  Hachette,  whose 
standard  was  long  after  preserved  in  the 
church  of  the  Jacobins.  The  duke  was 
obliged  to  raise  the  siege  ; and,  in  memory 
of  the  women’s  exploits,  they  used  to  walk 
first  in  a procession  on  the  10th  of  July,  the 
anniversary  of  their  deliverance.  The  in- 
habitants carry  on  a good  trade  in  beauti- 
ful tapestry.  Beauvais  is  situated  on  th© 
river  Thesin,  42  miles  n of  Paris.  Loa.  ^ 
15  E,  lat.  49  26  n. 

Beauvais,  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Garonne,  and  ci-devant 
province  of  Languedoc,  on  the  river  Tes-#* 
cou. 

BeauviUy  a city  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Cote  d’Or,  and  ci-devant  pro- 
vince of  Burgundy,  Lon.  4 50  e,  lat.  4T 
5 N. 

Beauvoir  sur  Mer,  a maritime  towm  of 
France,  department  of  Vendee,  on  the  bay 
of  Biscay,  and  late  province  of  Poic- 
tou  ; 25  miles  sw'  of  Nantes,  and  32  nj^w 
of  Sables  d’Otoune.  Lon.  1 5 w,  lat.  4S 
55  N. 

BEAUVOISIS,  a ci-devant  territory  of 
France,  formerly  part  of  Picardy,  and  after- 
wards of  the  Isle  of  France.  Beauvais 
was  the  capital. 

Bebetingeny  a towm  of  Germany,^  in  Wir] 
temberg,  Avith  a castle  on  a hill,  sealed  on 
j a lake,  from  which  proceeds  the  river  Worn, 

1 0 miles  nw  of  Slutgard.  Lon,  9 8 
48  45  w, 

I 


BED 

BeCy  a town  of  France,  in  tbe  department 
of  Lower  Seine,  and  late  province  of  Nor- 
mandy, with  a magnificent  Benedictine 
abbey,  18  miles  sw  of  Rouen.  Lon.  0 
62  E,  lat.  49  14  N. 

Becaner,  or  Becanor,  a town  of  India,  in 
Asia,  seated  on  the  river  Ganges,  180  miles 
E of  Delhi.  Lon.  83  5 e,  lat.  42  40  n. 

BeccleSy  a large  corporate  town  of  Suf- 
folk. seated  on  the  Waveney.  It  has  an  ele- 
gant church  with  a lofty  steeple,  a gram- 
mar-school also  endowed  with  10  scholar- 
ships for  Emmanuel  college,  Cambridge. 
There  is  market  on  Saturday,  and  fairs 
Holy  Thurs.  June  29th  and  Oct.  3d.  It 
lies  12  miles  sw  of  Yarmouth,  and  108  ne 
of  London.  Lon.  1 30  e,  lat.  62  38  n. 

Becerril,  a town  of  Leon,  Spain,  12  miles 
Kw  of  Placentia. 

BechiUy  the  capital  of  a circle  of  Bohe- 
niia,  which  abounds  in  salt  mines,  and  mi- 
neral waters.  It  is  fortified  by  an  ancient 
fgastle,  and  was  taken  and  burnt  by  general 
Bequoi  in  1619.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Lausnitz,  57  miles  s by  w of  Prague.  Lon. 
14  28  , E,  lat.  49  18  x. 

Beckenriedy  a town  on  the  banks  of  the 
lake  Lucern,  in  the  canton  of  Underwald,  in 
Switzerland,  situated  in  Ion.  8 25  e,  lat.  46 
41  N. 

BECKET,  a township  of  Massachu- 
setts, Berkshire  county,  eontaining  751  citi- 
zens. 

BeckinntGTiy  a village  in  Somersetshire, 
with  a corriderable  woollen  manufacture. 

Beckiim,  a town  of  the  bishopric  of  Mun- 
ster in  Germany,  at  the  source  of  the  Verse, 
20  miles  se  of  Munster. 

BECSANGIL,  the  ancient  Bithynia, 
a province  of  Natolia,  in  Asia. 

Bedale,  a town  in  the  N Riding  of  York- 
shire, situated  upon  the  Roman  causeway, 
called  Lceming-lane,  which  leads  from 
Richmond  to  Barnard-castle.  It  has  a 
market  on  Tuesday,  and  fairs  on  Easter 
Tues.  Whitsun-Tues.  July  5th  and  6th; 
October  1 0th  and  11th  ; and  the  last  Mon- 
day but  one  before  Christmas.  It  is  six 
miles  from  North  Allerton,  10  se  of  Rich- 
mond, and  222  nnw  of  London, 

BedarieuXy  or  Bee  d’  Arieux,  a town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Herault,  and 
late  province  of  Languedoo,  seated  on  the 
river  Orbre.  It  has  a mannfacture  of  drug- 
gets and  other  woollen  stuffs,  16  miles  n of 
Beziers. 

Bedborougliy  a town  in  Wiltshire,  n of 
Bishop^s  Cannings. 

Beddingtony  a village  in  Surry,  between 
Carshalton  and  Croyden,  adjoining  which 
is  Beddington-Park,  where  queen  Elizabeth 
is  said  to  have  resided.  Its  church  is  Go- 
thic, with  stalls  like  a cathedral,  two  miles 
w of  Croydon. 

Eade7i]i\  city  of  the  Deccan  of  Hindoo- 
staii,  celebrated  tor  the  number  and  magni- 
iicence  of  its  pagodas.  It  is  80  miles  \’w 
of  Hydrabad.  Lou.  78  0 e,  lat.  17.0  x. 


BED 

Bideny  or  Bedingy  a village  in  Sussei'^ 
seated  near  a river  of  the  same  name, '15 
miles  w of  Lewis. 

BedeVy  a strong  town  of  Asia,  in  the  de-^ 
minions  of  the  Great  Mogul,  formerly  the 
capital  of  a kingdom,  and  still  noted  for  the 
number  and  magnificence  of  its  Pagodas, 
80  miles  xw  of  Hydrabad.  Lon  75  12  e, 
lat.  17  48  N. 

Beder,  a town  in  tbe  department  of  Ille 
and  Vilaine,  France,  10  miles  wxw  of 
Rennis. 

Bedels  Well,  St,  a small  rivulet  rising 
from  a spring  well,  in  Peebles-shire. 

Bedford,  or  Bedfordshire,  a small  inland 
county  of  England,  bounded  on  the  ne  by 
Huntingdonshire,  sw  by  Buckinghamshire^ 
and  NW  by  Northamptonshire.  In  889,  when 
Alfred  was  head  of  the  sovereignty,  and 
England  was  divided  into  counties,  hun- 
dreds, and  tythings,  Bedfordshire  first  re- 
ceived its  present  name.  It  is  situated  in 
the  Norfolk  circuit,  the  province  of  Canter- 
bury, and  bishopric  of  Lincoln,  Its  fonn 
is  oval,  being  about  78  miles  in  circum- 
ference, 33  long  and  22  broad  ; containing 
an  area  of  about  323  square  miles,  or 
260,000  square  acres.  It  supplies  400  men- 
to  the  national  militia.  It  contains  124 
parishes,  58  vicarages,  and  10  markel 
towns,  viz  Bedford,  Aropthill,  Biggleswade, 
Dunstable,  Leighton,  Beaudesart,  or  Buz- 
zard, Luton,  Potton,  Shefford,  Tiiddington, 
and  Woburn,  and  55  villages.  The  inha- 
bitants 63,393  in  180),  and  70,213  in  1811, 
and  it  has  7294  houses  that  pay  taxes.  It- 
is  divided  into  nine  hundreds,  sends  two 
members  to  parliament,  and  pays  seven  parts 
of  513  of  (he  land-tax.  Its  principal  river^ 
the  Ouse,  is  navigable  to  Bedford ; and  di- 
vides the  country  into  two  parts,  of  which 
that  to  the  s is  the  most  considerable.  The 
air  is  healthy;  and  the  soil  in  general  a- 
deep  clay.  The  x side  of  the  Ouse  is  fruit- 
ful and  woody,  but  the  s side  is  less  fer-' 
tile  ; 3’et  producing  great  quantities  of  wheat 
and  barley  excellent  in  their  kind;  and^ 
wood  for  dyers.  The  soil  yields  plenty  of 
fuller’s  earth  for  the  woollen  manufactory. 
The  chief  manufactures  of  the  county  are 
thread,  lace,  and  straw-wares.  In  this 
county  there  are  many  remains  of  Roman, 
Saxon,  and  Norman  antiquities  ; and  a few 
Roman  Stations.  The  following  antiquities 
in  this  county  are  worthy  particular  notice  r 
Bedford  bridge  and  priory ; Chicksarid  abbey, 
Dunstable  priory,  Eaton  Parkhouse,  or 
Eaton  Bray  ; Five  Knolls,  near  Dunstable  ; 
Newham  priory,  Northill  church,  near  Big-- 
pleswade  ; Siimmejis  Tower  ;^\ardon  Abbey 
near  Shefford ; Woburn  Abbey,  and  Wood, 
hill  castle,  or  Oddhill  castle,  near  Harewood. 

Bedford,  the  county  town  of  the  above- 
shire  ;‘  pleasantly  seated  on  both  sides  of  the 
river  Ouse,  over  which  there  is  a slonebridge. 
It  is  an  ancient  town,  «ind  within  the  last 
15  years,  very  considerable  improvements 
have  been  made  in  the  general  appear«ance‘ 


BED 

cf  tlic  place.  It  has  a market  on  Tuesday 
and  The  city  contains  20  new 

aim-houses,  erected  by  the  trustees  of  the 
Harpiir  charity,  which  being  now  between 
four  and  50001.  exceed^i  the  endowment  of 
the  free  school  built  here  by  Sir  William 
Harpur,  knight  and  lord  mayor  of  the  city 
of  London,  and  whose  statue  in  white  mar- 
ble stands  in  a niche  over  the  door  of  the 
school.  Bedford  sends  two  members  to  par- 
liament, and  gives  title  of  duke  to  the  noble 
family  of  Russel,  and  is  governed  by  a 
mayor.  At  this  place  the  Britons  were 
overthrown  in  a great  battle,  in  572,  by 
Cuthwulf,  the  Saxon  king;  and  here  a 
strong  castle  was  built  in  the  time  of  the 
Normans,  by  Pagan  de  Beauchamp,  the 
third  baron  of  Bedford.  It  was  reduced 
by  king  Stephen  after  a long  siege ; and 
was  afterwards  taken  by  king  John  from 
one  Fulco  de  Brent,  who,  notwithstanding 
he  had  taken  the  castle  before  from  the 
barons,  and  received  possession  of  it  from 
the  king,  had  now  rebelled  against  his 
sovereign  liege.  It  has  five  churches,  and 
enjoys  a good  trade  in  corn  by  way  of 
Lynn,  and  has  fairs,  first  Tuesday  in  Lent, 
April  21st,  July  5th,  ilugust  21st,  October 
lOih,  and  December  19th.  It  is  27  miles 
E by  N of  Buckingham,  and  50  n by  w of 
London.  Population  3948  in  1801,  and 
4605,  in  1811.  Lon.  0 30  w,  lat.  52  13  n, 

Bedford’Levely  a tract  of  fens,  consisting 
of  300,000  acres,  in  the  counties  of  Norfolk, 
Suffolk,  Huntingdon,  Northampton,  Lin- 
coln, Cambridge,  and  the  Isle  of  Ely ; 
which,  from  the  ruins  of  houses,  large  trees, 
dkc.  that  have  been  found  in  several  parts  of 
them,  appear  to  have  been  formerly  dry 
land.  After  several  expensive  and  unsuc- 
cessful attempts  to  drain  these  fens  in  the 
reigns  of  Henry  VI.  and  Charles  I.  Wil- 
liam, duke  of  Bedford,  in  1649,  undertook 
and  completed  it,  and  a corporation  was 
established  for  the  goveniment  of  this  great 
level,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  11.  In  these 
fens  there  are  decoys,  where  great  quanti- 
ties of  wild  fowls  are  taken.  One  near 
Ely,  generally  sends  3000  couple  weekly 
to  London,  and  is  let  for  5001.  a year. 
When  the  river  Ouse  is  swelled  by  rains, 
especially  in  winter,  it  is  usual  in  Cam- 
bridgeshire to  say.  The  bailiff  of  Bedford 
is  coming  ; meaning,  that  it  is  going  to  lay 
their  fens  under  water. 

BEDFORD,  a county  of  the  United 
States  of  America,  Virginia;  34  miles  in 
length,  and  25  in  breadth.  The  chief  town 
is  New  London. 

BEDFORD,  a large  mountainous  coun- 
try of  Pennsylvania,  50  miles  in  breadth, 
and  54  in  length  ; and  is  divided  into  nine 
townships.  Bedford  is  likewise  the  name 
of  ether  seven  places  in  the  united  States  : 
viz.  1.  a post  town  and  capital  of  Bedford 
county  ; 2.  chief  town  of  w Cue.ster  county  ; 
'S.  a township  ol  New  Hampshire;  4 anotlier 
in  Massachusetts ; 5.  another  in  New  York  ; 


BE  D 

6.  a village  near  Augusta;  and  7,  Bedford 
New,  a town  in  Bristol  county,  Massachu- 
setts, seated  at  the  head  of  Navigation  oa 
Aceushnet  river,  58  miles  s by  e of  Boston. 
Lon.  70  52  w,  lat.  41  41  n. 

Bedingham,  a town  in  Sussex,  three  miles 
SE  of  Lewis.  It  has  a fair  July  21st. 

Bedizzole,  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  late 
Venetian  territory  of  Verona,  now  in  the 
department  of  Benaco. 

Bedminster,  a township  of  New  Jersey, 
Somerset  county. 

Bedmonty  a small  town  of  Hettfordshire, 
N of  Langley  Abbey. 

Bedneh  Green y one  of  the  hamlets  of 
Stepney,  in  Middlesex,  now  a part  of 
Loudon,  containing  upwards  of  3,000 
houses,  and  25,000  people.  Here  stands 
Trinity-house,  the  celebrated  hospital  for 
seamen. 

BednorCy  or  Biddanorcy  a town  of 
Hindoostan,  capital  of  a district  of  tho 
Mysore,  452  miles  se  of  Bombay,  and  18T 
Nw  of  Seringapatam.  It  was  taken  by 
the  British  in  1783,  and  retaken  soon  after 
by  Tippoo  Sultan ; but  on  his  defeat  and 
death  in  1799,  the  town  and  part  of  its 
suburbs,  became  subject  to  the  British. 
Lon.  75  30  e,  lat.  14  0 n, 

BEDOUINS,  a tribe  of  wandering  Arabs 
that  are  dispersed  all  over  Arabia,  Egypt, 
and  the  n of  Africa,  who  live  in  tents,  and 
employ  themselves  in  grazing  cattle,  and 
are  governed  by  their  own  chiefs,  in  the 
same  manner  as  the  patriarchs  of  old. 

Bedruky  a parish  of  Scotland,  Roxburgh- 
shire, four  miles  long,  and  about  two  and 
adhird  broad,  consisting  of  nearly  an  equal 
quantity  of  arable  pasturage,  and  moor  land. 
Population  about  260. 

Bedruky  a village  in  the  above  parish, 
situated  on  the  river  Rule.  The  names  of 
these,  and  some  other  adjacent  places,  are 
supposed  to  be  derived  from  St.  Rule,  or  St. 
Regulus.  Bedrule  castle,  an  ancient  strong- 
hold, was  seated  on  an  eminence  near  tfaia 
village,  in  a situation  remarkable  for  pro- 
spect, beauty,  and  safety,  long  the  residence 
of  the  chief  of  the  Turnbulls,  a branch  of  ^ 
the  ancient  family  of  Rule. 

Bedser,  a town  in  the  Danish  island  of 
Sanso.  Lon.  10  15  e,  lat.  25  57  n. 

Bidwin,  Greaty  a town  in  the  eastern 
part  of  Wiltshire.  It  is  an  ancient  borough 
by  prescription,  governed  by  a portgreve, 
who  appoints  a bailiff  under  him,  and  sends 
two  members  to  parliament,  elected  by  the 
freeholders,  and  inhabitants  of  ancient  bur- 
gage messuages,  about  80  in  number.  The 
church  is  a spacious  edifice,  in  the  form 
of  a cross,  with  a high  tower,  and  a peal 
of  six  bells.  It  has  two  fairs,  April  23d, 
and  July  26th,  and  it  had  formerly  a weekly 
market  on  Tue.sday,  which  has  been  discon- 
tinued lor  several  years.  It  is  five  miles  sw 
of  Hungerford,  and  70  w of  London. 

Bedwerthy  a town  in  Warwickshire,  three 
miles  s of  N7un  Eaton. 


B E H 

Baeeh^Fork,  a river  of  the  United  States, 
Kentucky,  and  one  of  the  three  principal 
sources  of  the  river  Salt,  which  rise  in  three 
diftereut  parts  of  Mercer  county  ; and,  wind- 
in.o'  westward,  unite,  and  form  that  large 
navigable  river,  about  15  miles  from  tbe 

Ohio.  ^ „ 

BEEF  ISLAND,  one  of  the  smaller 
Virgin  islands,  W Indies,  about  five  miles 
ion^.  and  one  broad.  Lon.  63  2 w,  lat.  18 

23  N.  . . 

Beemahy  a river  of  Hindoostan,in  Decan, 
which  rises  in  the  mountains  n of  Poonah, 
and  after  a course  of  above  300  miles  se, 
is  joined  by  a principal  branch  of  the  Kist- 
xia,  near  Edghir.  It  is  esteemed  one  of  tbe 
sacred  rivers  by  the  Gentoos. 

BEEROO,  a territory  of  Negroland, 
lying  between  Zabara  on  the  n,  and  Bam- 
liara  on  the  s.  The  capital  is  Wallet. 

beering  island  See  Bering. 

Beering  Straits,.  See  Beering, 

Beesy  Sty  a town  in  Cumberland,  near  the 
sea,  five  miles  s of  Whitehaven,  noted 
for  its  public  school,  and  the  remains  of  a 
priory,  which  is  now  used  as  a parish 
church.  The  lofty  promontory  St.  Bees 
Head  on  which  is  a light-house,  is  two  miles 

to  the  Nw.  ' ^ T • xu 

Beesko,  a town  of  Brandenburgh,  in  the 
Ucker  Mark,  seated  on  the  Spree,  40  miles 
SE  of  Berlin.  It  has  a manufacture  of 

cloth.  ^ i 

Befort,  or  Beffort,  a small  but  strong 
town  ol  France,  in  the  department  of  the 
Upper  Rhine,  and  late  province  of  Alsace, 
has  manufactures  of  excellent  iron.  It  was 
ceded  to  France  by  the  treaty  of  Westphalia 
in  1648,  and  greatly  augmented  by  Louis 

XIV.  34  miles  sw  of  Colmar. 

. , 

the 


B m 


Beg,  a place  in  tlie  parish  of  Galston,  i 
Ayrshire,  celebrated  for  being  one  ot  th 
retreats  of  the  patriotic  Sir  William  Wal- 
lace, where,  in  a rude  fortification,  attended 
by  only  50  of  his  friends,  he  obtained  a com- 
plete victory  over  260  Eiiglishmep,  under 
an  officer  named  Fenwick. 

Begia,  or  Beyjah,  a town  of  the  kingdom 
of  Tunis,  with  a strong  castle  on  the  decli- 
vity of  a mountain,  with  an  extensive  tmde, 
chiefly  in  corn,  50  miles  w of  Tunis.  Lon. 

II  30  B,  lat.  36  42  N. 

Beguieres.  See  Bequires. 

Beherah,  a town  of  Lahore,  Hiiidoostan, 
on  the  Cheium,  about  T5  miles  w by  n ol 
Lahore. 

■ Behker,  capital  of  a territory  of  the  same  . 
name,  on  the  E side  of  tbe  Indus,  seated  on 
an  island  formed  by  this  river.  It  is  160 
wmles  s by  w of  Moultau.  Lon.  *0  2 e,  lat.  , 

2T  32  N ! 

BehluUuy  a town  of  Syria,  in  Asian  Tur-  i| 

Icey.  Lon.  35  58  e,  lat.  35  15  n. 

Behnhur,  a town  of  Lahore,  Hiiidoostan, 
85  miles  n by  w of  Lahore. 

Behneu,  a town  of  Egypt.  Lon.  lo  57  e, 

]l£Lt.  25  On.  r vr  a 

Behrings  Bag,  on  the  nw  coast  of  N A- 


merica,  separated  from  Admiralty  Bay,  oil 
the  N by  a point  of  land ; lies  nw  froga 
Cross  Sound. 

Behrings  Straits,  See  Berings  Straits, 
Beja,  an  ancient  town  of  Portugal,  ie 
Alentejo,  seated  in  a fruitful  plain,  near  a 
lake  of  its  name,  remarkable  for  excellent 
wine.  It  has  three  gates  of  Roman  archi-? 
tec  lure ; and  many  Roman  antiquities  am 
dug  up  in  it.  It  has  a strong  castle  ; and 
was  taken  from  the  Moors  in  1162.  Iti^ 
40  miles  s of  Evora,  and  72  se  of  Lisbon* 
Lon.  7 40  w,lat.  37  55  n. 

Bejapour,  See  Visiapour, 

Bejary  a town  of  Estremadura,  in  Spain, 
famous  for  its  baths.  It  is  seated  in  a 
very  agreeable  valley,  surrounded  with 
high  mountains,  whose  tops  are  always^ 
covered  with  snow.  Here  the  duke  of  Be-*' 
jar  has  a handsome  palace.  In  this  neigh-* 
bourhood  are  forests  filled  with  game,  and 
watered  by  fine  springs ; also  a lake  a- 
bounding  with  excellent  fish,  particularly 
trouts.  This  lake  is  said  to  make  such  a 
noise  before  a storm,  that  it  may  be  heard 
15  miles  off. 

Beichlingeny  a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  m 
Thuringia,  17  miles  N of  Weimar.  Lou.  U 
50  E,  lat.  51  20  N. 

Beilay  a town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont, 

Bildy  a small  hamlet  in  the  county  of 
Tweeddale,  parish  of  Tweedmuir,  Scot^. 
land. 

Beilsieiriy  a town  of  Germany,  in  th© 
lacdgraviate  of  Hesse,  10  miles  s of  Dillen* 
burg. 

Beilsfeiny  a town  and  castle  of  Germany, 
in  the  electorate  of  Treves,  seated  on  th© 
Moselle,  22  miles  sw  of  Coblent?. 

Beilstein,  a town  and  castle  of  German)^, 
in  the  Westerwald,  seated  on  the  Umbach, 
12  miles  WNW  of  Wetzlar. 

Beiny  or  Beinny  in  the  Gaelic  language. 
Signifies  a mountain,  and  accordingly  makes 
part  of  the  names  of  a considerable  number 
of  hills  and  mountains  in  Scotland ; parti- 
cularly, Bein-Achaolais,  See  Jara,  Bern-, 
an-lniy  Argyllshire.  Bein-an-Lochan,  (i.  e. 
the  hill  of  the  lake,)  Argyllshire,  so  named 
from  a lake  which  washes  its  base.  Bem-> 
an^oir.  See  Jura,  Bein-Ardlarichy  m 
Ranoch,  Perthshire,  about  3500  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea.  Bein-Bharfhiony  in  the 
NW  part  of  the  isle  of  Arran,  said  to  be  two  . 
miles  high.  Bein-Chonziey  Perthshire, 
risino-  2922  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
On  the  summit  are  40  acres  of  deep  moss, 
containing  large  trees  of  oak  and  fir.  Beta- 
Chromdaly  Banffshire.  Bein-Dergy  Perth-. 
shire,  3550  feet  high.  Bein-Dian-a-Bhafg, 
on  the  coast  of  Inverness-shire.  On  this 
hill,  tradition  says,  a son  of  Sueno,  king  of 
Denmark,  lies  interred.  Bein-Donicli,  Ar- 
g-yllshire.  Bein^Boran,  in  tbe  united  parish- 
es of  Glenorchy  and  Inishail,  Argyllshire , 
till  lately  much  frequented  by  roe- bucks  ana 
mountain-deer.  Beirt-Eidiki,  parish  ot 
veil,  Argyllshire,  ou  whicb  there  is  a roca 


B E I 

trSiJi  natural  steps  in  the  form  of  a stair. 
This  hill  is  mentioned  in  one  of  Ossian’s 
poems.  Bein-GhrimmoVy  county  of  Suther- 
land and  parish  of  Kildonan.  Bein-Ghulb- 
hiiinriy  or  Bein-Ghietleinny  Perthshire,  at  the 
head  of  Glenshee,  celebrated  for  having  been 
the  scene  of  a hunting  match,  which  proved 
fatal  to  Diarmid,  one  of  FingaPs  great  he- 
roes. The  Rev.  Mr  Stewart  says,  The 
boards  den  and  Diarmid^s  grave  are  still  to 
be  seen  on  this  hill.^^  Rein-GlOy  Perthshire, 
the  highest  pinnacle  of  which  is  3724  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  There  are 
stones  upon  a part  of  Bein-Glo,  that  shine 
as  if  they  had  been  vitrified,  w^hich  leads 
some  to  suppose  it  has  been  formerly  a 
volcano.  On  the  s side  of  it,  there  is  a re- 
aiiarkable  cave,  narrow  at  the  mouth,  but 
very  wide  within,  and  afterwards  very  nar- 
row, and  so  deep,  that  no  person  will  ven- 
ture down.  The  sound  of  running  waters, 
is  heard  in  it  at  all  times.  Beinlaoiy  Ar- 
gyllshire. Bein-LuwerSy  above  Loch  Tay, 
in  Ereadalbane,  4015  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea.  Bein-Luibhainy  one  of  the 
western  Grampians,  Argyllshire.  Beinmorey 
island  of  Mull.  It  exhibits  many  appear- 
ances of  volcanic  fire,  and  is  mostly  com-  I 
posed  of  Basaltic  columns  of  a pentagonal, 
or  hexagonal  form.  Beinmore  Assinty 
Sutherland,  BeinThiolaire,  Argyllshire,  re- 
markable for  springs  and  water  cresses. 
Bein-Uarichy  Sutherland.  Bein-Veiry  pa- 
rish of  Appin,  Argyllshire.  Bein  - Una,  i 
Argyllshire,  one  of  the  Western  Grampians.  ' 
BeinVurichy  Atholl,  Perthshire. 

Beiiiheiniy  a fort  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Low'er  Rhine,  and  ci-devant 
province  of  Alsace,  seated  on  the  Sur,  near 
its  confluence  with  the  Rhine,  22  miles  se 
of  Strasburg.  Lon.  8 12  e,  lat.  49  2 n. 

BEIRA,  the  largest  province  of  Portugal, 
bounded  on  the  n by  Tralos  Montes  and 
Entre-Duero-e-Minho,  and  on  the  s by 
Estramadura,  extending  in  length  about 
so  leagues,  and  iu  breadth  about  30  league.s, 
and  is  divided  into  six  commareas.  Within 
this  province  lies  Lamego,  where  the  first 
assembly  of  the  stales  was  held  ; the  chief 
episcopal  city  of  Coimbro,  which  is  likewise 
an  university  ; and  Viseo,  also  a bishopric, 
and  formerly  the  capital  of  a dukedom.  It 
produces  all  the  necessaries  of  life.  Its 
capital  is  Coimbra. 

Beisapy  a tow’n  of  Hindoostan,  on  the 
river  Chantrou. 

Beit  el  FaM,  a town  of  Yemen,  in  Arabia, 
a noted  market  for  Cofl'ee  j 24  miles  ese  of 
Laheida. 

Beithy  a parish  of  Scotland,  Ayrshire, 
(excepting  a small  district  of  four  farms  in  i 
Renfrevv.shire,)  about  five  miles  long,  and  I 
four  broad.  The  inhabitants  manufacture  | 
linens,  linen  yarn,  silk  gauzes,  cottons,  mus- 
lins, <fec.  but  the  three  fir.st  branches  have 
considerably  declined.  About  1760,  the 
linen  yarn  trade  was  estimated  at  16,0001. 
a-year.  The  lands  are  almost  all  arable 


BEL 

I and  inclosed ; the  soil  rich  and  highly  ciA- 
j tivated ; yet  much  attention  is  paid  to  the 
I management  of  the  dairy,  from  which  the 
farmers  generally  pay  their  rent.  This  and 
I the  neighbouring  parish  of  Dunlop  hav© 
j long  been  famed  for  good  cheese.  Popula- 
tion about  3103. 

Beithy  a village  in  the  above  parish,  situ- 
ated on  the  great  road  from  Glasgow  by 
Paisley,  to  Ayr  and  Portpatriek.  Before 
J6S8,  it  consisted  of  only  six  houses,  in 
1792-3  it  contained  488  families,  composed 
of  1754  souls,  and  now  about  1800  souls. 
It  has  a branch  of  the  Paisley  bank  : with  a 
- market  on  Friday,  and  three  fairs,  on  the  4th 
Tuesday  of  May,  O S,  30th  August,  and 
3d  Tuesday  of  October,  OS.  17  miles  sw 
of  Glasgow,  and  about  18  n of  Ayr,  and 
59  from  Edinburgh. 

Beithy  a small  parish,  county  of  Fife, 
about  four  miles  in  length,  and  three  in 
breadth.  Population  about  613, 

BEKIA,  EECOUYA,  or  BoQnio,  a 
small  island  among  the  Granadilloes,  be- 
longing to  Britain,  chiefiy  valuable  for 
turtle.  It  produces  also  wild  cotton  and 
water  melons.  It  lies  55  miles  -ne  of 
Granada. 

Belahi'Cy  a town  of  France,  iu  the  depart- 
ment of  Iiidre,  25  miles  sw  of  Chateauroux. 

Belac,  or  BellaCy  a small  city  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Upper  Vienne,  and 
ci-devant  province  of  Lyonnois.  Lon,  I 
20  E,  lat.  46  10  N. 

Belanagary  a town  of  Ireland,  Roscom- 
mon, 8i  miles  from  Dublin. 

Belbeisy  a town  of  Egypt,  35  miles  ne  of 
Cairo,  and  45  nw  of  Suez. 

Belhroughtony  a village  in  Worcestershire, 
It  has  fairs,  ist  Monday  in  April,  and  Mon- 
day before  October  18. 

Beleastroy  anciently  called  Petiliay  an 
episcopal  city  of  Italy,  in  the  farther  Cala- 
bria, and  kingdom  of  Naples,  seated  on  a 
mountain,  near  the  gulf  of  Squilace,  five 
miles  sw  of  St  Severino.  Lon.  IT  15  e.  laU 
9 36  N.  ^ ^ 

Belchery  a township  of  Massachusetts, 
Hampshire,  containing  I4S5  citizens,  eight 
miles  w of  Boston.  ' 

Belehite,  a town  of  Spain,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Arragon,  seated  on  the  Almonazer,  26 
miles  s of  Saragossa.  Lon.  0 30  w.  lat.  41 
19  N. 

BelcJioey  ov  BdcoCy  a town  of  Ireland, 
Fermanagh,  seated  on  the  Lough  Nilly,  IS 
miles  SE  of  Ballyshannon. 

Belclarey  a.  town  of  Ireland,  Sligo,  23 
miles  sw  of  the  town  of  Sligo. 

Belem  a town  of  Portugal,  Estramadura, 
about  a mile  from  Lisbon ; seated  on  the 
N side  of  the  river  Tajo,  and  designed  to 
defend  the  entrance  of  Lisbon.  Here  all 
the  ships  that  sail  up  tl>e  river  must  brino^ 
to.  Here  the  kings  and  queens  of  Portu^ 
gal  are  interred,  and  on  the  n is  a noble 
modern  aqueduct.  Lon.  9 40  w,  lai,  34 
40  N, 


BEL 


BEL 


Belesme^  or  Bellesme,  a tovvo  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Orae,  and  ci-devant 
province  of  Perche. 

Belestaty  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Arrisge,  remarkable  ior  a 
spring  which  regularly  flows  and  ebbs,  27 
miles  sw  of  Carcassone. 

Belczy  a city  of  Terra  Firma,  in  New 
Granada,  S America. 

BELEZERO,  capital  of  a province, 
of  the  same  name,  in  Russia,  seated  on 
the  E shore  of  the  White  Sea,  100  miles 
KE  of  Novogorod.  Lon.  36  10  e,  lat.  61 

60  N. 

Belfast,  an  elegant  and  handsome  town 
of  Ireland,  Antrim,  seated  on  the  mouth  of 
the  Laggan,  at  the  bottom  of  Garrick 
fergus  bay.  It  is  the  chief  town  and  port 
in  that  part  of  Ireland,  for  its  beauty  and  the 
number  of  its  inhabitants,  as  well  as  for  its 
wealth,  trade,  and  shipping.  Its  situation 
enables^  it  to  carry  on  an  extensive  trade. 

' Among  the  public  edifices,  the  most  re- 
markable are  the  new  church,  and  the 
assembly  room,  built  over  the  exchange  by 
the  late  Marquis  of  Eonegal,  who  is  superior 
of  the  whole  town,  and  proprietor  of  an 
estate  extending  from  Dum bridge,  near 
Lisburn,  to  Larne,  20  miles  in  length,  and 
10  in  breadth.  The  population  of  Belfast 
is  estimated  to  be  about  25,000.  Over 
the  Laggan  at  this  place,  there  is  a spacious 
bridge  of  freestone,  elegantly  finished,  con- 
sisting of  21  eiTcbes,  besides  a considerable 
piece  of  solid  building  on  each  side  of  the 
river.  It  was  begun  in  1682,  and  cost 
about  12,0001.  which  was  defrayed  at  the 
joint  experice  of  the  counties  of  Down  and 
Antrim.  It  is  connected  with  Lough 
Neagh  by  a canal,  sends  one  member  to 
parliament.  Its  maiinfactures  are  linen, 
cambric,  cotton,  canvas,  glass,  sugar, 
earthen  waie,  &c.  Here  is  an  extensive 
linen  ball.  It  is  nine  miles  sw  of  Carrick- 
fergus,  and  95  from  Dublin.  Lon.  5 52  w, 

lat.  54  46  N.  . • 

Belfast,  a post  town  of  the  United  States 
of  America,  district  of  Maine,  on  a bay  of 
the  same  name,  which  runs  into  the  land  by 
three  arms,  40  miles  ne  of  Wiscasset. 
Lon.  69  10  w,  lat.  44  26  n. 

Belfast,  a town  of  Pennsylvania,  Bedford 
county. 

Belford,  a post  town  of  Northumberland, 
1C  of  Wooler.  It  has  fairs,  Tuesday  before 
M^hitsunday,  and  23  August,  with  a market 
on  Thursday,  15  miles  s of  Berwick,  and 
322  N by  w of  London. 

Belgard,  a town  of  Germany,  m E Po- 
merania, in  the  province  of  Cassubia,  sub- 
ject to  Prussia,  seated  on  the  Persante,  18 
miles  SE  of  Colberg.  Lon.  16  5 e,  lat. 

64  10  N.  , . 

Belgasi,  a town  in  Bengal,  on  the  river 
Lagusi.  Lon.  89  3 e,  lat.  23  32  n. 

BeZ^cni,aiown  of  Saxony  Proper,  wUh 
a good  trade  in  beer,  seated  on  the  Elbe, 
eight  miles  se  of  Torgau, 


Belgica,  a town  of  of  the  Ubii,  in  Garlli* 
Belgica,  midway  between  the  Rhine  and  the 
Roer : Now  called  Balchuseu,  a citadel  of 
Juliers. 

Belgica,  Gallia,  one  of  Caesars  three  di- 
visions of  Gaul.  Augustus,  instituting 
every  where  a new  partition  of  provinces, 
added  the  Sequani  and  the  Helvetii,  who 
till  then  made  a part  of  Celtic  Gaul,  to 
the  Belgic. 

BELGIUM,  the  ancient  name,  as  well 
as  one  of  the  modern  ones,  of  the  Nether- 
lands. Ancient  Belgium  reached  to  the 
sea,  and  included  the  late  provinces  of 
Beauvais,  Amiens,  and  Artois.  But  Bel- 
gium modern  was  the  whole  of  the  Nether- 
lands, French,  Dutch,  and  Austrian.  Of 
late,  however,  it  has  been  chiefly  used  for 
the  ci-devant  Austrian  Netherlands,  now 
annexed  to  France. 

Belgorod,  a fortified  town  of  European 
Turkey,  in  Bessarabia,  seated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Neister,  on  the  Black  Sea,  80  miles 
SE  of  Bender.  Lon.  31  10  E,lat.  46  30  n. 

BELGOROD,  a province  of  Russia, 
with  a capital  of  the  same  name,  seated  on 
the  Donez,  nearly  in  the  middle  of  Russia, 
built  by  Wladimir  in  the  year  990. 

Belgrade,  a city  of  European  Turkey,  th® 
capital  of  Servia,  seated  on  a hill,  a liitle 
above  the  confluence  of  the  Save  and  tha 
Danube.  Belgrade  was  formerly  large, 
strong,  and  populous,  but  the  town  has  been 
much  reduced  by  the  wars  between  tha 
Turks  and  Hungarians.  Its  population  is 
estimated  at  25,000.  The  suburbs  are  very 
extensive ; and  resorted  to  by  Turkish, 
Jewish,  Greek,  and  Hungarian,  and  Sclavo- 
nian  merchants.  The  streets  where  the 
greatest  trade  is  carried  on  are  covered  with 
wood,  to  shelter  the  dealers  from  the^un 
and  rain.  The  rivers  on  which  it  stands 
render  it  very  convenient  for  commerce. 
By  the  Danube  that  falls  into  the  Black 
Sea,  the  trade  is  easily  extended  to  distant 
countries,  which  renders  it  the  staple  town 
in  these  parts ; and  as  this  river  also  reaches 
up  to  Vienna,  goods  are  sent  from  thence 
with  a great  deal  of  ease.  The  shops  &r0 
small,  and  the  sellers  sit  on  tables  disposing 
of  their  commodities  out  of  window^s,  tor 
the  buyers  never  go  into  the  inside.  There 
are  two  exchanges,  built  wuh  stone,  and 
pported  with  pillars  not  unlike  the  Royal 


Sll 


Exchange  at  London.  There  is  likewise  a 
caravausera  or  public  inn,  and  a college  lor 
vouiig  students.  Belgrade  has  been  taken 
bv  the  Turks  and  Imperialists  alternately 
several  times ; it  was  taken  by  prince 
Eugene,  in  1117;  but  was  ceded  to  the 
Turks  in  1739,  and  its  fine  fortifications 
demolished.  It  was  again  taken  by  the 
Russians  and  Austrians  in  1789,  and  restored 
in  1790.  It  lies  60  miles  s of  Temeswaer, 
265  SE  of  Vienna.  Lon.  21  5 e, lat.  45 10  n. 

Belgrade,  a small  town  of  Romania, 
European  Turkey,  on  the  strait  of  Constan- 
tinoplo,  20  miles  k of  that  city. 


BEL 

Belgtade,  a township  of  the  United  States, 
Lincoln  county,  district  of  Maine. 

Belgrado,  a town  late  of  the  Friuli,  in 
the  Venetian  territories  in  Italy,  forming 
a district  of  the  late  maritime  division  of 
Austria  ceded  to  Bonaparte,  comprehend- 
ing  a castle,  with  15  villages  and  2,100 
souls.  It  is  seated  near  the  Tojamenta, 
81  miles  s by  w of  Udina.  Lon.  13  5 e, 
lat.  46  0 N.. 

Belhaverty  a village  of  Scotland,  county 
of  Haddington,  within  the  royalty  of  the 
town  of  Dunbar. 

Belhelvie,  a parish  of  Aberdeenshire, 
situated  in  the  district  of  Formartin,  be- 
tween the  Don  and  the  Ythan.  This  parish 
lay  long  in  a state  of  nature,  but  since  the 
sale  and  division  of  the  estate  in  1782,  a 
most  rapid  improvement  has  taken  place,  in 
consequence  of  long  leases,  <fec.  The  popu- 
lation in  1801,  was  1428.  Belhelvie,  the 
district  properly  so  called,  which  gives 
name  to  the  above  parish,  and  comprehends 
the  greater  part  of  it,  was  formerly  the  pro- 
perty of  the  earl  of  Panmure;  but  being 
forfeited  in  1715,  was  purchased  by  the 
York  Building  Company.  In  1782,  it  w^as 
exposed  by  the  Court  of  Session  in  16  lots, 
at  24  years  purchase,  amounting  to  22,9631. 
Is.  8d.  but  sold  for  no  less  than  30,7451. 
Sterling.  Knitting  for  the  manufactures  in 
Aberdeen  employs  a number  of  the  women 
in  this  parish. 

Belichf  or  Belike ^ a town  seated  on  the 
river  Mone,  in  the  duchy  of  Westphalia,  16 
miles  ENE  of  Arensberg. 

Beliday  or  Bleeda,  a town  of  Algiers, 
in  the  province  of  Titeria,  at  the  foot 
of  a ridge  of  mountains,  15  miles  e of  Al- 
giers. 

Belitz,  a town  in  the  Middle  Mark,  Bran- 
denburg, seated  on  a river  of  the  same  name, 
with  a manufacture  of  cloth,  127  miles  sw  of 
Berlin. 

Bell  Rock,  or  Cape,  a dangerous  ridge 
of  sunk  rocks,  lying  about  12  miles  e from 
Fifeness,  and  about  the  same  distance  s 
from  Arbroath  harbour,  between  the  open- 
ings of  the  Frith  of  Tay  and  Forth.  The 
ridge  extends  about  a mile  in  length,  and 
about  half  a mile  in  breadth,  the  top  of 
the  rocks  only  being  seen  a few  hours  at 
low  water.  This  rock  renders  the  naviga- 
tion not  only  of  the  Tay  and  Forth  very 
hazardous,  but  is  also  dangerous  to  all 
vessels  navigating  coastwise.  Every  year 
vessels  of  great  value  are  wrecked  upon 
it.  Some  years  ago,  captain  Brodie  of  the 
royal  navy  placed  a beacon  on  it;  but 
notwithstanding  the  greatest  care  in  se- 
curing it,  the  first  storm  broke  the  chain, 
and  drove  the  beacon  on  shore.  The  same 
gentleman  afterwards  sent  round  for  the 
ajq)robation  of  sea-faring  people,  and  of 
^e  several  ports  on  the  sea-coast,  a very 
ingenius  model  of  a light-house,  and  thus 
got  .the  matter  brought  before  parliament, 
where  a bill  was  passed  in  1806,  for  erect- 
4 


BEL 

in-g  a light-house  on  the  Bell-Rock.  The 
building  is  of  a circular  form,  40  feet  dia- 
meter at  the  base,  and  terminates  in  a cone 
60  feet  above  high-water  mark.  The  lower 
part  of  it  being  built  of  granite,  brought 
from  Aberdeen  to  Arbroath,  at  the  latter 
place  the  stones  are  dressed  and  fitted  one 
to  another,  and  from  thence  conveyed  to 
the  rock  ; and  the  upper  part  is  to  be  of 
hard  stone  from  Kingoodie  quarry  near 
Dundee. 

BELL,  or  Bell  Isle,  an  island  on  the 
E side  of  Newfoundland.  Lon.  55  42  w, 
lat.  50  46  N. 

Bellac,  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Vienne,  seated  on  the 
Vincon  ; 20  miles  N of  Limoges. 

Bellano,  a flourishing  town  of  Italy,  on 
the  E bank  of  the  lake  Cumo.  It  was  in- 
cluded in  the  department  of  the  Lairo,  in  the 
late  Italian  republic. 

Belle,  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  North,  the  ci-devant  French 
Netherlands. 

Belle-air,  or  Bellire,  the  chief  town  of 
Hariord  county,  Maryland.  It  contains  a 
towm-house  and  jail ; and  is  situated  seven 
miles  Nw  of  Harford,  and  86  from  Phila- 
delphia. , 

Bellegarde,  a strong  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  Eastern  Pyrenees, 
and  ci-devant  province  of  Roussillon,  on 
the  frontiers  of  Catalonia.  It  opens  a 
passage  to  the  Pyrenean  mountains.  It 
belonged  to  Spain  before  the  war,  and 
stood  a severe  seige  by  the  French  in  July 
and  August,  1791  ; but  was  obliged  to 
surrender  at  discretion  on  the  17th  Sep- 
tember to  general  Dugommier  ; after  which 
the  French  named  it  Sub-Libre,  It  is 
15  miles  s of  Perpignan.  Lon.  24  56  e, 
lat.  42  27  N. 

Bellegarde,  a town  of  France,  in  tha 
department  of  Saone  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Burgundy,  15  miles  ne  of  Cha- 
lons. 

BELLE-ISLE,  an  island  of  France,  15 
miles  from  the  coast  of  Bretagne.  It  is 
the  largest  of  the  French  Europeaa 
islands,  being  15  miles  long,  and  five 
broad,  and  between  12  and  13  league* 
in  circumference.  It  is  a mixture  of 
craggy  rocks  and  fertile  soil ; but  the 
inhabitants  are  very  poor,  and  the  only 
trade  carried  on  is  the  curing  of  pilchards. 
There  are  three  harbours  on  the  island, 
namely,  Palais,  Sauzon,  and  Goulford ; 
every  one  of  which  labours  under  some 
capital  defect,  either  in  being  exposed,  shal* 
low,  or  dangerous  in  the  entrance.  It  con- 
tains only  one  little  city,  called  Le  Palais^ 
three  county  towns,  103  villages,  and 
about  5,000  inhabitants.  The  island  origi- 
nally belonged  to  the  earl  of  Coronualle ; 
but  was  afterwards  yielded  to  the  king,  who 
irrI742,  ereoted  it  into  a dncliy  in  favour  of 
marshal  Belleisle.  The  town  of  Palais 
takes  its  name  from  a castle  belonging  toth* 


BEL 


duke  de  Belleisle,  which  stood  in  its  neighs 
boiirhood;  but  was  afterwards  converted 
in?o  » citadel  fronting  the  sea,  and  strongly 
fortified.  Its  fortifications  are  cornposed 
prmcip.iby  of  horn- works  ; and  it  is  pro- 
vided with  two  dry  ditches,  the  one  next  the 
counterscarp,  and  the  other  so  contrived  as 
to  secure  the  interior  fortifications.  This 
citadel  is  divided  from  the  largest  part  of 
the  town  by  an  inlet  of  the  sea,  over  which 
there  is  a bridge  of  communication.  From 
the  other  patt  of  the  town,  and  which  is 
n-ost  inhabited,  it  is  only  divided  by  its  own 
fortifications  and  a glacis.  In  this  state 
was  the  isiund  in  1*761,  when  an  expedition 
was  undertaken  against  it  by  a British  fleet 
under  ihe  command  of  commodore  Keppel, 
ha’^ing  on  board  a considerable  land  force, 
comroanded  by  general  Hodgson.  Various 
atlemipts  were  made  by  them,  but  they  were 
not  successful,  till  the  7th  of  June,  when 
the  French,  under  the  brave  Chev.  S.  Croix, 
capitulated,  and  the  garrison  marcherl  out 
with  the  honours  of  war.  The  island,  how- 
ever, was  restored  to  the  French  by 
the  tf'^aty  of  J763.  Lon.  3 b w,  lat.  47 

IS 

BEL!  E-ISLE,  an  Hand  of  North  Ame- 
rica, lying  at  the  mouth  of  the  strait  be- 
t'.reen  the  country  of  the  Esquimaux  or  New 
Britam,  and  the  n end  of  Newfoundland; 
wneuce  the  passage  between  them  is  called 
the  Straits  of  Beile-Isle.  The  island  is  20 
m in  circumference  with  a small  bar- 
boar  on  the  NW  side.  Lon.  65  25  w,  lat. 
51  55  N. 

Beiicnts,  BellenSs  or  Bellinzoncty  a ci- 
deva:  t bailiwick  of  Switzerland,  being  one 
of  ?bc  lour  Which  the  Swiss  possessed  in  die 
ese,  afterwards  united  to  the  Italian 
Tepur lie,  and  now  belonging  to  the  king  of 
Italy. 

Bellents,  Bellens,  BeUingona,  ox  Beilin^ 
zonay  a town  in  the  above  bailiwick  and 
department,  fortified  with  two  strong 
castles,  formerly  joined  together  by  a wall, 
flanked  with  towers.  Lon.  9 0 n,  lat. 

46  S N.  ^ . 

Bellesmey  a town  in  the  department  ol 
Or  *e,  France,  with  an  ancient  castle,  24 
miles  ESE  of  Mencon,  and  80  sw  of  Paris. 

Beller,  Bellag,  or  Belleyy  a town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Ain,  and  capital  of  the 
ci  devant  district  of  Bugney,  seated  on  the 
Rhone,  40  miles  se  of  Bourg.  Lon.  5 44  e, 
lat.  45  47  N. 

Belle-ville,  a town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Drome,  and  ci-devant  dis- 
trict. 

Belleyy  or  Bellag.  See  Benet\ 

Bell  grove,  a town  of  New  Jersey,  in 
Bergen  couniy ; 24  miles  n by  w of  New 
Y oi'k . 

Bdlickasse,  a town  on  the  banks  of  the 
fiver  St.  Laurence,  in  Canada. 

Bellidvff,  an  ancient  tumulus  in  the  in- 
closures  of  Belmont,  parish  of  Meigle,  Au- 
^‘is  shire,  w hicb|  tradition  say is  the  spot 


B E L 

where  Macbeth  fought  and  fell.  At  som^ 
distance,  a stone  of  granite,  20  tons  iifk 
weight,  stands  almost  erect,  to  commemo- 
rate, it  is  said,  the  death  of  one  of  his 
generals.  But  Dr.  Playfair,  who  records 
this  tradition  observes,  ' it  is  more  probabl® 
that  tyrant  was  slain  at  Lumphanan,  in  the 
Mearns.^ 

Bellie,  a parish  of  Scotland,  Bamffshire, 
(except  the  town  of  Fochabers,  w'hich  lies  in 
the  county  of  Moray,)  extending  from  n to 
s about  six  miles,  and  from  e to  w nearly 
four.  The  climate  is  excellent,  and  the  soil 
abundantly  fertile.  Among  its  spontaneous 
productions  is  the  rare  plant  called  Satyxium 
revem.  A manufacture  of  cotton,  thread, 
and  worsted  stockings,  with  vest,  and  breech 
pieces,  is  carried  on  in  the  parish  ; a capital 
salmon  fishery  on  the  Sprey  brings  the  duka 
of  Gordon  above  15001.  a-year.  There  is  a 
salmon  fishery  on  the  coast,  called  Stell 
fishing.  The  duke  of  Gordon  has  a seat  in 
this  parish,  the  front  oi  which  is  568  feet  in 
length  ; and  perhaps  no  place  in  Britain  can 
vie  with  it  in  elegance;  an  attempt  at  de- 
scription would  extend  the  account  far 
beyond  our  limits.  Population  about  1802. 

A chapel  and  a school  are  supported  by 
the  Society  for  Propagating  Christian  Know- 

^^^^ellingham,  a town  of  Northumberland, 
seated  on  the  n branch  of  the  Tyne,  14  miles 
NNw  of  Hexham,  and  298  from  London.  It 
has  a fair,  Saturday  alter  September  15th, 
and  a market  on  Tuesday.  It  suffered  great- 
ly by  fire  on  August  25ih,  1780. 

Bellingham y a township  of  Massachusetts, 
Norfolk  county,  34  miles  s of  Boston,  con- 
taining 735  citizens. 

Bellinzo.  See  Bellents.  ^ 

Bell’s  Mills,  so  named  from  the  mills  m 
it,  a village  near  Edinburgh,  situated  on  the 
water  of  Leith,  where  the  road  to  the  Queen^ 
Ferry  crosses  that  river. 

Belltein,  a town  of  Germany  about  nine 
miles  from  Coblentz. 

BELLUNESE.  a territory  of  Italy,  lying 
between  Friuli,  which  belonged  to  the  Vene- 
tians, till  ceded  to  Austria  by  the  treaty  ot 
Campo  Formio ; and  afterwards  incliiied  in 
the  Italian  territories  ceded  by  the  emperor 
to  Bonaparte,  at  the  late  peace  of  Presburg. 
It  is  fertile  in  corn,  wine,  and  fruit,  has 
large  woods  and  ironworks. 

BellunOy  capital  of  the  Bellunese,  Italy, 
and  a bishop’s  see,  situated  among  the  Alps, 
on  the  river  Piave.  It  has*  14  churches, 
and  various  excellent  buildings,  also  a profit- 
able trade  in  wood  and  timber,  15  miles  ne 
of  Feltri.  Lon.  12  9 E,lat.  43  13  n. 
Belmaduthy,  a village  in  Ross-shire. 
Belmont  a hill  of  Scotland,  in  the  district 
of  Strathmore,  759  feet  high. 

Belmonte,  a town  in  the  kingdom  ol  Na- 
ples. Lon.  16  50  E,  lat  39  20  n. 

Belpar,  or  Belper,  a pleasant  town  of  Der- 
byshire, on  the  banks  of  the  Derwent,  which 
though  a place  9f  uo  note  a lew- years  ago,  is 


BEL 

tjTiW  tlie  most  populous  in  the  county,  Derby 
excepted.  This  surprising  increase  in  its 
extent  and  population  orginated  in  the  e- 
rection  of  three  large  cotton-mills,  a bleach- 
ing-riiill,  and  iron-forge,  at  which  Irom  12 
to  1300  persons  are  constantly  employed; 
and  for  their  accommoduUon,  a chapel  and 
a number  of  houses  have  been  erected,  and 
a Sunday-school  established  for  the  instruc- 
tion of  the’  children.  A new  stone  bridge 
of  three  arches  has  been  erected  ov.  r the 
Derwent,  since  1795,  when  the  old  one  was 
destroyed  by  a flood,  which  did  considerable 
damage  in  this  and  the  adjacent  counties. 
Popu  ation  577S  in  1811  ; eight  miles  n of 
Derby,  and  134  nnw  of  London. 

Belpre,  a tov/n  in  the  state  of  Ohio,  on 
the  NW  bank  of  Ohio,  at  the  influx  of  the 
Hock  hock  mg,  14  miles  sw  of  Marietta,  and 
46  NE  of  Gailiopoiis. 

Belpuig,  a town  in  Catalonia,  Spain, 
with  a famous  convent,  18  miles  ene  of 
Lerida.  ^ 

Belrennis^  BelrinnaSy  or  Belrinnes,  a high 
mountain  of  Scotland,  Barnffsbire.  It  is  a 
good  land  mark  in  sailing  into  the  Moray 
frith  ; its  height  above  the  sea  being  up-  | 
wards  of  2650  feet^  and  from  its  base  1 
about  1680.  j 

Belty  the  Great,  a famous  strait  of  Den-  j 
mark,  between  the  islands  of  Zealand  and 
Punen,  which  forms  a conimunieation  be- 
tween the  Categat  and  the  Baltic.  It  is 
not  however  so,  commodious,  nor  so  much 
frequented  as  the  sound.  In  1658,  the 
whole  strait  was  frozen  so  hard,  that 
Charles  Gustavus,  king  of  Sweden,  march- 
ed over  It,  with  a design  to  take  Copen- 
hagen. 

Belt,  the  Lesser,  lies  to  the  w of  the 
Great  Belt,  between  the  island  of  Funen 
and  the  coast  of  Jutland.  It  is  one  of 
the  passages  from  the  German  ocean  to,  the 
Baltic,  though  not  three  miles  in  breadth, 
and  very  crooked. 

Belturhet,  a town  of  Ireland,  Cavan,  situ- 
ated on  the  river  Earn,  nine  miles  nnw  of 
Cavan. 

BELTZ,  or  Bblzo,  a province  of  Red 
Russia,  in  Poland. 

Beltz,  or  Belzo,  a town  of  Poland,  in 
Red  Russia,  and  capital  of  a palatinate  of 
the  same  name,  situated  among  marches  on 
the  confines  of  Upper  Volhynia,  35  mi  es  n 
of  Lemburg.  Lon.  24  5 e,  lat.  50  20  n. 

Beltzig,  a town  and  castle  of  Saxony  Pro- 
per, on  the  frontiers  of  Anhalt,  17  miles  ne 
of  Zerbst. 

Belvedere,  a considerable  town  of  Greece, 
the  capital  of  the  province,  16  miles  ne  of 
Chirenza.  It  stands  on  the  side  of  the  an- 
cient Elis.  It  takes  its  name  from  the  de- 
lightful view  which  the  adjacent  countr;^ 
/ affords.  Lon.  21  45  e,  laL  38  0 n, 

BELVEDERE,  a province  of  Greece, 
on  the  w coast  of  the  Morea,  near  Cape 
Torness  ; subject  to  the  Turks.  It  is 
the  most  fertile  in  all  the  Morea,  and 


BEN 

among  other  fruits,  produces  the  Belve- 
deres raisins.-  - 

BELVEDERE,  or  St  Peter,  an  island 
in  ihe  lake  of  Granada,  Italy. 

Belvedere,  a township  of  Vermont,  iu 
Fraokiin  county. 

Belvez,  a to  wn  io  the  department  of  Dor- 
dogne, France,  27  miles  sse  of  Perigueux. 

Belum,  a town  of  the  duchy  of  Bremen, 
Lower  Saxony,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Oste, 
24  miles  nw  of  Stade. 

Belur,  capital  of  a province  of  the  same 
name,  in  Usbec  Tartary,  bounded  on  the 
N and  E by  Belur  Tagier,  or  Dark  moun- 
tains, anciently  Imaus.  The  capital  is 
200  miles  e of  Badakshun.  Lon.  74  10  e, 
lat.  36  35  N. 

BEMBEA,  a province  of  the  kingdom 
of  Angola,  in  Africa.  It  is  divided  into 
Higher  and  Lower ; and  extends  on  one 
side  along  the  sea,  and  on  the  other 
divides  Angola  from  the  foreign  states 
on  the  s.  The  province  is  watered  by 
a river  called  Lutano,  or  San  Francisco, 
which  abounds  w^ith  crocodiles,  or  sea- 
horses, and  monstrous  serpents,  very  danger  ; 
ous  to  travellers. 

Bemher,  a chain  of  mountains,  in  Asia, 
which  divide  India  from  Tartary. 

Bemsfer.  See  Eeaminsfer. 

Ben-AcJmlly,  a lake  in  Perthshire,  at  the 
foot  of  the  mountain  Beucichally  on  the  N 
side  ; extending  about  a mile  from  w to  e, 
and  half  a mile  from  N to  s.  ^ 

Ben-Achalhj,  di  mountain  in  Perthshire, 
supposed  to  be  upwards  oi  1800  feet  above 
the  level  ol  the  sea.  It  stands  on  an  ele- 
vated basis,  and  commands  a most  extensive 
I prospect  of  the  Grampians,  towards  Argyll- 
shire ; of  the  whole  extent  oi  Stratnmore, 
from  Stone-haven  to  Stirling  ; of  the  Sidla, 
Ochil,  Lomond,  and  Pentland  hills,  and  even 
! to  the  eastern  termination  of  the  Souua 
hills,  near  Haddington. 

BENACO,  a department  of  the  late 
Itaiian  republic,  so  named  the  Bena- 

cus,  comprehending  part  of  the  ccoevant 
Veueiian  territory  of  Verona,  and  tue  whole 
of  . the  late  territory  of  Salo  on  the  lake 
Gcirda.  Benaous  was  80  Italian  miles  long 
and  15  broad,  and  being  partly  level,  partly 
mountainous,  exhibits  one  of  the  most  charm- 
ing spots  in  Italy.  Its  population  in  Oct. 
1797,  was  150,895  souls  Defenzano  was 
the  oapital,  , 

Benaens,  the  ancient  name  of  the  lake  oi 
Garda,  ami  meniiohed  by  Virgil  as  tem- 
pestuous. 

Benalder,  a ISiTge  mountain  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Inverness  and  Perthshire,  on  which 
was  a romantic  building  called  the  cage. 
Where  the  unlortunate  prince  Charles  Stuari 
lay  concealed  several  weeks  till  the  French 
frigate  arrived,  which  conveyed  him  trom 
this  country. 

Benamenil,  a town  of  France,  depart- 
ments of  Meurthe,  seven  miles  E of  Lun^" 
vine. 

^ P 2 


BEN 


BEN 


BenaUf  a hill  in  Ayrshire,  about  half  a 
mile  from  the  \illage  of  Straiten,  on  the 
summit  oi  which  there  are  vestiges  of  a 
Roman  camp.  j 

BENARES.  See  Banares.  t 

Benaroz,  a town  of  Valencia,  Spain. 

Benavarre,  or  Benauabel,  a town  of  Ar- 
ragou,  Spain,  capital  of  the  county  of 
Ribagorza,  three  miles  n of  Leridu,  and  70 
E by  N of  Saragossa.  Lon.  0 10  e,  lat.  42 

10  N. 

Bendvente,  a town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  with 
the  title  of  duchy.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Elsa,  35  miles  ssw  of  Leon  ; and  has  a strong 
castle  and  a fine  palace. 

Benavente,  a town  of  Alentejo,  Portugal, 
seated  on  the  Soro,  near  its  junction  with 
the  Tajo,  30  miles  bne  of  Lisbon. 

BENBECULA,  a small  island  on  the  w 
coast  of  Scotland,  between  the  islands  of  N 
and  S Uist,  and  belonging  to  the  parish  of 
S Uist,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a 
narrow  channel,  nearly  dry  at  low  water. 
Here  the  trustees  for  managing  the  royal 
bount}',  support  a missionary  minister.  The 
soil  is  not  very  productive,  but  much  kelp  is  il 
made.  The  remains  of  a large  Danish  || 
tower  are  still  to  be  seen.  Lon.  8 30  w,  ii 
lat.  57  26  N. 

Benhridge  Point,  situated  on  the  coast  of 
Hampshire,  between  the  bay  of  St  Helens 
and  Clavercliff. 

Bencairn,  a mountain  of  Scotland,  Kirk- 
cudbright, and  parish  of  Rerrick,  1,200  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Benchoachan,  a mountain  of  Perthshire, 
abouf  3000  feet  in  height. 

Bencloch,  or  Bencleaugh,  the  highest  of 
the  Ochii  hills,  situated  in  the  parish  of  Til- 
licoultry, Clackmannanshire,  mostly  com- 
posed of  a granite,  containing  large  crystals 
of  black  scheorl.  It  rises  2,420  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  river  Devon,  which  runs  at 
its  base. 

Bencoolen,  a fort  and  town  of  Asia,  on  the 
sw  coast  of  the  island  of  Sumatra,  belonging 
to  the  British.  The  fort  w^as  built  by  the 
E India  company,  in  1690,  and  called  Fort 
Vork.  Ill  1693,  a great  mortality  prevailed, 
during  which,  the  governor  and  council  ail 
died.  The  fort,  which  stood  in  a morass, 
was  removed,  and  fort  Marlborough  eiecled 
in  a move  healthy  situation.  The  country 
around  is  woody  and  mountainous.  The 
chief  trade  is  in  pepper.  Lon.  102  10  e, 
lat.  3 49  s. 

Bencowse,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Constantine,  Algiers,  25  miles  se  of  Seteef. 

Bender,  or  Token,  capital  of  Bes.sarabla, 
in  European  Turkey,  memorable  for  being 
the  retreat  of  Charles  XII.  after  he  was 
defeated  by  the  Russians  at  PuUowa,  in 
1709.  Population  11,000.  It  was  taken 
by  the  Russians  in  I7&9,  but  restored  the 
following  year  to  the  Turks,  and  by  them 
ceded  to  Russia  in  1812.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Dnieste;,  100  miles  e by  s of  Jassay. 
Lon.  29  24  e.  lat,  46  53  N. 


BENDERMASSEN,  a kingdom  of  Asia 
in  the  island  of  Borneo. 

Bendermassen,  its  capital,  has  a good 
harbour.  Lou  1 13  50  e,  lat.  2 40  s, 

Bendochg,  a parish  of  Perthshire,  in  the 
valley  of  Strathmore,  near  the  borders  of  the 
county  of  Angus.  The  length  of  the  parish 
is  about  12  miles,  and  its  breadth  from  6 to  8. 
The  banks  of  the  Isla  are  very  fertile  ; but 
often  overfiow'cd,  so  as  to  carry  away  the 
labours  of  the  farmer.  A fine  stone  bridge 
of  five  arches  is  thrown  over  the  Isla,  upon 
the  road  from  Cupar  Angus  to  Fort  George. 
Loch  Stormont,  w’hich  gives  its  name  to  a 
district  of  Perthshire,  contains  a great  deal 
of  marie,  but  has  not  as  yet  been  drained. 
There  are  besides  a number  of  smaller  lakes 
which  contain  that  excellent  manure.  The 
parish  also  abounds  with  execellent  freestone, 
and  some  granite.  Population  in  1801, 860. 

Bene,  a town  of  Piedmont,  with  a castle, 
seven  miles  s of  Cherasco. 

Benedetto,  or  Benditto,  St,  a considerable 
town  of  Italy,  seated  on  the  Po;  famous 
before  the  revolution  for  the  richest  and 
finest  convent  in  all  Italy.  The  celebrated 
countess  Mathilda,  died  and  was  buried  in 
it ; 15  miles  sse  of  Mantua.  Lon.  1 1 25  e, 
lat.  45  0 N. 

Benedict,  a town  of  Maryland,  in  Charles 
county,  on  the  Patuxent,  16  miles  w of  port 
Tobacco,  and  30  se  of  Washington. 

Benegateic,  a town  of  Arabia  Petraea, 
Lon.  37  20  e,  lat.  27  5 n. 

Beneschow,  a town  of  Bohemia,  noted  for 
its  paper  manufacture,  24  miles  s of  Prague. 

Benesoeuf,  a town  ol  Egypt,  seated  on  the 
western  shore  of  the  Nile,  with  manufac- 
tures of  woollen,  and  carpets,  and  remark- 
able for  its  hemp  and  flax ; 50  miles  s of 
Cairo.  Lon.  31  0 e,  lat.  20  10  n. 

Benevente,  a town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Creuse,  10  miles  nnw  of 
Borganeuf. 

Benevento,  a city,  and  duchy  of  Italy, 
kingdom  of  Naples,  with  an  archbishop^s 
see.  The  city,  which  is  the  capital  of  the 
duchy,  is  situated  near  the  confluence  of  the 
rivers  Sabaio  and  Calore,  in  a fertile  valtey 
called  the  Straits  of  Benevento,  lull  of  gen- 
tlemeiPs  seats,  and  pleasure  houses.  The, 
duchy  was  given  to  toe  Pope,  by  the  emper- 
or tleury  111  in  exchange  for  some  feudal 
rights  in  the  city  of  Bamberg,  which  belong- 
ed to  the  city.  Benevento  has  suffered  great- 
ly by  earthquakes,  particularly  in  1688,  when 
the  archbishop,  afterwards  Pope  Benedict 
XIII.  was  dug  out  alive.  M^hen  he  was 
advanced  to  the  pa^al  chair,  he  rebuilt  this 
place.  The  remains  of  ancient  sculpiure  are 
more  nuixierous  here,  than  in  any  other  part 
of  Italy,  Rome  excepted.  It  is  35  miles  ne 
of  Naples.  Lon.  14  47  E,lat.  41  8 N. 

Beneventum,  a towui  of  the  Samnites,  for- 
merly  called  Malevenlum,  from  the  unwhole- 
someness of  the  w’ind,  and  under  that  appel- 
lation it  is  mentioned  by  Livy  ; but  after  a 
Roman  colony  was  led  thither,  A U C 485, 


BEN 

U came  to  have  the  name  o^-  Beneventum,  as 
a more  auspicious  title.  1 1 is  mentioned  by 
Horace  as  an  ancient  city,  said  to  have  been 
built  by  Diomedes,  before  the  Trojan  war. 
It  is  now  called  Benevento. 

Benfeld,o\  Benfield,  a town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  12  miles 
ssw  of  Strasburg.  Its  fortifications  were 
demolished  in  consequence  of  the  treaty  of 
Westphalia.  Lon.  7 45  e,  lat.  48  14  n. 

BENGAL,  a country  of  Hindoostan,  in 
Asia,  bounded  on  the  w by  Orissa  and  Ba- 
bar,  N by  Boctan,  e by  Assam  and  Cassay, 
and  s by  the  bay  of  Bengal,  Its^greatest  ex- 
tent from  w to  E is  about  720  miles ; and 
from  N to  s is  not  less  than  300,  though  in 
some  places  not  above  150  j extending 
from  iat.  21  to  25  deg.  n,  and  from  Ion.  80 
to  91  deg.  E.  The  British  nation  [ossesses 
in  full  sovereignty  the  whole  soubah  of 
Bengal,  with  the  greatest  part  of  Baliar, 
the  districts  of  Midnapour  in  Orixa  or  Oris- 
sa, and  the  district  of  Benares,  besides  a 
considerable  territory,  composed  of  the 
districts  ceded  by  Tippoo  in  the  treaty  of 
March,  1792.  (See  Hindoostan,)  But  of 
all  the  Indian  provinces,  Bengal  is  perhaps 
the  most  interesting  to  an  English  reader. 
It  is  esteemed  to  be  the  store-house  of  the 
East  Indies.  In  fertility  it  exceeds  Egypt, 
and  the  produce  of  its  soil  consists  of  rice, 
sugar-canes,  corn,  sesamum,  small  mul- 
berry, and  other  trees.  Its  calicoes,  silks, 
saltpetre,  lacca,  opium,  wax,  and  civet,  go 
all  over  the  world  ; and  provisions  are  here 
in  vast  plenty,  and  incredibly  cheap,  espe- 
cially pullets,  ducks,  and  getoe.  The  coun- 
try is  intersected  by  canals  cut  out  of  the 
Ganges  for  the  ]>enefit  of  commerce,  and  ex- 
tends nearly  100  leagues  on  bothsidesof  that 
river,  full  of  cities,  towns,  castles,  and  vil- 
lages. The  river  annually  overfiows  like  ' 
the  Nile  ; and  the  soil  is  so  fertile  that  it 
yields  two,  and  sometimes  three  crops.  The 
principal  Englisa  factory  is  at  Calcutta,  the 
capitcti,  or  Fort  William,  situated  on  the 
river  Hugley;  the  most  westerly  branch  of 
Ganges,  about  tOO  miles  from  the  sea,  and 
the  river  is  navigable  up  to  the  town  for  the 
largest  sh'ps  that  visit  India.  This  country, 
however,  lying  almost  entirely  within  the 
torrid  zone,  and  in  the  middle  of  a very 
extensive  continent,  is  sometimes  subject  to 
such  extremes  of  heat,  as  render  ft  very 
fatal  to  European  constitutions.  Bengal 
has  been  subject  to  the  British  E India  Com- 
pany ever  since  the  year  1765. 

Bengal f a hill  of  Scotland,  in  Dumfries- 
shire, on  which  there  is  an  old  fort,  also  a 
village  on  the  w of  it. 

Beijgasi,  a town  of  the  kingdom  of  Tri- 
poli, in  Africa,  defended  by  a wail  and  cas- 
tle toward  the  seti,  and  surrounded  by  a 
luxuriant  country.  It  stands  on  the  w side 
of  an  excellent  harbour,  145  miles  sw  of 
Derna.  Lon.  20  25  e,  lat.  32  23  n. 

BENGO,  a province  of  the  kingdom  of 
Angola,  in  Africa,  having  the  sea  on  the  w’, 


BEN 

and  the  province  of  Moseche  situated  on 
the  E. 

BENGUELA,  a kingdom  of  Africa,  in 
Congo,  bounded  on  the  n by  Angola,  e by 
Bemba,  s by  parts  unknown,  and  w by  the 
Atlantic  ; formerly  governed  by  its  own 
kings  ; but  entirely  ruined  by  the  incursions 
of  the  barbarous  Giagas,  so  that  its  being 
conquered  by  the  Portuguese  proved  a great 
happiness  to  the  natives.  The  country,  w bich 
is  mostly  mountainous,  abounds  with  ele- 
phants, rhinoceroses,  lions,  tigers,  crocodiles, 
<fec.  which  are  very  dangerous,  and  destroy 
great  numbers  of  cattle.  The  climate  is 
destructive  to  Europeans.  The  dress  of  the 
men  consists  of  skins  about  their  waist,  and 
beads  around  their  neck.  Their  arms  aro 
bows  and  arrows,  and  darts  headed  with 
iron.  The  women  have  a copper  collar 
round  their  neck,  and  copper  rings  round 
their  legs,  and  cloth  made  of  the  bark  of  a 
tree  round  their  waist. 

Benguelay  a river ; and  Benguelay  the  ca- 
pital of  the  above  province,  where  the  Por- 
tuguese have  a fort,  n of  the  bay  of  Bengue- 
la,  350  miles  s of  Loanda.  Lon.  12  30 
lat.  10  30  s. 

Benliolmoy  parish  of  Scotland,  Kincar- 
dineshire, three  miles  long,  and  of  equal 
breadth.  Of  4721  English  acres  contained 
in  the  parish,  above  four-fifths  are  cultivated. 
Population  about  1412. 

Benliolme,  Nether  and  Upper y two  small 
villages  in  the  above  parish.  The  former 
consists  of  15  houses  built  upon  the  beach  ; 
and  as  the  opening  of  the  land  strongly  re- 
sembles a harbour,  the  distressed  mariner,  in 
stormy  or  hazy  weather,  is  often  allured  to 
his  destruction,  while  he  hopes  for  a safe  an- 
I choringattbe  Hauglisoi  Nether  Benhoime. 
This  dangerous  place  is  situated  about  mid- 
way between  Johnshaven  and  Gurdou. 

Ben- Hope y a mountain  in  Sutherland,  up- 
wards of  a mile  above  the  level  of  the  sea, 
and,  excepting  a few  rocks,  entirely  covered 
with  heath.  It  is  frequented  by  deer. 

Benhuaoel,  See  Benavarre, 

BeniaraXy  an  ancient  and  considerabl® 
town  of  Algiers,  in  Africa.  Lon.  0 30 
lat.  35  0 N. 

Benjar-Mansan,  or  Benjarsen,  a towm  in 
Borneo,  and  one  of  the  principal  harbours  to 
which  European  traders  resort.  Lon.  114 
35  E,  lat.  2 50  s. 

BENIN,  a kingdom  of  Guinea,  in  Africa, 
bounded  on  the  ne  by  unknown  parts,  se  by 
Biafara  and  Majombo,  and  s and  w by  the 
gulf  of  Guinea  and  Dahomy  ; in  length  from 
E to  V/  about  600  miles ; but  its  extent  to 
the  N and  s is  not  so  well  determined. 
The  land  in  general  is  low  and  woody; 
in  some  parts  it  has  rivers  and  lakes,  but 
in  others  there  is  a scarcity  of  water  ; the 
air  in  some  places  is  noxious  and  pestilen- 
tial, on  account  of  the  vapours  from  the 
marshds.  The  natives  make  some  dyestufis, 
and  manufacture  cotton  and  calicoes  for  their 
own  use  and  exportation.  Their  king  is  abv 


BEN 


solute^  a!id  polygamy  is  permitted  among  i 
them.  The  chiiiiren  go  naked  till  about  14. 
They  own  an  Almighty  God,  but  worship 
images  of  every  form,  whom  they  consid  r as 
mediators  between  God  and  man  ; evdry  filth 
clay  is  hol]^,  on  which  the  rich  kill  cows,  <fec. 
and  the  poor,  dog.^,  cats,  fowds,  &c.  and  dis- 
tribute among  their  poorer  neighbours.  The 
country  abounds  with  cotton,  pepper,  oran- 
ges, and  lemons.  Its  animals  are  elephants, 
leopards,  tigers,  stags,  wild  boars,  the  civet 
and  mountain  cats,  hairy  sheep,  horses,  and 
hares,  &c.  . Its  birds,  paroquets,  pigeons, 
nartrklges,  storks,  -aiKi  ostriches. 

Benin,  the  capital  and  residence  of  their 
kings,  is  seated  pretty  far  in  the  country  ; it 
stands  on  a plain,  and  is  about  four  miles  in 
compass.  There  are  markets  twice  a-day, 
where  they  sell  cows,  cotton, elepliant^s  teeth, 
European  merchandises,  and  wdiatever  the 
country  produces.  The  houses  are  large, 
wilh  clay  Wc\lls,  and  at  a distance  from  each 
otiier ; they  are  covered  with  reeds,  straw, 
and  leaves.  The  women  in  this  place  are 
great  slaves  ; for  they  go  every  day  to  mar- 
ket, manage  the  household  afiairs,  take  care 
ol  the  children,  cook  the  victuals,  and  till 
the  ground.  Ail  the  male  slaves  here  are 
foreigners,  for  the  inhabitants  cannot  be  sold 
for  slaves,  onl}'  they'  go  under  the  denomina- 
tion of  tlu^  king^s  slaves  / and  it  is  said  that 
the  king  of  Benin  can  bring  100,000  fight- 
ing men  into  the  field.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Tiver  Benin  or  Formosa,  SO  miles  from  its 
ir.outbi  Lon.  5 4 e,  iat.  7 30  n.  ^ 

Benin,  a river  of  the  same  kingdom,  wmcb 
has  many  arms,  or  sources  ; some  of  them 
so  large,  that  they  deserve  the  name  ol  rivers. 
The  place  of  trade  cn  this  river  is  at  Arebo, 
about  120  miles  distant  from  its  mouth  ; and 
to  this  place  ships  may  sail  up. 

Benivas,  one  of  the  highest  hills  in  Scot- 
land, situated  in  the  parish  of  Fedderty.  near 
4000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Benivenow,  a mountain  of  Perthshire, 
about  30G0  feet  in  height.  ■ 

Ben-Laochal,  a mountain  in  Sutherland, 
almost  perpendicular,  deeply  furrowed,  and 
about  inilf  a mile  high,  it  is  tamed  in  the 
songs  of  the  Highland  bards,  for  being  the 
scene  oi  Diarmid^s  death,  though  some  other 
bards  [lace  it  upon  Bein-Gulbhuinn  They 
differ  in  the  tradition  too,  as  w^ell  as  in  the 
scene  ; for  here  they  tell  us  that  Diarmid, 
being  an  Absalom  in  beauty,  and  little 
belli  r in  virtue,  seduced  FingaFs  wile; 
wduch  made  that  hero  contrive  the  plan  ot 
gelling  him  killed  by  the  boar. 

Bmlauers,  a mountain  near  Kenmore, 
Perthshire.  It  rises  in  a conical  shape,  to 
the  height  of  4,015  feet,  above  the  level  ot 
tac  sea. 

Benledi,  or  the  Hill  of  God,’’  a moun- 
tain of  Scotland,  Perthshire,  3,009  feet  above 
tut;  level  of  the  sea,  of  a coniciil  figure,  and 
the  summit  is  smoothed  by  art,  having  been 
employed,  according  to  tradition,  in  the  days 
of  Druid  ism,  as  a place  of  worship. 


BEN 

Ben-Lomond,  a lofty  mountain  in  Dun- 
bartonshire, 3,240  feet  above  the  level  of 
Tmch  Lomond,  along  the  side  of  which,  it 
stretches  lor  several  miles.  Its  height  is 
surpassed  by  Benevis,  Beulawers,  and  some 
other  mountains  ; but  the  difference  is 
more  than  compensated  by  the  magnifi- 
cence of  its  insulated  situation,  with  re- 
spect to  the  neighbouring  hills.  The  view 
from  the  summit  is  most  extensive.  On 
the  NE  side  is  the  source  of  the  river  Forth, 
here  au  inconsiderable  rill,  but  very  soon 
augmented  to  a river,  by  the  numerous 
streams  which  join  its  waters,  as  it  passes 
through  the  valley.  Ben-Lomond  is  chief- 
ly composed  of  granite,  interspersed  with 
immense  masses  of  quartz.  Considerable 
quantities  of  micaceous  schistus  are  found 
even  at  the  top,  and  many  rocks  near 
the  base  of  the  mountain  are  entirely  com- 
posed of  that  mineral.  From  the  number 
of  rare  plants  it  possesses,'  Ben-Lomond 
affords  a fertile  field  for  the  ingenious 
botanist. 

BenMore,  or  Eenmoir,  a lofty  mountain, 
Perthshire,  parish  of  Killin,  of  a conical 
figure,  and  3,903  feet  above  the  level  of  the 

SC01. 

Bennachie,  or  Bennochie,  a hill,  Aber- 
deenshire, nearly  1000  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea,  and  750  above  that  of  the  river 
Gady.  Its  base  covers  about  4000  acres. 

It  was  formerly  fortified,  and  the  remains 
of  a stone  w^all  are  still  standing  near  its 

highest  pinnacle.  . ^ 

Bennaventa,  or  Benrtavenna,  an  ancient 
town  of  Britain,  on  the  Ausona  Major,  or 
the  Antona  of  Tacitus;  supposed  to  be  the 
Northampton  on  the  Nen  ; but  Camden  says 
it  is  Wedon,  a village  six  miles  to  the  w of 
Northampton. 

Ben~nemo,  or  Bennems,  a lofty  mountain 
of  Scotland,  Inverness-shire,  esteemed  the 
highest  in  Britain,  being  4,370  feet  above 
ihe  level  of  the  sea.  On  the  ne 
presents  a precipice  nearly  perpendicular 
of  auout  1500  feet.  The  summit  ot  this 
mountain  affords  one  of  the  most  extensive 
prospects  in  Scotland.  The  whole  of  the 
great  glen  of  Caledonia,  from  Fort-George 
To  the  Sound  of  x\luU,  is  at  once  in  view, 
comprehend.ng  the  fresh  water  lakes  ot 
Ness,  Oich,  and  Locby,  arid  all  the  course 
of  the  tW'O  rivers  Ness  and  Lochy,  from 
their  source  to  the  place  where  they  enter 
into  the  salt  winter,  running  in  opposite  di- 
rections, the  one  ne  and  the  other  sw.  One 
sees  at  once  across  the  island,  eastward  to 
the  German  Ocean,  and  we  tw*ara  to  the 
Atlantic.  The  extent  of  view'  on  the  nori- 
I zon  of  the  sea  is  above  80  miles;  and  Irorn 
'ithe  Moray  Frith  on  the  ne  lo  the 
i of  Colousay  on  the  sw,  it  reaches  170  miles, 
i A great  part  of  the  hill  is  composed  ot  por- 
phyry It  is  a remarkably  fine,  beautiiul, 


and  elegant  stone,  of  a reddish  cast,  m 
which  the  pale  rose,  the  blush,  and  the  yel- 
lowish white  colours,  are  finely  blended,  and 


BE  Q 

sbaded  through  the  body  of  the  stone,  which  j 
is  of  a jeliy-iike  texture,  and  is,  undoubtediy  j 
one  of  the  finest  and  most  elegant  stones  in 
the  world ; and  there  is  enough  of  it  to 
serve  all  the  kingdoms  of  the  universe, 
though  they  were  all  as  fond  of  granite  as 
ftucient  Egypt. 

Bennington,  a village  four  miles  e of 
Steveuage,  Hertfordshire,  In  this  place, 
near  the  church,  are  the  remains  of  the  pa- 
lace, and  of  a castle,  in  which  the  Mer- 
cian kings  held  a council  in  850. 

BENNINGTON,  a county  of  the  state 
of  Vermont,  N America,  34  miles  from  n 
to  s,  and  19  from  e to  w.  It  is  divided 
into  19  townships.  Bennington,  its  chief 
town  is  situated  near  the  s side  of  the  Hoo-  i 
sack  river,  at  the  foot  of  the  green  moun-  1 
tains,  30  miles  e by  n of  Albany,  Near  i 
this  town,  in  1777,  a detachment  of  general  j 
Burgoyne’s  army,  was  defeated  by  the  Ame-  i 
ricans,  and  700  taken  prisoners,  with  four  | 
brass  field-pieces,  and  other  military  stores,  j 
Lon.  73  20  w,  lat.  43  0 e. 

Benole,  a town  of  Tripoli.  Lon.  16  47  e, 
lat.  29  59  N. 

Bensherg,  a town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
duchy  of  Berg,  seven  miles  e of  Mul- 
beim. 

Benshurtj,  a towm  of  the  county  of  Surry, 
originally  called  Knehenshurg,  from  Kne- 
ben,  a captain  under  Ethelred,  king  of  Kent, 
who  was  slain  there  in  a battle  against 
Ceaulin,  king  of  the  West  Saxons. 

Bensheim,  a town  of  Germany,  ceded 
to  Hesse  Darmstadt,  in  1802  ; 25  miles 
KNw  of  Heidelberg,  Lon.  8 41  e,  lat.  49 
36  N. 

BENSHEIM,  a county  of  Westphalia, 
45  miles  long,  and  18  broad,  lately -seized 
upon  by  France,  for  behoof  of  the  Grand 
Duke  of  Berg  and  Cleves.  j 

Bentheim,  its  capital  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1795.  It  is  seated  on  the  Vecht,  I 
32  miles  nw  of  Munster.  Lon.  7 8 e,  lat. 
52  23  N. 

Bentivoglio,  a small  towm  of  Italy,  late  in 
the  Pope^s  territory,  and  the  depannieut  of 
the  upper  Padua,  in  the  Italian  republic, 
40  miles  ne  of  Bologna,  with  a castle. 
Lon.  II  54  E,  lat.  44  47  N. 

Benuais,  or  Benuaish,  a high  mountain 
in  Ross-sbire,  the  top  of  which  is  always 
covered  with  snow,  even  in  the  hottest  day 
of  summer.  In  allusion  to  this,  there  is  a 
clause  in  a charter  of  the  family  of  Foulis, 
whereby  the  forest  of  Uaish  is  held  of  the  j 
king  on  condition  of  paying  a snowball  to 
bis  majesty,  if  required,  on  any  day  of  the  j 
year.  jj 

• Benvurlich,  or  Benvoirlich,  a mountain  ( 
of  Perthshire,  3300  feet  above  the  level  of  | 
the  sea..  In  a clear  day  it  is  distinctly  seen  ■ 
from  Perth,  from  Edinburgh  castle,  and 
Loudoii  castle  in  Ayrshire. 

BEQUIERES,  BEGUIRES  or  Aboit- 
KiR,  an  island  and  bay  on  the  coast  of 
^gypt,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Niie^  near  which. 


B E R 

on  the  first  of  August,  1798  the  British  fleet 
commanded  by  Admiral  Nelson,  gained  one 
of  the  most  complete  and  naval  victories 
that  was  ever  obiained. 

BERAR,  a province  of  the  Deccan  of 
Hindoostan,  bounded  w by  Dowdatabat,  and 
Candeish,  N by  Malwa,  and  Allahabad,  e 
by  Orissa,  s by  Golcondas.  The  country 
of  the  Rajah,  extends  from  e to  w,  550 
miles,  and  from  n to  s in  some  places  200. 
Nagpour  is  the  capital.  The  country 
around  Nagpour  is  well  cultivated  and  fer- 
tile, the  rest  of  Berar,  so  far  as  is  known,  is 
but  thinly  inhabited.  The  principal  part 
of  which  is  subject  to  a rajah,  the  other  to 
the  nizam  of  the  Deccan. 

Beraun,  a royal  city  of  Bohemia,  and 
capital  of  a circle  of  the  same  name,  seated 
on  the  Misa,  16  miles  wsw'  of  Prague:  its 
manufactures  are  earthen  ware,  and  fire 
arms.  Lon.  14  25  e,  lat.  50  0 n. 

Beray,  a town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  channel,  and  ci-devant  province 
of  Normandy.  Lon.  1 20  w,  iat.  40  6 
ic. 

Berheno,  a town  of  Italy,  included  in  the 
department  of  the  Lario,  of  the  late  Italian 
republic. 

Berhice,  a town  of  S America,  on  the 
coast  of  Surinam,  seated  on  a river  of  the 
same  name,  which  eaters  the  Aliantie  in 
Ion.  32  13  w,  and  iat.  6 30  n.  It  belong- 
ed to  the  Dutch,  but  wms  taken  by  captain 
Parr  of  the  Malabar,  on  the  2d  of  May  1796, 
and  again  by  the  English  in  1803.  The 
produce  is  cotton  and  indigo. 

BerhuTg,  a town  of  the  dnchy  of  Luxem- 
burg, 12  miles  ne  of  Luxemburg. 

Berehtolsgaden,  a town  of  Bavaria,  in  the 
archbishopric  of  Seitzburg,  capital  of  a 
county  of  the  same  name,  seated  on  the 
Achen,  14  miles  s of  Salzburg.  It  abounds 
in  salt. 

Berdaa,  a town  of  Persia,  in  Erivan, 
seated  in  a fertile  plain,  16  miles  ese  of 
Gangea.  Lon.  48  0 e,  lat.  41  0 n. 

Bepe-alston,  See  Bear-aUton, 

BEREG,  a county  of  Hungary,  40 
miles  long,  and  33  broad,  Bereglass,  its 
capital.  Lon.  21  33  e,  lat.  47  39  n. 

Beregonium,  the  ancient  metropolis  of 
Scotland,  is  said  to  have  been  situated  in 
the  parish  of  Ardchattan,  Argyllshire.  It 
was  the  chief  residence  of  the  Scottish 
kings,  from  Fergus  II.  till  the  removal  of 
the  seat  of  the  government  to  Dunstafi- 
nage. 

Bereilbj,  a small  city  of  Hindoostan  Pros- 
per, the  capital  of  the  county  of  the  Rohil- 
las,  between  Delhi  and  Lucknow,  120 
miles  from  each,  subdued  by  the  Nobob  of 
Glide,  in  1774.  Lon.  79  40  e,  lat.  28  30 

N. 

Berelos,  a lake  of  Egypt,  of  an  oval  form, 
32  miles  long,  and  10  broad  in  the  middle, 
lying  bet'ween  Daruietta  and  Rosetta. 

Bere^ Regis,  a town  in  Dorsetshire,  seated 
on  the  Bere^  near  its  infiux  into  the  Piddle* 


B E R 

ft  tas  a market  on  Wednesday,  and  a j 
fair,  September  18tb,  on  the  site  of  an  j 
old  Roman  fort,  surrounded  by  three  tren- . 
ches,  IZ  miles  e by  n of  Dorchester,  and 
112  sw  of  London.  Lon.  2 L5  w,  lat.  50 
44  N. 

BERESOW,  a division  of  the  province 
of  Tobolsk,  Siberia.  This  district  was  un- 
der the  Rur^sian  dominion  long  before  the 
other  parts  of  Siberia  were  conquered,  being  j 
reduced  by  the  Czar  Gabriel  so  early  as 
A D 1530.  I 

BERG,  a duchy  of  Westphalia,  about  j 
60  miles  in  length,  and  from  10  to  22  in  j 
breadth.  T t is  very  fruitful  along  the  Rhine,  j 
but  mountainous  and  woody  towards  the  | 
county  of  Blark.  Among  the  various  terri- 
torial exchanges  to  W’hich  Prussia  vyas 
forced  to  accede,  previous  to  the  breaking 
out  of  the  present  disastrous  war,  the 
duchies  of  Berg  and  Cleves  were  transfer- 
red to  France.  This  valuable  acquisition 
Bonaparte  conferred  on  general  Murat, 
with  the  title  of  duke  of  Cleves  and  Berg, 
and  to  his  legitimate  male  heirs  for  ever  in 
order  of  seniority,  excluding  females  and 
their  descendants.  In  case  male  heirs 
should  become  extinct,  these  duchies  are  to 
revert  to  the  descendants  of  Bonaparte, 
whom  failing  to  prince  Joseph,  and  whom 
failing,  to  Louis,  but  they  never  can  be  uni- 
ted to  the  imperial  crowm  of  France.  Upon 
the  late  union  of  the  princes  of  the  Rhine, 
and  separation  from  the  Germanic  body, 
these  duchies  naturally  formed  a part  of 
the  confederated  system,  and  by  the  treaty 
of  confederation  the  heretofore  duke  is 
honoured  with  the  title  of  His  Royal 
Highness  the  Grand  Duke  of  Cleves  and 
Berg.’^  The  late  successful  operations  of 
the  allied  armies  have  reversed  this  and 
many  similar  grants.  According  to  a pro- 
clamation of  the  new  government,  nothing 
has  been  changed  in  the  ancient  civil  or 
judicial  administration  of  these  duchies. 
The  principal  town  is  Dusseldorff ; and  the 
principal  rivers,  besides  the  Rhine,  are  the 
Wipper,  Agger,  and  Sieg.  It  has  mines  of 
coal,  iron  and  lead. 

Berga,  a town  of  Catalonia,  Spain,  on 
the  Lobrogat,  18  miles  ene  of  Solsona. 

BERGAMASCO,  a province  of  Italy, 
late  in  the  territory  of  Venice.  It  extends 
about  36  leagues  from  n to  s,  and  30  from 
E to  w,  bounded  by  Brescia,  the  Valteline, 
and  the  Milanese.  It  is  watered  by  se- 
veral rivers  which  render  it  very  fertile, 
and  particularly  it  produces  great  quantities 
of  ohesnuts.  Several  of  its  rallies  abound 
in  wine  and  oil,  and  its  mountains  have 
mines  of  iron. 

Bergamo y or  Bergamum,  its  capital,  is  a 
large  and  strong  town,  built  on  10  small 
hills,  in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre,  and  is 
fortified  with  walls,  bastions,  and  ditches, 
besides  tw'o  castles.  It  is  seven  Italian 
miles  in  circumference,  and  has  four  gates, 


fi  E R 

four  barracks,  many  elegant  buildings,  14 
churches,  and  2,600  inhabitants.  It  has 
a fine  palace,  called  the  Fiera,  built  in  the 
form  of  a quadrangle,  and  containing  600 
apartments.  In  the  square  within  it,  a 
great  fair  is  annually  held,  on  St  Bar- 
tholomew's day ; and  it  has  a marble 
fountain  in  the  centre.  It  lies  30  miles 
NE  of  Milan.  Lon.  9 47  e,  lat.  45  46 

K. 

Bergara,  a town  of  Biscay,  Spain,  14 
miles  sw  of  Tolosa,  with  a royal  patriotic 
seminary. 

I Bergarac,  or  Bergerac,  a very  rich  popu- 
I lous,  and  trading  town  of  France,  depart- 
I ment  of  Dordogne,  50  miles  e of  Bour- 
deaux. 

Bergas,  or  Bergase,  a town  of  Romania, 
European  Turkey,  and  the  see  of  a Greek 
! archbishop,  situated  on  the  Larissa,  40  miles 
I sE  of  Adrianople.  Lon.  27  40  e,  lat.  4 1* 
i 14  N. 

1 Bergen,  anciently  Berghi,  a city  of  Nor- 
* way,  and  capital  of  Bergenhus.  It  is 
j the  see  of  a bishop,  and  has  a strong  cas- 
I tie,  and  a good  port,  is  the  most  popu- 
I lous  town  in  Norway.  It  is  surrounded 
j with  mountains  almost  inaccessible ; its 
' defence  consists  in  these  and  several  forti- 
j fioations.  It  trades  to  a great  extent  in 
flr-v/ood,  tar,  skins,  and  dried  fish  ; and  no 
corn  grows  in  the  country,  being  all  im- 
i ported,  and  distributed  from  thence  through- 
out the  kingdom.  The  churches,  and  some 
of  the  houses  are  of  stone.  The  castle  and 
cathedral  are  magnificent  edifices.  Po- 
pulation 19,000.  It  is  170  miles  w by  n 
of  Christiana.  Lon.  5 46  e,  lat.  60  11 
y. 

Bergen,  a town  of  Pomerania,  Germany, 
and  capital  of  the  isle  of  Rugen,  subject  to 
Sweden. 

Bergen,  a town  of  New  Jersey,  capital 
of  a county  of  the  same  name,  surrounded 
by  water,  except  on  the  n,  and  separated 
from  New  York  by  Hudson\s  river,  three 
miles  distant.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly 
of  Dutch  extraction. 

Bergen,  a town  of  N Holland,  noted  for 
two  bloody  battles,  on  Sept.  19th,  and  Oct, 
2d,  1799,  between  the  English  and  Russian 
forces,  and  the  Dutch  and  French,  which 
terminated  in  favour  of  the  former.  It  is 
situated  among  woods,  four  miles  knb;  ol 
I Alkmaer. 

1 BERGEN-OP-ZOOM,  a territory  of 
Dutch  Brabant,  consisting  of  a considerable 
tract  of  land,  containing  several  villages, 
besides  the  town,  and  several  islands  in  the 
Scheldt. 

Ber gen-op- Zoom,  a town  in  the  above  ter- 
ritory, seated  on  an  eminence,  in  the  middle 
of  a morass,  about  a mile  and  a half  from  the 
eastern  branch  of  the  Scheldt,  with  which  it 
has  a communication  by  a navigable  canal. 
It  is  strong  by  nature  as  well  as  by  art,  being 
so  secured  by  the  morasses  about  it,  which 


B H E 

formed  by  the  river  Zoom,  that  it  was 
reckoned  impregnable.  The  fortifications 
are  allowed  to  be  the  masterpiece  of  that 
great  engineer  Cohornt,  It  was,  however, 
taken  in  1747,  and  1794,  by  the  French, 
but  it  is  thought  not  without  treachery.  It  i 
bad  been  twice  besieged  before  without  sue-  i 
cess.  When  the  mar<|iiis  of  Spinola  in- 
vested it,  he  was  forced  to  raise  the  siege, 
with  the  loss  of  10,000  naen.  In  1814,  the 
English  tried  to  take  it  by  storming  it  ; but 
after  forcing  a passage  into  the  town,  their 
r^etreat  was  cut  off,  when  they  were  mostly 
killed  or  taken  prisoners.  This  town  was 
among  the  conquests  of  the  French  republi- 
can army ; but  has  been  restored  to  the 
Dutch  patriots  since  the  expulsions  of  the 
stadtholder,  and  their  alliance  with  France. 
The  Dutch  have  now  rid  themselves  of  this 
alliance  in  joining  the  allies  and  recalling 
the  stadtholder.  It  lies  15  miles  n of  Ant- 
werp, and  22  s of  Breda.  Lon.  4 23  E, 
lat.  51  30  N. 

Bergentz,  a town  of  Italy,  near  the  terri- 
tory of  the  Grisons.  It  was  taken  by  the 
French  republican  army  under  general  Kel- 
lerman,  in  June  1790. 

Bergerac*  See  BergaraCo 

Berghy  a town  of  Nordland,  in  Sweden. 
Lon.  12  4 E,  lat.  63  7 n. 

Berghausen,  a town  of  Germany,  in  the 
late  province  of  Westeravia,  and  circle  of 
the  Upper  Rhine. 

Berghiriy  a town  of  Asian  Turkey,  pro- 
vince of  Curdistan,  situated  on  a branch  of  i 
the  Tigris. 

BERGOO,  a country  lying  on  the  s of 
Bornou,  Negroland,  on  the  frontiers  of  Nu- 
bia and  Darfoor.  Capital,  Wara. 

Berg  St  Vino^,  Berg  St  WinoXy  or  Bur- 
gues  St  VinoXy  a town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  the  North,  the  ci-devant  Flanders. 
The  air  is  often  very  unwholesome,  espe- 
cially to  strangers.  The  Col  me  serves  as  a 
canal  to  Hondshot,  St  Omer’s  and  Graveli- 
»es.  There  is  likewise  a canal  to  Dunkirk. 
The  villages  in  its  territorias  are  famous  for 
butter  and  cheese,  of  which  they  export 
great  quantities.  Fort  Lapin  and  Fort 
Suisse,  are  wuthin  a cannon’s  shot,  and 
Fort  St.  Francis  on  the  canal,  is  near  three 
miles  from  the  town.  Lou.  2 28  e,  iat.  50 
57  N.  • 

Berg-Zabern*  a tow'n  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  the  Lower  Rhine,  and  ci-devant 
^province  of  Alsace  ; seated  on  the  Erlach, 
six  miles  ssw  of  Landau,  and  34  se  of  Deux 
Pouts. 

Bhering’s  Straits y the  name  of  that  nar- 
row division  of  the  Old  and  New  World, 
where  the  breadth  between  Asia  and  Ameri- 
ca is  only  13  leagues.  They  are  so  named 
from  captain  Vitus  Bering,  who  was  em- 
ployed by  the  emperor  of  Russia  on  a simi- 
lar plan  of  discovery  in  these  parts  with  our 
great  countryman  Cook.  Bering,  after  a 
tedious  and  fatiguing  journey  through  the  | 


B E R 

wilds  of  Siberia,  arrived  at  Kamschatka,  at’ 
tended  with  the  scanty  materi  ils  for  his  voy« 
age,  the  greatest  part  of  which  he  was  obli- 
ged to  bring  with  him  through  a thousand 
difficulties.  It  is  very  extraordinary  that 
Bering  should  have  sailed  through  this  con- 
} fined  passage,  and  yet  that  the  object  of 
his  mission  should  have  escaped  him.  His 
misfortune  could  only  be  attributed  to  the 
foggy  w'eather,  which  he  must  have  met 
w'ith  in  a region,  notorious  for  mists ; for  ho 
says  that  he  saw  land  neither  to  the  nor  e. 
Our  generous  commander.  Cook,  determined 
to  give  him  every  honour  his  merit  could 
claim,  has  dignified  these  with  the  name  of 
Bering’s  Straits. 

BerisUy  a town  of  Casina,  Negroland, 
seated  on  the  Niger;  120  miles  w of  Ca- 
sina. 

BERKELEY,  a fertile  and  populous 
county  of  Virginia,  40  miles  in  length,  and 
20  in  breadth. 

BerJffurdy  a town  of  Bedfordshire,  N of 
Temsford. 

Barkhamsteady  or  Berkhamsteady  an  an- 
cient town  of  England,  Hertfordshire,  with 
a market  on  Saturday.  In  this  towm  a par- 
liament was  held  in  697,  when  Ina’s  laws 
w^ere  published : William  the  Conqueror 
swore  to  maintain  the  laws  of  his  predeces- 
sors ; Henry  II,  for  a while  kept  his  court; 
and  James  I,  had  his  children  nursed  in  it, 
and  made  it  a corporation,  which  was  drop- 
ped in  the  civil  wars.  It  lies  on  the  w sid® 
of  the  Gade,  and  on  the  grand  junction 
canal,  nine  miles  from  St.  Albans,  and  26 
Nw  of  London.  It  has  fairs  on  Shrove 
Tuesday,  Whitsun-Monday,  St.  James’s  day, 
and  25th  July.  The  church  is  an  elegant 
gothic  structure. 

BERKHAMSTEAD,  a township  ol 
Connecticut,  Litchfield  county. 

' Berkley y a town  in  Gloucestershire,  situa^ 
ted  on  a brook  that  falls  into  the  Severno 
Its  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Mary,  is  a large, 
handsome  edifice,  containing  some  elegant 
monuments  of  the  Berkley  family  ; and  the 
parish  is  24  miles  in  compass.  The  town 
has  a market  on  Wednesday,  and  a fair. 
May  14,  and  trades  in  coal,  malt,  cheese, 
and  timlDer.  On  a rising  ground  is  the  cas- 
tle where  Edwajd  Jl,  was  imprisoned. 
Berkley  has  the  honour  of  giving  birth  to 
the  justly  .celebrated  Dr.  Edward  Jenner, 
the  discoverer  of  the  vaccine  innoculation. 
It  lies  15  miles  sw  of  Gloucester,  and  1 14 
from  LoojiQn. 

Berkley y a township  of  Massachusetts 
Bristol  county. 

Berkley y a town  in  S Carolina,  in  a coun- 
ty of  the  same  name,  seated  near  the  Coop- 
er, 15  miles  ne  of  Charlestown. 

BERKS,  or  BERKSHIRE,  an  inland 
county  of  Angland,  hounded  on  the  n by 
Bedfordshire  and  Buckinghamshire,  R by 
Surrey,  s by  Hampshire,  w by  Wiltshire,  is 
50  miles  long,  and  from  six  to  25  broad. 


^ E R 


B E R 


and  contains  the  whole  of  that  British  prin- 
cipality, anciently  inhabited  by  the  Atreba- 
tii,  who  are  supposed  to  have  been  originally 
from  Gaul.  It  is  in  the  Oxford  circuit,  the 
province  of  Canterbury,  and  diocese  of  Sal- 
isbury. The  general  shape  of  it  somewhat 
resembles  the  form  of  a slipper  or  sandal. 
It  contains  an  area  of  654  miles,  or 
^27,000  square  acres.  It  is  divided  into 
20  hundreds,  158  parishes,  aad  has  12  mar- 
ket towns,  but  no  city,  671  villages  and 
hamlets;  21,195  houses,  and  in  1801  had 
109,215  inhabitants,  and  1 18,277  in  1811  ; } 
supplies  560  men  to  the  national  militia; 
pays  10  parts  of  the  proportion  of  the  land 
tax  ; and  sends  nine  members  to  parliament, 
viz.  two  for  the  county,  tw*o  lor  Windsor, 
two  for  Reading,  two  for  Wallingford, 
and  one  for  Abingdon.  Its  principal  river 
the  Thames.  It  has  also  the  Kennet,  great 
part  of  which  is  navigable  ; the  Loddon, 
the  Ocke,  and  the  Lambourne,  a small 
stream,  which,  contrary  to  all  other  rivers 
is  highest  in  summer  and  lowest  in  win- 
ter. The  air  of  this  county  is  healthy  even 
in  the  vales  ; and  though  the  soil  is  not 
the  most  fertile,  yet  it  is  remarkably  plea- 
sant. Its  principal  maimfactuT-es  are  wool- 
len-cloth,  sail-cloth,  and  malt.  Berkshire 
is  .an  earldom  belonging  to  a branch  of  the 
Howard  family,  the  represenatives  being 
earl  of  Sutfoik  and  Berkshire,  Reading  is  th^ 
capital. 

BERKS,  a populous  county  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, 58  miles  in  length,  and  28  and  a-half 
in  breadth. 

BERKSHIRE,  a county  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  township  of  Vermont. 

Berlamont,  a town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  the  North,  six  miles  ese  of  Ques- 

Boy*  ■ . 

Berlebtirg,  a town  of  Germany,  in  the 
V Westerwald,  seated  on  the  Berlebach,  near 
its  jnnctiou  with  the  Eder,  20  miles  nw  oi 
Marburg. 

Berleg,  a village  of  England  in  Snrop- 
shire,  between  Walcot  and  Shipton  castle, 
also  the  name  of  a village  in  Yorkshire  n of 

Snath.  . , r 1 

Berlin,  a city  of  Germany,  capital  ot  the 
electorate  of  Brandenburg,  and  of  the  whole 
Prussian  dominions;  one  of  the  largest,  best 
built,  and  best  governed  of  any  in  Germany. 
The  streets  are  large,  straight,  clean,  and 
well  paved,  some  cf  them  long  and  elegant. 
There  are  several  large  and  handsome 
squares  with  pleasarit  walks.  It  is  detended 
partly  by  walls,  and  partly  by  palisades, 
and  has  15  gates.  It  is  surrounded  with 
beautiful  gardens,  which  produce  excellent 
fruit.  The.  Spree,  that  dosses  the  city, 
has  communications  by  canals  with  Havel, 
Odor,  and  Elbe,  as  well  as  with  the  Baltic 
sea,  and  Germau  ocean,  which  greatly  laci- 
iitate  commercial  intercom se.  The  popu- 
lation, in  180.H,  was  153,128,  exclusive  of 
the  garrison.  In  the  suburb  called  Sp»7«- 
dc  j,  is  a house  belonging  to  the  royal  fa- 


mily, with  Well  contrived  apartments,  and 
elegantly  furnished.  Adjoining  to  Stra- 
lau  is  another  house  and  garden  belonging 
to  the  king.  The  royal  gate  of  the  city 
is  defended  by  a half  moon  and  two  bas- 
tions, covered  with  brick : it  fronts  the 
royal  street,  which  is  oue  of  the  longest 
and  most  frequented  in  the  city.  It  con-« 
tains  very  handsome  houses,  particularly 
those  belonging  to  some  of  the  ministers 
of  state.  The  royal  street  is  crossed  by 
five  others,  which  are  noble  and  spacious. 
On  the  new  stone  bridge  over  the  Spree,  is 
an  equestrian  statue  of  William  the  Great, 
which  is  esteemed  an  exquisite  piece  of 
workm.ahship.  The  elector  is  represented 
in  a Roman  habit,  and  bis  horse  stands  on  a 
pedestal  of  white  marble,  adorned  with 
basso-relievos,  and  four  slaves  bound  to  the 
base.  After  passing  this  bridge,  the  king^s 
palace  appears,  a grand  and  superb  edi- 
fice ; all  four  stories  high,  and  the  apart- 
ments extremely  magnificent.  Besides  a 
fine  library,  it  contains  a rich  cabinet  of 
curiosities  and  medcUs,  and  the  supreme 
colleges  of  government.  This  city  is  also 
adorned  w ith  several  academies,  and  hos- 
pitals, an  astronomical  observatory,  a fm- 
perb  arsenal,  and  a royal  cloth  manufac- 
ture. Besides  this  it  has  mamifac- 
tures  of  silk,  wool,  cotton,  camels  hair, 
linen,  Prussian  blue,  cutlery,  porcelain, 
enamelled,  inlaid,  and  embroidered  works. 
The  city  w^as  taken,  October  9tb,  1760, 
by  an  army  of  Russians,  Austrians,  Sax- 
ons, <fec.  who  totally  destroyed  the  maga 
zines,  arsenals,  and  founderies ; and  seized 
an  immense  quantity  of  military  stores,  and 
a number  of  cannon  and  arms.  They 
called  first  for  the  immediate  payment  of 
800,000  guilders,  and  then  laid  on  a con- 
tribution of  1,900,000  German  croxvns ; 
not  satisfied  with  this,  many  irregularities 
were  committed  by  the  soldiery  ; though  by 
the  exertions  of  the  officer.?  the  private  pro- 
perty of  the  inhabitants  was  in  general 
spared.  The  apartments  of  the  royal  cas- 
tle of  Charlotteiiburgh  were  enff rely  plun- 
dered, the  precious  furniture  spoiled,  the  pic^ 
tures  defaced,  without  even  sparing  the  anti- 
que statues,  collected  by  cardinal  Polignac, 
w^hich  bad  been  purcha.sed  by  the  House  of 
Brandenburg.  The  castle  of  Schonhausen, 
belonging  to  the  queen,  and  that  of  Frede- 
ricsficld,  belonging  to  the  margrave  Charles, 
were  also  plundered.  The  palace  of  Pots- 
dam, the  famous  Sans  Souci,  had  a better 
fate  ; prince  Estcvliasi  commanded  there, and 
it  xvas  preserved  from  the  smallest  violation. 
The  prince,  on  viewing  the  palace,  only  ask- 
ed which  picture  of  the  king  resembled  him 
1 most?  and  being  informed,  desired  that  he 
1 might  have  leave  to  take  it,  togejlior  with 
two  German  flutes  which  the  king  ^ised  ; to 
keep  them,  he  said,  in  memory  ot  Ins  majes- 
1 ty.  This  was  sort  of  taking  very  dltTerent 
i from  pillage.  The  troops  staid  in  the  city 
I four  days ; but  hearing  that  the  king  v as 


B E R 

moving  to  its  relief,  they  quitted  it  in  Octo- 
ber 1 3th  ; and  having  wasted  the  whole 
country  round  for  a vast  extent,  and  driven 
away  all  the  cattle  and  horses  they  could 
fi?jd,  retreated  by  different  routes  out 
of  Brandenburgh.  Berlin  was  entered 
by  the  French,  in  1803,  10  days  after  the 
battle  of  Jena,  and  Bonaparte  held  a 
court  in  the  palace:  in  1813,  their  armies 
were  driven  from  the  Prussian  territories. 

It  lies  42  miles  nw  of  Frankfort  on 
the  Oder,  100  n of  Dresden,  and  300 
N by  w of  Vienna,  liOn.  13  22  e,  lat. 
^2  32  N. 

Berlin,  is  likewise  the  name  of  two 
flourishing  towns  in  Pennsylvania  ; a town- 
ship of  Vermont,  Connecticut,  and  Massa- 
chusetts. 

Bernieo,  a town  seated  on  the  bay  of  Bis- 
cay, Spain,  near  cape  Machicaco,  15  miles 
K of  Bilboa. 

Bermuda  Hundred,  or  City  Point,  a 
port  of  entry,  and  post  town  of  Virginia, 
stands  on  the  extremity  of  a peninsula, 
formed  by  the  confluence  of  the  Appamat- 
tox,  with  James  river.  City  Point  is  on 
the  s bank  of  James  river,  four  miles  ssw 
of  the  town.  Lon.  77  31  w,  lat.  37  18  n. 

BERMUDAS,  or  the  Summer,  or  Som- 
mer^s  Islands,  four  islands  in  the  Atlantic, 
AGO  miles  e of  Carolina,  and  encircled 
by  rocks,  lying  almost  iit  the  form  of  a 
siiepherd^s  crook,  in  Ion,  66  0 w,  lat.  32 
20  N.  They  contain  9000  inhabitants, 
who  trade  with  the  W Indies  and  America. 
They  were  discovered  in  1327,  by  Juan 
Bermudas,  a Spaniard,  but  not  inhabited, 
till  1609,  when  Sir  George  Sommers  was 
cast  away  upon  them.  Since  that  time 
they  have  belonged  to  Britain.  The 
principal  is  St.  George’s,  which  is  not 
above  16  miles  long,  and  three  at  most  in 
breadth. 

Bermundsey,  a parish  in  Southwark, 
famous  for  an  ancient  abbey,  erected 
by  Eermund,  a lord  or  abbot  of  the 
place. 

BERN,  a canton  of  Switzerland,  w’hich 
holds  the  second  rank  among  the  diet ; 
although  it  is  by  far  the  largest  in  extent, 
containing  almost  one  third  of  the  whole 
country.  It  is  bounded  on  the  n by  the 
cantons  of  Basil  and  Solothurn,  and  the 
Austrian  forest  towns ; on  the  s by  the 
lake  of  Geneva,  the  Valais,  and  Mont 
Blanc  ; on  the  e by  Uri,  Uuderwald, 
Lucern,  and  the  county  of  Baden;  and 
on  thew  by  .Solothurn,  Neufchaiel,  Franche 
Compte,  and  the  district  of  Biel,  and  the 
land  of  Gex.  It  is  the  most  fruitful,  the 
richest,  and  by  much  the  largest  of  all 
the  cantons,  extending  in  length  about 
180  rniles,  and  about  90  where  broadest. 
It  yields  not  only  plenty  of  grain,  fruit, 
and  pasture,  but  also  good  wine,  a variety 
of  coloured  earths  and  clays,  sand-stone, 
; mundick,  gynsum,  pit-coal,  sulphur,  and 
iron  ore#  The  rivers  that  water  this  canton 


BE  R 

are,  the  Aar,  the  Limmat,  the  Wigger,  the 
Aa,  the  Rusz,  the  Limmat,  the  Sanen,  the 
Sensen,  and  the  Kandel.  The  principal  lake 
is  that  of  Geneva.  The  other  great  lakes 
that  are  wholly  or  partly  within  this  canton, 
are  those  of  Neufchatel,  Biel,  Murte,  Thun, 
Brien,  and  Halwyl,  which  all  abound  in  lish. 
lu  that  of  Geneva,  trouts  are  sometimes 
caught  weighing  40  or  AOlb.  In  that  of 
Biel,  called^  also  the  Nydau  lake,  are  two 
small  islands^  one  of  v/hicb  is  very  beautiful^ 
Along  the  whole  w and  xw  sides  of  the  can- 
ton, rims  that  chain  of  mountains  called  by 
the  general  name  of  Jura  ; but  these  moun- 
tains have  all  their  particular  names.  This 
canton  is  very  populous,  the  niimber  of  its 
inhabitants  being  computed  at  400,000. 
German  is  the  prevailing  language,  but  al- 
most all  the  people  oi  fashion  speak  either 
French  or  Italian,  or  a mixture  of  both. 
The  established  religion  is  Calvinism.  Tbo 
city  of  Bern  first  joined  the  confederacy  in 
1353,  and  in  the  defence  thereof,  beiore  the 
subjugation  of  the  country  by  the  French, 
the  canton  furnished  2000  men.  The  pea- 
sants of  Bern  are  considered  the  wealthiest 
in  Switzerland,  and  about  60  years  ago  it 
w’ould  have  been  difficult  to  find  a village, 
where  there  was  not,  at  least,  one  worth  be- 
tween 20,000  and  30,000  guilders,  and  some 
were  to  be  met  with,  worth  even  60,000. 
The  manners,  (fee.  of  the  people  will  be  far- 
ther noticed  under  Switzerland.  The 
canton  and  city  of  Bern,  suffered  severely 
from  the  revolutionary  army  of  France,  in 
March  1798  ; against  that  army  the  Bernesa 
took  the  field  to  the  number  of  18,000  men, 
and  though  they  displayed  the  greatest  hero- 
ism, in  sustaining  nine  successive  attacks  of 
the  enemy,  they  w’^ere  obliged  to  retreat  to 
the  city,  under  the  walls  of  which,  they 
made  a noble  but  ineffectual  stand  ; the 
artillery  of  the  enemy  forced  their  w^ay ; 
the  ditch  was  filled  with  the  dead  bodies  of 
the  Swiss;  the  town  was  given  up;  three 
leagues  round  Bern  w’^ere  devoted  for  plunder 
and  rapine  ; and  not  an  article  was  suffered 
to  escape. 

Bern,  the  capital  of  the  canton,  is  situated 
upon  a peninsula,  formed  by  the  Aar.  It  is 
said,  that  the  taking  of  a bear  on  the  day  on 
w'bich  the  foundation  of  this  city  was  laid, 
gave  occasion  to  its  name  ; hence,  it  is  often 
in  Latin  called  Arctoyolis,  that  is,  the  city  of 
the  bear  ; and  has  a bear  for  its  coat  of  arms. 
It  is  almost  surrounded  by  the  riv^-  Aar. 
The  houses  are  mostly  built  of  white  free 
stone,  and  in  the  principal  streets,  have  piaz- 
zas arches  under  them  for  the  convenience 
of  walking  dry  in  wet  weather.  Most 
of  the  streets  are  paved  with  flints,  and  tra- 
versed by  a canal  lined  with  free  stone, 
which  is  brought  from  a considerable  dis- 
tance, and  is  very  useful  in  carrying  oft  the 
filth  of  the  city,  extinguishing  fires,  and 
other  purposes.  The  city  is  large  standing 
almost  in  the  middle  of  the  canton  ; and  con- 
tains several  churches.  In  the  Dom  nioau 

Q 2 


B E H 

chuTcb,  a hole  in  the  wall  is  always  shewn 
to  strangers,  by  means  of  which  (it  having 
a communication  with  the  cell  of  a monk 
in  an  adjoining  monastery,)  the  pious  fraud 
of  making  an  image  of  the  Virgin  appear 
to  speak,  was  once  carried  on,  which  for  a 
while  answered  the  monks  very  well ; but 
they  were  at  last  detected  and  punished. 
Of  the  burghers  of  Bern,  only  those  are  quali- 
fied for  the  government  and  magistracy  of 
the  city,  who  are  descendants  of  such  as 
were  made  burghers  before  the  year  1635. 
Other  qualifications  are  also  necessary  ; in 
particular,  they  must  not  be  under  50  years 
of  age,  and  must  be  enrolled  in  one  of  the 
12  companies.  It  declared  for  the  reior- 
mation  in  1528,  after  a solemn  disputation. 
Here  the  British  envoy  to  the  canton  resided. 
Here  is  a celebrated  academy,  and  rich 
library.  In  the  arsenal  are  preserved  the 
figure  and  armour  of  the  celebrated  William 
Tell,  in  the  attitude  of  taking  aim  at  the 
apple  on  his  son's  head.  Bern  was  taken 
By  the  French  in  1798, and  lies  70  miles  ne 
of  Geueva,  and  40  s of  Basil.  Lon.  7 29  e, 
lat.  46  52  N. 

Eerrif  a town  of  Bohemia,  15  miles  w of 
Prague. 

Bernard,  a town  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Brandenburg. 

Bernardos  Bay,  lies  on  the  Kw  side  of  the 
gulf  of  Mexico. 

Bernardos  Castle,  See  Barnard  Castle, 

Bernardos  Grand,  St,  a mountain  of 
Switzerland?  in  the  Vallais,  which  has  long 
been  celebrated  for  its  romantic  and  pictu- 
?esque  scenery,  and  is  always  visited  by 
travellers.  On  the  summit  is  a large  con- 
vent, where  the  monks  entertain  all  travel- 
lers gratis,  for  three  days.  It  is  15  miles 
HNw  of  Aoste. 

Bernards  Well,  St,  a fine  mineral  spring, 
near  the  village  of  Stockbridge,  within  a 
mile  of  Edinburgh.  It  was  long  celebrated 
for  its  cures,  yet  left  in  a rude  neglected 
state,  till  the  late  lord  Gardenston  fitted  it 
up  with  proper  accommodations,  and  erect- 
ed a temple  over  it,  with  an  elegant  figure 
of  Hygeia,  the  goddess  of  health  j since 
which  it  has  been  much  frequented. 

Bernau,  a town  of  the  electorate  of 
Brandenburg,  iu  the  Middle  Mark.  Its 
chief  trade  is  in  beer,  of  which  great  quan- 
tities are  brewed.  It  is  seated  on  the  Pau- 
cho,  15  miles  nne  of  Berlin. 

Bernay,  a trading  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Eure,  it  is  26  miles  sw  of 
Rouen. 

Bernhurg,  a town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  seated  on  the  Saale, 
22  miles  sw  of  Magdeburg. 

Berncastle,  a town  of  Germany,  m the 
electorate  of  Treves,  seated  on  the  Moselle 
river,  so  greatly  celebrated  for  its  wine,  18 
miles  NE  of  Treves. 

Bernera,  a small  island  of  Scotland, 
situated  n of  Harris,  Lon,  7 3 w,  lat,  58 

22  Nft 


B E It 

BERNERA,  or  Bernera y,  one  of  th® 
Western  Isles  of  Scotland,  lying  about  iw© 
leagues  s of  Harris.  It  is  about  lour  miles 
in  length,  and  one  and  a-halt  in  breadthii. 
The  Nwside  is  much  damaged  by  the  break- 
ing of  sand  banks.  The  soil  is  sandy,  but 
when  manured  with  the  alga  marina,  ex- 
( tremely  productive;  and  in  summer  th® 
face  of  the  island  exhibits  a pleasing  variety 
of  corn  fields,  and  clover  pastures.  It  has 
a fresh  water  lake,  called  Lochbruis,  diver- 
sified with  small  islands,  and  abounding 
with  eels,  which  the  natives,  by  the  help  of 
lights,  catch  in  the  night,  as  they  fall  down 
a rivulet  towards  the  sea  in  heaps  twisted 
together.  At  the  e end  of  this  island  there 
is  a strange  reciprocation  of  the  flux  and  tcj- 
flux  of  the  sea,  and  another  no  less  remark- 
able upon  the  w side  of  the  Long  Island. 
The  number  of  inhabitants  in  Bernera,  and 
the  isle  of  Pabby,  which  lies  between  it  and 
Harris,  was  404,  in  1792.  Lon.  7 30  w, 
lat.  67  45  N. 

Berngrie&y  a town  in  the  principality  c€ 
Aichstadt,  Franconia,  seated  on  the  Altmuhl, 

17  miles  ne  of  Aichstadt,  and  28  w of  Ra- 
tisbon. 

Bernsiadt,  a town  of  Silesia,  principality 
of  Oels,  seated  on  the  Weida,  20  miles  e of 
B reslaw. 

Beroot,  or  Balrout,  a town  of  Phcenicia, 
Asiatic  Turkey.  It  is  the  ancient  Berytus, 
but  nothing  remain*  of  its  former  beauty  ex- 
cept its  situation.  It  stands  in  a plain, 
which  from  the  foot  of  Lebanon  stretches 
out  into  the  sea,  narrowing  to  a point, 
about  two  leagues  from  the  ordinary  line  of 
the  shore,  and  on  the  n side  forming  a pretty 
long  road,  which  receives  the  river  Nahriel 
Salib,  called  also  Nabr  Bairout.  This 
river  has  such  frequent  floods  in  winter  as 
to  have  txjcasioned  the  building  of  a con- 
siderable bridge : now  so  ruinous  as  to  be 
impassable.  The  bottonii  of  the  road  is  rock, 
which  chafes  the  cables,  and  renders  it  very 
insecure.  From  hence,  about  four  miles  w, 
towards  the  point,  lies  the  town  of  Bairout. 
This  belonged  to  the  Druzes,  till  lately  that 
it  was  taken  from  them,  and  a Turkish  gar- 
rison placed  iu  it.  Still,  however,  it  con- 
tinues to  be  the  emporium  of  the  Maronites 
and  the  Druzes,  where  tl>ey  export  their 
eottons  and  silks,  almost  all  of  which  are 
destined  for  Cairo.  Lon,  35  38  e,  lat.  3.4 

18  N. 

Berre,  a strong  town  of  France,  situated 
on  a lake  of  the  same  name  at  the  influx  of 
a river.  It  is  remarkable  for  the  quantity 
and  goodness  of  the  salt  made  in  it ; but  the 
air  is  very  unwholesome.  It  was  taken  by 
the  duke  of  Savoy,  after  a long  siege  m 
1591,  during  tlie  wars  of  the  league;  and 
though  all  the  rest  of  the  province  submitted 
to  Henry  IV.  he  could  not  drive  the  Savoy- 
ards from  Berre  till  it  was  given  up  in  1598, 
in  consequence  of  the  treaty  ol  Vermis.  It 
lies  IS  miles  wsw  of  Aix.  Lou.  4 32  b,. 
luti  43  32  N* 


B E R 

BERRY,  a ci-devant  province  of  France, 
which  now  forms  the  two  departments  of 
Cher  and  Indre,  fertile  in  corn,  hemp,  flax, 
and  fruit : and  in  some  places  has  excellent 
wine.  ^ 

BERRY-ISLANDS,  a cluster  of  Isles 
in  the  channel  of  Providence,  N America. 

Ber^ielloy  or  BresellOy  a fortified  town  of 
Italy,  in  the  late  Modenese  and  Repuhiican 
department  of  Crostolo,  seated  on  the  Po, 
at  the  influx  of  the  Linza,  10  miles  nne  of 
Parma.  It  was  taken  by  Prince  Eugene  in 
1702,  and  by  the  French  in  1703,  who  were 
obliged  to  abandon  H in  1707.  Lon.  10 
30  E,  lat.  44  33  n, 

Berstolgarderiy  a provostship  of  Bavaria, 
transferred  to  the  grand  duke  of  Tuscany  in 
1802,  as  part  of  the  indemnification  for  the 
loss  of  his  hereditary  dominiuions  in  Italy. 
On  this  event,  it  w’as  incorporated  into  the 
circle  of  Austria, 

Berteriac,  See  Chiese. 

Berthtty  or  Bartha,  an  ancient  city  of  Ca- 
ledonia, which,  Hector  Boece  pretends,  was 
built  at  some  distance  from  the  place  where 
Perth  now  stands  ; but  that  being  swept 
away  by  a flood,  A.  D.  1210,  Perth  was 
built  on  its  present  site,  by  king  William  the 
Lion,  whose  son  had  perished  in  the  inun- 
dation. But  the  Rev.  Mr  Scot,  in  his 
Statistical  Account  of  Perth,  proves  the 
whole  story  to  be  a fiction  of  Boece^s  con- 
trived to  make  his  native  city,  Dundee, 
appear  more  ancient  than  Perth ; and  he 
brings  evidence  from  the  best  authorities, 
that  the  ancient  Bertha  stood  exactly  on 
the  present  site  of  Perth  ; and  that  neither 
that  town,  nor  Prince  Alexander,  perished 
in  the  flood  of  1210. 

Bertie,  a populous  and  fertile  county  of 
Edenton  district,  N Carolina. 

BertinerOy  a town  of  Romagna,  Italy, 
with  a citadel,  seated  on  a hill,  10 
miles  ssE  of  Forli.  Lon.  11  47  e,  lat. 
44  8 N. 

Bertrandy  Sty  a town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Garonne,  45  miles  s of  Auch, 
lately  an  episcopal  see.  Lon.  0 48  e,  lat. 
42  56  N. 

Berviey  or  Inver-Berviey  a parish  of  Scot- 
land, Kincardineshire,  extending  about  two 
miles  in  length,  and  one  and  a-half  in 
breadth,  and  containing  exactly  1660  Scots 
acres,  or  2339  English,  of  which  about 
one  half  is  arable.  Population  about 
1088. 

Berviey  or  Bervyy  a royal  burgh  of  Scot- 
land, Kincardineshire,  seated  on  the  mouth 
of  the  Bervie,  and  in  the  e corner  of  the 
parish.  Its  charter  was  granted  in  1343, 
by  king  David  II.;  who,  in  returning  from 
England,  was  forced  by  stress  of  weather 
to  laud  at  Bervie,  where  he  met  with  the 
utmosc  kindness  from  the  inhabitants.  It 
has  a weekly  market,  and  fairs  in  May  and 
September.  From  the  lines,  hooks,  &e. 
frequently  dug  up,  it  appears  to  have  been 
formerly  £t  fishing  station  j but  the  fisher- 


B E R 

men  have  long  been  removed  to  Gordon> 
In  1750,  a sail  cloth  manufactory  wad 
established,  and  carried  on  successfully  tu.i 
about  the  end  of  the  American  war  ; and 
this  branch  has  been  again  prosecuted  since 
! 1791.  Manufactures  of  thread  aud  linen 
yarn  have  also  been  established,  and  em- 
ploy about  150  men,  women,  and  children. 
Bervie  is  situated  23  miles  sw  of  Aberdeen, 
and  13  N of  Montrose.  Lon.  2 0 w,  lat.  56 
40  N. 

Berviey  or  Bervyy  a village  of  Angus- 
shire,  parish  of  Bervie,  which,  in  1753^ 
contained  150  inhabitants,  besides  children  ; 
but  is  on  the  decline. 

Bervie  BroWy  a high  rock  and  conspicu- 
ous land  mark  for  mariners,  in  the  parish  of 
Kinneff,  opposite  to  the  town  of  Bervie.  It 
is  also  called  Craig  David,  aud  is  seen  ai 
the  distance  of  15  leagues. 

Rerwent  Fellsy  mountains  in  Cumberlandy 
through  which  the  Berwent  runs. 

BERWICKSHIRE,  a fertile,  well  cul- 
tivated county  in  Scotland,  bounded  on  the 
N by  Haddingtonshire,  e by  the  Germara 
Ocean,  s by  Roxburghshire,  and  w by  Sel- 
kirkshire and  Edinburghshire,  about  34  miles 
long,  and  19  broad,  and  is  divided  into 
three  districts,  viz.  Lauderdale,  Lammer- 
muir,  and  Alerse  or  March.  Berwickshire 
contains  one  royal  borough,  namely, 
Lauder;  and  several  large  towns  and  vil- 
lages, as  Greenlaw,  the  capital,  Duuse, 
Coldstream,  Coldingham,  Aylon,  and  Eye- 
mouth. It  is  divided  into  32  parochial 
districts,  has  three  Presbyteries,  and  con- 
tains, by  the  late  enumeration  in  1801, 
39,206  inhabitants,  and  30,729  in  1811; 
the  chief  rivers  are  the  Tweed,  the  Leader, 
the  Eye,  the  Whittadder,  and  Blackadder. 
The  two  rocids  to  London  pass  through  tho 
county.  In  the  Merse  the  state  of  agricul- 
ture is  excellent ; and  though  so  late  as  60 
years  ago,  the  greater  part  was  barren  and 
uncultivated,  it  is  now  mostly  inclosed  and 
improved.  In  no  county  in  Great  Britain 
is  there  a more  respectable  tenantry  than  at 
present  in  the  county  of  Berwick  ; many  of 
them  rent  farms  from  500  to  1,5001.  per 
annum  ; they  are  almost  all  men  w^ell  in- 
formed in  science,  intelligent  and  indus- 
trious in  their  profession ; and  many  aro 
enabled  in  a few  years  to  purchase  property 
to  the  amount  of  2001.  per  annum,  on  which 
they  enjoy,  otium  cum  dignitate,  the  just  re- 
ward of  their  labours,  attCnlion,  diligence, 
and  good  sense.  The  county  of  Berwick 
exports  from  the  ports  of  Berwick  and  Eye  • 
mouth,  above  80,000  bolls  of  victual  ; and 
the  same  quantity  is  annually  carried  to  the 
weekly  markets  of  Edinburgh,  Dalkeith, 
Haddington,  and  Dunbar.  There  is  plenty 
of  marie  in  the  county  ; but  the  farmers 
prefer  lime  as  more  profitable,  though  at  the 
distance  of  18  or  20  miles.  The  minerals  in 
this  district,  hitherto  discovered  are  few,  and 
these  are  by  no  means  valuable.  The  cele- 
brated mineral  well,  called  Dunso 


B E R 

which  is  somewhat  simila^r  to  those  of  Tun- 
bridge, is  situated  about  a mile  from  the 
towa  of  Diinse.  From  the  situation  of  this 
county,  on  the  border  of  England,  it  \vas 
necessary  that  it  should  be  strongly  fortified, 
to  guard,  as  far  as  possible,  against  the  in- 
foads  of  the  English,  during  the  wars  which 
existed  between  the  two  nations  ; according- 
ly we  hud  numerous  strong  castles  and  for- 
tified places  in  almost  every  parish  in  the 
county.  The  valued  rent  of  Berwickshire  is 
i78>3d51.  Scots,  and  the  real  land  rent  may 
be  estimated  at  1 18,8001.  Sterling. 

Berwick^  a populous  and  well  built  tow’n, 
on  the  borders  of  England  and  Scotland, 
and  a county  of  itself,  which  extends  to 
between  three  or  four  miles  m and  w,  w'hich 
is  called  Berwick  bounds.  It  has  a iiiar- 
keton  Saturday,  extremely  w'ell  supplied.  It 
stands  on  the  n or  Scottish  side  of  the 
Tweed;  and  is  pleasantly  situated  on  an 
easy  declivity  close  to  the  river,  and  a short 
distance  from  the  German  Ocean.  It  has 
high  walls,  and  a ditch  on  the  n and  e, 
and  on  the  s and  w it  is  regularly  fortified 
and  planted  with  cannon,  to  winch  the  river 
serves  as  a moat.  From  the  extensive  ruins 
of  its  castle,  it  appears  to  have  been  once 
strongl)'^  fortified,  and  a place  of  great  im- 
portance when  England  and  Scotland  were 
hostile  to  each  other.  The  great  post  road 
passes  through  it  between  London  and 
Edinburgh.  The  principal  entrance  to  the 
town  from  the  N is  the  Scotch  gate,  and 
from  the  S by  the  English  gate.  The  streets 
are  long  and  broad,  and  the  houses  in  gene- 
ral well  built.  The  town-house  is  a hand- 
some structure,  with  a lofty  turret,  in  which 
are  eight  bells,  and  a fine  clock,  w^hich 
tells  the  quarters,  with  four  dials  one  on  each 
side  of  the  square.  The  bridge  extending 
from  Berwick  to  Twcedmouth  is  947  feet 
long,  containing  1«5  arches,  the  middle  ; 
pillar  on  which  there  is  a turf,  divides 
Berwick  from  the  county  palatine  of  Dur- 
ham. The  barracks  will  hold  about  two 
regiments  of  foot.  Berwick  has  manufac- 
tories of  linen,  damask,  diaper,  cotton, 
leather,  stockings,  carpets,  sacking,  <fec. 
The  printing  business  has  been  for  some 
years  carried  on  in  it  to  some  extent.  It 
has  a very  considerable  trade  arising  from 
the  quantity  of  excellent  salmon  caught  in 
the  river  Tweed ; when  packed  with  ice  in 
boxes,  are  sent  to  London ; also  eggs  and 
corn  are  shipped  for  the  same  port.  There 
is  a great  quantity  of  pearl  barley  manu- 
factured by  the  mills  in  the  neighbourhood, 
which  was  first  introduced  by  Mr  James 
Graham,  to  whose  laudable  exertions  the 
recent  improvements  in  the  town  and  har- 
bour may  justly  be  ascribed.  A few  years 
since  an  act'of  parliament  was  obtained  for 
building  a new  pier,  which  is  now  in  a state 
of  forwardness,  and  when  finished,  it  is  said, 
w'ill  be  the  greatest  work  of  the  kind  in  the 
north  : this  is  doing  with  a view  to  improve 
the  eottauce  to  the  harbour  or  river,  and  to 


B E R 

render  it  safe  and  commodious,  which  was 
at  all  times  difficult  and  often  dangerous* 
The  new  pier  is  generally  enquired  after 
aud  resorted  to  by  strangers.  Berwick  is 
govenred  by  a mayor,  recorder,  town-clerk, 
and  four  bailiffs ; and  has  a coroner,  a 
treasurer,  four  serjeants  at  mace,  and  a 
water-bailiff*.  It  has  a fair  on  Friday  in 
j Trinity  week  for  black  cattle  and  hordes ; 
it  is  in  the  diocese  of  the  bishop  of  Durham, 
and  a recorder  comes  from  Newcastle 
I every  sessions,  which  is  quarterly,  to  sit  a.s 
judge  ; it  is  governed  by  English  laws  ; in 
all  other  respects  it  is  independent  of  both 
kingdoms,  as  is  evident  from  all  public  pro- 
clamations. It  formerly  belonged  to  Scot- 
land, and  was  the  capiuil  of  the  county, 
and  one  of  the  four  towns  where  the  Scot- 
tish royal  boroughs  held  their  conventions ; 
from  its  situation  in  times  of  hostility  be-*- 
tween  the  Scotch  and  English,  it  was  often 
besieged  and  taken,  and  must  have  been 
the  scene  of  much  bloodshed,  when  it  would 
often  change  masters.  It  was  taken  by 
Edward  I.,  and  after  that  period  frequently 
taken  and  retaken.  Ever  since  the  reign 
of  Edw^ard  the  IV.,  when  taken  by  Sir  T* 
Stanley,  it  has  belonged  to  England.  It  was 
incorporated  by  James  I,,  but  has  charters 
as  ancient  as  the  reign  of  Henry  V . Thn 
number  of  its  inhabitants  was  7187  in  1801, 
and  7746  in  1811.  It  sends  two  members 
to  parliament.  It  is  55  miles  se  of  Edin- 
burgh, and  336  n of  London,  Lou.  1 58  w, 
lat.  55  45  N, 

Berwick,  a town  of  the  United  States, 
York  county,  district  of  Maine,  seven  miles 
NW  of  York,  and  86  n of  Boston. 

Berwick,  or  Ahbotstown,  a handsome 
town  in  York  county,  Pennsylvania,  at 
the  head  of  Conewago  creek,  13  miles 
w by  s of  York,  and  45  ese  of  Shippen- 
burg.  Lon.  76  47  w,  lat.  39  54  x. 

Berwick,  North,  a parish  of  Scotland,  oo 
the  coast  of  Haddingtonshire,  situated  near 
the  Frith  of  Forth,  and  extending  about  thr^e 
miles  from  w to  e,  and  two  and  a-halt  Irom  N 
to  s.  It  contains  about  4000  acres,  which 
are  mostly  inclosed,  and  all  arable  except  the 
hill  called  North  Berwick  Law,  (which  is  of 
a beautiful  conical  shape,  rising  about  100 
feet  in  height ;)  and  about  89  acres  of  links. 
The  soil  is  rich  and  very  produo ave.  The 
population  about  1,583. 

Berwick,  North,  a royal  burgh  and  sea 
port,  in  the  above  parbh,  of  considerable 
antiquity  ; but  its  old  charter  being  lost, 
it  obtained  a new  one  from  James  VI.  It 
joins  W'ith  Jedburgh,  Lauder,  Haddington, 
and  Dunbar,  in  electing  a member  of  parlia- 
ment, Its  popuUition  about  700.  A small 
quntity  of  kelp  is  annually  made ; but  its  only 
regular  trade  consists  in  the  exportation  of 
grain;  it  has  an  annual  fair  on  the  last 
Thursday  of  November,  It  is  situated  14 
miles  XE  of  Haddington,  20  ene  of  Edin- 
burgh, and  30  xw  of  Berwick.  Lon.  3 
23  yt,  lat*  <5  N, 


BET 

'^erze^^y  or  Brzezy,  a town  of  Germany, 
in  Silesia.  Lon.  35  55  e,  lat.  49  59  n. 

Besalu,  a town  of  Catalonia,  Spain,  on  the 
Fluvia,  14  miles  nnw  of  Gerona. 

Besancoriy  an  ancient,  large,  and  populous 
city  of  France,  capital  of  the  department  of 
Boubs,  situated  on  the  river  Doubs,  which 
divides  it  into  two  parts,  the  greatest  part  of 
which  is  a peninsula.  The  entrance  is  shut 
up  by  a mountain,  on  w'hich  is  built  a 
large  citadel,  which  commands  all  the 
city.  Besancon  was  formerly  the  see  of  an 
archbishop,  and  it  ranks  as  third  of  the  ten 
archbishoprics  into  which  Bonaparte  divi- 
ded the  republic  in  1801.  Here  are  still  to 
be  seen  the  triumphal  arch  of  Aurelian 
and  other  Roman  antiquities.  It  has  an 
university , an  academy  of  sciences,  a li- 
terary military  society,  and  a public  libra- 
ry in  the  abbey  of  St.  Vincent,  52  miles  e 
of  Dijon,  and  208  se  of  Paris.  Lon.  0 8 e, 
lat.  47  14  N. 

Beschiera,  See  Peschiera, 

Besigheiniy  a town  of  Siiabia,  duchy  of 
Wirtemburg,  wnth  two  old  castles  at  the 
Junction  of  the  Neokar  and  Eus,  15  miles  n 
by  w of  Stutgard, 

Besnager,  a town  on  the  Coromandel 
coast,  about  250  miles  from  Masulipatam, 
and  219  from  Petapoli. 

BESSARABIA,  or  Budzac  Tartary, 
a territory  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  lying  be- 
tween Moldavia,  the  n part  of  the  Danube, 
the  Black  sea,  and  Little  Tartary.  It  is  in- 
habited by  independant  Tartars,  who  main- 
tain themselves  by  their  cattle,  husbandry, 
and  robbery.  Their  religion,  manners,  and 
customs,  are  the  same  with  those  of  the 
Grim  Tartars.  When  any  forces  are  sent 
against  them,  they  retire  among  the  moun- 
tains near  the  Black  sea,  where  it  is  impos- 
sible to  come  at  them  on  account  of  the 
morasses  and  defiles.  This  country  be- 
longed to  the  Turks,  who  by  the  treaty  of 
peace  in  1812,  ceded  it  to  the  Russians. 
Bender  is  the  capital. 

Bessayy  a tow  n of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Allier,  eight  miles  s of  Moulins. 

BessCy  SL  town  of  France,  department  of 
Puy  de  Dome,  18  miles  s of  Clermont. 

B'essenay,  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Riione  and  Loire,  France  12 
miles  w of  Lyons. 

Bessenby y a xiUage  in  Yorkshire. 

Bestertzey  or  Beatrieiay  a royal  free  town 
of  Transylvania,  the  capital  of  the  Saxon 
district,  surrounded  with  w^alls,  towers,  and 
moats.  There  are  gold  mines  near  it,  85 
miles  Kw  of  Hermanstadt.  Lon.  23  45  e, 
lat.  47  30  N. 

Bestricia.  See  Bestertze, 

BetancoSyOr  Betanzos  a town  of  Galicia, 
Spain,  on  the  Mandeo,  with  a good  harbour, 
38  miles  nse  of  Compostella.  Lon.  8 6 Wy 
lat.  43  20  N. 

Betelfaugiy  a town  of  Arabia  Felix,  fa- 
mous for  the  vast  quantity  of  coffee  bought 
and  sold  in  it ; b«ing  the  mart  where  the 


BET 

country  people  bring  their  coffee  to  sell ; and 
W'here  the  Europeans  come,  or  send  their 
factors  or  brokers  to  purchase  it.  It  is  25 
miles  E of  the  Red  sea.  Lon.  57  20  e,  lat. 
15  40  N. 

Bethabemy  a town  of  North  Carolina,  si- 
tuated ill  Wachovia,  famous  for  being  tha 
first  Moravian  settlement  in  those  parts,  be- 
gun in  1753,  six  miles  n of  Salem. 

Bethania,  a post  town  of  North  Carolina, 
situated  in  Wachovia,  on  Gargales  creek, 
four  miles  nw  ot  Bethabara. 

Bethanitty  or  Bethany y a village  at  the  foot 
of  mount  Olivet,  on  the  e side,  about  two 
miles  to  the  e of  Jerusalem  ; where  Lazarus 
dwelt,  and  was  raised  from  the  dead  ; and 
where  the  ascension  of  our  Saviour  ’hap- 
pened. 

Betkara,  a place  s of  the  Galilean  sea, 
upon  tae  borders  of  Ephraim,  where  the 
Mid  anites,  pursued  by  Gideon,  crossed  the 
Jordan. 

Bethely  an  ancient  city  of  Samaria,  called 
in  scripture  Luz,  and  also  Fethaven,  that 
is,  house  of  i'.iiqoUy.  If  there  are  any 
remains  ot  it,  it  mu^-t  be  subject  to  the 
Turks.  It  lay  s of  Sichem,  and  n of 
Jerusalefii. 

Bethlehem,  a town  in  Palestine,  famous 
for  the  birth  of  our  Saviour.  It  was  once 
a nourishing  town,  but  is  now  a poor  vil- 
lage. It  is  situaGd  six  miles  s of  Jerusalem, 
oil  an  eminence,  in  a country  full  of  hills 
and  valleys.  It  might  be  rendered  very 
agreeable,  as  the  soil  is  the  best  in  aU 
these  districts ; fruits,  vines,  olives,  and 
sesamum  succeed  extremely  well ; but  cul- 
tivation is  wanting.  There  are  about  690 
men  in  the  village  capable  of  bearing  arms 
upon  occasions,  and  such  often  occur ; 
sometimes  to  resist  the  pacha,  sometimes  to 
make  war  with  the  adjoining  villages,  and 
sometimes  in  consequence  of  intestine  dis- 
sentions.  Of  these  600  men  about  100  are 
Latin  Christians,  w'bo  have  a vicar  depend- 
ent on  the  great  convent  of  Jerusalem, 
Formerly  their  whole  trade  consisted  in  the 
manufacture  of  beads ; but  the  reverend  la- 
thers not  being  able  to  find  sale  for  all  they 
could  furnish,  they  have  resumed  the  culliva- 
tion  of.  their  lands.  They  make  a wdiite 
wine,  which  justifies  the  former  celebrity 
of  the  wunes  of  Judea,  but  it  is  very  heady. 
The  necessity  of  uniting  for  their  common 
defence  prevails  over  iMfr  religious  differ- 
ences, and  makes  the  Christians  live  here 
in  tolerable  harmony  with  the  Mahometans, 
their  felloNv  citizens.  Both  are  of  the  party 
Yamajiiy  which,  in  opposition  to  that  called 
7far\v«, divides  all  Palestine  into  two  factions, 
perpetually  at  variance.  The  courage  of 
these  peasants,  which  has  been  often  tried, 
has  rendered  them  very  formidable.  Here 
is  a large  church,  built  by  the  famous  St., 
Helena,  in  the  form  of  a cross.  Close  to 
the  church  is  the  monastery  of  the  Francis- 
cans, which  is  large,  but  indifferently  built. 
The  gardens  are  defended  with^  strong  walls* 


BET 


BE  V 


T^w  of  thorn  stands  a tower,  now  almost 
HI  ruins.  Tiieir  chapel  is  better  taken  care 
Through  this  there  is  a passage  to  a 
a square  cave,  where  they  say  the  innocents 
were  buried.  Beyond  this  there  are  pasag® 
c*;  to  the  tombs  of  St.  Jerome,  St.  Paula, 
F/Ustochium,  and  Eusebius  of  Cremona; 
sTfid  be^'ocd  these  again  there  is  a grot, 

cell,  v/hich  they  say  was  the  lodging 
j?Iace  of  St.  Jerome,  when  he  translated 
the  Bible.  Another  entrance  leads  to  a 
vault  or  chapel  12  feet  wide,  and  40  long, 
whose  floor  is  paved,  sides  lined  with  white 
marble,  and  a roof  adorned  with  Mosaic 
work,  now  much  decayed.  At  the  etid  of 
this  there  is  an  arched  concavity,  with  an 
altar,  over  which  there  is  a picture  of  the 
nativity,  and  undeir  it  a vault,  in  the  middle 
of  which  is  a star  made  with  stones  of  vari- 
ous colours,  to  mark  the  place  where  they 
say  our  Saviour  was  born  ; and  near  this  is  the 
manger  where  they  pretend  he  w'as  laid: 
it  is  hewn  out  of  a rock,  and  is  now  flagged 
w’ith  white  marble.  Lon.  55  25  e,  lat.  30 

.50  N.  . 

Bethlehem,  a town  of  France,  in  the  ci- 
<}evant  Austrian  Netherlands,  and  province 
of  Brabant,  (now  apparently  the  department 
of  Dyle.)  The  duke  of  Marlborough  en- 
camped in  it,  in  1706,  after  the  surrender 
ot  Louvain ; from  which  it  lies  n two  miles. 
Lon.  4 35  E,  lat.51  5 N. 

Bethlehem y a town  of  the  United  States, 
in  Pennsylvania,  pleasantly  situated  in 
Northampton  county,  built  partly  on  a hill, 
and  partly  on  the  lower  banks  of  the 
Manakes,  a creek,  which  runs  into 

the  Leheigh  on  ti  w side  of  the  Town, 
over  whieh  river  a large  wooden  bridge  has 
licen  latelj^  erected.  It  is  the  principal 
settlement  of  the  Moravian  Brethren  in 
America;  they  settled  here  in  1741,  under 
count  Zinzendorf.  The  German  language 
is  more  in  use  than  the  English,  but  Divine 
Service  is  performed  in  both  languages,  53 
miles  NNW  of  Philadelphia.  Lon.  75  8 w, 
!at.  46  37  N.  Bethlehem  is  likewise  the 
name  of  several  other  places  in  the  United 
States. 

Bethnal  Greeny  Middlesex,  was  formerly 
a hamlet  of  Stepney,  but  has  some  time 
since  been  formed  into  a distinct  parish,  and 
now  contains  above  3000  houses,  and 
25,000  inhabitants,  with  a handsome  church 
dedicated  to  St.  Matthew,  under  the  pa- 
tronage of  Brazennose  college,  Oxford. 
The  nobde  hospital  called  Trinity-house, 
founded  in  1695,  for  28  decayed  or  old 
masters  of  ships,  pilots,  or  their  widow^«,  is 

in  tlii.s  parish.  , ^ f 

Bethuncy  a town  of  France,  dept,  of  the 
Straits  of  Calais,  containing  upwards  ol 
’ 5000  inhabitants,  seated  on  a rock  by  the 
river  Brelte.  It  has  lour  gales,  and  is  sur- 
rounded with  walls,  and  fortified  in  1710. 
It  wa.s  taken  by  the  allies,  and  restored  by 
the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  120  miles  N of  Pans. 
Lon,  2 25  E,  lat.  50  45  n. 


Eetl€^y  a town  of  Staffordshire,  situatel 
on  the  confines  of  that  county  next  to  Che« 
shire,  in  a barren  sandy  soil,  which,  by  tha 
industry  in  gardening,  has  been  so  improved^ 
that  they  supply  the  greater  part  of  New- 
castle and  the  potteries  w ith  early  vegeta- 
bles. It  has  a market  on  Tuesday,  and  a 
fair  July  20.  It  is  about  five  miles  from 
Newcastle  and  Namptwich,  18  from  Staf« 
ford,  and  157  from  London.  Lon.  2 10  w, 
lat.  53  5 N, 

Beilis,  a strong  town  of  Armenia,  or 
Tureomania,  once  the  capital  of  Curdis- 
tan,  belonging  to  a bey  or  prince  of  tha 
country,  who  is  very  jiowerful,  and  sub- 
ject neither  to  the  grand  seignior  nor  the  king 
of  Persia,  which  renders  the  place  a sanc- 
tuary to  the  inhabitants  of  the  neigh- 
bouring powers.  It  is  situated  on  the 
road  from  Tauris  to  Aleppo,  between 
two  mountains,  on  the  Khabur,  and  is  150 
miles  NNW  of  Altunkupri.  Lon.  43  20  e, 
lat.  37  30  N. 

Betselingen,  a town  of  the  canton  of  Uri, 
Switzerland. 

Metskevety  a town  in  the  county  of  Terns- " 
ware,  Hungary. 

a town  of  Bahar,  Hindoostan,  85 
miles  NNW  of  Patna. 

BETUWE,  a fertile  island  of  Guelder- 
land,  40  miles  long,  and  10  broad,  formed 
by  the  bifurcation  of  the  Rhine  above  Ni- 
megu'^n,  and  by  the  union  of  its  streams 
near  Worcum.  It  is  the  ancient  Batavia^ 
and  formerly  gave  the  name  Batavians  to 
the  inhabitants  of  the  Dutch  Netherlands, 
which  they  have  transferred  to  their  colonies 
in  Java,  and  in  1705  assumed  as  the  title  of 
their  new  republic.  The  principal  place  in 
the  island  is  Nimeguen. 

Bevecum,  a town  of  France,  in  Bra- 
bant, and  department  of  Dyle,  memorable 
for  being  the  place  where  the  duke  of  Marl- 
borough encamped,  after  forcing  the  French 
lines  m 1705;  and  where  he  rested  after 
the  victory  of  Ramillies,  in  1706.  It  lies 
10  mil€s  s of  Louvain.  Lon.  4 45  e,  lat.  50 

45  N.  . , , 

Bevelandy  North  and  South,  two  islands 
in  the  province  of  Zealand,  Holland, 
between  the  e and  w branches  of  the 
Scheldt. 

Bevergam,  a town  of  Westphalia,  bishop^ 
ric  of  Muosier^on  the  river  Enis,five  miles 
Nwof  Tecklenburg. 

Beverley,  an  ancient  borough  of  E York- 
shire, which  originally  rose  round  an  an- 
cient monastery  built  by  John  de  Beverley, 
archbishopric  of  York,  who  died  herein  721, 
In  honour  of  the  archbishop,  whom  several 
kings  adopted  as  their  guardian  saint,  the 
place  W'as  endowed  with  many  privileges 
and  immunities,  particularly  by  king  Athel- 
stane.  The  town  is  large,  w^ell  built,  and 
populous.  It  is  beautified  with  two  stately 
churches,  St.  Maryland  the  late  collegiate 
j church  of  St.  John,  still  called  the  Minster, 

I which  is  a very  fair  and  neat  structure,  and 


B E W 

Oie  roof  is  an  arch  of  stone.  The  other 
prificipal  public  buildings  are  a Methodist 
chapel,  built  in  J805,  a free-school,  six  aim- 
houses,  where  none  a’e  admitted  but  those 
that  give  bond  to  leave  their  > to  the 

poor  when  they  die;  a work-house  which 
cost  7001 : a prison  ; a theatre,  erected  in 
1805,  and  a commodious  ussembiV'Vuom. 
The  market-place  occupies  four  of 

ground,  and  is  adoriieil  with  a bcautijul 
cross  supported  b}'  eight  free  stone  coUunns, 
each  of  one  entire  stone.  The  principal 
trade  is  making  malt,  oat-meal,  and  tanned 
leather  ; and  the  poor  people  chiefly  support 
themselves  by  making  bone- lace.  Eeveily 
has  trvo  w'eekly  markets,  viz.  Wednesday 
for  cattle,  and  Saturday  for  corn;  also  prin- 
cipally for  c.attle  on  Wednesday  'nefore  A- 
pvil  G,  befme  May  12,  before  September  1*3, 
and  after  Dec.  25,  wida  fairs  Thursday  be- 
fore February  25,  Holy  Tiiursday  July  5, 
and  November  5.  It  is  seated  near  the  river 
Hull,  nine  miles  from  Hull,  28  e by  s of 
York,  and  185  n of  London.  Lon.  0 15  w, 
lat.  55.52N. 

EEVLRLEY,  an  island  formed  by  the  | 
Severn,  near  Worcester. 

Beverley^  a sea  port  of  Massachusetts,  si- 
tuated in  Essex  county,  separated  from  Sa- 
lem by  a handsome  budge.  It  lias  a cotton 
manufacture  ; 22  miles  ne  of  Boston.  Lon. 
70  .50  w,  iat.  42  51  n. 

BeverungeUi  a tov/n  of  Germany,  diocese 
of  Paderhorn,  simated  at  the  confluence  of 
Ihe  rivers  Bever  and  Yveser,  24  miles  se  of 
Paderborn. 

Bsvcru-yck,a  towm  of  N Holland,  situated 
on  the  Wickermeer,  which  coramunicatss 
with  the  Wye,  seven  miles  n of  Harlem, 
and  11  s by  VT  of  Alcmaer. 

Beviero,  a salt  lake  of  Terra  Nova  in 
Sicily,  seated  in  the  valley  di  Noto,  three 
Italians  miles  in  circuit,  and  six  from  the 
tew'n  of  Terra  Nova. 

Bevilacqua,  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  Ve- 
ronese, situated  on  the  Rablosa. 

Bevolon,  a well  built  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
department  of  Benaco. 

Beuthen,  capital  of  a lordship  of  the  same 
name,  in  iSdesia,  seated  cn  a branch  of  the 
Oder,  on  the  frontiers  of  Poland,  45  miles 
ENE  of  Katisbon.  Lon.  18  55  e,  lat.  50 

21  N. 

BeutheUf  a town  of  Silesia,  principality 
of  Carolath,  15  miles  nw  of  Glogau. 

Bewald,  or  Bienwald^  an  extensive  forest 
of  Germany,  15  mile.s  long  and  four  broad, 
on  the  borders  of  the  French  depivrtments  of 
the  Upper  and  Lower  Rhine. 

Bewcastle^  a towm  of  Cumberland,  seated 
on  the  Leven,  above  Solom  Moss.  It  ap- 
pears to  have  been  a Roman  station. 

Bewdley,  or  Beaulieu^  a borough  of  Wor- 
cestershire, situated  on  the  Severn,  over 
which  it  hasi  a large  stone  bridge,  Rew^d- 
5 


B H R 

ley  sent  btjrgesses  to  parliament  rrry  early, 
and  had  charters  and  great  privireges  froni 
Edw^ard  IV.  and  Henry  VH.  which  wete 
coriflrnaeii,  with  additions  by  Henry  VIII., 
i:i  whose  time  it  w'as  annexed  to  the  county 
of  Worce^tr'r.  The  town  is  neat  and  wcM 
built ; a convenient  cliapei,  three  mevet- 
ing' houses  for  dissenters,  a handsome  mar- 
ket house,  a gmm mar- school  founded  by 
James  I.,  and  a gale-house  on  the  centre  of 
the  bridge,  used  as  a prison  for  debtor.^:. 
The  inhabitants  carry  on  a considerable 
trade  by  the  Severn,  in  salt,  glass,  iron- ware, 
and  Manchester  goods;  but  the  chief  manu- 
facture caps,  commonly  called  Monmmuth 
caps.  It  has  a good  market  on  Saturday, 
lor  corn,  malt,  leather,  and  hops ; fairs,  A- 
pril  25,  July  26,  and  November  50.  It  is 
1 4 . miles  n of  Worcester,  and  128  kw  of 
London. 

Bewley^  or  Beaulieu^  a small  village,  Ros£-» 
shire. 

Bexy  a pleasant  village,  Switzerland,  can- 
ton of  Bern,  near  the  town  of  St.  Mauric-ej 
remarkable  for  its  salt-wmrks,  which  are  en- 
tered by  a subterranean  passage  cut  through 
the  solid  rock,  45  miles  sw  of  Bern, 

Bexisy  a town  of  Valencia  Spain,  seated  ovt 
an  eminence  enchcled  by  mountains.  It  is 
the  chief  place  of  a district  belonging  to  tb« 
order  of  Calatrava,  22  miles  nw  of  Segorbe. 

BEYERLAND,  a district  of  liciiarid, 
in  the  deparlinent  of  Delft. 

Bezek,  i.  a city  of  Judah,  about  tw'o  miles 
from  Beth-zur,  and  w of  Beth-iehem.  Is 
was  the  capital  of  Adoni-Bezek’s  kingdem. 
It  is. said  to  be  now  a small  village.  2.  A 
city  s of  Bethslian,  and  w of  Jordan. 

Bezers,  or  Besiersy  an  ancient  large,  and 
handsome  town  of  France,  department  of 
Herault,  pleasantly  situated  near  the  royal 
canal,  on  a hiii,  at  the  foot  of  which  rum 
the  river  Orbe.  It  contains  17,000  inha- 
bitants, 40  miles  sw  of  Montpellier.  The 
ruins  of  a circus,  and  several  inscriptions, 
mark  its  ancient  grandeur. 

BhartpouVi  a towm  and  fortress  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Agra,  Hindoostan,  taken  by  the 
British,  by  storm  in  1805  ; 5S  miles  w of 
Agra. 

Bhatgongy  a city  of  Napaul,  not  so  large 
as  the  capital,  but  its  buildings  and  palace 
arc  superior,  and  its  streets  much  cleaner, 
eight  miles  k of  Catmandu. 

BhawaniJeuialy  capital  of  the  N part  of 
Coimbetore,  Flindoostan,  wnth  a fort  in  rni’is, 
and  two  very  elegant  temples.  It  is  rapidly 
enlarging  on  a regular  plan,  and  is  seated  in 
a beautiful  country  at  the  junction  of  the 
Bnawani  and  the  Cavery,  56  miles  ene  of 
Coimbetore,  and  100  se  of  Seringapatain. 
Lon.  77  47  E,  lat.  1 1 26  n. 

BHRIU,  Elana,  a-  small  island  on  tho 
coast  of  SutherlandshirOj  so  named  from  a 
Judge  Morison,  w ho  was  murdered  near  i.%. 
K 


B I e 

andwliose  Intestines  are  interred  here,  ow- 
in"  to  a storm  having  arisen,  while  his 
friends  were  carryin|r  hoiae  the  corpi:e.  It 
furnishes  good  pasture  for  lambs,  though 
only  four  acres  in  extent;  and  belongs  offi- 
cially to  the  minister  of  Edderachylis. , 

B I AFAR  A,  a kingdom  of  Africa,  situ-i 
ated  SE  of  Benin,  and  w of  Medra,  from 
which  it  is  divided  by  a chain  of  mountains, 
and  extending  s to  lat.  4 deg.  0 h.  The  na- 
tives are,  of  all  negroes,  most  addicted,  to, 
and  infatuated  with  magic ; imagining 
themselves  capable  of  causing  rain,  thunder, 
and  lightning;  therefore  they  worship  the 
devil  with  great  zeal,  and  even  sacrifice  their 
children  to  him.  ' 

Bialms^y  a town  of  Lithuania,  Poland, 
Lon.  31  2 E,  lat.  54  1 2 N. 

Bkilogorodi  or  Akerman^  a strong  town 
of  Bessarabia,  European  Turkey,  situated  on 
the  banks  of  the  lake  Vinoho, 

Bianat  a town  of  Asia,  in  the  dominions 
of  the  great  Mogul,  remaikable  for  its  ex- 
cellent indigo. 

. Biar,  a town  of  Spain,  Valencia,  famous 
for  honey,  which  is  amazingly  white  and 
solid,  and  never  afifected  by  the  weather,  six 
miles  K of  Villena; 

, Biherach,  a city  of  Germany,  Siiabia,  for- 
merly free  and  imperial,  and  subject  to  its 
own  magistrates;  but  since  its  cession  to 
Baden  by  the  couclusum  of  the  imperial  diet 
in  1802,  and  the  late  union  of  Baden  with 
the  confederation  of  the  Rhine,  these  digni- 
liies  are  now  annihilated.  It  has  a large 
manufacture  in  fustians,  and  is  seated  in  a 
"pleasant  fertile  valley  on  the  river  Russ.  It 
has  also  some  hot  baths.  In  September, 
1796,  a victory  was  obtained  in  its  neigh- 
bourhood by  French  republican  army 
over  the  Austrian  general,  Latour.  It  lies 
20  miles  ssw  of  Ulm. 

Bibersberg,  a town  of  Lower  Hungary,  15 
miles  N of  Presburg.  A bloody  battle  was 
fought  near  it  between  tlie  imperialists  and 
Hungarian  malcontents  in  1705. 

Bibknay  a territory  of  Tuscany,  situated 
mrpund  a town  of  the  same  name,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Arno. 

Bibray  a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  Thurin- 
gia, much  frequent ed  on  account  of  its  mi- 
ueral  springs,  nine  miles  s of  Querfurt. 

, Bibitryy  a village  of  Gloucestershire,  with 
a spacious  church  dedicated  to  St.  Mary ; 
situated  on  an  eminence  near  the  banks  of 
the  Colne,  seven  miles  from  Cirencester. 
Bicomer,  See  BicJmneer. 

Bicestcvy  or  Bisscicr,  or  Burcesten  a large 
and  well  built  town  of  Oxfordshire,  It  has 
a market  on  Ffidtiy,  and  fairs  5th  Aug.  and 
I5th  December  It  is  1 1 miles  nke  of  Ox- 
ford, and  56  ^ by  n of  Lor.don. 

. Biciiel,  ^ town  of  Germiioy.  near  Rastadt, 
wcle  of  S'labia,  where  she  French  general 
/llneau  held  bis  heiid  quarters  in  July  1796. 


B I E 

Bickaneevy  a town  of  Hindoostan,  capital 
of  a cifcar,  county  of  Agimere,  42  miles  w 
of  Nagore.  Lon.  74  0 e,  lat.  27  12  n. 

Bicoccoy  a village  of  Italy,  near  Milan ; 
the  scene  of  a defeat  the  French  received 
from  the  Austrians,  in  1522. 

Bulackcy  a town  of  France,  department  of 
the  Lower  Pyrenees,  on  the  Bidouse,  12 
miles  s of  Bayonne. 

Bidasocty  Biddassoa,  or  Vidassoy  a consider- 
able river  of  Spain,  which  rises  in  the  Pyre- 
nees, and  falls  into  the  bay  of  Biscay,  be- 
tween Andaye  and  Fontarabia.  This  river 
was  long  a bone  of  contention  between 
France  and  Spain,  but  is  now  common  be- 
tween the  tw'o  countries,  and  the  duties  are 
paid  on  the  landing  side  by  them  who  pass 
over.  ‘ 

Bidburgt  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Luxem- 
burg, Netherlands,  50  miles  nke  of  Luxei^ 
burg. 

Biddeford,  or  Bediford,  a sea  port  town 
of  Devonshire,  stated  on  the  river  Toridge^ 
over  which  there  is  a fine,  stone  bridge  wutii 
24  arches.  It  is  a large  and  populous  place, 
and  carries  on  a considerable  trade,  in  coal, 
culm,  timber,  and  oak  bark,  and  in  tb» 
Newfoundland  and  herring  fisheries.  It 
has  a large  pottery,  and  large  quantities  of 
Welsh  limestone  is  burned  here.  It  has  a 
market  on  Tuesday,  and  fairs  February  14, 
July  18,  and  November  15  ; 16  miles  s by'w 
of  Ilfracorab,  and  201  w of  London.  Lorn 
4 1 2 w,  lat.  5 1 4 N. 

Biddefordy  a port  of  entry,  and  post  tow» 
of  the  district  of  Maine,  seated  on  the  sc* 
coast,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Saco.  Flere  are 
sometimes  held  the  county  courts,  14  miles 
ssw  of  Portland.  Lon.  70  55  w,  lat.  45 
26  N. 

BIDDENORE.  a large  district  of  the 
Mysore  country,  w'hich  w'as  alloted  to  th* 
Mahrattas  after  the  late  reduction  of  that 
country  by  the  British. 

. Bidisy  an  ancient  city  of  Sicily,  near  %- 
racuse,  whose  ruins  are  still  to  be  seen  abou^ 
15  miles  to  the  sw,  with  a church  called 
South  Giovanni  di  Bidini. 

Bidisanoy  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  late  re- 
publican department  of  the  Appenines. 

Bidzigur,  a • town  of  Alahabad,  Hindoo- 
stan, with  a fort  on  a lofty  rock',  50  miles 
s of  Benares, 

Bieezy  n town  of  Poland,  palatinate  of 
Cracovia,  remarkable  for  its  mines  of  vitriol. 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  Weseloke,  50  miles 
SE  of  Cracow.  Lon.  21  1 5 e,  lat,  4 9 50  n™ 

Biely  a river  of  Scotland.  Haddington- 
shire, which,  after  passing  Whittingham, 
Bield,  Belton,  and  West  Bams,  falls  into 
the  Frith  of  Forth. 

Biel.  See  Bwnna. 

Bielay  capital  of  a province  of  the  same 
name,  Russia,  seated  on  the  rjiver 
UchtW.  . 


B 1 6 

* a town  of  Piedmont,  Italy,  and 
^iapital  of  the  Beilese,  near  the  river  Cerva, 
24  miles  w of  Vercelli, 

Bielefeld^  a town  of  ^estphalia,  capital  of 
the  county  of  Ravensberg,  noted  for  the . 
mamifacture  and  bleachin^^  of  linen,  17  miles 
of  Lipstadt. 

Bielegorody  a town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Kursk  j situated  on  the  river 
Donez.  It  is  the  see  of  iki  archbishop. 
Entrenchments  are  thrown  up  between  it 
and  th®  towns  of  Staroi,  Oskol,  ^owoi,  and 
Werchcsosnfzy.  80  miles  ssw  of  Kursk, 
Lon.  36  40  E,  lat.  50  SO  n. 

Bicloit  a town  in  the  government  of  Smo- 
lensk, Russia,  60  miles  ks  of  Smolensk. 

■ Bielozerskf  a town  in  the  government  of 
Novogorod,  Russia,  s of  the  lake  Bielo,  210 
miles  NE  of  Novogorod.  Lon.  37  50  e.  lat. 
59  40  n. 

Bielscz,  Bielskt  or  BieJskiy  a large  town 
of  Little  Poland,  in  the  palatinate  of  Pola- 
chia,  seated  on  the  Beala,  one  of  the  branches 
Vif  the  Narew,  130  miles  kne  of  Warsaw, 
Lon,  25  39  E,  lat,  52  40  n. 

' Biehkoiy  a town  of  Russia  in  the  provintJe 
‘ of  iSmoIensko. 

^ Biennaj  BiennCt  or  Bieli  a town  of  Swit* 
aefland,  situated  on  a lake  of  the  same  name, 
the  foot  of  mount  Jura  ; seven  miles  nw 

BIEQUE  ISLE.  See  B(friquen* 
BiervUet,  d town  of  the  Ketherlands, 
P>qtch  Flanders,  on  the  w Scheldt,  and  brt 

■ ;ii  smull  island  of  the  same  name,  20  miles 
' of  Ghent. 

I ■ Bigrbonc  Creek,  a fiver  of  ^Kentucky,  (so 
' nsmed  fpm.  the  large  bones  found  near  it,) 

' " Which  falls  into  the  Ohio. 

Big-hone  Licks,  lie  on  each  side  of  the 
above  mentioned  creek,  eight  miles  from  its 
mouth  These,  as  well  as  the  other  salt 
springs  in  the  Western  territory,  are  called 
Licks,  because  the  earth  about  them  is  fur- 
rowed up  in  a most -curious  manner,  by  the 
' buffaloes  and  deer  which  lick  the  earth  on 
acbount  of  the  saline  particles  with  which 
it  is  impregnated,  llie  large  bones  found 
here  and  in  several  other  places  near  salt 
licks,  said  to  belong  to  the  mammoth,  still 
puzzle  the  most  learned  naturalists,  to  deter- 
mine to  what  animal  they  have  belonged. 
A thigh-bone  found  here  by  general  Parsons, 
measured  49  inches  in  length.  Mr.  Jeffer- 
son who  examined  the  skeleton  of  one  of 
these  animals,  says,  that  “ The  bones  bespeak 
an  animal  of  five  or  six  times  the  entire  vo- 
lume of  an  elephant,’*  as  M.  Baffon  has 
admitted.  Of  this  animal,  the  natives  have 
no  tradition  but  what  is  so  fabulous,  that 
no  conjecture  can  be  aided  by  it,  except  that 
^ the  anirnal  was  carnivorous  ; and  this  is  the 
■general  opinion,  and  was  admitted  by  the 
late  Dr  Hunter  of  London,  from  an  exami- 
nation  of  the  tusks* 


B 1 G 

BIGG  A,  a small  island  in  Yell  Sonjid 
among  the  Northern  Shetland  isles. 

Biggctr,  a parish  of  Scotland,  county  of 
Lanark,  about  six  miles  long  frein  e to  w, 
and  three  and  a-half  bro5ui  from  s to  y, 
forming  a kind  of  iiregular  oval.  The  cii- 
'mate  is  healthy  ; the  sufface  partly  hilly  : 
and  the  ground  one  half  under  iillage,  and 
the  other  under  pasture.  "The  cimrch  is  in 
the  forin  of  a cross,  and"  built  in  the 
16th  century,  and  endowed  for  the  support 
of  a provost,  eight  prebendaries,  four  sing- 
ing boys,  and  six  poor  men.  The  popula- 
tion is  about  12 1 6. 

Bigga  f,  3i  tovvn  in  the  above  parish,  which, 
in  1790,  contained  389  inhabitants.  It  has 
three  fairs ; at  Candlenvas,  first  Thiirsday  in 
July,  and  last  Thursday  Oct.  O S.  At  the  w 
end  of  the  tov/n,  there  are  vestiges  of  a tu- 
mulus, and  three  camps.  The  tradition  is, 
that  a battl'c  was  fouglit  near  it, 

«Wi  Willie  V/allace 
And  his  Albion  foes  ** 

The  English  it  is  said  had  60,000  men, 
wherein  great  slaughter  was  made  on  both 
sides.  27  miles  s' by  w of  Edinburgh, 

Biggleswade,  a town  of  Bedfordshire, 
with  a market  on  Tuesday  ; on  the  river  Ivel, 
over  which  there  is  a handsome  bridge.  This 
Ivel  has  been  made  navigable  to  this  place 
by  act  of  parliameht ; while  the  town,  lyih^ 
on  the  great  road  from  London  to  Yoffe, 
from  the  contihual  pai^age  of  travellers,  has 
greatly  increased  in  wealth  and  prosperity ; 
and  since  1785,  when  upwards  cf  120 
houses  were  consumed  by  fire,  its  appearance 
is  remarkably  impreved.  I t has  one  of  the 
greatest  barley  markets  In  England,  It  1 G 
miles  ESS  of  Bedford,  and  45  ^‘i  wdf  London. 

BIG-ISLANE,  ail  i^and  of  Itelahd, 
coast  of  downi  at  the  entrance  of  Garrick- 
fergus  bay.  - 

BIGORRE,  a cf-detaht  province  of 
France,  in  GaEiCohy,  which  now  foriiis  tfis 
department  of  the  Upper  Pyrene&s.  It  is 
40  miles  in  length  from  K to  s ; and  30  in 
breadth  from  e to  w.  It  is  divided  into 
three  parts,  the  mountains,  the  plains,  auJ 
the  Riistan.  The  remarkable  towns  are 
Tarbes  the  capital,  Bagneres,  liourd,  &c. 
The  mountains  are  a.  barrier  between  France 
and  Spain,  aLid  there  are  four  different  pas- 
sages which  the  iijbabitants  are  obliged  to 
guard.  Eigorre  yields  marble,  jasper,  stone, 
and  slate ; there  are  also  mines  of  several 
sorts,  but  they  ai'e  not  worked.  The  riverk 
are  the  Adour,  the  Elches,  the  Artdset,  and 
the  Gave  of  Lavedon.  ' 

Bigswuld,  or  Lcgsivell,  a place  near  Gar- 
mibton,  county  oi  Caithness,  memorable  for 
a battle  between  John  Earl  of  Caithness, 
and  Sir  James  Sinclair,  sou  of  the  Earl  ;jf 
Orkney,  on  the  18th  of  M?<y,  1529  ; where- 
in the  former  was  slain,  with  500  of  hii  luF' 
,1  lowers,  and  the  rest  taken  prisoners. 

R 2 


B I L 

' BIGUBA,  a Kingdom  on  tb^e  w coast  of  t 
Africa,  tlirough  which  passes  the  Rio  Gran- 
de. The  capital,  of  the  same  name,  is  seated 
on  .the  river,  100  miles  from  its  mouth. 
Lon.  IS  50  w,  kt.  11  12  K. 

JBihatx,  a strong  town  of  Hungary,  Croa- 
tia, situated  in  an  isle  formed  by  the  river 
Unna,  63  miles  se  of  Carlstadt.  Lon  16 
,52  E,  lat  ■44  51  N. 

JBijmagur,  See  Bisnagur. 

BIJORE,  a province  of  Hiiidoostan 
proper,  lying  between  the  Indus  and  the 
.Attock.  Its  dimensions  do  net  exceed  50 
miks  by  20.  Its  inhabitants  are  a savage 
and  turbulent  race. 

Mlboa,  a large,  handsome,  and  rich  town 
of  Spain,  the  capital  of  Biscay,  with  a well 
frequented  harbour.  It  is  remarkable  for 
the  whc-lesomeness  of  its  air,  and  theiertility 
of  the  adjacent  country.  Its  exports  are 
wool,  oil,  chesniits,  sword  blades,  with  other 
manufactures  in  iron  and  steel  j 50  miles 
%v  by  s of  St  Sabastian,  and  180  n by  e of 
Madrid.  Lon.  2 48  w,  lat.  45  14  k. 

BildtrstoTty  a town  of  Suffolk,  situated  on 
a creek  ors  the  river  Breton.  The  manufac- 
4nre  of  woollen  goods,  especially  blankets, 
for  which  it  was  formerly  famous,  is  greatly  i 
•decayed  ; 12  miles  ss  of  Bury,  and  65  jjs  of  1 
London. 

BILEDULGERID,  (or  Belad  al 
JsRzn,  the  Country  of  Bates  y)  a kuigdoin 
of  Africa.  It  is  almost  square,  extending  i 
more  than  80  leagues  every  way,  from  28  | 
50,  to  52  50  lat.  n,  and  from  6 to  12  ion.  w. 
It  is  bqunded  on  the  n by  Tunis;  on  the  e 
by  a ridge  of  lofty  mountains,  which  divide 
it  from  Tripoli,  and  part  of  Gudamis ; on 
the  w by  the  countries  of  Zeb  and  Mezeb ; 
and  on  the  s by  the  province  of  Vergoela. 
The  whole  country  is*  barren,  sandy  and 
mountainous,  producing  little  or  nothing 
besides  dates,  which  grow  here  in  such  pro- 
fusion, that  the  face  of  half  the  country  is 
covered  over  with  date  trees.  The  climate 
is  hot  and  unhealthy  ; the  people,  lean,  shri- 
velled and  sv/arthy  in  their  comploxions, 
with  their  eyes  imlamcd,  owing  to  the  rejec- 
tion of  the  sun- beams  from  the  white  hard 
soil.  The  showers  of  dust  and  sand,  driven 
by  the  high  winds  that  blow  here.^t  certain 
seasons,  a 'e  frequently  so  violent,  as  to  bury 
men  and  cattle  under  them.  The  natives 
are  represented  as  a lewd,  treacherous,  thie- 
vish, and  savage  people,  who  delight  in  mur- 
der and  robbery.  They  are  nuostly  a mixture 
of  Africans  and  wild  Arabs.  They  pursue 
no  other  occupation  besides  hunting  and 
plimderiipg;  ihe  first  of  which  is  their  com- 
mon otiiphjyeuin::,  especially  hunting  .of 
ostriches,  wliicb  arnsaid  to  be  of  a prodigious 
statin  e n this  country,  and  as  high  as  a man 
mounted  on  a t:  11  h.>ii'se.  The  inhabitants 
oa.the  flesh  of  these  animals  ; barter  ihcir 
fi^ithors  for  corn,  pulse,  cUier  things  ■ 


■B  I L 

I they  want;  use  their  hearts  in  their  necro- 
mantic and  religious  rites,  their  fat  as  a mor 
dicine  of  sovereign  v J tue,  their  talons  for  ear 
pendants  and  othey  ornaments,  and  their 
skias  they  convert,  into  pouebes  and  knnp- 
sacks  ; so  that  there  is  not  a part  of  the  ani- 
mal but  is  employed  to  some  purpose, 

Biievelt^  a town  of  Germany,  circle  of 
Westphalia. 

Biliny  a to\fii  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Leif- 
meriiz,  near  a mountain  of  the  same  name, 
remarkable  for  many  herbs,  stones,  and  me- 
tals. Here  is  also  a good  mineral  spring,  IT 
miles  w of  Letmeritz, 

Bililz,  a tov/n  of  the  electorate  of  Bian- 
denburgh,  22  rnilas  sw  of  Berlin 

Bil'clZy  or  Bilitzow,  a town  of  Silesia  ca- 
pital of  a principality  of  the  same  name,  with 
a castle.  It  has  a considerabie  manufacture 
cf  ciiab,  and  is  situated  on  iiie  Biala,  o.n  the 
verge  of  Poland. 

Billerica,  a towmsbip,  Middlesex  county, 
Massachusetts. 

Bdlericay,  a town  in  Essex,  seated  on  a 
hill.  It  has  a considerable  market  fer  com, 
on  Tuesday,  and  a fair  on  July  22d,  and 
Oct  27ih.  It  is  nine  miles  sw  fiom 
Chehnsrord,  and  23  e of  London. 

JBilksden.  See  Bilsden, 

Billesdun,  a village  in  North lunnerland 
near  the  rocks  of  Cheviot  bills. 

Billft.  See  J-Iatboraugh. 

BdUngharn,  a town  in  Northumberland, 
situated  on  the  Tyne.  It  has  a weelily 
market  on  Tuesday  and  Saturday,  and  a 
fair,  Saturday  after  September  1 5. 

'Billinghurst,  a small  but  agreeable  village 
in  Sussex.  The  famous  highway,  called 
Stanes  Street  Causeway,  passes  by  this 
place  to  Arundel.  It  has  a fair  on  Whitsuii- 
Monday. 

Billingsport,  a town  in  Delaware,  12 
miles  below  Philadelphia. 

Billom,  or  Billon,  a town  of  France, 
department  of  Puy  dc  Dome,  15  miles  se  of 
Clermont. 

Bilma,  a vast  burning  desert  of  Africa, 
between  20  and  25  lat.  n. 

Bilsah,  a town  of  Malwa,  Ilindoostan, 
capital  of  a circar,  famous  for  its  excellent 
i tobacco  ; 120  miles  e of  Ougein.  Lon.  77 
55  E.  lat.  25  SO  n, 

Bil&dcn,  or  Bilsdon,  a small  town  of  Lei- 
cestershire, with  a market  on  Friday,  and 
fairs  Aug.  25,  and  July  25,  eight  miles  e of 
Leicester,  and  95  n by  w of  London,  Loii. 
0 15  w,  lat.  .'12  40  N. 

Bilsen,  or  Bilson,  a town  of  France,  de- 
purtraeot  of  the  I.ower  Meuse,  formerly  in 
the  bishopric  of  Liege,  arid  subject  to  the 
house  of  Austria.  It  was  the  rendezvous 
of  the  Juke  of  Marlborough,  in  1706,  pre- 
vious to  Uie  buttle  of  liamillies.  It  lies  six 
miles  w of  Maestricht,  and  14  nnw  of  Leige. 
Near  it  is  Mua;,ter  Bilgen,  a celcbra,to4 


B I N 


B I R 


temporal  foundation  and  Abbey  for  noble } 
Xadies.  I 

Bihtdn,  a town  of  Westphalia,  seated  cn 
a mountain  ,24  miles  sse  of  Arensberg.  I 

JBiistorif  a large  village  in  Staffordshire,  j 

near  Wolverhampton,  which  enjoys  the  ad-  j 
vantage  of  a communicaticn  with  the  Staf- i 
ford  and  Worcestershire  canals,  and  in  the  ; 
vicinity  are  large  mines  of  coal,  iron-stone, 
^c.  also  forges,  farnaces,  and  slitting'  mills  ; 
.here  there  is  also  a manuf  acture  of  japanned  " 
and  cnamelied  goods.  ! 

BIMINI,  one  of  the  Lucaya  islands  N 
America,  near  the  channel  of  B'diarna,  with 
a good  hai'bour,  about  eight  miles  in  length, 
and  as  much  in  breadth,  covered  with  trees, 
and  inhabited  by  native  Americans.  Lon. 
.79  50.  lat.  25  0 N. 


rivers  it  is  situated.  It  was  taken  on-  tl’.e 
20th  of  October,  1794,  and  afterr/ards  iai 
June  1796,  by  the  French,  who  were  again 
driven  from  it  by  the  Austrians,  on  the  i^ih 
Octoner,  but  the  latter  were  ohliofed  to 
evacuate  it  next  day,  15  miles  w by  South 
of  Mentz. 

Bvhgetiheim,  a town  of  Germany,  circle 
of  Uf'per  Rhine,  16  miles  nne  of  Frankfort. 

Bingham^  a town  of  Notiingaanishire, 
noteu  fur  its  handsome  Gothic  chuvcii,  fbr- 
j merly  coile^^iute  ; the  steeple,  consisting  of 
a tower  ,md  spire,  is  upwards  <'f  120  Vest 
high,  and  contains  a fine  ring  of  Kells,  it 
has  three  fairs,  on  the  20th  of  Febraa!y> 
Is:  Thursday  in  maj^  and  Sth  November, 
nine  miles  e of  NoUinghsKi,  aijd  124  n by 
w of  London. 


BimBpatam,  or  BimHpatam,  r sea-port 
town  of  Golconda  E Indies,  on  the  w side 
of  the  bay  of  Bengal ; where  the  Dutch  have 
a small  factory  for  buying  up  the  cloth  ma 
niifactured  by  the  inhabitants,  12  miles  n of 
Visagapatmm. 

J5m,  or  Bin  hillt  a mountain  of  ScotlrtiiP, 
Banffshire,  which,  like  the  Grecian  Par 
nassus,  has  two  tops,  the  one  higher  than 
the  other. 

Bma,  a town  of  Italy,  department  of  the 
Upper  Po. 

Binaros,  a small  town  of  Spain,  Valentia, 
remarkable  for  good  wine,  leven  mdes  n by 
£ Of  Pioiscoia,  and  25  s of  Torlosa. 

Binaseb,  a village  of  Italy,  near  Pavia, 
It  was  burnt  by  a party  of  the  French  re- 
publican army  under  general  Bonaparte, 
!n  June  1796;  the  ird  ,:bjants  having, 
along  with  those  of  Pavia,  attempted  to 
raise  a rebellion  against  the  F.cncli,  after 
professing  to  fraternize  with  them. 

Binbrook,  or  Bindroke,  a tcv/n  cf  Lincoln- 
shire, with  a.  market  on  YftdLrsday,  SO 
miles  of  Lincoln,  and  157  n o,  London. 

JBiricaza,  a sea-port  of  Africa,  kingdom 
of  Tripoli,  140  raiies  w of  Derna. 

Binch,  a small  fortified  town  of  France, 
department  of  the  North  on  the  river  Haye, 
nine  miles  k of  Mons, 

Binchcsler,  a village  near  Durham,  situ- 
ated on  the  Wear.  By  several  inscriptions 
and  monuments  it  appears  to  have  been 
the  Roman  Vinovium. 

Biaean^  a hill  of  Perthshire,  parish  of 
Callander,  cf  a very  singular  appearance, 
from  the  smallness  of  its  circumference  and 
the  altitude  of  its  head  on  the  clouds. 

Bine-Gurve,  a group  cf  hills  in  the 
county  of  Sutherland. 

Bingo xi,  atowm  of  Barca,  Barbary  with  a 
port  for  small  vessels,  55  miles  sw  of  To- 
Icmefa. 

Bingeuy  an  ancient  and  handsome  town 
late  of  Germany,  archbishcpric  of  Mentz, 
new  of  France,  department  of  the  Rhine 
Nahe,  on  the  couflucnce  of  which  j 


Bingleijy  a small  town  in  the  w Riding 
of  Yorkshire,  with  a market  on  Tuestlay* 
piea^^^iUtly  situated  on  the  river  Are.  Tt*.a 
ta-  "d  irv:m  this  to  Skipton,  is  raised  up  .the 
side  of  a hill  by  a succession  of  locks  above 
each  other ; by  which  a very  long  level  is 
obtained.  Bingley  has  fairs  on  .Tan.  2.5, 
and  Ang.  25.  It  is  30  miles  w by  s froin 
York,  and  202  wNw  of  Leaden.  Leu.  1 
40  lat.  55  50  jr. 

Binna-Bttird,  and  Bmna-Muickduidh,  two 
iofr.y  mou!;tuius  i'i  the  parish  of  Grathy, 
A'-.,  (icsiisiiire,  whose  tops  are  ponstsirtly 
CGv':-ed  with  snow.  They  extend  in  the 
same  ridge  wi'h  the  Cairugoram  mountain, 
and  emeralds  with  yellow  and  brown  tepases 
are  found  upon  them. 

BIN  TAN,  an  island  of  Asia,  in  the  FJ 
Indies,  s of  Malacca. 

Biobio,  or  Biophia,  the  largest  river  ia 
Chid:  It  rises  in  the  Andes,  and  enters  oa 
the  S sea  near  the  city  of  Conception,  op- 
posite the  isle  of  AveqiiirjD.a,  in  lat.  57  0 s. 
It  As  tbs  boundary  between  the  Spanish 
settlement,  aud  several  Indian  nations,  theis* 
enemies,  which  obliges  them  to  keep  strong 
garrif oi's  upon  it. 

Biocovo,  a h'gh  mountain  cf  Italy,  late 
maratinie  divisions  of  Austria, 

Biogrady  a decayed  town  of  D.ilmatia, 
fonnctiy  called  Alba  Maritim??.,  the  ancient 
residence  of  the  kings  of  Croatia.  It  has  a 
spacLus  harbour  at  the  mouth  of  the  lake 
Urana. 

Biornhurgy  a town  rf  Sv/edon,  N Finlandl 
situated  cn  the  river  Kune,  m the  gidph  oC 
Bothnia,  75  miles  n of  Abo.  Lon.  25  5 r, 
lat.  61  4 2 N. 

Bivy  or  Berr,  R town  of  Asiat?  " Tui  k-^y, 
province  of  Diarbeck.  with  a cv  de  who. *2 
the  governor  resides,  situated  on  the  eastern 
bank  of  the  Euphrates,  near  a high  mciin- 
lain,  in  a \egv  pie-^-sant,  rusk  fertile  country, 
60  miles  ke  of  A lenpo. 

Birboom,  a tovvu  of  B.'V.val,  IThidoor.tau, 
56  ra-les  wsw  of  ^loorsi'ctiabad,  snd  liS 
NNiy  of  Calcutta. 


BIR 

Wrclies^  a town  in  Gloucestershire,  be- 
tween Colebrook-dale  and  builder’s-bridge. 
An  earthquake  did  much  damage  to  this 
place  in  1773.  The  gfciind  was  rent  in 
several  places,  and  thrown  into  contused 
heaps;  a wood, turnpike-roads,  fields,  hedges, 
houses,  &c.  were  thrown  out  of  their  former 
situations  ; the  bed  of  the  Severn  was  dho^ed 
-up,  and  the  river  diverted  into  a new  dhaii- 
nel;  causing  for  the  lime  a great  inunda- 
tion above,  and  so  sudden  a fall  bclcW,  that 
many  Ushes  were  left  on  dry  land,  and  several 
barges  were  heeled  over,  till  the  river,  l^re- 
inarkable  deep  at  the  tiine,]l  at  last  forcing 
flts  vray  down,  overwhelmed  and  sunk  them. 

Bird  Fort,  a fort  on  the  Nonorgaheld,  40 
miles  s of  Port  Pitt. 

BIRD-KEYS,  an  island  among  the  Vir- 
gin Isles,  two  leagues  s of  St.  John’s 

Birkar^sin  ancient  royal  seat  and  con- 
stiderable  market  town  of  Sweden,  Island  of' 
Biorko. 

Birkeneelf  a town  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Bhine,  near  Oberstein,  lately  annexed  to 
-France,  and  included  in  the  department  of 
■the  Rhine,  and  Kahe.  Several  bloody 
engagements  took  place  in  the  vicinity, 
between  the  French  and  Austrians,  in  June 

Birkenhead j t mountain  of  Scotland,  P.a- 
aarkshire. 

Birkenheady  a village  in  Cheshire. 

Birkes,  a village  in  Northumberland. 

‘ BlrkenfiekU  a late  county  of  Germany, 
circle  of  the  Upper  Rhine,  annexed  to 
France,  and  apparently  included  in  the  de- 
partment  of  the  Sarre  and  Moselle. 

Birkenfieldy  iht  late  capital  of  the  above 
county,  seated  near  the  river  Nake,  25  miies 
ESE  of  Treves.  Lon.  7 14  e,'  lat.  49  3J  h. 

Birling,  a town  in  Kent. 

BIRMAH.  See  Burmak. 

Birmingham^  a very  large ' town  of  War- 
i^^kshire,  long  celebrated  for  its  manufac- 
tures. It  is  no  cDfporation,  being  only  go- 
verned by  two  cbiistables,  and  two  bailifL, 
and  a head-borough  ; and  it  is  therefore 
free  for  any  person  to  settle  in  ; which  has 
contributed  to  the  great  increase  of  buildings 
and  trade.  The  town  stands  on  the  side  of 
a hill,  nearly  in  the  form  of  a half  moon. 
Some  idea  may  be  formed  of  the  vast  in- 
crease of  this  place  in  srae,  opulence,  and 
manufactures,  by  comp<ii'»ng  number  of 
streets  about  40  years  ago  with  that  of  which 
it  at  presentsconsists:  in  1770,  it  was  about 
50  and  now  it  is  said  to  have  about  250 
streets,  besides  some  of  the  oldest  improved 
and  extended.  The  number  of  houses  is 
computed  at  13,000,  and  of  inhabitants  at 
80,000.  It  has  two  churches,  two  chapels, 
6Gver;il  meeting  houses,  a laige  school  en- 
dowed by  Edward  VI.  an  elegant  theatre, 
capable  of  containing  2000  people ; a no 
ICwS  elegant  and  commodious  hotel,  with  su- 


B 1 R 

perb  ss«embly-rcomg,  the  contpletest^^ieVlif 
baths  in  the  kingddm,  and'ADuddei^t^^ 
Gardens,  a place  o^  enterp  inmeht  similar 
to  Vauxhali  Gardens.  It  tvould  greatly  e:?!^ 
ceed  our  limits  to  notice  the  v;i«  ;ous  manu- 
factures of  Birmingham;  but  from  the  pon- 
derous articles  of  the  casting  furnace,  rol- 
ling-miil,  and  knieiting- work,  IhrOftVgh  all 
the  variety  of  elegant  hard-ware,  to  the  smal- 
lest trinket,  Of  to^,  are  here  produced  abun- 
dantly. At  the  Soho,  Mr.  I^lton’s  manu- 
factory alone  is  capable  of  containing-  lOpO 
woi^kmen,  in  all  the  varieties  pf  buckles, 
buttons,  plated,  steel,  &c.  Jtc.  It  has  a 
market  on  Thursday  ; and  fairs  on  Whitsun- 
Thursday,  and  29th  of  September.  A na- 
vigable canal  was  begun  in  April  1768,  and 
completed  in  November  176&,  to  the  col- 
lieries  at  AVednesbury  ; which  brings  a Va- 
Yi'cty  of  raw  materials  from  distant  paTi|, 
and  supplies  the  town,  with  coals  at  a iho- 
derate  price.  In  1772,  thi^ "canal  w^s  ex- 
tended to  Austerberley ; and  tiience  by  the 
Severn  to  Shrewsbury,  Gloucester,  &c. ; 
the  Mersey  to  Liverpool;  and  by  the 
Trent  to  Gainsborough,  Hull,  &c.  A new 
canal  forms  a cortimunication  by  Fazely 
with  Tam  worth,  Atherstone,  Nunealoh,  and 
Coventry,  and  thence  4o  London.  Birmiiig^ 
ham  lies  109  miles  nw  of  London^  48  si 
of  Shrewsbury,  and  17  nvv  of  Coventr;^. 
Lon.  1 50  w,  lat.  52  30  N.  ‘ 

Birnamy  a hill  of  Scotland,  Ferthshir#\ 
celebrated  by  Shakespear  in  iris  tragedy 
Macbeth.  It  rises  wdth  rude  mod  striking 
magnificence  to  the  height  ot  1580  feet 
bove  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Birnky  s parish  in  the  covrnty  of  E%in, 
extending  about  five  miles  from  n to  s anrd 
two  from  E to  w,  and  co^. tain rng  5000  Scotji 
acres,  of  which  150  are  arable.  The  clirhate 
is  healthy,  and  the  parish  abounds  with  freCw 
stone,  slate,  and  lime-stone.  By  the  ex- 
ertions of  the  late  earl  of  Findlater,  gteat 
improvements  have  been  made  in  agricul- 
ture ; and  the  woollen  manufactures  have 
been  considerably  advanced.  The  popula- 
tion is  about  366.  A stone  baptistry 
and  a bell  of  copper  and  silver  of  an  ob- 
long shape,  called  the  coronach,  are  preserve 
ed  in  the  church  as  antique  relics.  ^ ^ 

Birvy  a towm  of  Ireland,  in'  King’s 
county,  43  miles  he  of  Limeiick,  and  65 

from  Dublin.  - , 

Birsayy  and  Hnrrayy  two  united  parishes 
of  Scotland,  county  of  Orkney  ; containing, 
about  2,176  inhabitants. 

Birsai/y  extends  seven  and  a-half  miles  in 
length,  and  live  and  a-  half  in  breadth,  and 
is  inhabited  by  above  1 ,450  people.'  It  was 
formerly  named  Byrgisherad.  The  people 
are  social,  humane,  contented,  and  kind  to  the 
poor.  It  has  a small  town  of  the  same  name. 

BirsCy  anciently  Breiss,  a parish  of  Aber- 
deenshire, situated  on  a paR  of 


B I S 

Jpraxnpians,  and  extending  about  10  miles  I 
•very  way.  Thechurdiisabout27  miles  wsw 
of  Aberdeen,  The  surface  is  even,  in  ^ome  | 
placets  rocky  and  mountainous  ; fend  beaud-  i 
fully  diversified  witb  wood  \ 

luid  water.  I 3 hiis  been  long  famous 
for  its  fii  honey,  in  1791  it  contained  not 
kss  t!>an  300  hives.  The  population  is  about 
1266,  and  is  on  the  increase. 

Birtley,  a village  in  the  county,  and  10 
miles  N of  Durham,  famous  for  a salt 
spring,  add  an  extensive  manufacture  cf 
salt. 

Births  MoYtorii  a town  in  Worcestershire, 
near  Fershore. 

Biru^  a town  of  Peru,  10  leagues  from 
Trusilla,  inbabhed  by  Indians,  Spai^’ards, 
Mulattoes,  and  Mestees. 

Birmes^ca,  a town  of  Old  Castile,  Spain, 
Vhe  capital  of  a small  territory  called dSwre&a, 
16  miles  n of  Burgos. 

Blrza,  a town  ofT*oIand,  province  of  Sa- 
mogitia,  42  miles  se  of  Mittau. 

Bisaccitty  a small  town  of  Naples,  Princi- 
pato  Ulteriore,  with  a bishop*^^s  see,  15  miles 
>;e  of  Conz?.. 

Biicaray  or  Biscaris,  a town  of  Africa, 
kingdom  of  Algiers,  situated  in  the  eastern 
©r  Levantine  government.  This  kingdom 
fo^longed  to  the  province  of  Zeb  in  Numi- 
dia,  which  lies  s of  the  kingdom  of  Labez ; 
but  the  Algerines,  in  their  animal  inroads  to 
carry  off  slaves,  made  themselves  masters  of 
JBiscara,  in  order  to  facilitate  their  entrance 
into  the  southern  provinces.  It  is  an  ancient 
tovvn,  1 20  miles  ssw  of  Constantina.  Lon. 

5 12  w,  lat.  53  55  n. 

BISCAY,  a province  of  Spain,  bounded 
on  the  N by  the  sea  called  the  Ba^  of  Biscay  i 
on  the  & by  Old  Castile;  on  the  w by  the 
Austurias  of  Santillana;  and  on  the  e by 
Navarre,  It  is  in  length  from  n to  s about 
70  miles,  and  in  breadth  from  w to  i,  about 
55.  It  is  divided  into  Bisc4.t  Propee, 
Guipuscoa,' and  Alaba.  The  province  is,a 
kind  of  Republic  in  the  hands  of  the  nobility, 
under  protection  of  the  crown,  Of  all  the 
royal  taxi’s  rone  are  levied  here  but  thf  d#- 
nativo,  a gratuitous  contribution.  In  gene- 
ral it  is  mountainous  and  barren ; but  in 
fcome  places  it,  produces  corn,  and  every 
where  a great  quantity  of  apples,  oranges, 
and  citrons.  The  people  make  cyder  of  the 
apples,  which  is  their  common  drink.  They 
have  also  wine  called  chacolinoy  which  if 
pleasant,  but  will  not  keep  long,  and  there- 
fore is  used  instead  of  small  beer.  The  in- 
habitants are  famous  for  making  swords, 
knives,  and  other  sharp  weapons.  The  com- 
modious situation  of  the  province  on  the  sea, 
and  its  vicinity  to  France,  render  the  trade 
in  all  these  different  branches  amazingly 
ilourisbing.  , The  mountains  have  in  all  ages 
.affurded  thq  iuljabitanlsopportimitiesofwith- 
^rawing  ibemselyei*  from  every  yoke  thaihog 


E I s 

been  attempted  to  be  Imposed  uponr  tbetwv 
They  are  stout,  brave,  and  choleric  to  a pror 
verb ; and  are  said  to  be  the  best  soldiers 
aD  'l  seamen  of  Spain ; but  now,  whether  they 
will  he  jib’e  so  res?,d,  the  yoke  of  Bonaparte, 
is  a hard,  yel  iril-resting  question.  The  chief 
towns  in  Biscay,  are  Bilooa  the  capital,  Or- 
donna,  Dorango,  Fontarabia,  St.  Sebastian, 
Tolosa,  and  A^ictoria.  The  ancient  Cabrlaix 
language  is  spoken,  which  has  no  affinity  to 
any  other  in  Europe, 

Biscay,  Bay  if , between  Cape  Orte- 

ga!, iii  Lon.  7 55  w,  lat.  43  4 S N.  and  the 
Isle  of  , tu  Lon  5 0 w,  lat.  48  30  n. 

BISCAY,  NEV/,  a province  of  N Ame- 
n t‘;.e  audienceof  the  Guadalajara. 
The  latitude  is  from  25  deg.  to  28  deg.  It 
is  thinly  inhabited,  and  the  frontiers  are  in- 
fi?sted  by  savage  Indians,  who  live  in  huts, 
and  cultivate  maize.  It-  abounds  in  silver 
mines.  Durango  is  the  capital. 

Bischen,  a small  place  in  Germany,  in  the 
raarquisate  of  Ortnsu,  and  circle  of  Su*bia. 

^ Biscftoffscheimy  a town  of  Germany,  arch- 
bishopric of  Menu.  This  town  was  the 
scene  of  several  actions  between  the  French 
and  Austrians  in  179.6.  It  was  attacked  by 
a body  of  25,000  French,  on  the  25th  of 
June,  but  repulsed  with  great  loss.  It  w as 
afterwards  taken,  but  evacuated  in  the  end 
of  the  campaign.  Lon,  9 57  *,  lat. 
49  40  N.  . 

Bischofslacky  a town  of  Germany,  Carniola, 
flourishing  by  a good  trade  in  linen  and 
worsted,  17  miles  w by  n of  Lawbach. 

Bischof's  Werda,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
Misnia,  on  the  Wciseritz,  18  miles  i of 
Dresden. 

Bischofswerdery  a town  of  Prussia,  pro- 
vince of  Oberland,  on  the  river  Oss,  2f 
miles  NE  of  Culm. 

Bischofs-Zell,  a town  of  Switzerland,  be- 
longing to  the  blsliop  of  Constance,  with  a 
castle,  at  the  junction  of  the  s Mer, 
Tbur,  12  miles  s of  Constance. 

Bischweilevy  or  Buchwtiller,  a fortified 
post  of  France,  in  the  department  of  the 
Lower  Rhine,  where  the  French  have  sluices 
to  surround  Fort  Louis  with  w’^ater,  in  case 
of  any  emergency.  It  stands  five  miles  w 
from  the  Rhine,  even  wnw  of  Fort  Louis> 
and  14  w by  n of  Hagcnau. 

Bissglifly  a populous  town  of  Naples, 
Terra-di-Bari,  with  a bishop’^s  see,  situated 
near  the  gulf  &f  Venice,  six  miles  e of  Trani. 

Biserta,  a lake  of  Africa,  Tunis.  The 
mullets  of  this  lake  are  the  best  in  Bar- 
bary ; .gre.at  quantitjes  of  their  roes,  dried 
and  made  into  Botargo,  are  sent  iVum  hence 
into  the  Levant,  where  they  are  accounted  a 
great  dainty. 

Bzserta,  a large  gulf  of  Africa,  and  the 
Sinus  Ilipponensisy  of  the  ancients.  Jt  is 
formfd  by  the  c^pes  Blanco,  and  Zicbeb 
aqd  B be#u; ii ui  inlet,  near  four 


BIS 

nvide,  which  once  admitied  -tbe 
birge^t  vcsscis  ; imt.  thrciigh  the  negli'pnce 
of  tiie  Tufk.^,  can  now  acimit  oiily  those  of 
the  srofille^t  sixe. 

Biserta,  a town  of  A'Vica-  kingdom  of 
Tunis,  situated  on  the  above  gulf  It  was 
formerly  v<ny  coi’3’(!eruble  ; and,  though  not 
above  a rniie  In  circuit  is  said  to  have  con- 
tained 6,000  houses,  whcjeas  both  it  and 
the  villages  uiider  it  now  scarcely  contain 
that  number  of  iniiabilduts.  It  has  stiM, 
however,  some  stron;r  castles  and  batterie-  , 
especfally  towards  the  sea  Tliere  are  also 
two  very  capcvcious  prisons  ior  siavos,  a 
large  magazine  or  warehouse  for  rneichan- 
dize,  and  Iwm  towers,  wi.h  some  other  out- 
works to  defend  the  entrance  of  tiie  haven, 
S7  miles  nvv  of  ruris.  Lon.  46  e,  iat. 
57  fO  N. 

Bishop"jhiklan'i.  Ses  Aukland. 

Bishop’s  Casde,  a nmi  aisd  Nourishing 
town  of  Shropshire,  seated  near  the  river 
Ciiin.  It  is  a corporation,  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament;  has  a well  frequented 
weekly  market,  on  Friday,  and  six  annual 
fairs  ; eight  miles  s of  Montgomery  and 
159  WNW  of  London. 

Bishop’s  Lodh  a lake  in  Lanarkshire,  a 
mile  long,,  and  a quarter  of  a mile  broad. 
It  is  occupied  as  a reservoir  by  the  Great 
Canal  Company. 

Bishop' sLoch,  (xrxleutiy  called  Loch'gouL 
a lake  of  Aberdeensliire,  There  is  an  island 
in  the  middle  of  it,  upon  which  the  bishops 
of  Aberdeen  had  a mansion-house,  the  re- 
mains whereof  are  stiii  visible. 

Bishop's  Slortfordf  a town  of  nertford- 
shire,  on  the  side  of  a hlH  with  a canal 
navigable  to  the  river  Lea.  in  a valley  be- 
tween it  and  Its  weekly  market 

on  Thursday,  is  considerable  tor  grain  ; and 
it  has  three  rmnual  fairs.  It  is  56  irdies 
from  Cambridge,  and  56  from  London. 

Bishop’s  I'awCon,  an  ancient  village  of 
Devonshire,  s of  Barnstable,  and  nearly  op- 
posite to  Tavistock,  noted  as  the  residence 
of  Eadulphas,  and  Putta,  the  first  and 
second  bishops  of'  Devon,  from  the  year 
905,  to  024,  when  the  see  was  removed 
to  Credit! on. 

Bishop’s  Thorpe,  a village  of  Yorkshire, 
containing  a palace  of  the  archbishop,  the 
only  one  remaining  to  the  see.  Here  arch- 
bishop Scrope  was  sentenced  by  one  Ful- 
thorpo,  a lawyer,  in  1405,  and  executed 
in  a field  near  his  palace.  It  is  three  rr.iles 
distant  from  York. 

Bishop’s  \dcdthiim  and  Wearmoulk^  See 
Walthain  and  Wcarmoufk. 

Bisignano,  a town  of  Naples,  Iliiher 
Calabria.  It  has  a strong  fi>rt,  a bishop’s 
see,  and  the  title  efa  principality. 

Bisley,  a town  and  parish  of  Gloucester- 
shire, in  w'hich  the  broad-cloth  manufactory 
is  carried  on  to  a extent.  The  canal 


B I s 

jMvhich  unites  the  Severn  with  the  TisamesJ 
passes  through  this  parish,  and  on  its  verge 
the  ware/-  qi  the  canal  enters  a tunnel,  by^ 
which  it  is  conveyed  two  miles  five  furlonga 

I under  ground.  The  parish  contains  4227* 
inhabilanis.  Two  fairs  are  held  here  on- 
May  4th.  and  Nov.  12th,  principally  for 
sheep.  Bisley  lies  three  miles  from  Hainp- 
ton,  and  from  Gloucester. 

Bisnagur..  formerly  a very  large  and  pow- 
erful i'lugiorn  of  Asi»,  comprehending  the 
ij  kingdorjis  Qi  K^iiara,.  Messowr,  Fravancero, 
!!  Madura,  Marava,  and  Tanjour.  It  had 
||  also  the  name  d^-vi  singa,,  fr^^m  one  of  its 
j hs  or  kings.  In  1565,  the  happy  s{ ate 
of  this  kingdom  excited  the  envy  of  the 
kings  of  Dekan  ; who,  having  raised  aa 
army  of  500,000  foot,  and  50,000  horse, 
dcleated  and  killed  tbs  king  of  B;sn3gur, 
though  at  tlie  head  of  an  army  almost  t wice 
as  numerous,  and  took  the  royal  city  itself. 
They,  are  said  to  have  spent  five  months 
in  plundering  it,  although  the  inhabitants 
had  before  carried  oiT  15.50  elephants  loaded 
vvith  money  and  jew^'e-s,  to  the  junount  of  up- 
wards  or  100  millions  of  gold  ; besides  the 
royal  chjiir  for  state  days,  tfie  value  of  which 
could  uot  be  esthriated.  The  victors,  how- 
ever, found  a diameud  cf  tlie  size  of  an  or-* 
dinary  egg,  besides  another  of  a size  some- 
what inferior,  and  several  other  jewels  of  im- 
mense value ; but  they  w’ere  afterwards 
forced  to  abanden  the  kingdom,  being  too 
large  for  them  to  retain.  It  is  said  to  have 
at  this  time  fallen  under  the  dominion  of  the 
Great  Mogul,  but  it  is  more  probable  that 
ihis  was  merely  a nominal  sovereignty,  like 
many  others  in  India;  for  we  find  that  Ka- 
nara,  or  rather  Canarny  was  subject  to  the 
Hte  Tippoo  Saib,  and  the  above  Messowr 
seems  to  be  the  same  with  the  modern  My^ 
sore.  In  some  places  of  this  kingdom  it  is 
said  the  roads  have  great  forests  of  bamboos 
on  each  side,  which  are  full  of  monkcj^s. 
They  catch  the  wild  elephants  here  in  pit- 
falls,  and  then  tame  them  by  means  of  others 
already  tamed ; the  latter  seldom  fail  cf 
beating  the  wild  ones  into  a good  beha- 
viour. 

BisnaguTy  the  capital  of  the  above  king- 
dom, and  of  the  nabob  of  A root,  lies  on 
the  river  Nigonden,  28  miles  sse  of  Sinore, 
105  N by  w of  Cbitte^droug,  and  250  kw  of 
Madras.  Lon.  76  0 e,  lat.  J 5 20  n. 

BisncCy  a town  of  Bootan,  capital  of  a 
territoiy  on  the  borders  vf  Assam  and  Ben- 
gal, 50  miles  ENE  of  Rangamsetty,  and  150 
SE  of  Tassasndon.  Lon.  90  45  e,  lat.  15  20  n. 

BISSAGOS,  a duster  of  islands  on  the 
coast  of  Negroland,  Aii  ica,  situated,  accord- 
ing to  some  geographers,  oelvi^een  the  mouth 
of  ihc  riv’,;r  Gambia,  and  Rio  grande ; but 
Walker  places  them  200  miles  s of  the  Gam- 
bia. Their  names  are  Fissago  (80  miles  in 
circy.iiiiereixcc,  aad  wcU  cultivated,  inhabited 


B I T 

by  Poftugiiese  and  Negroes)  jSuIcrmt  Cas* 
tuabaCf  La  Gallinci,  Cazegut,  Calacha^  and 
Oranguana,  with  some  other  small  islands. 
Each*’  of  them  is  governed  by  a king  of  its 
own;  and,  as  all  those  petty  monarch s are 
independant,  they  frequently  make  war  with 
each  other;  yet  they  always  unite  again^ 
the  inhabitants  of  Biafara,  who  are  their 
common  enemies.  The  inhabitants  are  ne- 
groes ; who  are  tall,  strong,  and  healthy.  Jn 
general,  they  are  idolaters,  and  savage  in 
their  disposition,  not  only  to  strangers,  but 
to  one  another,  when  they  happen  to  quar- 
rel, as  they  frequently  do  about  trifles  ; anu. 
if  they  are  disappointed  of  their  revenge, 
they  often  drown  or  stab  themselves.  Lon. 
15  10  w,  lat.  10  58  n. 

Lissely  a town  of  Germany,  Suabia,  near  Of- 
fenburg,  one  of  the  scenes  of  the  French  Ge- 
neral Moreau’s  success  during  the  campaign 
of  1796  ; the  Austrians  under  the  Prince  of 
Conde,  who  were  encamped  at  this  place, 
to  the  number  of  15,000,  being  obliged  to 
evacuate  it  on  the  28th  of  June  1796. 

BISSUNPOUR,  a smalWistriet  of  Ben- 
gal, E Indies,  which  has  all  along  pre- 
served its  independance.  It  has  been  go- 
verned, from  time  immemorial,  by  a bra- 
min  family  of  the  tribe  of  Rajaputs.  The 
singular  situation  of  this  country  has  pre- 
served to  the  inhabitants  their  primitive 
happiness,  and  the  gentleness  of  their  cha- 
racter, by  securing  them  4-rom  the  danger 
of  being  conquered,  or  the  rage  of  war. 
Nature  has  surrounded  them  whth  water, 
so  that  they  need  only  open  the  sluices  of 
their  rivers  to  overflow  the  whole  country : 
and  the  armies  sent  to  subdue  them  have 
-so  frequently  been  drowned,  that  the  de- 
sign has  been  laid  aside.  Liberty  and 
property  sre  sacred  in  Bissunpour.  Rob- 
bery, either  public  or  private,  is  never 
heard  of;  and  even  if  any  thing  that  had 
been  lest  is  found,  which  the  finder  considers 
of  value,  he  hangs  it  upon  the  first  tree  he 
meets  with,  and  informs  the  nearest  guard, 
who  gives  notice  of  it  to  (he  public  by  beat 
of  drum.  These  maxims  of  probity  are  so 
generally  established,  that  they  even  direct 
the  operations  of  government.  Out  of 
about  .550,0001.  which  on  an  average  it  an- 
nually receives,  without  injury  to  agriculture 
or  t.^ade,  what  is  not  wanted  to  supply  the 
unavoidable  expepces  of  the  state,  is  laid 
out  in  improvements.  The  rajah  is  enabled 
to  engage  in  these  humane  employments, 
as  he  pays  the  Moguls  only  what  tribute, 
and  at  what  times,  he  thinks  proper. 

Bissunpour^  the  capital  of  this  circar  is 
74  miles  nw  of  Calcutta. 

Bistricz,  a town  of  Transylvania,  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  142  miles  of 
Coloswar,  Lon.  25  5 e.  lat.  47  53  n. 

Bilburghf  a town  of  France,  department 
of  Forets. 


B L A 

I Bitchej  a town  of  France,  department  of 
the  Moselle,  with  a castle  seated  at  the  foot 
of  a mountain,  near  the  Schwelb,  50  miles  H 
by  w of  Strasburg.  Lon.  7 44  e,  lat.  49  5 k"* 

Bitetto,  a town  of  Naples,  in  the  Terra 
di  Bari,  1 1 miles  ssw  of  Bari 

Bllford  a town  in  Warwickshire,  whicli 
was  formerly  a market  town,  and  had  two 
fiirs,  but  is  greatly  reduced. 

Bithynia  See  Becs&ngiL 

BITO,  a small  kingdom  of  Africa,  in 
ncgroland. 

Bii&nio,  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  m 
the  Terra  di  Bari,  10  miles  wsw  ot  Bari, 

Bitschen,  or  Pitschen,  a town  on  tbs 
frontiers  of  Poland,  in  the  principality  of 
Brieg,  Silesia,  50  miles  ne  of  Brieg.^ 

BiUerJield.  a town  of  Germany,  circle  of 
Upper  Saxony,  on  the  Mulda>  14  miles 
s of  Dessau. 

Bizotton,  a fort  that  protects  the  impor- 
tant town  of  Port  au  Prince,  in  Si.  Domin- 
go. it  was  taken  in  June,  1794,  by  the 
British  troops  under  General  White,  which 
decided  the  fate  of  the  capital,  and  was 
evacuated  soon  after. 

Blackt  the  name  of  two  rivers  in  Ver- 
mont, N America. 

Blachbank,  a town  in  the  county  of 
Armagh,  seven  miles  s ot  Armagh.^ 

Blackburn^  a flourishing  town  in^  Lan- 
cashire. on  the  Black  vvater,  containing  a- 
bout  11,980  inhabitants.  Here  are  two 
churches,  several  meeting  iiouses,  and  si 
grammer  school  founded  by  Queen  Eliz- 
abeth, It  carries  on  a great  trade,  but  is 
chiefly  noted  for  its  manufactures  of  calicoes. 
Muslins  have  also  lately  begun  to  be  made. 
By  the  late  inland  navigation,  it  is  much, 
improved  ; as  it  has  communication  with 
the  rivers  Mersey,  Dee,  Ribble,  Ouse,  Trent, 
Severn,  Humber,  Thames,  Avon,  &c.  This 
navigation,  reckoning  its  winoings,  extends 
above  500  miles  in  the  counties  of  Lincoln, 
Nottingham,  York,  Westmoreland,  Chester, 
Stafford,  Warwick,  Leicester,  Oxford,  Wor- 
cester It  had  a weekly  market  on 

Monday,  which  was  changed  in  1774,  to 
Wednesday,  and  is  well  supplied  with  all 
kinds  of  provision.  Its  annual  fairs  are  oa 
Easter  Monday,  May  11,  12,  and  15;  Oct. 
6,  10,  and  11;  for  cattle,  Yorkshire  cloth, 
&c.  and  in  the  spring  it  has  fairs  every  fort- 
night on  Wednesday  for  horned  cattle.  It 
lies  12  miles  e of  Preston,  and  203 
of  London. 

Blackburn,  a river  in  Roxburghshire,  re- 
markable for  its  beautiful  water- falls,  and 
no  less  so  for  being  crossed  by  a natural 
bridge  of  stone. 

Blackburn,  a village  in  Linlithgowshire. 

Black  Cart,  a river  of  Scotland,  Ren- 
frewshire. j. 

Blach-esk,  a river  in  Dumfries- shire. 

Blackford,  a parish  of  Perthshire,  of  a 

J V 

S 


5 


B L A 

Circular  figure,  having  a diameter  of  nearly 
six  miles.  The  soil  is  thin,  with  a gravelly 
bottom,  soaked  with  water  from  numerous 
springs.  Owingto  the  vicinity  of  the  Ochil 
hills,  it  IS  exposed  to  continual  rains,  and 
heavy  falls  of  snow,  which  lie  long,  retard 
vegetation  and  render  the  roads  impassable. 
Great  part  of  the  parish  lies  above  the  sea 
level,  and  it  is  subject  to  storms  of  wind, 
thunder  and  lightening.  There  is  a stone 
quarry  in  this  parish  of  a remarkably  hard 
nature,  which  ansivers  well  for  mill-stones, 
rollers,  Sec,  In  1758,  the  parish-church 
was  burnt;  and  in  1795,  a violent  hurricane 
swept  the  parish  for  several  miles,  and  did 
inuch  damage.  The  population  is  about 
I3d0,  but  is  decreasing.  In  the  parish 
are  some  druidical  circles,  a small  camp,  and 
the  ruins  of  several  chapels. 

Black  For i St,  a forest  of  Germany, 
Stfabia,  part  of  the  ancient  Hyrcaniaii 
forest. 

Black  heathy  a village  of  Kent,  situated  on 
the  Nw  extremity  of  a fine  elevated  plain, 
of  the  same  name,  five  miles  se  of  London, 
and  commanding  very  beautiful  prospects, 
both  of  the  Pdctropoiis,  and  the  country  round. 
On  this  heath  and  its  borders  are  many  ele- 
gant villas,  and  Morden  college,  founded  by 
Sir  John  Morden,  for  decayed  merchants 
In  1780,  a cavern  wa^s  discovered  on  the 
side  of  the  ascent  to  blackheath,  on  the  road 
to  Dover;  consisting  rf  seven  large  apart- 
ments, which  have  a communication  with 
each  other  by  arched  avenues : the  bottom  is 
a fine  dry  sand,  and  170  feet  under  ground, 
is  a deep  well  of  fine  water.  On  Blackheath 
plain,  which  extends  into  the  parishes  of 
Greenwich,  Lewisham,  and  Lee,  the  famous 
Tyler  mustered  his  100,000  men.  Fairs 
are  held  here  May  15,  and  Oct.  11. 

Black- House  Heights,  several  steep  and 
towering  hills,  in  Selkirkshire.  The  high- 
est is  2570  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea. 

Black  more,  a village  five  miles  n of 
Brentwood  Essex,  seated  on  the  d*  Can. 
Formerly  a priory  stood  near  tlie  church  on 
a place  called  Jericho,  which  Henry  VIII. 
converted  into  a house  for  occasional  re- 
tirement. Here  was,  born  his  natural  son 
John  Henry  Fitzroy.  It  is  new  an  elegant 
house. 

Black  mountains,  a chain  of  mountains 
in  Germany,  circle  of  Suabia,  one  of  the 
highest  and.  moiit  rugged  of  woich,  Mount 
Kcicnsolhc,  was  the  scene  of  a most  ob- 
sfinate  conuv.t  hetweor  the  Frc?  ch  and 
Austrians,  cn  ihe  95n  July  1796;  but  the 
latter,  a fur  four  fnnes  repii’si.tg  the  centre 
oi  ti'.e  French  army,  were  overcome  by  a 
filVn  charge,  and  driven  from  the  mountain, 
with  the  loss  of  1100  men. 

PLAC.KNiuSS,  a district  cf  Forfar- 


B L A 

Blackness,  ti  village  of  Scotland,  Linlith^ 
gowshire,  on  the  s bank  of  the  Forth,  with 
one  of  the  oldest  forts  in  the  country,  built 
on  a sort  of  Feninsulaon  the  Fritli  of  Forth, 
nine  miles  ne  of  Linlithgow.  It  is  oneoftlio 
four,  appointed  by  the  treaty  of  Union,  to 
be  kept  in  repair  and  garrisoned.  It  baa 
a governor,  lieutenant-governor,  and  20 
soldiers. 

Black-Pool,  or  Black-port,  a pleasant  and 
well-built  village  of  Lancashire,,  with  a very 
fine  beach  for  bathing,  so  much  resorted  to 
in  the  summer  season,  that  a theatre  was 
lately  erected  for  the  entertainment  of  the 
company.  It  is  three  miles  w of  Poulton,  iS 
from  Preston,  and  25  from  Lancaster. 

Black  River,  a considerable  river  of  n 
Carolina.  Another  in  New  York,  nayiga- 
; ble  by  boats  for  60  miles,  and  a third 
in  Virginia. 

Black  River,  a British  settlement  at  (he 
mouth  of  the  Tinto,  20  leagues  e of  Cape 
Honduras.  It  was  for  more  than  60  years 
the  refuge  of  the  logwood  cutters,  when  the 
Spaniards  drove  them  from  the  forests  of  e 
Yucatan,  which  occasioned  adventurers  to 
settle  here.  The  coast  is  sandy,  low  and 
swampy ; higher  up,  near  the  rivers  and 
lakes,  which  are  full  of  fish,  the  soil  is  fertile, 
and  produces  plantanes,  cocoa  trees,  maize, 
yams,  potatoes,  and  sugar  canes.  The  forests, 
are  full  of  deer,  Mexican  swine,  and  game. 
The  shores  abound  with  turtle,  and  the 
woods  with  mahogany,  aebra  wood,  sarsa- 
parilla, Sec,  and  the  whole  settlement  flou- 
rishes spontaneously  without  cultivaiiou. 

'Black  River,  the  deepest  and  largest  in 
tlie  island  of  Jamaica,  passes  through  a 
level  country,  and  will  admit  flat  bottomed 
boats  and  canoes,  for  about  50  miles. 

Black  Sea,  anciently  called  the  Euxine, 
lies  between  Europe  and  Asia,  and  is  hound- 
ed on  the  w by  Romania#  Bulgaria,  and 
Bessarabia ; on  the  n by  Tartary  ; on  the  e 
by  Mingrclia,  Circassia,  and  Georgia ; and 
on  the  s bv  Natolia.  It  communicates  wiih 
the  Mediterranean,  and  is  said  to  be  3300 
miles  in  circumference.  Many  large  rivers 
flew  into  it ; and  it  is  often  very  tempestous. 
It  has  no  disccrnable  flux  or  reflux.  It  lies 
betw  een  Ion.  35  deg.  and  44  deg.  e,  and  be- 
tween lat.  42  deg.  and  46  deg.  n. 

Blackslajj]  a river  of  Ireland,  Down,  also 
called  An-ttadorn. 

Blackstone,  cr  Fawtuok-d,  a river  in  Mas- 
sachuseus,  wljidi  is  navigable  up  to  Pro vi- 
vidence,  in  siiips  ol  950  tons  burden. 

Black-  Tail,  a g.eat  shoal  on  the  coast  of 
Essex,  below  Canvey  island,  or  Leigh 
road.  It  runs  out  liitee  leagues  into  the 
sea,  and  fias  a mast  placed  at  the  end  of  it, 
as  a sea-mark. 

Biackmill,  a village  Jn  IMIddlescx,  e of 
London,  near  Po))iar,  remarkable  for  a 
bh  p-yaid  and  w cl- dock,  which,  with  ih^ 


B L A 

lifter  embankments,  occupies  10  acres. 
This  dock  belongs  to  J.  Perry  Esq. 

Blackwater,  a river  of  England,  which 
rises  in  the  nw  part  of  Essex,  and  falls 
i nto  the  bay,  named  from  it  Black  water- 
bay. 

BlackwaUr,  a town  in  Armagh,  situated 
on  a river  of  the  same  name,  66  miles  ironi 
Dublin. 

Blpckwater,  the  name  of  five  rivers  in 
Ireland,  viz.  1.  Armagh,  which  falls  into 
Lough- Neah:  2.  in  Kerry ; 3.  in  Long- 
ford, w'hich  joins  the  Shannon,  n of  Lanes- 
borough  : 4.  in  Meath,  which  falls  into  the 
Boyne,  at  Navan  : and,  5.  in  Wexford, 
which  discharges  its  waters  into  the  sea,  at 
Bannow  bay. 

Blackwater,  ihQ  name  of  three  rivirs  in 
Scotland,  viz.  1.  Bamffshire,  on  the  banks  of 
which,  the  duke  of  Gordon  has  a hunting 
seat,  and  an  extensive  forest:  2.  Berwick- 
shire, in  the  Lammermuir  hills,  called  also 
Blackadder,  or  Blackatery  which  after  a course 
of  16  or  18  miles,  falls  into  the  Whittader, 
in  tlie  parish  of  Edrom,  near  the  village 
of  Allantowm  : and  5,  Perthshire,  which 
joins  the  A rdle,  after  which,  the  united  rivers 
take  live  name  of  Ericht. 

Blackwater  Bridge,  a village  of  Kildare 
county,  22  miles  from  Dublin. 

Blackwood,  a hid  of  Scotland,  Renfrew, 
parish  of  Eaglesham. 

Bladen,  a county  of  n Carolina,  district  of 
Wilmington. 

Bladenoch,  or  Bladnoch,  a river  in  Wig- 
tonshire,  rises  in  ti»e  nw'  part  of  the  county, 
and  after  a course  of  24  miles  falls  into  the 
bay  of  V/igtoii.  In  one  place  on  its  banks 
are  a number  of  erect  stones  which  are  sup- 
posed to  commemorate  a battle  from  which 
the  river  took  its  name. 

Bladensburg,  a post  towni  of  Maryland, 
prince  George’s  county,  on  the  e side  of  the 
E branch  of  the  Potomac,  two  miles  from 
Washington,  and  38  sw  of  Baltimore. 

Blain,  a towm  in  the  department  of  the 
Lower  Loire,  France,  22  miles  nnvv  of 
Nantes. 

Blair,  a district  in  Lanarkshire,  belonging 
to  Lord  Douglass,  which  abounds  in  excel- 
lent cannel  coal. 

Blair,  a mountain  of  Perthshire,  the  base 
of  which  is  above  five  miles  in  circumference. 
Its  altitude  is  not  ascertained  ; but  it  is 
higher  than  the  hill  of  King-seat,  which  is 
1,179  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea 

Blair-  Atholl,  or  more  properly  Blair  in 
Atholl,  a parish  of  Perthshire,  united  to  that 
of  Strowan  ; about  30  miles  long,  and  IS 
. broad,  containing  what  formerly  was  four 
distinct  parishes.  Here  are  three  schools, 
besides  the  parochial,  which  have  salaries 
from  the  Society  for  propagating  Christian 
knowledge.  The  surface  is  various,  consist- 
, ing  of  hills  and  dales,  glens  and  valleys,  and 


B L A 

the  soil  is  no  less  so ; some  parts  being  thi*’ 
and  light,  others  rocky,  and  others  goo*^ 
and  fertile.  Limestone  is  found  in  three  ex* 
tensive  veins ; and  many  other  minerals,  a-^ 
pebbles,  agates,  Scc.  Population  is  about 
2,848.  Also  a village  in  the  above  parish* 
which  has  a fair  February  1st:  20  miles 
from  Dunkeld,  30  nnw  from  Perth,  and  70 
in  the  same  direction  from  Edinburgh. 

Blair- Castle,  a seat  belonging  to  the  duke 
of  Athol!,  in  the  same  parish,  noted  for  its 
extensive  plsasiire  grounds  and  the  n.atural 
curiosities  with  w'hicb  it  is  surrounded.  I his 
castle  w^as  besieged  hy  the  Highland  army 
in  1746 ; and  bravely  defended  by  Sir  An- 
drew Agnew,  who  was  reduced  to  eit  horse 
flesh,  until  he  was  relieved  by  the  Hessians, 
under  the  earl  of  Crawford.  At  that  period 
the  castle  was  three  stories  higher  than  it  is 
at  present,  and  was  fortified  with  Gothic 
battlements,  mounted  wdth  guns. 

Blair- Drummond,  a district  of  Perthshire, 
parish  of  Kincardine. 

Blair- Cowrie,  a parish  in  Perthshire,  a- 
bout  11  miles  long,  and  eight  broad.  A 
branch  of  the  Grampians  divides  it  into  tw'o 
districts.  The  surface  is  hilly,  and  the  soil 
various  ; partly  deep  rich  loam,  and  partly 
stiflP,  wet,  andspouty.  About  a third  part  if 
arable,  there  being  much  under  moss  and 
moor,  and  above  iOOO  acres  under  wood. 
The  climate  is  temperate  in  the  southern 
district,  but  cold  and  sharp  ui  the  northern. 
Spinning  and  weaving  are  the  chief  rnanii- 
factures. 

Blair-  Cowrie,  a village  in  the  above  pa- 
rish, pleasantly  seated  on  the  Ericht,  in  tha 
N side  of  Strathmore.  It  was  made  a bo- 
rough of  barony,  in  1 634,  by  a charter  from 
Charles  I.  It  has  fairs,  25d  July,  and  first 
Wednesday  in  November.  Population  of 
the  parish  and  village  is  about  1,914. 

Blairingone,  a village  in  Perthshire.  It 
is  a borough  of  barony,  holding  of  the  duko 
of  Atholl,  and  has  a fair  in  June. 

Blair  Nacoi  a place  in  Ross- shire,  where 
a bloody  battle  was  fought  in  the  13th  cen- 
tury, between  the  M'Donalds  and  the  peo- 
ple of  Inverness  Great  numbers  of  cairns 
covering  the  bodies  of  the  slain,  still  remain 
on  the  field. 

Blaisdon,  a village  in  Gloucestershire, 
eight  miles  from  Gloucester. 

Blaise,  St,  a village  in  Cornw^all. 

BL  A I SO  IS  a late  province  of  France, 
which  now  forms  the  department  of  Loire 
and  Cher, 

Bluison,  a towm  in  the  department  of 
Mayenne  and  Loire,  France,  eight  miles  sk 
of  Angers. 

BloAze  Cape,  apromontory  .cn  the  coast 
of  w Florida,  gulph  of  Mexico,  which  s«- 
perates  the  bay  of  Apalache  on  the  e from 
that  of  Sb  Joseph  ; into  which  last  it  turns 
in  the  shape  of  a shepherd’s  crook. 

S 2 


B L A 

Blamont,  a town  of  France,  department 
of  Meurthe,  on  the  Vezouze,  12  miles  e of 
X-uneville. 

Blanc^  a town  of  France,  department  of 
Indre,  seated  on  the  river  Creuse,  which  di- 
vides it  into  two  parts,  1 5 miles  e of  Poitiers. 

BLANC  MONT,  a department  of 
France,  so  named  from  the  mountain  ; for- 
merly known  by  the  name  and  title  of  the 
X)tichy  of  Savoy.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
w by  the  Rhone,  which  seperatesit  from  the 
department  of  Ain  ; on  the  n by  the  lake  of 
Geneva ; on  the  e by  the  Alps,  which  di- 
vide it  from  Vallais  and  Piedmont ; and  on 
the  s by  the  departments  of  the  L^per  Alps 
and  Iscre.  It  is  83  miles  in  length  from  w 
to  E,  and  67  in  breadth  from  n to  s ; though 
some  geographers  make  it  90  miles  long,  and 
SO  broad.  The  principal  rivers  are  Arc,  the 
Isere,  and  the  Arve.  Chranberry  is  the  ca- 
pital. This  country  was  the  ancient  patri- 
monial inheritamce  of  the  dukes  of  Savoy, 
before  they  became  kings  of  Sardinia ; and 
it  among  the  first  of  the  French  con- 
quests upon  the  breaking  out  of  the  present 
war. 

Blanc  Montf  a stupendous  mountain  of 
France,  in  the  above  department,  generally 
reckoned  the  highest  of  the  Alps,  and  en- 
coinpassed  by  those  wonderful  collections 
of  snov/  and  ice  called  the  glaciers.  Of 
these  glaciers  there  are  five,  which  extend 
almost  to  the  plain  of  the  vale  of  Chamouni, 
and  are  seperated  by  wild  forests,  corn  fields, 
and  rich  meadows ; so  that  immense  tracts 
of  ice  are  blended  with  the  highest  cultiva- 
tion, and  perpetually  succeed  each  other  in 
the  most  singular  and  striking  vicissitude. 
Ail  these  several  vailies  of  ice,  which  lie 
chiefly  in  the  hollows  of  the  mountains,  and 
are  some  leagues  in  length,  unite  together  at 
the  foot  of  Mont  Blanc ; the  liighest  moun- 
tain in  Europe,  and  probably  of  the  ancient 
world.  It  was  reckoned  that  the  summit  of 
this  mountain  was  inaccessible,  before  Dr. 
Paccard,  a physician  at  Chamouni,  attempt- 
ed to  reach  it  in  August  1786,  and  succeed- 
ed in  the  attempt.  Soon  after,  the  same  un- 
dertaking w as  resolved  upon  and  accomplish- 
ed by  M.  de  Saussure,  who  publisheda  nar- 
rative of  the  journey.  The  general  mean 
result  makes  the  summit  of  Mount  Blanc 
2460  toises.  15,673  English  feet,  or  three 
miles  nearly  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Tiie 
summit  of  the  mountain  is  a ridge  nearly 
horizontal,  lying  e and  w,  the  slope  at  each 
extremity  is  inclined  from  28  to  30  degrees, 
the  s side  between  15  and  20,  and  th-e  n 
side  about  45  or  50.  This  ridge  is  so  nar- 
row as  scarcely  to  allow  two  people  to  walk 
abreast,  especially  at  the  w end,  where  it 
resembles  the  roof  of  a hf»use.  It  is  wholly 
covered  with  snow,  nor  is  any  bare  rock  to 
be  seen  within  150  yards  of  the  top.  The 
of  (he  unow  is  scaly)  and  iu  some 


B L A 

I piaices  covered  with  an  icy  crust,  under  which 
the  snow  is  dustj%  and  without  consistence. 
The  highest  rocks  are  all  granites  ; those  on 
the  E side  are  mixed  with  steatites;  those  on 
the  s and  w contain  a large  quantity  of  scho- 
erl,  and  a little  lapis  corneus.  Some  of 
them,  especially  those  on  the  e,  which  are 
about  150  yards  below  the  summit,  seemed 
to  have  been  shivered  with  lightning.  M. 
de  Saussure  saw  no  animals  on  the  moun- 
tain except  two  butterflies  which  he  sup- 
poses must  have  been  driven  thither  by 
the  wind. 

BLANCA,  an  uninhabited  island  n of 
Margaretta,  on  the  coast  of  Terra  Firma. 
Lon.  64  30  w,  lat.  11  50  n. 

BLANCO,  an  island  of  New  Spain,  S2 
of  Yucatan. 

Blanco,  the  name  of  six  capes,  viz.  1 . in 
Africa,  on  the  Atlantic,  180  miles  n of 
Sennegal  river.  Lon.  17  5 w%  lat  20  50  k. 
2.  in  Peru,  on  the  S Sea,  120  miles  s of 
Guiaquil.  Lon.  83  10  w,  lat  3 45  s. 
5.  The  Nw  point  of  the  bay  of  Salinas,  on  the 
coast  of  Terra  Firma,  in  lat.  iO  0 n.  4.  On 
the  coast  of  California,  at  the  broadest  part 
of  the  peninsula,  in  lat.  52  0 n.  5.  On  the 
NW  coast  of  America,  in  New  Albion,  in 
lat  44  0 N.  6.  In  the  S Sea,  on  the  e side 
of  Patagonia,  se  of  Julian  Bay,  eight  leagues 
w of  Pepy*s  island.  Lat  47  0 s. 

Blandford,  a corporate  town  of  Dorsetshire, 
pleasantly  seated  on  the  river  Stour,  near  the 
Downs.  It  is  an  ancient  borough,  go- 
verned by  a bailiff,  and  six  capital  burgesses. 
It  has  suffered  repeatedly  by  fire,  particularly 
in  1731,  when  ainaost  the  whole  town  was 
burnt  dow  n ; but  it  has  since  been  rebuilt 
finer  than  before.  A neat  town  hall  of 
Portland  stone  on  columns,  with  a pump, 
was  erected  to  commemorate  that  dire 
event,  and  to  provide  against  its  recurrence. 
It  is  noted  for  its  annual  races  in  July  and 
August,  which  have  existed  since  1729.  It 
has  a market  on  Saturday ; and  fairs  March 
7,  July  10,  and  Nov.  3;  and  sends  two 
members  to  parliament.  It  has  a manufac- 
ture of  shirt  buttons,  and  thread,  18  miles  ne 
of  Dorchester. 

Blandjord,  a township  of  Massachusetts, 
Hampshire  county,  25  miles  w of  Noilhamp- 
ton,  and  1 16  w by  s of  Boston. 

Blandford,  a towmship  oi‘  Nova  Scotia. 

Blandjord,  a fhunishing  towm  of  Virginia, 
Prince  George  county,  seated  on  the  e branclr 
of  the  Appamattox,  four  miles  ne  of  Peters- 
burg, It  has  a g»cat  trade  in  tobacco. 

Blane,  a river  in  Siirlingshire.  It  rises 
in  one  of  the  Lennox  hills,  cal’ed  Earl's 
se.at,  Und  after  a sw  coast  of  three  or  four 
miles,  is  precipitated  over  several  very  high 
falls,  then  joins  the  Endrick,  not  far  from 
its  fall  into  Loch  Lomond.  Specimens  of 
antimony  have  been  found  in  its  bed. 

BlancSi  anciently  Blanda^  a town  of  Spainy 


B L A 

Catalonia,  n«ar  the  mouth  of  the  Fordera, 
20  aiHes  s ol'  Gironne. 

Blank mburg,  a town  of  the  duchy  of 
Ber^r,  Westphalia,  on  the  Sieg,  12  miles  e 
of  Bonn. 

Blankenburg,  a late  county  of  Germany, 
annexed  to  France,  and  included  in  the  de- 

partinent  of  Lys.  . , - , , 

Blankenburg,  the  late  capital  of  the  above 
county.  Ihe  castle,  or  palace  stands  on  a 
craggy  mountain,  and  is  one  ol  the  finest 
builoings  of  the  kind  in  Germany, 

Blankenburg,  a town  on  the  coast  of 
Butch  Flanders,  eight  miles  ne  of  Os- 
tend.  Lon.  5 12  e,  lat.  51  20  k. 

Blankenheim,  a late  territory  of  Germany, 
iK>w  annexed  to  France,  and  included  m the 
department  of  the  Rhine  and  Moselle. 

Blantyre,  a parish  in  Lanarkshire,  six 
miks  long,  and  only  one  broad,  the  sur- 
face is  level,  and  the  soil  various,  but  ler- 
tile.  Owing  to  the  erection  of  extensive 
cottan-spinning  machinery,  the  population 
has  been  more  than  doubled  of  late  years ; 
it  was  about  1751. 

BianzaCy  a town  of  France,  depaitment 

of  Chareiite.  ^ 

BlareguieSy  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Jemappes,  has  been  sometimes 
noted  as  the  scene  of  the  victory  gained  by 
the  duke  of  Marlborough,  commonly  called 
the  battle  of  Malilaquet.  Lon.  3 55  e, 
lat  50  80  N. 

Bias,  Si,  a sea  port  of  Guadalajara,  New 
Spain,  wdth  dock-yards,  magazines,  &c.  for 
budding  and  fitting  out  ships,  seated  on  an 
island  at  the  mouth  of  St.  Jago,  170  miles 
w by  N of  Guadakjara.  Lon.  105  45  w, 

lat.  2i  40  N.  « 11 

BLASQUES,  a cluster  of  12  small 
islands  of  Ireland,  Bungle  L3-y»  the  coast 
of  Kerry  Munster. 

Blanbeuren,  a towm  of  Germany,  circle  of 
Suabia,  and  late  duchy  of  Wiitsmberg,  situ- 
ated at  the  confluence  of  the  Ach  with  the 
Blau,  1 1 miles  w of  Uim.  It  has  extensive 
manufactures  of  linen  cloth  and  fustian. 

Blavet,  a sea  port  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Morbihan,  situated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Blavet.  It  was  one  ot  the  stations 
of  the  royal  navy  of  France,  and  called  Port 
Louis,  after  Louis  XIV.  Lon.  5 5 w,  lat. 
47  40  H. 

Blaue,  an  ancient  and  strong  town  of 
France  department  of  Gironde,  situated  on 
the  Garonne,  which  is  5,200  yards  broad  at 
Elaye  ; for  which  reason  a battery  was  built 
upon  an  island,  in  1689,  to  command  the 
vessels  that  sail  up.  The  ships  that  sail  to 
Eotudeaux  are  obliged  to  leave  their  guns 
here.  The  city  is  built  on  a rock ; and  has 
a citadel  with  four  bastions,  which  is  called 
the  Upper  Town.  The  lower  town  is  sepa- 
rated from  the  upper  by  a small  stream ; and 
tii«  amwhants  reside  there,  its  trade  coa- 


B L I 

sists  in  the  wines  of  the  adjacent  country.  It 
is  17  miles  n of  Bourdeaux.  Lon.  0 55  w, 
lat.  45  7 N, 

Blechingely,  an  ancient  town  of  Surry, 
wdiich  sends  two  members  to  parliament; 
and  ’nas  done  so  ever  since  parliaments  exist- 
ed, 21  miles  s of  London,  Lon.  0 15  w, 
lat.  51  20  K. 

BLEDES,  LOS,  an  island  near  Majorca. 

Bleedy  Fawlds,  a place  in  Aberdeenshire, 
near  wiiich  there  is  a large  stone  .standing 
perpendicular,  1 2 feet  and  a-half  high,  and 
nine  and  a-balf  in  circumference,  said  to 
mark  the  grave  of  one  of  Macbeth’s  sons. 
At  some  distances  there  are  vestiges  of  a 
camp  of  Macbeth’s,  and  near  it  a cairn, 
under  which  he  is  said  to  be  interred, 

Blekede,  a town  of  Germany,  duchy  of 
Lunenburg,  on  the  banks  of  the  Elbe.  Lon. 

1 46  E,  lat.  53  30  n. 

BLEKINGEN,  a province  in  the  s of 
Sweden,  having  the  Baltic  sea  on  the  s ; 
Smaland  on  the  n;  and  the  province  of 
Schenen  on  the  w.  Its  principal  towm?.  are 
Carlscrona  the  capital,  Chrisdaristadt,  Elle- 
holm,  Ahuys,  Roterby,  and  Cijnstianoplc. 
It  is  90  miles  long,  and  2 1 4)road  ; moun<* 
tainous,  but  pleasant;  and  contains  abouL 
50  000  inhabitants,  who  trade  in  nolash, 
pitch,  tar,  tallow,  hides,  and  timber. 

Blenheim,  a village  of  Germany,  circle  of 
Suabia;  memorable  for  the  complete  dekst 
of  the  French  and  Bavarians  in  1704,  hj 
the  English,  and  their  conlcderates  under 
the  duke  of  Marlborough,  and  prince  Eu- 
gene. The  Austrians  were  defeated  by  the 
French  near  this  place  in  1800.  It  Ihn 
three  miles  ne  of  Hochstet,  and  25  kw  of 
Augsburg. 

Blenheim-houss,  a magniBcent  palacf 
near  Woodstock,  Oxfordshire,  built  by  quees 
Anne,  with  the  concurrence  cf  piriiament, 
for  the  great  duke  of  Marlborough,  in  con- 
sideration bf  bis  splendid  victory  at  Blen- 
heim. Aleng  with  the  palace,  the  manor  of 
Woostock  vvas  settled  on  the  duke  and  his 
heirs,  who  hold  it  by  the  tenure  of  delivering 
a French  banner  at  Windsor  on  each  anni- 
versary of  this  victory. 

Blere,  a towm  in  the  department  of  Indr« 
and  Loire,  France,  seated  on  the  Cher,  18 
miles  E by  s of  Tours. 

Blervie,  a barony  in  the  county  of  Elgin, 
comprehending  a v^ry  fertile  district.  It 
belongs  to  the  hon.  Lewis  Buff,  who  has 
adorned  it  with  an  elegant  seat. 

Blesle,  a town  in  the  department  of  Upper 
Loire,  France,  seated  on  the  Alaignon.  It 
is  12  miles  w of  Biioude,  and  33  s of  Cler- 
mont. 

Blessington,  a town  in  Wicklow%  pleasant- 
ly situated  17  miles  svr  of  Dublin, 

Bliih,  an  extensive  parish  in  Nottingham- 
shire, and  also  the  name  of  a river  which 
intersects  this  quarter. 


£ L U 

M/ilkf  a town  in  the  above  parish,  near 
Bawtr^  oil  the  Bedford  road,  which  has  a 
market  on  Thursdciy,  and  fairs  on  ascension 
tlay,  (greatly  noted  for  sheep)  and  Octo- 
ber 6th. 

Blithherough.  a town  in  Suffolk,  situated 
©n  the  Blith.  It  has  a fair,  April  5th.^ 

BLOCK  ISLAND,  an  island  of  the 
United  States,  on  the  coast  of  Kbodo  Is- 
land, called  by  the  Indians,  Manissis,  erected 
into  a township  in  1672,  and  named  New 
Shoreham.  It  is  46  miles  long,  and  58  in 
its  greatest  breadth,  and  celebrated  for  cattle, 
sheep,  butter  and  cheese.  The  s pan  of  it 
is  in  lat.  41  8 n. 

Bheklej/.  a parish  of  Y/orcestershire ; 
where  the  bishops  of  ^\^orcester  had  a park 
?.vk1  an  elegant  palace,  before  the  liefor- 
Tnation. 

BrockxyL  or  Brocxil^  a fortress  of  Overys- 
rsj,  Holland,  situated  on  the  river  Aa,  where 
it  falls  into  the  Zuider  Zee.  It  has  a port 
suiBcient  to  contain  200  vessels,  and  serves 
to  defend  those  ships  that  cross  the  sea.  It 
has  six  good  bastions,  and  several  other  re- 
gular fortifications ; eight  miles  from  Steen- 
wick.  Lon,  e,  lat.  52  41  k. 

Blots  a city  of  France,  capital  of  the 
department  of  the  Loire  and  Cher,  situated 
on  the  Loire.  The  tow  n is  built  on  tbfe  de- 
clivities of  two  hills,  with  a magnificent 
castle  at  one  end,  and  an  elegant  cathedral 
at  the  other,  and  naturally  takes  ^hc  form  of 
an  amphitheatre.  The  castle  is  the  greatest 
ornament.  It  seems  to  be  two  distinct 
buildings ; but  is  joined  by  a passage  cut  out 
of  the  rock.  It  was  anciently  a place  of 
royal  residence,  and  Lewis  XIL  was  born 
in  it;  and  here,  in  1588,  Henry  III , effect- 
ed assassination  of  the  duke  of  Guise, 
and  the  cardinal  his  brother.  Here  are  some 
fine  fountains,  supplied  by  an  aqueduct. 
The  chief  manufactures  are  serges  and  tick- 
en,  and  wine  and  brandy,  the  principal  ar- 
ticles of  commerce.  On  all  the  gates  of  the 
city  there  is  the  image  of  the  Virgin  Mary, 
w’ho,  it  was  believed,  freed  the  natives  from 
the  plague  in  1651.  The  French  language 
is  said  to  be  spoken  in  its  greatest  purity  at 
Blois.  It  is  situated  80  miles  sw  of  Ver- 
sailles, and  100  sw  of  Paris.  Lon.  1 20  e, 
iat.  47  55  >7. 

JBloneiZi  or  Bloniez^  a town  of  Poland 
Warsovia,  20  miles  of  Warsaw. 

Bloref  a village  in  Staffordshire,  its  heath 
is  remarkable  for  a sanguinary  battle  betw'een 
the  houses  of  York  and  Lancaster  ; wherein 
Nevil,  earl  of  Salisbury,  with  500  men  de- 
feated lord  A udiey  with  10,000.  The  spot 
w here  lord  Aadley  fell,  is  marked  by  a stone 
cross. 

Blue  Jlillf  a post  town  in  the  district  of 
Maine,  Hancock  county,  seated  on  Union 
river,  15  miles  e of  Castine. 

Mountain,  or  Ridge,  th^  first  ridge 


B O C 

of  the  Appalachian  mountains,  which  & 
about,  4000  feet  high.  See  Aleghany, 

' Blue  Mountains,  a range  of  mountains, 
Sufry  county,  Jamaica.  - ’ 

Blyth,  a village  at  the  mouth  of  the  Blyth^ 
Northumberland,  with  a quay,  Its  exports 
are  coal  arid  salt,  14  miles  nke  of  New-^ 
castle. 

Blyih,  See  Blith, 

Blyth,  a town  of  Nottinghamshire,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday.  There  are  some  re- 
mains of  a castle  and  priory. 

Blythhorough.  See  BUthhorough. 

Boad,  a town  of  Orissa,  Fliiidoostan,  seat- 
ed on  the  Mahanada,  65  miles  ese  of  Sum- 
bulpour,  and  1 15  w of  Canack. 

Bobenhausen,  a town  of  Germany,  Weter- 
avia,  three  miles  from  Franefort. 

Bober,  2L  river  which  takes  its  rise  in  Sile- 
sia, on  the  frontiers  of  Bohemia,  directs  its 
course  by  Cowenbnrg,  Buntalau,  and  Sagau, 
and  unites  with  the  Oder  below  Crossen. 

Bobersherg,  a tbw^n  of  the  electorate  of 
Brandenburg,  five  miles  s of  Grossen. 

Bobio,  the  capital  of  a late  territory  of 
Italy,  in  the  Milanese,  situated  on  the  Treb- 
bia,  28  miles  s of  Pavla. 

Bocca,  a small  town  of  Italy. 

Bocca  Chica,  the  entrance  into  (he  har- 
bour of  Carthngsna,  Terra  Firma^  defendedl 
by  several  forts  and  guns,  which  were  all 
taken  by  the  British  in  1741. 

Bocca  del  J)rago,  a strait  between  the 
island  of  Trinidad  and  Cumana,  province  of 
Terra  Firma.  See  Trinidad. 

BOCCA  DI  SEGNA,  or  PABVI- 
CHIO,  an  island  s of  Veglia,  coast  of  Dal- 
matia. 

Bochetta,  a place  of  Italy,  famous  in  the 
war  of  1746  and  1747.  It  is  a chain  of 
mountains  over  w'hich  the  great  road  lies 
from  Lombardy  to  Genoa  ; and  on  the  very 
peak  of  the  highest  mountain  is  a narrow 
pass,  which  will  hardly  admit  three  men  to 
go  abreast.  This  pass  is  properly  called  the 
BoJchelta ; for  the  defence  of  w’hich  there 
are  three  forts.  It  is  the  key  of  Genoa; 
and  was  taken  in  April  17.96  by  the  French, 
and  by  the  Austrians  in  1800. 

Bochnia,  a town  in  the  palatinate  of  Cra- 
cow, Poland.  It  has  extensive  salt-mines, 
and  is  20  miles  ese  of  Cracow. 

Bocholt,  a town  of  Germany,  Westphalia, 
and  diocese  of  Munster  capital  of  a small 
district,  seated  on  the  Aa,  42  miles  w of 
Munster. 

Boclceneim,  a town  of  Lower  Saxony,  bi- 
shopric of  Hildcsheiiii. 

Bockeiifield,  a village,  near  Eland. 

Bocking,  a parish  of  Essex,  which,  wuth 
the  adjoining  parish  of  Brain-tree,  con- 
tains about  1 500  liouses. 

Backing,  a very  large  village  of  Essex 
adjoining  to  Brain-tree,  from  which  it  is 
sevaraied  only  by  a smitU  stream.  1 1 has 


B O G 

an  elegant  church,  and  a large  manufactory 
of  baize,  chiefly  for  exportation. 

Jiiicjcum,  3i  town  of  Westphalia,  county'] 
of  Mark,  25  miles  se  of  Wesel. 

-Boddam,  a small  fishing  town  on  the 
coast  of  Aberdeenshire, 

. Boddam- Castle,  an  ancient  fort  in  Aber- 
deenshire, situated  on  a promontory  between 
two  very  deep  fissures,  with  high  craggy 
rocks  on  each  side. 

Boddam  Head,  See  Buchanness. 

Bodcii  See,  or  Badan  Zee,  the  upper  part 
of  the  lake  of  Constance,  connected  with  the 
lower,  by  the  Rhin^. 

Boderia.  See  Bodairia. 

Bodlio,  a town  of  France,  department  of 
the  Maritime  Alps. 

Bcdniin,  a town  of  Ccrnwall,  situated  in  a 
bottom  between  tv/o  hills,  which  renders 
the  air  very  unwholesome.  It  has  a raaiiu- 
Facture  of.  serge,  and  trades  in  woollen  yarn. 
The  summer  assizes  are  held  here  and  at 
Truro  alternately.  Here  are  still  to  be  seen 
the  ruins  of  an  episcopal  place  and  priory. 
The  church  is  the  largest  in  the  county.  It 
£e=uds  two  members  to  parliament,  and  lies 
S2  miles  ne  of  Falmouth,  and  255  w by  s 
of  London.  Loc.  4 40  w,  lat.  50  52  n, 

Bodon,  the  ancient  Vhuinacium,  a forti- 
fied town  of  Bulgaria,  European  Turkey, 
,v;ith  an  archbishop’s  see.  It  is  situated  on 
the  Danube,  26  miles  w of  Widdin.  Lon. 
25  54  E,  lat  54  10  N. 

Bodotria,  or  Boderia,  the  anciept  name 
of  the  river  Forth. 

Bodroch,  or  Bodrog,  a town  of  Hungary, 
seated  on  the  Danube ; 100  miles  se  of 
Buda. 

r -i/o£Zrzt?2,  3 town  of  Hatoiia,  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, seated  on  the  n side  of  the  gulf  of  Sca- 
lanova,  18  miles  s of  Smyrna,  and  another 
on  the  N side  of  the  gulf  of  Staiichio,  on 
the  site  •f  ancient  Halicarnassuss,  45  miles 
w by  B of  Melasga. 

Been,  a town  of  France,  department  of 
Rhone  and  Loire. 

Besschot,  a town  of  France,  department  of 
two  Nethes,  12  miles  rrs  of  Mechlin. 

Bog,  a river  of  Poland,  which  takes  its 
rise  on  the  s border  of  Volhynia,  passes 
through  Podoiia,  and  Budzac  Tartary,  and 
a little  above  Ockzakcw,  lulls  into  the  es- 
tuary of  the  Dnieper. 

BOGDOl,  a country  of  Tartary,  situated 
on  the  N of  China,  very  extensive,  and  sub- 
ject to  China. 

BOGLIO,  or  BEUIL,  a district  in  the 
late  county  of  Nice,  annexed  to  France,  and 
included  in  the  department  of  the  Maritime 
Alps,  Some  spell  the  name  Bogao,  its  ca- 
pital is  of  the  same  name. 

Bo^lipour,  capital  of  a circar  in  Bengal, 
Hindoo  tan,  on  the  river  Ganges,  I 12  miles 
ke  of  Morahedabud.  57  5 e,  lat. 

.25  15  N, 


BOH 

(Bognor,  a.  village  coast  of  Sussex,  seve« 
,miies  se  of  Chichester,  resorted  to  for  siea- 
bathing. 

Bogota,  the., capital  of  New  Grenada,  in 
Terra  Firma,  near  which  are  gold  mines. 

Boliain,  See  Baudiain. 

Boharm,  a parish  in  the  counties  of  BamlT 
and  Moray,  to  which  is  joined  a part  of  the 
parish  of  Dundcu  cos.  It  is  between  sevea 
and  nine  miles  in  length,  and  from  two 
three  in  breadth  : but  the  form  Is  quite  Ir- 
regular. It  is  watered  by  the  Spey  and 
the  Fiddich.  In  this  parish  was  educated 
the  late  celebrated  astronomer  Mr  James  Fer^ 
gusoo.  The  population  was  about  1161. 

BOHEMIA,  a kingdom  in  Germany- 
above  200  miles  long,  and  150  broad,  sur- 
rounded on  every  side  with  natural  rampariiS 
of  woods  and  mountains;  bounded  on  the 
E by  Silesia  and  Moravia,  on  the  n by  Lu- 
satia  and  Misnia ; on  the  w by  Bavaria ; 
and  on  the  s by  Austria.  It  is  one  of  the 
most  elevated  countries  of  Europe : for  no 
rivers  enter  into  it,  though  many  have  their 
source  there;  the  chief  of  which  are  the 
Elbe,  the  Oder,  the  Vistula,  and  the  Mul- 
dau.  The  air  is  cold  and  unwholesome : 
and  they  have  more  epidemical  diseases  than 
in  the  neighbouring  countries.  There  are 
mines  of  silver,  copper,  lead,  quicksilver, 
tin,  and  some  veins  of  gold,  besides  dia- 
monds, all  kinds  of  marble  and  other  pre- 
cious stones.  The  capital  is  Prague ; tho 
other  cities  are  Cuttenburgh,  Konings- 
gratz,  Pilsen,  Czaslaw,  Budweys,  Egra, 
Glatz,  Tabor,  and  besides,  near  100  others, 
among  which  almost  40  have  the  title  of 
Royal.  The  Kingdom  is  divided  into  16 
circles,  which  have  ‘peculiar  judicatorie.g. 
The  towns  and  barons  have  also  peculiar 
bereditery  and  fudal  jurisdictions.  The 
inhabitants  thus  rank  into  the  two  extremes 
of  condition,  the  haughty  and  powerful,  tha 
abject  and  debased.  Every  lord  is  a so- 
vereign, and  every  tenant  a slave.  On  tbs 
imperial  demesnes,  a generous  example 
has  besn  shown  to  the  Bohemian  nobility^ 
by  the  abolition  of  this  deplorable  state  of 
viilenage.  Although  the  Bohemians  at  pre- 
sent are  not  remarkable  either  for  arts  or 
arms,  yet  they  formerly  distinguished  them- 
selves as  the  most  intrepid  assertors  of  civil 
and  religious  liberty  in  Europe ; witness 
the  early  introduction  of  the  reformed  re- 
ligion into  their  country,  when  ii  was  scarce- 
ly known  in  any  other  ; the  many  glonoua 
defeats  they  gave  to  the  Austrian  power  and 
their  generous  struggles  for  jcdependence. 
Their  virtues,  may  be  considered  as  ihe 
cause  of  their  decay ; as  no  means  were 
left  unemployed  by  their  despotic  masierf 
for  breaking  their  spirit;  though  it  is  cer- 
tain their  internal  jealousies  and  dissetnions 
«;reatly  contributed  to  their  subjection.  T.he 
H Roman  Catholic  rebgion  is  the  principal, 


B O K 

feut  there  are  many  protestants.  The  lan- 
guage is  a mixture  of  the  German  and 
Sclavonian.  Their  customs  and  diversions 
are  the  same  as  in  Germanyi  They  have 
suffered  from  the  late  disastrous  war. 

Bohio,  the  greatest  river  in  Chili.  It  falls 
into  the  sea  with  a mouth  two  or  three  miles 
oven  Its  water  is  medicinal,  ascribed  to  the 
gold  mines  through  which  it  runs.  The 
Spanish  keep  many  garrisons  upon  it,  to 
prevent  the  incursions  of  the  Indians  from 
the  other  side. 

Bohmischf  a town  in  the  circle  of  Leutme- 
ritz,  Bohemia,  22  miles  ene  of  Leufcmeritz. 

Bohtnisck  Aicke,  a town  in  the  circle  of 
Buntzlau,  Bohemia,  20  miles  n of  Jung 
Buntzlau. 

Bohm?$chbrodi  a town  of  Bohemia,  circle 
of  Kaursim. 

BOHOL,  one  of  the  Philippine  islands. 
Lon.  121  5 E,  lat.  10  0 k. 

B&ianOf  a town  of  Italy,  Naples,  with  a 
bishop’s  see,  near  the  river  Tilerno.  It  suf- 
fered greatly  by  an  earthquake  in  1803,  by 
which  many  of  the  inhabitants  wore  de- 
stroyed. It  is  45  miles  nne  of  Naples.  Lon. 
14  25  E,  lat.  41  30  N. 

BoitnitZy  or  Botniiz,  a town  of  Upper 
Hungary,  remarkable  for  its  baths,  and  the 
quantity  of  saffron  that  grows  about  it. 

Boiscom7nun,  a towm  in  the  department 
of  Loiret,  France,  25  miles  ne  of  Orleans. 

Bois  de  Soigniesy  a large  forest  of  France, 
department  of  Dyle. 

Bois  Le^Duc,  called  by  the  Dutch  Herto- 
genboschy  a large,  strong,  handsome  town  of 
Holland,  situated  between  the  rivers  Domel 
and  Aa,  among  morasses,  22  miles  e by  n 
of  Breda,  and  45  ese  of  Amsterdam.  It  is 
> tlie  capital  of  a district  of  the  same  name,  in 
.^hich  are  the  towns  of  Helmont  and  Eynd- 
haven.  Its  castle  is  named  Papenbriel.  On 
the  s at  a little  distance  are  the  forts  St  An- 
tony and  Isabella. 

Boitzenburgy  a town  of  Brandenburgh,  in 
the  Ucker  Mark,  10  miles  w of  Prenslow. 

Boilzenhurgy  a town  of  Mecklenburg, 
Lower  Saxony,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Bo- 
itze  and  Elbe,  30  miles  sw  of  Schwerin, 

BoJadoTy  a cape  of  Ne;^;roland,  doubled 
by  the  Portuguese  in  1433.  Lon.  14  27  w, 
lat.  26  12  N. 

Bokharny  a city  of  Tarinry,  and  capital  of 
Great  Bukharia,  situated  one  day’s  journey 
to  the  N of  the  river  Jehun,  or  Amu.  Buk- 
hara sulTered  considerably  Vom  a siege  by 
the  Moguls  army,  who  bu'mt  it,  and  it  con* 
tinued  in  ruins  for  some  years,  but  at  length 
Jenghis  Khan  ordered  it  to  be  rebuilt.  It  is 
now  large  and  populous;  and  is  the  resi- 
dence of  a Khan  who  is  altogether  despotic, 
thr  ugb  his  power  reaclies  but  a little  wjiy 
without  foe  city.  The  town  is  situated  on 
a risfug  ground,  with  a slender  wall  of 
fidith,  and  a dry  diich.  The  houses  are  low, 


BO  L 

f bufit  mtjstly  of  mud  j but  the  carayanseries 
and  mosques,  which  are  numerous,  are  all 
of  brick.  The  inhabitants  are  more  civilized 
and  polite  than  some  of  their  neighbours;* 
and  yet  are  cowardly,  cruel,  effeminate,  and 
perfidious.  They  pay  heavy  taxes,  and  it  is 
almost  criminal  to  be  rich.  It  is  138  miles 
w by  s of  Samarcand.  Lon.  62  56  e,  lat. 
39  4 N. 

BOKHARIA,  or  BtrcHAaiA,  a territory 
of  Ushbec  Tartary,  bounded  on  the  n ly 
Turkestan,  on  the  s by  Hindoostan  and  Per- 
sia, E by  Casbgur,  and  w by  Chorasan  and 
Charasm.  It  is  the  best  cultivated  cf  any 
part  of  Tartary,  and  abounds  in  corn  and 
fruit.  Some  of  the  inhabitants  are  white  and 
well  made,  but  in  general  they  are  tawny 
and  have  black  hair.  They  are  clean  and 
nice  in  their  food,  which  often  consists  of 
minced  meat,  and  tea  is  tlieir  usual  drink. 
They  use  the  bow,  lance,  and  sabre,  ^amar- 
cand  is  the  capital. 

Boly  anciently  called  Botch  a town  in 
Cumberland,  with  an  ancient  castle. 

BOLABOLA,  one  of  the  Society  isiaml-s:, 
in  the  Pacific.  Lon.  151  32  w,  lat.  16  32  3. 

Bolcheresky  a town  seated  on  the  Bol 
choireka,  Kamschatka,  22  miles  from  the 
entrance  of  that  river  into  the  sea  of  Okosk. 
Lon.  156  37  e,  lat.  52  54  n. 

Bole  Skiney  a parish  of  Inverness-shire, 
united  to  Abelarf,  situated  in  what  is  called. 
The  Great  Glen  of  Caledonia.  This  parish 
is  24  miles  long  and  12  broad.  The  soil  is 
various,  from  the  finest  light  loam,  to  the 
worst  gravel.  Lime  abounds,  but  the  farmers 
seem  blind  to  its  value.  Population,  1741, 
which  is  on  the  decrease,  owing  to  the  ex** 
tension  of  farms  for  sheep  walks.  No  people 
are  more  attached  to  the  soil,  but  for  the 
reason  just  mentioned,  they  are  obliged  to 
emigrate  in  pursuit  of  the  means  of  sub* 
sistence.  Several  lakes  in  this  parish  a’oound 
with  delicious  fish.  Fort  Augustus  is  in 
this  parish. 

Boleslaff,  Bdeslapee,  or  Buntszlaiiy  a town 
of  Silesia. 

Bolingbrokey  or  Bulinghrokey  a toum  of 
great  antiquity,  Lincolnshire,  but  now  in  a 
mean  condition.  It  was  the  birth  place  of 
Henry  IV  ; and  is  situated  at  the  source  of 
a branch  of  the  Witham,  29  miles  e of  Lin- 
coln, and  133  N by  E of  London.  It  has  a 
market  on  Tuesday,  and  has  manufactures 
of  earthen  ware. 

Bolingbrcke,  a town  of  Maryland. 

Bolislaii),  a town  of  Bohemia,  30  miles 
KE  of  Prague. 

Bolkoi'dtZy  a town  of  Silesia,  12  miles  s 
of  Glogau. 

Bolniza,  a place  in  the  Italian  republic, 
department  of  the  Lario. 

BDLOGNA,  or  Boeog nf.se,  a tc'rrltory 
ill  the  late  jiapal  dominions,  included  in  th.e 
recent  Italian  ilepublic,  and  divided  into 


E O L 

tfie  departments  of  the  Reno  and  Upper 
Padua.  It  was  one  of  the  independent 
Italian  States,  which  formed,  along  with 
Perrara,  Modena,  and  Reggio,  the  tempo- 
rary republic  of  Cispadana,  which  was  after- 
wards united  to  the  Italian  Republic.  It  is 
Watered  by  a great  number  of  small  rivers, 
which  reader  its  soil  the  most  fertile  of  any 
in  Italy.  Hence  the  capital,  from  the  great 
produce  of  the  land  about  it,  is  called  Bolog- 
na the  fat.  It  has  mines  of  alum  and  iron  ; 
and  the  inhabitants  fabricate  large  quantities 
of  linen,  silk  stockings,  and  cloth.  Bologna 
contains  308  towns  and  villages,  and  in  1797, 
the  number  of  citizens  was  295,852  ; having 
increased  129,252  since  1771. 

Bologna,  the  late  capital  of  the  above 
territory,  and  also  of  the  republican  depart- 
ment of  the  Reno.  It  is  about  five  miles 
in  circumference,  and  contains  70,000  in- 
habitants. It  has  long  been  distinguished 
as  a school  of  science  ; the  university  being 
one  of  the  most  ancient  and  celebrated  in 
Europe.  An  academy  of  arts  and  sciences 
Was  founded  in  1712,  and  contributed  greatly 
to  that  fame  which  the  city  has  acquired. 
As  a school  of  painting,  it  is  immortalized 
by  the  number  of  masters  it  has  produced. 
There  are  here  168  churches,  and  these,  as 
well  as  the  numerous  mansions  of  the  no- 
bles, are  most  munificently  furnished  with 
their  best  productions.  Also  the  city  exhi- 
bits some  of  the  finest  monuments  of  archi- 
tecture ; such  as  the  palace  of  Capraria,  the 
marble  fountain  in  the  palace- del  Gigante, 
and,  in  fact,  almost  every  building  of  any 
note,  but  the  buildings  in  general  are  not 
remarkable  for  beauty.  The  academy  of 
arts  and  sciences  is  a building  of  great  mag- 
nificence, and  the  public  theatre  one  of  the 
largest  and  most  beautiful  in  Italy.  The 
church  of  St  Petronius  is  the  largest  in 
Bologna,  but  is  more  remarkable  for  its 
pavement,  where  Cassini  drew  his  meridian 
line,  180  feet  long.  The  trade  of  Bologna, 
which  is  very  considerable,  has  an  easy  con- 
veyance of  its  produce  by  a canal  to  the  Po. 
The  Reno,  which  passes  by  the  city,  turns 
no  less  than  400  mills  for  silk  works.  It  is 
situated  at  the  foot  of  the  Appenines,  22 
miles  SE  of  Modena,  and  173  nw  of  Rome. 
Lon.  1 1 21  E,  lat.  44  30  n. 

BOLOGNOIS,  Bolonnois,  or  Bou- 
LOGNois,  a ci-devant  territory  of  France,  now 
in  the  department  of  Somme. 

Bolozero,  a town  of  the  government  of 
Novogorod-Welicki,  Russia. 

Bolsene,  a town  of  Germany,  Tyrol,  and 
circle  of  Austria,  agreeably  situated  in  the 
midst  of  a fine  large  valley,  full  of  villages, 
and  abounding  in  vineyards. 

Bolsena,  a lake  of  Italy,  late  in  the  pope’s 
territories,  afterwards  in  the  republican  de- 
partment of  Cispino,  near  the  town  of  Bol- 
5 . 


BOM 

sena  situated  in  Ion.  12  13  e,  lat.  42  33  i« ; 
18  miles  nnw  of  Viterbo. 

Balsover,  a large,  well  built  town  of  Der- 
byshire, with  a market  on  Friday,  noted  for 
its  manufactures  of  tobacco  pipes.  It  has  a 
large  castie,  on  the  brow  of  a hill ; is  six 
miles  E of  Chesterfield,  13  from  Sheffield, 
and  145  nnw  of  London, 

Bolswaert,  a town  of  Holland,  in  Fries- 
land, near  the  Zuider  Zee,  10  miles  n of 
Sloten.  Lon.  5 20  e,  lat.  65  3 N. 

Bolton,  a parish  of  Haddingtonshire,  ex- 
tending near  six  miles  in  length,  from  ne  to 
sw,  and  about  a mile  and  a quarter,  at  a me- 
dium, in  breadth.  It  contains  about  2,300 
acres,  of  which  about  170  are  planted ; all 
the  rest  is  arable  land.  The  population  is 
about  252. 

Bolton,  a town  of  Lancashire,  situated  on 
the  liver  Creoll,  noted  for  its  medicinal 
waters,  and  still  more  for  its  manufactures 
of  muslins,  dimities,  counterpanes,  and  fus- 
tians. It  has  fairs,  June  29,  July  16,  and 
August  20,  wdth  the  market  on  Monday,  for 
cloth  and  provisions.  The  population  is 
about  12,549.  It  lies  J1  miles  nw  of 
Manchester,  and  197  nnw  of  London. 

Bolton,  a town  of  Massachusetts,  Wor- 
cester county,  famous  for  its  limestone,  18 
miles  NE  of  Worcester,  and  34  w of  Boston. 

Bolzano.  See  Botzen. 

Bomal,  a town  of  Netherlands,  in  Lux- 
emburg, department  of  the  Ourt,  situated  on 
the  river  Ourt,  20  miles  s of  Liege. 

Bomnngoy,  the  principal  town  in  the 
kingdom  of  Angoy,  Africa,  situated  on  the 
N bank  of  the  river  Zaire. 

Bombarde,  a fort  and  village  on  the  n Pe- 
ninsula of  St  Domingo,  taken  from  the 
French  in  June,  1776,  by  the  British  under 
major-general  Gordon  Forbes.  Lat.  19 
42  N. 

BOMBAY,  an  island  of  Hindoostan,  on 
the  w coast  of  Deccan,  seven  miles  in  length, 
and  20  in  circumference.  It  has  its  name 
from  the  Portuguese  Buonbahia,  so  called 
on  account  of  the  excellent  bay  which  it 
forms  with  the  winding  of  the  other  islands 
along  the  continent.  The  harbour  is  spaci- 
ous enough  to  contain  any  number  of  ships, 
affording  excellent  anchoring  ground,  and, 
by  its  land-locked  situation,  a shelter  from 
any  winds  to  which  the  mouth  may  be  ex- 
posed. This  island  was  formerly  reckoned  so 
unhealthy,  thatithadthenameof  the  burying- 
ground  of  Europeans,  but  is  now  found  to  be 
no  worse  than  any  other  place  in  the  E In- 
dies, under  the  same  parallef  of  latitude. 
The  island  is  extremely  barren,  the  chief 
prodtice  consisting  of  cocoa  trees,  rice,  and 
onions.  The  mountains  are  famous  for  af- 
fording teak-wood,  with  which  the  best  mc  j - 
chant  ships  in  the  world  are  built;  it  is 
durable  that  it  outlasts  the  best  British 
T 


BON 

There  are  no  rivers  in  the  island,  and  water 
in  general  very  scarce,  and  of  the  worst 
qnality.  Its  local  situation  renders  it  the 
centre  of  the  whole  commerce  between  the 
Malabar  coast,  and  the  Gulf  of  Persia,  the 
Red  Sea,  and  all  the  trade  on  that  side  ot 
the  great  Peninsula  of  Hindoosfan,  and 
the  northern  part  adjoining  it.  The  island 
came  into  the  possession  of  the  English  by 
the  marriage  of  Charles  II.  with  the  In- 
fanta of  Portugal,  and  is  now  one  of  the 
three  presidencies  by  which  the  territories  of 
the  E Indian  Company  are  governed.  Be- 
sides the  superiority  of  the  Island,  the  Com- 
pany have  become  considerable  territorial 
proprietors  by  purchase,  and  confiscations. 
The  directors  appoint  by  commission  a pre- 
sident, who  exercises  the  whole  government 
of  the  colony.  The  Island  is  divided  into 
the  three  parishes  of  Bombay,  Mahim,  and 
Salvacum.  It  is  150  miles  s of  Surat,  and 
40  Nw  of  Bajapoiir. 

Bomhaif,  the  capital  of  the  above  island, 
rendered  both  by  nature  and  art  the  strongest 
place  in  all  the  E India  Company’s  posses- 
sions. The  castle  is  a regular  quadrangle, 
well  built  of  strong  hard  stone  ; a wall  sCir- 
rounds  the  city,  and  is  inclosed  by  a ditch, 
which  may  be  flooded  at  pleasure,  by  letting 
in  tiic  sea,  which  terminates  the  ditch  on 
iw^o  sides,  so  that  the  town  may  be  entirely 
surrounded  with  water;  but  the  adjoining 
eminence  of  Bungliafee  Point,  w^culd  still, 
be  a most  important  key  to  an  assailing  enc-| 
my.  The  walls  are  not  above  a mile  in] 
circumference.  Bon.  72  38  e,  iat.  18 
53  N.  * ‘ 

BOMBAY- HOOK,  an  island  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Delaware. 

Bombh  a town  of  Congo,  seated  on  the 
river  Loze,  1 40  miles  ssw  of  St  Salvador. 

Bomene,  a sea- port  of  Holland,  on  the  n 
shore  of  the  island  of  Sehowen,  three  miles 
E of  Browershaven. 

BOMMEiE,  or  Bommelwert,  an  island 
of  Plolland,  department  of  the  Meuse,  formed 
by  the  junction  of  the  Dommel  with  the 
Meuse  and  the  Waal.  It  lies  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Guelderland,  except  a small  portion 
of  the  w end  of  it,  which  belongs  to  S Hol- 
land, and  is  15  miles  long  and  four  in 
breadth  where  widest.  It  was  taken  by  the 
Trench  in  1672,  and  in  1794. 

Bommel,  a town  of  Holland,  situated  on 
the  N of  the  river  Waal,  21  miles  s by  e of 
Utrecht.  Lon.  5 15  e,  lat.  51  50  n. 

■ Bona,  by  the  Moors  called  Balederna,  a 
sea- port  of  Algiers,  formerly  rich  and  popu- 
lous, and  the  capital  of  a province  of  the 
same  name  in  the  ancient  kingdom  of  Con- 
stantina.  Near  it  are  to  be  seen  the  ruins  of 
the  ancient  Hippo  Regius.  Its  trade  coii- 
sists  in  corn,  wool,  oil,  and  w'ax.  It  is 
now  a very  mean  place,  poorly  built,  and 
thinly  inhabited  j scarcely  any  traces  of 


BON 

its  former  grandeur,  except  the  ruins  of  a- 
cathedral,  or  as  others  guess,  of  a monastry 
built  by  St  Austin,  about  three  miles  from 
the  city.  Near  these  ruins  is  a famed  spring 
called  by  his  name,  which  was  much  fre- 
quented by  the  French  and  Italian  sailors. 
Bona  is  commanded  by  a little  fort,  in 
which  is  a garrison  of  about  500  Turks^ 
under  the  command  of  an  aga,  vvho  is  also 
governor  of  the  town.  Tlie  road  for  the 
sliips  is  good  for  nothing  before  the  towm,. 
but  a liiile  farther  w is  very  deep  and  safe 
it  is  270  miles  s of  Algiers.  Lon.  7 45  e,, 
lat.  56  52  N. 

Bona,  a promontory  on  the  e coast  of 
Africa,  nearly  opposite  to  Sicily. 

BON  AIR,  an  island  of  S America,  near 
the  N coast  of  Terra  Firma,  belonging  to  the- 
Dutch,  CO  miles  in  circumference,  with  a. 
I good  harbour  and  road,  on  the  sw  side. 
Lon.  68  18  w%  lat  12  10  n. 

Bonais,  a very  high  mountain  of  Frances^ 
department  of  Mont  Blanc. 

Bonames,  a town  of  Germany,'  in  the  late 
circle  of  the  Upper  * Rhine.  Here  the 
French,  under  general  Jourdan,  had  their 
head  quarters  in  July,  1796. 

Bonaventura,  a bay,  fort,  and  sea- port  of 
j S America,  on  the  coast  of  Popayan,  in  Ter- 
ra Firma.  It  is  the  principal  fort  of  the 
province  of  Popayan,  and  90  miles  w of 
Cali.  Lon,  75  18  w,  lat.  5 20  n. 

I BpNAVISTA,  an  island  in  the  Atlan- 
tic, the  mofet  easterly,  and  first  discovered  of 
the  cape  de  Verd  islands.  It  received  its 
name  from  the  beautiful  appearance  it  pre- 
sented to  the  first  discoverers,  in  1450  ; but 
the  inhabitants  are  so  remarkably  "slothful, 
that  they  have  allowed  it  to  become  waste 
and  baiTen.  It  is  20  miles  long  and  15 
broad;  and  is  subject  to  the  Portuguese. 
Lon.  22  47  w,  lat.  16  5 n. 

Bonavista,  1.  a spacious  bay:  and,  2.  a 
cape  on  the  e side  of  Newfoundland.  Lon. 
52  52  w,  lat.  48  15  N. 

Bondorf,  a tov/n  of  Suabia,  capital  of  a 
county  oPthe  same  name,  28  miles  nnw  of 
Zurich. 

Bonhil,  a parish  of  Dumbartonshire,  four 
miles  and  a- half  long,  and  four  broad.  The 
Leven  and  the  s end  of  Loch  Lomond,  di- 
vide it  nearly  into  equal  parts,  and  supply 
salmon,  parr,  trouts,  8cc.  The  population 
is  about  2,460,  and  greatly  on  the  increase. 
This  parish  formerly  belonged  solely  to 
the  family  of  Lennox,  who  had  two  seats 
in  the  parish,  the  one  at  the  end  of  Loch 
Lomond,  of  which  the  fosse  only  remains, 
the  other  is  the  dw'elling  house  of  the  pre- 
sent proprietor.  In  this  parish  are  two  ash 
trees  of  uncommon  dimensions.  In  one  of 
them  is  a room  cut,  of  eight  feet  five  inches 
diameter,  and  10  or  11  feet  high,  and  is  55 
feet  thick  at  the  root.  The  other,  which 
I stands  in  the  church  yard,  measures  25  lect 


BON 

-%here  thickest,  and  has  three  branches,  each 
»!)out  ten  feet  in  girt. 

Bonifacioy  a sea-port  town  in  a district  of 
•Corsica  of  the  same  name,  well  fortified  and 
popnloiis,  situated  on  a small  peninsula  at 
the  s extremity  of  the  island,  40  miles  sse 
of  Ajacco.  Lon.  8 56  e,  lat.  41  25  n. 

Bonkle  and  Preston,  two  united  parishes 
of  Berwickshire,  extending  about  six  miles 
every  way,  and  containing  8,900  acres.  ' 
The  population  was  about  674. 

Bonn,  or  Bon,  an  ancient  and  strong  city 
of  France,  department  of  the  Rhine  and 
frioselle,  of  which  it  is  the  capital,  late  of 
Germany,  and  territory  of  Cologne,  the 
prince  of  which  usually  resided  in  it.  It 
is  of  great  consequence  in  the  time  of  war, 
being  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine, 
in  a place  where  it  can  stop  every  thing  that 
comes  down  that  river.  Besides  a rich  cabinet 
of  natural  curiosities  in  the  Elector’s  palace, 
it  has  a fiourishing  university,  four  parish 
churches,  and  several  religious  foundations. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Rhine,  14  miles  s by  e 
of  Cologne.  Though  well  fortified,  it  was 
taken  by  the  duke  of  Marlborough  in  1705, 
and  by  the  French  Republican  army  in  1795. 
Lon  7 9 E,  1st.  50  40  n. 

Bonna,  one  of  the  50  citadels  built  by 
Drusus  on  the  Rhine;  supposed  by  some 
ta  be  the  same  with  the  Ara  Ubioniim  ^ 
now  called  Bonn. 

Bonnetahle,  a tov/n  ef  France,  depart- 
ment of  Sarte,  15  miles  ne  of  Mans. 

►*  Bo7ineval,  a.  town  of  France,  department 

of  Eure  and  Loire,  on  the  Loire,  eight  miles 

of  Chateaudun.  Lon.  1 20  e,  iat.  48  1 2 n. 

Bonneville,  a tov/n  of  France,  department 
of  Mont  Blank,  situated  on  the  n side  of  the 
river  Arve,  at  the  foot  of  a mountain,  called 
the  Mole,  20  miles  se  of  Geiie-va.  Lon.  6 
18  E,  lat.  46  4 N . 

Bonniton  Fall,  or  Bonniton  Linn,  a beau- 
tiful cataract,  where  the  whole  water  of  the 
Clyde  falls  over  a rock  upwards  of  twelve 
feet  perpendicular,  about  two  miles  and  a- 
half  above  Lanark  ; about  two  hundred 
yards  distant,  lies  Bonniton  House,  the  seat 
of  lady  Bonniton. 

Bonny,  a town  of  France,  department  of 
Loiret.  Lon.  2 54  e,  lat,  47  57  n. 

Bontkain,  a sea- port,  on  the  ne  part  of  a 
large  bay  in  the  island  of  Celebes,  where 
ships  lie  secure  during  both  monsoons.  It 
is  seated  on  the  s side  of  a small  but  deep 
river  and  has  a palisadoed  fort.  Lon.  117 
28  E.  lat.  5 1 1 s. 

Bontory,  a towm  in  the  palatinate  of 
Bracklau,  Polland,  22  miles  e of  Brack- 
iau. 

Bony,  capital  of  a kingdom  of  the  same 
name,  on  the  s coast  of  the  island  of  Celebes, 
It  is  the  most  powerful  nation  of  the  island. 
The  inhabitants  are  called  Bonginese,  or 
• Buggess.  The  town  is  seated  on  the  nw 


BOP 

sido  of  Bony  or  Buggess  bay,  which  is^largc 
but  injured  by  rocks  and  shoals.  Lon.  120 
55  E,  iat.  2 50  s. 

Boogehooge,  capital  of  the  country  of  Cutch 
Hindoostan,  140  miles  se  of  Tatta,  and  250 
w by  N of  Amedabad.  Lon.  69  2 e,  iat.  25 

16  N. 

BOON,  an  island  of  the  district  of 
Maine. 

Boonshorongh,  a small  towm  of  Kentucky, 
and  the  first  that  was  settled  in  that  state. 

BOOSHALA,  or  BHU-ACH AIL- 
LIE,  a small  islands  of  the  island  of  Stalfa, 
It  is  of  an  irregular  pyramidal  form,  and 
entirely  composed  of  basaltic  pillars. 

Booshatter,  formerly  the  city  of  Utica,  fa- 
mous for  the  retreat  and  death  of  Cato, 
lies  about  seven  miles  inland  from  Porto 
Farino,  in  the  bay  of  Tunis. 

BOOTAN,  a mountainous  country  of 
Hindoostan  Proper,  and  a feudatory  province 
Qf  Thibet.  It  abounds  in  mountains,  co- 
vered with  eternal  verdure,  and  rich  with 
abundant  forest  trees.  There  is  not  a spot 
but  is  cleared  and  adapted  to  cultivations 
The  declivities  are  shelved  into  horizontal 
beds,  and  every  favourable  aspect  improved. 
Many  of  the  loftiest  have  populous  villagess 
on  their  summits,  arising  among  luxurious 
orchards  and  plantations ; their  sides  are 
clothed  with  population,  and  ai^e  equally 
rich  and  fertile.  There  is  scarcely  one 
whose  base  is  not  washed  by''  some  copious 
stream.  The  southermost  ridge  of  the  Boo- 
tan  mountains  rises  nearly  a mile  and  a- half 
above  the  plains  of  Bengal  in  a horizontal 
distance  of  only  15  miles;  and  from  their 
summit,  the  astonished  traveller  looks  on  the 
■ plains  below  as  on  an  extensive  ocean.  The 
Bootees  are  fairer  and  more  robust  than 
their  nGlghbours  the  Bengalees,  with  broad- 
er faces  and  higher  cheek-bones ; their  hair 
is  invariably  hladi,  with  long  pointed  corners, 
and  their  skins  remarkably  smooth.  Tho 
houses  are  built  cn  props,  and  ascended  by 
ladders,  the  lower  pe.rt  closed  on  all  sides, 
serves  for  holding  stores,  and  lodging  hogs, 
cows,  and  other  animals.  The  capital  is 
Tassasudon. 

Booth  Bay,  on  the  coast  of  Lincoln  coun- 
ty, district  of  Maine. 

Booths- Hall,  a village  in  Lancashire, 
which  has  fairs  on  whitsun- Saturday,  and 
Saturday  before  October  23. 

Bootle,  a village  m Cumberland,  which  has 
fairs,  April  fifth  and  September  24. 

Bojialtol,  a tow^n  of  the  Malway,  IL.idoo- 
stan,  98  miles  e by  s of  Oagein. 

Bopjingen,  a town  of  Germany,  ;Uuat- 
ed  oil  the  Edgar,  19  miles  aw  of  Oona- 
wert. 

Boppart,  a town  of  France,  department  of 
the  EilFel,  situated  near  the  Rhine,  eight 
miles  s of  Coblentz.  It  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  the  end  of  1791,  along  w».,h 
T 2 


BOR 

Bingen,  Bohn,  Coblentz,  and  the  rest  of  the 
territory  w of  the  Rhine.  It  was  formerly 
in  the  electorate  ef  Treves. 

Borhe,  a town  of  S Jutland,  Denmark. 

Borberek,  a town  of  Transylvania,  coun- 
ty  of  Wessenburg. 

Borch,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  on  the 
Elbe,  14  miles  he  of  Magdeburg. 

Borchloerii  or  Loots^  a town  of  France, 
department  of  the  Lower  Meuse,  IJ  miles 
Hw  of  Liege. 

Bordentowriy  a thriving  town  of  the  Unit- 
ed states,  Burlington  county,  on  the  w side 
of  the  Delaware,  six  miles  below  Trenton, 
and  23  iqi  of  Philadelphia. 

BORDOC,  one  of  the  Faro  islands, 
greatly  indented  with  some  convenient  and 
.safe  harbours.  The  principal  and  the  best 
is  that  called  Clack.  Lon.  5 54  w,  lat.  62 
26  N. 

Boreray.  See  Barreray, 

Borgy  the  chief  town  in  the  island  cf 
Femern,  Denmark,  seated  on  Fermn 
sound,  with  a fort.  Lon.  11  5 e,  lat.  54 
55  N. 

Borgheimy  a town  of  Germany,  territory 
of  Cologne. 

Borgrte,  a towm  of  St  Domingo,  24  miks 
E by  s of  Port-de  Paix. 

BorgOy  an  ancient  town  and  bishopric  of 
Sweden,  situated  on  the  gulf  of  Finland,  in 
the  province  of  Nayland,  on  a river  naviga- 
ble by  small  vessels,  24  miles  ene  of  Hel- 
sinfors. 

Borgo-J)i~  San-Domino,  a town  of  Italy, 
territory  of  Parma,  with  a bishop’s  see, 
seated  on  the  Stirone,  18  miles  sw  of  Pia- 
cenza. Lon.  10  31  E,  lat.  44  50  n. 

Borgo-Bi’  San-Sepulchro,  a town  of  Ur- 
bino,  on  the  borders  of  Tuscany,  situated 
near  the  source  of  the  Tiber,  12  miles  he 
of  Arezze,  and  50  e of  Florence.  On  the 
oOth  of  September  1 789,  this  town  was  much 
damaged  by  an  earthquake,  v'hich  destroyed 
many  houses  and  palaces,  with  part  of  the 
CiUhedral,  some  churches,  and  a village  five 
Ciiles  distant.  Above  1000  persons  perish- 
ed. A shock  of  this  earthquake  was  felt  on 
the  same  day,  at  Parson’s  Green,  near 
Ldinburgb.  Lon.  12  7 e,  lat.  45  30  N. 

Bovgo-Dl-Val  Dir  Taro,  a town  of  Italy, 
Parma,  siUutled  on  the  Taro,  20  miles  sw  of 
Ikirma. 

Borgo- Forte,  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  late 
icpobhcan  department  of  the  Mincio,  on 
I lie  Fo,  fit  its  confi’.tcnce  wdth  the  Agba, 
iO  aid  ;i.  of  Mantua,  Lon.  1 i 2 e,  lat.  41 
15  f's 

jiorgue,  or  Borg  a parish  on  the  s coast 
of  Kirkcudbrightshire,  united  in  i670,  to 
thc)‘.:e  of  Senwick  and  Kirk- Andrew’s.  It 
is  hi  miles  long,  and  seven  broad,  and  con> 
tuins  aOiiUt  40  square  miles.  Though  ' 
mosiiy  ar  iblo,  a great  p>art  is  under  pasture  ; 
a good  number  of  black  cattle,  of  a su- 


BOR 

perlor  bVeed,  and  sheep  are  reared.  It  ijs 
also  remarkable  for  excellent  honey.  In 
two  Or  three  places  the  shore  is  bold  and 
rocky,  the  clilTs  rising  in  some  places  about 
300  feet  perpendicular.  Saphire  and  other 
marine  plants  grow  among  the  rocks ; strata 
of  shells  are  found  in  the  bay,  which  are  one 
of  the  best  and  most  durable  manures  for 
land.  Population  was  about,  820. 

Boria,  or  Borja,  a small  town  of  Spain, 
Arragon,  42  miles  wnw  of  Saragossa. 

Borja,  a town  in  the  audience  of  Quito, 
Peru,  seated  on  the  head  waters  of  the  Ama- 
zon, 300  miles  e by  n of  Paita.  Lon.  76 
36  w,  lat.  4 15  s. 

BORIQUEN,  one  of  the  Carribee  is- 
lands, N America,  five  miles  sw  of  Porto- 
Rico.  The  English  formerly  had  a settle- 
ment there,  but  were  driven  away  by  the 
Spaniards.  It  is  without  inhabitants,  though 
agreeable  and  fertile  ; the  air  being  whole- 
some, and  the  water  good.  Land- crabs  are 
numerous,  whence  some  call  it  Crab  Island, 
Lon.  66  0 w,  lat.  1 8 0 n. 

BorJeel,  a river  which  rises  in  Westphalia, 
above  Cosefeld,  and  falls  into  the  Yssel,  near 
Zutphen. 

Borkdo,  a strong  town  of  Holland,  in  the 
department  of  the  Yssel;  rerriarkable  for 
having  been  the  scene  of  two  wars  in  w’hich 
the  States  General  were  engaged ; one  in  ^ 
1665,  against  the  bishop  of  Munster,  and  the 
other  w'ith  France  in  1672.  It  is  situated 
oil  the  Borkel,  15  miles  ene  of  Zutphen. 

Borkeuy  a town  of  Munster,  Westphalia, 
seated  on  the  river  Aa,  38  miles  w of  Mun- 
ster. Its  church  is  collegiate. 

Barley,  or  Loch-Borley;  a lake  in  the 
peninsula  of  Durness. 

Borlumy  a hill,  Inverness-shire,  on  which 
there  are  quantities  of  vitrified  matter, 
whereon  no  plant  wdll  vegetate. 

BORMIO  a territory  of  the  Grisons, 
Switzerland,  15  miles  ever  both  ways;  and 
was  formerly  divided  into  five  communities, 
viz.  the  (own,  the  valley  of  Forbia,  the  in- 
terior Valley,  the  Lower  Valley,  and  the 
Valley  of  Luvino.  This  territory  was 
united  to  the  late  Italian  Republic  in  Nov. 
1797,  and,  it  is  presumed,  now  forms  part 
of  the  dominions  of  the  king  of  Italy. 

Bormio,  the  only  town  in  the  above  dis- 
trict, seated  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains, 
on  the  Fredolfo  near  its  confluence  with 
the  Adda.  In  the  vicinity  of  the  town  are 
medicinal  Baths.  It  is  40  miles  se  of 
Coire.  Lon.  !0  20  e,  lat.  46  17  n.  ^ 

Borna,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Mis- 
nifi,  near  the  river  Pleysse,  10  miles  ene 
of  Leipsic.  It  has  a manufacture  of  stuffs. 

I Bornaco,  a town  of  the  late  Italian  re- 
i piibiic,  department  of  the  lessino. 

BORNEO,  an  island  of  Asia,  on  the 
Indian  ocean,  one  of  the  three  great  Sunda 
islands.  It  is  thought  to  be  the  largest 


B OR 

island  in  the  world  next  to  New  Holland 
bcin"  1800  miles  in  circumference.  It  is- 
situated  under  the  equator,  which  near  y 
divides  it;  yet  the  air  is  not  so  excessive  y 
hot  as  migiit  be  expected,  being  frequently 
refreshed  with  showers  and  cool  breezes. 
Towards  the  interior  the  country  is  moun- 
tainous, but  the  coast  for  many  hundred 
miles  is  a dead  flat,  usually  overflowed  to 
a considerable  extent  by  the  sea  for  one  half 
of  the  year,  which  occasions  some  of  the 
houses  to  he  built  on  floats  and  others  on 
pillars.  The  w and  ne  sides  of  the  island 
are  almost  desart,  and  the  e is  but  little 
known.  The  principal  river  is  the  Benjar,  | 
which  intersects  almost  the  whole  length  of 
the  island.  In  tbe  rivers  the  finest  dia- 
monds in  the  Indies  are  found,  being  pro- 
bably washed  down  from  the  hills  by  the 
torrents.  The  island  also  contains  gold, 
iron,  tin,  and  loatlstone;  produces  cassia, 
camphire,  frankincense,  musk,  aloes,  agaric, 
sapan,  pepper  cinnamon,  honey,  rice,  edible 
birds  nests,  sandal-wood,  and  a variety  of 
fruits  and  gums.  It  abounds  with  horses, 
oxen,  buffaloes,  deer,  goats,  elephants,  beais, 
tigers,  monkeys,  and  ouranoutangs,  The 
countries  on  the  coast  are  inhabited  by  a 
mixture  of  Malays,  Javanese,  and  Macas- 
sars. The  real  natives  of  the  island,  how- 
ever, live  in  the  interior,  and  are  called 
Biadjoos  of  Dajakkese,  they  are  blacks  and 
Pagans  are  of  middle  stature  and  well  made, 
go  almost  stark  naked,  and  are  tatooed  blue. 
The  chiefs  extract  one  or  two  of  the  foreteeth 
instead  of  which  tiiey  substitute  others  of 
gold.  Strings  of  tigers  teeth  are  wore  round 
the  neck  as  a badge  of  courage.  The 
island  is  divided  into  several  kingdoms,  the 
principal  of  which  are  Borneo  and  Bvinjar- 
massing.  X'he  English  had  factories  here  ^ 
but  differences  arising  between  them  and 
the  natives,  they  were  driven  away  or  mur- 
dered in  1706.  The  Dutch  are  now  the 
only  Europeans  who  have  settlements  here, 
and  their  chief  factories  are  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Banjar  and  the  Pontania.  It  lies  be- 
tween 107  and  117/lon.  e,  and  between  6 
N,  and  4 50  lat.  s.  Borneo,  the  principal 
city  of  the  island,  is  large  and  populous 
with  a good  harbour,  and  lies  on  the  ?^e  side. 
Lon.  1 12  27  E,  lat.  4 55  N. 

BORNHOLM,  an  island  in  the  Baltic 
sea,  10  miles  se  of  Schonen  in  Sweden  ; 
seven  miles  in  length,  and  above  four  in 
breadth.  It  has  three  considerable  towns, 
Ratum,  Sandwich,  and  Nexia  ; v.  ith  a great 
number  of  villages ; and  is  f^ertile  and  po- 
pulous. It  was  conquered  by  the  Swedes 
in  1653;  but  the  inhabitants,  under  the 
conduct  of  Jens  Roefords,  voluntarily  sur- 
rendered it  to  the  kingdom  of  Denmark,  to 
avoid  the  tyranny  of  the  Sw  edes.  In  1768, 
a body  of  5000  Swedish  troops,  in  their 
passage  from  Fomerana  to  Sweden,  being 


BOR 

shipwrecked  on  this  island,  such  of  thera  as 
remained  were  made  prisoners  of  war. 
The  inhabitants  defend  the  island  by  their 
own  militia,  without  any  expense  to  the 
crown.  The  governor  resides  at  Rattum. 
Bornholm  lies  16  miles  from  Zealand,  and 
six  from  Ystad.  Lon.  15  56  e,  lat.  55  15  if. 

BORNOU,  a kingdom  of  Zaara,  Africa^ 
extending  from  12  to  22  e longitude,  and 
from  17  to  21  N latitude.  The  n partis 
poor  ; but  all  the  rest  is  well  watered  by- 
rivers,  that  rush  down  with  a dreadful  noise 
from  the  mountains  rendering  the  country- 
prolific  in  corn,  grass,  and  fruits,  and 
giving  it  a pleasing  aspect.  The  e and  \r 
frontiers  consist  of  mountains  and  vallies* 
the  latter  being  covered  with  flocks  of  cattle^ 
fields  of  rice  and  millet;  and  the  formed 
with  wood,  fruit  trees  and  cotton.  On  the 
Nw  stands  the  mountain  Tarton,  and  on  the 
s flow^s  the  river  Niger.  The  climate  is 
said  to  be  characterised  by  excessive  though 
not  uniform  heat.  The  common  animals 
are  horses,  asses,  mules,  dogs,  horned  cattle, 
goats,  sheep,  and  camels.  The  game  consists 
of  patridges,  wild  ducks,  and  ostriches,  the 
flesh  of  which  is  prized  above  every  other. 
The  other  animals  are  the  lion,  leopard, 
civet  cat,  wolf,  fox,  elephant,  antelope, 
Camelopardalis,  crocodile  and  hippopolarnus* 
and  there  are  many  snakes,  scorpions^ 
centipedes,  and  toads.  The  natives  arc 
black,  but  not  of  the  Negro  cast.  Their 
dress  usually  consists  of  a shirt  of  blue  cot- 
ton, a red  cap  and  a white  muslin  turban. 
The  principal  people  wear  gold  nose  rings. 
The  inhabitants  are  distinguished  by  humane 
and  courteous  manners ; are  excessively  fond 
of  play,  of  drafts  and  chess.  Upwards  of 
thirty  languages  are  spoken.  Mahometan- 
ism is  the  prevailing  religion.  Here  is  an 
elective  monarchy,  and  on  the  death  of  the 
sovereign,  three  persons  called  elders  choose 
his  successor  from  among  his  sons.  The 
Sultan  has  a vast  army,  most  of  those  armed 
with  the  sabre,  pike  and  bow.  He  is  said 
to  have  500  ladies  in  his  Seraglio,  and  500 
horses  in  his  Stud. 

Bornoii,  a lake  in  the  above  kingdom^ 
through  which  the  Niger  runs. 

Bov'iioii,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom,  is 
situated  on  a level  country,  on  the  banks  of 
the  Gazel.  It  has  a palace  like  a citadel, 
and  the  whole  city  is  encompassed  with  a 
ditch  and  a high  wall.  The  houses,  thougli 
neat,  are  so  irregularly  placed,  that  they 
can  hardly  be  said  to  form  streets.  Its  trade 
consists  in  gold  dust,  slaves,  horses,  ostrich 
feather?,  salt  and  civet.  It  is  1750  miles 
ENE  of  Cassina.  Lon.  25  52,  lat,  19  45  k,. 

BO  RON  DON,  St,  an  island  in  the  At- 
lantic, mentioned  by  Linschotten,  and 
others,  in  their  description  of  the  canary 
islands ; and  said  to  have  been  touched  at 
accidentally  by  several  ships;  but  .though 


B O It 

*m1  to  be  about  100  leagues  distant  from 
^erroj  inhabited  by  Ciiristians,  abounding 
in  wood  and  refreshments  of  every  kind, 
and  frequently  searched  for  by  navigators 
voyages  of  discovery,  none  of  them  have 
liitherto  fallen  in  with  it.  Hence  it  has 
been  called  the  marvellous  island. 

JSorougkbridgei  a town  in  the  N Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a market  on  Saturday,  and 
a trade  in  hard- ware,  and  noted  for  its  cattle 
market,  situated  on  the  river  Ure  over  which 
there  is  a handsome  stone- bridge.  TIere 
Echvard  II.,  in  1322  defeated  the  rebel 
Earl  of  Lancaster.  It  sends  tw'o  members 
to  parliament,  and  lies  18  miles  nw  of  York, 
and  206  n by  w of  Lond(:w®. 

BORRERAY,  a small  island  of  Scot- 
land, one  of  the  Hebrides,  lying  nw  of  N 
CJist,  between  Valey  and  Pabby  isles.  It  is 
a.  mile  and  a-bai£  in  length,  and  a mile  in 
breadth.  Also,  another  small  island  of  the 
Hebrides,  about  a mile  in  circuit. 

Borriano,  a town  of  Spain,  Valencia,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Miilas,  21  miles  n of  Va- 
lencia. 

BORROMEAN  Islands,  two  small 
islands  in  the  lake  Moggiore,  Italy,  called 
Jsola  Bella^  and  Xsola  Madre, 

Borroiii  a hill  on  the  coast  of  the  county 
•of  Kirkcudbright. 

Borrowdale^  ai  village,  in  a most  romantic 
valley  of  Cumberland,  among  Derwent- 
vvater  Fells,  which  are  reckoned  among  the 
loftiest  hills  in  England.  This  valley  is  four 
miles  from  Keswick,  in  passing  from  which, 
ii:he  traveller  has  Keswitk  lake  on  bis  right 
hand,  stupendous  rocky  precipices  on  bis  left, 
and  huge  masses  of  rocks  scattered  along  bis 
road,  which  have  fallen  from  the  mountains. 
It  is  watered  by  a number  of  fine  rivulets, 
which  precipitate  from  tiie  hills,  and  forming 
many  beaiitilui  cascades,  meet  in  Borrow- 
<3ale.  It  is  famous  for  mines  of  wadd,  or 
black  lead. 

Borrowdale  Beedc,  a river  formed  in  the 
above  valley,  by  the  junction  of  the  rivulets, 
which,  after  passing  out  of  the  dale,  spreads 
into  an  extensive  lake,  called  Dertvent-waterf 
m Keswick^  and  contains  many  beautiful 
islands. 

Borrowston,  a village  on  the  coast  of 
Caithness,  parish  of  Rea. 

Borrowstowness,  or  Boness,  a parish  in 
Linlithgowshire,  extending  four  miles  in 
ieugth,  and  two  and  a-half  in  breadth,  on 
the  banks  of  the  Frith  of  Forth.  The  soil 
is  a deep  loam,  well  cultivated  and  fertile. 
'I  he  parish  abounds  with  coal,  ironstone, 
limestone,  freestone,  and  granite.  The  po- 
pulation is  about  2790. 

Borrows/ oioness,  a baronial  town  in  the 
above  parish,  has  one  of  the  safest  and  most 
commodious  harbours  in  the  Frith  of  Forth. 
Iheie  is  a very  considerable  trade  in  ship- 
buiicing,  for  which  this  place  has  been  long 


JB  O S 

famwis.  The  exportation  of  coals 
increases  the  trade  of  the  town.  wLie  i# 
also  an  extensive  manufactory  of  salt,  of 
which  about  40,000  bushels  are  made  an- 
nually; soap,  candles,  stone  and  earthen 
ware.  Silk  is  spun  for  Spittalfield  manu- 
facturers. It  has  a share  of  the  coasting  and 
Baltic  trade,  and  several  other  ports  are  sub- 
ject  to  the  custom-house  here.  Some  ves- 
tiges of  the  Roman  wall,  between  the  Forth 
and  Clyde,  are  still  visible.  The  duke  of 
Flamilton  is  proprietor  of  the  whole  parish, 
except  one  small  estate.  It  has  a fair  Kov. 
16  ; and  is  three  miles  n of  Linlithgow,  and 
18  w from  EdiKburgh.  Lon.  3 34  w,  iat, 
56  2 N. 

Bor  set,  or  Bor  sett,  a place  celebrated  for 
its  baths,  about  half  a league  from  Aix  la 
Chapelle.  The  waters  are  w armer  than  those 
of  Aix  la  Chapelle,  much  more  sulphureous, 
and  abound  with  Selenites,  which  incrust  the 
pipe  through  which  the  water  passes,  as  well 
as  the  sides  of  the  bath ; but  are  used  as 
baths  for  the  same  diseases,  and  also  in  drop- 
sical and  cedematous  cases. 

Borson,  a town  of  the  Austrian  Tirol, 
which  was  evacuated  June  2,  1796,  by  its 
inhabitants,  who  fled  to  Sallzburg,  upon  the 
approach  of  the  French  army. 

Bortlimick,  a parish  of  Scotland,  county  of 
Edinburgh,  about  1 2 miles  sse  of  the  me- 
tropolis, extending  about  six  miles  from  e to 
vv,  and  four  from  n to  s.  The  climate  is 
various,  but  generally  mild  and  salubrious^ 
The  soil  in  general  light,  and  agriculture 
much  improvetl.  The  celebrated  historian. 
Dr.  Robertson,  was  a native  of  this  parisln 
and  James  Small,  the  inventor  of  the  new 
plough,  and  other  excellent  agricultural  im- 
struments,  resided  in  this'vicinity.  The  po- 
pulation is  about  842. 

Borthwick,  a river  of  Scotland,  which  rises 
in  the  high  grounds,  wdiere  the  counties  of 
Dumfries  and  Selkirk  meet,  and  runs  into 
the  Tweed,  abounds  with  trout,  and  is  some- 
times visited  with  salmon. 

Borthwick  Castle,  a magnificent  ruin,  ori- 
ginally of  astonishing  strength,  and  still  very 
entire,  situated  in  the  above  parish.  It  was 
built  by  William  the  first  Lord  Borthwick, 
about  A D 1430.  The  w'alis  are  13  feet 
I thick  at  the  foundation,  and  the  great  hall  is 
I 40  feet  long,  and  had  been  elegantly  adorn- 
ed with  lustres,  paintings,  tapestry,  &c.  On 
the  first  floor  arc  state  rooms,  formerly  ac- 
cessible by  a draw-  bridge.  Notwithstanding 
its  strength,  it  was  taken  by  Oliver  Crom- 
well in  1650.  It  w'as  an  assyluni  to  the  un- 
fortunate queen  Mary  and  Bothwell,  before 
the  battle  of  Carberry. 

Bosa,  or  Bossa,  a town  in  the  w coast  of 
Sardinia,  wdth  a castle,  situated  on  the  mouth 
of  a river  of  the  same  name,  near  w hich  it 
lias  a harbour;  17  miles  sse  of  Algeri, 

; Lon.  8 50  E,  lat.  40  29  n. 


BOS 

SoscfJStle,  formerly  called  BotereniiK  Cns-^ 
iiej  a town  iii  Co.  ovvall  situated  on  the 
Biistol  Channel  229  miles  from  Londun. 

BOSCA WEN’S  ISLAND,  an  island  in 
the  F..C  dc  Ocean,  about  10  miles  in  cir- 
cumrereiice.  Lon.  175  10  w,  lat.  15  50  s. 

Boschh  or  Boscof  a town  of  Italy,  in  the 
M'ianese,  on  the  river  Orbe^  five  miles  e of 
Alexandrio, 

Boscoheh  a village  in  Shropshire,  near 
White  Ladies,  noted  for  the  oak  in  which 
Charles  IT.  was  hid,  and  saw  the  soldiers 
pass  by  in  quest  of  him,  after  the  battle  of 
Worcester.  The  tree  was  inclosed  by  a 
brick  v/all,  but  has  been  almost  cut  away  by 
travellers.  It  is  nine  miles  ss  of  Newport. 

BOSMAIFE,  an  island  of  Russia,  pro- 
vince of  Astracan. 

BOSNIA,  a province  of  Turkey,  Europe^ 
which  belongs  entirely  to  the  Turks.  It  is 
300  miles  long,  and  70  broad.  It  is  moun- 
tainous but  fertile,  especially  near  the  rivers. 
The  principal  revenue  arises  from  the  silver 
mines^  The  falcons  of  Bosnia  are  held  in 
great  esteem.  Serai  is  the  capital. 

Bosphorus  Cimmerius^  or  the  Scythian 
Bosphorus.  See  Kapha. 

Bosphorus  Thracius,  See  Constantinople ^ 
Straits  of. 

Basra,  a town  of  Syria,  European  Tur- 
keyj  anciently  a city  of  refuge  among  the 
Jews,  lay  over  against  Jericho,  in  the  VVil- 
dernets,  in  the  plains  of  Reuben.  Mahomet 
is  said  to  have  here  received  instructions  from 
a Nestorian  monk,  concerning  tiie  doctrines 
of  the  religion  which  he  founded.  It  is  100 
tniles  s of  Damascus.  Lon.  57  10  2,  lat. 
52  20  N. 

Bossiny,  a town  of  Cornwall,  near  King 
Arthur’s  Cattle.  It  has  fairs,  Aug.  5.  and 
Nov.  22  5 and  sends  two  members  to  par- 
liament, 17  miles  w of  Launceston,  and 
J255  w by  s of  London. 

Bossot,  a tov/n  of  the  peninsula  of  Malac- 
ca, Thither  India.  Lon.  105  18  e,  lat.  5 

10  N. 

Bosiupt,  a,  town  of  Trance,  department  of 
the  Dyie,  eight  miles  s of  Louvain. 

Bosf,  a very  streng  town  of  Persia,  capital 
cf  Z lieslan,  seated  on  the  Keermund,  170  | 
miles  wsw  cf  Candahar.  Lon.  64  15  e,  lat. 
52  50n. 

Boston,  a corporate  town,  Lincolnshire, 
which  sends  two  members  to  parliament, 
with  a market  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday. 
It  is  commodiously  situated  on  both  sides^cf 
the  Witham,  near  the  sea,  but  its  harbour 
can  only  admit  of  vessels  of  inferior  burden. 
Boston  is,  however,  a place  of  very  consider- 
able ti’ade,  having  also  canals  to  Bourn  and 
Lincoln.  It  has  fairs,.  May  4,  and  July  1 1 . 
and  from  <he  1 ith  to  the  20th  of  December. 
The  steepie  of  the  parish  church  is  500  feet 
high,  and  is  crowned  with  a bcautitul  octa- 
gonal lantern,  which  way  bv'  seen  40  miles  ■ 


B O B ■ 

round  the  country,  and  also  sej'ves  as  a guid v 
to  mariners  entering  the  dangerous  channels 
of  Boston  deeps.  It  has  a trade  in  wool, 
and  is  37  miles  se  of  Lincoln,  and  115  n of 
London.  Lon.  0 5 s.  lat.  55  1 n. 

Boston,  the  metropolis  of  Massachusetts, 
and  the  most  flourishing  town  of  the  Eastern 
States  of  N America,  in  Suffolk  couiity,  on  a 
peninsula  of  about  four  miles  in  circumfe- 
rence, at  the  head  of  Massachusetts  bay.  In 
1795,  it  contained  2376  dw'elliiig- houses,, 
and  18,058  inhabitants,  but  the  increase  has 
been  very  considerable  since.  The  public 
f)uildings  are,  a state-house,  and  a work- 
house, a bridew  ell,  a council-chamber,  a trea- 
surer and  secretary’s  office,  and  a powder- 
magazine  ; besides  seven  public  schools,  and 
17  churches,  viz.  nine  for  Congregationaiists,, 
three  for  Episcopalians,  eight  for  Baptists, 
one  for  Quakers,  one  for  Universalists,  and 
one  for  Roman  Catholics.  There  are  three 
banks,  and  several  humane  and  Horary  so- 
cieties. Franklin  Place  is  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal ornaments  of  the  town.  It  has  its 
name  from  the  celebrated  Dr  Franklin,  who 
I was  born  in  this  place,  and  is  encompassed 
I on  two  sides  with  buildings  of  superior  016=* 
gance.  The  mall,  a beautiful  public  walk, 
is  on  the  w cf  the  town.  On  the  e side  of 
the  town  lies  the  harbour,  which,  though 
large  enough  'o  contain  500  ships  at  anchor,, 
has  so  narrow  an  entrance,  as  hardly  to  admit 
two  ships  abreast.  About  80  wharfs  are 
erected  along  the  harbour,  in  front  of  the 
town.  A light-house  is  erected  on  a rock 
on  the  N side  of  the  harbour,  w hich  also  con- 
tains about  40  small  islands,  that  produce 
corn,  hay,  and  pasturage.  No  town  in  the 
United  Beales  has  been  more  retarded  in  its 
progress  than  Boston,  by  fire  and  war.  Few 
towns  in  America  are,  however,  increasing 
more  rapidly  in  commerce,  population,  and 
manufactures.  The  chief  of  which  are  rum, 
loaf-sugar,  beer,  canvas,  cordage,  pot  and 
pearl  ashes,  chocolate,  tobacco,  and  glass. 
The  commerce  extends  to  all  the  principal 
commercial  countries  in  Europe,  as  well  as 
to  China  and  the  E Indies.  The  exports  in 
1794,  amounted  to  2,781,703  dollars;  and 
the  arrivals  from  foreign  ports  alone,  w'cre 
464  vessels.  Boston  is  governed  by  seven 
select  men,  a town  clerk,  trjjasurer,  and  1 2 
overseers,  chosen  annually,  along  with  48 
inferior  officers.  In  1775,  in  this  vicinity, 
the  first  hostilities  commenced  between  A- 
merica  and  Britain.  It  is  252  miles  ne  of 
New  York,  and  348  from  Philadelphia,  in 
the  same  direction.  Lon.  70  S3  w,  lat.  42 
25  N. 

Bosuh,  a town  of  France,  department  of 
Aveiron,  10  miles  we  of  Rhodes. 

BoswelVs  Green,  St,  a place  in  the  pa5ii,b 
of  St  Boswell’s,  where  one  of  the  largest  fairs 
in  Scotland  is  annually  hold,  on  the  18th  of 
July.  The  principal  articles,  are  linen  cloth. 


BOX 

sbeep,  liorses,  black  catle,  hardware,  and  { 
haberdasheries. 

BosweVsi  Bit  or  Lsssudden,  a parish  of 
Roxburghshire,  on  the  banks  of  the  Tweed, 
within  10  miles  of  Kelso,  five  of  Melrose, 
and  seven  of  Jedburgh  ; extending  about 
tliree  miles  in  length,  and  nine  in  breadth. 
The  soil  is  good,  and  has  lately  been  much 
improved.  Dalkeith  and  Peebles  are  the 
principal  markets.  The  population  was 
about  497. 

Bosworth,  a town  of  Leicestershire,  situ- 
ated on  a h%h  hill,  and  memorable  for  the 
decisive  battle  fought  near  it,  between  Ri- 
chard III.  and  the  earl  of  Richmond,  after- 
wards Henry  VII.  in  which  the  former  lost 
bis  crown  and  life.  It  has  a market  on 
Wednesday  ; and  fairs  May  8,  and  June  10. 
It  is  13  miles  wof  Leicester,  and  106  nnw 
of  London. 

Botalleck,  a village  of  Cornwall,  on  the 
Irish  sea,  10  miles  w of  St  Ives. 

Botany 'Bay,  in  New  S Wales,  on  the  e 
Coast  of  New  Holland,  discovered  by  Captain 
Cook,  in  1770,  and  so  named  from  the  great 
Variety  of  plants  he  found  on  the  shore. 
The  entrance  is  formed  by  point  Solander 
and  Cape  Banks.  It  was  originally  fixed  on 
for  a colony  of  convicts  from  Britain;  but 
afterwards  Port  Jackson,  15  miles  farther 
N was  preferred.  See  Holland- N’ew»  Lon. 
151  21  E,  lat,  34  0 s. 

BOTANY  ISLAND,  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  on  the  se  of  New  Caledonia.  Lon, 
167  16  E,  lat.  22  27  s. 

Botary^  an  ancienL  parish  of  Aberdeen- 
shire, now  a part  of  (Sirny. 

Botesdalcy  Bottisdale,  or  BvAdesdale,  a 
small  market  town  of  Suffolk,  situated  in  a 
valley  on  the  borders  of  Norfolk.  It  was 
formerly  called  Botolph's  dale,  from  St.  Bo- 
toph*s  chapel,  which,  after  remaining  many 
years  in  a state  of  neglect  and  dilapidation, 
has  been  recently  repaired  and  fitted  up  for 
the  accommodation  of  the  inhabitants  Here 
is  also  an  endowed  grammar-school,  to  ivhich 
belong  certain  scholarships,  assigned  to  Ben- 
net  and  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge. 
It  has  a market  on  Thursday,  and  two  an- 
nual fairs.  It  is  15  miles  ne  of  Bury  on 
the  Yarmouth  road,  and  86  of  London. 

Bothkennar,  a parish  of  Siirlingshire,  one 
mile  and  a half  long,  and  equally  broad,  con- 
taining about  1248  acres  all  cultivated.  In 
it  is  scarcely  a hill  or  a stone,  as  the  land 
has  been  gained  from  the  river  Forth  here 
are  12  productive  Orchards,  The  popula- 
tion was  about  575. 

Bothnia  Gulf  of  a large  branch  of  the 
Baltic,  which  penetrates  into  Sweden.  It  | 
commences  about  lat.  60.  and  stretches  as  i 
far  as  lat.  65  5 1 N.  It  .has  no  tides,  and  j 
is  usually  frozen  up  four  months  of  the 
year.  It  contains  the  island  of  Aland,  and 
many  other  smaller  ones  along  the  parish.  ( 


BOX 

BOTHNIA,  E.  a province  of  Swede??, 
Finland,  on  the  e side  of  the  gulf,  situated  be- 
tv/een  the  provinces  of  Kirni  and  Finland 
Proper,  and  Russia.  It  is  300  miles  long, 
and  from  90  to  220  broad.  The  exports 
consist  principally  of  timber,  pitch,  tar, 
whale-oil  and  butter.  It  is  sometimes  called 
Cajania,  and  the  capital  is  Cajaneburg. 

BOTANIA,  W,  a province  of  Sweden, 
Nordland,  situated  on  the  w side  of  the  Gulf, 
230  miles  long,  and  from  25  to  50  broad. 
The  soil  is  sandy,  yet  tolerably  fertile,  but 
the  crops  are  often  destroyed  by  frost  in 
July.  It  has  mines  of  iron,  copper,  and 
numerous  forests,  and  trades  in  skins  of 
Rein  deer.  Wolves,  Bears,  Ermines,  foxes. 
Otters,  &c.  The  inhabitants  are  protes- 
tants,  and  have  an  excellent  character  as 
honest  and  upright  people.  The  chief  towns 
are  Tornea  and  Uma. 

BothivelU  an  ancient  barony  and  parish  of 
I.anarkshire,  extending  from  the  Clyde  to 
w Lothian,  about  eight  miles  and  a-halfin 
length,  and  four  in  breadth.  The  soil  in 
general  is  good,  though  clayey ; and  the 
climate  healthy.  It  is  watered  by  the  Clyde, 
and  the  s and  n Calders.  Coals  and  free- 
stone are  the  only  minerals.  There  are  four 
villages,  five  bridges,  six  corn  and  two  lint 
mills,  and  a bleachfield,  in  (he  parish.  The 
church  is  a very  ancient  structure,  and  be- 
fore the  reformation,  was  a provostry,  with 
very  great  endowments.  The  late  Mr. 
Alton  Author  of  the  Aortus  Kewensis  was 
a native  of  this  parish.  The  population  was 
about  3017. 

Boihwell  Bridge,  an  ancient  bridge  of  four* 
arches  over  the  Clyde,  in  the  above  parish, 
memorable  for  an  engagement  fought  on  it 
in  1679,  between  the  forces  of  the  persecut- 
ing Charles  II,  under  the  Duke  of  Mon- 
mouth, and  those  who  were  constrained  to 
draw  the  sword  in  defence  of  their  religious 
principles  ; wherein  the  latter  were  defeated, 
with  the  loss  of  400  slain,  and  1200  taken 
prisoners. 

Bothwell  Castle,  a very  ancient  and  mag- 
nificent structure  now  in  ruins,  adjacent  to 
the  village  of  Bothwell,  originally  built  of 
polished  stones  of  a red  colour.  The  ruins 
are  greatly  admired  by  all  visitors. 

Botley,  a thriving  village  of  Hampshire 
recently  become  a great  thorough- fare  by 
the  erection  of  a large  brick  bridge  over 
the  Humble  ; the  fording  of  which  was  for- 
merly a terror  to  travellers,  and  induced 
many  to  prefer  a long  and  circuitous  road 
by  Winchester.  Here  is  now  a considerable 
trade  in  flour,  the  mills  being  worked  by  the 
river,  which  is  navigable  for  boats  to  this 
place.  It  is  six  miles  e of  Southampton,  and 
56  from  London,  and  has  four  annual  fairs. 

Bolriphine,  a parish  of  BamfFshire,  24 
miles  from  BamlF,  extending  about  four 
( miles  from  N to  s,  aiid  three  from  £ to  w.  Th^ 


B O U 

:Soil  IS  fertile,  consisting  chiefly  of  arich  black  j 
loam,  which  | ohuces  • indai*.  crops  of  j 
barley,  oats,  aiiu  fl  ix.  nestoi.  « to  be  ; 
found  ill  every  field  ; but  has  not  bee  . niich  ' 
used  in  a griculture.  The  fuel  is  pea  and  | 
turf.  It  has  a fair. in  February  for  linen,  j 
yarn,  and  husbandry  utensils,  &.c.  The 
population  is  589. 

Botr'ys,  JBotrus,  or  Bostra,  a town  of  Pbee- 
nicia,  or;  the  Mediterranean,  12  mdes  of 
Pyblus,  now  almost  in  ruins,  and  called  Bo- 
teron,  or  Boturn. 

BoUengo,  a village  of  Italy,  in  the  Doga- 
do  of  Venice. 

Bottesdale.  See  Bnddesdale, 

Bottesford,  a village  in  Leicestershire  on 
the  borders  of  Lincolnshire  and  Nottingham- 
shire,  in  ics  vicinity  is  Belvoii  Castle,  the 
ancient  seat  of  the  Dakes  of  Rutland.  Many 
antiquities  have  been  discovered  in  this 
neighbourhood.  In  the  c^iurch  are  several  ! 
monuments  of  the  Rutland  family. 

Boturn.  See  Botry's, 

Boiiuar,  a town  of  Germany^  Wirtem- 
berg,  on  a river  of  the  same  name,  15  miles 
ssE  of  Hailbron. 

Botzeii,  or  Bolzano,  a town  of  Tyrol,  situa- 
ted on  the  Eisack,  surrounded  by  mountains, 
and  defended  by  a castle.  It  is  celebrated 
for  its  excellent  wine,  and  has  four  noted 
annual  fairs,  frequented  by  great  numbers 
of  Swiss,  Italians,  and  natives.  It  was  taken 
by  the  F»'ench,  under  Bonaparte,  in  March 
1797,  and  re-taken  in  April  by  the  Aus- 
trians, under  general  Laudon.  It  lies  22 
miles  ssw  of  Brixen.  Lon.  11  1 5 e,  lat.  46 
o2  N. 

Bova\  an  Episcopal  town  of  Naples,  Ca- 
labria, Uiteriore,  20  miles  se  of  Reggio. 

Bouaga,  a town  of  France,  department  of 
the  Lower  Loire.  i 

Bouchaiyiy  or  Bokciin^  n fortified  town  of 
France,  departmenrof  the  N.  divided  into 
two  parts  by  the  river  Scheldt.  It  was  taken 
by  the  French  in  1676,  and  by  (he  allies 
under  the  duke  of  Marlborough,  in  1711. 
which  was  the  last  military  atcliievement  of 
that  great  general ; but  the  following  year 
it  was  retaken  by  the  French.  In  1794,  the 
adjoining  forest,  called  Bouchain,  or  Bohain 
wood,  was  rendered  almost  inaccessible  by 
the  French,  being  secured  by  several  very 
strong  entrenchments,  in  order  to  obstruct 
the  progress  of  the  allies ; notwitiistarfding 
which,  they  were  completely  dislodg  ed  from 
the  position,  and  all  their  works  taken  pos- 
session of  by  the  British,  under  the  duke  ql 
York.  Bouchain  lies  nine  miles  w of  Valen- 
ciennes. Lon.  Z 21  E,  lat.  50  18  n. 

Buuchart,  a town  of  France,  department 
of  Inure  and  Loire,  on  a small  island  of 
the  river  Vienne,  15  miles  ssvv  ol  lours. 

Bouchemuirt,  a town  of  1' ranee,  d^'partment 
of  the  Maine  and  Loire,  four  mile.,  ix  c:  .4  ngers. 
■'  5 


BOV 

Bovchevy  a town  of  Persia,  bordering  ou 
the  Persian  Gulf. 

Boucl  IS  a town  of  France,  department 
of  die  D ' abs  sigf.t  miles  e of  Besancon. 

BOUGOIR,  a.i  isl'ind  i..''  i S sea,  dis- 
covered wy  BougaiiiviiL  in  I v>7,  called  by 
the  natives  Matea.  Lon.  15  25  w of  Pads, 
Lat.  17  5 s. 

Boiidry,  a Chattellany  of  Switzerland, 
province  f Neufehate!,  four  miles  sv/  of 
Neufebatei. 

Bovegno,  a village  of  Italy,  the  Vale  of 
Trompi  i,  and  late  republican  department  of 
B n at.  ) 

BoveilsStO.  town  of  France,  department  of 
the  Sorn'oe,  six  miles  wsw  of  Amiens.  ^ 

Bouillon^  a town  of  France,  department 
of  Forrets.  The  property  of  this  place  w.is 
long  disputed  between  the  L-Jshop  of  Liege 
and  the  house  of  Marck,  till  taken  by  Louis 
XIV  of  France,  in  1676,  wiio  gave  it  to  a 
Duke  of  Bouillon.  It  has  remained  under 
the  dominion  of  the  French  ever  since.  The 
castle  is  situated  on  an  ioaccessihle  rock 
upon  the  river  Semois,  12  miles  nne  of  Se- 
dan, and  46  vv  by  n of  Luxemburg.  Lon, 
5 20  E,  lat.  49  45  n. 

Bouilly.  a town  of  France,  department  of 
Aube,  seven  miles  s of  Troyes. 

Bouin,  an  isle  of  France,  in  the  bay  of 
Biscay.  ' 

Bovignes,  a towm  of  Franck,  department  of 
Sambre  end  Meuse,  10  mUes  s of  Namur, 

Boviaoy  an  epi.scopal  towm  O;  Napie-s,  Ca- 
pitanata,  at  the  foot  of  the  Appennines,  15 
miles  jne  of  Bsnevento. 

Boulak,  a marked;  town  of  Egypt,  and  the 
port  of  Cairo,  situated  on  the  banks  of  the 
Nile. 

Boiday,  3 town  of  France,  department  of 
the  Moselle,  15  miles  xe  of  Me>z 

BoulnesSy  a village  in  Cumberiaod,  Sol- 
way Frith,  where,  by  crossing  the  sands,  be- 
tween Scotland  and  Engl  and.  at  low  water, 
passengers  save  a circuit  of  many  miles  At 
this  place  was  the  ancient  termination  of  the 
Piet’s  Wail.  _ 

Boulogne,  a sea-port  of  France,  on  the 
river  Liartne,  wTmre  it  falls  into  the  English 
channel,  is  divided  into  two  towns,  the  up- 
per and  lower.  It  lies  14  milea  ssw  of  Ca- 
lais, and  in  the  department  of  the  Straits  of 
Calais.  The  port  has  for  a long  time  been. 
30  shallow  that  no  ships  of  burden  could  en- 
ter it.  But  owing  to  some  recent  improve- 
ments, it  is  represented  to  hold  ten  feet  at 
low  water ; and  a large  bason  has  been, 
lately  constructed  to  contain  17  feet.  Tiie 
harnour  is  protected  by  a mole,  to  which 
veiy  strong  fortifi cations  have  been  added. 
Under  Bonaparte,  Boulogne  has  been  made 
a royal  port,  and  no  merchant  vessel,  priva- 
teers, nor  even  prizes,  are  admitted,  unless 
loaded  with  ordinance  or  arditury  stoies; 

U 


B O U 

beuig  tlic  .principal  depot  of  tbe  'armx^ttjnts  |[ 
xvhichhejintended  for  the  invasion  of  Britain. 
Bon.  137  Jat.  50  44  n.  . 

town  of  France,  departrnenrof 
B Pyrenees ; t.’.ken  by  tbg,  Spaniftrd$  in 
1 71)5,  retaken  1794, 

Bourhony  a small  county  the  United 
States,  Kentucky,  with  a capital  of  the  same 
nanne,  which  stands  on  a point  of  land 
formed  by  two  branches  oS  the  Licking,.  20^ 
miles  ENE  of  Lexingion, 

Bourhoriy  a county  of  Georgia,  on  the 
Missisipi,  including  the  Natches  country  ; 
alsoa  fort  in  Martinicoand  ariverin  Labrador. 

BOURBON,  or  Mascarenhas,  an  island 
in  the  Indian  ocean,  lying  300  miles  e of 
Madagascar.  It  is  about  60  miles  long,  and 
45  byoad.  It  is  in  some  places  inaccessible, 
and  h.as  no  port,  but  has  many  good  roads 
for  shipping,  particular]}^  on  the  w and  ne. 

In  the  sE  part  of  the  island  there  is  a volca- 
no, which  has  long  thrown  out  vast  quanti- 
ties of  bitumen,  sulpher,  and  other  combus-  1 
tible  materials,  so  that  the  country  about  it  j 
is  useless,  and  is  called  by  the  inhabitants  1 
|>a/y.s  brule,  that  is,  burnt  land.  The  shore  is  | 
high  and  rocky  all  around  j and  the  form  of 
the  land  is  irregular.  The  air  is  pleasant, 
and  is  generally  purihed  once  or  twice  a- 
year  by  |)urricanes,  so  as  to  he  highly  sala- 
' brioiis  but  when  these  fail  of  making  their 
annual  visits,  as  they  sometimes  do,  diseases 
are  frequent  and  fatal,  lliis  pro- 

duces bananas,  oranges,  citrons,  tamarinds, 
and  other  fruits : also  ebony,  cotton,  white 
pepper,  gum  berzoin,  aloes,  and  tobacco, 
ail  excellent  in  their  kind.  No  venemous 
animals  are  to  be  found  in  it,  and  only 
two  sorts  that  are  disagreeable  to  the  sight, 
viz  spiders  of  the  sis^e  of  a pigeon’s  egg, 
which  w’eave  nets  of  a surprising  strength, 
i:cckoned  by  some  capable  of  being  treated 
so  as  to  become  as  valuable  as  silk  ; and 
bats  of  a most  enormous  size,  w hich  are  not 
only  eaten,  but  esteemed  a great  delicacy. 
The  French  first  settled  here  J672,  after 
they  w'ere  driven  from  tlfc  island  of  Mada- 
gascar. They  have  now  some  considerable 
towns  in  the  island,  with  a governor.  Since 
the  revolution  they  have  given  it  the  name, 
Reunion,  It  surrendered  to  the  British  in 
1810.  St.  Denys  is  the  capital.  Lon.  55 
30  E,  lat.  20  52  n. 


O U 

Bourhnvnc’Ie'hainsy  a towm  of  France,  de«r 
! partment  of  Upper  Marne,  famous  for  its 
hot  baths.  15  relies  ene  ofLangres. 

BOUBOJ^NOISj  a ci-devant  province 
of  France,  watered  by  the  Loire,  the  Aher, 
and  the  Chur;  and  abounds  in  corn,  fruit, 
pasture,  wood,  game,  and  wine.  It  now 
forms  the  deparment  of  Alier. 

Bourbourgy  a town  of  France,  department 
of  the  N,  situated  on  a canal  that  goes  to  Dun- 
kirk and  Calais,  10  miles  nw  of  the  former. 

^ BourdeauxTy  an  ancient,  large,  and  ricli 
city  of  France,  department  of  Gironde, 
built  in  the  form  of  a bow,  of  which  the  Ga- 
ronne is  the  string.  This  river  is  bordered 
by  a large  quay,  and  the  water  rises  four 
yards  at  full  tide,  for  which  reason  the  largest 
vessels  can  come  up  to  it  very  readily.  The 
castle  called  the  'Trumpety  is  situated  at  the 
entrance  of  the  quay,  and  the  river  runs 
round  its  w^alls.  Most  of  tl^e  great  streets 
lead  to  the  qday.  This  city  has  twelve 
gates ; and  though  considerable  in  point  of 
size,  was  anciently  ill  built,  badly  paved, 
dangerous  without  police  or  any  cf  those 
municipal  regulations  indispensably  requB 
site  to  render  a city  splendid  or  elegant.  It 
has  entirely  changed  its  appearance  within 
these  Isst  30  years.  The  public  edi.fices 
very  noble,  and  all  the  streets  newly  built, 
are  regular  and  handsome.  The  quays  are 
four  miles  in  length,  and  the  river  is  con- 
siderably broader  than  the  Thames  at  Lon- 
don bridge.  Almost  in  the  centre  of  the 
town,  a fae  equestrian  statue  in  bronze,  was 
erected  to  Louis  XV.  In  1743.  The  beauty 
of  the  Garonne,  and  t]}e  fertility  of  the  ad- 
joining country,  were  probably  the  causes 
which  induced  the  Romans  to  lay  the  foun- 
dation of  this  city.  During  the  irruptions 
of  the  barbarous  nations,  and  particularly  in 
those  which  the  Normans  repeatedly  made, 
Eourdeaux  w^as  ravaged,  burnt,  and  almost 
entirely  destroyed.  But  when  Henry  IJ, 
of  England,  united  it  to  his  dominions  by 
his  marriage  with  Eleanor  of  Aquitane,  he 
made  it  a principal  object  of  his  policy  to 
rebuild  and  restore  it  to  its  ancient  lustre. 
Edward  the  Black  Prince,  brought  his  royal 
captive,  John  king  of  France,  to  this  city, 
after  the  battle  of  Poictiers  i^  1356;  and 
held  bis  court  and  residence  here  during  1 1 
years.  His  exalted  character,  his  uninter- 


Bourbon- Laneyy  a town  of  France,  de-  j rupied  series  cf  good  fortune,  his  victories, 
partment  of  Saone  and  Loire,  remarkable  |!  his  modesty,  his  afFabili'y,  and  his  miinifi- 


for  its  cattle  and  hot  mineral  waters  ; and 
has  a large  marble  parement  called  the 
Great  Bath,  whii  b is  a work  of  the  Ro- 
mans. It  is  28  miles  sw  of  Autun. 


cence,  drew  strangers  to  Bourdeaux  from 
every  part  of  Europe.  Hen:  his  son  Richard’ 
II.  was  born.  In  1133,  Charles  VII.  king 
of  France,  re-entered  the  city,  and  having 


Bourbon  a small  town  of  jj  suljected  the  whole  province  of  Guinne, 

France,  department  of  Allier,  remarkable  i|  ordered  the  Ckatta  Trowpetle  to  be  built, 
for  its  hot  baths,  and  for  giving  name  to  the  ij  to  defend  the  passage  of  the  river ; and 
family  of  the  late  unfortunate  king'  of  II  Louis  XIV.  afterwards  employed  the  cele- 
France.  It  is  seated  near  the  Allier,  and  is  ij  brated  Vauban  to  erect  a new  fortress  in  the 

11  modem  style  of  milittuy  architecture,  on  the 


15  miles  w of  Moulins. 


B O If 

saTr?e  spot.  Marshal  B-eresford  with  a de- 
tachment from  the  army  of  lord  Wellington, 
entered  this  city  on  the  12th  ol  Blarch,  1814  ; 
and  was  received  by  the  inhabitants  with  the 
greatest  demoiistrations  of  joy«  Bourdeaux 
contains  upwards  of  100,000  inhabitants, 
and  is  one  of  the  first  cities  in  France  for 
magnitude,  riches,  and  beauty.  I'he  cathe- 
dral and  the  churches  belonging  to  the  late 
religious  orders,  the  Dominicans  and  the 
Cinirtrcux,  are  much  admired.  According  to 
the  present  religious  establishment  of  France, 
JBaurdeaus  is  the  seat  of  an  archbishop.  The 
that  are  most  remarkable  are  the 
palace  of  Gaiienus,  built  in  the  form  of  an 
amphithe  .tre,  and  several  aqueducts.  The 
town  has  am  university,  and  an  academy  of 
arts  and  sciences,  and  a considerable  trade, 
particularly  in  wine  and  brandy.  It  lies  87 
miles  s of  Kochele.  Ijon.  0 30  w,  iat,  44 

50  N. 

Bourdinet,  a town  of  France,  departments 
of  the  Sambre  and  Meuse,  in  Namur,  five 
miles  irw  of 

Boiirg.,  a sea  port  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Gironde,  willi  a good  harbour,  on  the 
river  Dordogne,  near  the  pointof  land  form- 
ed by  tlie  coulluence  of  that  river  with  the 
Garonne,  which  is  called  the  Bee  d’  Ambez, 
and  is  thought  a dvangerous  paisage.  It 
■has  a great  trade  in  wine,  an-i  lies  15  miles 
y by  E of  Buuriieaux. 

a ci:3r  ct  France,  and  capital  of  the 
department  of  Ain.  Near  thi^  place  is  the 
magnificent  church  and  monastery  of  the  Iste 
Augiistines,  vvldch  contains  the  mausoleum 
cf  Margaret  of  Austria,  and  of  Coarles  V. 
and  ether  fine  pieces  of  sculpture.  The 
principal  trade  of  Eourg  .is  .in  horses, 
cattle,  and  white  leather,  n It  stands 
in  a fertile  country,  on  the  river  liessousse, 

miles  SE  of  Macon. 

Bovrg,  the  capital  of  Guiana,  island  of 
Cayenne,  South  America.  Lon,  52  50  w, 
lafc.  5 2 N. 

Bourgensufy  a small  w^ell  built  toFu  of 
France,  department  of  Creuse,  noted  for  a 
very  large  and  lofty  tower,  faced  with  stones 
cut  diamond  wise,  erected  towards  the  end 
of  the  15th  century,  by  i^izam,  brother  of 
B ijazet  11.  e.nperor  of  the  Turks,  when 
he  was  oMiged  to  exile  himself  to  this 
country.  It  is  .situated  on  the  river  Tau- 
rion,  20  miles  ke  of  Limoges.  Lon.  2 3 
w,  iat,  47  4 N. 

Bourges,  an  ancient  town  cf  France,  de- 
partment of  Cher.  Although  in  extent  it 
is  one  of  the  largest  chits  of  France,  the 
iiihabilants  haidW  amount  to  25,000,  and 
tiieir  trade  is  inconsiderable.  See  Berry, 
This  city  is  the  birth  place  of  Louis  XL 
the  Kero  of  France,  who  founded  the  uni- 
versity ; and  of  the  celebrated  preacher 
Bourd alone.  It  is  seated  at  the  conllaence 
-of  the  Yevre  and  Auron.  Ib  chief  manu- 


B o u 

fastures  are  cloth,  woollen  atulL,  and  cotton. 

It  is  25  miles  sw  of  Nivers  and  125  s 
Paris.  Lon.  2 24  e,  Iat.  47  5 n. 

Bozirget,  a town  of  France,  department 
of  Mont  Blanc,  seated  on  a lake  of 
same  name,  six  miles  n of  Chamherry. 

Bjurgneufy  a sea- port  of  Frame,  de 
partrnent  of  Lower  Loire.  The  chief  trade 
is  in  salt,  made  from  the  adjacent  s.dt 
marshes.  It  stands  on  a bay  to  which  it 
gives  name,  betw^een  the  isle  of  Noirmou- 
tier,  and  the  continent  20  miles  sw  of  Nan- 
tes. Lon.  2 I?  w,  Iat.  47  4 n.  k 

Bourgogne.  See  Burgundy. 

Baurgueily  a town  of  France,  deparMnent 
of  Indre  and  Loire,  22  miles  w of  Tours.  . 

Bourmonfy  a town  of  France,  department 
of  Upper  Marne,  seated  on  a mountain, 

20  miles  e by  n of  Chaumont. 

BourUy  a large  town,  Lincolnshire,  si-? 
tuated  on  a rivulet  that  runs  to  Spalding, 
and  has  a navigable  canal  to  Boston.  It 
is  very  ancient  and  had  a castle,  where 
king  Edmund  was  crowned.  It  has  a 
good  corn  market,  and  three  fairs,  March  7, 
May  6,  and  October  29.  It  is  17  iiiiles  n 
of  Peterborough,  35  s of  Lincoln,  and  9 7 
N of  London. 

•BOURO,  island  in  the  E Indian 
ocean,  one  of  the  Bloluccas,  betw^een  Cele- 
bes and  Ceram,  90  miles  long  and  30  broad. 

It  is  w^ell  cultivated ; and  is  subject  to  the 
Dutch,  who  have  built  a fortress  on  it. 
Here  are  some  very  high  mountains,  and 
in  their  vicinity  the  sea  is  very  deep.  The 
capital  is  of  the  same  name,  but  is  some- 
times called  Cajeli.  Nutmegs,  cloves,  cocoa^ 
and  banands  are  its  chief  arlieles  of  produce. 
Lon.  127  25  E,  Iat.  3 30  s.  ' \ 

Bourthes,  a town  of  France,  department 
of  the  Straits  af  Calais,  12  miles  se  of 
Boulogne. 

Bourtie,  f.  parish  of  Aberdeenshire,  about 
four  miles  long,  and  two  iiroad,  containing 
about  4,000  acres,  of  which  dOO  are  inclosed, 
and  some  hundreds  planted  with  wood. 
The  population  is  about  445. 

Bourtrey,  a fl;mrishing  village,  kingdonn 
of  Auta.  Gold  Coast  of  Af  ici. 

Boussfic,  a towm  of  France,  department 
of  Creuse,  situated  on  a rock,  25  miles  jse 
of  Gueret. 

Boutan.  See  Boolan. 

BOUTAN,  an  i.^land  in  the  E Indian 
ocean,  about  1 2 miles  from  the  sc  part  of 
Celebes.  Lon.  123  30  e,  Iat,  5 0 s, 

Boutonney  a river  of  France,  department 
of  Low^er  Charente. 

Bouvillon,  See  BouiVon. 

Bnuvignes.  See  Bov2gnes. 

Bovy-  Traccj/,  a village,  Devonshire,  which 
has  fairs  on  Holy  Tlmr.^dey,  and  Ju'v  7« 
BouzonvilL'y  a town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  }he  Moselle,  scate-d  on  the  Nied| 

27  miles  n£  of  Metz. 

U2 


BOW 


BRA 


BoWf  or  JBowey  a town  of  Devonshire, 
whi/  h has  a weekly  market,  and  two  fairs  ; 
in  WhitsuD-week,  and  Ncv.  29,  14  n iies 
jfw  cf  Exeter,  and  188  w by  s of  London 

I>oiv,  cr  Stratford-le-Boiv,  a vihage  in 
Middlesex,  two  miles  ene  of  London,  me- 
morable for  having  the  first  stone  bridge 
ever  erected  in  England  ; from  the  bows  or 
arches  of  which  over  the  Lea  it  had  its 
name.  It  is  noted  Tor  dying  scarlet,  and 
has  several  mills,  manufactories,  and  dis- 
tilleries on  the  Lea.  It  has  a fair  on 
Whitson- Thursday.  * 

BOW,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
50  miles  in  circuit.  Lon.  141  10  w,  lat. 
18  2.3  s. 

Bownn  s Hilloclc,  an  ancient  fort  Aber- 
deenshire, three  miles  w of  Pcteihead. 

Bowden,  anciently  called  Bothenden,  a 
parish  of  Roxburghshire,  six  miles  long,  and 
four  and  a-half  broad,  containing  about 
6,700  acres.  About  three  fourths  are  ara- 
ble, and  one- fourth  moss  or  wood.  Herp,  in 
a var.lt  adjoining  the  church,  is  the  bury- 
ing place  of  the  duke  of  Roxburgli.  In 
the  parish  is  a military  high  way,  supp.sed 
to  be  Roman,  with  circular  camps  on  emi- 
nences, where  w arlike  instruments  have  been  i 
found.  The  population  is  829. 

Bowden,  a town  and  township  in  the 
district  of  Maine. 

Bovjer  a parish,  county  of  Caithness,  seven 
miles  long  from  e to  w,  and  three  broad 
from  N to  s.  The  parish  is  kve),  and  the 
cultivated  ground  consists  chiefly  of  a long 
extended  vale  or  strath.  The  population 
i 1592. 

Bowes,  a market  town  of  Yorkshire,  si- 
tuated on  one  of  the  Roman  military  ways, 
and  formerly  one  of  their  stations.  The 
antiquity  of  this  place  appears  from  a stone 
in  the  church  wijich  was  used  for  a com- 
munion table  about  the  beginning  of  the  1 7tb 
century,  upon  which  there  is  an  inscription 
to  the  emperor  Adrian.  Here  is  an  in- 
teresting ruin  of  a castle,  supposed  to  be 
the  Turris  de  Arcubiis,  built  by  Alan,  first 
carl  of  Richmond,  in  the  reign  cf  the 
Conqueror.  Bowses  has  a market  on  Fri- 
day, and  a fair  Octo.  1.  It  is  15  miles 
from  Richmond. 

Bowling- Bay,  a place  in  the  county  of 
Dumbarton,  wdiere  the  great  canal  from 
the  Forth  w-as  joined  to  the  Ciyvde,  on  the 
28th  July,  1 790. 

Bowaess,  a village  of  Westmoreland,  seat- 
ed on  the  E side  of  Windein  crewater  rune 
miles  vv  by  N of  Kcijdal.  It  is  the  chief 
place  for  pleasure  and  tradiirp;,  boats  em- 
ployed on  the  lake,  and  also  the  great  market 
for  charcoal  and  fish. 

Bowncss,  a village  at  the  w end  of  tlie 
Piets  wall,  sorted  on  the  Solway  Frith, 
Ci'c.'iher'aod.  15  miles  w by  n of  C.^rl  s’e, 
whv.i  a.  Ren-an  station>  it  was  called  BUi- 


} turn  Belgium  ; from  hence  Antonius  began 
his  Itir.crary. 

Boib-  rg,  a towm  of  Germany,  late  circle 
of  the  Rhine,  w ith  an  ancient  castle  on  an 
eminence,  on  the  Tauber  13  miles  w of 
) Mergenthein. 

Boxford,  cr  Boxgrove,  a town  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Suffolk.  It  consists  of  several  streets 
which  centre  in  an  area,  and  has  a church 
95  feet  by  52  wdtbin  walls,  with  a free 
grammar  school,  founded  by  queen  Eli- 
zabeth. Its  trade  consists  in  malt-making, 
and  dressing  of  sheep  and  deer  skin  in  oil. 
It  has  tw  o annual  fairs,  Easter  Monday  and 
St.  Thomas’s  day.  Jt  is  four  miles  from 
Stoke,  and  five  from  Nay  land. 

Boxley,  a village  near  Maidstone,  Kent, 
famous  for  an  abbey  fo;  r • ^ by  the  earl  of 
Kent  in  11^6,  the  rer  c.;ris  of  which  still 
j exist.  Ir  thi.*.  abbey  E v.vard  II  granted 
the  charter  to  the  city  of  London,  empower- 
ing them  to  elect  .i  mayor. 

Boxlehude,  a t(»w'n  of  Germany,  tenitory 
of  Bremen,  on  the  rivulet  Esse. 

Boxiel,  a towh  of  Holland,  department 
of  Bommel  and  Scheldt.  Tiie  French  took 
it  by  assault,  Sept.  ,14.  1794,  having  beaten 
I the  British  and  Dutcl)  troops  commanded 
j by  the  duke  Yoik,  eight  miles  s of  Bois 
Le 

Boxthnde,  a town  in  the  Duchy  of  Bre- 
men, Lover  Saxony,  on  the  Este,  which, 
unites  with  the  Elbe,  12  jniies  sw  of 
Hamburg. 

Boxworth,  a towm  seven  miles  w of  Cam- 
brklge. 

Boyle.  See  Abhcyhoyle. 

Boylston,  a towrsliip  in  Worcester  county, 
Massaebussets. 

Boynaia,  a parish  cf  BamfFshire,  five 
miles  long,  and  from  a n-he  to  a mile  and 
a-half  broad,  one  liad  of  which  is  arable, 
and  the  other  hilly,  and  fitter  for  pasture; 
about  4C0  acres  are  plart5.’d  woth  wood. 
Cultivation  is  here  in  a coi>sidera»*ie  state  of 
improvement,  ow'ing  to  the  exertions  of  the 
late  earl  of  Finlater,  w'ho  iot  bi->  lands  cn 
long  lesfcs,  and  granted  other  h -.ulgcnces 
vto  the  farmers,  A considerabie  fishery 
is  carried  on,  on  the  epast.  Population, 
1.122. 

Boyne,  a river  v.diicn  rfses  in  Queen’s 
county,  memorable  for  a bottle  lought  on  its 
banks  between  Janies  11.  and  William  HI; 
in  1690.  in  which  the  tormer  was  defeated. 
It  fails  into  the  IriUi  channel,  below  Drog- 
heda. 

Boyolo,  or  Bozzolo,  a tow  n of  Italy,  dept, 
of  the  Mincio,  on  the  Oglio,  15  miles  sw  of 
Mantua. 

Bozruh,  a town  of  the  state  of  Connecti- 
cut, J^ondoii  county. 

Bozzolc,  a village  of  Italy,  on  the  e bank 
of  the  Lake  IVIuggiore. 

Braan,  cr  Bran,  u river  of  Perthshire, 


BRA 

'which  descending  from  the  hills  E of  Loch 
Tay,  unites  with  the  Tay  above  Dunkeld. 
At  the  Rumbling  bridge,  which  is  an  arch 
thrown  over  a narrow  chasm,  the  river  is 
precipitated  in  a fall  of  nearly  50  feet.  ^ 

BRABANT,  a large  ci-devant  province 
of  the  Netherlands  for  some  time  incorpo- 
rated into  the  French  empire,  and  constitut- 
ing the  de|)a'-tment  of  Dyle,  of  which  Brus- 
sels is  the  capital,  as  it  was  formerly  of  the 
province.  It  contains  26  fortified  towns  ; 
and  the  country  is  very  fertile.  Its  principal 
rivers  are  the  Scheldt,  the  Dommel,  and  the 
Lys.  The  northern  part  belongs  to  Holland 
and  is  styled  Dutch  Brabant.  The  southern 
formerly  denominated  Austrian  Brabant,  be- 
longed to  the  bouse  of  Austria. 

Bracadalct  a parish  in  the  isle  of  Sky,  In- 
verness-shire, extending  about  26  miles  in 
length,  and  from  6 to  10  in  breadth.  The 
surface  is  hilly  ; the  cUmate  healthy,  though 
moist;  and  the  soil  pretty  fertile,  but  litter 
for  pasture  than  agriculture.  The  po- 
pulation is  1865.  Four  harbours,  and 
as  many  islands,  belong  to  the  parish. 
There  are  two  churches,  where  worship  is 
perfi  rmed  alternately.  There  are  still  to  be 
seen  the  ruins  of  several  chapels,  which  have 
had  burying  places.  Here  too  are  the  re- 
mains of  Danish  forts,  and  an  aruficial  sub- 
terraneous gro'to.  The  names  ot  places  are 
in  general  Damsb,  but  the  Gaelic  is  mostly 
spoken.  Kelp  black  cattle,  and  sheep,  are 
the  principal  exports. 

Jfrncciano,  a lake  of  Italy,  12  miles  nw 
of  Home,  w’ith  a towni  of  the  same  name  on 
the  w side  of  it,  celebrated  for  its  v/arm 
taths. 

JBraccigliano,  a town  of  Naples,  late  Prin- 
cipato  Citeriore,  seven  miles  nnw  of  Sa- 
lerno. 

BRACKLAU,  or  Bracklaw’,  a palati- 
nate in  the  eastern  part  of  Podo'na;  also 
called  Lower  Fodcdia,  which  is  of  greater 
extent  than  Upper  Podol’a,  but,  being  near 
the  Tarteo'S,  is  more  desolate.  At  the  par- 
tition of  Poiand.  this  palaiii.ate  fell  to  Rus- 
sia; capital  Bracklaw,  oa  the  Bog,  85  miles 
Eof  Kaminieck.  Lon.  28  36  e?  lat.  48  5 n. 

Bratkky,  an  ancient  and  large  borough 
town,  Nc;  thamptonshire,  on  a branch  of  the 
river  Ouse.  It  is  18  miles  sw  of  North- 
ampton, and  63  nw  of  London.  It  has  two 
churches,  and  a free  school,  which  was  for- 
merly an  university. 

Bracomovos,  a town  of  the  province  of 
Quite,  Spanish  America. 

Rrad,  a town  of  Sclavonia,  situated  on  the 
V side  of  the  river  Saave. 

BraddocJd s hay^  lies  on  the  s side  of  Lake 
Ontario. 

Braden^  a lake  in  Ayrshire,  with  an  island 
and  an  old  castle  in  it, 

Bradesly,  a village  in  Worcestershire, 
near  Broinsgrcve,  where  are  the  ruins  of  a 


BRA 

1 superb  abbey,  founded  by  the  empress  MauiS, 
mother  of  Henry  II. 

Bradjield,  a town  of  Essex,  seated  on  the 
Blackw'ater,  with  a market  on  Thursday,  1 6 
miles  N of  Chelmsford,  and  44  kne  of  Lon- 
don. 

Bradford^  a towm  in  Wiltshire,  the  centre 
of  the  greatest  fabric  of  superfine  cloths  in 
England ; which  it  shares  with  the  surround- 
ing towns,  Trowbridge,  Melksham,  Corsham, 
and  Chippenham.  It  is  situated  on  the  A- 
von,  11  miles  w of  Devizes,  and  100  w of 
London  ; and  has  a market  on  Monday,  and 
fairs  trinity  Monday,  and  Nov.  29. 

Bradfords  a town  in  W Yorkshire,  situated 
in  a fertile  valley  on  a branch  of  the  Aire, 
between  Leeds  and  Halifax.  The  town  has 
been  much  improved  of  late,  by  the  erection 
of  several  public  buildings.  Its  trade,  which 
w’^as  very  considerable,  has  also  been  much 
augmented,  by  the  establishment  of  an  ex- 
tensive cotton  manufacture,  and  by  making 
a rami  ficatiou  of  the  Grand  Canal  from  Hull 
to  Liverpool, ' navigable  to  this  place.  Its 
manufactures  are  tammies,  calimancos,  wool- 
len cloths,  wool  cards,  combs,  and  leather 
boxes.  In  its  vicinity  is  an  extensive  iron 
foundry.  It  is  36  miles  sw  of  York,  and 
106  NNW  of  London. 

Bradford,  a town  of  Massachusetts,  Essex 
county,  where  ships  are  built  and  shoes  mads 
for  exportation.  It  stands  on  the  Merrimac, 
opposite  Haverhill,  10  miles  w of  Newbury 
Port. 

Bradwg,  an  ancient  market  town  on  St 
Helen’s  bay,  Isle  of  Wight,  with  a con- 
venient quay,  and  store-houses  for  corn,  &e. 
The  church  is  said  to  have  been  erected 
about  the  year  704,  by  Wilfrid,  bishop  of 
Chichester,  who  baptized  his  first  convert  on 
this  spot;  six  miles  e of  Newport,  and  eight 
s of  Portsmouth. 

Bradnincli,  a town  of  Devonshire,  once  a 
considerable  place,  and  sent  two  members  to 
parliament,  but  was  destroyed  by  fire.  It 
has  a market  on  Saturday,  and  fairs  April 
25,  and  September  21. 

Bradvjood,  a thriving  and  populous  village 
in  Lanarkshire,  the  superiority  of  which  be- 
longs to  the  earl  of  Lauderdale,  and  Lock- 
hart of  Carnwath.  The  great  Roman  road, 
called  WatUng  street,  passes  through  the 
village. 

BR  AE-MAR,  or  Brae-Marr,  a moun- 
tainous district  in  Aberdeenshire,  situated  in 
the  middle  of  the  Grampian  hills,  about  50 
miles  w of  Aberdeen.  In  this  district  is  the 
castle  of  Brae- Mar,  in  possession  of  the 
crown  and  occupied  by  a party  of  soldiers ; 
and  one  of  the  three  divisions  of  that  exten- 
sive territory  called  Mark. 

Brae-Marr,  a parish  in  the  above  district, 
anciently  called  Cenn- Androchait,  long  sli  ce 
united  to  that  of  Crathy^  which  see. 

Brae^Moray*  ►See  fldenkcUlc, 


B It  A 

BR A^^-MOR A Y,  or  BnAs-T^irarvAY,  a v 
imountai nous  and  woodjr  district,  in  the  conn-  [ 
ties  of  Elgin  and  Nairn. 

Braga,  a city  of  Portugal,  capital  of  the  '• 
province  of  Entre*Duerj-e-Minho,  situated 
in  a feriiie  country  on  the  river  Crivad;>j  32  i 
niiies  n of  Porto  Port,  and  IcO  n oi  Lisbon.  ! 
It  is  the  see  of  the  primate  or  Portugal,  j 
Here  are  four  churches,  a cathedra),  and  | 
eight  convents— some  ruins  of  an  aqueduct,  ' 
and  an  amphitheatre.  Lon.  8 29  w,  lat.  41  ! 
42  n.  i 

Braganza,  a city  of  Portugal,  in  Tralos  ! 
Montes,  situated  on  an  eminence,  near  the  ! 
rivulet  Fervenzo,  and  divided  into  the  old  j 
city  and  the  new  town.  The  town  is  in  i 
a plain,  and  defended  by  a fort  with  four  I 
. bastions.  It  is  situated  near  the  river  Sabor;  ! 
and  carries  on  a silk  manufacture  ; 32  miles 
wKw'  of  Bloranda,  and  88  ke  of  Oporto.  I 
Eon.  6 30  w,  lat.  42  2 n.  i 

EliAIDALBIN,  or  Breabalbane,  a I 
district  of  Perthshire,  extending  32  miles  j 
from  E to  w,  and  13  where  broadest,  from  s ! 
to  N.  it  is  a mountainous  country,  lying 
among  the  Grampian  hills,  supposed  to  be 
the  country  anciently  known  by  the  name  of 
Albania;  whence  the  High  anders  to  this 
day  call  ihemseivcs  Aibinkh^  The  !uune  in 
(Lselic,  Braid  A*bainn,  signifies  the  higliest 
j-airt  in  ScotL  nd  ; as  an  evidence  of  which,  i 
the  rivers  run  partly  into  the  eastern,  and 
partly  into  the  western  creau.  Tue  high  i 
mountains,  by  their  aUi.;cihm  of  the  clouds, 
cause  the  rain  to  Tali  in  .great  abund.-, nee  ; 
the  .snow  too,  lies  long  upon  the  Ldls ; and 
owing  to  these  clrctitr:  ioiicer-,  the  spring  iu 
generai  is  late  and  ce  J ; bui.  w)-en  summer 
commences,  by  the  selection  of  the  sun  from 
die  adjacent  hills,  tiic  heat  is  much  greater 
tlian  in  the  level  couatries,  and  vegetation 
, advances  with  great  rapiddy  In  some  of 
the  vallies  of  tlie  GraiTipians,  barley  has  often 
been  reaped  in  good  order,  nine  weeks  after 
it  has  been  sown.  Much  flax  has  been  cul- 
tivated ; and  born  the  industrious  spirit 
. which  has  been  gradually  gaining  among 
the  inhabitants  within  th.e  last  60  years,  ! 
their  condition  is  greatly  improved.  During  ! 
the  summer,  many  of  them  are  employed  in  | 

. gathering  from  the  rocks,  the  corcur,  or  the  j 
lichen  omphaloides,  of  which  great  quantities  | 
are  exparted  for  the  use  of  dyers,  at  the  price  | 
of  Is.  or  Is.  4d.  per  stone.  Great  flocks  of  i 
sheep  arere.aredon  the  mountains,  and  much’ P 
wool  is  sent  out  of  the  country.  Xenmore, 
Killin,  and  Kiifton,  are  the  principle  villages  ! 

. in  the  district.  The  ancient  name  Albany, 
al.so  affords  a Scotch  title  to  the  duke  of 
York,  and  the  present  name  a title  of  carl 
to  a branch  of  the  family  of  Campbell,  who 
has  a magnificent  seat  at  Taymouth.  Ra- 
ther iV  an  pay  Black  Meal,  to  prevent  his 
district  from  being  plundered,  lord  Breadal- 


B r;  A 

bin,  previous  to  1745,  maintained  a constant 
guard  at  his^own  expence, 

Braila  : towm  cf  European  Turkey,  Wa- 
lachia -.  51  the  Danube.  It  has  a castle  for- 
tif  i vv.th  seven  towers.  It  was  taken  by 
ti:r;  Russian  general  Ronne,  in  1711,  but 
Lte;  wards  restored;  1 10  miles  se  of  Tergo- 
visto. 

Br allow,  a towm  of  Poland,  Podolia,  si- 
tuated on  the  river  Bog,  30  miles  nw  of 
Bracklaw. 

Brain e le  Comple,  a town  of  the  Nether- 
lands, Hainault,  15  miles  ssw  of  Brussels. 

Braine,  a towm  of  France,  department  of 
Aisne,  on  the  Vesle. 

Braintree,  a town  in  Esses,  called  Rahu, 
in  Doomsday-book.  It  has  manufactories 
of  baize  and  soap,  with  a market  on  Wed. 
and  faiis  May  8,  and  Oct.  22.  It  is  Joined 
on  the  N by  the  extensive  village  of  Bucking;' 
is  seated  on  the  Blackwater, . and  lies  1 1 
miles  KE  of  Chelmsford,  and  40  ke  of  Lon- 
don. Also,  a township  of  AYrmont,  and 
another  of  Massachusetts,  Norfolk  county, 
on  a bay  eight  miles  s by  e of  Boston. 

Bralccl,  a towm  of  Germany.,  circle  of 
Westphalia,  on  the  Erught,  principality  of 
Paderboi'fi,  16  miles  e of  Paderborn. 

Bralio,  a lofy  mountain  of  the  Alps, 
country  of  the  Grisons,  which  separates  the 
valley  of  JMunstcr  from  tlie  country  of  Bor- 
rnio.  It  is  supposed  to  be  the  Juga  Rhseii- 
ca  of  Tacitus. 

Bramnit,  a toum  of  France,  department 
of  IMont  Blanc,  35  miles  nvv  of  Turin. 

Bramber,  a town  of  Sussex,  51  miles  s 
by  w of  London,  on  the  Adoiir,  adjoining 
to  the  s of  Sleyning,  It  was  formerly  of 
some  account,  but  has  now  neither  m.nrket 
nor  fair,  though  it  sends  two  members  td 
parliament, 

Brampore,  a towm  of  India,  province  of 
Berar,  220  niiies  e of  Surat. 

Mrampore,  or  Brampour,  a city  of  Asia, 
in  the  dominions  of  the  Great  Mogul,  and 
capital  of  Candish.  It  formerly  stood  on  as 
much  ground  as  London  ; butisno^v  j^reat- 
ly  decayed,  and  cinefly  inhabited  by  Banians. 
In  the  market-place  is  the  statue  of  an  ele- 
phant in  red  stone,  as  big  asiife.  On  the 
other  side  of  the  river,  which  intersects  the 
cit3%  a new  town  has  been  built  in  a better 
situation.  A very  great  trade  is  carried  on 
here,  and  throughout  all  the  province,  in 
which  a prodigious  quantity  of  cotton  cloth 
is  made.  Lon.  77  25  e,  lat,  21  10  n. 

Brarnpinn,  a town  of  Cumberland  on  the 
Irthing,  whth  a market  on  Tuesday,  nine 
miles  EKE  of  Carlisle,  and  31 1 nnw  of  Lou- 
don. It  is  a very  ancient  place,  but  at 
present  very  small,  on  the  top  of  a hiil  in 
the  vicinity  is  a fortifiod  trench,  called 
the  moat. 

Bramstedtf  a town  of  Lower  Saxony, 


BRA 

Holstein,  on  the  Bram.  Hear  tt  is  a nnedi- 
cihal  Spring,  21  miles  n of  Hambarg, 

Bran,  a lull  of  Scotland,  Inverness-sb.  ; 
so  named  (says  tradition)  from  Bran,  the 
famoas  dog  of  Fingal. 

Bran,  See  Braan. 

Bran,  a town  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Bern,  on  the  liver  Aar. 

Brananoe,  a town  of  Bohemia,  1 1 miles 
Nw  of  Glarz,  has  a manufacture  of  cloth. 

, Brancaleone,  a town  of  Naples  in  the  j 
late  province  of  Calabria  lliteriore,  and  | 
Neapolitan  Republican  department  of  Sr-  ! 
gra,  nine  miles  se  of  Bova.  | 

Brancaster,  a village  four  miles  w by  x of  | 
Burnham,  Norfolk,  has  an  extensive  trade  in  | 
malt,  and  was  the  aPxcient  Bransdunum  of 
the  Romans^,  and  then  of  considerable  ex- 
tent. 

Branchidae,  a city  on  the  frontiers  of 
Persia. 

BR  AND  ANO,  the  name  of  a department 
ofthelute  Neapolitan  Republic,  so  called  fiom 
a river  that  runs  into  the  Gulf  of  Tarento. 

Brartdeis,  & town  of  Bohemia,  10  miles 
XE  of  Prague,  on  the  river  Elbe. 

BRANDENBURG,  an  extensive  mar- 
quisate  of  Germany.  Its  greatest  length  is 
about  200  miles,  and  its  greasest  breadth  near 
100.  Its  northern  situation  makes  it  very  cold 
for  seven  or  eight  months  in  winter.  I he 
soil  dn  general  is  far  from  being  fruitful, 
a great  part  of  it  consisting  of  sand  ; yet 
under  the  last  and  present  reigns  it  has 
been  greatly  improved,  and  better  peopled 
than  formerly.  It  abounds  in  wool,  wood, 
iron,  fias,  hemp,  hops  and  tobacco.  The 
chief  rivers  are  the  Elbe,  the  Ode'*,  the 
Prignitz,  the  H ivel,  the  Waite,  aid  the 
Spree.  Some  of  the  rivers  and  lakes  abound 
in  fish,  and  are  united  by  canals.  The  mar- 
quisate  contains  120  towns,  above  2,500 
villages,  and  al>out  1,200,000  inhabiunts. 
Various  manufactures  and  arts,  most  of 
which  were  introduced  by  the  French  rs- 
fugtes,  are  carried  on,  especially  at  Berlin 
and  Potsdam,  by  v/nich  large  sums  are  kept 
in  tise  country,  and  an  extensive  exportation 
supported.  For  the  education  of  youth,  and 
the  advancement  of  learning,  besides  Latin 
schools  in  scjveral  places,  .and  gymnasia, 
There  is  an  university  at  Frankfort  on  the 
Oder,  and  an  academy  at  Berlin.  Frede- 
rick VI.  ^'f  Nuremberg,  when  he  received 
the  perpetual  investiture  of  the  city  of 
Brandenburg,  (se?  the  following  article.) 
was  also  invested  by  the  diet  of  Constance 
in  1417,  in  the  principalisy  of  Branden- 
burg; having  had  previously  ccnfeired  up- 
on him  the  dignldes  of  elector  and  arch- 
chamberlain of  the  holy  Roman  empire. 
Brandenburg  remained  long  in  subjection 
to  Poland ; and  the  investiture  of  Prussia 
was  granted  by  the  Polish  kings  to  each 
succeeding  margrave.  Frederick  William, 


I b?.vmg  concluded  a treaty  with  the  king  of 
! Pohtnd,  was  acknowdedged  to  be  sovereign 
j of  Ducal  Prmsia,  by  an  assembly  of  ih.e 
j states  of  Konigsberg,  A D.  1663  By  the 
i treaty  of  Vienn.j',  the  emperor  corifinnctl 
; this  title  ; and  Frederick,  the  sou  of  Fre- 
' cUrick  William  wt.s  provlaimed  king  of 
Prussia,  Jan.  18,  1701.  By  a late  state- 
ment, Brandenburg  contributed  to  tiie 
revenues  • of  the  Prussian  monarchy, 
1.050,0001.  being  nearly  a third  of  the 
whole,  ft  is  divided  ht  general  into  the 
electoral  and  New  Marches.  The  former 
ts  agaiiii  subdivided  into  Iho  old  Marclie, 
and  the  Ucker  I'darcsie.  The  eld  Marche 
which  lies  on  the  w side  of  the  Elbe,  be- 
tw'eeii  the  river  and  Lunenburg,  is  about 
50  miles  in  length,  and  SO  in  breadth. 
The  greater  part  of  the  inhabitants  are 
Ludierans  but  papusts  are  tolerated.  Ber- 
lin is  the  Capital. 

Brandenbvj'g,  a city  of  Germany,  and 
capital  of  the  marquisate,  situated  on  the 
river  Havel.  It  is  divided  into  the  old  and 
new  to'ivn  ; and  was  anciently  the  see  of  a 
bishop,.  It  has  a small  colony  of  French 
Cnivini&ls,  with  a manufacture  of  cloth, 
fast  Ian,  and  canvas;  and  a good  trade  is 
carried  cn  by  the  Havel.  The  fort  locks 
like  a suburb ; and  contains  a riding- school ; 
with  the  cathedral  church.  Brandenburg 
is  of  great  antiquity.  Some  historians  sny 
it  wa.s  founded  by  the  Sclavontans,  who 
gave  it  the  name  of  Branber,  which  signi- 
iies  the  Guards  of  the  Forests ; and  the 
Germans  called  it  Branbung.  The  empe- 
ror Henry  I.  fortined  it  in  925,  to  serve  as 
a rampart  against  the  Huns,  and  bestowed 

i " "" 

Alt  .-.  IIJ, 

It  descended  to  Geron,  Margrave  of 
Lusatia ; which  passed  into  the  families  of 
Stadeii,  Ascaoia,  Bellenstadt,  2nd  that  of 
Biavaria,  till  the  emperor  Sigismund,  with 
the  coiLsent  of  the  states  of  the  empire,  in 
1416,  gave  perpetual  investlturje  to  Frede- 
rick VI.  of  Nuremburg,  and  his  family.  It 
is  32  miles  w by  s of  Berlin.  Lon.  14  15 
E,  lat.  52  45  E. 

Brandenburg  N'evj,  the  capital  of  the  cir- 
cle of  Stutguard,  seated  on  the  Tollensee. 
The  houses  are  neab  and  the  streets  remark- 
ably clean.  The  town-house  and  church 
of  St  Mary  are  large  structures.  It  carne.s 
on  a good  trade  in  hops.  It  is  72  miles  N 
of  Berlin.  Lon.  15  22  e,  lat.  55  40  x. 

Brandenburg,  a town  of  Ducal,  Prussia, 
seated  at  the  x end  of  the  Frische  Half;  13 
miles  svv  of  Koiiigs'oerg. 

Brandon,  a towm  of  Suffolk,  on  the  river 
Ouse,  over  w’hich  it  has  a bridge,  and  a ferry 
at  a mje’s  distance  ; whence  it  is  divided 
into  Brandon,  and  Brandon  ferry ; vvhich 
last  has  the  most  business,  because  common 
dities  are  brought  thither  from  the  isle  of 


the  government  on  Sifroi,  count  of  Ringel- 
I heitn,  wdlh  the  title  of  Margrave  or  Jfar- 

[j 


B R A 


BRA 


TJ.y.  It  has  an  cxieiuhlve  traile  in  com, 
malt,  timber  and  coal.  In  the  vicinity  are 
piodiictive  rabbit  warrens.  From  this  place 
the  duke  of  Hamilton  received  his  British 
title.  It  lies  17  miles  s by  w of  Bury,  and 
78  NNE  of  London. 

BRANDYPOTS,  islands  of  the  United 
States  in  the  river  St  Lawrence. 

Brandywine^  a river  of  the  United  States, 
famous  for  a bloody  battle  fought  on  its 
banks  between  the  British  and  Americans 
on  the  11th  Sept.  1777,  which  lasted  the 
whole  day,  and  ended  in  the  defeat  of  the 
latter.  Also  a township  of  Pennsylvania. 

Brmiford,  a town  of  the  United  States, 
New- Haven  county,  Connecticut,  seated  on 
a river  of  the  same  name,  which  fails  into  i 
Long  Island  sound,  10  miles  e of  Newha- 
ven,  and  40  s by  w of  Hartford.  In  its  vi- 
cinity are  many  iron  works. 

Bramka,  a town  of  Transylvania,  seated 
on  the  Merish,  35  miles  s of  Weissenburg. 

Branteik  Welhy  a mineral  spring,  Dum- 
fries'shire,  whicli,  though  several  yards 
deep,  and  situated  in  an  extensive  moss, 
contains  a very  strong  sulphureous  water, 
more  powerful  than  that  of  Moffat,  and 
used  with  great  success  in  scorbutic  and 
scrophulous  cases.  Near  it  are  three  cha 
lybeats  springs  with  nature  and  virtue  similar 
to  Hartfeil  spa.  Here  are  the  remains  of 
A druidical  temple 

BRASIL,  or  BRAZIL,  a large  country 
of  S America,  being  the  eastarmost  part  of 
that  continent,  lying  between  the  equinoctial 
pile,  and  35  degrees  lat.  s ; and  between  35 
, degrees  and  60  degrees  ion.  w.  It  is  about 
1560  miles  in  length,  and  1,000  in  breadth  ; 
but  measuring  along  the  coast,  it  is  2,000 
miles  long,  and  including  its  windings  5,000. 
It  was  discovered  by  Alvares  Cabral,  a Por- 
tfeguese  who  was  forced  upon  it  by  a tern- 
pest  in  1500,  and  has  since  remained  under 
the  dominion  of  Portugal,  giving  the  title  of 
prince  to  the  heir^ apparent  of  that  kingdom. 
The  Portuguese  have  divided  the  coast  into 
the  provinces  of  Paria,  Maragnano  Siara, 
Rio  Grande,  Pareiba,  Tainarica  Fernain- 
bucca,  Seregippe,  Bahia,  Porto  Saguro,  Es-  , 
perito  SantO;  llio  de  Janeiro  Angra,  St  j 
Vincent,  and  Del  Rey.  The  first  aspect  of  j 
Brazil  from  the  see  is  rather  unfavourable, 
but,  on  a more  narrow  inspection,  nolhing 
can  be  more  beautiful ; the  eminences  are 
covered  with  woods,  and  the  vaiLes  with  the 
most  refresliirg  verdure.  In  so  vest  a tract 
of  laud,  it  cannot  be  imagined  that  the  cli- 
mate will  be  found  at  all  equal,  or  the  sea- 
sons uniform  The  ncrtlicrn  provinces  are 
subject  to  heavy  rains,  var-uhie  wuids,  torna- 
does, storms,  and  the  utnu  st  fury  ot  the 
elements;  while  the  soutfieily  r^gsons  are 
blessed  with  all  the  comforts  whicn  a fine 
fertile  soil  and  temperate  climate  can  aifoid. 
In  sonjie  of  the  provinces  the  heat  of  the 


' cliinaie  favours  tlie  generation  of  a variefy 
of  poisonous  reptiles;  .some  of  whiefi,  as  tl.^e 
liboya,  or  roebuck  snake,  are  said  to  extend 
to  the  length  of  30  feet,  and  to  be  tiW)  or 
I three  yards  in  circumference.  Here  also  are 
scorpions,  ant-bears,  tygers,  porcupines,  ja- 
I nonveras  and  an  animal  called  tapiras&aut 

(which  is  the  production  of  a bull  and  an  ass, 
having  a great  resemblance  to  both  No 
country  on  earth  affords  a greater  number  of 
I beautiful  birds  or  greater  variety  of  the  most 
exquisite  fruits;  the  chief  commodities  are 
Brazil  wood,  ebony,  dying  woods,  amber- 
gris, rosin,  balsams,  indigo,  svveet-raeat.t, 
sugar,  tobacco,  gold,  diamonds,  beautiful 
pebbles,  crystal,  emeralds,  jasper,  and  other 
precious  stones;  in  all  which  the  Portu- 
guese carry  on  an  amazing  trade.  The  gold 
and  diamond  mines  were  first  opened  ia 
1681  ; and  have  since  yielded  above  five 
railiions  sterling  amiualiy,  of  which  sum  a 
fifth  belonged  to  the  crown.  The  revenue 
arising  to  the  crown  from  this  colony  was 
estimated  at  tw'o  njillions  sterling  in  gold, 
exclusive  of  the  dudes  on  the  exports  of  the 
country.  These  exports  were  of  late  years  a- 
inazingly  increased,  inconsequence  of  the  va.st 
confluence  of  people  hither  enlarging  th« 
importation  of  European  commodities. 
From  Great  Britain  they  receive  woollen 
manufactures  of  ail  sorts ; from  France, 
Holland,  and  Germany,  lace,  thread,  and 
fine  hollands;  and  from  Italy,  and  other 
countries,  silk  manufactures,  lead,  tin,  and 
other  metals.  There  was  also  a great  trad® 
in  various  articles,  carried  on  by  the  Euro- 
pean stales  with  Portugal,  for  the  use  of  the 
Brazils.  From  these  various  and  extensive 
channels,  the  trade  of  Portugal  was  enlarged, 
that  instead  of  1 2 vessels  formerly  employ- 
ed in  the  Brazil  commerce,  there  were  sel- 
dom fewer  than  100  sail  constantly  engaged. 
The  channels  of  this  trade  however,  must 
now  be  greatly  altered  and  circumscribed, 
since  the  tyrannic  power  of  Bonaparte  has 
obliged  the  royal  family  and  court  of  Por- 
'tugal  to  leave  their  ancient  seat  and  king- 
dom, and  settle  in  the  Brazils.  The  natives 
who  inhabit  the  inland  parts  live  almost  in 
a state  of  nature  : they  are  copper  coloured, 
go  naked,  cohabit  indiscriminately,  and  have 
no  temples  and  no  signs  of  religion;  they 
are  strong,  lively,  and  gay,  and  subject  to 
few’^  diseases.  Their  hammocks  and  dishes 
constitute  their  furniture  Their  knives  are 
made  of  Sl  one,  and  their  arms  bows,  arrows, 
and  wooden  Clubs.  St,  Sebastian  is  the 
Capital. 

Breshuv.  a city  of  Lithuania,  and  capital 
of  ihe  pel  iliante  of  Wiliia,  situated  on  the 
N of  a lak-  which  communicates  w'ith  the 
Owiaa.  It  is  a large  town  situated  76 
miles  nne  of  Wilna.  Lon.  26  48  e,  lat, 
56  46  N, 

BRASSA,  an  island  lying  in  the  noted 


BRA 

sound  of  Brassa,  on  tbe  coast  of  Shetland,  [ 
in  which  1,000  vessels  might  be  commo-  I 
diously  moored.  It  abounds  w'ith  herrings. 

Brassaw,  or  Cronstadt^  a strong  town  of 
Transylvania,  in  Borezlaiid,  on  the  Burezel, 
50  miles  E by  n of  Hermanstadt.  Lon  25 
55  E,  lat.  4d  50  n. 

BRASS  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Virgin 
islands. 

Brass  Toioriy  in  the  state  of  Tennesee, 
100  miles  s of  Knoxville,  situated  near  the 
source  of  the  Hiwasee,  to  the  south  about 
two  millpis  the  enchanted  mountain,  famous 
for  the  curiosities  found  among  its  rocks,  con- 
sisting of  the  tracks  of  bears,  horses,  turkies, 
and  human  beings,  with  impressions  as  exact 
as  could  be  formed  in  snow  or  sand. 

Brastedj  a village  in  Kent,  lias  fairs.  May 
23d,  and  Ascension  day 

Braltleborough,  a post-town  of  the  United 
States,  in  Windham  country,  Vermont.  Tt 
is  23  miles  e of  Bennington,  70  wnw  of 
Boston,  and  312  from  Philadelphia, 

BRAVA,  one  of  the  Cape  Verd  Islands, 
is  inhabited  by  Portuguese.  It  is  moun- 
tainous, but  fertile,  and  abounds  wdth  hogs, 
asses,  beeves,  and  horses.  Of  its  three  har- 
bours. Porto  Ferreo  on  the  s,  is  the  best  for 
large  vessels.  Lon  24  39  w,  lat.  14  52  n. 

BRAVA,  a republic  on  the  southern  ex- 
tremity of  the  kingdom  of  Magadoxa,  and 
the  only  one  in  Africa.  It  w'as  founded  by 
seven  Arabian  brethren,  w'ho  lied  hither  from 
the  tyranny  of  Lacah,  a petty  monarch  of 
Arabia.  The  city  of  Brava,  is  now  large 
and  populous,  and  the  greatest  mart  011  all 
the  coast.  Its  merchants  are  rich,  carrying 
on  an  extensive  trade  in  gold,  silver,  ele- 
phants teeth,  ambergris,  silk,  cotton,  and 
other  stuffs.  The  republic  is  under  the  pro- 
tection of  the  king  of  Portugal^  The  city 
of  Brava  lies  in  Ion.  43  23  n,  lat.  I 20  n. 

Braubachy  a town  of  Germany,  in  Wet- 
teravia,  situated  on  the  Rhine,  eight  miles  s 
of  Coblentz. 

Braughing,  a toWn  in  Hertfordshire,  on 
the  K side  of  the  Roman  road.  It  is  two 
miles  N of  Puckeridge,  and  31  from  London, 

It  has  a fair  on  Whit- Monday. 

Braulio.  See  Bralio, 

Brauna,  Braunauy  BraunmOy  or  BranaUs 
a town  of  Germany,  on  the  river  Inn,  it  lies 
28  miles  sw  of  Passau.  It  was  formerly  | 
the  residence  of  the  elector  of  Bavaria.  In  I 
3 742  it  was  conquered  by  the  Austrians;  and  j 
ceded  to  them  in  1779,  by  the  peace  of  Tes-  | 
chen.  In  1803  it  w'as  subdued  by  the  i 
French  and  Bavarians,  but  now  freed  from 
the  yoke  of  the  former.  Lon.  13  3 e,  lat. 

48  10  N. 

Braunsburgy  a town  of  Regal  Prussia, 
situated  near  the  Baltic  sea.  Lon.  20  0 e, 
lat.  45  15  N. 

Braunsburgy  a trading  towm  of  Polish 
Prussia,  in  Ermeland.  It  is  situated  on  the 
6 


B R E 

Passarge,  18  miles  ne  of  Elbing.  In  1733 
was  established  here  an  academy  for  Catho- 
lics. 

^ Braunfels,  a town  of  Germany,  in  the  late 
circle  of  the  Upper  Rhine,  10  miles  w by  s 
of  Wetslaer,  and  30  nne  of  Metz.  It  is  the 
capital  of  the  county  of  Solms.  Its  castle 
is  in  a state  of  decay,  but  its  palace  the  resi- 
dence of  the  prince  of  Solms.  Braunfels  is 
a magnificent  structure.  Lon.  8 33  e,  iat. 
50  30  N, 

liraunston,  a village  in  Northamptonsl.ire, 
where  the  grand  junction- canal  totheXimmes 
commences;  which  renders  it  the  central 
place  of  inland  navigation  to  the  four  princi- 
pal  sea- ports  of  the  country.  It  is  four 
miles  Nw  of  Daventry. 

Braijy  a sea-port  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  V/icklow,  12  miles  sse  of  Dublin, 
and  13  N of  Wicklow.  Lon.  6 1 w,  iat.  53 

11  N. 

Bra^y  a town  of  Berkshire,  on  the  Thames, 
a mile  from  Maidenhead,  celebrated  in  song 
for  its  vicar,  who  in  four  successive  reigns 
was  tivice  a protestant,  and  twice  a papist,  as 
his  leading  principle  was  to  live  and  die 
vicar  of  Bray. 

Bray ^sue~ seine,  a town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Aube,  it  is  situated  on  the 
Seine.  Lon.  3 2G  e,  lat.  48  25  n. 

Bray-sur-somraey  a town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Somme. 

Brazioly  a city  of  Italy,  in  the  Gulf  of 
Venice. 

BRAZZA,  or  BRAZZO,  a mountain- 
ous island  of  Italy,  with  a town  of  the  same 
name  in  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  28  miles  long, 
10  broad,  and  70  in  circumference.  The 
land  is  very  fertile,  producing  wine,  almonds, 
figs,  saffron,  silk,  and  mastich.  Its  cheese 
and  wool  are  in  great  repute.  Nericki  is 
the  capital.  Lon.  17  35  e,  Iat  43  50  n. 

Bre,  or  Brenno,  a town  of  Italy,  on  the 
East  Bank  of  the  Oglio,  containing  about 
1000  citizens, 

Breacan,  Gnlph  of,  lies  on  the  w coast  of 
Argyllshire,  between  the  islands  of  Jura  and 
Scarba.  It  is  narrow,  and  forming  a com- 
munication between  the  Atlantic,  and  the  in- 
ternal sea  on  the  coast  of  Argyll,  the  rapid- 
ity and  violence  of  the  tides  are  tremendous. 
Immense  bodies  of  water  tumble  headlong, 
as  over  a precipice ; then  rebounding  from 
the  abyss,  meet  the  torrents  from  above. 
The  noise  of  their  conflict  is  heard  through 
the  surrounding  islands. 

Breadalbane  See  Braidalbin. 

Breach  neck  hill,  a hill  of  ihe  United 
States,  60  miles  n of  New  York,  opposite 
I Butter  hill. 

I Breamyin  Gloucestershire, 

j Breatvish,  a river,  Northumberland, 

j Brearidgey  in  Northumberland.  Brear-^ 
touy  two  villages;  1.  in  Durham;  2.  s.^ 

I Yorkshire, 


X 


:l;f 


B R E 

. ^fehsg,  or  Brebagta7'$Jcin,  a hill  in  Suthcr- 
landshire. 

li^rehlnce,  or  Bourhince,  a river  of  France. 

Brechin,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  For- 
farshire, extending  about  seven  miles  and  a- 
half  in  length  from  e to  w,  and  nearly  as 
much  in  breadth  from  n to  s.  The  ground 
on  both  sides  is  rocky,  and  abounds  in  free- 
stone. I’he  climate  is  dry,  and  in  general 
healthy,  A considerable  quantity  of  oats 
and  barley  is  exported. 

Brechin,  a town  in  the  above  parish,  situ- 
ated on  the  declivity  of  a hili,  the  foot  of 
which  is  washed  by  the  river  South- Esk. 
The  town  was  formerly  w^alied  about,  and 
some  remains  cf  the  gates  may  still  be  Seen. 
It  consists  of  cue  long  handsome  street,  with 
two  smaller  oiscs,  and  several  bye  lanes. 
The  rovfdty  extends  half  a mile  everyway 
from  the  cross,  but  the  suburbs  stretch  a 
considerable  wsy  farther;  towards  the  e and 
.s  as^e  what  are  called  the  Tenements  i these 
are  buildings  independent  of  the  burgh,  and 
held  in  feu  from  the  proprietor  of  South- Esk. 


At 


the  Tenements  is  a stone 


the  end 

over  the  South- Esk  of  two  large 
arches.  The  whole  town  is  well  supplied 
with  water,  by  means  of  leaden  pipes. 
Brechin  w^as  a Vich  bishopric  founded  by 
David  I.  about  1150.  At  the  reformation, 
its  revenues  in  money  amounted  to  7001.  a- 
year.  The  cathedral  is  a Gothic  piK  sup- 
|)ortcd  by  12  pillars;  in  length  166  feet,  in 
breadth  61  ; part  is  ruinous,  and  part  serves 
as  the  parish  church.  The  steeple  is  a hand- 
some tow^er  1 20  feet  high,  with  a fine  spire. 
Near  the  church  stands  a circular  tower,  of 
exquisite  workmanship  acd  elegant  propor- 
tions, consisting  of  60  courses  of  stones, 
with  a stair- case  to  the  top.  This  tower 
which  is  50  feet  high  to  the  roof,  out  of 
which  rises  a spire  of  25  feet  adorned  with 
sculptural  devices,  has  often  been  observed 
to  shake  with  a high  wind.  This  monu- 
ment of  antiquity  is  believed  to  have  been 
erected  by  the  ih'cts.  The  Caldees  had  a 
convent  here  which  w'as  followed  by  one  of 
Red  Friars,  and  ihe  wallfe  of  an  hospital,  or 
Maiion  J)ien,  founded  in  1256,  by  William 
de  Erechen,  are  yet  standing.  In  1452  was 
fought  a battle  near  this  place  between  the 
Royaiisti  under  the  Earl  of  Huntly,  and 
those  who  had  taken  arms  to  revenge  the 
murder  of  the  ear]  of  Douglass  in  Stirling 
Castle,  in  the  time  of  James  I.  On  an 
enrdue!ice,  a liu’c  s of  the  town  stands  the 
ancient  castle  orBrechin,  the  residence  of  the 
family  of  Maule,  formerly  earls  of  Paamuie. 
It  stands  on  the  site  of  one  which  in  1506 
withstood  the  arms  of  Edw'ard  I.  of  England 

ancestor  of  t\\Q  prcseiit  proprietor,  was  killed 
by  a r tene  thion  n from  an  engine,  it  was 
forced  to  suirendcr,  Brechin  is  a royal 
burgh,  and  with  lour  olhcis 


B R E 

member  to  parliament.  It  lies  about  eight 
miles  from  the  harbour  of  Montrose ; and 
the  tide  flows  wdthin  two  miles  of  the  town. 
Most  of  the  merchants  deal  in  linen  and 
yarn,  and  the  manufacture  of  brown  linen 
and  sail  cloth  is  considerable.  Brechin  has 
also  a bleachfield,  and  a considerable  tan-» 
ncry,  besides  breweries ; which  makes  excel- 
lent porter,  large  quantities  of  which  are  ex- 
ported to  London.  The  best  attended  fair 
is  iho  Trinity.  The  population  of  the  towm 
and  parish  5466.  It  is  64  miles  ne  from 
Edinburgh,  Lon.  2 18  e,  lat.  56  46  n. 

Brecknock,  or  Brecon,  a large  town  of  S 
Wales,  and  capital  of  Brecknocksh.  It  has  a 
market  on  W ednesday  and  Friday.  Its  once 
proud  castle  is  now  crumbled  into  ruins.  It 
has  a fine  arsenal,  and  on  the  e of  the  town  a 
lake  well  stored  with  fish.  On  the  south 
are  the  mountains  called  the  Brecknock 
Beacons— «the  highest  of  which,  viz,  Cader 
Arthur,  is  the  loftiest  in  S Wales.  It  is  aa 
ancient  place,  and  contains  three  churches. 

It  is  numerously  inhabited,  the  houses  are 
w'ell  built ; and  there  is  a considerable  wool- 
len manufactory.  It  sends  one  member  to 
parliament.  It  is  54  miles  nw  by  w'  of  Mon- 
mouth, and  171  w by  n of  London.  Lon. 

3 22  w,  lat.  51  54  n. 

Brecknockshire,  a county  of  Wales.  It  is 
59  miles  long,  27  broad,  and  about  100  irt 
circumference ; containing  600,000  acres, 
and  51,655  inhabitants.  It  is  surrounded 
with  hills,  which  renders  the  air  pretty  tem- 
perate. The  interior  is  itself  very  moun- 
tainous. The  soil  on  the  hills  is  very  stony, 
but  the  valleys  are  fruitful  both  in  corn  and 
grass.  The  chief  commodities  are  corn, 
cattle,  fish,  and  otters  fur;  there  are  also 
manufactures  of  cloth  and  stockings.  The 
principal  rivers  are  the  Usk,  the  Wye,  and 
the  Yrvod.  Tlfe  chief  towns  are  Brecknock, 
Bealt  and  Hay.  This  county  sends  a mem- 
ber to  parliament.  It  is  in  the  diocese  of 
Llandaff;  contains  61  parishes,  and  four 
market  towms  ; and  is  divided  into  six  hun- 
dreds. In  the  s part  it  abounds  with  iron 
and  coal. 

Breda,  a city  of  Holland,  in  the  cl- 
dc vant  Dutch  Brabant,  and  department  of 
the  Dommel  and  Scheldt,  surrounded. on  all 
sides  by  water  and  morasses.  It  is  a large, 
populous,  w'ell-built  city,  regularly  fortified 
in  the  modern  way,  and  is  one  of  the  strong- 
j est  places  on  the  Dutch  frontiers.  It  is  si- 
tuated on  the  river  Merek,  it  is  40C0  paces 
in  circumference,  and  contains  upwards  of 
2000  bouses.  The  towm  is  of  a triangular 
figure,  and  at  every  angle  there  is  a gate 
built  with  brick.  The  great  church  is 


noble  structure, 
feet  high.  The  mausoleum  of  Angelbeit: 
II.  count  of  Nassau,  is  a curious  piece,  a- 
dorned  with  several  statues  and  inscriptions. 
In  1625,  after  a siege  of  ten  moiitl 


B R E 

taken  by  the  Spaniards,  but  retaken  by  the 
Pringe  of  Orange  i-n  1637.  In  February 
1793,  it  was  surrendered  to  the  French  Re- 
publican army,  by  count  Byland,  after  a 
siege  of  only  three  days ; but  was  retaken 
soon  after.  It  lies  22  miles  w by  s of 
BoiS'lc-Duc  ; 22  ne  of  Bergen-op»  Zoom  ; 
25  NNE  of  Antwerp ; and  60  s of  Amster- 
-dam.  Lon.  4 50  e,  lat.  51  35  n. 

liredorii  a healthy  pleasant  village  near 
Breedon  Hills,  Worcestershire.  It  is  five 
miles  NNE  of  Ashby  de  la  Zouch,  and  eight 
from  Pershore,  It  stands  at  the  foot  of  a 
high  limestone  rock,  on  the  top  of  which 
the  church  is  built,  and  from  whence  there 
is  an  extensive  prospect. 

Bredsted,  a town  in  the  Duchy  of  Sles- 
wick,  Denmark,  21  miles  wnw  of  Sleswick. 

BreedCs  Hill,  an  eminence  to  the  n of 
Charlestown,  Massachusetts,  famous  for  the 
resistance  made  to  the  British  troops,  by 
•the  Americans,  on  the  17th  of  June  1775, 
usually  denominated  the  battle  of  Bunkers- 
bill. 

Breganzon,  a strong  castle  of  France. 

Bregentz,  or  Bergentz,  a town  of  Tyrol, 
in  Germany,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  a 
river  of  the  same  napae,  at  the  e end  of  the 
lake  of  Constance,  six  miles  se  of  Lindau. 
Lon.  9 40  E,  lat.  47  36  n. 

Bregna^  a fortress  of  Hungarian  Dalmatia. 

BKEHAR,  one  of  the  Scilly  islands, 
lying  30  miles  almost  directly  w of  the 
Land’s  End,  in  Cornwall,  between  the  isles 
of  Micario,  Guei  Trescaw,  and  Bamson. 
Lon.  6 47  w,  lat.  50  2 n. 

Brehna,  a town  in  Saxony,  formerly  capital 
of  a county.  It  is  eight  miles  ke  of  Halle. 

Brele,  a river  of  France,  which  divides 
the  department  of  the  Lower  Seine  from 
that  of  Somme. 

Brema,  a.  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese, 
on  the  frontiers  of  Monserrat,  28  miles  w of 
Pavia. 

BREMBANA,  a district  of  Italy,  in  the 
late  republican  department  of  the  Serio,  and 
containing  1 9,400  citizens,  who  carry  on  an 
extensive  trade  in  cattle,  coals,  wool,  silk, 
cheese,  iron,  &c. 

Brembo,  a river  of  Italy,  which  runs 
through  the  Lower  Vale  of  Brembana, 

Bremganten,  a considerable  town  of  Swit- 
zerland, in  the  territory  of  Fyen  Aompter, 
in  the  free  lov/er  Baliwics,  betw^een  the 
cantons  of  Bern  and  Zurich.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  Roman  Catholics,  and  deal  chiefly 
in  paper.  It  is  very  advantageously  situated 
on  the  fiver  Reuss;  10  miles  w of  Zurich, 
Lon.  8 i 7 E,  lat.  47  23  n. 

BREMEN,  a duchy  of  Germany,  in 
the  circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  lying  between 
the  rivers  Weser  and  the  Elbe,  the  former 
separates  it  from  Odenburg,  the  latter  from 
Holstein,  The  air  is  cold ; but  the  country 

is  fertile,  and  well  peopled.  It  formerly  be- 


B R E 

IcDged  to  Sweden,  but  was  conquered  by 
the  king  of  Denmark,  who  sold  it  to  the 
king  of  Great  Britain,  as  Elector  of  Flan- 
over,  1719.  In  wunter  it  is  subject  to  in- 
undations. Stade  is  the  seat  of  regency. 

Bremen,  a large,  populous,  and  very 
strong  city,  the  capital  of  the  duchy,  and 
before  the  late  dissolution  of  the  German 
empire  imperial  and  free.  The  river  Weser 
runs  through  it,  and  divides  it  into  the  old 
and  new  town.  The  town  is  governed  by 
its  own  magistrates,  and  is  divided  into  four 
quarters,  each  of  which  has  a burgomaster. 
In  the  middle,  there  is  a large  market- 
place, with  the  statue  of  Rolando,  It  has 
a harbour  nine  miles  below  the  town,  and 
had  a great  trade  in  iron,  flax,  hemp,  and 
linen,  v/ith  France,  England,  Spain,  and 
Portugal;  and  in  return  imported  provi- 
sions, with  which  it  supplied  W'estphalia, 
and  the  countries  about  Hanover.  In  175/ 
it  was  taken  by  the  French,  who  were  driven 
out  by  the  Hanoverians  in  1758,  In  18 iO 
it  fell  under  the  dominion  of  France,  but  h 
now  free  from  their  yoke.  It  is  22  miles  k 
of  Oldenburg,,  and  62  wnw  of  Zell.  Lon. 
8 48  E,  lat.  53  6 N. 

Bremen,  Veerd,  or  Bremen  Woerd,  a town 
in  Bremen,  defended  by  a castle  and  seated 
near  the  Oste,  32  miles  x by  e of  Bremen. 
Here  is  kept  the  chancery  of  the  duchv. 
Lon.  0 35  E,  lat.  53  58  n. 

Bremenuvorde,  a fortified  town  of  Lower 
Saxony.  Lon  8 35  E,  lat.  53  48  n. 

Brendola,  a large  town  of  Italy. 

Brenne,  a ci-devant  territory  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Indre  and  Loire. 

Breno,  a town  of  Bresciaao,  Italy,  on 
the  Dglio,  56  imies  n of  Brescia. 

Brent,  a small  town  of  Devonshire,  wilTh 
a market  on  Satuiday,  and  two  fairs,  on 
May  13,  and  Oct.  10,  for  horned  cattle.  It 
lies  six  miles  from  Ashburton,  198  w by  s 
of  London.  Lon.  4 2 w,  lat.  50  35  x. 

Brent,  or  Brent  Brook,  a rivulet  of  Mid- 
dlesex, which  falls  into  the  Thames. 

Brenta,  Brente,  a river  of  Germany, 
which  rises  from  two  lakes  in  Tyrol,  and 
falls  into  the  Lacuna  of  Venice,  near  Bron- 
dolo. 

Brentford,  a town  of  Middlesex,  situated 
on  the  river  Brent,  whence  it  derives  its 
name.  It  is  divided  into  three  parishes, 
VIZ.  Old  Brentford,  New  Bienlford,  evd 
Brentford  End.  Old  Brentford  was  rebuilt 
in  176^,  is  situated  upon  a fine  rising  bank, 
close  to  the  Thames,  and  the  grand  jnnclian 
canal.  Brentford  has  a market- house,  two 
charity  schools,  a large  flour  mill,  and  an 
extensive  pottery  and  trade  in  bricks.  Here 
the  members  of  Parliament  for  the  county 
of  Middlesex  are  elected.  It  lies  on  the  great 
road  to  the  w,  seven  miles  from  London. 

Brent'  wood,  or  Bruntzvood,  a town  of  Es- 
sex, on  a rising  gronud,  oa  the  road  from 
X 2 


B R E 

I^oiidon  to  Colchester ; it  has  a market  on 
Tuesday,  and  is  11  miles  wsw  of  Chelms- 
ford, and  18  ene  of  London. 

Brentwood,  a township  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, containing  976  citizens  in  1790. 

Breschcns,  a town  of  Holland,  in  the 
island  of  Cadsand,  10  miles  n of  Sluys. 

Brescia,  a city  of  Italy,  and  capital  of  the 
late  province  of  Bresciano,  and  the  depart- 
ment of  Mela.  It  is  situated  in  an  agree- 
able plain  on  the  river  Garza.  The  cathe- 
dral and  palace  are  adorned  with  elegant 
paintings.  In  the  former  is  preserved  the 
standard  of  Constantine.  It  is  nine  miles 
in  circumference,  and  contains  48,000  ci- 
tizens, w'he  are  said  to  clear  annually  by 
their  trade  in  silk,  flax,  and  iron,  1, *200, 000 
rix  dollars,  (21,0001.  Sterling)  besides  a 
profitable  commerce  in  linen,  wool,  and  oil. 
This  place  is  famous  for  its  manufacture  of 
fine  arms.  In  1796  it  was  taken  by  the 
French,  and  retaken  by  the  Austrians  in 
1799,  and  again  fell  under  the  controul  of 
France,  in  1800.  It  lies  55  miles  n of  Cre- 
mona, and  95  w of  Venice.  Lon.  10  5 e, 
lat.  45  51  N. 

BRESCIANO,  a ci-devant  province  of 
Italy,  in  the  territory  of  Venice,  included 
• in  the  late  Italian  republic,  and  divided  into 
the  departments  of  the  Mela  and  Benaco  ; 
bounded  on  the  n by  the  Grisons ; on  the 
E by  the  lake  Garda ; on  the  s by  Mantua 
and  the  Crenanese;  and  on  the  w by  Ber- 
gamosco.  It  is  very  fertile  in  corn,  hemp, 
flax,  maize,  olives,  and  fruits.  It  has  supe- 
rior pastures,  mines  of  iron,  and  copper.  It  is 
watered  by  several  small  rivers.  The  whole  ci- 
devant  districts  of  the  town  contain  200,000 
citizens,  of  whom  45,000  are  farmers.  Bres- 
cia is  the  capital. 

BresseUo.  See  BersoUo* 

Breslau,  or  Breslaw,  a small  duchy 
of  Lower  Silesia,  in  Germany.  It  is  every 
where  level  and  flat ; is  an  excellent  corn 
and  pasture  country,  abounding  with  herds  of 
cattle,  and  flocks  of  sheep;  but  destitute  of 
wood,  except  in  one  district.  Both  the 
property  and  jurisdiction  belong  to  the  king 
of  Prussia. 

Breslau,  or  Breslaw,  the  chief  town  of 
the  duchy,  and  of  all  Silesia;  situated  at  the 
conflux  of  the  Oder  and  Oblau.  Including 
the  suburbs,  it  is  of  great  extent ; having 
many  large  regular  squares,  broad  streets, 
stately  public  and  private  edifices;  but  the 
fortifications  are  of  no  importance.  The 
popish  university  and  the  exchange  are  mag- 
nificent structures.  The  city  is  the  scat  cf 
all  the  high  colleges ; and  the  third  in  rank, 
next  to  Berlin  and  Konigsberg,  in  the  whole 
Prussian  dominions.  Its  trade  and  manu- 
factures are  very  considerable  ; especially  in 
linen,  leather,  and  Hungarian  wines,  and  it 
some  good  public  libraries,  two  ar- 
mouries, a college  cx  Physicians,  and  a mint, 


B R E 

the  two  principal  churches  belonging  to  the 
protestants.  It  is  very  populous.  It  was 
taken  by  the  king  of  Prussia,  in  1741,  and 
retaken  by  the  Austrians  in  1757  ; but  the 
king  of  Prussia  took  it  back  again  the  same 
year.  Breslaw  is  1 1 2 miles  e of  Prague,  and 
165  N of  Vienna.  Lon.  17  9 e,  lat.  51  5 n, 

Bresle,  a river  in  the  n of  France,  which 
separates  the  department  of  the  Lower  Seine 
from  that  of  Somme,  and  discharges  itself 
into  the  English  channel  at  Treport. 

Bresle,  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Rhone  and  Loire. 

BRESSAY,  or  Brassa,  an  island  of 
Scotland,  about  four  miles  long,  and  two 
broad,  lying  about  six  miles  e of  the  coast 
of  Shetland,  from  which  it  is  separated  by 
the  Sound.  It  is  famous  for  excellent 
slates,  and  breeds  horses,  black  cattle,  and 
sheep,  of  which  both  the  mutton  and  wcol 
are  excellent.  Here  are  some  perpendicular 
stones  and  ruins  of  castles ; one  of  the  latter 
is  a good  land  mark  for  vessels  entering 
Bressay  Sound.  The  smallness  of  the 
farms,  want  of  leases,  and  servinuic  to  the 
proprietors  prevent  the  improvement  of  the 
soil.  Lon.  10  w,  lat.  60  10  n.  Population 
about  670. 

Bressay  Sound  is  esteemed  one  of  the 
best  harbours  of  Britain,  and  here  the  Eng- 
lish and  Dutch  busses  and  whale  ships  re- 
sort, to  the  N is  a sunken  rock,  called  the 
unicorn,  after  the  name  of  a ship  which  was 
dispatched  after  Botlnvell,  when  after  the 
ruin  of  queen  Mary’s  party,  he  fled  to  Shet- 
land, which  ship  was  wrecked  on  that  rock. 

Bressa,  Burra,  and  Quarff,  three  united 
parishes  of  Scotland,  in  the  county,  and  on 
the  coast  of  Shetland  ; comprehending  also 
the  islands  of  Noss,  Havera,  and  House. 
They  are  in  all,  above  10  miles  long,  and 
two  broad.  The  climate  is  damp,  but 
healthy.  The  population  is  J550. 

BRESSE,  a ci-devant  province  of 
France,  with  a town  of  the  same  name.  It 
is  40  miles  from  n to  s,  and  25  from  e to 
vl.  It  is  fertile  in  corn  and  hemp,  has  fine 
pastures,  and  several  lakes  wdth  plenty  of 
fish.  The  French  got  possession  of  it  in 
1601.  It  now  forms  the  department  of  Ain. 

Bressci,  See  Breste. 

Bressuire,  a town  of  France,  with  a col- 
lege, in  tl.e  department  of  the  two  Sevres.  It 
is  35  miles  nw  of  Poictiers.  Lon.  0 50  \v 
lat.  46  50  N. 

Brest,  a maritime  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Cape  Finistere.  situated  on 
the  declivity  of  a hill,  on  the  side  of  its  port, 
which  is  tiie  largest  in  the  kingdom,  and 
will  hold  500  ships  at  a time.  It  was  cn- 

f * 

tirely  consumed  by  fire  in  1744.  The 
craggy  entrance  into  the  port  is  narrow,  and 
guarded  by  a strong  castle  situated  on  a 
rock,  which  cannot  be  attempted  on  the  sea 
side  j and  it  is  defended,  on  the  land  side  by 


B R E 


B R I 


a large  ditch,  and  other  fortifications.  The  | 
streets  are  very  narrow,  ill  contrived,  few 
in  number,  and  have  all  a descent.  A 
great  quay  surrounds  this  side  of  the  port, 
which  is  above  a mile  long,  ar.d  200  paces 
broad ; and  there  are  magazines  on  the 
quay  full  of  foreign  mei  i har.  hzcs.  On  the 
other  side  or  the  pt-rt  the  fine  church  cf 
Notre  Dame  is  at  tiie  bottoin  of 

the  harbour,  th?'  e ^ two  docks  very  com- 
modious for  ; building  of  large  ships. 
Tiie  ent>;=rx;:e  into  the  harbour  is  called  the 
gulkt,  art:  a pass:ige  extremely  difficult, 

bn  accou  r of  the  sunk  rocks  on  both  sides 
ofti.e  slu  re.  Louis  XI V.  built  the  arsenal, 
and  his  successor  established  a marine  acade- 
my. The  English  were  frustrated  in  an  at- 
tempt to  take  this  place  in  1694.  It  has 
every  accommodation  for  the  navy;  is 
SO  miles  south-east  of  Morlaix,  and  325  n 
of  Paris.  Lon.  4 29  w,  lat.  48  23  n. 

BRESTE,  a palatinate  and  province  of 
Cujavia,  in  Polar.u, 

irestej  Bressid,  or  Bresese,  the  capital 
of  the  above  palatinate,  situated  on  the  river 
Bog.  80  miles  e of  Warsaw.  It  is  a forti- 
fied town,  and  has  a castle  built  upon  a 
rock.  -Lon.  24  6 e,  lat.  52  4 n. 

BRETAGNE,  a ci-devant  province  of 
France,  now  formed  into  five  departments, 
See  Brittany. 

Breteuilf  a town  of  France,  on  the  Iton, 
in  the  department  of  Eure,  1 5 miles  sw  of 
Evreux.  Lon.  1 0 e,  lat.  48  56  n. 

Breteul,  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Oise,  14  miles  nne  of  Beauvais, 
and  1 8 s of  Amiens. 

BRETON,  CAPE,  or  Cape  Britain, 
an  island  near  the  eastern  continent  of 
North  America,  lying  between  450  deg. 
and  47  deg.  lat.  n.  It  is  separated  from 
Nova  Scotia  by  a narrow  strait,  called  Can- 
so ; and  is  about  100  miles  in  length,  and  | 
from  20  to  70  in  breadth.  The  dampness  j 
of  the  soil  is  exhaled  in  fogs,  without  render- 
ing the  air  unwholesome;  but  the  climate 
is  very  cold.  On  the  coast  is  abundance  of 
cod.  The  English  took  it  from  the  French 
in  1745.  The  capital  is  Louisbufgh. 

Bretten^  a palatine  bailiwick  of  Germany,  ! 
ceded  to  Baden  in  1802. 

BreUen^  a town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  the  Lower  Rhine.  It  lies  18  miles  j 
SE  of  Spire. 

BRETTIGAW,  a territory  or  valley  of 
the  Grisuns.  Castels  is  the  principal  town. 

Bretion-Halti  nw  of  Barnsley,  Yorksh. 

Brevordt,  a town  of  Guelderland.  Lon. 

6 35  E,  lat.  52  5 n. 

Brevordti  a town  of  Holland,  county  of 
Zutphen,  with  a castle  seated  in  a morass, 
24  miles  se  of  Zutphen. 

Brewers,  a town  of  the  district  of  Maine, 
in  Washington  county,  at  the  mouth  of  the  , 
Scoodick,  bay  of  Passamaquoddy,  25  miles  S 


NNE  of  Machias.  Lon.  67  35  w,  lat.  44 
58  N. 

Brewer's  Haren,  a good  harbour  at  the 
N end  of  the  island  of  Chiloe,  on  the  coast 
of  Chili,  in  S America.  Lon.  82  0 w, 
lat.  42  0 s. 

Brewington*  Fort,  in  the  state  of  New 
Yo^k,  at  the  w end  of  lake  Oneida,  24 
miles  SE  of  Fort  Orwego,  and  45  w of 
Fort  Stanwix. 

Brewliouses,  a harbour  of  Scotland,  in 
Dumfrics-shire. 

Breivood,  1 0 miles  s by  w of  Stafford,  and 
129  NW  of  London.  It  has  a fair,  Septem- 
ber 1 9,  and  a market  on  Tuesday. 

Brey,  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Lower  Meuse,  on  the  river 
Neer,  in  the  territory  of  Liege,  frontiers  of 
Brabant;  14  miles  n of  Maestricht.  Lon. 
5 39  E,  lat.  55  4 n. 

BreyU  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  lile  and  the  Villaine. 

Briancon,  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Alps.  It  has  a fine 
bridge  over  the  Durance,  180  fee'  high, 
and  a strong  castle,  and  other  fonifi cations. 
It  has  a fine  church,  and  in  its  v cinity 
manna  is  collected  from  a sort  of  pine-tree. 
It  lies  20  miles  n of  Embrun,  Lon.  6 25 
E,  lat,  44  52  N. 

BRIANCONNOIS.  a ci-devant  terri- 
tory of  France,  in  Dauphiuy.  It  com- 
prehends several  valleys,  though  it  is  ex- 
tremely cold,  yet  it  is  fertile  in  corn  and 
pastures.  Briancon  is  the  capital.  It  is 
now  comprehended  in  the  department  of 
Upper  Alps. 

Brian-connet,  a fortress  of  Savoy,  in  the 
Taraxitaise,  near  the  town  of  Moastiers,  on 
a high  rock  to  which  there  is  access  only 
on  one  side,  where  it  is  ascended  by  upwards 
of  200  steps.  It  lies  on  the  ordinary  rout 
from  Savoy  to  Italy. 

Briar- Creek,  a river  of  Georgia,  which 
runs  into  the  Savannah.  Here  general 
Prevost  defeated  a party  cf  2,000  Ameri- 
cans under  general  Ash,  May  3,  1779. 

Briare,  a towm  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Loiret,  and  late  province  of  Or- 
leanois,  situated  on  the  Loire.  It  has  s 
long  street ; and  a canal,  oo  miles  in  length, 
connecting  the  Loire  and  the  Loing,  near 
Mentargis.  It  is  40  miles  sse  of  Orleans, 
and  88  s of  Paris.  Lon.  2 47  e,  lat.  47 
40  N. 

Bricherasco,  a town  of  Italy,  two  miles 
and  a-half  ssw  of  Pisneroio. 

Briczani,  a towm  of  European  Turkey 
in  Moldavia. 

Bride's,  St,  a towm  in  Pembrokeshire, 
seated  on  the  s,side  of  a fine  bay,  to  whicli 
it  gives  name.  It  bad  formerly  a brisk 
trade  in  herrings,  seven  miles  wnw  of 
Milford. 

Bridge-Fndf  a thriving  village  of  Perth- 


B R I 

^hire,  hi  the  parish  of  Kinnoul,  situated  at 
the  E End  of  Perth- bridge. 

Bridge- Endy  a town  of  South  Wales,  in 
Glamorganshire,  situated  on  the  Ogmore. 
It  has  a woollen  manufactory,  and  a con- 
siderable market  on  Saturday  for  cattle  and 
provisions;  with  tw'o  fairs,  on  17th  Ncv. 
and  Holy  Thursday.  Coite  castle  stands 
two  miles  to  the  North,  seven  miles  wnvv 
of  Cowbridge,  and  1 S 1 w of  London.  Lon. 
3 38  w,  lat.  5 1 SO  n. 

Bridge-End,  a village  in  Kirkciidbi  ight- 
shire,  in  the  parish  of  Trequire,  Scotland, 
containing  1502  inhabitants. 

Bridgehampton,  a post-town  of  New  York, 
in  Suflblk  county,  Long  island,  1S6  miles 
from  Philadelphia. 

Bridgehoiise  Bay^  a bay  on  the  ccast  of 
Kirkcudbright. 

Briugenortkf  or  Bruges,  a tov/n  of  Shrop- 
shire, situated  on  the  Severn,  which  divides 
it  into  two  parts,  united  by  a handsome  stone 
bridge,  and  called  the  upper  and  lower  town. 
It  is  said  to  have  been  built  by  Ethelfleda, 
widow  of  Ethelred  king  of  the  Mercians, 
about  A D 675.  The  town  consists  chiefly 
of  three  streets,  well  built.  It  was  formerly 
surrounded  with  w'alls,  and  had  a castle,  of 
which  only  the  ruins  are  to  be  seen.  It  has 
two  churches,  the  upper,  called  St  Leonard’s, 
and  the  lower,  Mary  Magdalen,  with  a hand- 
some tower  and  clock,  and  a good  ring  of 
six  bells;  an  hospital  for  10  poor  widow's; 
and  a free-school,  for  the  sons  of  burgesses, 
that  sends  and  maintains,  18  scholars  at  the 
university  of  Oxford.  It  enjoys  many  pri« 
vUeges,  granted  by  different  charters,  and 
sent  members  to  parliament,  aborigine.  Its 
situation  is  equally  pleasant  and  commo- 
dious for  trade  and  it  has  manufactures  of 
stockings,  cloths,  fire-arms,  iron  tools,  &c. 
It  has  a well  supplied  w^cekly  market  on 
Saturday,  and  fairs  on  Thursday  before 
Shrove  Sunday,  June  30,  August  2,  and 
October  29,  which  are  resorted  to  from  all 
parts  of  the  kingdom.  It  is  20  miles  w by 
N of  Birmingham,  25  ss  of  Shrew'sbury, 
and  159  kw  of  London.  Lon.  2 23  w,  lat. 
52  36  N. 

BridgestoeJe,  in  Nortbamptonsbire,  three 
miles  from  Thrapston.  It  has  fairs,  May  6, 
Sept.  and  Nov.  22. 

Bridgeioji,  a thriving  manuflrcturiiig  vil- 
lage in  the  barony  of  Glasgow,  containing, 
along  with  that  of  CaUon,  6,695. 

Bridgeton,  a town  of  Maryland  in  Queen 
Anne’s  county,  eight  miles  e of  Ceulreville, 
and  65  ssw^of  Pbiiadelpiiia. 

Bridgetown,  a town  of  Maryland,  situated 
on  the  Chester.  It  is  14  miles  e by  n of  the 
town  of  Chester,  and  65  ssw  of  Philadelphia, 

Bridgetown,  a town  of  New  Jersey  on 
Cohanzy  creek,  capital  of  the  county  of 
Cumberland,  36  miles  sse  of  Philadelphia. 
Lon.  75  15  w,  lat.  39  32  N. 


B R I 

JSridgetown,  a township  of  the  United 
States,  in  the  district  of  Maine,  Cumberland 
county,  containing  329  inhabitants 
, Bridgetown,  the  capital  of  Barbadoes,  si- 
tuated in  the  inmost  part  of  Carlisle-bay, 
which  is  capable  of  containing  500  ships. 
It  contains  above  1,500  houses,  which  are 
well  built  and  finished.  It  suffered  severely 
by  fires  in  1688,  1756,  1766,  and  1767,  and 
was  nearly  crazed  by  a hurricane  in  1780. 
The  wharfs  and  quays  are  well  defended 
from  the  sea.  But  what  renders  Bridge- 
town the  finest  and  most  desirable  town  in 
the  West  Indies,  is  its  security  against  th^ 
attacks  from  foreign  enemies ; being  de- 
fended by  a number  of  forts  and  batteries. 
The  church  of  St.  Michael  exceeds  many 
English  cathedrals,  and  has  a fine  organ, 
bclis,  and  clock.  It  has  a free-school  for 
the  instruction  of  poor  boys,  an  hospital,  and 
a college,  endowed  with  ;^.2,000  per  annum, 
by  Colonel  Codrington,  and  built  in  pursu- 
ance of  his  will,  by  the  society  for  pro- 
pagating the  gospel.  Lon.  59  36  w,  lat. 
15  5 K. 

Bridgewater,  a large  borough  and  market 
town  of  Somersetshire,  on  the  river  Parret, 
over  v/iiich  there  is  a stone  bridge.  Though 
the  houses  are  not  very  regularly  built,  the 
streets  are  wide  and  well  paved.  The  church 
has  a good  organ  and  handsome  alter-piece, 
and  the  spire  is  reckoned  one  of  the  largest 
in  England.  Here  arc  also  a spacious  town- 
hall,  a large  free-school,  and  a neat  aim- 
house.  This  town  sends  two  members  to 
parliament.  The  corporation,  including  a 
mayor  and  two  aldermen,  consists  of  24  ca- 
pital burgesses.  The  midsummer  county 
sessions  are  held  hem  annually,  and  the  as- 
sizes every  other  year.  The  army  of  the 
parliament,  in  their  wars  with  Charles  I. 
burnt  great  part  of  the  town,  and  laid  the 
castle  in  a-uins,  scarcely  a vestige  of  the  latter 
is  now  to  be  seen.  About  40  vessels,  of  from 
30  to  100  tons  burthen,  are  employed  in 
bringing  coals  from  Wales,  for  the  supply  of 
this  town  and  neighbourhood.  Bridgcw’aler 
has  two  weekly  maikets,  Thursday  and  Sa- 
turday, the  former  famous  for  cheese  and 
cattle ; and  fairs,  July  24,  October  2,  and 
Dec,  27,  It  is  31  miles  ssw  of  Bristol,  137 
w by  s of  London,  and  two  from  Startpoint, 
Lon.  3 0 w,  lat.  51  8 n. 

Bridgewater,  a town  of  Massachusetts,  in 
Plymouth  county,  containing  4,973  citizens, 
50  miles  from  Bestrn.  In  it  and  its  vicini- 
ty are  manufactured  great  quantities  of  hard- 
ware. Also,  townships' of  New  Hampshire 
and  Vermont. 

Bridlinglon,  or  Burlington,  asea-porttown 
in  the  East  Hiding  of  Yorkshire.  It  is  si- 
tuated on  a creek  of  the  sea,  near  Flambo- 
rough-head,  having  a conunodious  quay  for 
ships  to  take  in  iheir  lading.  It  has  a safe 
harbour ; and  is  a place  of  good  trade,  la 


B R I 

summer  it  is  much  resorted  to  for  sea-bathing, 
and  mineral  waters;  40  miles  ene  of  York, 
and  206  N of  Condon,  Lon.  0 10  w,  lat, 

54  8 N. 

Briuport,  a borough,  and  a neat  and  well 
built  sea- port  town  of  Dorsetshire,  situated 
between  the  Brit  and  the  Bride,  with  a har- 
bour that  can  contain  about  40  vessels  of 
small  burden.  It  sends  t%vo  members  to 
parliament.  It  is  noted  for  its  market  for 
hemp,  and  for  making  ropes,  canvass,  and 
cables  for  shipping.  It  is  12  miles  w of 
Dorchester,  and  155  w by  s of  London. 
Lon.  2 52  w,  lat.  50  42  N. 

Bridport,  a township  of  Vermont,  in  Ad- 
dison county,  containing  449  citizens. 

brie,  a ci-devant  territory  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Seine  and  Marne,  vvith  a 
town  of  the  same  name.  It  abounds  in  corn, 
cattle,  and  pasture. 

Brieg,  a town  of  Silesia,  Germany,  capital 
of  a territory  of  the  same  name,  situated  on 
the  Oder.  It  v/as  a handsome  place;  the 
castle,  the  college,  and  the  arsenal  being  very 
great  ornaments,  most  of  the  houses  well 
built ; but  the  Prussians,  who  besieged  it  in 
1741,  reduced  a great  part  of  the  town  to 
ashes,  and  quite  ruined  a wing  of  the  castle. 
The  Prussians,  to  whom  it  was  ceded  by  the 
peace,  augmented  the  fortiBcations,  and  built 
a new  suburb.  It  has  a Lutheran  cathedi'a:, 
and  several  churches  for  catholics  and  pro- 
testants,  and  a fair  noted  for  cattle  ; and  a 
manufacture  cf  fine  cloth.  It  is  25  miles 
SE  of  Breslaw.  Lon.  17  ol  e,  lat.  oO 
50  N. 

BrkU  or  Brill,  a maritime  town  of  Hol- 
land, and  capital  of  the  island  of  Vcorn,  now 
in  the  department  of  Deift.  The  Dutch 
took  it  from  the  Spaniards  in  1572,  which 
was  the  foundation  of  their  republic.  It  is 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  ti;e  Maese,  20 
miles  cf  Rotterdam.  Lon.  4 i e,  lat. 
Z\  58  N. 

Briena,  a town  of  Italy,  situated  on  the 
Vf  bank  of  the  lake  Como. 

Brienne,  a town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Aube. 

Briennois,  a territory  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Saone  and  Loire, 

Briens- bridge,  a town  in  the  county  of 
Clare,  Ireland,  on  the  Shannon.  Here  is  j 
an  excellent  sulphercous  spring,  10  miles  I 
yNE  of  Limerick.  j 

Brientz,  a town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
canton  of  Bern,  famous  for  the  cheese  made 
in  its  nieghbourhood.  It  stands  on  a lake 
of  the  same  name,  nine  miles  long,  and  three 
broad,  and  is  42  miles  se  of  Bern. 

BRIESCIA,  a palatinate  of  Poland,  in 
the  duchy  of  Lithuania;  by  some  called 
Polesia.  It  is  of  considerable  extent  from 
E to  w,  and  is  watered  by  the  rivers  Hag  and 
Pripese.  It  h full  of  wooih*,  rn  jrdu"';.  a.nd 
lakes. 


B R I 

Brteux,  St,  a town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Finistere.  The  churches, 
streets,  and  squares  are  tolerably  handsome, 
but  the  town  is  without  walls  and  ditches. 
The  church  of  Pdichael  is  in  the  suburb  of 
the  same  name,  and  is  the  largest  in  the 
place.  The  college,  which  is  very  near,  is 
maintained  by  the  town  for  the  instruction 
of  Youth.  Lon.  2 38  w,  lat,  48  51  n. 

Bricp,  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Moselle,  near  the  Mause,  12  miles 
Nw  of  Metz,  and  50  ne  of  St  Micliael. 

Briggs,  a range  of  rocks  n side  of  Carrick- 
fevgus  bay,  Ireland. 

Brighthelmstone,  or  Brightan,  a market 
town  and  sea- port  of  England,  in  Sussex, 
pleasantly  situated  on  the  s side  of  a range  of 
hills  called  the  South  Downs,  which  shelter 
it  from  the  n winds.  The  streets  are  vef  j 
neat  and  clean,  the  lodging-houses  pleasant 
and  numerous,  and  many  of  the  shops  fur- 
nished in  a stile  equal  to  those  of  the  metro- 
polis. On  a hill  at  the  northern  extremity 
cf  the  town  is  an  ancient  church,  dedicated 
to  St  Nicholas.  In  Prince’s  Place  is  the 
chapel  royal,  a neat  edifice,  founded  in  1795. 
It  has  also  seven  other  places  of  worship,  for 
different  denominations,  besides  a Roman 
Catholic  chapel,  and  a Jewish  synagogue- 
Tlie  Marine  Pavilion,  the  summer  residence 
cf  the  prince  of  Wales,  and  his  superb  sta- 
ble, with  the  recent  buildings,  add  consider- 
ably to  the  ornaments  of  Brighton,  This 
place  of  fashionable  resort  has  hot  and  cold 
baths,  a theatre ; and  on  the  "w  a chalybeal^e 
spring.  Here  in  1651  Charles  embarked 
for  France,  after  the  battle  of  Worcester. 
This  town  is  principally  supported  by  visi- 
tants, and  by  its  fishery,  which  employes  ICO 
boats,  chiefly  in  supplying  the  London  mar- 
kets. Its  daily  market  is  Vv^ell  supplied  with 
provisions.  It  has  fairs  Holy  Tliursday  and 
September  4.  Population  12,012  in  1811. 
It  lies  74  miles  nw  from  Diep^pe  in  France, 
56  s of  London,  and  eight  sw  of  Le\ve>;, 
Lcn.  0 6 w,  lat.  50  52  n. 

■ Brignoles,  a town  cf  France,  m the  de- 
partment of  Var,  famous  for  its  prones.  It 
is  situated  among  mountains,  in  a p!e»^sant 
country,  20  miles  nkh  of  Toulon,  and  '525 
ssE  cf  Paris.  Lon.  6 15  e,  lat.  45  24  n. 

Bidgslock,  a village  in  Northampton  dure, 
has  three  fairs,  May  6,  Sep.  5,  and  Nov. 

Brihuega,  a town  of  Spain,  in  New  Cas- 
tile. It  is  situated  at  the  foot  of  the  moirn- 
tain  Tajima.  Herein  1710,  generi^I  Sizu-' 
hope  and  his  army  were  made  prisoners.  It 
has  a manufacture  of  cloth,  and  a trade  lu 
wool,  and  is  45  miles  ne  ol  Madrid,  i.cm. 
5 20  w,  lat.  4i  6 N. 

Brilon,  a town  cf  Westphalia,  capital  of:j 
district,  and  former’y  a Han-  ,*  iewu.  li  i-> 
\ seated  on  the  Mci-e,  27  mues  k by  s oi 

I Arensberg.  I.:Gnv  8 45  e-.  i-at  5 l n-5  k. 

II  Brrn.n,  cv  i town  ivf 


B R I 

Bohemia,  in  Moravia,  pretty  large  and  well  j 
built.  The  assembly  of  the  States  is  held 
alternately  here  and  at  Oimutz,  It  is  near 
the  Swart.  The  castle  of  Spiisberg,  its  chief 
defence  is  on  an  eminence  without  the 
town.  The  king  of  Prussia,  after  investing 
it  in  1742,  was  forced  to  raise  the  siege. 
liOn.  7 8 E,  lat.  49  8 N. 

Brindisi  anciently  Brundiisium^  a cele- 
brated town  of  Naples,  in  the  Terra  d’ Otran- 
to, vvitii  an  archbishop’s  see,  seated  on  the 
gulf  of  Venice.  Its  walls  are  still  of  great 
extent,  but  the  inhabited  houses  do  not  fill 
above  half  the  inclosure.  The  streets  arc 
crooked  and  rough.  The  catliedral,  dedi- 
cated to  St  Theodore,  is  a work  of  king 
Roger,  but  not  equal,  in  point  of  architec- 
ture, to  many  churches  founded  by  that  mo- 
narch. Little  remains  of  ancient  Brimdu- 
sium,  except  innumerable  broken  pillars; 
fragments  of  coarse  Mosaic,  the  floors  of 
former  habitations ; the  column  of  the  light- 
house ; a large  marble  bason,  into  which  the 
water  runs  from  brazen  heads  of  deer,  some 
inscriptions^  ruins  of  aqueducts,  coins,  &c 
Its  castle,  built  by  the  emperor  Frederick 
II.  and  repaired  by  Charles  V.  is  large  and 
stately.  The  port  is  double,  and  the  finest 
in  the  Adriatic.  The  kingdom  of  Naples 
cannot  shew  a more  complete  situation  for 
trade  than  Brindisi.  Here,  goodness  of 
soil,  depth  of  water,  safety  of  anchorage,  and 
centrical  position,  are  all  united ; yet  it  has 
neither  commerce,  husbandry,  nor  popula- 
tion. It  lies  52  miles  e of  Tarento.  Lon. 
18  15  E,  lafe.  40  45  n. 

BrioUi  one  of  the  Magdalen  isles. 

Brioniy  small  islands  of  Italy,  in  the  late 
Austrian  districts  of  Rovigno,  which  afford 
fine  marble.  , 

BrionnCy  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Seine,  situated  on  the  river 
Rhille.  Lon.  0 51  e,  lat.  49  51  n”. 

Brioude,  a town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upt>er  Loire,  The  houses  are 
built  after  the  antique  manner,  and  are 
badly  disposed.  The  church  of  St  Ferrol 
is  highly  celebrated.  Near  the  old  town  is 
a stone  bridge  over  the  Allier,  of  one  arch, 
of  175  feet  in  diameter.  Near  it  is  a small 
town  called  Church  Brioude,  on  account  of 
its  famous  chapter.  Brioude  is  situated  16 
miles  s of  Issoire,  52  nw  of  Puy,  54  s by  e 
of  Clermont,  and  225  s by  e of  Paris.  Lon. 

2 50  E,  lat.  46  15  N. 

Briqueras,  a town  of  Piedmont,  situated 
in  the  valley  of  Lucern.  Lon.  7 24  e,  lat. 

44  41  N. 

Brisach,  Oldy  a town  of  Suabia,  Germany, 
and  once  capital  of  Brisgaw.  It  was  a very 
strong  place  ; but  the  fortifications  were  de- 
molished, and  the  artillery  carried  to  Fri- 
burg.  It  stands  on  the  k side  of  the  Rhine, 
eight  miles  xv  by  s of  Friburg.  Lon,  7 49 
E,  lat,  48  8 N, 


B R I 

Brisacht  N'eiv,  a town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Upper  Rhine,  built  by  order 
of  LouL  XIV.  It  is  52  miles  s of  Stras- 
burg,  and  one  w of  the  Rhine,  eight  miles 
E of  Coiinar.  Lon.  7 40  e,  lat.  48  5 n. 

Brisago,  a town  of  Italy,  situated  on  the 
lake  >Iag!ore,  five  miles  s of  Locarno. 

BRISGAU,  a territory  of  Germany,  in 
Suab'a,  on  the  eastern  banks  of  the  Rhine, 
about  50  miles  in  length  and  50  in  breadth. 
The  principal  places  are  Brisach,  Fribourg, 
Rhinmark,  and  an  island  in  the  Rhine. 
This  country  has  been  the  scene  of  frequent 
and  bloody  contests  between  the  French  and 
Austrians  since  the  French  revolution.  At 
the  peace  of  Campo  Formio,  this  province 
was  ceded  to  the  duke  of  IVIodena,  as  an  in- 
demnification for  the  loss  of  his  Italian  do- 
minions, and  this  was  afterv^ards  confirmed 
by  the  treaty  of  Luneville.  » Friburg  is  the 
capital. 

Brissac,  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Maine  and  Loire,  situated  on 
the  Aubence,  15  miles  s of  Angers.  Lon. 
0 17  w,  lat.  47  20  n 

BrislinOf  a town  of  Capitanata,  Naples, 

1 1 miles  ssw  of  Manfredonia. 

Bristol,  a city  of  England,  situated  on 
the  rivers  Frome  and  Avon,  in  the  counties 
of  Gloucester  and  Somerset,  and  esteemed 
inferior  to  none,  except  London,  in  wealth, 
trade,  and  number  of  inhabitants.  In  ap- 
pearance, it  has  been  compared  to  ancient 
Rome,  being  nearly  of  a circular  form,  and 
the  river  cutting  off  about  one-sixth  part 
from  the  rest;  it  also  stands  on  seven  hills. 
The  increase  of  buildings  and  other  im- 
provements are  amazing.  It  is  estimated 
that  above  800  houses  have  been  erected 
since  the  beginning  of  the  18th  century 
and  the  town  is  still  augmenting.  Antique 
and  projecting  houses,  built  of  wood  and 
plaster,  chiefly  occupy  the  interior  and 
trading  parts ; but  the  modern  building  are 
of  brick  or  stone.  The  outer  parts  of  the  city 
are  spacious  and  elegantly  built,  andthe  streets 
are  well  paved  and  lighted.  The  number 
of  houses  is  computed  at  1.5,000,  and  that 
of  the  inhabitants  76,455  in  1811.  They 
are  well  supplied  with  water,  by  means  of 
pipes,  from  the  river.  Bristol  is  a bishop’s 
see,  being  one  of  the  six  erected  by  Henry 
VI I L The  cathedral  church  was  the 
church  of  the  abbey  of  St  Austin  in  Bristol, 
founded  by  Robert  Fitzharding,  son  to  a 
king  of  Denmark.  Besides  the  cathedral, 
there  are  1 9 parish  churches,  five  chapels  of 
the  establishment,  19  chapels  and  meeting- 
houses, a chapel  for  French  protsstants,  a 
Roman  Catholic  chapel,  a New  Jerusalem 
church,  and  a Jewish  synagogue.  The 
churches  are  all  remarkable  for  handsome 
monuments  and  good  bells;  in  particular 
I that  of  St  Mary  Radcliffe.  Among  the 
other  public  edifices  are^  the  Exchange,  in 


B R I 

B R I 

Corn-street;  the  Post-office;  the  Council- 
house  ; the  Guildhall,  the  Custom-house ; 
the  Assembly-room ; the  Equestrian  Thea- 
tre; the  Merchant’s- hall ; the  Cooper’s- 
hall ; and  the  Merchant  Taylor’s  hall.  Here 
are  also  more  than  50  charitable  institutions, 
including  schools,  hospitals,  and  asylums, 
&c.  The  prison  of  Newgate  for  felons  and 
debtors,  and  of  Bridewell,  for  commitment 
and  correction,  are  spacious,  healthy,  and 
convenient.  The  general  market  consists  of 
several  rows  for  butchers,  stalls  for  vegeta- 
bles, and  three  piazzas  for  poultry,  cheese, 
butter,  &c.  St.  James’s  market,  and  the 
Welsh  market,  in  King’s  street,  are  equally 
neat  and  convenient.  Bristol  has  some  con- 
siderable woollen  manufactures  ; but  its  trade 
ill  soap,  china,,  sugar  refinery,  &;c.  is  im- 
mense; and  there  are  no  fewer  than  15 
glass-houses.  T^he  city  companies  are  13. 
The  river  Avon  at  this  place  affords'prodi- 
gious  quantities  of  fish,  and  has  over  it  12 
bridges  of  stone  and  four  of  wood.  Over 
the  Frome  is  a draw  bridge,  which  is  raised 
by  a curious  piece  of  mechanism.  The  quay 
is  reckoned  one  of  the  finest  mercantile 
havens  in  Europe  ; extending  upwards  of  a 
mile  in  length,  and  on  the  banks  of  the  river 
are  several  dock  yards,  and  dry  and  floating 
docks,  for  rebuilding  and  repairing  the  ship- 
ping. No  carts  or  w^aggons  are  admitted 
into  Bristol,  lest  they  should  damage  the 
subterraneous  vaults  and  sewers.  Sledges 
are  used  in  their  stead.  About  half  way  be- 
twixt Bristol  and  Bath,  at  a place  called 
Warmly,  a Company  of  Bristol  merchants 
have  erected  a noble  manufacture  of  pins, 
Sec,  which  employs  a great  number  of  hands, 
including  about  200  children.  The  hot  welly 
about  a mile  w from  the  city,  on  the  side  of 
the  Avon,  is  much  frequented,  having  ob- 
tained high  repute,  especially  in  cases  of 
consumption.  Besides  this  there  is  a cold 
spring  which  gushes  out  of  a reckon  the  side 
of  a river,  and  supplies  the  cold  bath.  In 
St.  Vincent’s  Rock*are  found  those  transpa- 
rent chrystals  known  by  the  name  of  Bristol 
stones.  Bristol  is  a county  of  itself,  and 
sends  two  members  to  parliament.  The 
corperation  consists  of  a mayor,  recorder,  and 
12  aldermen,  of  whom  the  recorder  is  one, 
two  sheriffs,  and  28  common  councilmen. 
The  mayor,  to  support  his  dignity  is  entitled 
to  certain  fees  from  ships,  which  long  ago 
amounted  to  5001.  or  6001.  Whoever  mar- 
ries a citizen’s  daughter  obtain.s  the  freedom 
of  the  city.  Of  its  ancient  v/alls,  only  one 
gate  remains.  It  has  three  markets,  on 
Wednesday,  Friday,  and  Saturday,  and  two 
annual  fairs.  Population  76,430  in  181  i. 

It  is  40  miles  s of  Hereford,  13  wnw  of 
Bit’i,  .34  ssw  of  Gloucester,  and  113  w of 
liOndon.  • Lon.  2 56  vv,  lot.  51  28  n. 

Brisioly  a maritime  county  of  the  United 
States,  in  Massachusetts.  It  is  42  miles  i! 

6 

1 in  length,  and  32  in  breadth  ; and  is  divided 

1 into  15  townships,  viz.  Taunton,  Norton, 
Easton,  Mansfield,  Attleborough,  Swanzy, 
Somerset,  Dighton,  Ilaynliam,  Berkley, 
Freetown,  Westport,  Dartmouth,  New  Bed- 
ford, and  Rehoboth.  It  contained  in  1790, 
4,514  houses  and  31,709  inhabitants.  This 
country  has  valuable  mines  of  iron  ore, 
which  are  worked  to  a large  amount.  Copper 
ore  has  been  discovered  in  Attleborough 
township.  The  chief  towm  is  Taunton. 

Bristol,  a sea-port  and  capital  of  a county 
j of  the  same  name,  in  Rhode  Island,  con- 
taining above  1400  inhabitants.  It  is  situ- 
ated on  the  Main,  13  miles  nne  of  Newport; 
and  contains  about  159  dwellings,  a hand- 
some court  house,  church  for  Episcopalians, 
and  one  for  Congregationalists.  This  town 
w^as  bombarded  by  Captain  Wallace,  com- 
manding a small  British  squadron,  in  Oct. 

1 775,  and  laid  under  contribution  ; several 
of  the  houses  were  destroyed  ; but  they  have 
been  since  rebuilt.  It  is  now  flourishing ; 
and  carries  on  a considerable  trade  to  Africa, 
the  W Indies,  and  the  different  states.  A su- 
preme court  is  held  here,  the  first  Monday  in 
iVpril  and  October,  and  a court  of  common 
pleas,  the  first  Monday  in  January  and  July. 
It  is  four  miles  S of  Warren,  14  se  by  e of 
Providence,  and  300  from  Philadelphia. 
Lon.  71  14  w,  lat.  41  40  n. 

Brisioly  or  Bristol  New,  the  capital  of  the 
county  of  Bucks,  in  Pennsylvania,  situated 
on  the  Delaware,  about  20  miles  ne  of  Phi- 
ladelphia. It  contains  about  50  dwellings, 
some  of  which  are  neat  and  commodious. 
Lon.  75  0 w,  lat.  40  45  N- 

BRITAIN,  or  Great  Britain,  the  most 
con.siderable  of  all  the  European  islands,  ex- 
tends from  the  Lizard- Point,  in  the  lati- 
tude of  about  50  deg.  to  Dungsbay-head,  in, 
latitude  58  40  n,  or  taking  it  in  a straight 
line  from  n to  s about  eight  deg.  or  550 
miles;  and  from  Dover  Head  on  the  e,  to 
Lands-end  on  the  w,  comprehends  about 
seven  deg.  of  longitude,  which  may  be  com- 
puted at  about  290  miles.  Others  estima’e 
its  length  at  700  miles,  and  its  breadth  at 
300  ; but  the  form  being  very  irregular,  and 
lessening  continually  towards  the  n,  proper 
allowances  must  be  made  in  computing  its 
dimensions.  The  ancient  name  was  Albion, 
but  that  of  Britain  has  been  substituted  in 
its  place  ; and  by  this  name  it  w^as  known  in 
Csesar  and  Pliny’s  time.  The  Kofn‘.^n‘. 
upon  their  invasion  found  this  island  inha- 
bited by  several  tribes,  which  appear  to  have 
emigrated  from  different  parts  of  the  conti- 
nent. At  that  period  the  inhabitants  were 
divided  into  separate  independent  state  , 
which  facilitated  the  general  conquest. 
Each  state  was  governed  by  a king,  and 
.several  chleftans  under  him,  who  exercised 
a kind  of  authority  in  his  own  territory. 
The  king  commanded  the  army  in  time 

Y 

B R I 


B R I 


whv,  bu?:  tli€  regal  power  was  almost  uucon-  [i 
trculable  in  tjliat  period  of  -society.  The 
Bi itons  had  scarcely  any  towns ; and  camps 
®nd  %’illHgcs  appear  to  have  been  their  prin- 
cipal h^ibitations.  The  bards,  the  prophets, 
the  druids,  and  the  'Common  people,  com- 
posed the  different  classes  of  ancient  Britons. 
They  had  various  forms  of  superstition  a- 
mong  them ; but  they  were  more  united  in 
their  religious  than  their  political  creed. 
The  invasion  of  the  Romans  introduced 
luxury  and  refinement;  and  soon  enervated 
their  national  vigour,  and  reduced  them  to  a i 
defenceless  state.  The  political  divisions  of  |j 
Britain,  are  into  England,  Scotland,  and  ! 
Wales,  I 

BRITAIN,  NEW,  a large  country  of  I 
N America,  called  also  Terra  JLabrador,  has  i 
Hiidson^s  bay  and  strait,  on  the  n and  w ; I 
Canada  and  the  river  St.  Lawrence  on  the  i 
s;  and  the  Atlantic  on  the  e.  It  is  subject  | 
to  Great  Britain,  but  yields  only  skins  and  j 
furs.  This  country  is  one  of  the  most  bar-  j 
ren,  and  its  sea  cyjast  one  of  the  most  re-  j 
markable.  Bordered  by  innumerable  islands,  1 1 
and  many  of  them  a considerable  dk-  ji 
tance  from  the  main  land,  a ship  of  burden  I 
would  sail  a great  way  ^ong the  coast,  with-  j 
out  being  able  to  form  any  notion  of  its  true  j 
situation.  Hence  all  charts  of  it  have  been  i 
so  extremely  erroneous,  and  hence  arose  j 
illiose  opinions,  that  some  of  the  inlets  ex-  j 
tended  a vast  dktance  into  the  country,  if 
Slot  ^uite  into  the  ses  of  Hudson^s  bay. 
Davis’s  inlet,  which  has  beeni  so  much  talk- 
ed of,  is  not  ^0  leagues  from  the  entrance  of 
It  to  its  extremity.  The  navigation  here  is 
extremely  hazardous.  Towards  the  land,  the 
sea  is  covered  with  large  bodies  and  broken 
pieces  of  ice  ; and  the  farther  you  go  north- 
ward, the  greater  is  the  quantity.  This  vast 
tract  of  land  is  extremely  barren,  and  alto- 
gether incapable  of  cultivation.  The  surface 
is  every  where  uneven,  and  covered  with 
large  stones,  some  of  which  are  of  amazing 
dimensions.  There  are  few  springs;  yet, 
throughout  the  couti try,  there  are  prodigious 
chains  of  lakes  or  ponds.  It  is  a country 
formed  of  friglitful  mountains,  and  unfruit- 
ful valiies;  and  there  is  no  such  tiling  as 
level  land.  A blighted  shrub  and  a little 
moss  is  sometimes  to  be  seen,  but  in  general 
the  bare  rock  is  all  you  behold.  There  is 
but  little  appearance  of  summer  before  the 
middle  of  July  ; and  in  September  the  ap- 
proach of  winter  is  very  evident.  All  along 
there  are  many  rivers  that  empty  themselves 
into  the  sea,  yet  there  are  but  few  of  any  con- 
sideration, the  greatest  part  of  them  being 
nothing  more  than  broad  brooks,  or  rivulets. 
Hetfe  th.e  wretched  t'esidents  build  their  | 
tniserablfi  habixalions  with  the  bones  of ! 
whales.  It  ever  they  cheer  iheir  aching  Ij 
iimbs  with  a fire,  (they  gather  a few  sticks  ij 
fjom  the  sea-shore^  wiiich  have  probably  ' 


I beeia  washed  from  Norway  or  Lapland* 
Here  a vast  quantity  of  snow  remairis  t^poni 
the  land  throughout  the  year.  It  k but 
seldom  foggy,  speaking  comparatively,  be- 
tween  this  and  New  foundland ; nor  are  you 
so  frequently  liable  to  those  destructive  gales 
of  wind  which  visit  many  other  parts  of  die 
globe:  It  is  in  general  high  land,  and  some- 
times you  meet  with  mountains  of  an  as- 
tonishing height;  you  are  also  frequently 
presented  wdth  prospects  that  are  really 
awful,  and  extremely  romantic.  The  inha- 
bitants of  New  Britain  are  called  Esqui- 
maux. 

BRITAIN,  NEW,  an  island  in  the  S 
Pacific,  situated  n of  New  Guinea.  Capt, 
Dampier  was  the  first  who  sailed  through 
the  strait  which  separates  it  from  New  Gui- 
nea; and  in  1767,  Captain  Carteret  sailed 
through  another  strait,  which  separates  at 
from  another  island  on  the  Nof  it»  wiiich  he 
called  New  Ireland.  New  Britain  on  the 
N and  w,  extends  to  Ion.  152  19  e,  and  lat. 
4 0 s New  Ireland  extends  from  Ion.  H9 
2 E,  and  lat.  20  50  s.  The  coasts  of  t>otb 
are  rocky;  the  inland  parts  high  and  inomi- 
tainoijs;  but  covered  with  various  trees; 
such  as  the  nutmeg,  the  cocoa  nut,  and  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  palm-trees.  The  natives  are 
black  and  woolly  headed  like  negroes. 

BillTANY,  or  Bretagne,  a ci-dc- 
vant  province  of  France,  150  miles  in  length, 
and  112  in  breadth.  It  k a peninsula, 
surrounded  on  all  sides  by  the  ocean,  except 
on  the  i:,- wher^i  it  joined  Anjou,  Blaine, 
Normandy,  and  Faitou.  The  natives  carry 
on  a great  trade,  by  the  haibours  on  its 
coast.  It  abounds  in  large  forests.  Some 
authors  suppose  that  Great  Britain  was  first 
peopled  from  Brittany.  It  is  now  divided 
into  five  departonients I lie  and  Viiiaine.' 
Low'ce  Loire,  Finistere^  North  coast,  and 
Morbihan. 

Brives  Ta  Gaitlardey  a town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Correze.  It  is  situated  is 
a fruitful  plain,  opposite  to  an  island  formed 
by  the  Correze,  over  which  there  are  tsvo 
handsome  bridges.  St  has  elegantbuildings, 
fine  walks,  and  manufactures  of*  silks,  mus-  ^ 
lins,  gauzes,  Ac.  It  is  12  miles  sw  of  Tulle, 
and  220  s by  w of  Park.  Lou.  1 45  e,  lat- 
45  15  K. 

Brix,  a town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  the  Channel,  5 miles  w of  Valognes. 

Briren^  a bishopric  of  Germany,  ceded  to 
the  grand  duke  of  Tuscany  in  1 802,  and  in- 
corporated in  circle  of  Austria,  in  Tirol, 
near  the  frontiers  of  Friuli,  and  Carinti.ia 
tow^ards  the  e.  The  principal  places  are 
Brixen,  Serzingen,  Breuneck,  and  Liemz. 
This  country  was  over- run  by  the  Frcfich 
army,  under  Gen.  Bonaparte,  in  1797.  It 
k very  mountainous,  but  its  wine  is  excellent, 

Brixen,  the  capital  of  the  bishopric,  and 
the  bkhop’s  common  residence,  is  on  the. 


B R O 

Eisachs,  at  its  ct>nf!u«acc  with  the  | 
Eicnts,  and  at  some  distance  from  the  moim- 
lain  Brenner.  Besides  the  cathedral  it  has 
ft  parochial,  and  six  other  churches.  It  is  a 
populous,  town ; and  the  houses  are  well 
built,  with  piazzas,  and  painted  on  the  out- 
side. It  is  much  frequented  on  account  of 
the  rainer4  waters  near  it.  The  French 
took  it  in  1796,  and  again  in  the  following 
year.  58  miles  s by  e of  Inspruc.  Lorn  1 1 
50  E lat.  46  41  K. 

Tit'issnstc. cltt  a town  of  Franconia,  in  Ansi* 
pach,  16  miles  ene  of  Wnrtzhurg. 

£rixham,a.  village  of  Devonshire,  situated 
on  the  western  side  of  Torbay,  and  famed  for 
its  fishery,  in  which  upwards  of  100  sloops, 
besides  a great  number  of  small  boats,  are 
employed,  A whart  was.  lately  built  here, 
and  the  water  conveyed  to  it  at  the  expense 
of  government,  for  the  purpose  of  watering 
the  shipping.  Here,  in  1688,  landed  the 
Prince  of  Orange,  afterward  King  William, 
four  miles  ne  of  Dartmouth,  and  201  w by 
s of  London. 

Briosia.  See  Brescia. 

Brizen  or  Britzsv.^  a town  in  the  Middle 
Mark,  Brandenburg,  seated  on  the  Adah,  18 
miles  NE  of  Wittenberg. 

Braad,  a river  of  the  linked  States,  which 
rises  in  the  White  Oak  mountaias,  in  N Ca- 
rolina. 

Braadlaw,  a mountain  of  Tweedale,  about 
2800  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Broad  Riven  more  properly  an  arm  of  tbe 
sea,  which  forms  one  of  the  best  harbours  in 
the  state  of  8 Carolina. 

Byoadsea,  a fishing  village  in  Aberdeen- 
shire, containing  about  200  inhabitants. 

Bi'oadsiairsy  a village  on  the  shore  of  Kent, 
with  a harbour  and  pier  for  small  vessels,  is 
a fashionable  resort  for  sea  bathing,  being 
more  retired  than  Kumsgate,  from  which  it 
is  distant  two  miles  to  the  n. 

Brody  or  Brodty  a strong  town  on  the  Save, 
Sclavonia.  Here,  in  1688,  the  Austrians 
obtained  a victory  over  the  Turks;  45  miles 
sw  of  Essek.  Lon.  1 8 30  e,  lat.  45  1 0 ii. 

Brod^  a town  of  Moravia,  on  the  borders 
of  Hungary,  10  miles  ESEof  Haradisch. 

Broaera  or  Brodra^  a town  of  Asia,  in  the 
province  of  Guzerat,  belonging  to  the  Great 
Mogul.  It  stands  in  a sandy  plain,  and  is 
fortified  with  pretty  good  walls  and  towers. 
It  is  inhabited  by  Banians  and  calico  weavers. 
The  country  produces  cotton,  wheat,  rice, 
guralac,  and  indigo,  62  miles  sfe  of  Ameda- 
bad.  Lon.  73  1 1 e,  lat,  22  16  n. 

Brod‘Nemekiy  or  Teutsch- Brody  a town 
of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of  Dzazlaw,  ori 
the  river  Sazawa,  20  miles  s by  e of  Czazlaw. 

Brodsleen  a good  harbour  of  Kent,  in  the 
isle  of  Thanet. 

BrodziaCy  a town  of  Lithuania,  Poland, 
seated  on  the  Berezina,  100  miles  s of  Po* 
lotzk,  Lon.  28  5 e,  lat  5 1 3 


B R o 

JSroekf  a town  of  the  circle  of  Westplxaha^ 
and  duchy  of  Berg,  Germany,  on  the  Roer, 
and  capital  of  a county  of  the  same  name, 

1 1 miles,  N of  Dusseldorp. 

Broeky  a very  neat  and  beautiful  village  of 
Holland,  in  the  department  of  Amstel,  six 
miles  from  Amsterdam.  The  manneis  of 
the  inhabitants  are  singular.  They  marry 
invariably  among  themselves.  In  every 
they  have  one  door  appropriated  to  mavnage 
and  death.  Their  gardens  are  adorned  with 
China  vases,  grottoes  of  shell-work,  &c,  and 
their  streets  are  paved  in  Mosaic  work  with 
variegated  bricks,  and  no  carriages  pass  along 
them.  In  the  front  of  their  houses,  which 
are  painted  on  the  outside,  they  have  a ter- 
race and  garden  railed  in,  and  behind,  mea- 
dows full  ®kf  cattle. 

Broglio,  the  capital  of  a county  of  its 
name  ia  Piedmont,  Italy,  situated  near  the 
department  of  Lower  Alps,  Lon*  7 42  s, 
lat.  44  1 2 N. 

Broichm  Castle^  an  ancient  fort  of  Inver- 
ness-shire, situated  near  the  n end  of  the  isle 
of  Raasay,  on  the  e coast,  and  well  kuavvt^ 
as  a land  mark  by  mariners. 

BfoJeen-Ba^y  a hay  cf  New  South  Wales, 
on  the  E coast  of  New  Holland,  formed  by 
the  mouth  of  the  great  river  Hawkesbury,  lii 
a safe  harbour,  18  miles  n of  Fort  Jackson. 
Lon.  151  2Te,  lat.  33  34  s. 

Brokenhovoughy  or  Broken- BridgSy  ^towm 

in  Wiltshire,  formerly  called  Caerberburg. 

Bromley. , a town  of  Kent,  situated  on  the 
river  Ravensburg,  10  miles  s by  e of 
don.  It  has  an  hospital  for  20  clergymen  s 
widows,  with  an  allowance  oi  20l.  a- year 9, 
and5Ql.  a-yearto  the  cbaplaim  It  has  fairSg, 
Feb.  14,  and  Aug.  5.  and  a market  on 
Thursday.  In  its  vicinity  the  bi^ops  of 
Rochester  have  a palace,  near  which  is  a 
chalybeate  spring.  Lon.  O 5 E,  lat.  51  23  K. 

Bromley y a town  in  Staffordshire,  formerly 
called  Abbots- Bromley,  and  afterward  Pa- 
get- Bromley,  in  honour  of  Lord  Paget,  to 
whom  ii  was  given  at  the  dissolution  of  the 
abbies,  has  a market  on  Monday,  and  is  seven 
miles  e of  Stafford,  and  1 29  nw  of  London. 

BromploHy  a village  in  Kent,  on  a ris- 
ing ground  not  far  from  Chatham,  containing 
fine  barracks  for  the  military  of  that  garrison. 

Bro^npioriy  in  Middlesex,  sw  of  London, 
has  an  ancient  mansion  called  Watehouse, 
where,  it  is  said,  O.  Cromwell  was  to  reside; 
and  is  famous  for  the  fine  botanical  garden 
and  library  founded  by  the  late  Mr.  William 
Curtis. 

Bt'omsgrovey  a corporate  town  of  Worces- 
tershire, situated  on  the  river  Salwarp.  It 
has  a considerable  manufacture  in  sheeting, 
needles  and  nails,  and  a large  market  on 

Tuesday,  for  corn,  cattle,  and  all  sorts  of  pro- 

I visions.  Here  is  a grammar  school,  founded 

I by  Edward  VI.  It  is  116  miles  nw  of 
i X^oudon.  It  has  a fair  Jane  24,  aud  Oct  1 3 

y 2 


B R O 

Bromyard,  a town  of  Herefordshire,  con- 
taining about  242  houses,  and  983  inhabi- 
tants. It  has  five  fairs,  and  a market  on 
Tuesday,  situated  near  the  Frome,  amid  fine 
orchards,  13  miles  ne  of  Hereford,  and  125 
WNw  of  London. 

Broni,  or  Broiino,  a town  of  Italy,  in  the 
department  of  the  Tessino,  on  the  s side  of 
the  Po,  iO  miles  se  of  Pavia.  Here  the 
Austrians  were  defeated  by  the  French,  in 
1800.  Lon.  10  5 e,  lat.  44  50  n. 

Brondolo,  a very  ancient  but  ruinous 
town  of  Italy,  in  the  district  of  Chioggia. 

Bronti,  a town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  He- 
mona,  28  miles  w of  Taormina. 

Broolcfield,  a post  town  of  the  United 
States,  in  Massachusetts;  situated  on  the 
Quoaboag,  in  Worcester  County.  It  is  17 
. miles  w by  s of  Worcester,  and  68  from 
Boston,  in  the  same  direction. 

Brookhaven,  a township  of  New  York,  in 
Suffolk  county.  Long  Island,  containing 
5224  souls  in  1776.  It  is  60  miles  e of 
New  York. 

Brooklyn,  a handsome  towm  of  Long 
Island,  opposite  New  York  city,  near  East 
River,  which  separates  it  from  New  York. 
It  consisted,  in  1790,  of  one  principal  street. 

Brooklyn,  a town  of  Massachusetts,  in 
Norfolk  county.  A narrow  bay  separates  it 
from  Boston.  From  hence  the  Boston  mar- 
ket is  supplied  with  abundance  of  vegetables. 

Broom,  Loch,  an  extensive  salt  W'aterlake, 
or  arm  of  the  sea,  in  Ross  shire,  noted  for 
excellent  herrings.  It  contains  many  excel- 
lent harbours,  and  is  one  of  the  best  fishing 
stations, 

Brora,  a lake  of  Scotland,  in  the  county 
of  Sutherland,  four  miles  long,  and  one 
broad.  In  the  middle  of  it  is  an  island  of 
an  oblong  square  figure. 

fdrora,  a village  situated  on  the  river 
Brora,  over  which  it  has  a bridge,  on  the 
high  road  to  Caithness  and  Orkney,  14  miles 
tiE  of  Dornoch. 

^ Bros,  a royal  free  town,  and  capital  of  the 
district  of  Bros,  Transylvania,  situated  on 
the  Marcs. 

Brosely,  a village  in  Shropshire,  near  the 
Severn,  six  miles  v nw  of  Bridgenorth,  and 
J46  Nw  of  London,  noted  for  its  iron  w'orks, 
porcelain,  and  tobacco  pipes. 

Brossne,  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Cnarente. 

Brother- Isle,  a small  Island  on  the  coast 
of  Shetland,  in  Yell  sound. 

Brother  - Loch,  a lake  in  Renfrewshire, 
two  miles  in  circumference. 

Bratherton,  a village  one  mile  n of  Ferry- 
bridge W Yi  rkshire,  celebrated  as  the  birth- 
place of  Thomas  de  Brothei  ton,  son  of  Ed- 
vard I. 

B rotherlon,  an  Indian  town  of  N York, 
near  new  Stockbridge,  inhabited  .by  about 
150  Christian  Indians,  who  emigrated  from  I 


B R O 

I different  parts  of  Connecticut,  under  the  car® 

I of  the  Rev.  Mr  Samson  Occum. 

; Brothick,  or  Brothock,  a small  river  of 
Angus-shire,  wduch  falls  into  the  sea  at 
I Aberbrothwick,  to  which  it  gives  name. 

I Brouage,  a maritime  town  of  France,  in 
' the  department  of  Lower  Charente.  It  con- 
! sists  of  5 or  6 streets  w^hich  terminate  in  a 
great  square.  It  is  famous  for  its  salt  works. 
I he  salt  is  called  bay-salt,  because  the  towm 
lies  on  a bay.  It  is  17  miles  s of  Rochelle, 
and  170sw  of  Paris.  Lon.  1 4 w,  lat.  45  52  n. 

Brouca,  a town  of  Sicily,  in  the  Val  di 
Demona,  15  s of  Catania. 

Brouck,  Brack,  or  Briigg,  a town  of  Sw  it- 
zerland, in  the  country  of  Argow.  It  is  22 
miles  sE  of  Basel.  Lon.  8 32  e,  lat.  ^21  n. 

Brower  shaven,  a sea*port  town  of  Holland, 
on  the  N side  of  the  island  of  Schonen,  in  the 
department  of  the  Meuse,  9 miles  sw  of 
Helvoetsluys.  Lon.  3 50  e,  lat.  51  50  n. 

Brough,  a fishing  town  on  the  coast  of 
Caithness,  where  there  is  a safe  harbour. 

Brough,  a town  in  Westmoreland,  situated 
under  Stanmore  hill,  8 miles  from  Appleby, 
and  261  nnw  of  London.  It  has  a castle 
lately  re-built,  and  an  ancient  fort  called 
Caesar’s  Tower.  It  has  a market  on  Thurs- 
day, and  a fair,  Thurs.  before  Whit. 

Broughton,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  the 
county  of  Tweeddale,  four  miles  long,  and 
three  broad.  The  soil  is  generally  a deep 
wet  clay,  which  being  well  cultivated,  pro- 
duces good  crops  in  dry  seasons.  The  prin- 
cipal disadvantage  it  labours  under,  is  the 
scarcity  of  fuel.  There  are  ruins  of  10  an- 
cient castles  in  the  parish.  The  population 
is  about  214,  also  a remarkable  neat  vil- 
lage in  the  above  parish,  which  has  a fair 
October  4. 

Broughton,  a village  on  the  ke  side  of  the 
New'  town  of  Edinburgh. 

Broughly  Castle,  an  ancient  fort  in  For- 
farshire, formerly  the  key  to  the  navigation 
of  the  Tay,  and  the  scene  of  many  warlike 
deeds,  but  now  verging  fast  to  ruin.  In 
, 1547,  it  w'as  seized  by  the  English,  under 
the  duke  of  Somerset,  and  filled  with  an 
English  garrison,  with  a design  to  force  a 
marriage  between  Edward  VI.  and  Mary  of 
Scotland,  then  an  infant.  Upon  the  duke’s 
return  to  England,  it  was  blockaded  by  the 
,,,earl  of  Arran,  from  Oct.  1,  1547,  to  Jan.  1, 
1548,  when  he  w^as  obliged  to  raise  the  siege. 

It  was  soon  after  attacked  by  the  earl  of 
Argyll,  w’ho  was  likewise  repulsed.  It  was 
next  attacked  by  three  French  and  three 
German  regiments  under  D’Effe,  who  all 
met  with  the  same  fate.  At  last  the  supplies 
from  England  of  provisions,  &c.  failing,  the 
English  garrisons  in  Broughty  Castle  and 
I the  fort  Balgillo,  were  obliged  to  surrender 
to  the  allied  army  of  Scots,  Germans,  and 
French,  under  Dos  Thermes,  on  the  20th 
Fcbiuary,  1550,  4 miles  e of  Dundee. 


B R U 

Srownsville,  or  Bedstone  Old  Fort,  a flou- 
rishing post-town  o?  Tennsylvania,  on  the 
Monengahela.  A bridge  has  been  erected, 
which  connects  Bridgeport,  a small  village 
on  the  opposite  side  ot  the  creek,  with 
Brownsville.  It  is  260  feet  long,  and  14 
broad,  and  56  feet  in  height.  The  town  is 
laid  out  in  regular  streets,  crossing  each 
other  at  right  angles.  Upwards  of  1 00  boats 
are  built  here  annually  for  trade,  &c.  24  grist, 
saw,  oil,  and  fulling  mills,  are  within  less 
than  five  miles  of  the  town.  It  is  30  miles  s 
by  £ of  Pittbburg,  and  310  w of  Philadel- 
phia. In  the  vicinity  are  many  monuments 
of  Indian  antiquity,  and  it  is  enriched  by  the 
trade  of  Kentucky.  Lon.  4 44  w,  lat.  39 

58  N. 

Broxburn)  in  the  parish  of  Uphall,  has  a 
fair  in  August. 

Broyle,  a cape  and  sea^port  of  Newfound- 
land. 

Bruar,  a small  turbulent  stream  in  Athol, 
celebrated  for  the  romantic  beauty  of  its 
cascades. 

Briicehill,  an  extensive  moor  in  Aber- 
deenshire, so  named  from  Ldward  Bruce, 
brother  of  King  Robert  I. 

Bruchsal,  a town  of  Germany,  in  the  late 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  and  bishopric  of 
Spires,  on  the  Satz,  with  an  extensive  salt- 
work,  five  miles  se  of  Philipsburg.  Lon. 
8 SO  E,  lat.  49  15  N. 

Bruck,  a towm  of  Germany,  in  Stiria,  ca- 
pital of  a circle  of  its  name.  It  stands  on  the 
river  Muehr,  13  miles  K of  Gratz.  Lon,  li> 
15  E,  lat.  47  27  n. 

Bruck,  or  Brugg,  a town  of  Austria,  on 
the  river  Leyeta,  20  miles  ese  of  Vienna. 

Bruder,  a town  of  Switzerland,  in  the 
canton  of  Under  wald.  Lon,  8 10  e,  lat, 
46  33  N. 

Brue,  a river  in  Somersetshire,  has  its 
source  in  Selwood  forest,  on  the  borders  of 
Wiltshire,  and  flowing  by  Bruton  and  Glas- 
tonbury, falls  into  Bridgewater  bay. 

Brug,  Ste  Brouck, 

Brug,  a town  of  the  Vallais,  in  Switzer- 
land, on  the  Rhone,  39  miles  e of  Sion, 
Lon.  8 17  E,  lat.  45  33  N. 

Bruges,  a city  of  France,  capital  of  the 
department  of  Lys,  and  lately  an  episcopal  see. 
Ii  is  situaled  in  a plain  eight  miies  from 
the  sea  ; and  has  a great  number  of  canals 
which  lead  to  Ghent,  Ostend,  Sluys,  New- 
port, Fumes,  Ypres,  and  Dunkirk.  Bruges 
was  in  a very  flourishing  condition  upwards 
of  200  years  ago,  but  since  the  enlargement 
of  Amsterdam  and  Antwerp,  trade  is  di- 
minished, and  the  number  of  its  inhabitants 
estimated  at  20,000,  is  less  than  might  be 
expected  in  so  large  a place.  However, 
there  are  still  many  rich  merchants,  and  a 
chamber  for  trade.  The  finest  square  in  the 
city  is  the  great  market.  On  the  side  of  the 
great  square  there  is  a structure,  which  serves 


B R u 

, as  a public  magazine  for  cloth.  The  squar© 
where  the  Wednesday’s  market  is  held,  con- 
tains several  w^alks,  and  a new  guard- house 
in  the  middle.  The  Burg  is  a large  square, 
in  which  is  the  town-house,  built  in  the  Go- 
thic manner.  The  church,  dedicated  to  the 
Virgin  Mary,  has  a high  steeple,  which 
serves  as  a sea-mark  for  the  ships  that  tome 
hither.  Besides  the  cathedral,  and  two  colle- 
giate churches,  there  are  five  parish  churches 
and  14  chapels.  There  are  many  alms-houses 
and  hospitals.  The  parts  about  the  city, 
which  belong  to  it,  are  called  Franc  of 
Bruges,  and  contain  37  villages.  The  for- 
tifications being  but  trifling,  in  time  of  war 
it  always  yields  to  the  strongest.  The 
French  took  it  in  1792,  lost  it  in  1793,  but 
after  retook  it  it  is  eight  miles  e of  Os- 
tend, and  46  w of  Antwerp.  Lon.  3 10  e, 
lat.  51  12  N. 

Brugge,  a town  of  Germany,  principality 
of  Heideisheim,  seated  on  the  river  Leync, 
12  miies  sw  of  Heideisheim. 

Bruggen,  a town  of  Westphalia,  in  tlio 
duchy  of  Juliers,  department  of  Roers,  on 
the  Schwalm,  six  miles  ne  of  Ruremonde. 

Brugneto,  a city  of  Italy,  situated  at  the 
foot  of  the  Appenines,  35  miles  ese  of  Ge- 
noa. Lon.  9 5 E,  lat.  44  20  n. 

Brumau,  a t(>wn  of  Moravia,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Hradiscb,  borders  of  Hungary,  30 
miles  E of  Hradisch. 

Brunanburg,  an  ancient  town  of  York** 
shire,  now  called  Brough. 

Brunette,  a strong  and  important  fortress 
of  Piedmont. 

Brunn.  See  Brin* 

Brunnen,  a town  of  Switzerland,  in  the 
canton  of  Schweitz.  It  is  situated  on  the 
Waldstader  See,  two  miies  sw  of  Schweitz, 
Here  was  laid  the  foundation  of  the  Swiss 
republic,  by  the  alliance  formed  betw'een  the 
cantons  of  Uri,  Schweitz,  and  Underwaiden. 

Brunsbuttle,  a sea-port  town  of  Germany, 
mouth  of  the  Elbe,  subject  to  Denmark,  13 
miles  Nw  of  Gluckstadt.  Lon,  9 2 e,  lat, 
54  2 N. 

BRUNSWICK,  a country  of  Germany, 
in  the  late  circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  bounded 
on  the  N by  the  duchy  of  Lunenburg ; on 
the  w by  the  circle  of  Westphalia ; on  the  s 
by  Flesse,  and  the  territory  of  Piechfield ; 
and  on  the  e by  Thuringia,  with  the  princi- 
palities of  Anhalt  and  Helberstadt,  and  the 
duchy  of  Magdeburg.  The  rivers  are  the 
Weser,  the  Ocker,  and  the  Lyne;  and  it  is 
fertile  both  in  corn  and  pastures  ; has  large 
forests,  mines,  and  medicinal  springs.  It  is 
divided  into  two  counties  and  four  duchies  ; 
viz.  Calenberg,  Grubenhagen,  Proper,  and 
Wolfenbuttle,  along  with  the  two  counties 
of  Rheinstein  and  Blankenberg.  The  duke 
of  Brunswick  Wolfenbuttle  is  styled  Duke 
of  Brunsv/ick  and  Lunenburg,  as  well  a» 
the  elector  of  Hanover,  The  whole  of  this 


B R U 

croisnirj  which  bad  fallen  under  ihe  domi- 
nion of  France,  and  was  fornaerlj  taken  pos- 
sesbion  of,  October  28>  1 806  ; it  is  now,  by 
the  exertions  of  the  allied  armies  freed  from 
their  yoke. 

Brunswkky  a fortified  citj  and  the  capital 
of  the  above  country.  It  is  composed  of 
five  tov.rns,  vis.  the  Old  Town,  the  New 
Town,  the  Hagen,  or  Burg,  tho  Old  Wieck, 
and  the  Sack,  which  makes  it  a large  place ; 
but  the  houses  are  almost  all  built  of  wood. 
There  are  several  churches ; one  of  which 
is  an  ancient  Gothic  building.  Brunswick 
is  of  a square  form,  divided  in  the  middle 
by  the  river  Ocker ; it  is  about  two  miles 
in  circumference.  This  city  was  the  resi- 
dence of  the  duke  of  Brunswick  Woifenbut- 
iie.  The  inhabitants  carry  on  a considerable 
trade  with  Bohemia,  It  is  celebrated  for  its 
strong  beer  called  Mwuy  which  finds  its  way 
even  to  Asia.  The  religion  is  the  Lutheran, 
and  the  people  observe  it  very  strictly.  The 
peasants  are  sober  and  laborious,  being  ro- 
bust and  strong,  they  make  good  soldiers. 
The  minaber  of  inhabitants  are  about  22,000, 
and  the  whole  income  of  the  duke  was  esth  | 
mated  at  130,000/.  Bruns  wick  is  situated 
on  the  Ocker,  seven  miles  n by  e of  Wuifen- 
buttle,  and  68  s of  Luneburg.  Lon.  10 
47  E,  lat.  52  16  n. 

Brumivicki  a town  of  the  United  States, 
In  New  Jersey,  incorporated  in  1784,  con- 
taining 2500  citizens,  one  half  of  whom 
were  Dutch.  It  is  situated  on  the  sw  bank 
of  Rariton  river,  over  vidiich  is  one  of  the 
most  elegant  bridges  in  the  United  States. 
In  this  city  was  Queen^  Colleg^t  but  it  has 
BOW  ceased  to  be  a seat  of  learning.  Its 
situation  is  low  and  unpleasant.  It  enjoys 
considerable  inward  trade,  and  many  small 
vessels  belong  to  the  port.  This  town  is  12 
miles  above  Perth  Amboy,  60  jne  of  Phila- 
delphia, and  35  sw  of  New  York.  Lon.  75 
O w,  lat.  40  20  N. 

BRUNSWICK,  a county  of  Virginia, 
58  miles  in  length,  and  33  in  breadth.  A 
district  court  is  held  here  on  the  29lh  of 
April,  and  Sept,  and  a county  court  the  4th 
Monday  in  every  month.  It  is  well  watered 
by.Nottaway  and  Menerrin  rivers. 

Brunswick,  a small  town  of  N Carolina, 
in  a county  of  the  same  name,  in  which  is 
ihe  Wakkamaw,  seven  miles  long,  and  five 
broad.  It  is  about  nine  miles  n of  Fort 
Johnson,  and  17  sw  of  Wilmington.  Lon. 

3 13  w,  lat.  34  0 n. 

Brunswick,  a small  post  tow'n  of  the 
United  States,  in  Maine  district,  situated 
in  Cumberland  county,  containing  about  1 
158  7 citizei-is.  It  is  153  miles  troin  Boston, 

Brunsu  ick,  a sea  port  town  of  the  United 
States,  in  Geojgia,  capital  of  Ciynn  county, 
seated  at  tlie  mouth  of  Turtle  river,  in  St 
Simons  soutud,  in  a fertile  country,  has  a 
safe  and  U»'ge  harbeur.  It  is  60  miles 


B R u 

s»w  of  Savannah,  Lon,  81  O w,  lat. 

10  N. 

BRUNSWICK,  NEW,  the  i#vr  division 
of  Nova  Scotia,  which,  in  1 784,  was  divided 
into  two  provinces  Since  the  conclusion 
of  the  American  war,  the  emigration  of  loy- 
alists to  this  province  from  the  United  States 
has  been  very  great.  The  river  St  John 
opens  a vast  extent  of  fine  country,  most  of 
which  is  settled  and  under  improvement. 
The  upland  is  in  general  well  wooded,  and 
the  lofty  pines  afford  a considerable  supply 
of  masts  for  the  navy^  The  chief  place  is 
the  city  of  St  John,  but  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment is  at  Frederietown. 

Brussels,  a city  of  France,  lately  capital  of 
Brabant,  and  seat  of  the  governor  of  the 
Austrian  Netherlands,  now  the  capital  of 
the  department  of  Dyle.  The  small  river 
Senne  runs  through  it.  It  is  a rich  and 
handsome  city ; and,  among  the  public  struc- 
tures, the  palace,  the  town- house,  and  the 
arsenal  are  most  superb.  The  Hotel  de 
Ville,  in  the  grand  market-place,  is  a stu- 
penduous  structure.  Its  turret  is  364  feet 
high  ; surmounted  by  a figure  of  St  Michael 
of  copper,  gilt,  17  feet  in  height,  which  turns 
with  the  wind.  No  city  in  Europe,  except 
Naples  and  Genoa,  makes  a finer  appeal’s  nee 
at  a distance.  It  is  encompassed  with  a dou- 
ble brick  wall,  and  has  seven  gates ; but, 
being  seven  miles  in  compass,  is  too  large  to 
bold  out  a long  siege.  In  Brussels  are  se- 
ven fine  squares,  or  market-places  ; that  of 
the  great  market  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
in  the  world.  The  town-house  takes  up 
one  quarter  of  it.  In  the  other  parts  of 
this  square  are  the  halls  of  the  different  trades# 
and  several  ancient  palaces.  There  are  20 
public  fountains.  In  the  lower  part  of  tho 
city  there  Are  several  canals  for  the  shipping. 
One  in  particular  was  cut  from  the  Scheldt, 
20  miles  from  the  city,  by  which  vessels  can 
pass  between  Brussels  and  Antwerp.  A 
kind  of  nunnery,  called  the  Beguinage  is  like 
a little  town,  and  is  encompassed  by  a wall 
and  ditch.  The  females  educated  here  are 
pernaitted  to  leave  it  when  they  are  designed 
to  marry.  The  hospitals  are  well  endowed  ; 
some  of  them  are  for  the  maintainance  of 
strangers  for  threedays.  Amongthechurches. 
that  of  St  Gudula  is  very  magnificent.  The 
Jesuits  had  a fine  church,  as  well  as  a li- 
brary. In  1695,  Brussels  was  bombarded 
by  Marshal  Villeroy,  who  demolished  40CO 
houses,  the  stadihouse,  and  several  churches. 
Marshal  Saxe,  the  French  general,  took  if, 
in  1746;  but  it  was  restored  by  the  treaty  of 
Aix-la-Chapeile.  It  w'as  taken  by  the 
French  army  in  1792;  retaken  by  the  Aus- 
trians in  1795  ; but  recovered  soon  after  by 
the  French.  Braissels  has  long  been  cele- 
brated for  its  manufactures  of  laces,  camblets, 
and  tapestry.  The  population  amounts  to 
about  80,000.  It  is  25  miles  s of  Antw’erp 


B U C 

and  148  Iff  by  s of  Paris,  Lon.  4 IS  k lat. 
40  51  N.  , « - - j 

Bruton,  a town  of  Somersetshire,  situated 
on  the  river  Bruc,  and  well  inhabited.  It 
is  adorned  with  a very  beautiful  church  ; it 
is  famous  for  malt,  and  for  a woollen  manu- 
factory  of  cloth  and  serges,  besides  silk  nnd 
hosiery.  Here  is  an  alms-house  consisting 
of  the  ruins  of  a priory,  and  a frec-school 
founded  by  Edward  VI.  It  is  1 2 miles  sf. 
of  Weils,  and  109  w of  London.  Lon.  2 | 

SO  w,  iat  51  15  N.  , . , I 

BRUYE,  or  BUGA,  an  island  in  the  j 
hay  of  Bengal,  about  25  miles  long,  and  10  ; 
broad.  Ix)n.  97  37  e,  iat.  26  15  n.  | 

Bruyers,  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Vosges,  22  miles  s by  e of  Lune- 
^\\e.  Lon.  6 50  e,  Iat.  48  18  w. 

Bryans  Bridge,  a towm  in  the  county  of 
Clare,  and  province  of  Connaught,  Ireland, 
on  the  Shannon,  eight  miles  n of  Limerick 

Bryde  St,  an  ancient  parish  now  united 
with  that  of  Traquair. 

Brzenilz,  a mine-tovm  of  Bohemia,  in  the 
circle  of  Saatz.  It  has  manufactures  of 
I nee,  fire-arms,  iron,  &c. 

Bi'zesc,  a fortified  town  of  Lithuania,  and 
capital  of  Potesia,  seated  on  the  Bug,- with 
a castle.  Here  is  a synagogue,  resorted  to 
by  Jews  from  every  part  of  Europe.  It  is 
nine  miles  s by  w of  Orodo,  Loii.  24  6 
%,  Iat.  52  4 N. 

Brzese,  a capital  erf  a palntinate  of  its 
name,  in  Poland,  seated  in  a marshy  plain, 
and  surrounded  by  a wall,  95  miles  wnw^  of 
Warsaw.  Lon.  18  30  w,  Iat.  52  40  N. 

Brzesnitzl  a town  in  the  circle  of  Saatz, 
Bohemia.  Here  are  manufactures  of  hard- 
ware, fire-arms,  and  lace  ; 24  miles  wnw  of 
Saatz — Another,  18  miles  wnw  of  Pisek, 
circle  of  Prachin. 

BUA,  an  island  in  the  gulf  of  Venice,  on 
the  coast  of  Dalmatia,  near  Trau.  It  is 
separated  from  Traon,  by  a canal  of  350  feet 
broad,  over  which  a brick  dam,  and  two 
stone  bridges  are  built.  The  island  is  10 
miles  in  length,  and  21  in  circuit;  hut  ra- 
ther high  and  mountainous.  It  is  populous, 
and  has  a secure  and  commodious  port. 
The  climate  is  mild,  and  the  soil  fertile,  pro- 
ducing wine,  oil,  &c. 

Buarcos,  a town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira,  on 
the  Mondego,  27  miles  sof  Abeira.  Lon,  8 
5 w,  Iat  40  5 N. 

Buccari,  or  Buchari,  a sea-port  of  Croa- 
tia, on  the  NE  part  of  the  Gulf  of  Venice. 
It  lies  12  miles  e of  Fiurae.  Lon.  14  26  e, 
Iat  45  17  N. 


BUG 

prdiendihg  a.  tract  of  20  miles  in  length,  arj 
nine  in  breadth.  That  part  which  lies  in 
Aberdeenshire,  extends  s to  the  river  Ythan. 
The  surface  is  in  general  bleak  and  barren, 
the  coast  is  hold  mid  rocky.  The  whole 
district  formerly  belonged  to  the  earls  of 
Buchan,  but  nov/  possesses  little  of  it  except 
j the  title. 

Buchanan,  a parish  in  Stirlingshire,  Scot- 
ianc),  about  18  miles  long,  and  five  broad, 
exlendmg  about  15  miles  along  the  banks  of 
Loch  Lomond;  and  the  Grampian  hills 
1 rim  through  its  centre.  Here  the  river  Forth 
takes  its  rise.  The  surface  is  mountainous 
j except  two  rallies  called  Glendow  and  Gle- 
narclet ; the  climate  is  healthy.  The  seat  of 
the  duke  of  Montrose,  who  is  proprietor  of 
the  whole  parish,  is  among  its  principal  or- 
j caments.  The  population  is  about  748. 

Buchanness,  the  most  eastern  promontory 
o'*  Sco'l:ind,E  of  Peterhead.  . Near  this  pro- 
montory are  the  Bullerso^  Buchan,  and  other 
stupendous  precipices  and  rocks,  which  at- 
tract the  attention  of  travellers,  and  are  ad- 
mired by  all  for  their  awful  grandeur.  Loa. 

1 34  E,  iat.  57  27  n. 

Biicknu,  or  Buchaw,  a free  and  imperial 
town  of  Germany,  m Suabia,  on  a lake  called 
the  Feyder  See,  with  a nunnery,  25  miles 
sw  of  Ulm.  Lon.  9 40  e,  Iat.  48  5 n. 

Buchaw^  a small  territory  of  Germany, 
which  comprehends  the  district  of  Find,  26 
miles  s'w  of  Saatz, 

Buchlyie,^  considerable  village  of  Stir- 
lingshire, in  the  parish  of  Kippen.  It  is  & 
hoj’ough  of  barony,  entitled  to  hold  five  faiis 
in  tlae  year;  and  contains  about  500  iaha- 
bitants. 

Bucholz',  a town  of  the  principality  of 
Bradenburg,  23  miles  sse  of  Berlin. 

Bucharest,  a pretty  large  town  of  Turkey 
in  Europe,  situated  in  the  middle  of  Wala- 
chia. The  generality  of  the  houses  are  mean, 
and  ill  built.  Here  the  Hosgodar  usually 
resides.  Besides  the  patriarchal  church, 
which  is  large,  there  is  the  church  of  St. 
George,  the  patron  saint  of  Walachia.  It  is 
sealed  on  the  Domboriza  ; and  the  popula- 
tion is  estimated  at  60,000 ; 35  miles  sse 
of  Tergovist,  and  200  n by  w of  Adrianople* 
Lon.  26  8 e,  Iat.  44  57  N. 

Buchorn,  a small  town  of  Suabia,  in  Ger- 
many, situated  on  the  lake  Constance.  Lon. 
9 20  E,  Iat.  47  40  n. 

Back,  a mountain  of  Scotland  in  Aber- 
deenshire, 2377  feet  above  the  level  of  the 

. r 1 T 

BUCK,  one  of  the  Virgin  Is^es.  Lon. 


Buccleiigh,  a village  in  the  county  of  Sel- 
kirk, Scotland,  from  which  the  noble  family 
of  Scott  have  the  title  of  Duke. 

BUCHAN,'  a territory  of  Scotland,  lying 
partly  in  the  county  of  Aberdeen,  and  partly 
in  that  of  Bamff.  The  latter  district  extends 
northwards  from  the  Ugie  to  the  sea,  com- 


65  30  w,  Iat.  18  15  n. 

Buckden,  a village  in  Huntingdonshire. 
50  miles  sw  of  Huntingdon.  Here  is  a 
magnificent  palace  of  the  bishops  of  Lincoln, 
I and  several  of  them  have  been  buried  in  the 
' church. 

I Backeburg,  a town  of  Wertphalia,  in  the 


BUG 

territory  of  Scbauenburp;:,  on  the  A'a,  three 
miles  ESE  of  Minden.  Lou.  8 58  t:,  lat.  52 

1 8 K. 

Buckenkanit  a town  in  Norfoikshire,  90 
miles  from  London.  It  has  a market  on 
Saturday. 

Buckenham  Ferret  a village  in  Norfolk- 
shire. 

Buckenham  Rousef  four  miles  n of  Thet- 
ford. 

Buckenham  NeiVy  a town  of  Norfolk,  9-3 
miles  of  London,  and  12  e by  n of  Tfaet^ 
ford. 

Buckfcistleigh,  a village  three  miles  s by  w 
of  Ashburton,  Devonshire.  Many  of  the 
houses  are  built  from  the  ruins  of  an  abbey, 
some  vestiges  of  which  still  remain. 

' Bnckhaven.  a fishing  village  on  the  coast 
of  Fifeshire,  in  the  parish  of  Wemyss.  As 
the  inhabitants  seldom  intermarry  out  of  the 
village,  they  retain  a phraseology  and  accent 
peculiar  to  themselves. 

Buckie,  a fishing  town  on  the  coast  of 
BamfFshire,  in  the  parish  of  Rathvan.  In 
1793,  it  contained’  165  houses,  and  703 
inhabitants. 

' BUCKINGHAM,  BUCKS,  or  Buck- 
inghamshire, an  inland  county  of  England, 
included  in  the  Norfolk  circuit,  the  diocese 
of  Lincoln,  and  the  province  of  Canterbury. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  n by  Northamptonshire, 
on  the  s by  Berkshire,  on  the  k by  Bedford- 
shire, Hertfordshire  and  Middlesex,  and  on 
the  w by  Oxfordshire.  It  is  of  an  oblong 
form ; and  its  greatest  extent  is  from  n to  s. 
It  contains  478,720  acres ; in  1811,117,650 
inhabitants,  203  parishes,  73  vicarages;  is 39 
miles  long,  18  broad,  and  109  in  circirmfer- 
ence.  It  has  1 5 market  towns,  and  613  infe- 
rior ones.  It  is  divided  into  eight  hundreds ; 
provides  560  men  for  the  militia;  sends  M 
members  to  parliament;  and  pays  12  parts 
of  the  land  tax.  Its  rivers  are  the  Thames, 
Ouse,  Coin,  Wichain,  Amershara,  Isa,  Tame, 
and  Loddon.  Its  chief  trade  consists  in 
bone,  lace,  paper,  corn,  fine  wool,  and  breed- 
ing rams.  The  air  is  generally  good,  and 
the  soil  mostly  chalk  or  marie. 

Buckingham,  the  chief  town  of  the  above 
county,  stands  in  a lovr  ground,  on  the  river 
Ouse,  by  which  it  is  almost  surrounded,  and 
over  which  there  are  three  handsome  stone 
bridges.  It  is  large  and  populous,  and  go- 
verned by  a bailiff  and  12  burgesses,  who 
elect  ^two  members  to  parliament.  The 
cimrch  is  a stately  edifice  of  stone,  finished 
ubontthe  year  1781,  at  the  expence  of  LI 000. 
'fo  the  s\v  end  of  it  is  attached  a square  tower, 
ornamented  with  pinnacles,  embrassures,  and 
n light  tapering  spire,  altogether  150  feet 
There  are  also  meeting-houses  fur 
Presbyterians,  Methodists,  Quakers.  The  i 
tov/ii-hall  is  a large  brick  edifice,  the  prin- 
cipal fioor  is  appropriated  for  the  magistrates, 
^liare  they  hold  the  parish  court  every  three 


B u D 

weeks,  and  sessions  half-yearly.  Two  milei 
to  the  w is  Stowe,  the  elegant  seat  of  the 
marquis  of  Buckingham.  ..Buckingham,  has 
had  a large  market  on  Saturday  from  time 
immemorial;  and  it  has  now  10  annual 
fairs,  viz.  Jan.  12,  and  30,  Pdarch  6,  May  6> 
Thurs.  in  V/hitsun-week,  July  10,  Sept.  4, 
Oct.  2,  Sat.  after  Oct.  11,  and  Nov.  8.  |fs 
its  neighbourhood  are  many  paper  mills  upon 
the  Ouse.  It  is  25  miles  ne  of  Oxford,  and 
55  Nw  of  London.  In  1725  this  tovvn  suf- 
fered severed y by  fire. 

BUCKINGHAM,  acountyof the  United 
I States,  in  Virginia.  It  is  65  miles  long,  and 
30  broad  ; and  in  1795,  contained  561 J free 
inhabitants,  and  4168  slaves. 

Buckland,  a township  of  Massachusetts^ 
in  Hampshire  county,  containing  718  cU 
tizens 

Bucklers- Hard,  .a  village  on  Bcaulien  rir 
ver,  Hampshire.  Ship-building  is  carried  on 
here  to  such  extent,  that  many  frigates  have 
been  built  at  this  place.  It  is  9 miles  ssvy 
of  Southampton. 

BUCKOR,  a province  of  Asia,  subject 
to  the  Great  Mogul,  with  a capital  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  situated  on  the  Indus,  on 
the  banks  of  which  there  are  corn  and  cattle ; 
but  the  w part  is  a desert.  The  inhabitants 
are  strong,  robust,  and  drive  a great  trade  in 
cotton  cloth,  and  other  Indian  commodities. 
They  are  all  Mahometans. 

Buckou,  a town  of  Brandenburg,  22  miles 
E of  Berlin. 

Bucks,  a populous  and  well  cultivated 
county  of  the  United  States,  in  Pennsylva- 
nia, Its  greatest  length  is  41  miles,  and 
breadth  21.  It  contains  4 1 1 ,900  acres  ; and 
is  divided  into  27  townships.  I4s  popular 
tion  in  1795,  was  25,140  free  citizens,  and 
261  slaves.  On  the  s it  is  fertile;  the  land 
on  the  N is  rather  poor,  but  it  abounds  in 
limestone.  Lead  and  iron  ores  have  been 
discovered.  Newton  is  the  capita). 

Back  stead,  a town  of  Sussex.  It  has  a 
fair,  July  31. 

Buckstoivn,  a town  of  the  district  of 
Maine  in  Hancock  county,  260  miles  ne  of 
Boston  ; another  in  Maryland,  eight  miles 
and  a half  ss  of  Cambridge. 

Biida,  or  Offen,  the  capital  of  Louver 
Hungary,  on  the  side  of  a hill,  on  the  w 
side  of  the  Danube.  It  is  large  and  well 
fortified ; and  has  a castle  that  is  almost  im- 
pregnable. The  houses  are  mostly  built  with 
square  stones.  Tne  most  sumptuous  struc-. 
tures  are  the  caravanserai,  the  mosques, 
bridges,  and  baths.  The  Danube  is  about 
three  quarters  of  a mile  in  breadth  ; between 
the  city  and  Pest,  there  is  a bridge  of  boats, 
consisting  of  63  large  pontoons.  The  Jews 
have  a synagogue  near  the  castle  gardens. 
The  surrounding  country  produces  excellent 
wine,  and  while  it  was  in  possession  of  the 
Turks,  the  baths  and  public  rooms  were  kept 


B U E 


B U E 


b tlia  best  style.  In  1686,  after  many 
sieges,  it  was  taken  by  the  Gerniiins,  after 
having  been  in  possession  of  the  r*uiks  for 
157  years.  The  population  is  estimated  at 
2 1,000.  It  is  91  miles  ese  of  Presburg,  and 
200  NNW  of  Belgrade.  Lon.  19  25  e,  lat. 
47  30  N. 

BUDA,  the  BERaLERBEGLic,  was  one  of 
the  chief  governments  of  the  Turks  in  Eu- 
rope. It  included  aU  the  countries  of  Hun- 
gary. But  great  part  of  this  government 
now  belongs  to  Hungary. 

JBuddo,  an  insulated  rock  on  the  coast  of  j 
Fife,  which  serves  for  a land-mark. 

Budelich,  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Sarre,  formerly  in  the  electorate 
of  Treves,  on  the  Traen,  12  miles  ese  of 
Treves.  Lon.  6 55  e,  lat.  19  52  N.  - 

Biidericfi,  or  BudicJiy  a town  of  the  grand 
duchy  of  Cleves,  department  of  Roen,  on  the 
Rhine  22  miles  se  of  Cleves. 

Buditi,  a town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle 
of  Rakonitz.  It  is  9 miles  s by  w of  Leit- 
meritz. 

Budingeuj  the  capital  of  a lordship  it>  Ger- 
many of  the  same  name,  in  Watteravia,  on 
the  Sambach,  20  miles  ene  of  Frankfort. 
Lon.  90  27  E,  iat.  50  20  n. 

Budley,  a town  of  Devonshire,  with  a 
market  on  Monday. 

Budoa,  a maritime  town  of  Dalmatia,  ca- 
pital of  a county  of  the  same  name,  and 
about  700  paces  in  circumference.  It  with- 
stood a siege  of  the  Turks  in  1686,  and  lies 
50  miles  se  of  Ragusa.  Lon.  18  58  e,  lat. 
42  50  N. 

Budrioj  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  Bolognese, 
eight  miles  e of  Bologna.  Lon.  11  35  e, 
lat.  44  27  N. 

Budweis,  a royal  city  of  Bohemia,  circle 
of  BeCiin,  seated  on  the  Muldau.  It  is 
pretty  large  and  well  built,  surrounded  with 
strong  walls,  and  fortified  with  a good  ram^ 
part.  In  the  neighbourhood  are  mines  of 
gold  and  silver.  It  is  75  miles  s by  w of 
Prague  Lon.  14  19  e,  lat  49  2 n. 

BUDZIAC  TART  ARY,  lies  on  the 
rivers  Niester,  Bog,  and  Nieper.  The  chief 
town  IS  Oczakow.  It  is  subject  to  Turkey. 

BUEN-AYRE,  one  of  the  Leeward 
islands,  e of  Curacoa.  See  Bonair. 

BUENA  VISTA,  one  of  the  Cape  de 
Verd  islands,  called  also  Bonavista  and 
Jjonnevieu.  It  is  reckoned  near  20  leagues 
in  circumefernce.  The  coast  stretches  e and 
Nw,  cind  is  terminated  with  sundry  banks  to 
the  sea.  The  interior  part  is  chiefly  moun- 
taiiiuu.s. 

BUENOS- AYRES,  a country  of  South 
America,  belonging  to  the  Spaniards.  This 
name,  given  from  the  pleasantness  of  tlie 
climate,  is  extended  to  all  that  country  lying 
between  Tucuman  on  the  e,  Paraguay  on 
the  N.  and  Terra  Mageilanica  on  the  s,  or  to 
the  vertex  of  that  triangular  point  of  Und, 
6 


which  composes  South  America.  The  coun- 
try is  watered  by  the  great  river  La  Plata. 
It  was  first  discovered  in  1515,  by  Juan 
Diaz  de  Solis,  and  partly  subdued  by  Se- 
basti.;m  CabQt,  who  gave  the  great  river  the 
appeiiation  or  La  Plata,  lr(»m  the  abund.-nce 
of  the  precious  metals  he  procured  from  the 
inhabitants.  The  province  is  114  enoiiely 
destitute  of  gold,  and  has  mines  of  coypet 
and  tin.  But  although  poor  in  precious 
metals,  no  country  is  richer  iu  vegetable  pro- 
ductions, The  clim.-.te  is  so  salubrious,  that 
nature  will  spontaneously  produce  almost 
every  thing;  the  country  is  every  whe^^e  in- 
tersected by  rivers,  which  dihuse  their  ferti- 
lizing influence,  the  centre,  by  the  great  La 
Plata,  and  either  side  by  smaller  rivers  or 
brooks,  w-^hicb  flow  into  It.  A consideral)'a 
portion  of  the  land  is  cultivawed  and  cn^efly 
set  apart  for  wheat,  cotton,  flax,  hemp,  and 
saffron,  but  the  largest  part  is  under  pasture, 
or  unreclaimed,  supporting  a vast  number  of 
cattle,  horses,  sheep,  &c.  The  greatest  ex- 
pense of  a horse  or  cow  is  in  the  catching  of 
it.  In  such  abundance  are  those  useful  ani- 
mals that  the  hide  alone  is  deemed  of  any 
value..  The  wild  interior  of  the  country  als^ 
affords  a plentiful  field  for  the  chace,  and  the 
coasts  swarm  widi  fish,  especially  the  whale 
and  sea-woif.  The  inh?.bitants  living  well, 
wdth  little  labour,  are  become  idle,  and  the 
commonality  are  generally  poorly  clothed. 
In  1778,  when  the  province  v/as  erected  into 
a separate  govermnent,  the  trade  of  tb0 
country  received  several  very  favourable  re- 
gulations ; and  in  1791,  foreign,  as  well  as 
Spanish  merchants,  were  permitted  to  im- 
port negro  slaves  and  hardware,  and  to  ex- 
port in  return  the  various  rich  productions 
of  the  country.  These,  in  some  degree, 
opened  sources  for  the  consumption  of  Eu- 
ropean manufactures,  and  the  way  to  opu- 
lence; but  the  obstacles  to  foreign  traders 
vs^ere  still  so  great,  that  the  advantage  has^ 
been  extremely  partial.  The  commerce  cf 
neutrals  could  only  be  carried  on  through 
the  agency  of  Spanish  br(  kers,  whose  coni- 
■ mission,  &c.  amounted  to  about  seven  and  a 
half  per  cent. ; besides  which  the  Spanish 
government  charged  thirty- four  and  a half 
per  cent,  ad  valor evz  on  the  imports,  and 
twenty-two  per  cent,  on  the  exports,  making 
together  a chc;rge  of  sixty-four  per  cent, 
against  the  neutral  adventurer,  ihe  traue, 
however,  through  Spain,  has  arrived  at  a. 
most  prosperous  condition,  of  w hich  we  may 
form  a very  correct  idea,  from  a view  ot  the 
imports  and  exports.  In  the  year  R9d, 
there  arrived  62  loaded  ships  froin  Cadis, 
Barcelona,  Malaga,  &c.  The  value  of  diat 
part  of  the.  cargoes  which  consisted  oi  Sps-* 
nisli  productions,  amounted  to  1,705,866 
American  piastres.  The  value  of  the  foreign 
manufactures,  &c.  amounted  to  1,148,073. 
Oa  the  other  hand^  there, sailed  from  Busnoa 

Z 


Ayres  51  ships  for  Cadiz,  Barcelona,  Ma* 
laga,  Corunna,  &c.  These  carried  . coined 
and  uncoined  gold,  of  the  value  of  1,425>701 
piastres;  silver  2,556,504 ; and  that  of  the 
other  productions  of  the  province  to  07 6,8 7 7 
piastres.  The  goods  exported  , consisted  of 
874,593  raw  ox-hides,  43,752  horse- hides. 
24,486  skins  of  a finer  sort,  46,800  nrrobas 
of  the  wool  of  Guanaco,  or  camel  sheep, 
11,890  goose  wings,  451,000  ox-horns,  3223 
cvvt.  of  copper,  4 cwt.  of  tin,  2541  tanned 
hides,  222  dosen  of  manufactured  sheep 
skins,  2128  cWt.  of  salted  beef,  and  185  cwt. 
of  lalted  pork.  From  these  statements,  the 
importance  of  the  settlement  in  a commercial 
view  will  be  obvious.  The  advantage,  how- 
ever, was  chiefly  confined  to  Spain,  and  in  a 
war  with  any  enterprising  nation,  it  would 
naturally  become  an  enviable  object  of  con- 
ipiest.  The  capital  of  the  province  surren- 
dered to  the  British  forces,  on  the  26th  June, 
1806  ; but  was  retaken  by  the  Spanish  forces 
about  two  months  afterwards.  The  popula- 
tion of  Buenos  Ayres  is  not  exactly  ascer- 
tained. The  chief  towns  are  the  capital, 
Monte  Video,  the  best  harbour  in  the  coun- 
try,  Corienteo,  and  Santa  Fe. 

Buenos- Ayres.,  Neu^ira  Sennora  dc,  tbs 
capital  of  the  above  country,  was  founded  in 
1535,  under  the  direction  of  Don  Pedro  de 
Mendoza,  then  governor.  It  stands  on  a 
point  called  Cape  Blanco,  on  the  south  side 
of  the  Plata,  fronting  a small  river,  in  a fine 
plain,  rising  by  a gentle  ascent  from  the 
river.  It  is  tmly  paradisiacal,  if  we  regard 
the  temperature  of  the  climate,  the- fertility 
of  the  soil,  or  that  beautiful  verdure  which 
overspreads  the  whole  face  of  the  country. 
Bat  the  city  itself,  to  be  the  capital  of  such  a 
vast  extent  of  country,  has  little  v/orthy  of 
observation.  Its  extent  is  considerable 
enough,  but  badly  occupied ; the  suburbs, 
v/hich  are  inhabited  by  mestizoes  and  negroes, 
are  extremely  low,  and  miserably  filthy. 
The  interior,  how'ever,  presents  some  beauti- 
ful streets,  w'hich  have  a very  agreeable  shew 
of  opulence  and  taste.  They  are  broad  and 
straight;  the  handsomest  are  the  Caile  del 
Santa  Trinidad,  and  the  Cade  del  Santo  Be- 
nito. The  cathedral  is  a noble  stone  build- 
ing, worthy  of  a better  metropolis.  The 
church  of  St  Francis,  and  that  of  the  convent 
of  Mercy,  are  likewise  very  beautiful  build- 
ings, with  cupolas  and  high  steeples,  much 
in  the  same  style  as  the  cathedral.  It  has  a 
college,  tv/o  monasteries,  five  convent*;,  and 
a small  Indian  church,  and  contains  about 
33,000  people ; including  Spaniards  and  na- 
tives of  different  complexioriS,  The  inland 
trade  is  carried  on  by  carts  drawn  by  oxen. 
Bon.  5S  2o  vt',  lat.  54  35  s. 

JBucren,  or  Bure7i.  a town  of  Holland, 
on  the  sof  the  Rhiitc.  It  is  situated  22  rnihs 
r.>  of  Niinr^uen.  Lon.  5 22.  52,  lul.  52 


, Buett  a*  mountain  of  France,,  in . th© 
partuieat  of  Mont  Blanc,  10,106  feet  . 

Bug,  a.  river  of  Poland,  which  has, 
source  in  the  palatinate  of  Lemburg,  fiavy^ 
through  Biachia  and  Mahovia,  and  falls  ihto^ 
the  Vistula  above  Wisebgrod. 

Bugia,  by  the  Africans  called  Bugeiak, 
a maritime  town  of  Africa^  in  the  kingdom 
of  Algiers,  in  the  province  of  Constantia,. 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Major,  pn  a bay  of  the 
Mediterranean.  It  has  a handsome  port,, 
formed  by  a narrow  neck  of  land  running 
into  the  sea.  The  city  itself  is  built  on  the 
ruins  of  a large  one  ; a groat  part  of  w'hose 
walls  runs  up  quite  to  the  top  of  it ; where 
there  is  also  a castle  that  commands  the 
whole  town,  yet  Sir  Edward  Spragge,  in 
1671,  destroyed  several  Algerine  men  of 
war,  under  its  very  walls.  The  inhabitants; 
who  arc  descended  from  tli©  most  ancient 
Arabs,  Moors,  or  Stuacens,  drive  a con- 
siderable trade  in  plough-shares,  maitocks, 
and  other  iron  tools.  It  is  90  miles  e of 
Algiers.  Lon,  5 28  e,  lat.,36  49  n. 

a town  of  jEgypt,  situated  on  the* 
w shore  of  the  Bed  sea,  about  i 10  miles  vv 
of  Mecca.  Lor..  56  6 e,  iat.  22  1.5  n. 

Buittk,  or  Buallt,  SlU  ancient  market  town 
of  England,  in  Brecknockshire,  delightfully 
situated.  It  has  a manufacture  of  stockings ; 
markets  oii  Monday  and  oaturday.  Fairs 
June  27,  Oct.  2,  and  Dec.  u.  it  is  175 
miles  w by  n of  London. 

Bu:s,  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Dvo  13,  40  miles  sw  of  Gas,  and 
65  SS2  of  Valence, 

Biiith,  a parisli  in  the  ste warty  of  Kirk- 
cudbright bordering  on  the  Solway- 
about  eight  uiiles  long  and  three  Inuud.  The*, 
scii  is  dry,  and  fertile;  the  sui face  is 
hilly.  Here  are  found  the  water  polypus, 
rock  crystal,  talos  and  spars.  The  crossbill, 
bulfinch,  pheasant,  and  quails  are  comm ori, 
and  in  hard  winters  some  Artie  birds  are 
seen  in  the  parish.  Buitlc  Castle,  now  the 
property  of  the  family  of  Murray  of  Brought, 
appears,  fiom  its  ruins  and  fosse,  to  have 
been  a place  of  great  strength  and  celebrity. 
The  population  of  the  parish  is  363, 

Bidlrago,  a fortified  town  in  New  Cas- 
, tile,  Spain,  on  ibe  Lez'  2<^,  40  miles  n of 
Madrid.  It  is  famous  lor  the  wool  which  is 
produced  in  its  \lcinky. 

Bnjalance,  a town  of  Andalusia,  Spaiis. 
The  surrounding  courUy  is  rich  in  vines, 
olives  and  corn,  22^miin3  e of  Cordova. 

Bnchari,^  st^a'll  Wfii  built  town  of  Hun- 
garian Dalmatjar.  Lon.  14  59  e,  iat,  45  29  w. 

BUKHARIA,  a genciM  name  for  all 
that  var^t  tract  of  lani.1  lying  belweeii  Ka- 
12301  and  the  great  . IBhi,  or  sandy  desart; 

; bordering  cn  C.n'na.  Thl^,  region  is  di- 
I vided  into  Great  ur.d  Liule  BukiiaVia.  The 
: Lhdaumk  I'artars  arc  masters  of  uie  counlry. 
li  BUKHAKIA,  Goat,  which i*w apposed 


B U L 

comprehend  th«  Sogdiana  and-Bactrina 
of  the  ancient  Greeks  and  Romans,  with 
Jheir  dependencici  is  situated  between  34 
deg.  and  46  deg.  lat.  N,  and  between  76 
deg.  and  92  deg.  Ion  e.  It  is  about  770 
miles  long  from  w to  e,  and  730  broad  fi-om 
s to  N.  It  is  exceedingly  rich  and  fertile  ; 
the  fields  are  covered  with  grass  the  height 
of  a man  ; the  rivers  abound  with  excellent 
fish,  and  wood.  But  all  these  benefits  are 
of  little  use  to  tlie  Tartar  inhabitants,  who 
are  naturally  indolent.  This  country  is  di- 
vided into  three  large  provinces,  viz.  Buk- 
haria  proper,  Samarcand,  and  Balk  ; each  of 
ivhich  is  generally  its  proper  khan. 

BUKHARIA,  Little,  is  so  called,  not 
because  it  is  less  in  dimensions  than  the 
e^ier,  for  in  reality  it  is  larger  ; but  because 
it  is  inferior  to  it  as  to  the  number  and 
beauty  of  its  cities,  goodness  of  the  soil,  &c. 
It  i«  surrounded  by  desarts.  It  is  situated 
between  93  deg.  and  118  deg.  Icn.  s,  and 
35  deg.  30  and  45  of  kt.  n.  being  in  length 
from  E to  Wf  about  850  miles,  and  in  breadth 
from  N to  « 580 ; but.  if  its  dimensions  be 
taken  according  to  its  semicircular  course 
from  the  s to  the  kk,  its  length  will  ho  1200 
miles.  It  is  sufficiently  populous  and  fer- 
tile.  It  is  very  rich  in  mines  of  gold  nnd 
gflver.  Much  musk  is  likewise  I’d  and  in 
this  country,  as  well  as  diamonds  and  all 
«0Pts  of  precious  stones. 

BUKHARIA  Frok  R;  is  the  most  wes- 
tern, province  of  Br  kh^via.  It  is  about  390 
miles  long,  and  320  bfo.ad.  The  tow  ns  are 
Bukhara,  Zam,  Wardansi,  Ksiakul,  Si- 
unjbala,  Karshi,  Zarjiii,  Nersem,  Karmi- 
na,  &c. 

Bnkoreste,  a town  of  Wallachia,  in  Tur- 
key in  Europe.  Lon.  26  42  e,  lat.  44  30  w. 

Bulac,  a town  of  Egypt,  situated  on  the 
E shore  of  the  Nile,  about  two  miles  w of 
Grand  Cairo,  of  which  it  is  the  port  town, 
and  contains  about  4000  famiiics.  It  is  a 
place  of  great  trade.  Lon.  31  22  e,  lat. 
30  2 N. 

BULAM,  a fertile  island  of  xlfriea,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Gambia.  The 
Ec  glish  settled  a small  colony  of  fre'e  blacks 
L?;*e  in  1 792,  but  the  natives,  ignorant  of  the 
l:nspeakable  advantages  that  might  have 
ev*er.taal]y  resulted  from  such  an  estabiish- 
n.cnt,  did  net  permit  them  to  continue, 
Lon.  15  0 w,  lat.  11  0 n. 

' BULGARIA,  a small  province  of  Tur- 
key in  Europe.  It  is  very  n.iiTow,  hut  325 
mdes  long  on  the  side  of  die  Danube.  It 
is  divided  into  four  sangiacates;  Byden, 
Sardice,  Nicopolis,  and  SiHstria.  The  chief 
towms  are  of  the  same  names,  except  that  of 
Sardice,  which  i^  now  caiied  Sophia.  The 
country  is  in  general  moimtr.inous,  but  the 
plains  and  valiies  are  well  v;att'red  and  fer- 
tile, producing  wine  and  corn  In  ,fbegTca‘  r?t 
J[vlcnty.  Sofia  is  the  capital. 


BUN 

BalkomiZt  a town  of  Silesia,  in  Bohe- 
mia. Lon.  16  15  E,  lat.  51  39  N. 

a town  of  Vclhinra,  Poland.  Lon. 
24  16  E,  lat.  52  40  N. 

J9w710zw?,  a village  in  Argyllshire,  on  the 
E side  of  Loch  Etive,  where  the  Lorn  Fur- 
nace Company  have  their  manufactory. 
Hera  a valuable  salmoti  fiihtry,  and  a 
harbour  IvLere  ships  are  safe,  from  whatever 
quarter  the  winds  blows;  15  miles  ene  of 
Oban. 

B UNCOMB,  a comity  of  the  United 
States,  in  N Carolina,  situated  in  Morga?i 
district.  It  is  the  largest  and  most  westerly 
county  in  thst  state,  It  is  hilly,  the  Blue 
Mountains  passing  through  it  to  S Carolina. 
Its  principal  rivers  are  the  Catabaw,  Paco- 
iet,  and  Broad  River. 

BIJND'SLA,  or  BUNDELQUND,  a 
territory  of  Kindoostan  Proper,  sSw  of  the 
river  Jumna.  It  is  a moiiniainous  district 
of  more  than  100  miles  square;  is  inhabiieci 
by  Ragpoots,  and  contains  the  famous  dia- 
mond mines  of  Paniia,  . Chatterpour  is  the 
capital. 

BundlepataUi  a town  on  the  Coromandel 
Coast,  in  ion.  83  40  e,  lat.  18  i jsr. 

Bungai/y  a market  town  of  Suffolk,  situat- 
ed on  the  river  Wavenny,  which  is  navigable 
to  Yarmouth.  - Here  are  two  churches  and 
the  remains  of  a castle  and  nunnery.  Its 
trade  is  considerable,  end  the  women  are 
much  employed  in  knitting  of  stockings.  It 
is  36  miles  N‘’by  e of  Ipswich,  and  107  kx 
of  London. 

BUNGO,  BONGO,  or  XIMO,'  one  of 
the  islands  which  compose  tlie  empire  of 
Japan.  ' In  1583,  the  king  of  this  country, 
who  was  con  verted  to  the  Catholic  religion, 
sent  a solemn  embassy  to'  the  Pope  Lon. 
132  0 E,  lat.  32  40  n. 

Buniva,  or  Boniva^  a mountain  of  Greece, 
between  Janns  and  Livacia,  extending  to 
the  Gulf  of  Zelton,  celebrated  for  the  Pass 
of  Thermopylae  (which  bad  its  name  from 
the  warm  baths  in  the  u'eighbourbood)  where 
Leonidas,  with  a handful  of  Spartans  amount- 
ing only  to  300,  resisted  the  immense  army 
of  the  Persians  for  three  days.  The  ancient 
name  of  this  mountain  was 

Bunker^ s- hill.  See  Breedshill. 

Buntingfordy  a town  of  Hertfordshire. 
It  has  a market  on  Monday,  and  two  fairs 
on  June,  29,  and  November  30;  31  miles 
N by  E of  London.  Lon,  0 6 w,  lat.  51 
55  N. 

Bimtwala,  a town  of  Canara,  liindoostan, 
near  the  Netrawari,  has  an  extensive  inland 
trade,  and  is  10  miles  a of  Mangalore. 

Buntzel,  a town  of  Silesia,  on  the  Bober,  in 
the  duchy  of  Jauer.  It  is  in  the  road  to 
Leipsic  ; and  its  chief  trade  is  earthenv  ware  ; 
23  miles  w by  Nof  Lignitz.  Lon.  15  50  s, 
lat.  51  12  N.  m. 

Biinixlau,  Alt  » town  of  Bohemia. 

Z 2 


BUR 

*Bunlsifau  a town  of  Bohcrnta, 'ca*' 

pjtal  of  the  circle  of  Buntzlau  ; seated  on 
the  Iser  28  miies  nne  of  Prague.  It  was 
a royal  town,  under  Adolphus  IX.  Xon.  15 
5 E,  lat  50  22  k.  ' '' 

JBuqupi,  a town  of  Fraoci^,  in  the  depart-i, 
naent  of  the  straits  of  Calais,  nine  mjle^  w off 
Bapaume  Lon.  2 40  e,  lat.  50  l2  n.  ^ 

' JBiiragrag,  a river  of  Barba^y,  in  the  king-, 
doin  of  Fez,  which  falls  into  the  Atlantic,  at 
Sallee. 

BCRANO,  a populous  island  and  town 
in  .he  Dogado  of  Venice. 

JBiirdiauseny  a town  of  Germany.,  Lon. 
15  25  E,  lat.  48  5 N. 

BURCKLAND,  a county  pf  Trans^^l- 
vania,  in  many  places  rich  arid  fertile. " The 
Capiralis  Cronstadt. 

jDardiuan,  capital  of  a territory  in  Bengal, 
on  the  Dumraoada,  57  miles  w of  Calcutta. 
Lon.  87  56  e,  lat.  25  20  n. 

Burello,  or  Civita  Burella^  a town  of  ,l^a- 
ples,  20  miles  s of  Lanciano.  Lon.  14  48  e, 
lat.  41  58  N. 

Bure%  a town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Westphalia,  10  miles  s of  Paderborn. 
Lon.  8 ^5  E,  lat.  53  16  n.  , 

Buren,  in  Guelderland,  Holland,  with  a 
strong  castle,  22  miles  w of  Nimeguen.  Lon. 

5 22  E,  iat.  52  0 N. 

Buren,  a town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  can- 
ton of  Bern,  on  the  Aar,  six  miles  w of  So- 
le tire. 

Bitrero,  a town  of  Holland,  situated  on 
the  Yssel  Lon.  5 1 9 w,  lat  51  58  n. 

• Burfordy  a town  of  Oxfordshire,  situated 
on  an  ascent  near  the  river  Windrush.  It 
has  man -i factories  of  rugs,*  dufU^  s^  &c.  It 
is  17  miles  w by  n of  Oxford,  23  wnw  of 
Banbury,  and  72  w of  London  Lon.  1 37  w, 
lat.  51  46  N. 

Btirgy  a town  of  Holland,  county  of  Zut- 
pben,  on  the  old  Yssei ; in  the  department 
of  the  Rhine  IS  miles  e of  Nimeguen,  Lon. 

6 1 2 E,  lat,  52  0 ir. 

Burg,  a town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
Duchy  of  Magdeburg,  on  the  Ihlc,  12  miles 
>*NE  of  MagrRbur.r. 

Burg,  a town  of  the  grand  dnchy  of  Berg, 
on  the  Vfipper.  In;  has  manufactures  of 
gun  barrels,  and  wooikn  slufTs,  18  miles  se 
of  Dusseldorf. 

Burg,  a promontory,  or  head-land,  on  the 
coast  of  Argyllshire. 

Burgas,  a town  of  European  Turkey,  w 
of  the  Black  sea,  116  miles  nnw  of  Con- 
stantinople. Lon.  27  26  e,  lat.  42  31  kt. 

Burgaii,  a town  of  Suabia,  on  the  Min- 
del,  in  a Margraviate  of  tlie  same  name,  late- 
ly belonging  to  Austria,  but  in  1805,  ceded 
to  Bavaria,  six  miles  e of  Guutzhurg,  the 
capital,  and  12  wnw  of  Augsburg.  Lon. 

10  58  E,  lat.  48  25  n. 

Burgdorf,  a pretpr  large  town  of  Switzer- 
land, in  the  canton  of  Bern,  on  the  Emmen, 


t U R 

with  a castle  eight  miles  ke  of  Bern.  Loti. 
7 35  s,  lat.  47  6 ir. 

Burgdorfy  a town  of  Lower  SaXony,  in 
Ltinenburgh,  with  a castle,  on  the  Awe,  14 
miles  ene  of  Hanover,  and  15  s of  Zell, 
Burghy  a town  in  Lincolnshire,  two  miles 
N.of  Wainlleet,  32  e of  Lincoln,  and  127 
N bf  London.  It  has  a market  on  Thuts- 


25 ; and  a charity  school.  Lon.  0 5 e, 
lat.  53  12  N. 

Burghy  a village  in  Cumberland,  five 
miles  WNW  of  Carlisle.  In  its  vicinity  is  a 
column,  that  marks  the  spot  where  Edward  I, 
died,  when  he  w'as  eagerly  preparing  to 
make  an  inroad  on  Scotland. 

Burghy  or  Burgh-heady  a peninsula,  with 
an  old  fort  on  the  coast  of  Morayshire,  in 
the  parish  of  Duffus. 

Burghnun,  a town  and  castle  of  Germany, 
on  the  Haun,  eight  miles  nne  of  Fulda. 

Burgh- Cast  ley  or  Borough- Castley  a fortress 
on  the  edge  of  the  county  of  Suffolk. 

Burgh- heady  a village  of  Scotland,  on 
the  coast  of  Morayshire,  containing  4C0  in- 
habitants. 

Burgh- Heady  a promontory  on  the  coast 
of  Wigtonshire  in  the  parish  of  Whitehorn, 
round  which  the  tide  flows  three  hours  and 
ebbs  nine.  - 

Burglengenfely  a town  in  the  principality 
of  Newburg,  Bavaria;  16  miles  nw  of  Ra- 
tisbon. 

Burgles,  a town  of  Transylvania,  80  miles 
N of  Ciausenburg.  Lon.  22  40  lat.  47 
40  n. 

Burgosy  a city  of  Spain,  the  capital  of  Old 
Castile.  It  is  surrounded  with  mountains* 
It  lies  chiefly  on  the  declivity  of  a hill,  on 
the  top  of  which  there  is  a strong  antique 
castle,  once  the  residence  of  the  kings  of  Cas- 
tile. The  low^er  part  of  the  town  is  w'atered 
by  the  river  Arlancon.  Trie  principal  avenue 
to  the  city  is  by  a handsome  bridge  over  this 
river.  The  town  is  large  and  populous; 
but  the  houses  are  ill  built,  and  the  streets 
narrow  and  dirty.  There  are  several  squares, 
adorned  with  fountains  and  statues.  The 
cathedral  church  is  a master-piece  of  Gothic 
architecture.  There  are  several  fine  convents 
and  nunneries ; one  of  which  la-^t  contains 
150  nuns  of  noble  extraction.  It  is  95 
miles  E by  s of  Leon,  and  117  n of  Madrid. 
Lon.  3 SO  w,  lat.  42  "20  N. 

BurgUy  or  Berdaa,  a territory  s of  Augila, 
and  E of  Fezzan,  in  the  desert  ot  Lybia, 
with  a capital  of  the  same  name.  250  miles 
s of  Augiia,  and  430  e.e  of  Mourzook,  Lon 
21  40  E.  lat.  26  10  N. 

BURGUNDY,  or  BOURGOGNE,  a 
late  province  of  France,  which  contained, 
besida^s  the  government  of  Burgundy,  Bresse, 
Bugey,  and  the  district  of  Gex.  It  is  112 
miles  in  length,  and  75  in  breadth.  It  is 
^ watered  by  the  rivers  Seine,  Dehune,  Bre- 


BUR 

Armancon,  Ouche,  Sanzon, 
and  Saone.  Dijon  was  the  capital.  Jt  is 
fertile  in  corn,  fruits,  and  excellent  wines. 
The  principal  places  are  Dgon,  Aujerre, 

Autun,  and  Bourbon  L’Ancy.  ItJsnow 

divided  into  the  three  departments  of  Cote 
d’Or,  Saone  and  Loire,  and  Yonne. 

Burhanpour,  a flourishing  city  of  Hin- 
doostan,  the  capital  of  Candeish  ; and  has  a 
great  trade  in  fine  cottons  for  veils,  shawls, 
&c.  situated  in  a beautiful  country  on  the 
Tapty ; 225  miles  e by  n of  Surat.  It  be- 
came subject  to  the  British  in  the  Mahratta 
war,  in  1805.  Lon.  76  19  e,  lat.  21  25  N. 

BiiThuTipouTf  a town  of  Hindoostan,  in 
Bengal,  90  miles  n of  Calcutta. 

Burianoy  a town  in  the  vicinity  of  the  ' 
Lake  CVtiglino,  in  the  Siennese,  Tuscany. 
It  lies  10  miles  sse  of  JMassa. 

Buncky  a town  of  France,  ii>  the  dept, 
of  the  Roer.  It  is  agreeably  situated  on  the 
Rhine,  20  miles  s of  Cleves.  Lon,  6 5 e, 
lat.  51  55  K. 

Burkui  a maritime  town  in  the  province 
of  Aman,  Arabia,  45  miles  wnw  of  Mascat. 

burke,  a mountainous  county  of  N 
Carolina,  in  the  district  of  Morgan.  Mor- 
gantown is  the  chief  town. 

burke,  a cQunty  of  Georgia,  of  which 
Louisville  and  Waynesborough,  are  the  chief 
lowns. 

Burkeuy  a town  of  Germany,  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Menlz,  27  miles  £ of  Heideisberg. 

Biirkhaustny  a town  of  Bavaria,  with  an 
old  fortified  castle  on  a mountain,  on  the 
Salza,  near  its  junction  with  the  Inn  ; is  the 
seat  of  a regency,  27  miles  nnw  pf  Saltz- 
burg. 

Burklengeut  a town  of  the  palatinate  of 
Bavaria. 

Burlingtoyiy  a town  in  England.  See 

Burlington,  a large  maritime  county  of  the 
United  States,  in  New  Jersey;  55  miles  in 
length,  and  28  in  breadth.  It  is  divided 
into  1 1 townships,  viz.  Chesterfield,  Notting- 
ham, Little  Egg-harbour,  Evesham,  New 
Flanover,  Chester,  Springfield,  Northamp- 
lon,  Mansfield, . Burlington,  and  Williams- 
faurgh.  It  contains  about  20,000  inhabi- 
tants. The  interior  part  of  the  county  is  one 
extensive  forest  of  pine  trees. 

Burlington  city,  the  capital  of  the  preced- 
ing County.  It  is  situated  partly  on  an 
island,  and  partly  on  the  se  side  of  the  De- 
laware ; and  extends  according  to  its  charter, 
one  mile  back,  and  three  miles  along  the 
fiver.  It  communicates  with  the  main  land 
by  four  bridges,  and  causeways.  The  main 
streets  are  regular  and  spacious.  It  is  ad- 
vantage\yUbly  situated  for  trade.  The  public 
buildings  are  iwo  market  houses,  a court 
house,  and  jail ; besides  two  houses  for  public 
worship.  There  are  also  an  academy,  a free 
school,  a naiLmanufactory,  and  a large  dis- 


BUR 

stiilery.  The  city  was  a free  pork  under 
state-government,  but  has  been  established 
by  Congress  a port  of  entry,  and  a collector 
appoitited  for  it.  It  is  20  miles  ne  of  Fhi- 
ladeiphia  by  water,  and  17  by  land.  Lon. 
75  19  w,  lat.  40  17  N. 

Burlington,  the  capital  of  ChUtendou 
county,  Vermont.  It  is  beautifully  situated 
on  the  lake  Champlain,  and  contains  about 
50  houses  compactly  built.  It  is  122  miles 
N of  Bennington,  520  n by  e of  Nev/  York, 
and  425  nne  of  Philadelphia,  In  1791,  a 
richly  endowed  university  was  founded  hers 
by  charter,  Lon.  1 55  e,  lat.  44  32  n from 
Philadelphia. 

BURMAH,  an  extensive  kingdom  of 
Asia,  E of  the  Ganges,  sometimes  called 
Ava,  from  the  name  of  its  capital.  This 
kingdom  was  conquered  in  1752,  by  the 
king  of  Pegu.  But  Alompra,  a Birman, 
who  was  continued  by  the  conqueror  as  chief 
at  Monebabon,  revolted  against  the  Peguers, 
and  became  the  conqueror  of  Pegu,  in  17574 
This  deliverer  of  his  country  continued  in  a 
state  of  warfare  to  his  death,  in  1760  ; and 
his  successors  have  since  added  the  other 
countries,  wdiich  now  form  the  Birman  em- 
pire. The  climate  of  Birmah  is  very  salu- 
brious; the  seasons  being  regular,  and  the 
extremes  of  heat  and  cold  seldom  experien- 
ced. The  soil  is  remarkably  fertile,  produc- 
ing rice,  sugar  canes,  tobacco,  indigo,  cottouj 
and  all  the  tropical  fruits  in  perfection ; and 
on  the  banks  of  the  Irawaddy,  is  produced 
the  finest  of  teak  timber  in  the  world.  The 
kingdom  of  Birmah  abounds  in  minerals ; it 
has  mines  of  gold,  silver,  rubies,  and  sap- 
phires, and  affords  amethysts,  garnets,  chry- 
solites, jasper,  load-stone,  and  marble.  It 
abounds  in  elephants,  horses,  and  other  ani- 
mals. The  Birmans  are  a lively,  inquisitive 
race,  active,  irascible,  and  impatient.  Their 
wives  and  daughters  have  free  intercourse 
with  the  other  sex.  The  Birmans  are  ex- 
tremely fond  both  of  poetry  and  music. 
Their  religion  is  in  fact  that  of  the  Hindoos, 
though  they  are  not  votaries  of  Brama,  but 
sectaries  of  Boodh.  The  emperor  of  Buririah 
is  a despotic  monarch.  The  capital  of  the 
kingdom,  and  metropolis  of  the  empire,  is 
Umerapodra. 

BurnesSi  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  the  isle 
of  Sandy,  in  Orkney.  Its  population  is 
390. 

Burnham,  a fishing  town  of  Essex,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Crouch.  This  and  Wal- 
fleet  are  places  famous  for  oysters.  It  is  40 
miles  E by  N of  London  ,*  and  has  fairs, 
April  25,  and  Sept.  4. 

Burnham,  a town  in  Buckinghamshire, 
It  has  fairs,  Feb.  25,  May  1,  and  Sep.  25. 

Burnham,  a town  on  the  coast  of  Norfolk, 
with  a harbour.  It  has  a market  on  Monday 
and  Saturday  ; and  fairs,  March  1 5,  and 
. August  1.  It  lies  29  miles  of  Norwich, 


B u a 

117  KF  of,^<pndon.  Loft.  O 
.'>5  4 N.  Buri^M'f^  Thxfy^r  in  xhiw  vkini'ty, 
i$  the  birth-p^acGtof  the  reiw)wncd  tdmii^l 
lord  Nelson,  of  which  h*s  father /jvas  rector. 

jBund^^^  a town  pf  l^ncashihc,.  ■ Jt^^^  a 
niarket  on^^  ^ md  fairs,  March 

^asteiveve,  May,  Jply  IQ,  and  Oct..  1 u 
It  is  seated  in  a hnia;  VjaUfyf^  adorned  u4ib^ 
wood,  and  nearly  surrounded  by  the  L^ds? 
and  Liverpool  canal  * miles.  ■si:<;of  Lan- 
caster, and  2J1  NNw  of  London*: 

Burmwarky  a bill  of  Dumfriesi^slirre,  in 
the  parish  of  Hoddarn. 

Burnt  Eli/y  a viUage  in  Sufblk,  between 
Sudbury  and  Biiston.  / , 

^ Burntisland,  a parish  of  Scotland  on  the 
coast  of  Fifesbire,  anciently  called  Ringhorn 
Wester,  about  nine  miles  n by  w from  Leith, 
Extending  about  three  miles  every  way.  The 
cUm^tte  is  healthy  and  warm.  The  soil  of 
the  lower  ground  is  rich  and  fertile,  but  the 
rest  of  the  parish  is  not  of  equal  quality  and 
value.  There  is  a very  fine  quarry  of  fst?e- 
stppe,  and  over  the  whole  parish,  mexhausti- 
tUqpames  of  limestone.  Population,  ISSOy 
including  the  borppgb. 

I ^ Burntisiandy  a royal  borough,  and  sea-port 
town  in  .the  above  parish,  situated  on  the 
Jrith  of  Forth,  nine  miles  n by  w of  Edin- 
burgh.. It  has  the  best  harbour  on  the  coast, 
formed  by  a rocky  isle  lengthened  out  with 
piers,  and  sheltered  from  all  winds,  being 
surrounded  with  hills  in  the  form  of  an  am- 
phitheatre. The  old  castle,  built  by  the 
Duries,  commanded  both  the  town  and 
harbour..  It  held  out  against  Cromwell,  till 
he  was  obliged  to  enter  into  conditions  with 
the  inhabitants.  Tbs  quays,  as  they  now 
stand,  were  built  by  him,  and  the  streets  have 
never  been  repaired  since*  The  government 
of  the  burgh,  is  vested  in  21  persons,  viz.  14 
guild  counsellors,  out  of  whom  are  chosen 
three  haiiies,  and  seven  trades  counsellors. 
A provost  is  also  elected  annually.  This 
town  had  a great  trade  before  the  Union  in 
exporting  corn  and  malt  to  England.  It 
has  now  a sugar-house,  belonging  to  a 
Glasgow  company,  a vitriol  work,  and  a 
distillery,  and  ship  building.  A considerable 
portion  of  this  town,  like  several  others,  on 
the  coast  of  Fife,  is  in  ruins.  There  is  a 
regular  Ferry  to  Leith  at  full  and  half  tide, 
Here  is  a mill  driven  by  sea  water,  from  a 
reservoir  filled  by  the  flood  tide.  Lon.  3 5 w, 
iat.  56  S N. 

BURNT-  ISLAND,  an  island,  near  the  s 
coast  of  Newfoundland,  IS  miles  ese  of  cape 
Ray.  Lon,  58*50  w,  lat.  47  50  n. 

BURNT-  ISLANDS,  a cluster  of  islands 
in  the  Indian  ocean.  Lon.  75  50  e,  lat.  16 

BURRA,  an  island  of  Scotland,  on  the 
w ot  ?he  mainland  of  Shetland,  three  miles 
in  circumference,  which,  with  three  other 


B TJ  R 

islands,  S parish;  but  now  are  only 

a part  of  Brefssay,  ‘the  fe  dUMainland. 

Burmmpooieri  tit  Megnky  driver  in  India, 
which  at  Calcutta  sobietitrfes  rises  five  feet 
almo.^t  instantaneously;  hasdts  source  in  the 
mountains,  frorh  thb' "opposite  side  of  which 
: the  Ganges  takes  its  rise.^  - These  rivers  after 
a:  course  of  about  1200  miles  iti  opposite  di- 
r-OGtiottstinite  near  the  ^ The  fbrthev^ih  ita 
progress  e till  iUreaches  to  withiiP 220  miles 
of  ihe  w of  China,  is  called  Sapoo  or  %hcin, 
that  is,  the  River.  It  then  sudd^nly^  turns 
w,  passes- through  Assam,  wh^'re  it^^Cfs  the 
name  Boorampooter,  flow's  round  tlie  w*esternt 
point  of  the  Garrow  moun tains,  •^wheels  td 
the  s,  and  joins  the  Ganges  40,  miles  from 
' the' sea.  . 

Burrane^Si  a place  In  Orkney,  where  fher« 
is  an  ancient  Pictish  castle.  , ' 

Burra  Voe^  a good  harbour  on  the  coast 
of  Shetland. 

BURR  AY,  an  island  on  the  s coast  of 
Orkney,  four  miles  long  and  one  broad. 
It  contain^  518  inhabifants. 

Bursa,  or  Prusai  the  capital  of  Bitliynm; 
in  Asia  Minor,  situated  on  several  li trie  hilH; 
on  the  borders  of  a fine  plain  covered  wifli 
fruit  trees.  It  it  one  of  the  largest  and 
finest  cities  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  and  contains 
about  60,000  inhabitants.  None  but  Musi 
selmen  are  permitted  to  live  in  the  city  ; but 
the  suburbs,  the  most  elegant  p£lft  of  the 
town,  are  filled  with  Greeks,  Jews,  and  Ar^ 
menians.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  Turkish 
enripire,  before  the  taking  of  Constantinople.* 
The  mosques  andcaravanseras  are  fine  struc- 
tures. The  bezestine  contains  ad  the  coru'^ 
modities  of  the  E.  The  best  workmen  fn* 
Turkey  reside  in  this  town.  The  streams 
that  descend  from  mount  Olympus,  at  the 
foot  of  which  it  stands,  supply  every  family 
with  water.  It  is  60  miles  s by  e of  Con- 
stantinople. Lon.  29  5 E,  lat.  40  81  n. 

Bur  stem  f a town  in  Stalford  shire,  two  miles 
NNE  of  Newcastle-under- Line,  celebrated 
for  its  potterigs.  It  has  markets  on  Mon- 
day and  Saturday,  and  fairs,  March  22 
June  28,  and  Oct.  17.  It  is  seated  near 
the  Mersey  and  Trent  canal,  151  miles  i^rNW 
of  London. 

Burlestouy  a village  of  Hampshire  on  the 
Humber,  near  its  mouth.  Here  ships  are 
built  for  the  navy,  five  miles  ese  of  South- 
ampton. 

Burton  vjion  Strenihery  a town  of  Lincoln- 
shire, on  a hill  near  the  Trent,  with  a mar- 
ket on  Monday,  12  miles  n of  Lincoln,  and 
165  N by  w of  London. 

Burtouy  a town  of  Westmoreland.  It  is 
pretty  well  built,  and  lies  in  a valley  near 
the  Lancaster  canal,  on  the  great  road  from 
Lancaster  to  Carlisle,  12  miles  s of  Kendal, 
and  25 1 knw  of  London. 

Burton  upon  Trent j a town  of  StefTord-- 


BUS 

E^ire:  over  tlie  Trent  it  has  a4rjc  hyidge  of  i 
free  stone,  abput  a quarter  of  a mile  in 
lengUi,  supported  by  37  arches.  It  consists 
chiedy  of  one  long  street.  Here  are  a hand- 
some church,  with  eight  musical  belis^  a neat 
and  spacioui  town-hail;  three  meeting- 
houses for  dissenters,  a free-school,  11  Sun- 
day-schools, two  alms-houses,  &c.  Jt  has> 
manufactures  of  cotton,  tamrnies,  liats,  &c. 
It  has  a market  on  Thursday,  and  fairs, 
Candlemas  day,  April  5,  Ascension  day,  and 
October  with  the  hve  preceding  days, 
for  cheese,  cattle,  &c.  with  a great  shew  of 
horses.  It  is  peiebrated  for  its  ale  ; and  lies 
12  miles  HE  of  Litchfield,  and  125  hnw  of 
London,. 

Burviesca,  a town  in  Old  Castile,  Spain, 

Jiurivaht  a town  of  Bengal , bordering  on 
Orissa,  250  miles  why  N of  Calcutta.  Lon. 
b4  oo  E,  lat.  G H, 

Burwash,  a neat  and  populous  tov/xrin  the 
county  of  Sussex,  fairs  May  12,  and  Sept.  4. 

Burwelly  a populous  village  in  the  county 
of  Cambridge,  three  miles  n of  Newmarket 
Heath.  Bunvell,  two  villages ; I.  in  Hamp- 
shire; 2.  in  Lincolnshire.  Burwell* s Green, 
Hertfordshire.  BurmQod,  in  Surry. 

Bury^  a town  of  Lancashire,  situated  on 
the  Irweli,  famous  for  its  manufactures  of 
fustians,  half-thicks,  and  kerseys,  and  in  its 
vicinity  some  capital  printing  works.  Bury 
has  a market  on  Thursday,  and  fairs  March 
5,  May  3,  and  September  1 8.  Bury  is  nine 
miles  N by  w of  Manchester,  and  193  hnw 
of  London. 

. Bury,  SL  Bdmund^s,  the  county  town  of 
Sulfeik,  lies  in  a pleasant  situation  on  a 
f brauch  of  the  Ouse.  It  was  so  named  from 
St.  Edmund.  Here  tine  barons  met  and  en- 
tered into  the  league  against  king  John,  and 
here  the  parliament  sat,  called  by  Henry  VI. 
in  1 446.  At  present  this  towui  has  two  large 
parish  churches  standing  in  one  church-  yard. 
It  has  also  four  meeting  houses,  bridewell, 
an  old  and  new  goal,  and  a handsome  mar- 
ket-place. The  population  in  1811,  v/as 
7986.  Lon.  0 45  e,  iat.  52  22  h.  It  has  a 
market  on  Wednesday  for  corn,  and  on  Sa- 
turday for  provisions ; and  fairs  Easter  Tues. 
Oct.  2,  and  Dec.  1,  2,  and  3.  It  sends  two 
members  to  parliament.  Here  are  buried  St. 
Edmund,  in  honour  of  whom  an  abbey 
was  built,  the  ruins  of  which  are  yet  in  a 
high  state  of  preservation,  and  Mary  queen 
of  France,  spouse  of  Charles  Brandon,  duke 
of  Suffolk,  It  is  14  miles  e of  Newinarket, 
^ and  72  2<ne  of  London. 

Biiryeu'i,  St,  a village  of  England,  in 
Cornwall,  five  miles  wsw  of  Penzance,  In 
the  church,  are  a number  of  antique  relics. 
In^the  Vicinity  is  a circle  of  19  large  stones, 
at  the  distance  of  1 2 feet  from  each  other, 
and  a larger  one  in  the  centre  ; here  a col- 
lege was  foiinded.by  kmg  Ath.elstwue. 

Bu-aeo,  a ridge  ef  inouu talus  in  Beira-, 


BUT 

Foftugrii  rendered  famous  for  a battfe  m 
1810,  in  which  the  British  and  Portuguese 
were  victorious.  These  mountains  stretch 
N from  the  Mondego. 

Bushier,  a town  of  Farlistan,  Persia,  seat- 
ed on  a peninsula  in  the  Persian  gulf,  and 
Uuitounded  by  a wall.  Here  the  E India 
Company  have  a factor,  and  an  extensive 
trade. 

: Bushwick,  n town  of  New  York,  in  King’s 
county,  Longlshmd,  containing  540  citizens, 
a small  district  of  Italy,  town 
of  the  same  name  seated  on  the  Adige,  con- 
taining 2400  ^ouls^  besides  five  villages. 

Bustah,  a town  in  Fair  Isle,  Orkney. 

Busta,  Voei  a harbour  on  tiie  coast  of 
Shetland. 

Bmtleton,  two  towns,  1.  in  Hampshire; 
2.  in  Northumberland. 

BUTCHER’S  ISLAND,  in  the  E In- 
dies. It  is  about  two  miles  long,  and  one 
broad,  near  Bombay. 

BUTE,  an  island  lying  oh  the  w of  Scot- 
land, being  separated  from  Cowal  in  Ar- 
gyllshire, by  a narrow  channel.  In  lehgth 
it  is  about  18  miles  ; the  bnradest  part*,  from 
E to  w is  about  five.  Part  of  it  is  rocky  and 
barren  ; but,  from  the  middle  southwards^ 
the  ground  is  cultivated,  and  produces 
pe^se,  oats,  and  barley.  The  climate,  though 
damp,  is  mild  and  temperate.  The  coast  is 
rocky,  but  indented  with  several  very  safe 
harbours.  There  is  a quarry  of  red  stone, 
and  limestone  is  met  with  in  every  part; 
coal  has  never  beeh  discovered.  The  na- 
tives are  healthy  and  industrious,  speak  thft 
Erse  and  the  dialect  of  the  Lowlands  ihdif- 
ferently,  and  profess  the  Protestant  religioirl 
The  island  is  divided  into  two  parishes,  ac- 
commodated v/ith  four  churches;  and  belongs 
chiefiy  to  the  earl  of  Bute,  who  possesses  an 
elegant  seat  near  Rothsay,  the  capital  eff  the 
shire.'  It  was  from  vei’y  early  times  part  of 
•the  patrimony  of  the  Stuarts  : large  posser- 
sioiis  in  it  were  giar  ted  to  Sir  John  Smart, 
son  ot  liobcn  ili  by  his  beloved  mistress 
F^ilzabeth  More;  and  it  has  continued  ia 
that  hi-e  to  il.e  present  time.  There 
^;veTsl  rCiflains  of  antiquity  on  the  isiarid ; 
in  panicular  near  Rcthsay. 

Buts,  a snire  of  Scotland,  comprehending 
the  above  eland,  with  those  of  Arran,  tr*e 
two  Cumbrays,  and  Incbmainock.  Thi* 
county  and  that  of  Caithness  send  a mcr.  « 
her  to  parliament  alternately.  The  earl  of 
Bute  is  admiral  of  lliie  county,  by  commis- 
sion frotn  his  majest}'^ ; and  no  way  de';<  c- 
dent  on  the  lord  high  admiral  of  Scotlard. 

Butrago,  a town  of  Spain,  in  New  Cas- 
tile, 30  mdcs  NS  of  Madrid. 

Butrivto,  a lake  of  Ep'i  us. 

Butrinlo,  ancie/cdy  called  Buthrotum.  si 
port  towcA  of  Epirus,  or  C.iniua,  in  Tu-key 
in  Europe,  situated  opposite  to  the  id;ual 
■ of  Ccrr:#>  at  the  «ntrai:v:e  of  tli2  gud  vf 


B U X 

Venice,  30  miles  s of  Chimera.  Lon.  20 
9 £,  Ut.  59  49  N. 

JJuttermere  IVateVy  a lake  cf  Cjmberland, 
eight  miics  of  Keswick.  It  is  nearly  two 
inties  long,  and  half  a mile  broad.  Tne  vil- 
lage of  Buttermere  stands  at  the  n,  ana  a 
group  of  houses,  called  Gatesgarth,  at  the  s 
extremity,  under  an  amphitheatre  of  mouti- 
taiaous  rocks.  This  village  has  been  often 
visited  of  late  from  being  the  residence  of 
Mary  of  Buttermere.  Here  is  to  be  seen 
Honister  Crag,  rising  in  majestic  height, 
with  Scarf  on  the  e,  and  Fleetwith  on  the  w. 
The  lake  is  supplied  with  numerous  streams 
from  the  mountams,  which,  dashing  and 
foaming  from  rock  to  rock,  form  a sublime 
prospect.  This  lake  Is  called  the  Upper 
Lake  ; and  near  a mile  from  it  to  the  ke  is 
the  Lower  Lake,  called  also  Croraack  w^ater. 
The  Croker  passes  through  both  lakes,  and 
runs  by  Ccckermouth.  Before  Quec-n  Ann’s 
bounty,  the  living  of  Butterraere  chapel  w^as 
forty  sbUtings  per  annum,  a pair  of  clogs, 
and  a hempen  shirt,  and  what  was  termed  a 
wdiittlegate. 

JButterwortht  an  extensive  village,  two 
miles  E of  Rochdale,  Lancashire.  Its  trade 
and  manufactures  are  similar  to  those  of 
Rochdale. 

Button's  Bay,  the  n part  of  Hudson’s  bay, 
in  North  America.  It  lies  between  80  deg. 
and  100  deg.  w Ion.,  and  between  60  deg. 
and  66  deg.  n lat.  It  had  its  name  from 
Sir  Thomas  Button,  who  lost  his  ship  in  his 
attempt  to  discover  a nw  passage. 

Buttstadt,  or  Buttstet,  a town  of  Upper 
Saxony,  in  Thuringia,  on  the  Loss,  16  miles 
w of  Naumburg, 

BUtzhach.  a town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  the  Upper  Rhine,  in  a rich  plain,  10 
- miles  s of  Guiessen. 

■ Batzovjy  a town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
Germany,  on  the  Warna.  Lon.  25  12  e, 
iat.  54  50  n; 

Buxaloon^,  a North  American  Indian 
town,  25  miles  from  Fort.  Franklin. 

Bwjiar,  3.  town  and  fortress  of  Babar, 
Ilindoostan,  seated  on  the  Ganges,  72  miles 
w of  Fatna. 

Bawedeivavy  a stroilg  fort  of  the  count;^  cf 
Buotan,  at  the  entrance  of  the  mountains 
from  Bengal,  on  a rock,  20  miles  n of  Cin- 
chacotta. 

Buxtehude,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Bre- 
men, Lower  Saxony,  on  the  Este,  18  miles 
S£  of  Stade. 

Buxtead,  or  Buchstead,  a village  in  Sus- 
sex, has  a fair,  July  21. 

Buxton,  a towit  in  the  Peak  of  Derby,  ce- 
Iwbiated  for  its  medicinal  waters.  It  has 
nine  w ells  that  rise  near  the  source  of  the 
river  Wye.  Buxton  waters  are  hot  and  sul- 
phureous ; and  ir.urb  company  resort  to  them 
in  iiummer,  Froat  this  cauije  the  place  has 


B Z IT 

grown  to  a large  irregular  town,  whfc?i  & 
daily  increasing.  The  earl  of  Shrew'sbury 
erected  the  building  for  the  bath.  Here, 
Mary  queen  of  Scots,  resided  for  some  time. 
Of  the  seven  wonders  of  the  Peak,  the  wells 
are  reckoned  one.  Pools  Hole,  at  a mile’s 
distance,  is  reckoned  another.  This  is  a cave 
696  feet  long,  of  considerable  height,  with  a 
roof  resembling  a Gothic  cathedral.  The 
duke  of  Devonshire  has  lately  erected  a most 
magnificent  building,  in  the  form  of  a cre- 
scent, v/ith  piazzas,  under  which  the  company 
walk  in  wet  or  cold  w'eatlier  It  is  divided 
into  different  hotels,  shops,  &c.  with  a public 
coffee-room,  and  a very  elegant  room  for  as- 
semblies and  concerts.  The  principal  trade 
of  Bdxton  is  the  cotton  manufacture.  1$ 
lies  in  an  open  healthy  country,  25  miles 
from  Manchester,  52  nw  of  Derby,  and  160 
NNw  of  London. 

Buxton,  a township  in  York  county,  dis- 
trict of  Maine,  containing  1564  inhabi- 
tants. 

Buy,  Buis,  or  Buys,  a town  of  France^ 
in  the  department  of  Drome,  Lon.  5 20  e, 
lat.  44  25  N. 

Buzancois,  a small  town  of  France,  ih 
the  department  of  Indre.  Lon.  1 29  e,  lat. 
46  38  K. 

Buzancy,  a town  of  France,  in  the  de-  - 
partment  of  Ardennes.  Lon.  5 5 e,  lat.  49 
58  N, 

Buzbach,  a town  of  Germany,  in  Wete- 
ravia.  Lon.  10  e,  lat.  50  22  n. 

Buzet,  a small  town  of  Frac^ce,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Garonne.  Lon.  1 45  e, 
lat.  45  47  n. 

Buzzard's  Bay,  a bay  of  Massachusetts, 
w'hich  with  Barnstable  bay  on  the  ni,  forms 
the  peninsula  of  Cape  Cod.  Lon.  70  38, 
lat.  between  4l  25  n. 

By  chow,  a small  town  of  Poland,  in  Li- 
thuania, on  the  Dnieper,  180  miles  ssw  of 
Wilna,  Lon.  50  2 e,  lat.  55  57  n. 

BYFIELD  a district  of  Massachusetts 
in  Essex  county,  in  which  there  are  a 
flourishing  woollen  manufactory,  and  ma- 
chinery for  making  nails. 

Byghof  or  Bynchow,  a towm  of  Russian 
Lithuania,  situated  on  the  Dnieper,  186 
miles  s of  Wilna.  Lon-  30  15  e,  lat.  So 

10  N. 

Byran,  a town  of  Maryland,  in  Charles 
county,  24  miles  se  of  the  federal  city. 

BYRON’S  ISLAND,  a low,  woody, 
and  very  populous  island,  in  the  South,  Pa- 
cific ocean,  discovered  by  Commodore  By- 
ron, in  1765.  The  people  are  strong  and 
active,  marked  tor  cheertnlness  and  intre- 
pidity. Lon.  175  46  e,  lat.  1 18  s. 

• Byzia,  or  Viza,  a town  of  European 
Turkey,  in  Romania. 

Bzudy,  a town  of  Moldavia  in  European 
Turkey.  Lon.  28  35  e,  Uh  1 7 20 


C At 

C 

CA,  or  Ca-di-Compagna,  a district  of  the 
late  maritime  division  of  Austria,  in 
the  Veronese,  containing  35  villages. 

Caaderiy  a town  of  Bohemia,  on  the  Eger, 
nine  miles  sw  of  Commottau. 

Caauy  or  Caana,  town  in  Upper  Egypt. 
It  is  320  miles  s of  Cairo.  Lon.  30  23  e, 
lat.  26  30  N. 

Cabeca  de  Videj  a small  sea-port  of  Alen- 
tejo,  in  Portugal,  1 2 miles  sw  of  Portalegro. 
Lon.  6 43  V/,  lat.  39  10  N. 

Cabela,  or  Cabella,  a cape  on  the  coast  of 
Terra  Firma,  S America.  Lat.  1 0 3 n. 

Cabenda,  a sea-port  of  Congo,  in  Africa, 
subject  to  Portugal,  1 00  miles  se  of  Loango. 
Lon.  12  2 E,  lat.  4 5 s. 

Cubes,  or  Gabes,  a town  of  Tunis,  not  far 
from  a gulf  of  the  same  name,  s of  Tunis 
170  miles.  Lon.  10  55  e,  lat.  33  40  n. 

CABEZZO,  a province  of  Africa,  in 
Angola.  It  is  populous,  and  well  stored  with 
cattle,  &c.  and  has  a mine  of  iron,  which  the 
Poruguese  have  taught  the  natives  to  ma- 
nufacture. This  province  is  watered  by  the 
Rio  Longo. 

Cabianca,  a populous  town  of  the  late 
maritime  division  of  Austria,  district  of 
Chioggia. 

Cabin- Point,  a small  post-town  of  Vir- 
ginia, situated  in  Surry  county,  26  miles  ese 
of  Petersburg,  and  529  ssw  of  Philadelphia. 

Cabo  de  St.  Martin,  a promontory  in  Va- 
lencia, in  Spain. 

Cabra,  a town  of  Andalusia,  Spain  at  the 
foot  of  a mountain,  on  a river  of  the  same 
name.  Here  is  a college  for  philosophy  and 
divinity,  and  six  convents. 

Cabra,  a town  of  Africa,  in  the  jkingdom 
of  Tombuctoo.  It  is  large,  and  is  seated  on 
the  river  Niger,  about  1 2 miles  from  Tom- 
buctoo. The  town  is  extremely  unhealthy, 
which  is  propably  owing  to  its  low  situation. 
The  colour  of  the  inhabitants  is  black,  and 
their  religion  a sort  .of  Mahometanism. 
They  manufacture  cotton  cloths  but  import 
woollens  from  Barbary.  They  have  plenty 
of  corn,  cattle,  milk,  and  butter.  It  is  10 
miles  SE  of  Tobuctoo,  and  1200  s of  Al- 
giers. Lon.  0 50  e,  lat.  14  21  n. 

Cabrach,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  the 
counties  of  Aberdeen  and  Bamff,  about  30 
miles  distant  from  Aberdeen,  and  extending 
seven  miles  and  a-half  in  length  from  s to  n, 
and  four  and  a-half  in  breadth,  from  e to  w. 
The  soil  is  wet,  and  better  suited  for  pasture 
than  cultivation.  Slate,  limestone,  and  peat 
abound  in  the  parish.  It  is  much  resorted 
to  for  goat  whey.  The  population  is 
684. 

C.4BPERA  or  Cabreira..  a mountaiu- 
6 


GAG 

ous  island  of  Spain,  near  Majorca,  and  op- 
posite to  Cape  Salinas.  It  has  a large  and 
safe  harbour. 

Cabul,  or  Gahoul,  a city  of  Asia,  capital  of 
the  province  of  Cabulistaii,  and  of  the  whole 
country  of  Affghanistan.  It  lies  on  the 
frontiers  of  Great  Buckharia.  It  is  one  of 
the  finest  places  in  that  part  of  the  world, 
large,  rich,  and  very  populous.  The  Usbec 
Tartars  drive  there  a great  trade  in  slaves 
and  horses.  The  Persians  bring  black  cattle 
and  sheep.  The  city  stands  on  the  river 
Attock,  which  falls  into  the  Indus.  The 
inhabitants  are  mostly  Pagans,  though  the 
officers  of  state  and  most  of  the  garrison  are 
Mahometans.  Cabul  has  several  fine  palaces 
and  spacious  caravanseras,  and  is  the  usual 
residence  of  the  sovereigns  of  Affghanistan. 
Lon.  68  58  e,  lat.  34  36  n. 

CABUL,  or  Cabulistan,  a province  of 
the  Affghan  territories.  It  is  250  miles  in 
length,  and  240  in  breadth ; and  its  chief 
town  is  Cabul.  They  have  plenty  of  pro- 
visions, mines  of  iron,  myrobolans,  aromatic 
woods,  and  drugs  of  many  kinds.  In  1739, 
it  was  taken  and  plundered  by  Nadir  Shah, 
170  miles  ne  of  Candahar.  Lon.  68  35  e, 
lat,  34  30  N. 

Cacaca,  a town  of  Africa,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Fez,  near  Malilla.  Lon.  2 55  w,  lat.  35 

2 N. 

Cacella,  a town  on  the  se  coast  of  Algarva, 
Portugal,  eight  miles  wsw'  of  Castro  Marim 
Caceres,  capital  of  the  province  of  Camarines, 
island  of  Luconia.  Lon.  124  0 e,  lat.  14 
33  N. 

Caceres,  a town  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura. 
It  lies  22  miles  se  of  Alcantara.  Lon.  5 
44  w,  lat.  39  11  n. 

Cachan,  or  Cashan,  a considerable  town  of 
Persia,  Irac  Agemi,  where  they  carry  on 
an  extensive  trade  in  silk,  silver,  &c.  Here 
are  a mixture  of  Christians,  and  Gubres  or 
worshippers  of  fire.  It  stands  in  a vast 
plain,  55  miles  n by  w of  Ispahan.  Lon. 
51  55  E,  lat.  33  20  n. 

CACHAO,  or  Ketciio,  a province  of 
Tonquin,  in  Asia,  situated  in  the  heart  of 
the  kingdom,  and  its  soil  is  fertile. 

Cackao,  or  Kecho,  the  capital  of  the  above 
province,  and  the  metropolis  of  the  kingdom. 
It  is  situated  about  80  leagues  from  the  sea, 
and  is  prodigiously  crow  ded  w ith  people,  ir.T 
somuch  that  the  streets  are  hardly  passable, 
especially  on  market-days.  The  principal 
streets  are  wide  and  airy,  and  paved  with 
small  stones.  The  houses  low  and  mean, 
mostly  built  of  wood  and  clay.  The  maga- 
zines and  ware-houses  belonging  to  foreign- 
ers are  the  only  edifices  built  of  brick.  The 
I king’s  palace  stands  in  the  centre  of  the  city, 
j Besides  this  palace,  the  ruins  of  one  si  ill 
j more  magnificent  are  to  be  observed,  called 
1 Libaitvia.  TheJJarsenal  is  likewise  a large 
’ and  noble  buikh'.ng,  w'ell  stored  >¥1111  ammu- 


CAD 

nUicn  and  artillery.  The  building  belongs 
ing  to  the  English  factory  is  the  best  in  the 
city.  It  is  seated  on  the  Hoti.  Lon.  105 
11  E,  lau  ?1  W N. 

Caciieo^  a lown  of  Africa,  in  Negroland, 
on  the  river  Cacheo  or  St.  Domingo,  50 
miles  from  the  sea.  It  is  subject  to  the  Por- 
tuguese. wno  carry  on  a great  trade  in  wax 
and  slaves.  Lon.  14  55  w,  lat.  12  6 n. 

Cachoeiro,  a town  in  the  territory  of  All- 
Saints  Bay,  Brasil,  seated  on  a small  river, 
is  the  principal  mart  for  the  gold  mines  in  Unit 
quarter.  It  is  42  miles  nw  of  St.  Salvador. 

Ccicongo,  a tpwn  of  the  kingdom  of  Lo- 
?ango,  40  miles  sse  of  Laango,  seated  near 
^::ie  mnutii  of  a river, 

Cacorla,  or  Cocorla,  a town  of  Spain,  in 
Aii.Uiiiisia,  situated  on  the  Vega,  between 
t vo  uiountaifis,  15  miles  ese  of  Ubeda,  and 
'40  ENE  of  Jiien. 

C'lAlan,  a town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle 
ol:  Zat.-:..  Lon.  15  54  s,  lat.  50  20' n. 

Cadder,  cr  Calder^  a parish  of  Scotland, 
in  Lanarkshire,  15  miles  long  from  s to  w, 
and  nearly  tour  broad  from  n to  s.  The 
surlacc  is  level ; and  the  soil  consists  of  moss, 
eafidy  till,  and  deep  earth,  which  produce  ex- 
cellent crops.  Free  stone,  whia- stone,  and 
lime-stoi'.e  q larries  are  abundant.  The  po- 
pulation is  2120. 

CADE  A,  or  The  League  of  the  House 
OF  God,  is  one  of  those  that  compose  the  re- 
public of  the  Orisons,  and  the  most  powerful 
and  extensive  of  them  all.  It  contains  the 
bishopric  of  Coire.  the  great  valley  of  Enga- 
dine,  and  that  of  Br.agaii  or  Frega'l.  Coire 
is  the  capital.  The  most  prevalent  relgion 
in  this  league  is  the^Protestant. 

Cadenao,  a town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lot,  seated  on  the  Lot,  27  miles 
of  Gabors.  Lon.  2 0 e,  lat  44  52  n. 

Cadenely  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
Kient  of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone.  Lcn.  5 
50  E,  lat.  45  40  m 

C Cider-' Idris,  a mountain  of  Wales,  in  Me- 
rionethshire, s of  Doigelly,  on  the  top  of 
which  are  still. to  be  seen  the  ruins  of  a for- 
tress. Mere  likewi.se  are  several  small  lakes 
abounding  wdth  fish.  Its  perpendicular 
'height  is  estimated  to  be  2900  feet  above  the 
Jevei  of  the  sea.  Some  tumuli  and  circles 
of  upriglrt  stones  are  to  met  -with. 

Cadiar,  ,3  town  of  Granada,  Spain^  28 
miles  sE  of  Granada. 

Cadillac,  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
mout  of  Gironde,  on  the  Garonne,  with  a 
castle.  It  lies  15  miles  se  of  Bourdeaux*. 
Lon.  0 22  %v,  lat.  45  40  n. 

Cadiz,  a fortified  city  and  port  of  Spain,  in 
Andalusia,  situated  on  the  island  of  Leon, 
opposite  to  Fort  St.  Mary  on  the  continent 
about  58  miles  ssw  of  Seville,  and  60  wnw 
of  Gibraltar.  It  wa.s  built  by  the  Phenicians, 
was  in  posses.siou  of  the  Cirlhaginians,  and 
;4iU:i’-v,^£;rds  came  under  the  power  of  the  Ro*  [ 


CAD 

mans,  of  whese  antiquities  there  are  ves- 
tiges remaining  to  this  day.  ^ It  occupies  the 
whole  surface  of  the  western  extremity  of  the 
island,  which  is  composed  of  two  large  cir- 
cular parts,  joined  together  by  a very  narrow 
bank  of  sand.  At  the  se  end,  the  ancient 
bridge  of  Suaco,  thra-wn  over  a deep  river,, 
affords  a communication  between  the  island 
and  the  continent ; a strong  line  of  works 
defends  the  city  from  all  approaches  along 
the  isthmus.  Except  the  Calle  Ancha,  all 
the  streets  are  narro'w,  ill  paved  but  kept  re- 
markably clean.  They  are  all  drawn  in 
straight  lines,  and  mo^t  of  them  intersect 
each  other  at  right  angles.  Tiie  houses  are 
lofty,  with  each  a vestibule,  which  being, 
left  open  till  night,  serve  passengers  to  re- 
tire to.  The  roofs  are  fiat,  covered  with  an 
impenetrable  cement,  and  few  are  without  a 
mirador  or  turret  to  view  the  sea.  High 
above  all  these  pinnacles,  which  give  Cauiz 
a most  singular  appearance,  stands  the  tower 
of  signals.  Here  flags  are  hung  out  on  tim 
first  sight  of  a sail.  The  city  is  divided  into 
24  districts,  under  the  inspection  of  as  many 
commisioners  of  police;  its  population  in 
1799  was  75,000;  and  are  abundantly  sup- 
plied With  every  necessary  of  life,  except 
water,  which  is  supplied  by  springs  on  the 
coast,  near  St.  Maria.  A new  catiiedral 
begun  in  1722,  will  yet  require  many  years 
to  complete  it ; stands  on  the  sliore.  Among 
the  public  buildings  are  a national  theatre, 
and  an  observatory,  but  there  is  no  exchangee 
The  Square  of  St.  Anloriio  is  large,  and  to- 
lerably handsome ; the  only  edifice  of  any 
shew  is  the  new  orphan-house ; opposite  to 
it  is  the  fortress  of  St,  Sebastian,  built  on  a 
neck  of  land  Vurming  out  into  the  sea.  On 
St.  Sebastian's,  a kizid  of  fair  is  held  in  the 
fort.  If  the  prospect  to  the  ocean  is  solemn, 
that  towards  the  main  land  is  animated  in 
the  hig.kest  degree  ; the  men  of  war  ride  in 
the  eastern  bosom  of  the  bay ; lower  down, 
the  merchantmen ; and  close  to  the  town  an 
incredible  number  of  barks.  In  a large 
bastion,  jutting  out  into  the  bay,  stands  the 
custom-house.  The  stir  at  Cadiz,  which  is 
the  great  Spanish  mart  for  America  and  the 
W IndieSff  is  prodigious  during  the  last 
months  erf  the  stay  of  the  fiofca.  The  pac- 
kers possess  the  art  of  pressing  goods  in  great 
perfection.  Every  comrxiercLl  nation  has  a 
consul  resident  at  Cadiz.  In  1596,  Cadiz 
was  taken,  pillaged,  and  burnt  by  the  En- 
glish, but  in  1 702  their  efforts  were  frus- 
trated. In  addition  to  the  craggy  Rocks 
on  the  s,  fort  St.  Sebastian  on  the  w,  and 
fort  St.  Philip  on  the  e,  the  harbour  is  de- 
fended by  Fort  Matagorda,  on  the  continent, 
near  Porto  Real,  and  St  Lorenzo,  on  the 
Peninsula.  It  is  50  miles  w by  s of  Mala- 
ga. Lon.  6 6 w,  lat.  56  52  n. 

Cadiz,, a town  on  the  n side  cf  the 
Lbnd  of  Cuba* 


CAE 

CADORA,  or  Cadokino,  a province  of 
Italy,  late  in  the  territory  of  Venice, -after-* 
wards  in  Maritime  Austria.  It  is  very 
tnountainous,  but  pretty  populous,  and  a- 
boiinds  in  wood  and  iron.  The  oiily  town 
is  Cadora.  Inhabitants  22,000. 

Ccfdora,  or  Pisve  Cadore,  a town  of 
Italy,  and  capital  of  a district,  stands  on 
the  Piave,  and  is  celebrated  as  the  birth- 
place of  Tatian  the  painter,  15  m les  n of 
B d.luno.  Loll.  12  0 k,  lat.  46  28  n. 

G4.DSAND,  an  island  on  the  coast  of 
B-~  • av:a,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Scheldt, 
ipchided  in  the  department  of  the  Meuse. 
The  inhabitants  make  excellent  cheese  from 
the  fertil'e  pastures  in  the  vicinity.  Capital 
is  Cissandria. 

Coen,  a considerable  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Calvados.  It  has  a cele- 
brated university,  and  an  academy  of  litera- 
ture. It  contains  60  streets,  12  parishes, 
and  about  40,000  citizens.  It  has  a castle, 
with  four  towers,  built  by  the  English, 
William  the  Conqueror  is  buried  in  the  Ab- 
bey of  St.  Stephen,  which  he  founded.  The 
towm-house  is  a large  building,  with  four 
great  towers.  The  square  has  fine  houses 
cn  three  sides  of  it.  The  river  Orne  ilow’^s 
through  the  city,  to  wdiicb  large  vessels  ap- 
proach by  means  of  the  tide.  It  is  situated 
in  a pleasant  country,  about  eight  miles 
from  the  sea,  65  miles  w l y s of  Rcfuen,  and 
125  w of  Paris.  Lon.  0 22  w,  kit  49  1 1 N. 

Caer- Custenilh,  a town  of  Caernarvon- 
shire, N Wales. 

Caerdiff,  a borough  of  Glanicrganshire, 
S Wales,  on  the  Taff,  25  miles  w by  n of 
Bristol;  markets  Wednesday  rod  Saturday. 

Caerjilly^  a town  of  Glamorganshire,  si- 
tuated between  the  rivers  Taff  and  Kumney, 
in  a moorish  ground  among  the  hills,  159 
miles  w of  London.  It  has  a market  on 
Thursday,  and  sis  fairs,  April  5,  June  7, 
July  1 9,  Aug.  25,  Oct,  9,  Thursday  before 
Christmas.  Its  castle,  which  is  of  high  an- 
tiquity, was  nest  to  that  of  Windsor  in  es- 
tent.  The  se  tow'er  of  this  castle  leans  so 
far  to  the  s as  to  depart  1 1 feet  from  the 
perpendicular. 

• Caerhun,  a village  in  Caernarvonshire, 
seated  on  the  Conwa.y,  five  miles  s of  Aber- 
conway.  The  ancient  Conovium  is  sup- 
posed to  have, stood  here.  Here  a Roman 
hypocaust  and  other  antiquities  have  been 
discovered. 

Caerlaverecky  a parish  of  Scotland,  in 
Humfres-shire,  six  miles  long  and  two 
broad,  containing  about  4040  Scots  acres. 
It  is  a kind  of  peninsula,  formed  by  the 
Kith,  the  Lochar,  and  Solway  frith.  The 
population  is  1014.  Dr.  John  Hutton, 
first  pliysician  to  King  V/illiam  ard  queen 
Mary,  and  physician-general  10  the  arm3^ 
left  lOOOl.  for  the  benefit  of  this  his  na- 
tive parish,  which  was  laid  cut  in  the  piu- 


C A E 

chase  cf  an  estate  now  worth  2CCl.  per 
annum. 

^Caerlaverock  Casile>  an  ancient  fortress  m 
the  above  parish,  of  a tnanguiar  it  rm  -.nd 
formerly  of  great,  strength,  ihe  nee  of 

the  Maxwells, earls  of  NitiibdeJe,  to  wiu.se  i t- 

presentstive  most  of  the  above  parish  still 
belongs. 

Cderleon-  a town  of  Monmouthshire,  an  .. 
a place  cf  great  antiquity.  'It  is  conimodi- 
ously  situated  on  the  river  Usk,  ovei 
there  is  a large  wooden  bridge,  146  m w 
by  N cf  London. 

Caermarthen,  a county  ot  S VV  . - • 

miles  long,  and  20  broad.  Itisojv  . . . i 

the  s by  Bristol  channel,  on  h e v-  ir:  i 

hrokeshire,  on  the  u by  Care,  ‘ 

on  the  E by  the  shires  of  Brechi. ..  2 ...  la- 
morgan.  The  air  is  wholest  --  a 

soil  fertile  both  in  corn  and  pa^:  ..  ^ ine 
principal  rivers  are  the  Towy,  die  Coiby, 
and  the  Tave ; of  winch  the  iirsi:  abounds 
with  excellent  salmon,  Tiie  chief  towns 
are  Caermarthen,  Ridwely,  and 
dovery.  This  county  contains  other  fve 
towns,  and  145  parishes,  with  : 7,S17  nha- 
bitants,  and  lies  in  the  diocese  of  3t.  David. 
The  county  and  city  send  each  a menroer  to 

parliament.  Hasplenty  ofieud,coai,and  nme. 

.Paermarthen,  the  capital  of  the  county,  .s 
situated  cn  the  river  Tcwy,^over  winch  it  nas 
a fine  stone  bridge.  X-t  is  of  great  antiqairy  ; 
it  is  a populous  and  thriving  place,  it  is  a 
corporation  and  c^punty  ot  itsel’,  and  con^ 
tained  7275  inhabitaius  in  18II.  It  was 
once  fortified  with  a wall,  i^ndthe  remains  of 
the  castle  are  converted  into  a county  gaol. 
The  remains  of  the  Roman  pretorium  adjoin 
to  the  towm  on. the  f.  Ibis  town  is  24  rniies 
SE  cf  Cardigan,  and  220  w by  s of  London, 
Lon,  4 25  w,  iat.  52  12  N 

Caernarvon.si  county  of  N Wales. bounued 
on  the  N and  w by  ‘he  sea.  on  to  s by  Me- 
rionethshire, and  on  the.E  »•.  mi  Den- 

bighshire by  the  river  Conw^ay.  it  m ai;out 
50  miles  in  length,  13  m breadth,  ana  iOO 
in  circumfeiencc.  it  contains  six  towns,  and 
68  parishes,  with  41,521  inhabhanfs;  and 
abounds  in  lead  and  copper  mines.  It  nds 
one  member  to  parliament  for  die  .j.ure.  axid 
another  for  the  borougli,  and  lies  m the 
diocese  of  Bangor.  The  air  is  very  u.ercmg, 
owing  partly  to  toe  snov/,  which  lies  up- 
wards of  six  mon‘th&,  and  {y^vtly  to  the  great 
number  of  lakes,  which  are  said  to  be  no 
fewer  than  50  or  60,  The  soil  in  the  vaL 
leys  on  the  siclo  next  Ireland  is  pretty  iertiie. 
The  highest  raourbaiiis  in  the  county  are 
Snowden  hills,  and  Penmaenmawr.  On 
account  of  its  lofty  and  rugged  aspect,  this 
county  may  justly  be  ^tyled  the  British 
Alps.  Its  riches  consist  m ciutle,  sheep, 
and  goats,  copper  mines,  and  a mai)ufacture 
of  woollen  ciolb.'  Its  rich  vales  are  vari- 
1 gated  wiUi  wood,  water  and  meadows.  The 


C A F 

principal  towns  are  Bangor,  Caernarvon, 
and  Conway. 

Caernarvon,  the  capital  of  the  above 
county.  It  was  built  by  Edward  I,  near 
the  site  of  the  ancient  Segontium,  after  his 
conquest  of  Wales  in  1282,  the  situation 
being  well  adapted  to  overaw'e  his  new  sub- 
jects. Here  Edward  11.  first  Prince  of 
Wales  was  born.  It  had  natural  requisites 
for  strength  ; being  bounded  on  one  side  by 
the  sea,  by  the  aestuary  of  the  Seint  on 
another,  on  a third  side,  and  a part  of  the 
fourth,  by  a creek  of  the  Menai.  It  was 
built  within  a year,  by  the  labour  of  the 
peasants,  and  at  the  cost  of  the  chieftans  of 
the  country.  The  quay  is  a most  beautiful 
walk  along  the  Menai,  and  command  a 
very  agreeable  view.  Caernarvon  is  desti- 
tute of  manufactures;  but  has  brisk  trade 
with  London,  Bristol,  Liverpool  and  Ireland, 
for  the  necessaries  of  life,  and  blue  slates  of 
the  best  quality,  many  of  which  are  also 
exported  to  America.  Edward  I.  bestowed 
on  this  town  its  first  royal  charter,  and  made 
it  a free  borough.  It  is  governed  by  a 
mayor,  aldermen,  two  bailiffs,  a town-clerk, 
and  two  serjeants  at  mace.  The  represen- 
tatives of  the  place  are  elected  by  its 
burgesses,  and  those  of  Conway,  Pwllheli, 
Nesyn,  and  Crickaeth.  Caernarvon  has  a 
market  on  Saturday,  and  fairs  Feb.  25,  May 
16,  Aug,  4,  and  Dec.  5.  It  is  seven  miles 
sw  of  Bangor,  and  244  nw  of  London. 
Lon.  4 20  w,  lat.  55  8 n. 

Caernarvon  Bay  lies  between  two  points, 
at  the  s entrance  of  the  channel.  It  affords 
a good  harbour  for  ships. 

Caerwent,  a village  four  miles  sw  of  Chep- 
stow, Monmouthshire,  is  the  Roman  Venta 
Silurim,  once  crowded  with  temples  and 
palaces,  now  occupied  by  a church  and  a few 
straggling  buildings.  Fields  and  orchards 
fill  up  the  rest  of  the  area. 

Caerivys,  a market  town  of  Flintshire,  in 
N Wales.  It  had  a market  on  Tuesday, 
and  six  fairs  for  cattle ; but  its  market  is  now 
removed  to  Flolywell,  and  the  assizes  to 
Molds,  five  miles  w of  Flint,  and  212  nw 
of  London. 

Cresaria,  an  ancient  city  on  the  coast  of 
Phcenicia.  It  was  conveniently  situated  for 
trade;  but  had  a dangerous  harbour.  He- 
rod the  Great,  King  of  Judea,  remedied 
this,  and  made  it  one  of  the  most  conve- 
nient havens  on  that  coast. 

C^snria  River,  or  Colirasie  Creeks  aTiver 
of  New  .’Jersey.  It  is  navigable  by  vessels 
of  100  tons  for  20  miles  up. 

Cuffot  or  luiffa,  a city  and  port  town  of 
the  Crimea,  situated  on  the  sk  part  of  that 
Peninsula.  It  contains  about  6000  houses, 
and  lies  150  miles  ne  of  Constantinople. 
Tlie  Genoese  took  it  in  1266.  The  Vene- 
tians got  possession  in  1297,  butsoon  lost  it. 
In  1414,  the  Tartars  and  Turks  became  its  1 


C A G 

masters.  It  was  the  last  sovereignty  of  the 
Genoese  in  the  Crimea.  In  1791,  it  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  Russians,  who  restored 
its  ancient  name  of  Theodosia,  by  them  it 
has  been  greatly  dilapidated,  great  part  of 
its  baths,  mosques,  and  houses  have  been 
laid  in  ruins.  Furs,  lamb-skins,  leather,  wax, 
and  female  slaves  from  Circassia,  form  its 
principal  traffic.  Lon.  55  20  e,  lat.  45  O n. 

Caffa,  Straits  of,  the  ancient  Cimmerian 
Bosphorus.  r 

CAFFRERIA,  the  country  of  the 
CaflVes,  in  Africa.  It  extends  along  the 
Indian  Ocean  to  the  mouth  of  the  Great 
Fish  river,  in  lat.  30  deg.  30  m.  s,  by 
which  it  is  divided  from  the  country  of  the 
Hottentots.  The  Caffres  are  tall  and  well 
proportioned  ; and,  in  general  evince  great 
courage  in  attacking  lions  and  other  beasts 
of  prey.  Their  skin  is  a jet  black,  their 
teeth  white  as  ivory,  and  their  eyes  large, 
the  clothing  of  both  sexes  is  the  same,  con- 
sisting entirely  of  the  hides  of  oxen.  Their 
exercise  is  hunting,  fighting,  or  dancing. 
They  are  expert  in  throwing  lances,  and,  in 
time  of  war,  use  shields  made  of  the  hides 
of  oxen.  They  raise  several  vegetables  which 
are  not  indigenous  to  the  country,  as  to- 
bacco, water-melons,  kidney  beans,  and 
hemp.  Their  huts  are  higher,  and  more 
commodious  than  those  of  the  Hottentots, 
and  their  lands  more  fertile.  Industry  is 
the  leading  trait  in  the  character  of  the 
Caffres,  who  are  distinguished  from  their 
neighbours  to  the  s by  their  fondness  for 
agriculture.  They  are  governed  by  an  he- 
reditary king,  whose  power  is  very  limited 
receiving  no  tax,  and  having  no  troops  at 
his  command.  His  cabin  is  neither  higher, 
nor  better  decorated  than  the  rest.  The 
distance  of  the  different  hordes  makes  it 
necessary  that  they  should  have  inferior 
chiefs,  who  are  appointed  by  the  king.  They 
have  a high  idea  of  the  supreme  being,  believe 
in  a future  state  of  rewards  and  punishment, 
but  think  the  world  to  have  been  from  ever- 
lasting, and  that  it  will  have  no  end.  They 
have  neither  priests  nor  sacred  rises,  but  are 
greatly  influenced  by  conjurers.  The  Lon- 
don Missionary  Society  have  lately  intro- 
duced the  gospel  among  them. 

CAGEAN,  or  Cagayan,  a province  of 
the  island  of  Lyizen,  or  Manilla,  in  the  E 
Indies.  It  is  the  largest  in  the  island,  being 
80  leagues  in  length,  and  40  in  breadth. 
The  principal  city  is  called  New  Segovia  * 
and  15  leagues  eastward  from  this  city  lies 
cape  Bajador.  The  peaceable  Cageans  who 
pay  tribute  are  about  9,0C0  ; but  there  are 
ina.iy  not  subdued.  The  whole  province  is 
fruitful.  The  men  apply  to  agriculture,  and 
are  of  a martial  disposition  ; and  the  women 
to  SL'veral  works  in  cotton.  On  the  moun- 
tains there  is  abundance  of  basil,  ebony,  and 
other  valuable  woods. 


C A I 

Caglit  211^  ancient  episcopal  town  of  Italy, 
in  the  territory  of  Urbino,  20  miles  s of 
Urbino.  Lon»  14  10  e,  lat.  43  15  n. 

Cagliano,  a town  of  Germany,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Trent,  near  Roveredo. 

Cagliari,  an  ancient,  large,  and  rich  town, 
capital  of  the  island  of  Sardinia.  It  is  situa- 
ted on  the  declivity  of  a hill,  is  an  universi- 
ty,  an  archbishopric,  and  the  residence  of  the 
viceroy.  There  are  five  churches  besides  the 
cathedral.  It  has  an  excellent  harbour,  and 
^ good  trade.  Lon.  9 14  e,  lat.  39  27  n. 

Cagnete,  Canete,  or  Guarco.  capital  of  a 
territory  of  the  same  name  in  Peru,  near  the 
sea,  80  miles  se  of  Lima.  Lon.  76  16  w, 
lat.  13  10  s. 

Cahir,  in  Kerry  county,  Munster,  Ire- 
land, Dinglebay,  32  miles  sw  of  Tralee. 

Cahier,  or  Cahir,  a village  in  Tipperary, 
Ireland,  with  a castle,  on  the  Suer,  12  miles 
s of  Cashel. 

Cahircanaway  Drungand,  a range  of  very 
high  hills,  in  the  county  of  Kerry,  Ireland. 

Cahirconrigh,  a conical  mountain  of  Ire- 
land, in  Kerry,  Munster,  more  than  700 
yards  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Cahors,  a considerable  town  of  France,  in 
the  departnient  of  Lot.  It  is  situated  on  a 
peninsula  made  by  the  river  Lot.  The  prin- 
cipal street  is  very  narrow.  The  cathedral 
is  a Gothic  structure.  It  has  an  university  ; 
and  is  45  miles  nw  of  Toulouse.  The  for- 
tifications are  regular,  and  the  town  is  sur- 
rounded with  thick  walls.  Here  are  the 
remains  of  a Roman  amphitheatre.  Henry 
IV.  took  this  city  by  assault  in  the  year 
1580.  It  is  70  miles  n of  Toulouse,  and 
287  s of  Paris.  Lon.  1 26  e,  lat.  44  26  N. 

Cajanat  or  Cajeneburg,  the  capital  of  e 
Bothnia  or  Cajania,  in  Sweden,  seated  near 
the  tremendous  cascade  of  Pytia.  It  contains 
but  few  inhabitants ; 350  miles  nne  of  Abo. 
Lon.  27  45  e,  lat.  64  13  n. 

CAJANIA,  a name  given  to  the  province 
of  E Bothnia,  in  Sweden. 

Cajazza,  anciently  Calaiia^  a town  of 
Naples,  in  the  province  of  Lavoro,  near  the 
Volturno,  on  a hill,  22  miles  ne  of  Naples. 
Lon.  15  0 e,  lat.  41  15  n. 

CAICOS,  islands  in  the  W Indies,  having 
St  Domingo  on  the  s.  They  take  their 
namefrom  the  principal  one.  Lon.  7 1 30  w, 
lat.  21  40  N. 

Caifa,  a sea  port  on  the  s side  of  the  bay 
of  Acre,  Palestine,  with  walls  and  a citadel, 
eight  miles  sw  of  Acre. 

Caifongy  or  Caifumy  a town  of  China, 
capital  of  the  province  of  Honan,  six  miles 
from  the  river  Hoang  Ho.  This  river  being 
higher  than  the  plain  through  which  it 
passes,  it  is  kept  in  its  course  by  dykes.  In 
J642,  when  these  dykes  were  broken  down 
by  rebels,  300,000  of  the  inhabitants  were 
drowned.  The  ruins  tliat  remain,  give  but 
a small  idea  of  its  former  extent  and  mag- 


c A I 

nificcnce.  Its  jurisdiction  comprehends  four 
cities  of  the  2d  class,  and  30  of  the  3d.  It 
is  315  miles  sw  of  Pekin.  Lon.  114  28  e, 
lat,  35  0 N. 

CAIMAN  Islands,  three  American 
islands,  lying  s of  Cuba,  55  leagues  kw  of 
Jamaica,  between  81  and  86  deg.  of  ion.  w, 
and  21  deg.  of  lat.  k.  The  climate  is  excel- 
lent, and  the  soil  very  fertile.  Here  the 
inhabitants  of  Jamaica  catch  tortoises. 

CAIMAN  Great,  the  most  southerly  of 
the  above  islands.  Lon.  89  50  w,  lat.  15 
48  N. 

CairUy  a village  of  Scotland  on  the  coast 
of  Wigtonshire,  near  Loch  Ryan,  with  a 
safe  and  commodious  bay. 

Cairngormy  one  of  the  highest  of  tlie 
Grampian  mountains  in  Scotland,  in  Strath- 
spey, Invernesshire,  famous  for  its  rock 
crystals  of  various  tints.  Some  have  been 
found  weighing  three  or  four  ounces.  Be- 
sides these  stones,  line  specimens  of  asbestosy 
covered  wdth  calcareous  crystallizations,  talc, 
zeolitCy  crystallized  quarlZy  and  sparsy  are 
frequently  found.  The  height  of  this  moun- 
tain was  found  to  be  4,050  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea. 

Cairnpaty  a mountain  of  Scotland,  in  the 
parish  of  Portpatrick,  Galloway,  800  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea,  on  the  top  of 
which  is  a circle  of  stones,  of  pretty  extensive 
diameter,  where  it  is  supposed,  divine  wor- 
ship was  performed  in  the  time  of  the  Druids, 
or  some  such  remote  era. 

Cairnyy  a parish  in  Aberdeenshire,  consist- 
ing of  the  united  parishes,  of  Botary,  Rathven, 
and  part  of  Drumdelgy.  It  extends  along 
the  banks  of  the  river  Devaron,  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  the  thriving  town  of  Huntly'. 
It  is  part  of  the  lordship  of  Strathbogie,  once 
the  property  of  the  Cummins,  who  taking 
part  with  Baliol,  on  the  accession  of  king 
Robert  Bruce,  were  denuded  of  their  lands, 
which  were  given  to  Sir  Adam  Gordon,  an  - 
cestor  to  the  present  duke  of  Gordon.  The 
surface  is  hilly,  but  in  low  grounds  the  soil 
is  deep,  and  abundantly  fertile.  Population, 
1561. 

Cairnsmuir,  one  of  the  highest  mountains 
in  the  stewartry  of  Kircudbright,  parish  of 
Kirkmabreck,  between  3 and  4000  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea.  Lead  mines  nigh  its 
base  were  long  wrought.  It  is  a famous  re- 
treat for  foxes,  and  from  its  summit  com- 
mands a most  extensive  prospect. 

Cairoy  or  Cairo  Grandy  the  capital  of 
Egypt,  situated  in  a plain  at  the  foot  ol  a 
mountain.  It  was  founded  by  Jawhar,  a 
Magrebian  general,  in  the  year  of  Hegira, 
358.  It  is  divided  into  the  New  and  the 
Old  cities.  Lon.  31  23  e,  lat.  30  3 n. 

Cairoy  New,  which  is  properly  Cairo,  is 
situated  in  a sandy  plain,  about  two  miles 
and  a- half  from  the  old  city.  It  stands  on 
the  western  side  of  the  Nile,  from  which  it 


C A I 

ts  not  three-fourths  of  a mile  distant.  Bulac 
is  the  port  of  Cairo;  and  some  travellers 
joining  them  together,  have  made  Cairo  of  a 
most  enormous  magnitude ; the  real  circum- 
ference of  it,  however,  is  not  above  10  miles ; 
and  the  number  of  inhabitants  500,000. 
The  houses  are  from  one  to  two  or  three 
stories  high,  and  flat  at  the  top  ; where  they 
take  the  air,  and  often  sleep  ail  night.  The 
higher  ranks  have  a court  on  the  inside  like 
a.  college.  Some  houses  will  hold  500  per- 
sons of  both  sexes.  There  is  a canal  called 
Khalis,  which  runs  through  the  city  from 
onft  end  to  the  other,  with  houses  on  each 
side,  which  makes  a large  strait  street. 
New  Cairo  is  surrounded  with  wails  built 
■with  stone.  The  walls  were  never  very  high, 
arid  are  in  many  places  gone  to  ruin.  Cairo 
has  three  gates,  which  are  very  magnificent; 
and  about  500  public  mosques,  some  of  which 
have  six  minarets.  The  khans,  or  caravan- 
seras,  are  numerous  and  large,  with  courts 
in  the  middle,  like  their  houses.  The  Nu- 
bians, the  Abyssinians,  and  other  African 
nations,  which  come  to  Cairo,  have  one  to 
themselves,  where  they  always  meet  with 
lodging.  Besides  these,  there  is  a bazar, 
where  all  sorts  of  goods  are  to  be  sold.  Not 
far  from  the  best  market-place  is  a mosque, 
and  a lunatic  hospital.  The  increase  of  the 
Nile  generally  begins  in  May,  and  in  June 
the  inhabitants  proclaim  about  the  city  how 
much  it  has  risen.  Over- against  Old  Cairo 
the  basha  has  a house,  v/berein  the  water 
enters  to  a column^  which  has  lines  at  the 
distance  of  every,  inch,  and  marks  at  every 
two  feet  as  far  as  50.  When  the  water  rises 
to  22  feet  it  is  thought  to  be  of  a sufficient 
height.  There  is  much  pomp  and  ceremony 
used  in  letting  the  water  into  the  canal  above 
mentioned.  When  the  water  has  fiiled  the 
canal  and  lakes  in  the  city,  and  the  numerous 
cisterns,  it  is  let  into  a vast  plain  to  the  ne, 
the  extent  of  which  is  50  miles.  When  the 
country  is  covered  v/ith  water,  it  is  no  un- 
pleasant sight  to  view  the  towns  appearing 
like  little  islands,  and  the  people  passing  and 
repassing  in  boats.  New  Cairo  lies  100  miles 
s from  the  mouth  of  the  Nile. 

CairOi  Old,  lies  on  the  e side  of  the  Nile, 
and  has  scarcely  any  thing  remarkable  but 
the  granaries  of  Joseph.  There  is  likewise 
a tolerably  handsome  church,  which  is  made 
use  of  by  the  Copts,  who  are  Christians  and 
the  original  inhabitants  of  Egypt.  Joseph’s 
well,  made  by  a vizier  of  that  name,  is  in  the 
castle.  It  is  280  feet  deep,  and  40  in  cir- 
cumference, with,  a staircase  round  it.  It  is 
filled  with  water  raised  from  the  Nile  by  a 
machine  driven  by  oxen.  Here  are  a num- 
ber of  public  bagnios,  employed  as  places  of 
refreshment  and  diversion,  particularly  for 
the  women,  who  visit  them  twice  a week. 
Tiie  wives  of  rank,  how'ever,  have  baths  at 
Iromc.  The  women  have  more  liberty  here 


c A I 

than  is  usual  in  the  Turkish  empire.  Be^ 
fore  the  discovery  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  Cairo  was  a place  of  great  trade. 
Most  of  the  European  nations  have  still 
consuls  and  factors  here.  It  was  taken  by 
general  Bonaparte,  on  the  22dof  July  1798, 
and  retaken  by  the  British  in  1801. 

Cairoan,  or  Cairimn,  a city  of  Africa,  in 
the  kingdom  of  Tunis,  situated  about  five 
miles  from  the  gulf  of  Capresonthe  borders 
of  a sandy  desert,  on  the  river  Magrida.  It 
■was  built  by  the  Aglabites  ; and  is  the  ancient 
Cyrene,  but  has  now  lost  its  splendor.  It 
lies  60  miles  s by  e of  Tunis.  Lon.  1 0 26  e, 
lat.  56  5 N. 

Caistor,  a market  town  in  Lincolnshire. 
The  churjpli  is  a venerable  stone  edifice. 
The  town  has  a market  on  Monday,  and 
fairs,  Whitsun,  eve,  and  first  Sat.  after  Oct. 
10,  for  all  sorts  of  live  stock,  &;c.  Here  are 
the  ruins  of  a monastery,  and  many  remains 
of  Roman  antiquity.  It  is  12  miles  sw  of 
Grimsby,  and  156  N of  London. 

CAITHNESS,  otherwise  called  Wick, 
is  the  most  northern  county  of  Scotland.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  e by  the  ocean,  and  by 
Strathnaver  and  Sutherland  on  the  sand  sw% 
On  the  N it  is  washed  by  the  Pentland  frith, 
which  divides  it  from  the  Orkneys.  It  ex- 
tends 55  miles  from  n to  s,  and  about  20 
from  E to  w.  The  vast  ridge  of  hills  wdiich 
forms  its  sw  boundary,  terminates  in  a re- 
markable promontory,  called  the  Ord  of 
Caithness,  over  which  the  road  from  Dornoch 
to  Wick  passes.  The  coast  is  rocky,  and 
remarkable  for  a number  of  bays  and  pro- 
montories. Scribister  bay  on  the  nw,  is  a 
good  harbour.  Rice  bay,  on  the  e side,  ex- 
tends three  miles  in  breadth  ; but  is  of  dan- 
gerous access.  At  the  bottom  of  this  bay 
appear  the  ruins  of  tw^o  strong  castles,  the 
seats  of  the  earl  of  Caithness.  Duncan’s 
bay,  otherwise  called  Dunsby  head,  is  the  ne 
point  of  Caithness.  At  this  place,  the  breadth 
of  the  frith  does  not  exceed  12  miles.  It  is 
the  ordinary  ferry  to  the  Orkneys.  The  sea 
in  this  place,  is  very  impetuous.  The  only 
island  belonging  to  this  county  is  that  of 
Stroma.  The  cuiinty  of  Caithness,  though 
chiefly  mountainous,  flattens  towards  the  sea- 
coast,  where  the  ground  is  arable,  and  pro- 
duces good  harvests  of  oats  and  barley. 
Lime  stone  abounds.  Caithness  is  well 
watered  with  small  rivers  and  brocks,  but  is 
in  general  bare  of  trees.  Lead  is  found  at 
Dunnet,  copper  at  Old  Urk,  and  iron  ore  at 
several  places.  The  air  is  temperate,  though 
in  the  latitude  of  58  degrees,  where  the  long- 
est day  in  summer  lasts  18  hours.  The  fuel 
used  by  the  inhabitants  of  Caithness  consists 
of  peat  and  turf.  The  forests  of  Moravins 
and  Berridale  alTord  abundance  of  red  deer 
and  roe  bucks.  The  hills  are  covered  with 
sheep  and  black  cattle.  The  rivers  and  lakes 
abound  v, nth  trouts,  salmon,  and  eels.  Va- 


CAL 

i-ioiis  obelisks  and  ancient  monuments  ap- 
pear in  this  district;  and  several  Romish 
chapels  are  still  standing.  Caithness  is  well 
peopled  with  a race  of  hardy  inhabitants, 
who  employ  themselves  chietly  in  fishing, 
breeding  sheep,  and  black  cattle.  They  are 
remarkably  industrious ; for,  between  Wick 
and  Dunbeath,  they  have  forced  several  little 
harbours  for  their  fishing  boats.  This  coun- 
try sends  out,  in  some  years,  about  20,000  < 
head  of  black  cattle.  Here  are  neither  barns 
nor  granaries;  the  corn  is  threshed  ou%  and 
preserved  in  the  chaff  in  byks,  which  are 
stacks  in  the  shape  of  bee- hives.  The  po- 
pulation of  this  county  is  22,609.  The 
real  land  rent  is  estimated  at  19,960).  ster- 
ling. The  English  is  the  prevailing  lan- 
• guage,  but  in  the  highlands  Gslic  is  spoken. 
Wick  is  the  capital.  This  county  sends  a 
member  to  parliament  alternately  with  the 
shire  of  Buie. 

Caket^  a town  of  Persia,  in  the  province 
of  Gurgistair.  Its  trade  consists  chiefly  in 
silks.  Lon.  46  1 5 e,  lat.  35  30  n. 

Caluy  or  St  Gala,  a town  in  the. depart- 
ment of  the  Maine,  France. 

CalabuTt  capital  of  a territory  of  the  same 
name,  in  the  kingdom  of  Benin,  where  there 
is  a factory  belonging  to  the  Dutch,  140 
miles  ESE  of  Benin.  Lon.  7 15  e,  iat.  3 
40  N. 

CalabezQf  a town  in  Terra  Firma,  South 
America,  province  of  Caracas,  on  a river  of 
the  same  name,  120  miles  s of  Leon. 

GALABPtIA,  a countiy  of  Italy,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Naples,  divided  into  Calabria 
Citra,  and  Calabria  Ultra,  the  capital  of  the 
former  is  Cosenza,  of  the  latter  Catawzaro; 
W'hich  has  been  almost  entirely  desolated  by 
the  earthquakes  of  1783.  The  reiterated 
shocks  extended  from  Cape  Spartivento  to 
Amantea,  above  the  guiph  of  St  Eirfemia 
and  also  affected  that  part  of  Sicily  which  | 
lies  opposite  to  the  southern  extremity  of 
Italy.  Messina  became  a heap  of  ruins. 
Reggio  almost  destroyed ; Tropea  greatly 
damaged,  At^Palmi  the  atmosphere  had  so 
fiery  an  aspect,  that  many  people  thought 
part  of  the  town  was  burning.  Stupendous 
alterations  w'ere  occasioned  in  the  face  of  the 
countiy ; and  rivers,  choaked  up  by  the  fall- 
ing in  of  the  hills,  were  converted  into  lakes. 
Whole  acres  of  ground,  with  houses  end 
trees  upon  them,  were  broken  off  from  the 
plains.  In  short,  every  species  of  pheno- 
menon, incident  to  those  destructive  commo- 
tions of  the  earth,  was  to  be  seen  in  its  ut- 
•most  extent  and  variety  in  this  ruinated 
country;  above  40,000  of  the  inhabitants 
perished  in  this  calamity.  Their  Sicilian 
majesties,  with  the  utmost  expedition,  dis- 
paiched  vessels  loaded  with  every  thing  that ! 
could  be  thought  of  on  the  occasion,  fur  the  | 
relief  and  accommodationcf  the  distressed  Ca-  1 
labriaijs,  The  king  sent  a geuei'^l  officer  ^ 


CAL 

from  Naples  and  ordered  him  to  take  all  the 
money  the  royal  treasures  could  supply  or 
borrow  ; be  was  determined  to  part  with  his 
plate,  nay,  the  very  furniture  of  bis. palace. 
To  this  accumulated  distress,  succeeded  a 
most  inclement  season,  but  since  this  period, 
the  country  has  been  gradually  restored  to 
its  former  prosperity.  But  its  improvement 
has  been  greatly  retarded  by  the  late  anar- 
chy and  confusion,  which  the  ambition  cf 
French  rulers  have  brought  on  this  ill-fated 
country.  See  Naples,  The  rural  procliic- 
tionsef  Calabria  consists cliiehy  in  corn,  fruits, 
wdiie,  oil,  flax,  hemp,  rice,  saffron,  honey, 
cotton,  and  silk.  About  Reggio,  there  is  a 
remarkable  manufactory  of  wool  from  a 
shell  fish  that  resembles  a very  large  mu- 
sette. There  are  mines  of  gold,  silver,  iron, 
sulpher,  and  alabaster,  in  Caialn-i, 

Calahorra,  an  episcopal  town  of  Spain,  in 
Old  Castile,  near  the  Ebro.  It  is  60 
miles  Nw  of  Saragossa,  and  70  e of  Burgos. 
Lon.  2 7 w,  lat.  42  12  n. 

Calais,  a strong  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  cf  the  Straits  of  Calais,  wdth  a 
citadel  and  a fortified  barbeur.  It  is  buik 
in  the  form  of  a triangle,  one  side  of  which 
is  towards  the  .sea.  The  citadel  is  as  large 
as  the  town,  and  has  but  one  entrance.  It 
io  a trading  place,  with  handsome  streets,  and 
several  churches.  The  number  cf  inhabi- 
tants is  reckoned  4,000.  Calais  w’as  taken 
by  Edward  III.  in  1347,  after  a siege  of 
more  than  i 1 months,  and  i emained  subject 
to  England  till  the  inglorious  reign  of  queen 
Mary,  when  it  was  retaken  by  the  duke  of 
Guise,  after  having  been  210  years  in  thu 
possession  of  the  English.  In  1696  it  was 
bombarded  by  the  English,  without  receiving 
much  damage.  The  fortiScadons  of  Calais 
are  good,  but  its  greatest  streogUi  is  in  its 
situation  among  the  marches,  which  may  be 
overflowed  at  the  approach  of  an  enemy. 
The  barbeur  is  not  so  good  as  formerly,  nor 
will  it  admit  vessels  of  any  great  burden. 
In  times  of  peace,  there  are  packet  boaUi 
going  twice  a-W’eek  betwixt  Dover,  and 
Calais.  Jt  is  21  miles  ess  of  Dover,  srui 
152  N by  w of  Paris.  X.on.  1 51  e,  las. 
50«5S  N. 

Calais^  St,  a towm  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Sarte,  24  miles  ese  of  Man?, 
Lon.  0 43  E,  lat.  47  55  n. 

CALAIS,  STRAITS  OF,  a deportment 
of  France.  Calais,  St  Omers,  Bethune, 
Hesdin,  Arras,  and  Bapaume,  are  its  ciiiof 
towns, 

Calamata,  or  Calamela,  a consi(F'’a'de 
tow'e  of  European  Turkey,  in  the  Mere;'’., 
and  province  of  Belvedera,  on  the  river 
Spinarza.  Lon.  22  15  e,  Ios.  37  8 n, 

C ALAMIiKN  ES,  a cluster  of  i^laud-,-,  iL'5 
most  westerly  of  the  Philippines.  They  aic 
17  in  number,  and  mountiunqus,  livt  pro- 
duce great  quunviiies  of  hor-ry, 


CAL 


CAL 


©(Vible  bird-nests.  They  are  to  tho  of 
Borneo.  The  chief  of  these  islands  is  Pa- 
ragoa.  Lon.  118  45  e,  lat  1 1 0 n. 

Calapetan,  a town  of  Hindoostan,  on  the 
Coromandel  coast.  Lon.  78  Oe,  lat.  8 15  n. 

Calat-fimh  a town  in  the  valley  of  Maza- 
ra,  Sicily. 

Calata-Girone,  a town  of  Sicily,  seated  on 
a hill,  in  Val  di  Noto,  with  elegant  streets, 
palaces,  and  other  public  buildings,  56  miles 
w of  Catania. 

Calalasud,  or  Calatayudy  a large  and 
handsome  city  in  the  kingdom  of  Arragon, 
Spain,  44  miles  sw  of  Saragossa.  Its  prin- 
cipal commerce  is  hemp  and  soap.  Lon. 

1 35  w,  lat.  41  28  N. 

Calata  Nicctta^  a town  in  the  Val  di 
Noto,  Sicily. 

Calata- Xiheta,  a town  in  the  Val  di  Noto, 
Sicily,  has  a number  of  fine  buildings,  and 
manufactures  of  muslins,  and  coarse  cloth, 
44  miles  v/nw  of  Catania. 

Calatrava^  a city  of  Spain,  in  New  Cas- 
tile. From  this  place  originated  the  mili- 
tary order  of, the  knights  of  Calatrava.  The 
kings  of  Spain  are  the  perpetual  grand 
masters.  It  is  seated  near  the  Guadiana, 
and  lies  65  miles  ese  of  Toledo.  Lon.  5 
10  w,  lat.  59  4 N.- 

CalbarU  or  Calbary,  the  name  of  a river, 
a territory,  and  a village  of  Africa,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Benin. 

Calbe^  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Magde- 
burg, Lower  Saxony,  on  the  Soale,  16  miles 
s by  E of  Magdeburg. 

Calben,  a town  of  Germany  in  the  old 
mark  of  Brandenburg,  with  a castle,  seven 
miles  sw  of  Stendcl. 

Calberga^  a town  of  the  Deccan  of  Hin- 
doostan in  Golconda,  formerly,  the  resi- 
dence of  the  sovereigns  of  the  Deccan.  It 
was  large,  and  very  populous,  but  is  now  j 
greatly  declined.  It  lies  85  miles  w by  n | 
of  Hydrabad,  and  110  e of  Visapour.  Lon. 
77  20  E,  lat.  17  25  N. 

Celcada^  or  Santo  Domingo  de  la  Calcada, 
a town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  48  miles  . 
E of  Burgos.  Lon.  3 12  w,  lat,  42  56  n.  i 

Calcary  a very  strong  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  Roer,  Duchy  of  Cleves,  , 
near  the  Rhine,  eight  miles  se  of  Cleves. 
Lon.  5 41  E,  lat.  51  45  n. 

CALCHAGUA,  a province  of  Chili,  45 
miles  in  breadth,  and  extends  from  the 
Andes  ta  the  ocean,  between  the  rivers  Teno 
and  Cacha  Poal,  rich  in  gold,  grain,  wine, 
and  fruits.  Capital,  St.  Ferdinando. 

CalcinaiOy  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  Man- 
tuese.  It  contains  500  citizens,  and  is  si- 
tuated eight  miles  se  of  Brescia.  Here  the 
French  pained  a victory  over  the  Austrians 
in  1706.'^  Lon.  9 55  e,  lat.  45  15  n, 

CdcuUa,  the  capital  of  Bengal  and  the 
scat  of  the  rovcrnor~ge?ieral  of  the  British 
dominioub  ia  the  L indies,  is  situated  on 


the  western  arm  of  the  Ganges,  about  100 
miles  from  the  sea.  It  is  a modern  city.  The 
English  first  obtained  the  Mogul’s  permis- 
sion to  settle  here  in  1690  ; and  Calcutta  is 
now  become  a large  and  populous  city,  con- 
taining about  7 00,000  inhabitants.  The  part 
inhabited  by  the  English  is  elegantly  built; 
but  the  greatest  part  is  built  after  the  general 
fashion  of  the  cities  of  India.  Their  streets 
i are  exceedingly  confined,  narrow,  and  crook- 
ed, with  a vast  number  of  ponds,  reservoirs, 
and  gardens,  interspersed.  A few  of  them 
are  paved  with  brick.  The  houses  are  built, 
some  with  brick,  others  with  mud,  and  a still 
greater  number  wdth  bamboos  and  mats, 
which  are  very  readily  destroyed  by  fire. 
The  approach  to  tlie  houses  is  generally  by  a 
flight  of  steps.  Within  these  35  years  Cal- 
cutta has  been  greatly  improved,  both  in  ap- 
pearance and  in  the  salubrity  of  its  air;  the 
streets  have  been  properly  drained,  and  the 
ponds  filled.  The  expense  attending  it  was 
supposed  to  amount  to  two  millions  sterling. 
Calcutta  is  the  emporium  of  Bengal.  Be- 
fore the  war  of  1755,  Calcutta  was  com- 
monly garrisoned  by  500  Europeans,  who 
were  frequently  employed  in  conveying  the 
Company’s  vessels  from  Patna.  The  trade 
of  Bengal  alone,  supplied  rich  cargoes  for  50 
or  60  ships  annually,  besides  what  is  carried 
on  in  small  vessels  to  the  adjacent  countries. 
This  flourishing  state  of  Calcutta  probably 
was  one  motive  for  the  Nabob  Surajah  Dow- 
lah  to  attack  it  in  1756,  with  an  army  of 
70,000  horse  and  foot,  and  400  elephants. 
After  several  attacks,  in  which  he  was  re- 
pulsed with  great  loss,  the  besieged  were 
forced  to  abandon  their  posts,  and  retreat 
into  the  fort;  on  which  the  Nabob’s  troops 
entered  th6  town,  and  plundered  it  for  24 
hours.  An  order  was  then  given  for  attack- 
ing the  fort.  The  garrison  defended  them- 
selves bravely  for  some  time,  but  were  at  last 
obliged  to  surrender;  and  were  all  to  the 
number  of  146,  crammed  into  the  Black 
Hole  prison,  from  whence  only  25  came  out 
alive  in  the  morning.  This  inhuman  act 
was  punished  by  the  deposition  and  execu- 
tion of  Dowlah  by  his  successor,  after  the 
battle  of  Plassey.  The  injuries  which  Cal- 
cutta suftered  at  this  time  were  soon  repaired. 
It  was  retaken  by  admiral  Watson,  and  co- 
lonel Clive,  early  in  1757.  Since  that  time 
the  immense  acquisition  of  territory  by  the 
British  in  this  part  of  the  world,  have  given 
an  opportunity  of  embellishing  and  improving 
it  very  much.  Sir  William  Jones,  on  the 
15th  January,  178^,  instituted  a society  for 
inquiring  into  the  history  civil  and  natural, 
the  antiquities,  arts,  sciences,  and  literature 
of  Asia,  and  thus  the  literature  of  Europe. 
I Immediately  after  the  l>attlc  of  Plassey,  lord 
1 Clive  began  the  erection  of  the  citadel, 
I which  is  named  fort  William,  and  is  superior 
i as  a fortress  to  any  ia  India.  The  G^inges 


CAL 

« navigable  to  the  town  for  the  largest  ships 
that  visit  India.  Here  is  but  one  oliarcii  of 
the  establishment  of  the  motiier  country, 
aiihougli  this  be  the  head  of  the  mighty 
empire  of  British  India,  in  all  of  wiiieh 
there  is  not  one  bishop^s  see.  Here  is  the 
seat  of  the  governer-general  and  council  of 
Bengali,  who  have  a coiitroul  over  the  pre- 
sidencies of  Bombay,  Madras,  and  Bencoo- 
len.  A supreme  cout  of  judicature  is  held 
here,  by  a chief  justice  and  three  puisne 
judo-es.  Calcutta  lies  1030  miles  ne  by  n j 
of  Madras.  Lon.  88  28  e,  lat.  2.2  23  n. 

Caldas,  a town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
seated  amidst  mountains,  overspread  with 
olives,  celebrated  for  its  hot  baths,  15 
miles  N of  Barcelona. 

CaldecQt,  a village  in  Monmouthshire, 
stands  on  a plain,  five  miles  sw  of  Chep- 
stow. It  is  remarkable  for  the  rains  of  its 
castle. 

Calder,  a parish  of  Scotland,  partly  in 
Nairnshire,  and  partly  in  Invernesshire,  four 
miles  long,  and  two  broad  ; it  is  partly  fiat, 
and  partly  hilly ; and  abounds  with  wood 
and  water.  The  climate  is  excellent; 
and  the  soil  fertile.  The  number  of  acres 
is  estimated  at  26,000.  The  population  is 
1179.  It  has  a rivulet  and  village  of  the 
same  name,  with  very  picturesque  sce- 
nery. 

Calder,  a navigable  river,  which  has  its 
source  on  the  borders  of  Yorkshire,  passes 
by  Halifax  and  Wakefield,  eight  miles  be- 
low which  it  joins  the  Aire. 

Calder  the  ancient  name  of  that 

whole  district,  which  is  now  divided  into 
three  ; viz.  East,  id,  and  West  Calder. 

Calder,  East,  a parish  in  the  county  of 
Mid  Lothian,  now  annexed  to  Kirknesvion. 
It  has  a village  of  the  same  name. 

Calder,  Mid,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in 
Mid  Lothian,  seven  miles  long,  and  not 
above  three  broad.  The  climate  is  very 
healthy,  and  tiie  soil  light.  It  makes  good 
returns  of  oats,  barley,  turnips,  and  pota- 
toes, cfec.  It  abounds  with  free-stone,  lime- 
stone, and  iron-stone.  Population  is  1014. 
In  this  parish  was  born  the  celebrated  John 
Spottiswood,  archbishop  of  St.  Andrews, 
author  of  a history  of  the  church  of  Scot- 
land. 

Calder,  Mid,  town  in  the  above  parish. 
It  contains  about  650  inhabitants.  It  has 
two  fairs,  on  the  2d  Tuesday  of  March  and 
October,' and  a weekly  market.  It  lies  12 
mil&s  w of  Edinburgh.  In  its  vicinity  is  a 
paper-mill 

CaZto-Hniwe,  the  seat  of  Lord  Torphicen. 
Its  gallery  is  adorned  with  a picture  of  the  | 
immortal  reformer,  John  Knox ; on  the  1 
back  of  which  is  the  following  inscription : j 
John  Knox.  The  first  Sacrament  of  the 
Supper,  given  in  Scotland  after  the  refor- 
mation, was  dispensed  by  him  in  this  hall.^-’ 

Calder,  West,  a parish  in  Mid-Lothian, 
about  iO  miles  long,  and  live  and  a-iialf 


CAL 

'I  broad.  The  greater  part  of  the  ground  is 
elevated.  The  soil  is  a black  mossy  earth, 
or  a.  wet  clay  on  a till  bottom.  Tiie  south- 
ern part,  vrliich  borders  on  Lanarl’shire,  is 
divided  into  sheep  farms.  Agriculture  is  in 
general  in  its  simplest  and  rudest  state ; 
but,  there  is  plenty  of  excellent  lime-stone. 
The  population  is  1175. 

Calder,  in  Laiiarksh.  See  Cadder. 

Caldersburg,  a township  of  Vermont,  in 
Orleans  county. 

Caldeiv,  a river  of  Cumberland  ri  ses  in 
Skiddaw  forest,  in  one  part  of  ifs  course 
sinks  under  ground  several  times,  and  as 
often  emerges,  turns  a number  of  mills  em- 
ployed in  different  manufactures,  passes 
Carlisle  on  thew,  and  unites  wdth  the  Eden 
a little  below  that  city. 

Caldolzburg,  a town  in  the  principality 
of  Anspach,  Fraiiconia,  with  a castle,  18 
miles  NE  of  Anspach. 

Caldonanz,  a lake  in  the  Tyrolese,  Ger- 
many. 

Cale,  the  capital  of  the  island  of  Vog- 
liano,  in  Italy. 

CALEDONIA,  the  ancient  name  of 
Scotland  ; formerly  comprehending  all 
that  country  lying  n of  the  Forth  and  Clyde, 
of  v/hioh  Dunkeld  is  supposed  to  have  beers 
the  capital. 

CALEDONIA,  the  name  of  a settle- 
ment on  the  w side  of  the  gulf  of  Da- 
rien, founded  by  some  Scotch  families 
in  1699,  long  since  in  the  hands  of 
the  Spaniards,  150  miles  ss  of  Porto 
Bello.  Lon.  77  56  w^,  lat  8 30  n.  See 
Darien, 

CALEDONIA,  New,  an  island  in  the 
South  Sea,  discovered  by  Captain  Cook 
m 1174.  It  extends  from  19  deg.  37  m, 
to  22  deg.  30  m.  lat.  s,  and  from  163  deg, 
37  m.  to  137  deg.  14  m.  Ion.  e.  H is 
260  miles  long,  and  70  broad.  This  is- 
land is  diversiiied  by  hills  and  valleys  of 
various  size  and  extent.  From  the  hills 
issue  abundant  of  rivulets,  which  contribute 
to  fertilize  the  plains.  Along  its  ne  shore 
the  land  is  flat,  and  well  watered  and  cul- 
tivated. The  mountains  consist  chiefly  of 
rocks.  The  country  in  general  bears  a 
great  resemblance  to  those  parts  of  New 
South  Wales,  which  lie  under  the  sa.me  pa- 
rellel  of  latitude.  The  whole  coast  seems 
to  be  surrounded  by  reefs  and  shoals,  which 
render  all  access  to  it  extremely  dangerous. 
Every  part  of  the  coast  seems  to  be  inhabited  ; 
the  plantations  in  the  plains  are  laid  out  with 
great  judgment  and  cultivated  with  much 
labour.  It  differs  from  all  the  other  islands 
yet  discovered  in  the  South  Sea,  in  being 
entirely  destitute  of  volcanic  productions. 
The  houses,  or  huts,  are  circular,  something 
like  a bee-hive,  and  full  as  close  and  warm  ; 
there  is  no  passage  for  the  smoke,  but 
through  the  door.  The  canoes  are  Heavy 
clumsy  vessels,  made  of  two  trees  hallowed 
out,  having  a raised  gunnel  about  two  inches 


CAL 

and  closed  at  each  end  with  a bulk 
head  of  the  same  height.  The  inhabitants 
are  very  stout,  tali  and  in  general  well  pro- 
pvTticned  : their  features  mild,  their  beards 
and  hair  black,  and  strongly  frizled,  but 
not  Vvoolly ; their  colours  is  a daYk  chesnut 
brown,  they  smear  their  faces  vvdlh  black 
paint.  A few  measured  six  feet  four  inches. 
They  are  remarkably  courteous,  not  at  all 
addicted  to  pilfering.  The  men  go  naked, 
only  tying  a string  round  their  middle,  and 
another  round  their  neck.  The  women 
seemed  to  be  in  a servile  state : they  were 
the  only  persons  who  had  any  employment. 
They  are  in  general  of  a dark  chesnut,  and 
Eometimes  mahogany  brown ; their  stature 
middle-sizeil,  though  some  are  tall,  and  their 
whole  form  rather  stout,  and  somewhat 
clumsy.  Their  dress  is  a short  petticoat  or 
fringe,  consisting  of  filaments,  or  little 
cords.  They  decorate  the  graves  of  their 
'chiefs  with  spears,  darts,  paddles,  <tc. 
There  was  not  a single  instance  during  the 
ship’s  stay  at  this  island,  of  the  wmmen  per- 
mitting any  indecent  familiarity  with  an 
European.  Their  language  bears  no  affi- 
nity to  that  spoken  in  the  other  South  Sea 
islands.  Their  food  consist  of  roofs  and 
fish.  They  discover  art  in  the  cultiva- 
tion of  the  soil.  Cape  Queen  Charlotte  is 
in  Ion.  167  12  e,  lat.  22  L5  s. 

Catedoma,  a county  of  Vermont,  bounded 
by  Essex  on  the  ne  ; by  Orleans  and  Chit- 
tenden on  the  NW  ; by  Orange  on  the  sw  ; 
and  by  the  Connecticut  on  the  se.  It  con- 
tains 24  tow'nships. 

CALENBEPvG,  a principality  of  Lower 
Saxony,  and  one  of  the  four  divisons  of 
Erimswick,  chief  towns  Gottingen  and  Han- 
over. It  has  its  name  from  an  ancient  cas- 
tle now  in  ruins,  on  the  Leine,  17  miles  s of 
Hanover.  Lon.  9 43  e,  lat.  52  20  n. 

Calhuco,  a town  of  Chili,  possessed  by  In- 
dians, Mestees,  and  Spaniards,  180  mules  s 
of  Maldivia.  Lon.  73  37  w,  lat.  42  40  s. 

Cali,  a town  of  South  Ameriea,  in  Po- 
payan.  It  is  90  miles  e of  Bonaventura, 
and  200  w"  of  St.  Fe.  Here  the  governor  of 
the  province  has  his  residence.  Lon.  77  5 
w,  lat.  3 15  N. 

CALICUT,  a kingdom  of  India,  on  this 
side  the  Ganges,,  upon  the  cqast  of  Malabad. 
It  is  about  63  miles  long,  and  equally  broad. 
It  has  many  woods,  rivers,  and  marshes,  and 
is  very  populous.  The  laud  along  the  sea 
ccast  is  low  and  sandy,  and  produces  a num- 
ber of  cocoa-tree.  The  higher  grounds 
produce  pepper  and  cardamom  of  a very 
good  quality  ; various  medical  drugs  ; tim- 
ber for  building  ; white  and  yellow  sanders  ; 
cassia  lignea  ; cassia  fistula;  nux  vomica, 
and  cocculus  indicus  Part  of  this  terri- 
tory was  ceded  to  Britain  in  1792  by 
Tippoo  Sail). 

Calicut,  a town  of  Asia,  in  the  above 
Kingdom,  and  capital  of  Malabar,  the  first 
port  in  India  visited  by  the  Portuguese,  w’ho 


CAL 

discovered  it  in  1498.  ItliesllO  miles  sw 
of  iSeringapatam.  130  sse  of  Mangalore, 
and  320  sw  of  Fort  St.  George,  Lon,  75 
52  e,  lat.  11  12  N. 

CALIFORNIA,  the  most  northerly  of 
all  the  Spanish  dominions  cm  the  continent 
of  America.  It  is  sometimes  distinguished 
by  the  name  of  New  Albion,  and  the  Islas 
Carabiras : but  the  most  ancient  appella- 
tion s California.  This  peninsula  extends 
from  Cape  St.  Sebastian,  in  lat.  43  deg. 
20  m.  to  Cape  St.  Lucar  in  lat.  22  deg. 
32  m.  N.  and  lies  between  116  deg.  and 
138  deg.  Ion.  w.  It  is  divided  from  New 
Mexico  by  the  gulph,  or  as  some  call  it 
the  lake  of  California.  In  1536,  it  was 
discovered  by  Cortes,  and  visited  by  Sir 
Francis  Drake  in  1578.  A chain  of  moun- 
tains runs  from  one  end  of  it  to  the  other, 
the  highest  of  which,  called  Cerra  dela 
Geganta,  is  from  4600  to  5000  feet.  Here 
is  a species  of  goat  called  berendos.  The 
sky  is  constantly  serene,  the  soil  in  general 
sandy.  On  the  coasts,  especially  towards 
the  Vermillion  sea,  there  are  many  inhabit- 
ed islands,  on  some  of  which  the  Jesuits 
have  established  settlements,  such  as  St. 
Clements,  Paxaro,  St.  Ai.nne,  Cedars,  St. 

! Joseph,  and  a multitude  of  others.  Butthe 
j islands  best  known  are  three,  lying  ofi‘  Cape 
St.  Lucar,  towards  the  Mexican  coast,  cal- 
led Les  Tres  Maries,  the  Three  Maries. 
As  California  lies  altogether  within  the 
tempera-te  zone,  the  natives  are  neither  chil- 
led with  cold  nor  scorched  with  beat : and 
'indeed  the  improvements  in  agriculture 
made  by  the  Jesuits  afford  strong  pioots  of 
the  excellency  of  the  climate.  In  a coun- 
try, however,  stretching  about  800  miles  in 
length,  there  must  be . considerable  varia- 
tions of  soil  and  climate.  It  is  stocked 
with  all  sorts  of  domestic  animals  known  in 
Spain  and  Mexico.  The  quantity  of  fish 
which  resort  to  these  coasts,  is  incredible. 
Salmon,  turbet,  barbel,  skate,  mackrel,  &c. 
are  caught  w’ith  very  little  trouble.  The 
fame  of  California  for  pearls,  has  drawm 
great  numbers  of  adventurers  hither,  who 
have  explored  the  gulph  with  much  success. 
The  extremity  of  the  peninsula  towards 
Cape  St.  Lucar  is  more  level,  temperate,  and 
firtile,  than  the  other  parts,  and  consequently 
more  woody.  When  this  peninsula  was  vi- 
sited by  the  Jesuits  in  1697,  they  found  ths 
natives,  a strong,  well  made,  ingenious  race, 
but  fickle  and  pusillanimous  in  their  con- 
duct ; and  without  religion  or  government. 
No  kind  of  dress  was  used  by  the  men  ; the 
women  made  use  of  long  robes  of  palm 
leaves,  or  short  girdles.  Their  habitations 
in  winter  were  the  caves  of  the  rocks ; in 
summer  they  erected  small  huts.  The  Je. 
suits,  by  distributing  a number  of  European 
curiosities  and  necessaries  among  them,  soon 
reconciled  them  to  the  Spaniards.  They  com- 
menced carpenters,  masons,  v/eavers,  and 
husbandmen,  and  by.  such  means,  succeeded 


CAL 

inimpaTting  knowledge,  to  this  savage  peo- 
ple, who  have  been  all  successively  formed 
into  one  body.  In  1745,  they  composed  43 
villages,  nov/  reduced  to  16.  The  inhabi- 
tants of  these  small  villages  subsist  princi- 
pally on  corn  and  pulse,  which  they  culti- 
vate ; and  on  the  fruits  and  domestic  animals 
of  Earope.  Tjiey  manufacture  some  course 
stuffs ; and  the  necessaries  they  need  are 
purchased  with  pea,rls,  and  with 


wine, 


CAL 

Lahore,  Hindoostan,  50  miles  e of  La- 
hore. 

CailaOf  a strong  town  of  South  America, 
in  Peru,  built  on  a low  fiat  point  of  land,  on 
the  sea-shore,  on  a river  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  the  port  of  Lima,  from  whence  it  is 
distant  five  miles  to  the  w.  In  a square 
near  the  sea-side,  are  the  governor's  house, 
the  viceroy^s  palace,  the  parish  church,  and 
a battery  of  three  pieces  of  cannon.  Tnere 


‘ the  number  of  families  dees  not  exceed  400. 


which  resembles  the  Canary.  A few  sim-  j|  are  five  monasteries,  and  an  hospital,  though 
pie  laws  are  sufficient  to  regulate  this  ris-  i 
ing  state.  In  all'  California,  there  are  only 
two  garrisons,  each  consisting  of  30  men, 
and  a soldier  guarding  e^^ry  missionary. 


The  principal  place  is  Loxeto. 

C-alitoor,  a fortress  of  the  island  of  Cey- 
lon, seated  at  the  mouth  of  a river  of  the 
same  name,  28  miles  s of  Colombo.  Lon. 
79  50  E,lat.  6 34  n. 

CaliXy  a town  of  Sweden,  W Bothnia, 
seated  on  a river  of  the  same  name,  near 
its  influx  into  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  22  miles 
w of  Tornea. 

CALK  A,  a kingdom  of  Tartary,  in  Asia, 
E of  Siberia. 

Callaay  a town  in  Tremesen,  Barbary. 

Callah  Ely  a town  in  the  province  of 
Mascara,  Algiers,  \vhich  has  a consider- 
able trade  in  carpets  and  other  commodi- 
ties. It  lies  40  miles  e of  Oran. 


The  trade  of  Callao  is  considerable.  At 
the  port  of  Callao  the  watering  is  easy. 
In  1746  the  town  was  almost  wholly  de- 
stroyed by  an  earthquake.  Lon.  76  58  w, 
lat.  12  2 s. 

Cala  Sujungy  or  Calla-Susungy  a town 
in  the  island  of  . Bouton,  Asia. 

CalUy  a town  in  the  province  of  Constan- 
tia,  Algiers,  seaded  on  a rock,  nearly  sur- 
rounded by  the  sea.  Here  the  French  have 
a factory  for  the  coral  fishery,  a trade  in 
wmol,  leather,  wax,  and  gram,  3b  miles  s 
of  Bona. 

CalleUy  a borough  in  Kilkenny,  Ireland, 
10  miles  sw  of  Kilkenny.  Lon.  7 22  w, 
'laL  52  25  n. 

Callianeey  a town  of  Dowlatabad,  Hm- 
doostan,  stands  near  the  Kakiiah,  74  miles 


j \v  of  Eeder  and  150  se  of  Aurungabad 

Callander,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Perth-  Callioqua,  a sea-port,  on  the  sw  coast  of 

~ ' St.  Vincent. 

CALLIGRAY,  an  island  of  Scotland, 
on  the  coast  of  Inverness-shire,  four  miles 
and  a-half  e of  Berneray.  It  is  inhabited, 
though  only  two  miles  long  and  on© 
broad. 

Callingtony  a borough  and  market  town 

IS  ,|  of  Cornwall,  famous  for  its  manufacture  of 

lofty  mouniams  raise  their  rocky  tops,  jj  cloth,  seated  on  the  Lynher.  The  borough 
The  parish  abounds  in  lime-stone,  marble,  j|  is  governed  by  a portrieve ; ana  hasabou 
slates,  f?8e.stoae,  and  a beautiful  species  of  |j  20  voters,  who  send  two  members  to  par- 
’ ” ' Uament.  It  has  a market  on  Wednesday, 

and  three  annual  fairs.  May  4th,  Sept.  19, 
and  Nov.  12-  It  is  about  20  miles  nw 
of  Plymouth,  and  216  w by  s of  London. 

Callomay  a town  of  Peru,  famous  for  its 
silver  mines.  It  lies  70  miles  n by  e of 
Arequipaaod  J70  s of  Cusco. 

CalloQ,  a fortress  in  the  Netherlands,  ter- 
ritory of  \Yaes,  on  the  Scheldt.  Here  the 
Dutch  were  defeated  by  the  Spaniards  in 
1338.  It  is  five  miles  w of  Antwerp.  Lon. 
4 10  E,  lat.  51  15  N. 

Calmary  a strong  sea-port  of  Swmden,  m 
the  province  of  Smaland.  It  is  divided  into 
two  towns,  the  old,  much  decayed,  and  the 
new,  consi  ting  of  large  handsome  houses. 
The  chief  exports  are  planks,  alum,  and 
hemp.  Here  on  an  eminence,  is  an  ancient 
castle,  now^  turned  into  a distillery.  By  the 
unicu  of  Caimar,  the  deputies  of  Sweden, 
Denmark,  and  Norway  were  appointed  to 
hold  their  meeting  here  for  the  purpose  at 
electing  a king.  It  lies  190  miles  sw 
of  Stockholm.  Lon,  I6  22e,  lat,  5641 
y * B b 2 


shire.  It  extends  from  e to  w about  24 
miles  in  length,  and  its  breadth  at  the  e 
end  is  about  15.  Its  surface  is  mountain- 
ous, and  v/as  formerly  quite  bleak  with 
heath,  but  by  the  introduction  of  sheep, 
has  assumed  a verdant  hue  within  these  36 
years.  ^ Above  the  Trosachs,  Bemedi,  v/hose 
elevation  is  3000  feet,  Ben venu,  and  other  i| 


cemented  rock,  called  pudding-stone.  The 
climate  is  highly  sciliibrious,  and  the  people 
live  to  a great  age.  The  population  is 
2182.  The  soil  is  a light  gravel,  not  rich, 
but  greatly  improved.  The  roads  and 
bridges  are  good ; there  are  nine  mills  of 
various  kinds  in  the  parish.  Wood,  to  the 
value  of  15,0001,  is  cut  once  in  25  years. 
The  inhabitants  are  industrious,  and  ex- 
tremely charitable.  Their  language  is  the 
Gaelic.  English  is  spoken  only  by  those 
of  rank  and  education. 

Callander y a thriving  village  in  the  above 
parish,  situated  on  both  sides  of  theTeath, 
containing  upwards  of  1000  inhabitants. 
Here  is  a handsome  church,  and  a school 
with  two  masters,  where  the  languages  and 
practical  sciences  are  fought.  The  recent 
introduction  of  the  cotton  manufadture,  has 
added  considerably  to  its  extent.  Callander 
has  two  great  fairs,  held  on  21st  March, 
O.  S.  and  16th  May.  Lon.  1 24  w of 
Ediburgh.  Lat.  56  17. 

Calianore^  a town  in  the  province  of 


CAL 

CALMINA,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
seven  miles  nw  of  Stanchio.  Lou\  26  46  e, 
lat.  36  66  N. 

Caine,  a town  of  Vriltshire,  on  a river  of 
the  same  name.  Its  chief  maanfacture  is 
cloth.  It  sends  two  members  to  parlia- 
ment ; and  lies  2A  miles  e of  Bristol, 
and  88  w of  London.  Lon.  1 69  w, 
iat.  61  30  N. 

Calpe,  a mountain  of  Andalusia,  in  Spain  ; 
Rt  the  foot  of  which,  towards  the  sea,  stands 
Gibraltar. 

Caluentm,iiio\y'{\  of  the  island  of  Ccjdon. 
Lon.  73  2 E,  lat.  8 L5  n. 

Caltori,  a suhurl)  of  Edinburgh,  on  a hill 
of  the  same  name,  \vh3re  stands  the  observa- 
tory, and  a monument  to  the  memory  of 
admiral  lord  Nelson,  and  the  House  of 
Correction.  The  remains  of  the  celebra- 
ted David  Hume  the  historian,  lie  in  its 
burning  ground,  in  a round  tomb  which 
he  ordered  to  be  constructed  for  his  own 
use. 

Calton,  a manufactaring  village  in  the 
barony  of  Glasgow. 

Caltura,  a town  with  a fort  on  the  w 
coast  of  Ceylon,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  a 
branch  of  the  Muliwaddy,  28  miles  s by  e 
of  Columbo.  Here  are  various  manufac- 
tures, especially  of  Arrack.  Lon.  79  <56  e, 
lat.  6 44  N. 

Calvados,  a department  of  France,  12 
miles  in  length,  has  its  name  from  a ridge 
of  rocks  in  the  same  department  ‘ It  is 
formed  out  of  the  ci-devant  province  of 
Lower  Normandy.  Its  chief  towns  are 
Caen,  Bayeux,  Pont  PEveque,  Liseux,  Fa- 
laise,  and  Vi  re. 

Caluca,  a town  of  Diarbeck,  in  Asian 
Turkey.  Lon.  39  0 e,  lat.  34  30  n. 

CALVERT,  a country  of  the  United 
States,  on  the  Westernshore  of  Maryland. 
It  is  33  miles  and  a-half  long,  and  19 
and  a half  broad.  It  contains  4347  free  in- 
habitants, and  430c5  slaves.  The  surface  is 
hilly,  and  the  soil  sandy  ; but  it  produces 
good  crops  of  Indian  corn.  Prince  Fre- 
derick is  the  chief  tov/n. 

CALVES  ISLANDS,  three  isles  on  the 
coast  of  the  county  of  Cork,  Ireland. 

Calvi,  a sea-port  of  Corsica,  situated  on 
a mountain  and  guiph  of  the  same  name, 
with  a good  harbour  and  strong  fortress. 

It  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1794:  38 
miles  w^sw  of  Eastia.  Lon.  9 15  e,  lat. 
42  26  N. 

Calvi,  a town  of  Naples  in  lavoro,  eight 
miles  N of  Capua,  and  15  n of  Naples.  Lon. 

14  45  E,  lat.  41  15  n. 

Calunsko,  a town  of  Archangel,  Russia. 
Lon.  44  82  e,  lat.  65  15  n. 

Calw,  a town  of  Suabia,  in  the  duchy  of 
V/itternberg.  It  has  a porcelain  and  siutT 
rnanufaelory.  It  is  20  miles  s\v  of  Stut- 
gard. 

Calzada,  a town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile. 
Iaui.  2 47  w,  lat.  42  12  n. 


CAM 

Calzo,  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  late  re- 
publican department  of  tne  Upper  Po. 

Cam,  a winding  river  which  has  its  source 
in  Hertfordshire,  and  passing  by, Cambridge, 
unites  with  the  Ouse  in  the  Isle  of  Ely, 

It  is  navigable  from  the  Ouse  to  Cambridge. 

Cam,  one  of  the  Virgin  Isles.  Lon. 
63  25  w,  lat.  18  20  n. 

Cam  ana,  a town  of  Peru,  and  capital  of 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  bishop  of  Arequipa, 
on  a river  of  the- same  name,  near  the  Paci- 
fic ocesn,  70  miles  w of  Arequipa. 

CAM  ARAN,  an  island  of  Arabia,  in  the 
Red  Bea,  whose  inhabitaats  are  little  and 
black.  Here  is  a fishery  for  pearl  oysters 
and  white  coral.  Lon.  42  22  lat.  15  6 n. 

Camaret,  a sea-port  of  F ranee,  eight 
miles  s of  Brest.  Here  the  English,  in  an 
expedition  against  Brest  in  1694,  lost  a 
great  number  of  men. 

CAMARGUE,  a fruitful  island  of 
France,  or  cluster  of  islands,  at  the  mouths 
of  the  Rhone,  containing  80  square  miles. 
They  are  separated  by  canals  and  fortified. 

Camaso,  a town  of  Kindoostan,  Lon. 

82  10  E,  lat.  28  30  n. 

CAMS  A,  a province  and  peninsula  of 
Hindoostan,  commonly  called  Giizerat. 

'Camba,  Cambaia,  or  Cambay,  a large 
city  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  the  above  pro- 
vince, and  has  high  walls,  with  a pretty 
good  tra.de.  Its  manufactures  are  inferior 
to  few'  in  India.  It  abounds  in  corn,  cat- 
tle, and  silk ; agates  and  cornelian  stones 
are  found  in  its  rivers.  It  has  the  bezars, 
and  four  public  cisterns.  It  is  50  miles  s 
of  Amedabad,  to  wrhich  it  is  the  port.  Lon, 

72  34  E,  lat.  22  17  n. 

Cambas,m  Pembrokeshire,  has  fairs  Feb. 

13,  and  Nov.  12. 

CA.MBAT,  the  southernmost  province 
of  Abyssinia,  inha,bited  by  a mixture  of 
Christians,  Pagans,  and  Mahometems.  The 
country  is  fertile. 

Cam  berg,  a town  of  Germany,  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  and  county  of  ' 
Nassau.  It  is  situated  17  miles  n of  Alentz, 
and  as  many  e by  s of  Nassau. 

Camberwell,  a pleasant  and  well  built 
village  in  Burry,  two  miles  sse  of  London. 
The  parish  contains  the  viliages  of  Peck- 
ham  and  Pulwich. 

Camhio?ie,  a town  of  Italy  situated  on 
the  lake  of  Lugano. 

CAMBODIA,  a kingdom  of  Asia,  in 
the  E Indies.  This  country  is  divided  from 
X to  s by  the  Mccon  or  Cambodia,  which 
annually  overdow  the  country  in  the  rainy 
season,  between  .Tune  and  October.  Besides 
the  usual  productions  in  the  same  latitude, 
this  country  yiel'.is  gamboge,  which  gives  a 
line  y eilo  vV  tint.  Though  a count yy  nat  ui  al  ly 
rich,  the  inhabitants  aie  few.  The  men  are 
of  a yellow  complexion,  well  n:ade,  with 
long  hair,  and  they  w^ar  a large  rcbe. — 

I'he  women  who  aiv  handsome,  but  immo- 
dest, Lave  a dross  sLorter  and  cioser  than  the 


CAM 

men.  The  religion  is  idolatry.  They  ma- 
nufacture very  fine  cloth. 

Cambodia,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom, 
seated  on  the  above  river,  230  miles  from 
its  mouth.  Lon.  101  50  e,  lat.  13  0 n. 

Camborn,  a pleasant  and  handsome  tov.  n 
of  Cornwall.  It  has  fairs  March  7,  June 
20,  and  November  11. 

Cambray,  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North,  seated  on  the 
Scheldt,  lately  an  arohiepiscopalsee,now  a 
bishopric,  it  is  defended  by  good  fortifi- 
cations. The  buildings  of  Cambray  are 
tolerably  handsome,  and  the  streets  fine 
and  spacious.  The  cathedral  is  one  of 
the  finest  in  Europe.  Cambray  is  one  of 
the  finest,  most  opulent  and  commercial 
cities  in  the  French  Netherlands  ; and  par- 
ticularly noted  for  the  manufacture  of 
cambric.  It  has  also  manufactures  of 
lace,  soap,  and  leather.  Lon.  3 20  e,  lat. 
50  1 1 N. 

CAMEP».ESIS,a  late  province  of  France, 
in  the  Netherlands,  about  25  miles  in 
length.  It  is  a very  fertile  and  populous 
country.  Its  trade  consists  principally  of 
corn,  sheep,  very  fine  Vvmol,  and  fine  linen 
cloth.  Ca-rnbra}'  was  the  capital. 

CAMBRIDGE,  or  Cabieridge-shirs, 
a county  of  England.  It  is  about  50 
miles  long  from  n to  s,’  and  25  broad 
from  E to  w,  and  130  in  circumference. 
It  lies  in  the  diocese  of  Ely ; and ‘sends  six 
members  to  parliament ; the  county,  the 
uniYer3it3n  and  the  town,  electing  two 
each.  The  air  is  various  in  different  parts 
of  the  county.  In  the  s and  e it  is  healthy, 
but  the  isle  of  Ely  in  the  n is  low,  and, 
owing  to  the  confluence  of  many  rivers, 
great  part  of  it  is  frequently  covered  with 
fog,  and  sometimes  overflowed  Vv  ith  water. 
It  produces  plenty  of  corn,  iiarle^/,  saffron, 
and  hemp,  and  affords  the  richest  pastures. 
The  principal  nianuraoture  of  the  county 
arc  malt,  pepper,  and  baskets.  The  chief 
rivers  are  the  Ouse,  the  Cam,  the  Welland, 
the  Glene,  the  Witham,  and  the  Peter- 
borough, which  is  navigable  from  Wisbech, 
It  is  divided  into  15  hundreds,  has  a city,  an 
university,  eight  m.arket  towns,  and  64 
parishes.  It-eontains  about  16,451  houses, 
570^000  acres  of  ground,  and  89,346  in- 
habitants. 

Cambridge,  the  capital  of  the  county, 
and  the  seat  of  a,  celebrated  university,  is 
plecisantly  situated  on  the  river  Card, 
whence  it  derives  its  name,  and  by  which  it 
is  divided  into  two  pans,  connected  tc- 
gether  by  nine  bridges.  It  appears  to  have 
been  a place  of  considerable  anlicuity. 
Here  ore  the  remains  of  Pythagoras^  school, 
Barnwell  priory,  and  ci  ci  castle  buiit  by 
Wuiiam  the  Conqueror.  By  doonwdrriy 
book  it  appears  that  it  had  ten  wards  con- 
taining 387  houses.  The  present  t-CY/n  is 
about  a mile  in  length,  and  half  a mile 
bread  in  the  middle^  but  gradually  diffiinisli- 


CAM 

ing  in  breadth  towards  the  ends.  The 
streets  are  w^ell  paved  and  remarkably 
clean.  The  market -placeis  situated  in  tlie 
middle  of  the  town,  and  consists  of  two  ob- 
long squares  united  together,  in  which  is 
HobsoiFs  conduit,  that  is  constantly  run- 
ning. The  county  goal  is  the  gate-houso 
of  the  castle,  built  by  William  the  Con- 
queror ; at  the  top  of  the  angle  stands  the 
shire  hall,  a noble  edifice.  This  and  the 
town-hall  are  the  only  edifices  of  note, 
which  do  not  belong  to  the  university. 
The  university,  Bvhich  is  the  glory  of  Cam.- 
bridge,  is  supposed  to  have  been  erected  in 
the  time  of  the  Heptarchy.  It  contains  12 
colleges  and  four  halls,  which  have  equal 
privileges  with  the  colleges.  The  colleges 
are,  Peter  House,  Corpus  Christi,  or  Benet, 
King's,  Queen^s,  Jesus  Ciiristfs,  St  John's 
Magdalen,  Trinity,  Emanuel,  and  Sidney 
Sussex.  The  halls  are  Clare,  Pembroke, 
Trinity,  and  Catharine.  Of  the  colleges, 
Peter  House  is  the  most  ancient ; King's 
College  is  the  noblest  foundation  in  Europe, 
Tne  other  structures  belonging  to  the  uni- 
versity, are  the  senate  house,  St  Mary's 
chapel,  the  schools,  the  university  libraiy, 
efec.  which  form  a noble  square.  Here  is 
also  a botanical  garden,  and  a general  hos- 
pital. The  university  is  governed  by  a 
chancellor,  who  is  always  a nobleman,  and 
has  a commissioner  under  him ; a high 
steward,  a viee-chaiiceilor  ; two  proctors  ; 
and  two  taxers.  The  other  officers  are,  a 
register  ; three  esquire  beadles  ; one  yeomen 
beadle  ; aiid  a libra,ry-keeper.  The  uni- 
versity records  were  burnt  in  the  time  of 
W at  Taylor  and  Jack  Straw.  The  senate- 
house,  10 1 feet  long,  42  broad,  and  32  high> 
and  the  most  superb  room  in  England,  cost 
16,0001.  The  town  is  governed  by  a 
mayor,  high  steward,  recorder,  12  aider- 
men,  24  common  council-men,  a town- 
clerk,  and  other  inferior  officers.  It  has 
I 14  parish  churches,  besides  16  chapels,  and 
three  meeting-houses,  and  a synagogue. 
Tile  town-haii  was  rebuilt  in  1782,  and 
consists  of  a court-room,  70  feet  long,  2S 
broad,  and  28  high  ; besides  two  adjoining 
rooms.  A parliament  was  held  here  in  the 
reign  of  Richard  II.  George  I.  was 
created  duke  of  Cambridge  before  he  suc- 
ceeded to  the  throne  ; and  the  title  has  re- 
mained in  the  crown.  The  inhabitants  are 
11,108.  Cambridge  has  a market  every 
¥/ednesday  and  Saturday,  and  two  great 
fairs,  one  at  midsummer  day,  which  lasts 
seven  days:  and  the  other,  Stourbridge  fair, 
is  held  Sept.  iS,  in  a field  two  miles  ne  of 
the  town,  under  the  jurisdiolion  of  the  uni- 
versity, which  lasts  14  lavs,  and  is  visbxal 
by  mcrehariTc,  traders,  cjc.  frf>rii  the  most 
aistant  parts  of  the  kingdom.  Its  principal 
orainary  trade  consists  in  corn,  o:i,  arul 
iron.  It  lies  oO  ariles  NNE  o'"  Ox'oi-l ; ard 
54  N by  E of  London,  a-'d  IT  s of  Ely. 
Lon.  0 4 E,  lat.  52  12  n.. 


C A M 

Cambridge,  a post  town  of  the  United 
States,  South  Carolina,  and  capital  of  the 
district  of  Ninety-Six.  It  is  situated  in  Ab- 
beville county,  and  contains  about  60  houses. 
In  its  vicinity,  in  1T81,  the  Americans  de- 
feated the  British  troops.  It  is  60  miles  w 
by  N of  Columbia,  loONwof  Charlestown, 
and  745  from  Philadelphia.  Lon.  8i  ^0  w, 
lat.  33  50  N. 

Cambridge,  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
flourishing  towns  of  Middlesex  county, 
Massachusetts.  It  contains,  besides  Ha- 
vard  university,  and  a handsome  court- 
house, about  100  dwellings.  Havard  uni-  j 
versity,  founded  in  1636,  consists  of  four  j 
spacious  edifices.  The  library  contains 
upwards  of  13,000  volumes.  The  philoso- 
phical apparatus  has  cost  nearly  15001. 
and  is  one  of  the  completest  on  the  Ameri- 
can continent.  The  usual  number  of  resi- 
dent students  is  from  130  to  160.  An 
elegant  bridge  connects  it  with  Boston, 
from  which  it  is  distant  four  miles,  and 
350  from  Philadelphia.  Lon.  70  59  w, 
lat.  40  25  N. 

Cambridge,  the  chief  town  of  Dorchester 
county,  eastern  shore  of  Maryland,  on  the 
Choptawk,  13  miles  from  its  mouth,  in 
Chesapeak  bay.  It  contains  about  50 
bouses,  a church,  and  300  inhabitants.  It 
lies  alxjut  152  miles  ssw  of  Philadelphia. 
Lon.  76  20  w,  lat.  38  48  N. 

Cambridge,  a tovruship  of  New  York, 
in  Yvashingtori  county,  which,  in  1790  con- 
tained 4,955  cAizeiis. 

Cambridge,  a town  of  Vermont,  in 
Franklin  county,  contaimrig  359  citizens. 

Camhriila,  or  Camhrillss,  a walled  town 
of  Catalonia,  Spain,  near  the  sea,  14  miles 
w by  s of  TarragODa. 

CAMBUR,  a mountainous  district  in 
Albania  15  miles  long,  and  10  broad,  with 
a town  of  the  same  name. 

Comhiiskenneth,  an  abbey  in  Clackman- 
anshire,  of  which  the  ruins  only  now  re- 
rnain,  celebrated  as  the  burial  place  of  king 
James  HI. 

Camhuslang,  a parish  of  Scotland  La- 
narkshire, formerly  called  Drumfargard, 
comprehending  an  extent  of  about  eight 
miles  square.  It  is  situated  between  Glas- 
gow and  Hamilton,  The  soil  is  clayey 
on  a till  Ixjiioni.  The  clinjate  is  various, 
but  healthy.  The  whole  ground  is  arable, 
well  cultivated,  and  productive.  There 
are  160  coal  pits  in  the  parish.  Here  is 
also  free-stone,  marble,  and  iron-stone. 
Muslins,  hoi  lands,  and  cotton  stufts,  are 
manufactured.  The  population  is  1558. 
In  the  year  1742,  very  extraordinary  efleots 
both  on  the  mind  and  body,  were  produced 
by  the  sermons  of  Mr.  M^Cuiiock,  minister 
of  the  parish,  of  Mr.  Whitiieid  and  others, 
imputed  by  some  to  the  agency  of  the  Holy 
Spirit,  and  by  others  to  the  inliuenco  of 
Satan. 

Camhusmiahael,  Canipsmichael,  a parish 


CAM 

of  Scotland,  in  Perthshire,  now  united  to 
that  of  St  Martinis. 

Cambusnethan,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in 
Lanarkshire,  about  12  miles  long,  and  two 
and  a-half  broad.  Iron-stone,  free-stone, 
and  coals  abound.  The  population  is  1972. 
In  this  parish,  particularly  on  the  banks 
of  the  Clyde,  are  many  productive  or- 
chards. Here  likewise  are  the  seats  of 
Lockhart  of  Cambusnethan,  of  lord  Bel- 
haven,  and  of  Sir  James  Steward  Denholm, 
baronet.  There  are  two  judiciously  select- 
ed libraries. 

Cambusnethan,  a village  in  the  above 
parish,  containingnearly  400  inhabitants. 

CAMDEN,  a county  of  the  United 
Statas,  in  Edenton  district,  North  Carolina. 
The  chief  town  is  .jonesborough. 

CAMDEN,  a district  of  South  Carolina. 
It  is  82  miles  from  n to  s,  and  60  from  e to 
w,  and  is  divided  into  the  following  counties, 
viz.  Fairtieid,  Ptichland,  Lancaster,  Ker- 
shaw, Clermont,  Clarendon,  and  Salem . 1 1 

produces  good  crops  of  Indian  corn,  wheat, 
rye,  barley,  tobacco,  cotton,  <fee. 

Camden,  a post  town  of  South  Carolina, 
capital  of  the  above  district,  and  contains 
about  120  houses  regularly  built  on  a good 
plan.  It  is  situated  on  the  Wateree  or 
Cataw'ba,  a large  navigable  river,  and 
carries  on  a brisk  trade  with  the  back 
counties.  It  is  noted  as  the  place  where 
two  battles  were  fought  in  our  contest  with 
America;  one  in  1780,  between  lord  Corn- 
wallis and  general  Gates,  and  the  other  in 
1781,  betvreen  lord  Rawdon  and  general 
Greene.  It  is  35  miles  ne  of  Columbia, 
and  626  sw  by  s of  Philadelphia.  Lon.  80 
54  w,  lat.  34  12  n. 

Camden,  a small  post  town  of  the  district 
of  Maine,  w of  Penobscot  bay.  It  is  36 
miles  ENE  of  ^Yiscasset,  22§  from  Boston, 
and  572,  from  Philadelphia.  Lon  69  20  w, 
lat  44  10  N.  - 

CAMDEN,  a county  of  Georgia,  having 
230  citizens. 

Camel,  ov.Camh  Alau,  a river  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Cornv/ail.  It  has  its  source  two  miles 
N of  Carnelford,  takes  Bodmin  in  its  course, 
and  at  Padstow  enters  the  Biustol  chatiueU 

Carnelford,  a borough  town  of  Cornwall, 
consisting  of  alwiit  i 00  houses,  seated  on  the 
Camel,  gorerned  by  a mayor.  lit  has  a great 
market  cu  Friday  for  yarn  ; and  four  fairs, 
Cii  the  1st  Friday  after  10th  March,  26th 
May,  17th  July,  and  17th  Sept.  It  sends 
two  members  to  parliament.  It  lies  14  miles 
w of  Launceston,  and  229  w by  s of  London. 
Here  king  Arthur  received  bis  death  wound 
from  his  nephew  Mordred,  who  was  killed 
on  the  spot.  Lon.  4 55  w,  lat.  50  42  N. 

Camerino,  a populous  town  of  Ttaiy,  near 
the  Appenines,  seated  on  a mounfain,  not 
far  from  the  Cliarente.  Jt  lies  37  miles  sw 
of  Ancona.  Lcn.  13  0 e,  lat.  43  15  n. 

CamcrGn,a  parish  of  ScotiaM,  Fife^hire. 
j It  is  six  miles  long  from  e to  w,  and  lour 


CAM 

and  a-half  broad  from  n to  s.  The  parish 
abounds  in  coal  and  limestone.  The  vil- 
lage of  Cameron  lies  four  miles  sw  of  the 
city  of  St.  Andrew ^s.  The  population,  in 
1801,  was  1095,  and  is  on  the  decrease. 

Cameron,  Cape,  a head-land  of  N Ame- 
rica. Lon.  S3  29  w,  lat.  15  35  N. 

Camin,  a sea-port  of  Russian  Pomerania, 
in  a principality  of  the  same  name.  Its  na- 
vigation and  commerce  are  very  extensive. 
It  stands  on  the  Dnvenow,  opposite  the  isle 
of  Wollin,  25  miles  n of  Stettin.  Although 
the  bishop’s  see  was  secularized  at  the 
peace  of  Westphalia,  it  retains  its  cathedral 
and  chapter.  Its  trade  is  extensive,  and  it 
is  celebrated  for  its  beer.  Lon.  14  52  e, 
lat.  53  54  N. 

Caminha,  a maritime  town  of  Portugal, 
in  the  province  of  Entre-Duero-e-Minho, 
12  miles  n of  Viana.  Lon.  8 29  w,  lat. 
41  50  N. 

CAMISANO,  a district  or  vicarage  in 
the  late  maritime  division  of  Austria,  con- 
taining the  town  of  Camisano,  and  43  very 
populous  villages. 

CAMMA,  a province  of  the  kingdom  of 
Loango,  in  Africa. 

Camonica,  or  Val  Camonica,  an  exten- 
sive valley  of  the  late  Italian  republic.  It 
is  211  miles  long,  and  46  broad.  This  dis- 
trict is  divided  into  55  parishes,  containing 
49,009  citizens. 

CAMPAGNA,  or  Campania,  a district 
of  Italy,  containing  10  parishes  and  a 
town  in  Principato  Citra,  40  miles  ne  of 
Naples. 

CAMPAGNA  Di  VERONA,  a stony  dis- 
trict of  the  late  maritime  Austria,  between 
Verona  and  Hostia ; 20  miles  in  length. 

CAMPAGNA  DI  ROMA,  a late  pro- 
vince of  Italy.  It  was  subject  to  the  Pope, 
and  about  60  miles  long.  This  was  the  an- 
cient Latium,  once  one  of  the  richest  and 
best  cultivated  districts  in  the  world.  It  is 
now  comparatively  without  inha.bitants,  and 
is  covered  v/ith  the  ruins  of  tombs  and  tem- 
ples ; Rome  is  the  capital. 

CAMPBELL,  a county  of  Virginia,  45 
miles  in  length,  and  30  in  breadth, 

Campbell'S  Salines,  in  North  tiolston,  in 
the  state  of  Tenessee.  This  tract  consists 
of  about  300  acres  of  salt  marsh  land,  of  a 
very  rich-  soil,  and  a coal  mine  has  been 
discovered  near  it. 

Camphelton,  a parish  pf  Scotland,  in  Ar- 
gyllshire. It  consists  of  a large  section  of 
the  peninsula  of  Kyntyre,  about  16  miles 
long  from  n to  s,  15  broad  at  the  n end,  and 
nine  at  the  s ; was  long  the  residence  of  the 
Scotch  kings,  and  comprehends  what  once 
composed  the  parishes  of  Kilehousland,  Kil 
michael,  Kilkivan,  and  Kilkeran.  The 
parish-  abounds  with  coal,  peat  and  fuller  s 
earth.  Population,  8, TOO,  nearly  double  of 
what  it  contained  in  1T55.  It  has  two 
ministers,  one  of  whom  preaches  in  Geeiic, 
and  the  other  in  English, 


C A M- 

I Camphelton,  or  Campbeltoim,  a town  ia 
I the  above  parish,  situated  on  the  lake  of 
I Kilkerran,  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Kintyre, 
of  which  it  is  the  capital.  It  has  a good 
harbour;  and  is  now  a very  considerable 
place.  The  inhabitants  are  reckoned  to  be 
TS0T,in  1811  ; and  they  have  lately  begun 
the  maimfacture  of  cotton  goods.  This 
town  was  erected  into  a royal  burgh,  in 
1701.  It  joins  With  Air,  Irvine,  Inverary, 
and  Rothsay,  in  sending  a member  to  parlia- 
ment, It  has  a school  with  two  masters, 
and  two  good  libraries.  It  is  the  general 
rendezvous  of  the  herring  Basses  on  the  w 
coast,  and  itself  employs  about  50  vessels 
in  that  trade.  It  lies  65  miles  ssv/  of  In- 
verary, and  176  w by  s from  Edinburgh. 
Lon.  5 30  w,  lat.  55  29  n. 

Campbeltown,  n wiW'Age,  in  Dauphin  coun- 
ty ; Pennsylvania.  0 26  w,  lat. 

40  17  N.  ' 

Campbeltown,  a large  and  Nourishing 
town  of  North  Carolina,  situated  on  a branch 
of  Cape  Fear  river,  100  miles  above  Wil- 
mington. 

Campden,  a corporate  town  of  Glouces- 
tershire, famous  for  its  stocking  manufac- 
tures, It  lias  four  fairs,  and  a market  on 
Wsdnesdsiy.  It  lies  22  miles  NEof  Glou- 
cester, and  90  WNW  of  London'.  Sir  Bap- 
tist Hicirs,  afterwards  viscount  Campden, 
erected  an  alms  house,  and  bestowed 
L.  10.000  for  its  support.  His  monument  is 
hi  the  church.  Here  in  689,  it  is  said,  was 
a congress  of  all  the  Saxon  kings,  to  decide 
on  peace  or  war,  with  the  Britons.  Lon, 
1 59  w,  iat.  52  4 n, 

Campeaeliy,  a town  of  New  Spain,  situa- 
ted on  the  w coast  of  the  bay  of  Campea- 
cby.  It  is  defended  by  a good  wall  and 
strong  forts.  Its  exports  are  wax  and  log- 
wood. The  Eng'lish  took  it  in  1059,  the 
buccaneers  in  1678,  a,nd  the  freebooters  of 
St  Domingo  in  1685  ; 98  miles  sw  of  Meri- 
da. Lon.  90-31  w, iat.  19  57  n. 

Campen,  a strong  town  of  Holland,  in 
the  department  of  the  Yssei,  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Yssei,  on  the  Zuyder  Zee.  It  lies 
eight  miles  wnw  of  Zwoll,  and  44  ke  of 
Amsterdam.  Lon.  5 35  e,  lat.  52  38  n. 

Camper  down,  a.  sea  port  of  Holland,  in  the 
department  of  the  Texel,  famous  for  the 
victory  obtained  by  the  British  under  admi- 
ral lord  Duncan,  over  the  Dutch  under 
admiral  De  Winter. 

Campion,  a town  of  the  kingdom  of  Tan- 
gut,  in  Tartary.  Lon.  194  53  e,  lat.  40 
25  N. 

Campione,  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  dept, 
of  Eenaco,  near  the  lake  of  Garda.  The 
citizens  carry  on  a profitable  carp  fishery, 
and  good  p on  manuiactures. 

Campio  Formida,  or  Campo  Fermio,  a 
town  of  the  late  maritime  Austria,  in  the 
province  of  Friuli.  Hera  a treaty  of  peace 
w^as  concluded  between  the  French  and 
Austrians  in  1797, 

- • 


C A N 

Campo  Basso,  a town  in  tiie  MoHse, 
Naples^  with  a trade  in  ciitier3\  Most  of 
its  inhabitants  Vvere  destroyed  by  an  earth- 
quake in  1805.  It  is  12  miles  s of  Molise. 

CAP.IPO  BELLO,  a long  narrow  island, 
of  the  United  States,  on  the  e coast  of 
Washington  co^inty.  Lat.  44  48  n. 

Campo  St  Pietro,  a town  and  castle  of 
Italy,  in  the  Paduano,  seated  on  the  Men- 
son,  12  miles  n of  Padua. 

Campo  Mayor,  a town  of  Portugal,  in 
Alentejo.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in 
J8II  ; and  is  14  miles  n by  e of  Elvas. 
Lon.  7 24  w,  lat.  38  50  N. 

Campoli,  or  Campli,  a town  of  Naples, 
Italy,  23  miles  n by  e of  Aquiia.  Lon. 
13  55  E,  lat.  42  38  n. 

Camp  ora,  a market  town  in  the  isle  of 
Arbe,  Italy. 

Campredon,  a tov/n  of  Catalonia,  in 
Spain,  situated  at  the  foot  of  the  Pyrenean 
mountains,  seated  on  Ter,  45  miles  n of 
Barcelona.  Lon.  2 16  w,  lat.  44  0 n. 

Campsey,  or  Campsie,  a parish  of  Scot- 
land, in  Stirlingshire,  eight  miles  long,  and 
seven  broad,  containing  about  26  square 
miles.  The  two  great  roads  from  Kippin 
to  Glasgow,  and  from  Glasgow  to  Edin- 
burgh, pass  through  the  parish.  It  abounds 
v/ith  waters,  woods,  coal,  and  lime-stone. 
The  village  of  Campsie  consists  of  a new 
and  old  town.  In  this  parish  are  four 
printfields  and  a bleachtield.  Its  ancient 
woollen  manufacture  of  Campsie  greys  is 
nearly  extinct.  The  greater  part  of  the 
property  is  in  possession  of  families  de- 
scendants of  those  who, held  it  three  cen- 
turies ago.  The  population  is  2906. 

Campsie  Fells,  or  Hills,  a.  range  of  hills 
in  the  above  parish,  of  which  they  consti- 
tute about  a fifth  part.  The  highest  ridge 
is  about  1500  feet  above  the  sea,  and.  1200 
from  its  base.  It  consists  of  various  strata 
of  lime-stone,  moor  stone,  iron  stone,  spar, 
and  crystal,  and  is  supposed  to  contain 
copper  and  lead. 

Canml,  a town  of  Asia,  on  the  eastern 
extremity  of  the  kingdom  of  Cialus,  fron- 
tiers of  Tan  gut.  Lon.  98  5 e,  lat.  37  15  n. 

Canaan,  a town  of  Connecticut,  in  Litch- 
field county,  seated  on  the  Housatonie,  30 
miles  Nw  of  Hartford. 

Canaan,  a town  of  Main  district,  in  Lin- 
coln county,  on  the  Kennebeck,  60  miles  n 
of  Wiscassct. 

CANADA,  or  the  province  of  Quebec, 
an  extensive  country  of  N America.  Un- 
der this  name  the  French  comprehend  a 
very  large  territory.  That  part,  however, 
which  was  reduced  by  the  British  arms, 
lies  between  61  deg.  and  81  deg.  w Ion. 
and  between  43  deg.  and  52  deg*  of  n lat. 
The  climate  is  not  much  different  from 
that  of  the  Northern  British  colonies. 
From  December  to  April,  the  weather  is 
so  severe  that  the  broadest  rivers  are  fro- 
»en  over,  and  the  §now  lies  commonly 


C AN 

from  four  to  six  feet  deep.  The  soil  i» 
general  is  good,  and  in  many  parts  ex- 
tremely fertile.  Canada  produces,  among 
other  trees,  two  sorts  of  pines,  the  wiiit© 
and  the  red  ; four  sorts  of  firs  ; two  sorts 
of  cedar  and  oak ; the  male  and  female 
mapple ; three  sorts  of  ash  trees ; three 
sorts  of  walnut  trees ; vast  numbers  of 
beech  trees,  and  white  wood  ; white  and 
red  elms,  and  poplars.  The  country  pro- 
duces also  a vast  variety  of  other  vegeta- 
bles, particularly  tobacco.  Near  Quebec 
is  a line  lead  mine,  and  many  excellent 
ones  of  iron  have  been  discovered.  'The 
rivers  are  extremely  numerous.  The  prin- 
cipal are,  the  Quattauais,  St.  John^s,  Seg- 
ninay,  Despaires,  and  Trois  Eiveres ; but 
all  these  are  swallowed  up  by  the  great 
river  St.  Lawrence.  This  river  is  the  only 
one  upon  , which  any  settlements  of  note 
are  as  formed.  Here  are  five  lakes, 
the  least  of  which  is  of  greater  extent  than 
the  largest  to  be  found  in  any  other  part  of 
the  world ; viz  Ontario,  Erie,  Huron, 
Michigan,  and  Superior.  Canada  abounds 
with  stags,  elks,  deer,  bears,  foxes,  martins, 
wild  cats,  ferrets,  weazels,  large  squirrels, 
hares,  and  rabbits.  The  southern  parts 
breed  great  numbers  of  wild  bulls,  divers 
sorts  of  roe  bucks,  goats,  wolves,  &c. 
The  marshes,  lakes,  and  pools,  swarm  v/itli 
otters  and  beavers.  A vast  variety  of  birds 
are  to  be  found  in  the  woods  ; and  the  St. 
Lawrence  abounds  with  ffsh.  There  are  a 
multitude  of  different  Indian  tribes.  The 
principal  townsare  Quebec,  Trois  Rivieres, 
and  Montreal.  The  commodities  required 
by  the  Canadians  from  Europe  are  wine,  or 
rum ; cloaths,  linen,  and  wrought  iron. 
The  Indian  trade  requires  rum,  tobacco,  a 
sort  of  dulHe,  blankets,  gums,. powder,  bails 
and  flints,  kettles,  hatchets,  toys,  and 
trinkets  of  all  kinds.  Canada  v/as  disco- 
vered by  John  and  Sebastian  Cabot,  Fa- 
ther and  son,  famous  English  adventurers, 
in  1497,  and  was  settled  by  the  French  in 
1608.  This  settiea^.ent  for  many  years  con- 
tinued ill  a low  way.  The  French,  how- 
ever, at  last  concluded  a permanent  peace 
with  them  : but  on  the  war  breaking  out 
with  Britain  in  1759,  the  whole  country 
was  conquered  by  the  latter,  and  finally 
ceded  to  it  by  the  peace  of  1763.  The  ex- 
ports from  the  province  of  Lower  Canada, 
in  1786,  amounted . to  L.  343,263,  and  the 
imports  to  L.  325,116.  In  1791,  it  was- 
enacted  by  the  parliament  of  Great  Britain, 
that  there  shall  be  within  each  of  the  pro- 
vinces of  Upper  and  Lower  Canada,  a legis- 
lative council  and  an  assembly.  The  legis- 
lative to  consist  of  not  fewer  than  seven 
members  for  Upper,  and  15  for  Lower  Ca- 
nada, to  be  summoned  by  the  governor. 
The  house  of  assembly  to  consist  of  not  less 
than  16  members  from  Upper,  and  50  from 
Lower  Canada. 

Cemajakary,  a flourishing  post  town  of 


CAN 


MontgoiiieT7  county,  New  ^ oi..,  on 
ot  the  same  nauie,  on  the  Mohaw  k.  It  ts 
noted  for  the  excellence  ot  its  cider  U 
1796,  it  contaim’d  730  eiectois.  It  li,-s  i 
miles  NE  of  Cooperstown,  and  56  wkw  o 

Bfanc,  the  White  Caua'^  one  of 
the  )>our)danes  between  the  late  Itaaaii  Ko- 
public  and  Maritime  Austria. 

CarM  Grande,  or 

city  of  Venice.  It  has  nearly  50J  bridges 

‘’'canal,  the  Duhe  of  Bridgewater’s,  & stu- 
nendous  work,  begun  in  1758,  at  Wovsely 
Mill,  seven  miles  from  Manchester,  where, 
at  the  foot  of  a mountain,  mostly  composed 
of  coal,  a bacon  is  out,  which  contains  a 
body  of  water  sufficient  for  a reservoir 
to  the  navigation.  From  this  bason  the 
canal  runs  under  a hill  to  the  coal  works, 
near  three  quarters  of  a mile.  At  Barioii 
Bridre,  three  miles  from  the  bason,  there 
is  an  aqueduct,  which  conveys  canal 

over  the  Irwel,  a navigable  river,  200  yards 
broad.  There  are  three  arches  over  ihis 
river  ; the  centre  one  is  63  feet  wide,  and 
38  hieh.  This  navigation  is  more  than 
miles  in  length;  it  falls  95  feet,  and  was 
tinished  in  five  years,  under  the  direction  of 

Brindley,  the  engineer.  ^ , 

Canal,  Grand  Junction,  m England,  a 
work  which  forms  a communication  with 
several  other  canals  in  the  centre  of  tae 
country,  forming  a connection  witb  the 
rivers  Thames,  Severn,  Mersey,  and  Trent, 
and  consequently  an  inland  navigation  to 
the  four  principal  sea  ports  of  London, 
Bristol,  Liverpool,  and  Hull.  This  canal 
commences  at  Braunstone,  Hampshire,  and 
enters  the  Thames  at  Brentford.  Its  length 
is  upwards  of  90  miles.  ^ 

Canal,  the  Grand  Trunk,  or  tne  Stafford 
shire  Canal,  was  begun  in  1T66,  under  the 
direction  of  Brindley.  It  is  93  miles  m 
length,  from  the  duke  of  Bridgewater’s 
canal  at  Preston  on  the  Hill,  in  Cheshire, 
to  Wildon  Ferry,  in  Derbyshire,  where  it 
communicates  with  the  Trent,  It  unites 
the  Mersey  and  Trent,  or  the  Irish  Sea  and 
German  Ocean.  An  aqueduct  of  23  arches 
conducts  it  over  the  Dove,  and  one  of  six 
over  the  Trent.  At  Freston  on  the  Hill  it 
passes  under  ground  124J  yards,  it  has  two 
subterraneous  passages  at  Barton  and  at 
Harecastle  Hill,  Staffordshire,  it  is  con- 
ducted under  ground  2280  yards. 

Canal,  the  Great,  in  Scotland,  forming  a 
junction  between  the  Forth  and  the  Clyde. 
This  bold  and  lofty  design  was  iinished  in 
1790,  upon  a scMa  far  above  the  usual  di- 
mensions of  the  largest  canals  in  England. 
Vessels  constructed  for  foreign  trade,  with 
19  feet  of  beam,  drawing  eight  feet  oF 
water,  can  pass  from  the  Eastern  to  the 
Western  Sea,  thus  shortening  a course  of 
800,  and  in  others,  of  1,000  miles.  _^The 
•xtrein#' length  ofthiscanftl  froiu  th®  tOith 


CAN 

to  ihs  Clyde,  is  35  one-quarter  English 
miles,  riijing  and  failing  i60  feet,  by  means 
of  39'  locks.  In  the  space  of  30  miies 
it  is  carried  over  no  le*  s tiian  36  rivers 
a^d  rivulets,  besides  two  great  roads  liy 
means  of  38  aqueduct  bridges.  In  the 
course  of  this  inland  navigation,  which 
may  be  performed  in  less  than  18  hours, 
they  pass  the  beautiful  and  romantic  si- 
tuation of  the  stupendous  aqueduct  bridge 
over  the  Kelvin,  n^ar  Glasgow,  400  feet 
in  lent»-th,  carrying  a great  artificial  river 
over  a natural  one  in  a deep  valley, 
where  large  vessels  sail  along  at  the 
enormous  height  of  70  feet  above  the  bed 

of  the  river.  . 

Ca7iaL  Caledonian,  a navigabte  canal 
now  forming,  between  Inverness  and  Fort 
William,  through  that  great  valley  called 
GleiwioTe-na-h’alabw,  or  the  gieat  glen 
of  Caledonia,  which  stretches  in  a direct 
line  across  the  kingdom,  a distance  of 
about  50  miles.  In  April,  1804,  a bill 
was  passed  by  the  British  parliament  for 
its  formation ; to  be  called  the  Caledonian 
Canal;  and  to  be  20  feet  deep,  50  feet 
vide  at  the  bottom,  and  iiO  feet  wide  at 


the  top,  so  as  to  receive  frigates  of 
iruns,  or  merchant  vessels  of  the  like  size. 
This  great  work,  for  which  70,0001.  has 
been  voted  by  parliament,  is  rapidly  car- 
rying into  execution,  and  will  soon  open  a 
navigation  from  sea  to  sea. 

Canal,  the  Grand,  in  Ireland,  commences 
in  Dublin,  at  the  w end  of  the  town,  and  is 
carried  to  the  river  Shannon.  It  is  con- 
nected with  the  Barrow,  whereby  a com- 
munioation  is  opened  between  the  metro- 
polis and  Athy,  Carlow,  Ross,  Waterford, 
Clonmel,  &c.  The  execution  of  this 
great  work  was  an  arduous  business  ; be- 
sides having  to  cut  through  bard  and  rooky 
strata,  they  had  to  carry  it  through  a 
long  tract  of  turf  bog.  By  a branch, 
which  has  been  carried,  at  an  immense 
expense,  by  a circuitous  course  round  the 
s side  of  the  city,  the  Grand  Canal  now 
communicates  with  the  harbour  of  Dublin, 
or  the  sea. 

Canal  of  Languedoc,  (ci-devant  Royal,) 
v/as  begun  in  1666,  in  order  to  effect  an  in- 
land communication  between  the  Atlantic 
and  Mediterranean,  and  finished  in  1682. 
It  is  carried  over  37  aqueducts,  and  crossed 
by  eight  bridges.  At  St  Ferrol,  near  Revel, 
between  two  rocky  hills,  an  immense  reser- 
voir above  1000  feet  in  diameter,  has  been 
constructed  for  the  supply  of  the  naviga- 
tion. This  reservoir  is,  in  general  so  well 
supplied,  that  though  it  should  be  open 
for  months  successively,  there  is  no  visible 
diminution  of  water.  Near  Beziers  tlierc 
are  eight  sluices,  which  form  a regular  cas- 
cade 936  feet  long,  and  66  high,  by  wh  ch 
vessels  cross  the  river  Orb,  an<l  continue 
their  voyage  on  the  canal.  Betwe  fi 
zieres  and  Gapestan,  is  the  Mai  Pas,  w hitre 
C © 


CAN 

the  canal  is  conveyed  for  the  length  of  720 
feet,  under  a mountain.  At  Adge  there  is  a 
most  curious  round  sluice,  lock,  or  cham- 
ber, with  three  openings,  three  different 
depths  of  the  water  or  levels  meeting  here. 
Its  length  from  Toulon  to  Beziers  where  it 
joins  the  river  Orb,  is  162  miles. 

Canal,  Imperial,  or  Vun,  in  China,  a stu- 
pendous work  cut  out  by  order  of  Cbi-tsou, 
sovereign  of  the  western  Tartars,  and  founder 
of  the  twentieth  dynasty  of  Chinese  empe- 
rors. It  employed  30,000  men  upwards  of 
40  years.  It  extends  through  the  w'hole 
empire  from  n to  s,  upwards  of  400  miles ; 
and  uniting  with  several  rivers  in  its  course, 
serves  to  convey  goods  between  Pekin  and 
Canton.  The  traffic’upon  it  is  exceedingly 
great.  In  some  places  the  cut  is  60  or  70 
feet  below  the  surface.  In  others  the  canal 
is  elevated  to  a considerable  height  above 
the  surface  by  means  of  stupendous  em- 
bankments. 

Canmidagua,  a post  town,  the  capital  of 
Ontario  county,  near  a lake  of  the  same 
name,  20  miles  long  and  three  broad.  The 
town  stands  on  a gentle  slope,  90  miles  ese 
of  Niagara,  and  130  w by  n of  Coopers- 
town. 

CANANEA,  an  island  on  the  coast  of 
Erpesil,  S America,  and  town  in  the  same. 

Cananore,  a large  maritime  town,  capi- 
tal of  a kingdom  of  the  same  name,  on  the 
Malabar  coast,  with  a large  and  sale  har- 
bour, belonging  (o  the  English  E India 
Company,  <56  miles  nnw  of  Calicut.  Lon. 
"76  90  E,  lat.  il  53  N. 

CANARA,  a province  on  the  Malabar 
coast,  lately  subject  to  the  regent  of  Mysore, 
now  in  the  possession  of  the  British,  ISO 
miles  long,  and  from  30  to  80  broad.  Here 
the  custom  of  burning  the  wives  with  their 
husbands,  had  its  beginning,  and  is  still 
practised.  The  lower  grounds  yield  every 
year  two  crops  of  corn  or  rice.  It  produces 
also  betel  nuts,  and  wild  nutmegs  in  plenty. 
Mangalore  is  the  chief  port.  The  government 
is  generally  in  the  hands  of  a lady,  and  its  seat 
at  Baydow,  two  days  journey  from  the  sea. 

CANARIA,  or  the  Grand  Canary,  an 
island  in  the  Atlantic,  about  180  miles  froni 
the  coast  of  Africa.  It  is  42  miles  long,  27 
broad,  and  about  100  in  circumference  It 
gives  the  title  of  Canary  to  the  whole  clus- 
ter ; and  is  justly  celebrated  for  the  delight- 
ful temperature  of  its  air,  the  plenty  of  good 
water,  trees,  herbs,  and  delicious  fruits. 
There  is  also  wheat,  of  w^hich  there  are  two 
harvests  in  the  year,  in  February  and  May  ; 
barley,  maize,  potatoes,  yams,  and  the  best 
onions  in  the  world.  Canary,  or  Palmas, 
the  capital,  is  about  three  miles  in  compass, 
and  contains  1 2,000  inhabitants.  It  is  a bi- 
shop^s  see,  the  seat  of  the  governor  and  coun- 
cil, and  a tribunal  of  the  Inquisition.  A great 
quantity  of  sugar  is  produced  here,  and  the 
wine  called  Palm  sack — has  hence  the 
Jiarne  of  Canary.  Lon.  15  42  w,  lat.  28  4 n. 


€ A N 

CANARY  ISLANDS,  are  situated  in 

the  Atlantic,  over  against  the  empire  of  Mo- 
rocco. They  were  formerly  called  the 
Fortunate  Islands,  The  land  is  very  fruit- 
ful; both  wheat  and  barley  produce  130 
for  one.  These  islands  were  not  unknown 
to  the  ancients  ; but  they  w^ere  long  forgot, 
till  John  de  Betencourt  discovered  them  in 
1402.  The  language,  manners,  and  cus- 
toms of  these  Islanders  had  no  resem- 
blance to  those  on  the  continent,  nor 
to  those  of  any  other  people.  They  did  not 
even  know'  that  there  w'as  any  other  country 
besides.  In  their  colour,  they  w^ere  like 
the  inhabitants  of  Barbary,  in  Africa. 
The  Spaniards  got  possession  of  all  these 
islands,  except  Ivladeira,  v/hich  belongs  to 
the  Portuguese.  Their  names  are  Alls- 
granza,  Canaria,  Ferro,  Fuertaventura, 
Gornera,  Graciosa,  Inherno,  Lancerotta, 
Lobos,  Medeira,  Palma,  Rccca,  St  Clare, 
Salvages,  and  Teueriffe.  Lon.  from  12 
deg,  to  21  deg.  w,  lat.  from  27  30  m.  to 
29  deg.  30  m.  n. 

CANAS,  a province  of  Peru,  divided  into 
tw'o  districts,  called  Canas  and  Canches. 

Cancalle,  a town  of  France,  situated  on 
a bay  of  the  same  name,  in  the  department 
of  Ille  and  Vilane,  noted  lor  oysters. 
Here  the  English  landed  in  1758,  with 
the  intention  of  burning  the  shipping  at 
St  Maio.  It  is  nine  miles  e of  St  Malo, 
and  40  nnw  of  Renne.  Lou.  1 57  W',  lat. 
47  41  N. 

Canche,  a navigable  river  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  Straits  of  Calais,  falls 
into  the  sea  below  Staples. 

CANDAHAR,  a kingdom  of  Asia,  be- 
tween Persia  and  the  river  Indus,  formerly 
a province  of  Persia.  This  country  is  go- 
verned by  its  own  sovereign  Zemaun  Shah 
Abdalla,  whose  dominions  extends  w to  near 
the  city  ofTarshish,  including  Cabul,  Per- 
shore,  Guiani,  Gaui,  Segestan,  and  Korasan, 
a tract  not  less  than  650  miles  in  length. 
Its  breadth  is  unknown.  On  the  e side  of 
the  Indus  be  possesses  the  territory  of  Cash- 
mere,  and  some  districts  above  the  city  of 
Attock.  In  1739,  the  sovereign  of  this 
country  w'^as  deprived  of  his  territories  by 
Nadir  Shah,  on  w'hose  decease  he  re-appear- 
ed among  his  former  subjects,  and  erected 
a considerable  kingdom  oii  the  e of  Persia. 
See  Affghanistan. 

Candahar,  the  capital  of  the  above  king- 
dom, is  a place  of  great  trade,  and  has  a 
considerable  fortress.  It  is  situated  on  the 
river  Hermend,  145  miles  ssw  of  Cabul. 
Lon.  67  15  e,  lat.  33  0 n. 

Candes,  a towm  of  Fra’^oe,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Iiidra  and  Loire,  seated  at  the  con- 
11  uence  of  the  Vienne  and  Loire,  30  miles 
wsw  of  Tours. 

CANDIA,  anciently  Crete,  an  island  in 
the  Mediterranean,  180  miles  in  length,  and 
from  20  to  50  in  breadth.  It  is  generally 
reckoned  a part  of  Asia.  There  are  uo 


CAN 


considerable  streams  in  the  island,  but  many 
rivulets,  of  which  the  torpid  Lethe  is  one  ot 
the  largest.  The  famous  mount  Ida,  now 
called  Psilorili,  occupies  great  part  ot  the 
middle  of  the  island.  The  inhabitants,  wno 
consist  of  Greeks,  Jews,  Armenians,  and 
Turks,  are  happy  in  not  being  exposed  to  the 
troublesome  bite  of  noxious  insects,  and  the 
poison  of  serpents,  and  the  rapacity  ci  the 
wild  beasts  of  the  desart.  Ot  the  ciimate 
of  Candia,  travellers  speak  with  rapture. 
The  vallies  produce  fine  cattle,  sheep,  game, 
wine,  fruits,  oil,  silk  honey,  and  corn,  be- 
sides many  odoriferous  and  balsamic  plants. 
Candia  came  into  the  possession  of  the  Ve- 
netians by  purchase  in  the  year  1194.  It 
continued  in  their  possession  550  years, 
when  it  was  invaded  by  the  Turks,  and 
after  a war  of  25  years  continuance,  it  was 
entirely  subdued  by  them,  and  still  remains 
in  their  possession.  It  is  now  governed  by 
three  pachas,  who  reside  respectively  at 
Candia,  Canea,  and  Relirao.  The  total 
number  of  inhabitants  in  this  island  does  not 
exceed  359,200.  It  lies  between  Ion.  22 
deg.  and  27  deg.  e,  and  between  lat.  3o 

deg.  and  36  deg*  n.  . , j 

Candia^  the  capital  of  the  above  island, 
is  situated  on  its  northern  coast,  and  the  site 
of  the  ancient  Heraclea,  the  see  of  a Greek 
archbishop,  aud  is  the  seat  of  government 
under  the  Turks.  Its  walls  are  more  than 
a league  in  compass  and  delended  by  deep 
ditches.  This  city,  when  under  the  Vene- 
tians, was  opulent,  commercial,  and  popu- 
lous ; but  it  has  now  lost  much  of  its  former 
strength  and  grandeur.  The  harbour,  natu- 
rally'’ a line  bason,  is  every  day  becoming 
narrower  and  shallower  ; admitting  only 
boats,  and  small  ships.  Many  of  the  once 
reirular  and  handsome  streets  are  now  al- 
most desolate.  Candia  lies  500  miles  ssw  of 
Constantinople.  Lon,  25  18  e,  lat.  35  19  n. 

Candia,  a township  in  Rockingham 
county,  N Hampshire,  containing  1040  ci- 
tisens. 

CANDISH,  or  Candeish,  a considera- 
ble province  of  the  deccan  of  Hindbostan, 
subject  to  the  Poonah  Mahrattas.  It  is 
populous  and  rich,  particularly  in  cotton. 
Bourhanpour  is  the  capital. 

CANDLEMAS  Isles,  two  islands  near 
the  coast  of  Sandwich  Land.  Lon.  27  13  w, 
lat.  57  10  s.  ^ . 

CANDY,  a large  kingdom  of  Asia,  in 
Ceylon.  It  contains  about  a quarter  of  the 
island,  and  occupies  the  middle  part  of  the 
island,  and  no  v/here  extends  to  the  sea- 
coast,  except  about  1 0 miles  on  the  eastern 
shore.  The  king,  who  is  absolute,  is  dis- 
tinguished by  a crown,  which  he  thinks  no 
oti^r  sovereign  is  entitled  to  wear.  His 
subjects  are  idolaters.  Their  weapons  of  de- 
fence are  fire  arms,  bows,  and  arrows.  The 
weather  is  excessively  hot  by  day,  with  togs  | 
and  heavy  dews  by  night.  Thunder  storms 
are  frequent  and  violent*  Theisiand  abounds 


CAN 

with  iron  and  other  minerals,  but  the 
Candiaiis  neglect  them.  There  are  many 
appearances  of  volcanic  eruption.  The 
m'ountaiiis  are  cultivated  to  the.r  sum- 
mits, and  are  interspersed  with  villages. 
The  vallies  are  adorned  with  groves  of 
areka,  jacea,  cocoa-nut,  limes,  and  oran- 
ges, watered  by  the  streams  from  the 

mountains.  , . j 

Candy,  the  capital  of  the  above  kingdom. 
The  houses  are  poor,  and  badly  furnisned. 
The  king^s  palace  is  a largo  building, 
with  io  steps  leading  to  the  entrance,  con- 
structed witha  kind  of  cement,  perfectly 
whit^>,  with  stone  gateways.  The  princi- 
pal street  is  above  two  miles  long  and  very 
broad.  The  houses  are  but  one  story,  but 
the  floors  are  raised  so  high  that  they  have 
the  appearance  of  two.  This  is  done  to 
prevent  the  bad  consequence  of  ^ tne  ele- 
phant fi»-hts,  which  take  place  in  this  street 
for  his  majesty’s  amusement.  In  Feb.  1803, 
the  British  troops  entered  Candy,  but  on  ac- 
count of  the  unheaithiness  of  the  climate 
and  perfidy  of  the  inhabitants,  they  agreed 
to  evacuate  the  place  in  June,  but  on  the 
third  day  after  were  all  cruelly  massacred. 
The  town  is  situated  in  the  centre  of  the 
island,  90  miles  n by  E of  Columbo..  Lon. 
80  52  E,  lat.  7 5 N. 

Canea,  a considerable  town  of  the  is- 
land of  Candia,  where  a bashaw  resides. 

It  was  built  by  the  Venetians,  and  occupies 
part  of  the  site  of  the  ancient  Cydoma. 

It  is  but  about  two  miles  in  compass  ; 
encircled  on  the  land  side  with  a sm- 
(rie  wail,  extremely  thick,  and  defended 
by  a broad  and  deep  ditch.  The  city 
has  only  one  gate,  viz.  that  ^Df  Retimo, 
protected  by  a half  moon  battery.  Canea 
is  laid  out  on  a fine  plain  ; the  streets  are 
laro-e  and  straight.  The  harbour  receives 
ships  of  200  tons  burden.  At  the  time 
when  Tournefort  visited  Crete,  Canea  did 
not  contain  more  than  five  or  6,000  in- 
habitants, but  now,  16,090.  In  1645,  it 
was  taken  by  the  Turks,  at  the  expenoe 
of  the  lives  of  25,000  men.  It  is  03  miles 
w by  N of  Candia.  Lon.  24  7 e,  lat. 

35  27  N.  , 

CANELL^,  or  Caneland,  a large 
country  in  the  island  of  Ceylon,  formerly 
called  Cotta.  There  are  five  towns  on 
the  coast,  some  fores,  and  a great  num- 
ber of  harboui^s:  and  there  are  seve- 
ral rich  mines,  from  whence  rubies,  sap- 
phires, topazes,  cats-eyes,  and  several  other 
precious  stones,  are  obtained. 

Caneto,  a strong  town  of  Italy,  m the 
Mantuese,  taken  and  retaken  sevoful  times 
by  the  French  and  Austrians.  It  lies 
miles  w of  Mantua.  Lon.  10  15  e,  lat. 

Canetto,  a city  of  Peru,  ana  capital  of  a 
district  so  named.  Lon.  75  78  w,  lat. 

1 2 1 4 s • • 

Canga.  a town  of  Congo,  on  the  Zaire, 


C A N 

880  miles  ne  of  St.  Siilvador.  Lon. 

10  E,  lat.  2 10  s. 

Cdug^irecoray  a large  river  in  the  penin- 
sula of  Mindoostan.  | 

Cangiano,  a town  in  Principato  Citra,  j 
Naples^  40  miles  e by  s of  Salerno.  | 

Cangoxima,  a sea-port  on  the  s coast  ot 
the  .isle  of  Ximo,  Japan,  with  a light-house 
and  a commodious  road-stead.  Here  the 
emperor  has  extensive  magazines,  some  ot 
which  are  fire-proof.  Lon.  16  e,  lat. 

32  10  N. 

Caniaderago^  a lake  of  the  United  States, 
New  York,  six  mi.es  v/  of  lake  Oisego, 
nine  miles  tong.  From  it  issues  the  stream 
called  Oaks  Ch’eek,  and  joins  the  Susque- 
hanna, five  miles  below  Ostego.  The  coun- 
try here  is  famed  for  its  cheese. 

• Canidole  Great, 'dnd.  Canidole  Little.,  two 
imall,  but  fertile  islands  of  Italy,  seven 
miles  in  circumierenes. 

Cmiigaw,  a peak  of  the  Pyrenean  moun- 
tain? ; 8640  feet  high. 

Canina,  the  capital  of  a district  of  the 
same  name,  Abania,  lies  on  the  sea-coast, 
near  the  entrance  of  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
eight  miles  n of  Valona,  Lon.  19  26  e, 
lat.  40  6 N. 

Cani^ay,Si  parish  of  Scotland, in  Caith- 
ness-shire,  the  most  northern  land  in  Britain, 
containing  an  extent  of  about  60  square 
miles.  It  is  mostly  level ; and  the  climate 
•variable,  but  healthy.  The  soil,  wherever 
cultivation  prevails,  is  a light  black  loam. 
Johu  O’Groat’s  House  is  situated  in  the  pa- 
rish. There  are  about  60  fishing  boats  em- 
ployed around  the  coast.  Here  the  sea  a- 
bounds  with  cod,  ling,  grayfish,  and  lob- 
sters, Besides  the  parochial,  there  are  two 
schools,  supported  by  the  sociel}'  for  propa- 
gating Christian  knowledge.  The  language 
is  English,  but  the  naxnes  of  places  Norwe- 
gian. It  has  fairs  in  February  and  No- 
vember. Population  is  about  1986. 

Canischa,  a strong  town  of  Lower  Hun- 
fary.  The  Turks,  who  took  it  in  1600,  re- 
tained it  for  90  years,  when  after  a long 
blockade,  it  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Aus- 
trians, to  whom  it  was  ceded  at  the  peace  c4 
Carlowitz.  It  is  90  miles  s\v  of  Buda. 
Lon.  17  10  E,  lat.  46  30. 

CANNARES,  a nation  of  Indians,  in 
Peru. 

Cannat,  St,  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  mouths  of  the  Rhone. 

Cannaveral,  Cape,  near  the  e side  of  E 
Florida.  Lon.  81  9 w,  lat.  28  35  n. 

CANNAY,  one  of  the  Western  isles  of 
Scotland,  four  miles  long,  and  one  and  a-half 
broad,  sv/  of  Sky.  It  is  fertile  and  verdant. 
Population  about  300.  Here  are  vast  ranges 
of  iBasaUic  pillars.  The  harbour  is  on  the 
gsE  i«ide  the  island,  and  has  a sunken  rock 
at  its  mouth.  Lon.  6 38  w,  lat.  67  13  n. 

Cannes,  a sea-port  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  mouths  of  the  Rhone. 
Lon.  6 41  E,lat.  43  34  n. 


€ A N 

CANO,  a kingdom  of  Africa,  in  Negro- 
land.  it  produces  corn,  rice,  and  cotton. 
Also  a town  in  the  above  kingdom,  seated 
on  the  s side  of  a large  lake  near  the  Niger,, 
called  by  the  inhabitants  the  Nile  of  tho 
Negroes.  Here  are  rich  merchants  and 
civil  p-'ople ; 130  miles  e by  s of  Cassina. 
Lon.  13  25  E,lat.  16  15  n. 

Canohia,  Siiown  of  Italy,  in  the  Malanese, 
39  miles  vv  of  Como,  and  36  nnw  of  Milan. 
Lon.  8 47  E,lat.  45  65  n. 

Canoby,  derived  from  Csenobium  a mo- 
nastry,  a parish  of  Dumfries-shire,  on  th# 
borders  of  England,  about  nine  miles  long 
from  E to  w,  and  seven  broad  from  n to  s, 
containing  22,609  acres  of  ground,  of 
which  about  16,000  are  arable.  The  pa- 
rish abounds,  in  woods,  orchards,  limestone, 
coal,  and  freestone.  The  population  is  a- 
bout  2580.  Here  are  some  remains  of  forts 
constructed  to  repel  the  incursions  of  the 
English,  of  a Roman  camp,  and  a Roman 
highway.  The  scenery  on  the  stage  from 
Lotigtown  to  Langholm,  on  the  banks  of 
Esk,  which  is  in  the  line  of  the  great  road  to 
London  by  Carlifde,  is  much  admired  by 
travellers.  This  district  having  been  some- 
time claimed  by  the  English,  was  called 
Debateahle  Land. 

Canoge,  a town  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  in 
the  province  of  Agra,  on  the  western  bank 
of  the  Ganges ; said  to  have  been,  in  tho 
time  of  Alexander,  the  capilal  of  ail  Hin- 
doostaa — and  that  in  the  sixth  century, 
30,000  shops  here  sold  betel-nuts.  It  is 
now  of  moderate  size,  and  stands  near  the 
confluence  of  the  Calini  and  Gaiiges  : 1 16 
miles  E by  s of  Agra.  Lon.  80  13  e,  lat, 
27  3 N.  . 

Canongate,  a burgh  adjacent  and  under 
vassalage  to  Edinburgh,  of  which  it  is  one 
of  the  suburbs.  It  is  governed  by  a bailie 
and  two  other  resident  inagisirates,  appoint- 
ed by  the  town  council.  Before  the  union, 
being  the  court  end  of  the  town,  it  v^’as  the 
residence  of  many  of  the  nobility  and  gentrj*. 
The  chapel  of  Boiyroovi-house,  having  been 
forraer^v  the  parish  church  of  Canongate,  a. 
number  of  seats  in  the  present  church  are 
the  property  of  noble  families,  W'ho  held 
ofiices  at  court.  Here  is  a well  endowed 
grammer  school  and  charity  work-house. 
Population  about  6,000.  The  church  is 
collegiate;  See  Edinburgh . 

Canonicut,  a small  island  of  the  I nited 
States,  about  six  miles  long  and  one 
broad.  It  contained  in  1796,  491  free  in- 
habitants. 

Canonsburg,  a town  of  Pennsylvania,  in 
Washington  county, on  Charter  Creek,  four 
miles  from  Morgauza,  and  16  ssw  of  Pitts- 
burg. Lon.  6 4 w,  and  Idt.  uO  i « no!  Phi- 
ladelphia. 

Canosa,  a tow'n  of  Naples,  in  Puglia,  oc^ 
cupying  part  of  the  site  ot  the  ancient  Ca- 
nusium,  one  of  the  principal  cities  of  Italy. 
In  iis  vicinity  ave  sLili  some  vestiges  of  lh« 


CAN 

ancient  Cannje,  the  scene  of  the  famous 
battle  between  Hannibal  and  the  Romans, 
which  cost  the  latter  4.5,000  men  ; four 
miles  w by  n of  Trani. 

Cancul,  capital  of  a circar  of  the  same 
name,  in  Goicoiida,  Hindoostan,  110  miles 
\v  of  Hydraba.d.  Lon.  78  7 e,  lat. 

48  w.  _ . 

Canourghe,  a town  of  trance,  in  thede- 
pariment  of  Lozere,  on  the  j-^ot,  v/ith  a 
trade  in  woollen  stulfs  and  cattle,  13  miles 
sw  of  Mende. 

Canso,  a sea  port  and  township  of  Nova 
Scotia,  in  Halifax  county,  on  a strait  be- 
tween Nova  Scotia  and  Cape  Breton,  noted 
for  its  cod  fishery.  Lon,  60  55  lat. 
45  20  N. 

Canstadtj  a town  of  Siiabia,  Germany, 
with  a manufacture  of  printed  coitons. 
Here  are  several  medicinal  springs.  It 
stands  on  the  Neckar  three  miles  ne  of 
Stutgard.  Lon.  9 9 w,  lat.  48  51  N. 

CANTAL,  a department  of  France,  has 
its  name  from  one  of  its  mountains,  whose 
top  is  always  covered  with  snow.  St. 
Flour  is  the  chief  town. 

CantazarOy  an  episcopal  city  of  Calabria 
Citra,  Naples,  not  far  from  the  sea,  26 
miles  sw  of  St.  Severino.  Lon.  17  0 e, 
lat.  38  59  N. 

CantecroiXy  a territory  and  town  includ- 
ed in  the  department  of  the  two  Nethes. 

Canterbury y a city  of  England,  capital 
of  the  county  of  Kent.  The  arcinepiscopal 
and  metropolitan  dignity  was  very  early 
settled  here.  The  diocese  contains  257 
parishes,  besides  chapels,  in  Kent,  and 
about  100  more  in  other  dioceses.  It  is  a 
county  of  itself ; and  the  corporation  con- 
sists of  a mayor,  recorder,  12  aldermen,  a 
sheriff,  24  common  councilmen,  a mace- 
bearer,  a sword-bearer,  and  four  serjeants 
at  mace.  Formerly  2000  or  3000  French 
Protestants  were  emplo3'ed  in  the  silk 
manufacture  ; but  this  branch  is  now  great- 
ly decayed  since  Spitallields  became  so 
fiourishing.  Besides  the  cathedral,  it  con- 
tains 14  parish  churches, ^seven  hospitals,  a 
free  school,  a house  of  correction,  a jail 
for  criminals,  and  a spacious  conduit  for 
supplying  the  inhabitants  with  water.  It 
consists  of  four  streets,  in  "fhe  form  of  a 
cross,  and  divided  into  six  v/ards,  which 
are  about  three  miles  in  circumference. 
In  1811,  it  contained  10,200  inhabitants. 
It  was  the  Durovernum  of  the  Romans, 
and  therefore  a town  when  they  were  in 
Britain.  Here  was  put  to  death  that  tur- 
bulent priest  Thomas  a^Becket  in  1170, 
who  was  alterwards  canonized.  Henry 
IV.  and  Edw'ard  the  Black  Prince  are 
buried  in  the  cathedral.  Here  is  an  an- 
cient castle,  ^yitb  wails,  and  a deep  ditch. 
A grammar  school  iounded  by  Hemy 
Vril.  and  vestiges  of  many  Roiiia,n  anti- 
iquities.  It  has  a market  on  Wednesilay 
iand  hiaturday,  and  is  seated  on  the  Stour,  j 


C A N 

55  miles  ese  of  London,  Lon.  1 5 b,  lat, 
51  18  N. 

Canterbury,  a township  in  Connecticut, 
and  also  of  New  Hamphshire,  containing 
J070  citizens. 

Canthy  a town  on  the  river  Weistritz, 
Silesia,  15  miles  sw  of  Erislaw. 

CatitUlana,  a town  of  Andalusia,  Spain, 
seated  on  the  Guadalquiver,  35  miles  nne 
of  Seville. 

CantiUy  Cape,  a promontory  on  the  coast 
of  Morocco,  Africa.  Lon'.  9 5 w,  iat.  32 
49  N. 

Canton,  a large,  populous,  and  wealthy 
city  of  China,  capital  of  the  province  of 
Quangtong.  The  walls  are  pretty  high, 
and  about  six  or  seven  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence, though  not  more  than  one-tliird  of 
the  ground  is  occupied  by  buildings.  Tha 
compass  of  the  city  and  suburbs  together, 
IS  about  10  miles.  The  buildings  are  in 
general  low  ; but  the  houses  of  the  most 
respectable  merchants  and  mandarins  ^re 
comparatively  lofty  and  w’ell  built.  In 
different  parts  of  the  city  and  suburbs  are 
joos  houses  or  temples,  in  \vhich  are  placed 
the  images  worshipped  by  the  Chinese, 
The  streets  are  long  and  narrow,  paved 
with  flint.  On  both  sides  are  shops  appro- 
priated to  the  sale  of  different  commodi- 
ties. At  the  end  of  erery  street  is  a bar- 
rier, which,  wdth  the  gates  of  the  city,  are 
shat  in  the  evening.  In  canton  there  are 
no  carriages ; but  the  better  sort  are 
carried  in  chairs.  The  common  people 
walk  generally  bareheaded  and  barefoot- 
ed. It  iar  outstrips  all  the  other  cities  of 
Asia  in  temples,  superb  palaces,  courts, 
and  immense  riches.  On  the  wharf  of 
the  river,  stand  the  factories  of  the  Dutch, 
French,  Swedes,  Danes,  English,  cvc.  The 
side  of  the  river  next  the  city  is  covered 
with  boats,  which  form  a kind  of  town  or- 
street,  in  w^hich  live  the  poorer  sort  of 
Chinese,  or  rather  the  descendants  of  th* 
Tartars.  On  this  river  live  many  thousand 
souls  w'ho  never  were  permitted  to  coma 
on  shore,  whose  only  habitation  is  their 
boat.  The  European  vessels  lie  and  un- 
load their  cargoes  at  Wampoa,  about  12 
miles  from  Carron,  which  are  transmitted 
by  lighters  to  the  factories.  The  w'eather 
at  Canton  is,  in  summer,  extremely  hot, 
and  in  Dec.  Jan.  and  Feb.  cold:  the  coun- 
try is  nevertheless  pleasant  and  heaUbful. 
The  number  of  inhabitants  has  been  estis- 
mated  at  1,509,000,  hut  latter  calculation, 
have  made  the  number  considerably  less. 
It  is  50  miles  from  the  Indian  ocean 
and  1 100  s of  Pekin.  Lon.  113  2 E,  lat. 
23  8 N. 

CANTON,  an  extensive  province  of 
China.  See  Quang-to^xG. 

Cantyre,  or  Kentyre,  a peninsula  in  Ar- 
gylshire,  about  40  miles  long  and  from  liv-s 
to  eight  broad,  separated  from  Knapdale  on, 
the  N by  the  narrow  sandy  isthmus  of  Tar- 


h) 


CAP 

bet.  The  promontory  in  wbicb  it  termi- 
nates on  the  s is  catted  the  JVlulI  ol  Can- 
tyre,  where  on  certain  rocks  called  the 
Merchants,  is  a light-house  oi  great  eleva- 
tion, in  loo.  2 40  V7  ol  Edinburgh,  lat.  66 
21.  This  peninsula  is  hilly  and  moist,  but 
not  unfertile.  The  only  town  of  note  i^ 
Campbelton.  lu  1093,  M‘  Donald  the 
uhieitan  caused  his  barge  to  be  drawn  in 
full  sail  across  the  isthmus  of  Tarbet,  in 
token,  that  Cantyre  was  a par  t of  his  domi- 
nion of  the  isles. 

Cantzy  a town  of  Silesia  in  Germany. 
Lon.  16  36  n,  lat.  5i  6 n. 

CanuSy  anciently/ called  Adonis,  a river 
in  Phoenicia. 

Canceyy  an  isle  in  the  county  of  Essex, 
opposite  to  the  PI  ope,  about  five  mues  long, 
from  Hole  Haven  to  Leigh.  A fair  is  hcid 
upon  it,  J une  25tii. 

Canify  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Lower  Seine,  Prance,  seated  in  a country 
which  abounds  in  corn  and  fiax  ; 26  miles 
Kw  of  Rouen. 

Cany/'orky  a short  navigable  river  of  the 
United  States,  in  Tennesse. 

CAORLO,  a smali  island  in  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  on  the  coast  of  Friuli,  with  a town 
"of  the  same  name,  20  miles  sw  of  Aquileia. 
Lon.  12  30  E,  lat.  45  42  n. 

fiapadOy  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples, 
in  Principato  Citra.  Lon.  15  18  e,  lat. 
40  40  N. 

Cape  B7’eton,  See  Bretoriy  Cape  of, 
Capelley  a town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Aisuie,  10  miles  ne  of  Guiese. 
Lon.  3 59  e,  lat.  49  58  n 

CapestaUy  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Herauit,  near  the  Aude  and 
the  canal  of  Languedoc,  six  miles  w of 
Beziers.  Lon.  3 8 e,  lat.  43  21  n. 

CaputanOy  a town  of  Calabria  Ulterior, 
Naples,  20  miles  ne  of  Squillace. 

CAPITANATA,  one  of  the  12  provinces 
of  Naples.  It  is  a level  country  without 
trees.  The  capital  is  Luoera. 

Capo  Arcine,  See  Cavarzere, 

Capo  htriOy  the  chief  town  of  the 
province  of  Istria,  situated  on  a small 
island  in  the  gulf  of  Venice,  and  joined  to 
the  mainland  by  draw-bridges.  It  was 
anciently  called  Insignopolis.  Its  chid 
revenue  is  wane  and  salt,  eight  miles  s of 
Triest.  Lon.  14  0 e,  iat.  45  40  n. 

Cumpo  FinOy  a large  barren  rock  in  the 
territory  of  Genoa,  near  it  there  is  a har- 
bour of  the  same  name,  and  has  a castle  on 
its  eastern  peak,  13  miles  ese  of  Genoa. 
Lon.  8 56  e,  lat.  44  20  n. 

CAPPADOCIA,  an  ancient  kingdom 
of  Asia,  comprehending  all  that  country 
which  lies  beween  mount  Taurus  and  the 
Euxiiie  Sea. 

CAPPADOCIA,  Magna,  or  Cappado- 
cia, properly  so  calletl,  lies  between  38 
and  4 1 deg.  lat.  n.  It  is  divided  into  the 
four  Reglerbeglies  of  Siicas,  Trebizoud, 


CAP 

Maraschy  and  Cogniy  and  subject  to  the 
Turks.  * 

Cappely  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Sles- 
wick,  Denmark,  e coast,  16  miles  ke  of 
Sleswdck, 

Cappoquiny  in  Waterford,  Munster,  Ire- 
land, on  the  Blackwater,  with  a castle,  13 
miles  v/NW  of  Dungarvon,  and  18  ssw  of 
Clonmel. 

CAPRALA,  or  Capria,  an  island  of 
France,  ne  of  Corsica.  It  is  about  15 
miles  in  circumference,  has  a towm  of  the 
same  name,  and  a safe  harbour,  protected 
by  a castle.  Lon.  9 56  e,  lat.  43  5 n. 

CapraoUy  a town  of  Italy,  20  miles  n of 
Rome.  Lon.  13  5 e,  iat.  43  15  n. 

CAPRARIA,  one  of  the  Zemiti  islands, 
in  the  Adriat  c.  Lon.  33  22  e,  from  Ferro, 
lat.  42  ION. 

CAPRI,  an  island  in  the  entrance  of  the 
gulf  of  Naples,  anciently  called  Caprea, 
live  miles  long,  and  two  broad.  Its  shores 
are  steep,  and  accessible  in  only  two  places. 

A large  portion  of  its  surface  is  unfit  for 
cultivation ; but  every  spot  that  will  ad- 
mit of  improvement,  teems  with  the  best 
productions  of  the  earth.  In  this  retreat 
the  emperor  Tiberius  spent  the  last  ten 
years  of  his  life  in  great  luxury.  This  is 
the  resort  of  vast  quantities  of  quails : the 
tenth  of  those  that  are  caught  forms  part 
of  the  bishop’s  revenue,  who  is  hence  styled, 
Bishop  of  Quails. 

Capri,  the  capital  of  the  above  isle,  once 
celebrated  for  its  superb  works,  which  v/ere 
destroyed  after  the  death  of  Tiberius,  It  is 
2T  miles  ssw  of  Naples.  Lon.  14  10  e, 
lat.  40  32  N. 

, Capua,  a neat  little  city  in  Lavora, 
Naples,  at  the  foot  of  a mountain,  on  the 
Voiturno,  and  the  see  of  an  archbishop, 
w'ho  is  the  first  in  the  kingdom.  It  was 
built  out  of  the  ruins  of  ancient  Capua, 
from  w'hich  it  is  two  miles  distant.  Next 
to  Rome  it  abounds  in  ancient  inscriptions. 
In  1803,  an  earthquake  destroyed  a num- 
ber of  soldiers,  and  occasioned  great  loss 
to  this  city.  Capua  is  at  present  fortified 
according  to  the  rules  of  modern  art,  and 
may  be  considered  as  the  key  of  the  king- 
dom. It  is  20  miles  n of  Naples,  and  100 
SE  of  Rome.  Lon.  14  19  E,lat.  41  T n, 
Capathy  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Perth- 
shire, comprehending  the  greater  part  of  the 
district  of  Stormont,  and  extending  near  13 
miles  in  length,  and  from  one  to  six  and  a- 
half  in  breath.  The  soil  is  partly  a light 
loam,  and  partly  a cold  wet  clay,  the  n 
and  w parts  are  hilly,  and  contain  quarries 
of  fine  blue  slates.  A number  of  districts 
belong  to  this  parish,  wholly  detached  by 
other  intervening  parishes,  some  of  these 
appendages  are  at  the  distance  of  25  miles. 
Near  the  Tay  and  Isla,  the  climate  is  mild, 
and  the  soil  "good.  Near  the  church  is  a 
druidical  circle.  Within  the  church  is  a 
brass  font;  16  inches  and  a half  in  diameter, “ 


CAR 

with  two  inscriptions  in  the  inside,  one  in 
Homan,  and  the  other  in  unknown  charac- 
ters. Principal  manufacture  is  linen. 
Population,  2097. 

Car,  or  Char,  a river  which  runs  into  the 
sea  at  Charmouth  in  Dorsetshire. 

Car,  a lake  in  the  county  of  Armagh, 
Ireland. 

CARA,  a small  island  of  Scotland,  ly- 
ing w of  Kintyre.  It  is  one  mile  long,  and 
half  a mile  broad.  It  contains  22  inhabi- 
tants. 

Cara,  a river  of  Russia,  which  has  its 
source  in  the  n extremity  of  the  Ural  moun- 
tains, empties  itself  into  the  gulf  of  Kar- 
skoi,  in  the  Arctic  ocean,  and  for  the  space 
of  140  miles  is  the  boundery  between  Eu- 
rope and  Asia. 

Carahara,  a town  of  Georgia,  in  Asia. 
Lon.  43  40  e,  lat.  42  48  n. 

CARABAYA,  or  Caravaya,  a district 
or  jurisdiction  of  Buenos  Ayres,  about  40 
leagues  in  extent.  St  Jean  de  i^Ore  is  the 
capital. 

CAR  AC,  a small  island  in  the  Persian 
gulf. 

CARACATAY,  an  extensive  territory  of 
Asia,  reaching  from  the  Chinese  wall  to  the 
country  of  the  Monguls,  lying  between 
China  on  the  e,  and  Imaus  on  the  w. 

CAPiACCAS,  a large  province  of  Terra 
Firma,  in  South  America,  belonging  to  the 
Spaniards.  Its  rich  plains  produce  cocoa 
nuts  of  superior  quality,  sugar,  coffee,  cot- 
ton, tobacco,  and  indigo. 

Caraccas,  the  capital  of  the  above  pro- 
vince, is  large,  wealthy,  and  populous. 
Lon.  67  10  w,  lat.  10  30  n. 

CARAMANIA,  a considerable  province 
of  Asiatic  Turkey,  to  the  e of  Natolia. 
Within  its  limits  are  the  ancient  Pamphi- 
lia,  and  the  greater  part  of  Cilicia,  Cap- 
padocia, and  Pisidia.  Its  lakes  abound 
with  fish,  and  furnish  great  quantities  of 
salt.  Cogni  is  the  capital. 

CARAMANTA,  a province  of  South 
America,  extending  on  both  sides  the  river 
Cauca,  surrounded  by  lofty  mountains. 
Its  waters  afibrd  salt.  The  capital  of  the 
same  name  stands  on  the  Cauca,  240 
miles  NNE  of  Popayan.  Lcn.  75  15  w, 
lat.  5 18  xV. 

Carangas,>di  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a 
country  abounding  with  cattle,  and  rich  in 
silver  mines,  4-3  miles  w of  Potosi. 

CARANJA,  an  island  in  the  Indian  sea, 
three  leagues  s of  Bombay.  Lon,  72  44  w, 
lat.  18  55  N. 

Carara,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Alassa,  Tuscany,  noted  for  its  variegated 
marbles,  lies  five  miles  nne  of  Mcissa. 

Carasui,  a large  lake  of  Bulgaria,  said 
to  be  55  miles  in  circumference,  with  seve- 
ral islands,  formed  by  a branch  of  the 
Danube,  near  its  influx  into  the  Black  sea. 

Caravqcca,  a town  in  Murcia,  Spain, 
among  mountains,  48  miles  wnw  of  Murcia. 


CAR 

Caravaya,  chief  town  of  a territory  o£ 
the  same  name,  in  Peru,  160  miles  se  of 
Cusco.  Lon.  69  36  w,  lat.  14  40  s. 

CARAVI,  a small  island  in  the  Grecian 
Archipelago.  Lon.  41  22  e,  Ferro,  lat. 
36  33  N. 

CAllBERY,  an  island  in  Dunmannus 
bay,  Ireland.  Lon.  9 33  w,  lat.  31  31  n. 

Carbet,  St,  Jaques,  a townof  Martinico,  W 
Indies.  Lon.  43  24  w,  Ferro,  lat.  14  39  N. 

Curoassone,  an  ancient  city,  and  capital 
of  the  department  of  Aude,  France.  It  is 
divided  into  the  upper  and  lower  town  by 
the  river  Aude.  In  the  former  are  a strong 
castle  and  the  cathedral ; the  latter  is  well 
built  and  accommodated  with  water  from 
the  Aude  by  means  of  an  aqueduct.  Here 
are  manufactures  of  all  sorts  of  cloth.  Car- 
cassone  is  33  miles  w of  Nar bonne,  and 
30  SE  of  Toulouse.  Lon.  2 13  e,  lat. 
43  14  N. 

Carculla,  a town  of  Canara,  Hindoostaia 
seated  between  tanks  or  lakes,  from  which 
issue  two  rivers.  It  is  principally  inhabi- 
ted by  shopkeepers,  and  the  vicinity 
abounds  in  rice,  betel  nut,  turmerce,  and 
ginger.  Here  in  an  open  temple,  is  the 
statue  of  a naked  man,  38  feet  in  height 
and  10  in  thickness,  formed  from  one  solid 
piece  of  granite.  It  is  26  miles  n by  b 
of  Mangalore. 

Cardiff,  or  Caerdiff,  a towm  of  S Wales, 
in  Glamorganshire,  seated  on  the  Taef.  It 
is  a large,  compact,  well  built  town,  with  a 
handiome  bridge  of  four  arches  ever  the 
river.  It  is  an  ancient  corporation,  under 
the  government  of  the  constable  of  the  cas- 
tle, two  bailiffs,  12  alderman,  12  capital 
burgesses,  &c.  Near  the  town  sire  some 
iron  works,  and  a canal.  The  town  was 
formerly  surrounded  by  a wall,  of  which 
only  some  vestiges  of  its  gates  remain,  the 
castle  was  an  elegant  Gothic  pile,  but  its 
appearance  is  hurt  by  modern  repairs.  In 
it  died  Robert  duke  of  Normandy,  eldest 
son  of  William  the  Conqueror, after  his  bro- 
ther Henry  L had  blindfolded  and  confined 
him  2S  years.  It  is  i 3 miles  s of  Cowbridge. 
42  s of  Brecknock,  and  169  w of  London. 
Lon.  3 iS  w,  lat.  31  28  k. 

CARDIGAN,  a county  of  S Wales. 
Its  length  is  about 42  miles,  audits  breadth 
near  20.  On  the  s and  w it  is  fertile ; but 
on  the  N and  e moimtainous,  barren,  and 
bleak.  It  has  rich  lead  mines.  The  prin- 
cipal rivers  are  me  Ty vy,  the  Rydal,  and  tha 
Isiwif h.  There  are  five  market  towns,  viz. 
Cardigan,  Aberistwith,  Llanbadarnvawn, 
Llanbedar,  and  Tregaron ; with  77  parishes 
and  it  is  computed  to  have  42,956  inhabi- 
tants. It  sends  two  members  to  parliament, 
one  for  the  county,  and  one  for  the  town. 
The  mountains  abound  with  silver  and  lead 
ores.  Here  any  person  who  can- build  a 
house,  and  kindle  a fire  in  it,  without  being 
challenged,  has  the  privilege  of  inclosing 
; four  acres  of  the  common  lor  his  own  use. 


CAR 


which  desctods  toJiis  heirs  forever.  To 
«vade  the  vigil^lje  of  the  gentlemen  and 
yeomanry  who  have  interest  in  these  com- 
mons, these  houses  are  frequently  raised  up 
in  one  night,  with  materials  secretly  pro- 
vided for  ihe  purpose,  so.  that  it  is  not  un-* 
common  to  see  a house  emitting  smoke  in 
the  morning,  where  it  was  wa^^te  the  even- 
ing before. 

' Cardigan,  the  capital  of  the  above  coun- 
ty, lies  near  the  mouth  of  the  Tyvy,  on 
^the  Irish  channel,  on  a bay  to  which  it 
gives  name.  It  walls  and  castle  are  in 
ruins,  but  the  town  is  well  built,  and 
is  governed  by  a mayor,  13  aldermen, 

13  common  council  men,  &c.  It  has 
a market  on  Tuesday  and  Saturday,  and 
fairs,  February  13,  April  5,  September  8, 
and  December  19.  It  once  had  a priory 
Of  black  monks,  and  is  famous  for  a deci- 
five  victory  obtained  by  the  \¥elch  over  the 
Enf^lish  in  1136.  Here  are  several  rude 
stone  obelisks,  some  of  which  are  of  great 
magnitude. 

Cardona,  a handsome  town  in  Catalonia, 
Spain.  It  is  situated  on  an  eminence,  near 
• the  Cardoncro.  In  its  vicinity  is  a mountain 
of  solid  rock  salt,  of  which  trinkets,  snuff- 
boxes, and  vases,  are  raanutactured.  ^ Its 
'Vineyards  afford  excellent  wine.  It  is  36 
miles  KNw  of  Barcelona.  Lon.  1 26  e, 
lat.  41  42  N. 

Cardross,  a parish  in  Dumbartonshire. 
It  is  seven  miles  long,  and  three  broad. 
The  soil  is  partly  light  gravel,  anff  partly 
clay  ; and  generally  productive.  The  po- 
pulation is  2549.  The  celebrated  Dr  Smol- 
let  was  born  in  this  parish.  Mr  Smollet  of 
Bonhiil,  his  cousin,  has  erected  a lofty  co- 
lumn with  an  elegant  Latin  inscription,  to 
perpetuate  his  memory,  adjacent  to  the  man- 
sion-house of  Dalguhurn  where  he  was  born. 
The  population  is  more  than  trebled  within 
the  last  50  years,  owiiig  to  the  extensive 
printfields  of  Cordale  and  Daiguliuni,  on 
the  Severn. 

' CABELI A,  the  eastern  province  cf  Fin- 
land ; see  WiBUEG. 

Carentan,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Manche,  France,  with  a castle',  eight 
miles  from  the  sea,  and  21  w of  joayeux. 
Lon.  1 4 w,  lat.  49  16  n. 

Cares,  or  Kareis,  a town  cf  Turkey  in 
Europe,  on  mount  Athos,  17  miles  SE  of 

Salonica.  ^ * i,- 

Caresen,  or  Cassen,  a sea  port  of  Arabia 
Felix.  Lon.  52  7 e,  lat.  16  5 n. 

Careston,  or  Caraldston,  a parish  oi 
Scotland,  in  Angus-shire.  It  is  three 
miles  long,  and  one  broad.  Tho  soil  is 
fertile,  and  well  cultivated,  and  the  popu- 
lation is  229.  Here  are  two  artificial 
mounds,  the  one,  it  is  said,  was  raised  for 
the  purpose  of  law,  and  the  other 
execution  of  capital  offenders.  Three 
large  upright  stones,  at  half  a miles  dis- 
tance from  the  cuuroh,  are  said  to  bo  the 


GAR 

remains  of  a monument  erected  to  CarreX, 
one  of  Ossian's  heroes,  from  whence  th» 
parish  derives  its  name  of  Carraldstone, 
nine  miles  ne  of  Forfar. 

Carew,  a village  of  Wales,  four  miles  E 
by  N of  Pembroke,  on  a branch  of  Milford- 
haven,  distinguished  for  the  stately  and  ve- 
nerable ruins  of  its  castle. 

Carfagnano,  a ci-devant  seignpry,  Italy. 
See  Castel  Nuovo  de  Carfagnano . 

Cargill,  a parish  in  Terthshire,  about 
six  miles  long  from  w to  e,  and  four  broad. 
Except  the  woodlands,  it  is  mostly  arable. 
The  population  is  1585.  An  old  act  of 
the  parliament  of  Scotland  imposing  a 
fine  of  a wedder  sheep,  or  3^.  4d.  for 
every  stalk  of  Gool,  which  the  farmer 
allowed  to  grow  among  his  corn,  is  iii 
this  parish  mitigated  to  the  fine  of  one 
penny.  Here  are  traces  of  a Roman 
high  way,  several  druidical  circles,  tu- 
muli, &c. 

Carhaiz,  a town  in  the . department  of 
Finisterre,  France,  on  the  Yer,  19  miles  s 
of  Morlaix. 

Carham,  a village  in  Northumberland,  on 
the  banks  of  Tweed,  seven  miles  e of  Kelso. 

In  a battle  fought  here  between  the  Danes 
and  English  fell  11  bishops,  and  two  Eng- 
lish counts.  Here  also  in  1018,  the^  Scots 
subdued  the  English;  anal  in  1370  Sir 
John  Lilburne  was,  by  the  Scots,  defeated 
and  taken  prisoner. 

Carhampton,  a town  in  SomeTsetSiiirej 
near  Dun^ter. 

CARIACOU,  the  ehiof  of  the  Grena- 
dine isles.  It  contains  1613  acres  of  fev^ 

tile  land.  , . 

Cariati,  a town  in  Calabria  Citeriore, 
Naples,  25  miles  n of  St  Severino.  Lon. 
17  10  e,  lat.  33  38  n. 

CARIBBEE  ISLANDS,  a cluster  of 
islands,  situated  in  the  Atlantic  ocean,  be- 
tween 59  degrees,  and  63  degrees  Ion.  w, 
and  lietween  11  degrees  and  18  degrees 
lat.  s.  Those  that  lie  nearest  the  e,  hav@ 
been  called  the  Windward  Islands,  ths 
others  the  Leeward,  on  account  of  the  winds 
blowing  generally  from  the  eastern  point 
in  those  quarters.  The  rains  of  the  Carib- 
be?  islands  are  torrents.  ^ The  produce  of 
the  Caribbee  islands  consists  of  sugar  rum, 
molasses,  indigo,  &c.  The  Caribbee  or 
Charaihes,  were  the  ancient  natives  ot  tu» 
Windward  islands. 

C ARIBIANA,  or  CARRIBBIANA,  th# 
ne  coast  of  Terra  Firma,  in  S America. 

Carical,  a French  settlement  on  the  w 
coast  of  Coromandel ; taken  by  the  «.nglisli 
in  1760,  stands  at  the  mouth  of  a branch  of 
the  Cavery,  eight  miles  s of  Tranquebar. 
Lon.  80  12  E,  lat,  11  15  N , 

Carignan,  a town  m the  department  of 
Ardennes,  France,  formerly  - 

Luxemburg,  and  called  I viox.  Louis  X 
to  whom  it  was  ceded  changed  us  ^ 

stands  on  the  Criers,  eight  miles  ese  of  Sedan* 


CAR 

Carij^naifi)  a fortified  town  in  a district  of 
the  same  name,  in  Piedmont,  with  a castie, 
on  the  Po,  U miles  s by  w of  Tuvin.  Lon. 

7 25  E,  lat.  44  30  n. 

CARIMAN  JAVA,  a cluster  of  E In- 
diim  islands,  n of  Java,  at  the  chief  oi  whicn 
ships  in  their  passage  to  Borneo,  find  iresh 
provisions.  Lon.  110  12  e,  lat.  6 56  s. 

Carinolaf  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples, 
near  Mount  Massico,  Terra  di  Lavoro,  25 
miles  AW  of  Naples.  Lon,  15  10  e,  lat. 

41  zO  N. 

CARINTHIA,  a duchy  of  Germany,  in 
Austria.  A part  of  this  country  was  an- 
ciently oailed  Carnioia,  and  the  inhabi- 
tants Garni.  The  air  is  cold;  the  suviac 
in  general  mountainous.  The  inhabitants 
are  partly  de»ceiidants  of  the  ancient  Ger- 
mans, and  partly  of  the  Sclav onians.  it 
abounds  in  iron  and  lead,  and  afiord  good 
pastures  for  cattle,  Clagenfurt  is  the 
capital. 

Carishrook  Castle^  a village  situated  in  the 
middle  of  the  isle  of  Wight,  the  seat  of  the 
governor,  a mile  sw  of  Newport.  It  was 
built  by  the  Saxons,  and  was  for  13  months 
the  prison  of  Charles  1.  Here  is  a well 
218  feet  deep,  out  of  which  water  is  drawn 
by  means  of  a wheel  turned  by  an  ass. 
Part  of  its  Priorj^  is  converted  into  a farm 
house,  but  still  retains  the  name.  Lon.  1 
30  w,  lat.  50  40  n. 

Caristo  or  Cartel  Rosso,  an  episcopal  city 
of  Greece,  in  the  s of  the  Island  of  Negro- 
pont.  Lon.  24  35  e,  lat.  3is  4 n. 

Carlingford,  a port  town  in  the  county  oi 
Louth,  Ireland  ; stands  on  Carlingford  bay, 
famous  for  the  excellence  of  its  oysters. 
Lon.  6 0 w,  lat.  54  li  n. 

Carlinwark  LocA,  a lake  in  Kircudbright- 
shire,  and  a village  at  its  n corner,iiow  bet- 
ter known  by  the  name  of  Castle  Douglass, 
it  has  a share  of  the  cotton  marmfacture, 
and  is  seven  miles  ne  of  Kircudbright. 

Carlisle,  an  ancient  city  of  Cumberland, 
and  capital  of  the  county.  It  is  surrounded 
by  a strong  stone  M^ali,  and  has  a pretty 
large  castle  in  the  w,  part  of  it,  with  a 
citadel  in  the  e,  built  by  Henry  VIII. 
The  principal  streets  lead  from  three  gates, 
the  English  on  the  s,  the  Scotch  on  the 
N and  the  Irish  on  the  w,  and  meet  at 
the  market-piace,  where  the  town  hall, 
moot-hall,  and  council  chamber,  are  si- 
tuated. It  is  governed  by  a mayor,  12 
aldermen,  two  bailiffs,  &c.  and  sends  two 
members  to  parliament.  It  has  a coi)si- 
derable  market  on  Wednesday,  and  Sa- 
turday. The  manufactures  of  Carlisle  are 
cotton  and  linen  checks,  grey  cottoiis. 
Osnaburgs,  <fec.  It  contained  in  1811, 
12,831  inhabitants.  In  1645,  after  a block- 
ade of  eight  mouths,  it  surrendered  to  the 
parliamentary  forces.  In  1745,  it  fell  into 
the  hands  of  the  rebels,  but  was  recovereu 
by  the  duke  of  Cumberland.  Here  Edwaru 
I.  held  a parlimeut,  since  which  time  it  hasj 


CAR 

sent  two  citi^ns  to  the  house  of  commons  ' 
these  are  elected  by  700  freemen,  who  pass 
toil  iroe  ihrougu  the  wiiole  county.  It 
is  90  mues  s of  Edinburgh,  50  w of  New- 
castle, and  301  NNW  of  London.  Lon.  2 
53  w,  iat.  54  46  N.  . 

Carlisle,  a post-town  of  Pensylvania,  and 
capital  of  Cumberland  county.  It  contains 
above  2,000  inliaoitauts.  It  has  a ooHege, 
a jail,  a court-house,  and  four  churches^ 

It  is  100  miles  w by  n of  Phiiaaelphia. 
Lon.  7t  30  w,  lat.  40  10  N. 

Carlohago , a town  seated  at  the  foot  oi  a 
rock  in  Moriaohia,  near  the  sea,  by  which 
tue  isle  of  Pago  is  separate:!  from  the  con- 
tinert.  Its  .rade  is  principally  in  wood, 
and  is  46  miles  se  of  Bucoari.  Lon.  15 
13  E,  lat.  44  53  n. 

Carlos,  St,  a town  oi  Nicaragua,  New 
Snain.  Lon  83  45  w,  lat.  1 i 0 n. 

‘ Carlos  St,  a town  in  the  province  of  Ca- 
raccas.  Terra  Firma,  85  miles  sw  of 
Leon. 

Carlos,  St,  a town  of  Cuba,  n side  of  th© 
iAand  62  miles  e of  Kavamia. 

Cavlostadt,  or  Carstadt,  a town  of  Hun- 
gary, capital  of  Croiia,  seated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  ivulpa  and  Corona,  180  mixCs 
s by  w of  Vienna.  Lon.  10  5 b,  lat.  45 

Carlostadt,ov  CarUtadt,  a town  m Wer- 
meland,  Sv/eden,  It  contains  1,500  inha- 
bitants, who  trade  in  iron,  copper,  and 
v/ood.  Lon.  14 '4  B,  lat.  59  16  n. 

CorloUa,  a town  in  Andeiu  ia,  Spain, 
built  in  1769,  for  the  accomimxlation  of 
emigrants  from  Italy  and  Germany.  It  is 
15  miles  s of  Cordova. 

Carlow,  a county  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster* 
It  contains  50  parishes.  The  surface  of 
the  county,  is  beauiif Lilly  undulated,  and  ri- 
*es  into  hills  of  no  remarkable  elevation. 
The  lowlands  are  strong  fertile  loams. 
Carlow  sends  three  members  to  tne  imperial 
parliament,  two  for  the  county  and  one  for 
the  town.  Population  about  44,000  The 
principal  rivers  are  the  Barrow  and  .Laney. 

Carlow,  the  chieftowm  of  the  above  coun- 
ty, situated  on  the  Barrow.,  It  is  20  miles 
NE  of  Kilkenny,  and  42  sw  of  Dublin 
Its  ancient  name  was  Catheriagh.  Its 
castle,  which  stood  on  the  banks  of  thdi 
river  is  now  in  ruins.  Lou.  7 14  w,  iat. 
52  48  N. 

Carlowitz,  a small  town  of  Hungary,  m 
Sclavonia,  on  the  Danube,  38  miles  nw 
of  Belgrade.  Here  the  terms  of  peacb 
were  settled  between  the  Germans  and 
Turks  in  1869.  Lon.  19  5 e,  lat.  45  25  n. 

Carlsbad,  a town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  Cir- 
cle of  Saatz,  seated  nee.r  the  junction  of  th» 
Eqra  and  Topel,  24  miles  ene  of  the  for- 
mer. It  is  noted  for  its  hot  batbs,  disco- 
vered by  the  emperor  Charie.s  IV,  as  ha 
was  hunting.  Lou.  12  57  e,  lat.  aOLo  n. 

Carlsberg,  a fiirtified  town  in  the  dsjpart- 
ment  of  Sarra  and  Moselle,  France. 

0 d 


CAR 


C A R 


Carlshtirg,  a town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  \ 
tbo  ^’rrlto^y  of  Bremen,  at  the  mouth  of  i 
the  \Yescr,  on  the  Geeste,  30  miles  n by  i 
w of  Bremen.  Lon.  8 45  e,  lat.  53  \ 
32  N. 

Carlscronay  or,  Carlscroon  a city  and  ] 
sea-port  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  province 
of  Blekinglien.  The  way  into  the  town 
from  the  main  land,  is  carried  over  a dyke 
to  an  island,  and  from  thence,  along  two  < 
wooden-bridges  joined  by  a barren  rock.  ; 
The  town  contains  about  15,000  inhabi-  i 
lants.  It  is  adorned  with  two  handsome 
churches.  The  entrance  into  the  harbour  ' 
is  extremely  difficult.  In  1T24,  a dock 
was  built,  which  has  since  been  enlarged,  < 
and  is  now  capable  of  receiving  a ship  of 
the  firot  rate.  New  docks  have  also  been 
begun,  upon  an  extensive  plan.  It  was 
founded  by  Charles  XI,  as  a more  conve- 
nient situation  for  his  fleet,  and  is  mostly 
constructed  of  wood.  In  1790  above  two- 
thirds  of  the  towm  were  consumed  by  fire. 
Here  are  founderies  for  cannon,  and  ma- 
nufactures of  sails,  ropes,  and  gun-powder. 
Cariscrona  is  220  miles  sw  of  Stockholm. 
Lon.  15  26  E,  lat.  56  7 n. 

Carlshaven,  a town  of  Blekingen,  Swe- 
den. It  has  a timber  yard,  a woollen  ma- 
nufacture, and  a forge  for  copper,  22  miles 
w of  Cariscrona. 

Carlsriihe,  a town  of  Suabia.  Here  the 
prince  has  a palace,  two  miles  nw  of 
Hourlach. 

CarlstadL  See  Carolstadt. 

Carlstadt^  a town  in  Franconia,  Ger- 
many, on  the  Maine,  13  miles  n by  w ci 
Wurtzbnrg.  Lon.  0 51  e,  lat.  50  0 N. 

Carluke,  a parish  in  Lanarkshire,  seven 
miles  long  from  w to  e,  and  four  and  a- 
half  broad.  Free-stone,  lime-stone,  and 
iron-stone,  abound  ; and  there  are  some 
rich  veins  of  coals.  The  orchards  extend 
in  [length  five  miles,  and  are  supposed  to 
comprehend  nearly  80  acres.  The  popu- 
lation in  1802  was  1756.  Near  the  Ro- 
man highway  whicli  intersects  the  parish, 
several  P*,oman  coins  have  been  found,  and 
seme  Scottish  as  old  as  the  reign  of  Alex- 
ander III.  In  the  church  are  several  ves- 
tiges of  Romish  superstition. 

Carluke,  a village  in  the  above  parish. 
It  has  fairs,  ist  Thursday  in  February|  2 1st 
May,  aud  last  Wednesday  in  July,  33 
. miles  sw  of  Edinburgh. 

' Carmagnola,  a fortifled  town  of  Pied- 
mont, stands  on  a small  river  which  unites 
with  the  Po,  14  miles  s of  Turin.  Lon.  7 
33  E,  lat.  44  43  n. 

Carmel,  a high  mountain  of  Palestine, 
on  which  is  a city  of  the  same  name,  cele- 
brated to  all  generations  as  the  retreat  of 
the  prophet  Elijah  from  the  persecution  of 
Ahab.  Here  w^as  a monastery  of  Carme- 
lites ; 50  miles  n of  Jerusalem. 

Carmichael,  a parish  of  Scotland,  ^ in 
Lanarkshire,  six  miles  long>  and  live 


broad.  There  is  a rood  iimework,  and 
and  an  excellent  colliery.  The  population 
is  832.  The  dairy  is  the  chief  object  of 
the  farmer.  Here  is  a seat  of  the  earl  of 
Hyndford,  whose  second  title  is  lord  Car- 
michael. 

Carmino,  a town  of  Cornwall. 

Carmona,  an  ancient  town  of  Spain  in 
Andalusia,  with  a ruinated  castle  of  great 
extent.  The  gate  on  the  side  of  Seville  is 
one  of  the  most  striking  pieces  of  antiquity 
in  Spain.  Here  too  are  remains  of  ancient 
walls,  inscriptions,  (fee.  It  is  36  miles  nb 
of  Seville.  Lon.  5 37  w,  lat.  37  24  n 

Carmona,  a towm  in  Friuli,  Italy,  stands 
on  a mountain  near  the  Indri,  seven 
miles  NW  of  Goritz.  Lon.  5 37  e,  lat.  46 

15  N, 

Carmseia,  a spacious  sea-port  in  the  isle 
of  Cherso,  Italy. 

CARMUNNOCK,  a parish  in  Lanark- 
shire, about  four  miles  in  length,  and  three 
in  breadth,  The  soil  is  partly  a light 
quick  mould,  partly  a strong  deep  clay,  and 
partly  a shallow  clay,  mixed  v/ith  sand.  In 
many  parts  there  are  coal  and  limestone ; 
there  is  also  plenty  of  iron-stone,  and  exten- 
sive quarries  of  free-stone.  Population  i^ 
about  570,  and  is  on  the  increase.  The 
inhabitants  of  this  parish  are  so  connected 
in  marriage,  that  scarcely  two  of  them  can 
be  found  w’^ho  are  not  related.  The  pros- 
pect from  some  parts  of  it  includes  part  of 

1 6 counties. 

Carmylie,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Angus- 
shire,  three  miles  long  from  e to  w,  and 
four  broad.  The  population  is  892. 

CARNATIC,  a rich,  populous,  and  fer 
tile  country  of  Hindoostan.  It  is  570  miles 
in  length  from  n to  s ; but  no  w^here  more 
than  120,  and  commonly  only  75  miles  wide. 
The  country  is  rich,  fertile,  and  populous, 
containing  an  incredible  number  of  fortres- 
ses and  public  monuments.  The  principal 
rivers  are  the  Pennar,  Paliar,  and  Cauvery, 
This  country  is  subject  to  Britain,  The 
revenue  of  the  Nabob  is  1,500,0001,  who 
pays  to  the  E India  Company  a subsidy  of 
1 60,0001.  In  1 787,  the  Company  took  into 
their  own  hands  the  administration  of  the 
Carnatic  and  the  collection  of  the  revenue. 
The  capital  is  Arcot. 

Carnbee,  a parish  of  Fifeshire,  about  four 
miles  square.  Coal  abounds,  and  there  are 
excellent  lime  and  freestone  quarries.  The 
population  is  about  1,083.  This  parish  is 
well  cultivated  and  very  fertile. 

Carnawl,  a towm  of  the  province  of  Del- 
hi, Hindoostan,  famous  for  the  victory  ob- 
tained by  Kouli  Khan,  over  the  great  Mogul 
in  1739,  and  for  the  defeat  of  the  Mahrat- 
I tasby  the  Seiks  under  Abdalla,  in  1761 : 80 
miles  NW  of  Delhi. 

Carnesville,  a town  of  Franklin  county, 
Georgia,  100  miles  nw  of  Augusta,  and 
1 15  miles  nnw  of  Louisville. 

Carnew,  a town  in  the  county  of  Wicklotr. 


CAR 

Carney-HUly  or  Cairnay-Hilly  a village  in 
Fifecli^re,  which  has  400  inhabitants,  two 
miles  w of  Dumferline. 

Carniay  a territory  of  the  late  Maritime 
division  of  Austria,  25  miles  long?  and  20 
broad,  containing  16.3  villages,  and  28,000 
souls. 

CAPtNIOLA,  a duchy  of  Germany,  m 
the  circle  of  Austria,  extending  in  length 
about  IJO  miles,  and  in  breadth  a])Out  SO. 
Carniola  is  full  of  mountains.  The  val- 
leys are  very  fruitful  in  corn,  wine,  and 
oil.  There  are  mines  of  iron,  lead,  copper, 
and  mercury.  There  are  several  rivers, 
besides  many  medicinal  springs  and  inland 
lakes.  The  languages  chiefly  in  use  are 
the  Soiavonlan  and  the  German.  The 
duchy  is  divided  into  the  Upper,  Lower, 
Middle,  and  Inner  Carniola.  Christianity 
was  first  planted  here  in  the  8th  century. 
Carniola  was  long  a marquisate  ; but,  in 
1231,  was  erected  into  a duchy.  Its  ca- 
pital is  Lawback. 

Carnocky  a parish  in  the  w of  Fifeshire, 
about  three  miles  square,  with  a village  of 
the  same  name.  The  soil  is  partly  black 
earth,  partly  clay  or  till.  There  are  five 
coal  mines,  some  iron-stone,  and  plenty  of 
freestone,  in  the  parish.  The  population  is 
about  860.  In  1752,  Mr.  Thomas  Gil- 
lespie, incumbent  of  this  parish,  was  ejected 
for  refusing  to  assist  in  a violent  settlement, 
and  became  the  first  minister  of  that  party 
who  took  the  designation  of  the  Presbytery 
of  Pielief, 

Carnwathy  a parish  in  Lanarkshire,  12 
miles  long  from  s to  n,  and  eight  broad. 
The  soil  is  partly  sandy,  and  partly  deep 
rich  clay.  There  is  an  extensive  iron  foun- 
dry in  the  parish.  Population  is  about 
2,680,  The  parish  contains  some  medici- 
nal springs,  and  is  watered  by  the  clyde 
and  Medwin.  In  1424,  Sir  Thomas  So- 
merville founded  the  church  here  for  a 
provost  and  three  prebendaries,  and  made 
provision  for  the  support  of  eight  poor  old 
men. 

Carnwathy  a,  village  in  the  above  parish. 
It  has  fairs,  1st  Thursday  in  July,  ^nd  2d 
Wednesday  in  August,  old  style.  Popula- 
tion 500.  Near  the  w end  of  the  town  is 
a tumulus  surrounded  by  a deep  ditch 
and  mound,  in  the  centre  of  the  tumulus 
is  an  opening  virbere  has  been  a circular 
staircase.  It  is  supposed  to  have  been  a 
burying  place. 

Carotath,  a town  of  Selesia,  capital  of  a 
principality  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Oder, 
14  miles  k w of  Glogau. 

CAROLINA,  an  extensive  country  of  N 
America,  which  before  the  secession  ot  the 
American  colonies  fit)m  the  British,  com- 
prehended the  whole  w part  of  Florida,  situ- 
ated between  29  degrees  and  36  deg.  30  m. 
lat.  N.  It  is  situated  between  the  extrenii- 
tie.s  of  heat  and  cold.  It  has  great  rains  in 
winter,  and  often  heavy  showers  atmidgum- 


C A R 

mer.  In  August  and  September,  there  are 
sometimes  great  winds,  which  are  so  violent 
as  to  make  great  lanes  through  the  woods, 
tearing  up  the  trees  by  the  roots.  The  soil 
on  the  coast  is  sandy ; but  further  up  the 
country  is  very  fruitful.  Large  quantities  of 
rice,  pitch,  tar,  turpentine,  deer  i^skins,  and 
timber  for  building,  cypress,  cedar,  and  sas- 
safras oak,  walnut,  and  pine,  are  annually 
exported ; as  well  as  beef,  pork,  tallow, 
hides,  furs,  wheat,  peas,  potatoes,  honey, 
bees-wax,  myrtle-wax,  tobacco,  snake-ro(^, 
cotton,  and  various  gums  and  medic^ 
drugs.  It  abounds  with  ginseng  and  lions- 
heart,  a sovereign  remedy  for  the  bite  of  a 
serpent.  Carolina  is  adorned  with  many 
beautiful  rivers  and  flourishing  woods. 
The  rivers  are  large,  and  navigable  many 
miles  up  the  country.  The  chief  mountains 
are  the  Appalachian. 

CAROLINA.  North,  is  one  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  situated  between 
Ion,  76  deg.  9 m.  and  81  deg.  43  m.  w,  and 
between  lat.  33  deg.  51  m.  and  36  deg.  30 
m.  N.  It  is  450  miles  long  from  e to  w, 
and  180  broad  from  n to  s.  It  is  divided 
into  eight  districts,  via.  Edenton,  Newbern, 
Wilmington,  Halifax,  Hillsborough,  Salis- 
bury, Morgan,  and  Fayetteville,  the  greater 
part  of  which  extend  across  the  state  from 
N to  s.  These  districts  are  subdivided  into 
54  counties.  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Cho- 
wan Roanoke,  Pamlica,  Yadkin  Catabaw, 
Dan,  Perquimams,  Pasquotank,  &c.  The 
chief  sounds  are  Albemarle,  Pamlico,  ana 
Core  The  most  common  trees  are  the  oak, 
walnut,  pine,  hickory,  and  pitch-pine,  a tall 
majestic  tree,  of  which  tnere  are  large  fo- 
rests, affording  pitch,  tar,  turpentine,  and 
different  kinds  of  lumber  for  exportation. 
A species  of  rock,  supposed  to  be  a concre- 
tion of  marine  shells,  supplies  the  want  or 
lime-stone,  and  the  state  abounds  with  iron 
ore.  The  annual  exports  amounted,  on  the 
Both  September  1791,  to  424,548  dollars. 
The  population  in  1710,  did  not  exceed 
6,000,  but  in  1791,  it  was  393,751,  in  1801, 
It  was  478,103,  and  in  1810, 563,5 16,  The  le- 
gislative authority,  ratified  in  1796,  is  vested 
in  a senate  and  a house  of  commons ; whic^j 
are  jointly  called  tne  General  Assembly^ 
Both  are  annually  elected  by  ballot ; each 
county  choosing  one  senator  and  two  com- 
moners ; and  each  of  the  towns  of  Edenton, 
'Wilmington,  Newbern,  Salisbury,  Hillsbo- 
rough, Halifax,  and  Fayetteville,  one  com- 
moner. The  qualifications  tor  a senator  are 
one  year’s  residence,  and  300  acres  ol  land 
in  fee-simple  ; of  a commoner,  a like  r.>si- 
dence,  and  100  acres ; those  for  a voter  are, 
21  years  of  age,  a year’s  residence,  and  na\- 
ingpaid  taxes;  and, in  addition  to  these,  a 
voter  for  a senator  must  have  a freenoia  oi 
50  acres.  The  governor  is  clio;.en  by  ilie 
Legislature  annually,  and  is  only  exigible 
three  years  in  six.  He  must  be  30  yeais  of 
■d^Q,  five  years  resident,  and  possess  a iree- 
,D  d 2 


CAR 

hold  of  1,0001.  A council  of  state,  con- 
sisting of  seven  members,  is  also  chosen  by 
the  legislature  to  assist  him.  All  persons 
in  public  oltices,  and  all  who  deny  the 
being  of  a God,  are  excluded  from  sitting 
in  eiiher  house.  Till  lately,  the  general 
assembly  met  by  adjournment  in  one  or 
other  of  the  seven  towns  above  mentioned ; 
fcu«  in  life?,  they  passed  an  aot  for  erect- 
ing a cenincai  se.U  of  government.  See 
PtALEiGH,  no^'.  toe  seut  of  government. 
J^ewburn  is  the  lavgesi  town. 

CARiHJIvfA,  South,  one  of  the  United 
States  of  America,  simated  between  TS 
ides*.  34  m.  auui  bh  deg.  *-^1)  m.  Ion.  w,  ana 
between  3'^  and  o > deg.  lat.  n ; and  com- 
preLern’i  g an  exteui  of  20,u00  square 
nnics,  being  :^b0  miles  iong,  and  ^ tlb 
broad.  It  s divided  mto  nine  disiricts; 
yi'/ . Bea  uiort.  Chaiiesuin,  Ora..' geburg, 
Camden,  (-•eorgeiovvn,  Nmetysix,  PLokney , 
Cheraw,  and  Vdashinglon ; and  sub:.iiViv.ied 
into  3t5  eounaes.  The  chief  risers  are 
the  Santee,  Eaisto,  Yfaieree,  Wakkamaw, 
Ashley,  Ashepoo,  Cooper,  &c.  The  coun- 
try is  level  for  bO  miles  e w from  th-  coa.it ; 
but  afterwards  rises  gradually  for  60 
miles  in  sand  hillocks.  The  country  a- 
bounds  with  precious  ores,  and  there  are 
likewise  found  pellucid  stones  of  diherent 
hues.  Beside  niaize,  wheat,  nee,  cCc.  tor 
home  consumption,  large  quantities  of  to- 
bacco, and  some  cotton,  wdieat,  and  rice, 
are  raised  for  exportation.  There  are  also 
a variety  of  medicinal  herbs  anti  roots. 
The  exports  in  1795,  amounted  to  5,998,492 
dollars.  The  population,  by  the  census  in 
1810,  was  414,935.  The  legislative  au- 
thority, by  the  constitution  ratilled  in  1790, 
was  vested  in  a general  assembly,  consist- 
ing of  a senate  and  house  of  representati  ves. 
Of  the  former  there  are  37,  of  the  latter  124, 
elected  among  the  districts.  The  senators 
are  elected  for  lour  years,  and  divided  into 
two  classes.  They  must  be  free  white 
men,  30  years  old,  and  hye  years  resident 
in  the  state.  The  representatives  afe  elect- 
ed for  tw^o  years  ; must  be  free  w bite  men, 
21  years  old,  and  three  years  resident  in 
the  slate.  Voters  for  either  branch  miusl 
be  free  w hite  men,  21  years  old,  tw^o  years 
resident  in  the  slate.  The  general  election 
is  held  every  2d  year  on  the  2d  Monday  of 
October,  and  the  general  assembly  meet 
annual!)  on  the  4th  Tuesday  of  November. 
Cbade:  ton  wiiich  was  formerly  the  capital 
of  ail  Carolina  before  ihe  division,  is  still 
reckoned  the  cLief  low  n ; but  Columbia  is 
the  seat  of  gpvernnkent.  The  Cattibaw’s 
are  the  only  indian  nation  in  che  state  Tim 
Presbyterians  are  the  most  numerous  reli- 
gious sect. 

Carolina,  a,  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia  , 
the  chief  towm  of  a colony  so  named,  in  tne 
Sierra  Morena,  seatetl  on  a hill  the  most 
elevated  in  this  settlement,  20  miles  ee  of 
Andaxar. 


CAR 

CAROLINE,  a fertile  county  of  the 
United  States,  in  Mciryland,  on  the  eastern 
shore.  It  is  34  miles  from  n to  s,  and  16 
from  E to  w ; and  contains  7449  free  inha- 
bitants, and  2057  slaves.  Denton  is  the 
chief  towHi. 

CAROLINE,  a populous  and  well  cul- 
tivated county  in  Virginia.  It  is  40  miles 
long,  and  equally  broad. 

CAROLINE  Islands,  a number  of 
islands  to  the  e of  the  Pliiilipines,  in  the 
N Pacific  ocean,  discovered  by  the 
Spaniards  in  1686,  situated  betwx^en  Ion. 
138  and  154  e,  and  lat.  8 and  11  m,  and 
are  about  30  in  number,  and  populous, 
ilogoleu,  the  principal  island,  is  about 
140  miles  long,  and  40  broaa.  Yap, 
tiiD  w extremity  of  this  range,  is  next 
in  size,  but  not  above  one  third  of  the 
former.  They  have  not  been  much  visited 
of  late. 

CaroGT,  or  Caruru,  a town  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Coimbetore,  Hmuoosian,  wiih 
a fort  and  a large  temple,  stands  on 
the  Amaraw'Oti,  eight  miles  above  its 
junction  with  the  Cavery,  and  37  ne  of 
Daraporam.  The  vicinity  abounds  with 
sugar  cane. 

Carouge  Point,  the  n extremity  of  Hispa- 
niola. 

Carpathian  MGVMtains,  are  the  boundary 
between  Poland  and  Hung  ary  and  Transyl- 
vania, to  the  extent  of  dOO  miles. 

CARPATHUS,  ah  island  of  the  Grecian 
Archipelago,  now  caked  Scarfanto. 

Carpenedalo,  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  Ve- 
ronese. It  contains  4000  citizens. 

Carpentaria,  an  extensive  bay  on  the  n 
OOO.SI  of  New  Holland,  discovered  by  Car- 
penter, a Dutch  captain,  in  1618.  Also  the 
name  of  the  country  on  the  e side  of  the 
bay. 

Carpentras,  a towai  of  France,  in  the  dept, 
of  Vaucluse,  on  the  Auson,  14  miles  ne  of 
Avignon.  Lon.  5 6 e,  lat.  44  8 n. 

Carpi,  the  capital  of  a district  of  the  same 
name,  in  the  Modenese,  seated  on  a canal  to 
the  Sechia,  eight  miles  n of  Modena.  It 
has  a fortified  castle,  and  considerable  trade. 
Lon.  11  42  E,  lut.  44  45  N. 

Carpi,  a towm  of  Italy,  on  the  Adige,  in 
the  V eronese.  Here  the  Austrians  defeated 
the  Frenth  in  1701.  It  is  24  miles  se  of 
Verona.  Lon.  11  39  e,  lat.  45  10  n.  ^ 

Carroza,  atowui  on  the  e side  of  the  har- 
bour of  Cadiz,  w^here  is  a college  for  marines, 
docks  for  ship-bmlding,  magazines,  and  na- 
val stores  ; nine  miles  ese  of  Cadiz. 

CARRICK,  the  -outhern  division  of 
A vrshire.  It  borders  on  Galloway,  stretches 
>2  miles  in  lengtii,  and  is  a hilly  couniry,  tit 
for  pasiurage.  The  northern  part,  the  banks 
of  its  rivers,  and  part  of  the  sea  coast  is  ara- 
oie,  and  when  properly  cuitivated,  fertile  in 
cram.  The  chief  rivers  arc  the  fetinchar  and 
Uiivaii.  The  toWns  are  Maybole,  Girvan, 
and  Baliantrae,  its  villages  Coimonel,  Kirk- 


CAR 

»6waW,  and  Dailly.  Tbe  rivers  abound 
with  salmon,  and  otlser  fish  are  taken^  on 
the  opast.  The  I'nnce  ot  Wales  is  E-arx 

of  Carriek.  . 

Carrick-on-Shannon,  a town  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Leiirim,  Ireland,  88  miles  wnw  of 
Dublin.  Lon.  8 w,  lat.  53  53  n. 

Carrick-Gn-Suir,  a town  in  Munster^  and 
countY  oLTipperary,  Ireia-nd,  noted  tor  its 
woolitn  cloth,  called  ratteen  j miles  se 
of  Cashel.  I on.  7 14  w,  lat.  52  16  n. 

Currickasticken,  a mountain  and  a river 
XU  Louth  county,  Leinster. 

Carrickfergusy  a town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Antrim,  and  province  of  Ulster, 
with  a castle.  It  is  a town  and  county  in 
itself;  is  very  rich  and  populous,  with  a 
good  harbour,  and  is  gov.  rned  by  a mayor, 
recorder,  and  sheriffs.  It  stanus  on  a spa- 
cious bay  of  its  name,  in  the  Irish  chan- 
nel, and  lies  85  miles  n by  e of  Dublin. 
Lon.  6 14  w,  lat.  54  48  n.  . 

CurrickraacrosSy  a town  in  Monagnan, 
Ulster,  19  miles  kse  of  Monaghan. 

Carrideuy  a parish  m West  Lothian,  about 
18  miles  w from  Edinburgh,  on  the  s side 
of  the  Frith  ol  Forth,  two  miles  long  from  e 
to  w and  one  broad.  It  abounds  in  free- 
stone and  coa,ls.  Its  exports  are  salt  ana 
coals.  There  are  four  villages  in  the  pa- 
rish. The  population  is  about  1590. 

Carrion  di  Ics  Condes,  a town  of  Spain, 
in  Leon,  on  the  frontiers  of  Old  Casiiip,  has 
|0  chur;  hes,  iO  convents,  and  tw^o  hospitals. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Carrion,  18  miles  n of 
Piacenlia,  and  40  w of  Burgos. 

CarroHySi  small  river  of  Scotland,  which 
rises  about  the  middle  of  the  isthmus  be- 
tween tne  friths  of  Forth  and  Clyde.  It  is 
navigable  for  some  miles  near  its  mouth, 
and  a considerable  trade  is  carried  on  upon 
it  by  small  craft.  Near  its  source  is  a tre- 
menious  cascade,  called  Auchmlily  Linn 
Spout,  probably  ailuded  to  in  the  Tragedy  of 
ijQuglasSy  when  old  Norval  says,  Red 
came  the  river  down,^^  cfec.  This  river  was 
the  N limit  of  the  Roman  empire  in  Britain, 
and  therefore  the  scene  of  the  most  interest- 
ing events.  On  its  banks  lies  the  village  of. 

"Cuvrony  remarkable  for  the  extensive  iron- 
foundery  in  its  neighbourhood,  two  miles 
from  Falkirk,  and  three  above  where  the 
Canon  falls  into  the  i orih.  These  works 
were  estabiisned  m 1760,  and  8.re  the  great- 
est of  the  kind  in  Europe.  There  are  five 
blast,  16  air,  and  three  cupola  furnaces,  an 
engine  that  draws  3i  tons  and  a-half  ol 
water  in  a minute,  tour  mills  for  boring  can- 
non, and  forges  for  making  iron  malleable. 
Above  1.600  men  are  employed ; and  the 
average  weekly  consumption  by  the  furna- 
ces, is  800  tons  of  coals,  400  tons  of  ironstone 
ore,  and  100  tons  of  limestone.  Three  kinds 
of  ore  are  employed,  which  are  mixed  toge- 
ther in  regular  proportions.  The  works  are 
carried  on  by  a chartered  company,  with  a 
capital  of  L.  150,000  sterling,  divided  into 


c A R 

600  shares,  it  stands  on  the  n side  of  th« 
Carron,  in  the  parish  of  Larbert,  27  miles  w 
of  Edinburgh. 

Carsefairny  or  Carsefern,  a parish  in  the 
stewartry  of  Kirkcudbright,  Scotland.  It 
abounds  wdth  iron  ore,  but  has  no  coals. 
Mere  are  large  tumuli,  and  chalybeate 
springs.  Pasturage  occupies  principally 
the  attention  of  the  farmer.  Population  496. 

Carty  White,  and  Black,  two  rivers  in 
Renfrewshire.  The  former  rises  s of  the 
village  of  Eaglesham,  and  after  a winding 
course,  passes  through  Paisley,  and  unites 
with  the  Gryfe  near  Renfrew. — The  latter 
issues  from  Lochwinnoch,  runs  e,  and  after 
turning  a number  of  cotton  mills,  falls  into 
the  Gryfe,  four  miles  ww  of  Paisley.  Both 
of  them  are  of  high  importance  to  the  en- 
lightened and  spirited  manufacturers  in  that 
quarter. 

Cartago,  a city  and  capital  of  Costo 
Rico,  New  Spain,  seated  on  a river  of  its 
name,  70  miles  from  the  Pacific  ocean.  It 
lias  some  wealthy  merchants.  Lon.  84 
10  w,  lat  10  15  N. 

Cartama,  a town  in  Grenada,  Spain,  eight 
miles  Nw  of  Malaga.  Lon.  4 28  w,  lat. 
36  40  N. 

CARTERET,  a maritime  county  of  N 
Carolina.  It  contains  3010  free  citizens, 
and  713  slaves.  The  chief  town  is  Beau- 
fort. 

CARTERET  Island,  in  the  Pacific 
ocean,  discovered  by  captain  Carteret,  in 
1767.  Its  extent  is  six  leagues  from  e to 
w.  I on.  159  14  E,lat.  8 26  s. 

Carter  Fells,  hills  in  Northumberland,  on 
the  borders  of  Scotland. 

Cartersiille,  a town  of  Virginia,  on 
James  river,  40  miles  wnw  of  Richmond. 

Carthage,  a celebrated  city  of  Africa, 
which  was  once  the  rival  of  Rome.  On  its 
site  stands  a small  village,  called  Melchai 
Carthage  Cape,  a promontory  of  Africa, 
10  miles  NE  of  Tunis.  Lon.  10  31  e,  lat. 
36  52  N. 

Carthage,  New,  a rich  trading  towli  of 
Mexico,  and  the  capital  of  Costa  Rica, 
Lon.  36  10  w,  iat.  9 55  n. 

CARTHAGENA,  a province  of  Terra 
Firma,  S America.  It  is  mountainous  but 
there  are  many  well  watered  and  fertile 
valiies ; but  being  thinly  inhabited,  it  is 
but  poorly  cultivated.  Here  emeralds  are 
found. 

Carthagena,  the  capital  of  the  province 
situavedon  a sandy  island.  On  the  e,  it  lias 
a communication  by  a wooden  bridge,  with 
a large  suburb  called  Xemani.  The  fortifi- 
cations both  of  the  cJy  and  suburbs,  are  built 
after  the  modern  maimer.  The  city  and 
j suburbs  are  well  laid  out,  the  streets  straight, 
j broad,  uniform,  and  wcii  paved.  AU  the 
I houses  are  built  of  stone  or  brick.  The  oli 
1 male  is  exceedingly  unhealthy.  The  bar 
j hour  of  Carthagena  is  the  safest  and  best  for 
tified  in  Spanish  America ; and  is  the  port  at 


CAS 

which  the  galleons  began  their  trains  on 
their  arrival  from  Europe,  and.  their  port  oi 
rendezvous,  on  iheir  return.  Ihe  English 
took  it  in  1585,  and  the  French  in  1697 
but  in  1741,  admiral  Vernon,  after  having 
carried  the  ierts,  was  obliged  to  abandon 
the  siege.  Lon.  75  21  w,  lat.  10  27  x. 

Carthagena-Bay,  in  South  America,  is 
one  of  the  best  in  that  country.  It  extends 
two  letigiics  and  a-half  from  x to  s. 

Carthiigenay  the  capital  of  a territory  of 
the  same  name,  province  of  Murcia,  Spain, 
built  by  Asdrubal,  and  named  after  the 
city  of  Carthage,  seated  on  a gulf  of  the 
same  name.  It  has  the  best  harbour,  as 
well  as  the  most  considerable  docks  and 
magazines,  in  all  Spain.  Here  is  produced 
barilla  of  the  best  quality,  and  the  line  red 
earth  called  almagra,  used  in  polishing 
mirrors.  Carthagena  surrendered  to  Sir 
.Tohn  Leake  in  1706/ but  was  retaken  by 
the  duke  of  Brunswick.  It  is  27  miles  s 
of  Murcia.  Lon.  1 31  w,  lat.  37  37  n. 

Cartmel,  a town  of  Lancashire,  stands 
among  the  hilts  called  Cartmel  Fells,  near 
the  sea.  Here  is  a large  old  church,  with 
a singular  tower,  being  a square  within  a 
square,  the  upper  part  set  diagonally  with- 
in the  lower.  It  is  14  miles  x by  w of 
Lancaster,  and  254  xnw  of  London. 

Caruru,  See  Caroor. 

CarwaVy  a town  of  Asia,  on  the  coast  of 
Malabar,  in  the  East  Indies,  seated  near 
the  moiitli  of  the  Aliga,  where  the  East 
India  company  have  a factory,  fortified 
with  two  bastiohs.  It  is  50  miles  sse  of 
Goa.  Lon.  74  14  e,  lat.  14  42  h. 

Carysforty  a borough  in  Wicklow,  has  a 
free-school  founded  hy  Charles  I,  14  miles 
sw  of  Wicklow,  and  34  of  Dublin. 

CASAC,  or  CAZACy  a country  in  the  do- 
minions of  Persia,  on  the  frontiers  of  Arme- 
nia, nominally  subject  to  Persia,  but 
governed  by  its  own  princes.  The  inhabi- 
tants, vrho  are  descended  from  the  Cossacs, 
are  a rude  and  barbarous  people.  Casac, 
or  Casaclora,  is  the  name  of  the  capital. 

Casa  del  CampOy  a royal  seat  of  Spaih, 
in  New  Castile. 

Casagrande,  a town  in  the  n part  ef 
r^ooora.  New  Spain,  where  are  the  re- 
iiiahiS  of  an  Artec  city,  in  the  centre  of 
which  is  an  immense  edifice,  consisting  of 
three  floors  with  a terrace  above  them ; 
and  the  entrance,  by  means  of  a scaling 
ladder,  is  at  the  second  floor,  and  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  an  ancient  Mexican 
fortress.  It  stands  in  an'  immense  plain, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Gila,  239  miles 
xw  of  Arispe.  Lon.  Ill  0 w,  lat,  33 
35  N. 

Casaly  a considerable  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  lepubiican  department  of  the  Adda,  on 
the  Po.  Its  castle,  citadel,  and  fortihea- 
tions  have  all  been  destroyed.  It  is  37 
piiles  NE  of  Turin.  Lon.  8 37  e,  lat, 
45  18  N, 


CAS 

Casal  Maggiorey  a small  strong  town  of 
Italy,  on  the  Po,  26  miles  ese  of  Cremo- 
na, containing  5,500  citizens,  Lon.  115 
B,  lat,  45  6 N. 

Casal  Nuovay  a town  of  Calabria  Ulte- 
riors,  Naples,  where,  by  au  earthquake  in 
1783,  upwards  of  4000  people  lost  their 
lives.  It  is  near  the  sea,  1 i miles  x by  w 
of  Oppido. 

Casbiny  or  Casvsiriy  a large  trading  city 
of  Persia,  in  Irac  Agemi.  Lon.  51  10  e, 
lat.  36  § N. 

Cascaesy  or  Cascais,  a town  in  Estrama-  * 
dura,  Portugal,  on  the  Tajo,  17  miles  w of 
Lisbon.  Lon.  10  15  w,  lat.  38  40  x. 

Cascante,  a town  of  Navarre,  on  th# 
borders  of  Arragon,  Spain,  six  miles  x of 
Taragona,  and  eight  s of  Tudela. 

Casehauy  Caschaw  yOx  Cassoma,  a royal 
free  town  and  fortress  of  Upper  Hungary. 
Lon.  20  36  e,  lat.  40  15  x. 

Casco  Baijy  a bay  of  the  United  States, 
on  the  coast  of  the  district  of  Main,  Massa- 
chusets,  situated  betw-een  Cape  Elisabeth 
and  Cape  Small  Point,  interspersed  with 
small  islands,  and  is  25  miles  wide.  Lon. 

69  30  lat.  44  40. 

Casertay  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  with 
a superb  royal  palace,  and  a modern  aque- 
duct, which  supplies  the  city  of  Naples  with 
water.  Its  buildings  were  injured  by  an 
earthquake  in  1803.  It  is  15  miles  n of 
Naples.  Lon.  15  15  e,  lat.  41  20  n. 

Cashely  or  Cashil,  in  the  county  of  Tippa- 
rary,  Munster.  C ashel  sends  a member  to 
the  imperial  parliament.  Part  of  two  gates 
of  its  ancient  walls  are  still  remaining.  Its 
ancient  cathedraL,  now  in  ruins,  is  supposed 
to  have  been  the  iirst  stone  edifice  in  Ire- 
land. A synod  held  here  by  Henry  I.  in 
1 158,  confirmed  him  in  this  part  of  his  king- 
dom. The  modern  cathedral  is  a hand- 
some building.  The  city,  though  populous, 
has  little  trade.  It  is  60  miles  sw  of  Dub- 
Im.  Lon.  8 10  w,  lat.  52  26  x. 

Cashguvy  a city  of  Usbec  Tartary,  capi- 
tal of  a country  of  the  same  name.  Here 
several  of  the  Persian  kings  resided.  The 
palace  of  Nadir  Shah  was  surrounded  by  a 
wall  a mile  and  a-half  in  circumference. 
Another  of  four  miles  encompasses  the  city, 
it  has  an  extensive  trade,  and  is  280  miles, 

N by  w of  Ispahan.  Lon.  73  25  e,  lat. 

IJ  30  N. 

CASHMERE,  or  CASHMIRE,  a pro- 
vince of  Hindoostan  Proper,  subject  to  the 
king  of  Candahar.  The  country  is  celebrat- 
ed for  its  romantic  beauties,  the  fertility  of 
its  soil,  and  temperature  oi  th  atmosphere. 
Among  other  curious  manutaei  ures  of  Cash- 
mere  is  that  of  shawls,  which  are  distributed 
all  over  the  western  and  southern  Asia ; these 
shawls  are  made  of  the  wool  of  a species  of 
goat.  They  employ  a species  of  sheep,  called 
Hundoo,  in  carrying  burdens.  The  men 
are  stout  and  w’eil  made,  complexion  of  both 
sexes  a dark  brown.  They  have  a language 


CAS 

of  thtir  own.  move  fine isnt  thcio  tlict  of  the 
Sanscrit.  Their  religion  too  is  said^to 
dilfer  from  that  of  the  Hindoos.  ihe 
Chelurn,  a navigable  river,  receive  the 
tributary  streams  that  pour  down  ihe 
mountains,  by  which  this  mimense  v 
is  surrounded.  It  is  ofen  visited  by  earth- 
quakes, for  which  causes  their  houses  are 

all  of  wood.  tt-  j ^ 

Cashmere,  a large  city  of  Hmdoostan 
Proper,  capital  of  the  above  province,  U 
stands  on  both  sides  of  the  Chelum,  is 
without  walls,  and  has  narrow  and  dirty 
streets.  Many  of  the  houses  are  three 
stories  high,  covered  with  earth  on  the  top, 
and  planted  with  flowers.  It  abounds  with 
temples,  fountains,  and  reservoirs.  It  is 
285  miles  e by  s of  Cabul.  Lon.  73  ii  e, 
lat.  33  49  N.  . 

CASHNA,  an  extensive  empire  oi  Atrica. 
It  resembles  Bornou  in  climate,  soil,  and 
natural  productions,  and  in  the  colour, 
genius,  religion,  and  government  of  the 
people,  capital  of  the  same  name. 

Caspe,  a town  in  Arragon,  Spain,  seated 
at  the  junction  of  the  Ebro  and  Guadaloupe, 
35  miles  s of  Balbastro, and  44  se  of  Sara- 
gossa. Here  Ferdinand  the  IV  was  chosen 
king  of  Aragon. 

Caspian  Sea,  a large  lake  of  salt  water  m 
Asia,  about  680  miles  long  from  s to  n,  and 
260  broad.  It  forms  several  gulfs,  and  con- 
tains between  Astracan  and  Astrabad,  an  in- 
credible number  of  small  islands.  At  the 
distance  of  some  miles  from  land  it  is  500 
fathoms  deep ; but  it  has  no  tide ; and,  on 
account  of  its  frequent  shoals,  is  navigable 
only  for  vessels  drawing  from  nine  to  ten 
feet  water.  The  Ftussian  ports  are  Kislar 
and  Gurief;  those  belonging  to  Persia, 
Derbent,  Niezabad,  Einzelle,  Astrabad, 
and  Baku.  The  fish  caught  in  this  sea,  are 
generally  cured,  and  form  no  inconsiderable 
article  of  consumpt  in  the  Russian  empire. 
Lon.  from  48  deg.  to  53  deg.  e,  lat.  from 
37  deg.  to  47  deg.  n. 

Cassandria,  a town  seated  on  the  sw  side 
of  Cadsand,  Holland,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Zwin,  three  miles  n of  Sluys. 

Cassano,  a town  in  Calabria  Citerior,  in 
Naples.  Lon.  16  30  e,  lat.  39  55  n. 

Cassano,  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese. 
Here  in  1705,  prince  Eugene  was  frustrat- 
ed in  his  attempt  to  pass  the  Adda,  and  in 
1799  the  Austrians  obtained  a victory  over 
the  French.  It  is  15  miles  ke  of  Milan. 
Lon.  10  0 E,  lat.  45  20  n. 

CASiSAY,  a kingdom  of  A^sia.  It  is 
fertile  and  populous,  and  now  subject  to  the 
Birmans.  Little  is  known  of  its  inhabi- 
tant'! who  are  called  Muggalcos.  Munny- 
pour  is  the  capital. 

Cassel,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
North,  France,  10  miles  ke  cf  St  Omer. 
Lon.  2 36  e,  lat,  50  48  n. 

Cassel,  a town  of  Germany,  in  the  late 
circle  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  opposite  Mentz, 


CAS 

with  winch  it  is  couuccted  by  a bridge  of 
beats.  In  1 792  it  was  taken  by  ihe  French, 
retaken  by  the  Prussians  ia  tho  following 
year,  ceded  to  the  French  in  1808,  and  de- 
livered from  their  yoke,  together  with  the 
rest  of  Germany,  in  1814. 

Cassel,  the  capital  of  Hesse  Cassel,  in 
the  late  circle  of  the  Upper  Rhine,  in 
Germany.  It  is  divided  into  the  Old,  New, 
and  Higii  Towns.  It  is  strongly  fortified, 
but  the  fortifications  are  not  regular. 
It  contains  about  25,000  inhabitants. 
These  have  established  several  manufac- 
tories in  the  plaoe,  pa.rticularly  cf  woollen, 
linen,  hats,  and  porcelain.  In  1709,  a 
college  was  founded  by  tho  landgrave. 
The  attention  of  travellers  is  attracted  by 
the  palace,  the  cabinet  and  curiosities,  the 
gardens,  arsenal,  and  foundry.  In  1760,  it 
was  subdued  by  the  French,  restored  in 
1763.  It  stands  on  the  Fulda,  40  miles  sk 
of  Paderborn.  Lon.  9 25  e,  lat.  51 
20  N. 

CASSINA,  a large  empire  in  Negroland, 
w of  Bornou,  similar  to  it  in  climate, 
soil,  and  produce,  and  in  the  religion, 
government,  and  disposition  of  its  inhabi- 
tants. It  has  less  rain  and  a greater 
number  of  parrots,  and  monkies.  It  is 
said  that  it  contains  1000  towns  and 
villages.  Its  capital  is  of  the  same 
name,  and  trades  in  gold  dust,  cotton 
cloth,  sena,  stavet,  civet,  and  hides;  and 
lies  750  miles  wsw  of  Bornou.  Lon.  11 
35  E,  lat.  15  40  n. 

Cassis,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
mouths  of  the  Rhone,  on  the  Mediterranean, 
nine  miles  ese  of  Marseilles. 

Cassumbazar,  a town  of  India,  on  the 
Ganges.  Lon.  30  15-  e,  lat.  24  10  n. 

Castagnola,  a town  of  Piedmont,  stands 
on  the  Po,  eight  miles  s of  Turin. 

Castamena,  or  Kastamoni,  a of  Na- 
tolia,  much  diminished  in  size  and  popula- 
lation,  240  miles  e of  Constantinople.  Lon. 
34  22  E,  lat.  44  42  n. 

CastauoTitz,  a town  of  Austrian  Croatia. 
Lon.  17  19  E,  lat.  45  40  n. 

Castelemara,  a town  in  Prinoipaio  Cite- 
riore,  Naples.  Lon.  14  25  e,  lat.  41  40  n. 

CasteUa-Mare,a  sea  port  of  Sicily.  Lon. 
12  50  E,  lat.  38  7 n. 

Castel-Arragonese,  a strong  town,  cn  the 
NW  coast  of  Sardinia,  29  miles  kb  of 
Sassari.  Lon.  9 13  e,  lat.  40  56  n. 

Castel  Baldo,  See  Baldo, 

Castel  Branco,  a tosNu.  of  Portugal,  capi- 
tal of  Beira,  62  miles  se  of  Coimbra. 
Lon.  T 22  w,  lat.  39  52  n. 

Castel- Fo lit,  a town  in  Catalonia, 
Spain,  near  the  Fulvia,  15  miles  w oiGeroria. 

Casi el- Franco,  a smalt  fortified  frontier 
towm  of  Italy,  12  miles  w of  Treviso. 

Castel-Franco,  a pretorship  of  the  late 
-Maritime  Austria,  in  the  Trevisano,  con- 
taining one  town,  tv/o  parishes,  several 
villages,  and  7000  souls. 


CAS 

CastehGondolfo,  a town  of  Italy,  near ' 
the  lake  Albano.  In  its  vicinity  cire  the 
ruins  of  an  immense  palace,  tiiuit  by  the 
emperor  Domitian,  lU  miles  s by  b o1; 
Rome.  Lon.  12  46  e,  iat.  41  44  n. 

Castel-Geloux,  or  Cartel  JalouXy  a town  i 
in  the  department  of  Lot  and  Garonne, 
France,  on  the  Avanee.  It  trades  in  cattle, 
honey,  and  wine,  32  miles  w by  n of 
Agen.  Lon.  0 25  e,  lat.  44  20  n. 

Castel  a Mare,  a town  in  the  Valdi  Ma- 
zara,  Sicily,  situated  on  a bay  on  the  n 
coast,  23  miles  w by  s of  Palermo. 

Castel  a Mare  della  Bruce  a,  a town  near 
the  coast  of  Principto  Citra,  Naples,  13 
miles  w by  n of  Policastro. 

Castel  a Mare  di  Stabia,  a town  in' 
Principato  Citra,  where  stood  ancient 
Stabia,  on  the  bay  of  Naples,  with  a royal 
dockyard,  15  miles  sse  of  Naples. 

Castel  Macchio,  or  Muschio,  a populous 
town  of  Italy,  in  the  island  of  Veglia.  It 
has  above  12,000  inhabitants. 

Castel  Nuovv,  sl  populous  town  of  Italy, 
Another  town  and  village.  Italy. 

Castel  Nuovo,  a town  of  Lower  Dalma- 
tia. Lon.  18  29  E,  lat.  42  36  n. 

Castel  Nuovo  di  Carfagnana,  a town  of 
Italy,  in  Modena,  vatley  of  Carfagnana,  on 
the  tochio,  37  miles  ssw  of  Modena.  Lon. 
10  40  E,  lat.  44  5 N. 

Castel  de  la  Blana,  a maritime  town  of 
Valencia,  Spain,  46  miles  nne  of  Va- 
lencia. 

Caslel  Rosso,  an  island  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, two  miles  long,  with  a good  har- 
bour, 90  miles  e of  Rhodes.  Lon.  29 
21  E,  iat.  38  7 n. 

Castel  Vetrano,  a town  of  Sicily,  has  a 
palace  with  a collection  of  old  armour, 
eight  miles  e by  n of  Mazara. 

Castel  Vetro,  a populous  town  of  Italy. 

a town  of  Italy.  Lon.  11  15  e, 
lat.  45  30  N. 

Castellane,  a pleasant  town  of  France, 
near  it  is  a salt  sprijjg,  so  strong  as  to 
be  able  to  turn  a mill  at  its  source.  It 
stands  on  the  Verdon,  20  miles  se  of 
Digne.  Lon.  6 34  e,  lat.  43  55  n. 

Castelaun,  a town  in  the  county  of  Spon- 
heim,  department  of  Rhine  and  Moselle,  23 
miles  ssw  of  Cobientz. 

Castellanetta,  a town  in  Naples,  19  miles 
WNW  of  Taranto. 

Castellara,  a small  town  of  Italy,  six  miles 
NE  of  Mantua. 

* Castellczo,  See  Castellacio. 

Castellazo,  a town  of  Piedmont.  Lon. 

8 50  E,  lat.  45  3 n. 

Castello  Branco,  the  capital  of  Beira, 
in  Portugal.  Lon.  8 5 w,lat.  39  35  n, 

Castello  di  Vide,  a small  strong  town  in 
Alentejo,  Portugal.  Lon.  6 25  w,  lat.  39 
15  N. 

Castello^Rodrigo,  a town  in  Tra-los- 
Montes,  Portugal.  Lon.  6 22  w,  lat.  41 
40  N. 


C A S 

Castellan,  a small  town  in  Catalonia 
Spain,  Gulf  of  Roses,  on  the  mouth  of  a 
river,  eight  miles  w by  s of  Roses,  Lon. 
2 58  E,  lat.  42  18  n. 

Castelnau,  the  name  of  seven  towns  of 
France.  1.  Castelnau  de  Barbarens,  in 
the  department  . of  Gers  : 2.  Castelnau  de 
Brassac,  in  the  department  of  Upper 
Garonne:  3.  Casteinau  de  Bretenous,  in 
the  department  of  Lot : 4.  Castelnau  d^Es- 
tefond,  in  toe  department  of  Upper  Garonne : 
5.  Casteinau  de  Magnioc,  in  the  department 
of  Gers:  6.  Castelnau  de  Montartier,  in 
the  department  of  Lot:  aod  7.  Castelnau 
de  Montmereil,  in  the  department  of  Upper 
Garoine. 

Cdstelnaudary,  a considerable  town  of 
France,  department  of  Aude,  on  a hili,  at 
the  foot  of  which,  is  the  great  bason  of  the 
Canal  Royal,  15  miles  w of  Carcapooe. 
Lon.  2 0 E,  lat.  43  19  n. 

Castel-Sardo,  See  Castel  Arragonese* 

Caster,  a town  of  Germany,  duchy  of 
Juliers,  on  the  Erst,  nine  miles  e of 
Juliers. 

Castigleno,  a town  of  the  Sienneze,  Tus- 
cany, on  a lake  of  the  same  name,  which 
produces  much  salt,  12  miles  s by  e of 
Massa. 

Castiglionedelle  Stiviere  a town  of  Italy, 
It  has  eight  churches,  and  5,000  citizens. 

Castiglione,  a town  of  Italy,  in  Mantua,, 
with  a castle,  was  taken  by  the  Austrians 
in  1701,  who,  in  1706  and  in  1796,  in  its 
vicinity,  were,  in  their  turn,  defeated  by  the 
French.  It  is  20  miles  nw  of  Mantua. 
Lon.  10  32  E,  lat.  45  23  n. 

CASTI  bE,  the  principal  and  most  opu- 
lent of  the  kingdoms  into  which  Spain  was 
formerly  divided.  It  now  forms  the  two 
provinces  of  Old  and  New  Castile,  so  called 
Iwcause  the  former  was  taken,  from  the 
Moors,  some  time  before  the  latter. 

CASTILE,  New,  or  Toledo,  a province 
of  Spain,  ^bout  200  miles  long,  and  184 
broad,  bounded  on  the  n by  Old  Castile,  by 
Arragon  and  Valencia  on  ibe  e,  Andalusia 
on  the  s,  and  Estremadura  on  the  w.  It 
consists  of  three  divisions,  Agraria,  n. 
Sierra,  e,  and  Mancha,  s.  Here  the  Gua- 
diana,  Guadaiquiver,  and  Tagus,  have 
their  sources.  Bf*th  the  soil  and  climate 
are  good.  Madrid  is  the  capital. 

CASTILE,  Old,  also  a province  of 
Spain,  about  192  miles  long,  and  1 15  broad, 
having  Biscay  and  Asturias  on  the  n,  Nbw 
Castile  on  the  s,  Arragon  and  Navarre,  e, 
and  Leon,  w.  Its  principal  rivers  are  the 
Douro  and  Ebro,  which  are  augmented  by 
many  tributary  rivers  and  streams.  Burgos 
is  the  capital. 

Castitlara.  See  Castellara. 

Castillon,  a towo  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Gironde,  on  the  Dordogne, 
25  miles  E of  Bourdeaux.  Lon^O  2 e,  lat. 
44  52  N. 

1 Castine,  a sea  port  of  the  district  of  Maine, 


CAS 

m Penobscot  bay,  65  miles  wsw  of  Machias. 
Loo.  69  0 \v,  lat.  44  26  n. 

Castle- Aerc,  a town  in  Norfolk.  It  has 
fairs,  18th  April  and  25th  July. 

Castle-Bar,  a populous  borough  and  mar- 
ker town  of  Ireland,  capital  of  the  county 
of  Mavo,  has  a great  tmde  in  linen,  and  tiie 
assizes  sit  here.  It  is  32  miles  nw  of  Tu- 
am,  and  35  n of  iialway.  Lon.  0 44 
lat.  53  45  N. 

Castle-Cary,  a town  in  Somersetshire.  It 
has  a market  on  Tuesday  : and  fairs,  on 
Mid-Lent,  and  Whitsun-Thiesday,  and  May 
1,12  miles  sb  of  Wells,  and  1 13  w by  s of 
London.  Lon.  2 42  w,  lat.  51  5 n. 

Castle-Comb,  in  Y7iltshire.  It  has  a fair 
May  4.  Lon.  2 45  w,  lat.  51  30  n. 

Castle- Comer,  in  Kilkenny,  Leinster, 
where  are  ejctensive  coal-works,  10  miles 
iqr  of  Kilkenny. 

Castle-Dermot,  in  Kildare,  Leinster,  once 
a w'ailed  town,  and  the  residence  of  kings 
of  Ireland  of  the  name  of  Dermot, 
seven  miles  se  of  Atby.  Lon.  6 55  w,  lat. 
52  53  H, 

Castle- Douglas,  a village  in  the  county 
of  Kirkcudbright.  It  has  a post-office,  a 
banking-branch,  and  cotton  manufactures. 
Population  800. 

Castle-Haven,  a town,  county  of  Cork, 
Munster,  on  a bay  of  the  same  name,  eight 
miles  NE  of  Baltimore. 

CastleHadingbam,  a small  but  ancient 
town  of  Essex.  It  is  48  miles  nnw  of 
London. 

Castle-Island,  am  island  of  the  United 
States,  situated  in  the  harbour  of  Boston. 

Castle- Kenhedg,  a venerable  square 
building  in  the  parish  of  Inch,  Stranraer. 
'Long  since  it  was  reduced  to  a ruin  by 
fire,  but  the  walls  still  remain.  It  stands 
near  the  centre  of  a policy,  the  property 
of  the  earl  of  Stair,  which,  both  by  na- 
ture and  art,  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
to  be  seen  in  any  country,  and  is  univer- 
sally admired  by  travellers.  On  the  u 
side  is  a fine  fresh-water  lake,  about  a mile 
and  a quarter  long  ; on  the  s there  is  another 
lake  about  three'quartersof  a mile  long,  each 
of  these  lakes  is  about  half  a mile  broad,  and 
are  joined  on  the  e by  a canal,  over  which,  by 
a bridge,  is  the  entrance  into  the  policy.  The 
" peninsula  betw'een  these  lakes  is  about  one- 
fourth  of  a mile  where  broadest,  and  was  laid 
out  by  the  great  earl  of  Stair  in  the  Dutch 
style.  It  contains  the  gardens,  pinery,  and 
green-houses  of  the  family,  a bowling-green, 
a labyrinth,  a circular  artificial  bason,  fine 
terraces,  and  beautiful  clumps  of  planting. 
The  effect  of  the  v/hole  is  greatly  enlivened 
by  the  surrounding  scenery. 

Castle-Knock,  five  miles  nw  of  Dublin, 
had  a strong  castle  now  in  ruins.  Its  abbey 
is  converted  into  the  parish  church. 

Castle-Lyons , a town  of  Cork,  Ireland, 
near  the  Bride,  22  miles  n ve  of  Cork.  Here 
'are  the  ruins  of  a monast  cry. 

7 


C A S 

Castle-maine,  a sea-port  of  Monster, 
county  of  Kerry,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mang  , 

6 miles  s of  Tralee,  and  28  e of  Dingle. 

Castle-Martyr,  a town  of  Cork,  20  mi ’os 
E of  Cork. 

Castle  Pollard,  in  West  Meath,  11  miles 
N of  Mullingar. 

Castle- Rea gli,  in  the  county  of  Roscom- 
mon, Ireland,  17  miles  nw  of  Roscoriiinon, 
and  20  w of  Longford. 

Castle-Rising,  an  ancient  but  greatly  de- 
cayed borough  of  Norioikshire,  which,  sends 
two  members  to  parliament,  elected  by  the 
parson  and  farmer,  wiio  appoint  each  other 
mayor  alternately.  Its  castle  is  in  ruins, 
but  it  has  an  hospital  for  1 2 poor  men,  and 
an  ^Ims-house  for  24  widows,  founded  by 
the  Howard  family.  To  the  duke  of  Nor- 
folk it  gives  the  title  of  baron.  Here  are 
vestiges  of  Danish,  Saxon,  and  Roman  anti- 
quity, 7 miles  ne  of  Lyii  ) Regis,  and  103 
NNE  of  London. 

Castle  Sem-ple Loch,  mine  parish  of  Locli- 
winoch,  Renfrewshire. 

Castleton,  a village  seated  at  the  foot  of 
a rock,  250  feet  high,  in  the  Peak  of  Derby- 
shire, On  the  top  of  this  rot^k  are  the  riuus 
of  a castle,  said  to  have  been  built  by  Wil- 
liam Peverel,  natural  son  of  William  the 
Conqueror.  In  this  vicinity  are  three  of  the 
wonders  of  the  Peak,  viz.  the  DeviPs  Cave, 
the  entrance  of  which  is  42  feet  high,  and 
120  wide,  which  becomes  narrower  as  it 
proceeds.  To  this  succeeds  another  large 
cavern,  with  large  openings  in  the  roof,  next 
to  which  is  a third  called  Roger  Raines 
house,  on  account  of  its  continal  dropping. 
The  length  of  the  whole  extends  to  IHT 
yards.  Mam  Tor,  a mountain  1 300  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  valley,  stands  about 
a mile  to  the  w,  on  the  top  and  sides  of 
which  is  a Camp.  A mile  south  of  this 
mountain  is  Elden  Hole,  a perpeiidiouiar 
opening  in  a limestone  rock.  It  has  been 
plumbed  from  192  to  295  yards,  40  of 
which  seemed  to  be  water,  but  its  depth  is 
still  unknown. 

a township  of  Vermont,  con- 
taining 805  citizens  in  1790. 

Castletown,  a parish  in  Roxburghshire. 
It  was  formerly  named  Liddisdale.  It  is 
18  miles  long,  14  broad  and  triangular  iu 
form.  Population  about  1180.  There  are 
many  vestiges  of  churches  or  chapels,  and 
deserted  villages,  and  a number  of  burying 
grounds  in  this  parish.  Here,  too,  are 
round  towers,  called  Piets  works,  tumuli, 
erect  stones,  and  one  druidical  circle.  The 
celebrated  Dr.  Armstrong  v.ms  a native  of 
this  parish. 

Castletown,  a town  in  the  above  parish, 
founded  in  1793.  H is  rapidly  advancing, 
consisting  of  two  pricipai  streets. 

Castletown,  the  capiiai  of  the  fsle  of  Man, 
situated  on  the  sw  part  of  trie  i.sland,  It  has 
a strong  castle,  but  ol  no  grr^at  importance, 
on  aocountof  its  distance  from  the  harbonr, 
E E 


CAS 

which  is,  however,  Tocky  and  shallow. 
The  castle,  said  to  have  been  built  in 
the  1 0th  century,  by  Guttred,  a Danish 
king  of  Man,  (who  was  buried  in  it,)  stands 
in  the  centre  of  the  town,  is  the  residence 
of  the  governor,  and  contains  the  goal  and 
barracks.  This  town  is  the  seat  of  the 
legislative  body,  or  House  of  Keys,  and 
the  courts  of  chancery  and  common  law. 
The  deemster  of  chief  judge  keeps  a re- 
gular court  here  for  the  southern  part  of 
the  island.  The  flight  of  steps  leading  to 
St.  PauPs  church  in  London,  was  taken 
from  a quarry  of  black  marble  in  this 
vicinity,  10  miles  ssw  of  Douglas.  Lon. 
4 35  w,  lat.  53  55  n. 

Castletown  of  Braermar,  in  Aberdeensh. 

Castletown,  a township  of  New  York, 
in  Richmond  county,  Staten  Island,  con- 
taining 961  citizens. 

Castle-  Willan,  a town  in  the  county  of 
Down,  Ireland,  stands  on  a lake,  to  which 
it  gives  name,  18  miles  ene  of  Neury. 

Cast  on,  or  Cawston,  a town  in  Norfolk, 
•with  a market  on  Tuesday,  and  fairs,  Jan.  1, 
April  14,  and  August  28. 

Castres,  a town  in  the  department  of  Tarn, 
France.  In  1567,  the  inhabitants  embraced 
the  principles  pf  the  reformation,  demolished 
the  Roman  Catholic  churches,  and  fortified 
the  towm  ; but,  in  1629,  they  were  obliged 
to  submit  to  Levv^is  XIII,  when  the  place 
was  disrnantled.  It  contains  100,000  inha- 
bitants, has  ^ good  trade,  and  is  the  birth- 
place of  Rapen  de  Thoyras,  Abel  Boyer,  and 
M.  Dacier.  Here  have  been  found  Turkois 
stones.  It  is  seated  on  the  Agout,  36  miles 
E of  Toulouse,  and  73  sse  of  Cahors.  Lon. 
2 14  E,  lat,  43  36  n. 

Casiri,  a town  on  the  se  coast  of  the  Mo- 
rea,  where  stood  the  ancient  Hermione,  part 
of  the  ruins  of  which  are  still  to  be  seen,  45 
miles  SSE  of  Corinth. 

Castries,  Bay  of,  a bay  on  the  Strait  of 
Saghalien,  ne  coast  of  Chinese  Tartary.  It 
was  visited  by  Perouse.  Lon.  142  1 E,lat. 
51  29  N, 

Castro,  atown  of  Italy,  capital  of  a duchy 
of  its  name,  in  patrijuony  of  St.  Peter.  It  is 
5^  miles  nw  of  Rome.  Lon.  11  54  e,  lat. 
42  23  N. 

Castro,  a town  of  Naples,  anciently  called 
Castrum  Mirterv{B,  with  a harbour  and  good 
trade,  six  miles  ssw  of  Otranto.  Lon.  18 
31  E,  lat.  40  16  N. 

Castro,  a town  of  South  America,  capital 
of  the  island  of  Chiloe.  The  inhabitants 
are  in  general  proprietors  of  the  land 
they  occupy.  The  city  is  built  ol  wood, 
and  is  on  the  e coast,  on  an  arm  of  the 
sea,  220  miles  s of  Valdivia.  Loa.  72  26 
w,  iat.  42  40  N. 

Castro,  the  ancient  Mytilene,  a sea. port 
and  capital  of  the  island  ol  ivleteiin,  with 
two  harbours,  one  of  which  will  admit  large 
vessels,  it  is  30  miles  sw  of  Adrauiiti. 
Lon,  26  30  K,  iat.  39  14  N. 


CAT 

Castro  Giavanni  a town  in  Val  di  De- 
mona,  Sicily,  the  ancient  Enna,  noted  for 
the  worship  of  Ceres  and  Proserpine,  40 
miles  w of  Catana. 

Castro  Marim,  a strong  town  of  Portugal, 
in  Algarve,  62  miles  s by  e of  Beja.  Lon. 

7 32  w,  lat,  376n. 

Castro  Reale,  a town  of  Sicily,  15  miles 
w of  Messina. 

Castro  Viregna,  a town,  Peru,  S Ame- 
rica, famous  for  its  wool  and  tobacco, 
125  miles  se  of  Lima.  Lou,  74  45  w,  lat. 
12  50  s. 

Castrop,  a town  in  the  county  of  Mark, 
Westphalia,  seven  miles  w of  Dortmond. 

Castropol,  a town  in  Austuria,  Spain,  14 
miles  NE  of  Mondonedo. 

Caswell,  a county  of  North  Carolina,  in 
Hillsborough  district.  It  contains  about 

10.000  inhabitants. 

Cat  Island.  See  Guanahami. 

Catabaw,  a town  of  South  Carolina,  in 
the  N part  of  Camden  district.  It  is  in- 
habited by  the  Catabaws,  a tribe  of  N 
American  Indians,  who  consist  of  about 
450  people,  seated  on  the  Catabaw,  or  Wa- 
terie,  on  the  line  separating  N and  S Caro- 
lina, 18  miles  « of  Charlotte.  Lon.  5 42  w, 

, lat.  34  56  N. 

CatahoocUee,  a large  navigable  river  of 
the  United  States  in  Georgia. 

CATALONIA,  a province  of  Spain.  It 
is  140  miles  in  length,  and  110  in  breadth. 
It  is  watered  by  a great  number  of  rivers  ; 
the  principal  of  wdiich  are  the  Lobregat,  the 
Ter,  and  the  Segra.  The  feir  is  temperate 
and  healthy ; but  the  land  is  in  general 
mountainous.  It  produces,  however,  corn, 
wine,  oil,  pulse,  flax  and  hemp,  sufficient  for 
the  inhabitants.  There  are  several  quarries 
of  marble  of  all  colours,  crystal,  alabaster, 
amethysts,  and  lapis  lazuli ; there  are  also 
mines  of  iron,  tin,  lead,  alum,  vitriol,  and 
salt.  The  Lobregat  divides  Catalonia  into 
two  parts,  the  e and  w,  according  to  their 
situation.  This  province  comprehends  IT 
territories,  two  of  which  are  in  Rousillon, 
and  belong  to  the  French.  The  rest  are 
subject  to  the  Spaniards.  The  principal 
towns  are  Barcelona,  the  capital,  Tarra- 
gona, Tortoso,  Lerida,  Solsonia,  Cardona 
Vich,  Girona,  Seu  d'Urgei,  Pui  Cerda,  and 
Cervera. 

Catanea  or  Catania,  a city  of  Sicily,  si- 
tuated on  the  gulf  of  Catani,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Indicelle,  near  the  foot  of  Mount 
iEtna.  The  number  of  inhabitants  dwelling 
in  Catania,  amounts  to  30,000  ; the  Cata- 
nians  make  it  double.  Catania  is  52  miles 
sw  of  Messina.  Its  cathedral  is  the  largest 
in  Sicily.  It  has  an  university,  a superb 
convent,  a museum  of  antiquities  and  natiiral 
history,  and  the  remains  ci  a Roman  amphi- 
iheatre.  In  1669,  it  was  nearly  destroyed 
by  an  eruption  of  Mount  ii-:tna.  In  1693, 

18.000  of  its  inhabiiarils  perished  by  an 
earthquake.  It  has  a manufacture  of  siikj^ 


GAT 

and  trades  in  wine,  oil,  soda,  and  amber. 
Lon.  15  17  E,lat.  37  28  n. 

Catanzaro,  a city  of  Naples,  the  capital 
of  Calabria  Ulteriore,  stands  on  a mountain, 
near  the  Gulf  of  Squillau.  Here  is  a ma- 
nufacture of  silk,  and  a trade  in  oil  and 
corn.  Lon.  16  48  e,  lat.  39  0 n. 

Cataro.  See  Cattaro, 

Catawesy,  or  Hughesburg,  a town  of 
Pennsylvania,  in  Northumberland  county, 
on  the  E branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  25 
miles  ENE  of  S unbury,  and  100  Nw  of  Phi- 
ladelphia. 

Categaty  or  Categatey  the  passage  from 
the  German  ocean  into  the  Sound,  compre- 
hending several  islands. 

Caihanee,  or  Cathants,  a river  of  Maine 
district,  United  States. 

Cathcart,  an  ancient  parish  in  the  coun- 
ties of  Renfrew  and  Lanark,  but  chiefly  in 
the  former.  It  is  six  miles  long,  and  two 
broad,  containing  above  3,000  acres,  almost 
wholly  arable.  Weaving,  bleaching,  pa- 
per, and  snuft*  manufactures,  are  carried  on. 
The  population  is  10-59. 

Cathel  Loch,  a small  lake  in  the  parish 
of  Halkirk  and  county  of  Caithness. 

CATHERINE,  ST,  an  island  on  the  s 
coast  of  Brazil,  39  miles  long,  and  six 
broad.  The  channel  between  it  and  the 
continent,  is  a good  harbour.  St.  Cathe- 
rine is  the  chief  tow'n.  Lon.  47  48  w, 
lat.  27  35  s. 

Catherinburg,  the  capital  of  a territory 
of  the  same  name,  in  Siberia,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Iset.  Near  it  are  the  prin- 
cipal gold  mines  of  Siberia,  and  more  than 
100  founderles  for  iron,  copper,  <fec.  It  is 
310  miles  w^sw  of  Tobolsk.  Lon.  61  25  e, 
lat.  56  45  N. 

CATAHRTNENSLAF,  or  Ecaterin- 
enslaf,  one  of  the  41  governments  of  the 
Russian  empire. 

CATHERINENSLAF,  or  the  Glory 
of  Catherine,  the  capital  of  a province  of 
the  same  name.  It  was  built  by  Catha- 
rine II,  and  stands  near  the  junction  of  the 
^_JKiltzin  and  Samara,  178  miles  ne  of  Cher- 
soD.  Lbn735  15  e,  lat.  47  23  n. 

Catmamou,  or  Catmandu,X\iQ  capital  of 
Napaul,  in  Hindoostan  Proper,  stands  on 
the  E side  of  the  Bishnmutty,  near  its 
junction  with  the  Bogmutty.  The  inha- 
bitants are  estimated  at  50,000.  The 
houses  which  are  of  mean  appearance,  are 
of  two,  three,  and  four  stories.  Here  are 
many  temples  constructed  some  of  them 
of  wood,  and  some  of  brick.  Lon.  85  16  e. 
lat.  28  10  N. 

Catoche  Cape,ihe  ne  promontory  of  You- 
catan,  in  Mexico.  Here  the  English  first 
began  to  cut  logwood.  Lon.  86  30  w, 
lat.  22  10  N. 

Catrine,  a village  in  Ayrshire,  in  the  pa- 
rish of  Sorn,  on  the  n side  of  the  river  Ayr. 
It  is  of  a regular,  oblong  form,  in  the 
middle  of  which  is  a square  of  300  feet, 


C A V 

This  village  ow'es  its  rise  to  the  cotton  ma- 
nufacture, by  Mr  Alexander  of  Balloch- 
myie,  and  Mr  David  Dale  of  Glasgow.  It 
has  a neat  chapel,  and  a school  with  a de- 
scent salary i It  contains  nearly  1400  in- 
habitants. 

Cattaek,  Cuttack,  a city  of  the  Deccan 
of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  Orissa.  It  be- 
longs to  the  Berar  rajah,  a Mahratta  prince  ; 
is  encompassed  by  wails,  and  is  seated  on 
an  island  in  the  Mahanada,  on  the  only 
road  between  Bengal  and  the  Northern 
Circars,  220  miles  sw  of  Calcutta.  Lon, 

86  1 E,  lat.  20  31  n. 

Cattaio,  a town  of  Italy  in  the  Paduano, 
five  miles  s of  Padua. 

CATTAHUNK,  one  of  the  Elizabeth 
islands. 

Cat  tar  a very  ancient  town  of  Dalma- 
tia, seated  on  a gulf  of  its  name,  formerly- 
called  Ascriviurti.  It  has  two  commo- 
dious and  safe  harbours.  The  town,  whioh 
is  surrounded  by  rocks  and  strong  walls^ 
stands  at  the  extremity  of  the  innermost 
harbour,  25  miles  s of  Scutari.  Lon.  HI 
15  E.  lat  42  12  Ni 

a village  on  the  Swale,  N York- 
shire, the  celebrated  Catiaractonium  of  the 
Romans,  of  which  striking  vestiges  are  still 
visible  ; five  miles  se  of  Richmond. 

Catwyck,  a.  village  of  South  Holland,  on 
the  German  ocean.  Near  this  place  ths 
Rhine  is  absorbed  by  the  sands,  six  miles  n 
by  w of  Leyden. 

Catzenellenhogen,  a town  and  castle  o£ 
Germany,  in  the  late  circle  of  Upper  Rhine, 
which  gives  name  to  a county,  which  is  di- 
vided into  Upper  and  Lower  by  the  Maine, 
and  electorate  of  Mentz.  St  Goar  is  the 
capital  of  the  latter,  Darmstadt  of  the  for- 
mer. Here  is  an  iron  mine,  10  miles  nb 
of  St  Goar. 

CAVA,  a small  island  of  Orkney. 

Cava,  a considerable  and  populous  town 
of  Naples,  in  the  Hither  Principality,  stands 
at  the  foot  of  mount  Matelian,  three  miles 
w of  Salerno.  Lon.  14  55  e,  lat.  40 
26  N* 

Cavado,  one  of  the  principal  rivers  in 
Portugal. 

Cavaillmi,  a to^i^m  in  the  department  of 
Vaucluse,  France,  seated  on  the  Durance, 
an  episcopal  see,  and  lately  subject  to  th© 
pope,  20  miles  se  of  Avignon.  Lon.  5 2T 
E,  lat.  43  52  N. 

C AVALERI,  an  island  in  the  Archi- 
pelago, between  the  island  of  Negropont 
and  the  continent  of  Greece.  Lon.  24  IT 
E,  lat.  38  7 N. 

Cavallo^  a sea  port  of  Terra  Firma. 
Lon.  68  12  w,  lat.  10  15  N. 

CAVAN,  a county  of  Ireland,  in  th© 
province  of  Ulster,  47  miles  long,  and  24 
broad.  It  contains  upwards  of  8000  bouses, 
30  parishes,  seven  baronies,  and  two  bo- 
roughs, viz.  Cavan  and  Kilmore ; sends  two 
members  to  parliament.  Population  about 
E e 2 


C A V 

^ 1 , 570.  Linen  is  manufactured  to  a great 
enent. 

(kiimn,  the  capital  of  the  above  county, 
has  a free-school  founded  by  Charles  I. 
and  is  68  miles  xw  of  Dublin.  Lon.  7 
23  w,  lat.  54  52  n. 

» CAVARZEHE,  a fertile  district  of  the 
l^te  Maritime  divisions  of  Austria,  contain- 
ing six  parishes,  several  villages,  and  1 1,000 
souls. — Also,  a large  and  rich  town  in  this 
disirict,  containing  7,000  inhabitants. 

Caub,  a town  of  Germany^  in  the  palati- 
nate of  the  Rhine,  has  a citadel,  and  stands 
on  the  Rhine,  two  miles  n by  e of  Bacha- 
racb. 

Cauca,  a river  of  the  Isthmus  of  Darien, 

Caucasus,  a very  high  mountain  of  Asia, 
being  the  principal  one  of  the  great  ridge 
of  that  name.  It  has  frightful  precipices, 
and  in  many  places  the  roads  are  cut  out 
of  the  solid  rock.  The  mountain  is  36 
leagues  over,  and  the  summit  eight  leagues 
broad, 

Caucasus,  is  also  the  common  name  of 
that  great  ridge  of  mountains  which  extend 
between  the  Caspian  and  the  Black  seas. 
As  they  are  an  inexhaustible  magazine  of , 
combustible  substances,  they  contain  an 
astonishing  quantity  of  metals.  These 
mountains,  excepting  the  tops,  which  are 
alw’ays  covered  with  snow,  a.re  very  fer- 
tile. They  are  inhabited  by  seven  ditlbrent 
nations,  viz.  the  Abkhas,  Circassians,  Geor- 
gians, Cisti,  Lesguis,  Ossi,  and  Tartars, 
who  all  speak  different  languages.  They 
have  many  springs  of  excellent  water,  and 
a vast  number  of  towns  and  villages. 

CAUCASUS,  or  Caucasia,  one  of  the 
4X  governments  into  which  the  Russian  em- 
pire has  been  lately  divided.  It  is  subdi- 
vided into  l\*p  provinces,  viz.  Astracan  and 
Caucasus, 

CAUCASUS,  one  of  the  two  provinces 
above  mentioned,  comprises  the  Cuban,  and 
all  that  district  to  the  e and  s,  now  in  the 
possession  of  Russia. 

Caudehee,  a rich,  populous,  and  trading 
town  in  the  department  of  Lower  Seine, 
France,  it  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a mountain 
near  the  Seine,  and  is  encompassed  by 
walls,  18  miles  xw'of  Rouen.  Lon,  I 28  e, 
lat.  49  31  N. 

Caudhully,  a town  of  Coim before,  Hin- 
doostan ; the  first  place  worthy  of  notice 
alwve  the  Gauts,  and  the  great  thorough- 
fare between  the  country  below,  and  that 
above  these  mountains  ; 60  miles  se  of 
Seringapatam. 

Caceripatnam,^  town  of  Hindoostan,  on 
the  Pennar,  80  miles  wsw  of  Arcot. 

Covers,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Rox- 
burghshire, 20  miles  long,  but  very  irre- 
gular in  breadth,  being  from  two  to  seven 
broad.  The  Population  is  above  1300. 
’J’he  laie  celebrated  lord  Heathlield,  who 
so  bravely  defended  Gibraltar  in  the  Ame- 
rican war,  was  a native  of  this  parish. 


^ C A X 

There  are  vestiges  of  camps,  some  of 
which  seem  to  be  Saxons,  others  Ro- 
man. 

Cavery,  or  Cauvery,  a considerable  river 
of  Hindoostan,  has  its  source  among  the 
western  Gauts,  and  liowing  by  Seringapa- 
tam, Bhawanikudal,  and  Trinchinopoly, 
discharges  itself  by  nve  mouths  into  the 
bay  of  Bengal. 

Cavete,  a sea- port  on  the  sw  coast  of  the 
island  of  Luconia.  See  Manilla, 

Caughnawayo,  a town  of  Montgomery 
county.  United  States. 

CAUGHNAWAGO,  or  Cagknewaga, 
Indians,  a tribe  of  North  Americans,  in 
Lower  Canada. 

Caugmary,  a town  of  Bengal,  30  miles 
Nw  of  Decea,  and  K6  NEof  Calcutta. 

C A VI  AN  A,  an  island  of  .S  America,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Amazon,  120  miles 
in  circumference,  and  of  a triangular  form, 
has  its  south  side  under  the  equinoctial  line. 
Lon,  50  20  w. 

Cavina,  a town  in  the  island  of  Manilla. 

^ a deeplake  in  Dumfries- shire. 

Caiine,  a town  in  the  department  of  Taro, 
Fraiice,  20  miles  ene  of  Castres.  Lon.  2 
43  E,  lat.  43  40  N. 

Causeway  DeviVs,^.  faiP.ous  road  of  stones 
and  rubbish,  through  the  county  of  Nor- 
thumberland. 

Causeway,  Giant's,  an  immense  natu- 
ral mole,  or  quay,  on  the  coast  of  Antrum, 
in  Ireland.  - It  is  composed  of  basaltic 
pillars,  some  of  which  are  upwards  of  33 
feet  high,  and  are  of  all  angular  sha|)e3 
from  three  to  eight.  Each  pillar  consists 
of.  several  joints,  or  stones  lying  above 
one  another,  from  six  inches  to  about  a 
foot  thick,  convex  on  the  one  side  and  con- 
cave on  the  other,  so  as  exactly  to  fit  the 
one  below  and  the  one  above.  The  pil- 
lars which  are  frona  one  to  two  feet  dia- 
meter, generally  consists  of  about  40  joints. 
The  different  strata  are  divided  by  stripes 
of  a redish  stone,  resembling  a cement, 
about  four  or  five  inches  in  thickness. 
These  cliffs  extend  about  three  miles  along 
-the  shore,  and  are  seven  miles  from  Cole- 
raine, 40  N of  Belfast,  and  25  w of  the 
Mull  of  Cantyre,  in  Argyleshire.  Lon.  Q 
22  w,lat.  55  14  N. 

Cauteres,eL  village  in  France,  Upper  Py- 
renees. It  is  18  miles  sw  of  Bagneres,  not- 
ed for  its  mineral  water. 

Caivood,  a towm  in  the  East  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  seated  on  the  Ouse,  with  the 
ruins  of  a very  old  castle.  It  has  a mar- 
ket on  Wednesday,  and  a fair,  May  12. 
Lou.  I 0 w,  lat.  53  47  n. 

CAXAMALCA,  a town  and  district  in 
Peru.  It  is  90  miles  from  the  South  Sea. 

Cawamarca,  a town  of  Peru,  between  the 
two  Cordilleras,  capital  of  a district  of  its 
name,  where,  in  1532,  the  inca  Atahualpha 
was  treacherously  seized  by  <lie  Spanish  ge- 
neral Piztirro,  and  after  a mock  trial,  was 


C E D 

next  year  publicly  executed  ; TO  miles  ne  j 
of  Truxillo.  Lon.  T8  W w,  lat.  7 3‘^  s.  j 

Caxton,  a town  in  Cambridgesime.  It 
has  a market  on  Tuesday  ; and  fairs  May 

and  October  18  ; 10  miles  w by  s of 
Cambridge,  and  49  N of  London.  Lon.  0 
10  w,  lat.  52  10  N. 

Cayahoga,  or  Camrga,  a short  navigable 
river  of  the  United  States,  in  the  !North 
Western  Territory,  runs  into  lake  Erie, 
and  admits  of  sloops  at  its  mouth,  and  of 
boats  to  its  source,  which  is  only  one 
mile  from  the  Muskingum,  also  navigable, 
and  running  s enters  the  Ohio,  at  Marietta. 
On  its  banks  is  an  Indian  town  of  the 
same  name. 

CayamhUy  a town  of  Quito,  Peru,  30 
miles  NE  of  Quito. 

CAYENNE,  an  island  of  S America,  on 
the  coast  of  Guiana,  18  leagues  in  circuit, 
and  fertile;  but  unhealthy  from  its  forests 
and  marshes.  It  produces  Cayenne  pepper, 
coffee,  sugar,  and  tke  elastic  gum,  called 
Caoutchous. 

Cayenne,  the  capital  of  the  above  island, 
is  well  fortified.  The  entrance  into  the  i 
harbour  is  through  a narrow  cliannel. 
Lon.  53  15  w,  lat.  4 56  n. 

Cayes,  or  Les  Cayes,  a sea  port  on  the  s 
side  of  Hispaniola.  Lat.  18  12  n. 

Cayley,  a town  of  Brasil,  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Cataypera,  105  miles  ne  of  Para. 
Lon.  48  12  w. 

Cayloma,  mountains  of  Peru,  famous  for 
the  silver  mines. 

CAYMITE,  Grane,  an  island  of  His- 
paniola, six  miles  long,  and  three  broad. 

Cayuga,  a lake  of  the  United  States,  in 
New  York,  35  miles  long,  and  two  broad 
— Also,  a town  on  the  s side  of  this  lake, 
Onondago  county,  60  miles  ssw  of  Oswego. 
Lon.  76  48  w,  lat.  42  30  n. 

CAYUGA  Indians,  a tribe  of  about 
500  N Americans,  one  of  the  ci-devant 
Six  nations. 

Cazenliovia  a flourishing  township  of 
New  York-i 

Cazerom,  or  Cazeron,  a city  of  Asia,  in 
Persia.  Loh.  70  0 e,  lat.  29  15  n. 

Cazimir,  a handsome  town  of  Poland,  in 
the  palatinate  of  Lublin,  on  the  Vistula, 

50  miles  e of  Zarnaw.  Lon.  22  3 e,  lat. 

51  0 N. 

CEBU,  one  of  the  most  southerly  of  the 
Philippine  islands. 

CECIL,  a county  of  Maryland.  It  is  24 
miles  long,  and  23  broad;  and  contains 
10,218  free  inhabitants,  and  407  slaves. 
The  chief  town  is  Elkton. 

Cedar-Creek,  a small  river  of  Virginia, 
noted  for  its  natural  bridge  on  the  side  of  a 
hill,  which  by  sx>me  convulsion,  seems  to 
have  been  cleft  through  its  w^hole  length. 
At  the  bridge  it  is  250  feet  deep,  90  wide 
at  the  top,  and  45  at  the  bottom.  The 
county  is  called  ^lockbridge  frpm  this  sin- 
gular bridge. 


C E N 

Cedar  Point,  a port  of  Maryland,  h 
Charles  county.  Its  trade  lies  chiefly  in 
tobacco,  and  Indian  corn,  40  miles  s by  e 
of  Washington. 

CEDARS,  an  island  of  N America,  on 
the  coast  of  California. 

Cedogna,  a town  of  Naples,  Principaio 
Citra,  at  the  foot  of  the  Appenines,  20  miles 
NNE  of  Codza.  Lon.  15  38  e,  lat.  41 
5 N. 

CEFALONIA,  or  CEPHALONrA,a  con- 
siderable island  of  Greece,  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, 40  miles  long,  and  from  10  to  20 
broad.  It  is  fertile,  and  produces  excel- 
lent Muscadine,  wine,  and  oil.  It  was 
anciently  called  Cephalonia,  and  is  a part 
of  the  republic  of  the  Seven  Islands. 
The  capital  is  of  the  same  name,  and  is 
situated  on  the  SE  coast,  Lon.  20  56  e, 
lat.  38  12  N. 

Cefalu,  a small  city  of  Sicily,  in  Ih© 
valley  of  Demona,  anciently  called  Cepha- 
loedis.  It  has  a castle,  and  stands  oh  a 
promontory,  40  miles  e by  s of  Palermo. 
Lon.  14  18  B,  lat.  38  50  n. 

Celano,  a town  of  Naples,  anciently 
called  Fueinus,  near  a lake  of  its  name,  SO 
miles  in  citcumferenee,  15  miles  s of 
Aquila.  Lon.  13  93  E,  lat.  41  56  n. 

CELEBES,  or  Macassar, a large  island 
of  Asia,  in  the  Indian  ocean,  560  mile^  from 
N to  s,  but  being  indented  by  large  bays,  is 
not  above  ’60  broad.  The  whole  island  is 
commonly  called  Celebes,  but  sometimes 
the  E side  is  distinguished  by  this  name  from 
Macassar  on  the  w.  It  is  situated  under 
the  line,  but  the  heat  of  the  vertical  is  mo- 
derated by  the  n winds  and  the  rains,  which 
constantly  falls  five  days  before  and  after 
the  full  moons,  and  during  the  two  months 
that  the  sun  is  nearly  vertical.  The  na- 
tives consists  of  various  tribes,  and  aro 
Mahometans.  They  are  short,  with  flat 
faces,  and  their  colour  is  a reddish  yellow^ 
Are  coarse  in  their  manners,  jealous  and 
revengeful.  They  often  poison  their  arrows 
with  the  juice  of  the  upas.  Among  its  pro- 
ductions are  maize,  rice,  sago,  pornpions, 
black  pej^er,  melons,  plantanes,  oranges, 
lemons,  pines.  It  abounds  with  horses, 
black  cattle,  sheep,  goats,  and  monkies. 
Has  abundance  of  cotton,  and  in  it  almost 
inaccessible  mountaius,  marble  and  mines 
of  gold,  copper,  and  tin.  The  Dutch  and 
English  have  settlements  here. 

Cell,  a town  in  the  department  of  tb» 
Rhine  and  Moselle,  Franc©.  Lon.  6 45  e, 
lat.  50  10  N. 

Cellardykes,  a fishing  towm  on  the  s coast 
of  Fife,  which  once  employed  50  boats  and 
300  me#,  but  is  now  much  decayed.  It  is 
in  the  parish  of  Kilkenny,  and  vicinity  of 
Anstruther. 

Cellina,  a river  of  Italy,  in  Friuli. 

Cenada,  or  Ceneda,  an  ancient  town  of 
ftaly,  in  Trevisano,  18  miles  N of  Treviso. 
Lon.  12  26  e.  lat.  46  2 n. 


C E R 

CenchreUy  a sea  port  town  on  the  isthmus 
t>i  Corinth. 

Cents,  a mountain  of  the  Alps,  by  which 
is  a noted  passage  to  Turin. 

Centreville,  a town  of  the  United  States, 
in  Queen  Anne’s  county,  Maryland,  18 
miles  s of  Chester,  and  95  ssw  of  Phila- 
delphia. 

Central  Mountains,  a ridge  of  mountains 
in  the  nw  of  America,  from  the  s side  ol 
which  the  Mississippi  has  its  source. 

Cenu,  a town  in  Terra  Firma,  S Ame- 
rica. Lon.  75  24  w,  lat.  10  19  n. 

CREAM,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
and  one  of  the  Moluccas,  180  miles  long, 
and  50  broad,  subject  to  the  Sultan  of  Ba- 
chian.  Its  mountains  are  stored  with  wood, 
and  the  sago  tree  is  a chief  article  of  export. 
The  clove  trees  along  the  coast  have  been 
greatly^  injured  by  the  Dutch.  Lon.  from 
127  to  130  E,  iat.  3 0 s. 

CERDAGNA,  a territory  in  the  Pyren- 
nees,  partly  French,  in  the  department  ol 
the  Eastern  Pyrennees,  of  which  Mount 
Louis  is  the  capital;  and  partly  Spanish, 
in  Catalonia,  of  which  Puycerda  is  the 
capilal. 

Cere,  SL  or  Sty  Sere,  a town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lot,  France,  37  miles  ne  oi 
Cahors,  and  76  sse  of  Lemoges.  Lon.  1 
33  E,  lat.  44  45  N. 

Ctvenza,  a town  in  the  Hither  Calabria, 
Naples,  on  a rock,  10  miles  n by  w oi 
Severino.  Lon.  17  5 E,lat.  33  23  n. 

Ceres,  a parish  in  Fifeshire,  eight  miles 
long,  and  from  half  a mile  to  four  miles 
broad.  The  climate  and  soil  are  various, 
the  surface  being  hilly.  The  population  is 
about  2,352.  An  Aisle  of  the  church  is 
called  St  Ninian’s  Chapel,  of  which  the 
parish  schoolmaster  is  ex-officio  chaplain, 
but  there  is  now  neither  duties  nor  fees  at- 
tached to  the  title. 

Ceres,  a village  in  the  above  parish,  con- 
taining 740  inhabitants,  and  in  1792,  em- 
ployed 1 38  looms  in  the  linen  manufacture. 
It  has  fairs  June  24,  and  October  20. 

Cereta,,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Eastern  Pyrennees,  France,  has  a 
magnificent  bridge,  of  one  arch  over  the 
Tet.  The  commissioners  of  France  and 
Spain  held  a congress  here  in  1660,  to 
settle  the  boundaries  of  the  two  king- 
doms. In  its  vicinity  the  Spaniards  were 
defeated  by  the  French  in  1794,  14  miles 
wsw  of  Perpignon.  Lon.  2 46  e,  lat.  42 
23  N. 

Cerignola,  a town  of  Capitanata,  Naples, 
near  which  is  the  ancient  Salapia,  the  ruins 
of  which  are  called  Salape.  It  was  cele- 
brated by  Horace  for  its  excelleAtbread. 

CERIGO,  an  island  in  the  Ar^ipelago, 
anciently  called  Cytheria.  It  is  '45  miles 
in  circumference : part  of  the  republic  of 
seven  Islands.  » 

Cerigo,  the  only  town  in  the  above  island. 
Lon,  23  22  e,  lat.  26  20  N. 


GET 

Cerillg,  a town  in  the  department  of  ^ 
Allier,  France,  seven  miles  sw  of  Moulins. 

Cerines,  a sea  port  town  of  Cyprus,  has 
a castle  on  a stupendous  rock,  and  is  a 
Greek  bishop’s  see.  It  exports  barley, 
cotton,  silk,  oil,  and  Carob  beans;  20 
miles  NW  of  Nicosia.  Lon.  33  35  e,  lat. 
35  44  N. 

Cerne  Abbey,  a town  in  Dorsetshire, 
seated  on  the  Cerne.  It  was  built  by  St 
Austin,  and  is  surrounded  by  high  hills, 
especially  on  the  n.  On  the  side  of 
Trendle-hill  is  cut  a gigantic  figure  of  a 
man  in  chalk,  holding  a club  in  one  hand 
and  extending  the  other,  said  by  .some  to 
be  in  memory  of  Cenrie,  son  of  Orietred, 
king  of  Wessex,  who  was  killed  in  748. 
Here  are  the  remains  of  an  abbey,  part  of 
which  are  converted  into  a house  and  barn. 

It  has  three  fairs,  with  a market  on 
Wednesday.  Seven  miles  nnw  of  Dor- 
chester, and  120  w.  by  s of  London. 

Cerne,  Nether,  and  Upper,  two  villages 
on  the  opposite  sides  of  Cerne  Abbey. 

Cernetz,  a town  of  Switzerland,  in  the 
Grisons,  seated  on  the  Inn,  24  miles  se  of 
Coire.  Here  is  a mineral  spring. 

Cerrioy,  Druidon,  a town  of  N Wales, 
in  Denbighshire.  It  has  fairs,  April  27, 
August  27,  October  20,  and  Dec.  7. 

Cerrito,  a town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di 
Lavora,  has  a cathedral  and  collegiate 
church,  and  is  five  miles  nne  of  Telesa. 

Certosa,  a village  of  Italy,  in  the  la,te 
republican  department  of  the  Tessino,  fiv© 
miles  N of  Pavia.  Here  is  a famous 
monastery  of  the  Carthusians. 

Cervera,  a town  situated  on  a river  of 
the  same  name,  in  Catalonia,  Spain.  It 
has  a famous  university,  34  miles  n by  w 
Tarragona. — Another  on  the  Mediterra- 
nean and  borders  of  France,  eight  miles  n 
of  Roses.  Lon.  1 9 e,  lat.  41  25  N. 

Cervia,  anciently  Ficulus,  a sea  port 
town  of  Italy,  in  Romagna,  seated  near 
the  Gulf  of  Venice,  from  whence  saltwater 
is  brought  by  canals,  for  the  supply  of 
an  extensive  manufacture  of  salt:  10  miles 
SE  of  Ra  venna.  Lon.  12  17  e,  lat.  44 
30  N. 

Cervinara,  a town  in  Principato  Ultferi- 
ore,  Naples,  12  miles  sw  of  Benevento. 

CESENA,  a country  of  the  late  Mari- 
time division  of  Austria.  It  has  seven  great 
villages. 

Cesena,  a town  and  bishop’s  see  of  Ro- 
magna, in  Italy,  18  miles  s by  e of  Ra- 
venna. Lon.  12  20  E,  lat.  44  25  n. 

Cesenatico,  a town  of  Italy,  seated  orv 
tbs  gulf  of  Venice,  16  milessE  of  Ravenna. 
To  avenge  the  arrest  of  a messenger  with 
dispatches  in  1800,  the  English  set  fire  to 
the  mole  of  the  harbour,  by  which  16 
vessels  were  destroyed. 

Cessieux,  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Isere,  27  inihes  ese  of  Lyons. 

Cette,  a maritime  Iowa  in  the  department 


GEY 

©f  Herault,  France,  and  ci-devant  province  j 
of  Languedoc,  seated  on  the  Mediterranean,  | 
where  the  Languedoc  canal  meets  the  sea, 
18  miles  ssw  of  Montpellier.  Lon.  3 42  e, 
lat.  43  24  N. 

Ceva,  a town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont,  seat- 
ed on  the  Tanaro.  In  iT96,  it  was  taken 
by  the  French,  and  recovered  by  the  Pied- 
montese in  1T99.  It  is  eight  miles  se  of 
Mondovi.  Lon.  8 10  e,  lat.  44  26  n. 

Cevennes,  mountains  in  the  s of  France, 
and  a territory  of  the  same  name  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Languedoc,  which  forms  the  de- 
partment of  Gard. 

Ceuta,  a maritime  town  of  Africa  in 
Barbary,  seated  at  the  extremity  of  a 
peninsula  on  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar.  It 
-belongs  to  Spain,  and  is  fortified  so  strong- 
ly, that  on  the  land  side  it  can  repel  almost 
any  attack.  In  1810,  the  British  were 
admitted  into  it  to  protect  them  from  the 
French,  20  miles  sse  of  Gibraltar  and 
22  NNE  of  Tetuan.  Lon.  <5  20  w,  lat. 
35  50  N. 

CEYLON,  a large  island  in  the  E Indies, 
about  280  miles  long,  and  150  broad.  The 
coast  on  the  e is  rocky  and  on  the  n it  is 
indented  by  the  sea.  In  the  middle  it  rises 
into  lofty  mountains,  v^^ith  deep  forests,  and 
almost  inaccessible  jungles  which  com- 
pletely surround  the  territory  of  the  king 
of  Candy  and  form  a strong  barrier  against 
bis  enemies.  By  these  mountains  the  is- 
land is  divided  into  tvv^o  parts,  and  they 
moderate  the  effects  of  the  monsoons,  by 
which  the  seasons  are  more  regulated  than 
by  the  course  of  the  sun.  The  coldest  sea- 
son is  at  the  summer  solstice,  during  the 
western  monsoon.  Spring  commences  in 
October,  and  it  is  hottest  from  January  to 
April.  On  the  top  of  Humalell  or  Adam  s 
Peak,  the  loftiest  mountain,  is  a large  flat 
stone,  with  the  print  of  a human  foot,  which 
tradition  says,  Budha,  the  author  of  their 
religion  left  when  he  ascended  into  heaven. 
The  principal  rivers  are  Malivayonga,  and 
Mulivaddy— there  are  many  lakes  united 
by  canals.  There  are  two  species  of  bread 
fruit-trees,  neaives  of  the  island,  but  of  all 
its  trees  ihe  talipot  is  the  most  remarkable, 
which  grows  straight  and  tall  to  the  Size  of 
the  ma;-  t of  a ship.  Its  leaves  are  so  large 
that  one  of  them  covers  15  men,  they  are 
round,  and  v/hea  dried  fold  up  like  a fan. 
Every  soldier  carries  one  of  these,  and  it 
serves  him  for  his  tent.  The  natives  co- 
ver their  heads  with  them  to  shade  them 
from  the  heat  of  the  sun.  The  elephants 
are  reckoned  superior  to  any  in  India. 
Some  inscriptions  on  the  rocks  are  so  an- 
cient that  they  are  not  understood  by  the 
present  inhabitants.  The  Portuguese  were 
the  first  European  settlers  here,  but  they 
were  displaced  by  the  Dutch.  And  in 
1796,  Columbo,  the  Dutch  capital  surren- 
dered to  the  English,  who  now  occupy  the 
principal  settlements.  It  abounds  in  trees, 


c H A 

shrubs,  and  high  hills,  between  which  the 
soil  is  a fat  red  earth  ; and  the  valleys 
are  extremely  pleasant.  The  finest  fruits 
grow  here  in  vast  plenty.  Pepper,  ginger, 
and  cardamons,  are  also  produced  in  Cey- 
lon : with  five  kinds  of  rice  which  ripen 
one  after  another.  It  also  abounds  with 
topazes,  garnets,  rubies,  and  other  precious 
stones ; besides  ores  of  copper,  iron,  <fec. 
and  veins  of  black  crystal.  The  aborigi- 
nes of  Ceylon,  consist  of  two  classes  of 
people,  the  Cingalese  and  the  Vaddhs. 
The  latter  are  still  in  the  rudest  stage  of 
social  life.  Some  of  them  acknowledge 
the  authority  of  the  king  of  Candy.  They 
worship  a particular  god.  The  Cingalese 
are  the  subjects  of  the  king  of  Candy,  and 
appear  to  have  been,  for  time  immemorial, 
a race  of  Hindoos.  They  are  pagans, 
and  though  they  acknowledge  a Supreme 
God,  they  worship  only  the  inferior  deities. 
Their  houses  are  small  and  low,  with  walls 
made  of  hurdles  smoothly  covered  with 
clay,  and  the  roofs  thatched.  Their  food 
is  generally  rice,  and  their  common  drink 
is  water,  which  they  pour  into  their  mouths 
out  of  a vessel  like  a tea-pot,  through  the 
spout.  Not  above  one-fourth  of  the  island 
belongs  to  the  king  of  Candy.  Lon. 
from  80  deg.  to  82  deg.  e,  lat,  Irom  6 deg. 
to  10  deg.  N. 

CHABAQUIDICK,  a small  fertile  is- 
land of  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  three 
miles  long,  and  one  and  a-hatf  broad. 

Chahlois,  a district  of  the  department  of 
Mont  Blanc,  France,  on  the  lake  of  Ge- 
neva. Thonon  is  the  capital. 

. Chahlis,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Yonne,  France,  famous  for  its  white  wine, 
12  E by  N of  Aucerre.  Lon.  3 59  e,  lat. 
47  42  N. 

Chacao,  a seaport  of  Chiloe,  witb  good 
anchorage  and  but  difiicult  of  access  seat- 
ed on  the  N coast  near  the  middle  of  the 
channel  that  separates  the  island  from 
Chili.  It  has  great  commerce  and  is  170 
miles  s of  Valdivia.  Lon.  72  20  w,  lat. 
42  0 s. 

ChacktooU  Bay,  a bay  in  Norton  sound, 
on  the  w coast  of  N America.  Lon.  162 
47  w,  lat.  64  31  n. 

Chactaws,  a powerful,  hardy,  subtle,  and 
intrepid,  nation  of  N American  Indians. 
They  have  43  tov/ns,  in  three  divisions. 
Population  12,123  souls. 

Chacapoyas,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Truixillo,  Peru,  capital  of  a district  of  the 
same  name  e of  the  Andes,  160  miles  nne 
of  Truxillo.  Lon.  77  30  w,  lat.  6 30  s. 

Chagaing,  a city  of  Birmah,  with  a small 
fort.  It  is  situated  opposite  Ava,  the  de- 
serted capital,  on  the  n side  of  the  Irrav/ad- 
dy,  which  separates  it  from  Ummerapoora, 
the  present  capital.  This  is  the  great 
mart  for  cotton,  which  is  brought  hither 
from  all  parts  of  the  country,  and  shipped 
I from  the  China  markets.  This  is  the  only 


|;lr*oe  that  lias  permission  to  make  marble 
idols  for  the  whole  Birman  empire. 

Chagre,  a fort  and  town  of  Terra  Firma, 
at  the  mouth  of  a river  of  its  name,  pro- 
vince of  Darien,  sw  of  Porto  Bello,  taken 
by  admiral*  Vernon  in  J740.  Lon.  80  7w, 
lat.  9 10  N. 

Chain-islundf  an  island  discovered  by 
Captain  WalUs  in  the  S Sea,  Lon.  145  54 
w,  lat.  17  23  s.  * 

Ghais  Dieuy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Upper  Loire,  France.  Here  is  a celebra- 
ted Benedictine  Abbey,  12  miles  e of 
Brede.  Lon.  3 4 e,  lat.  45  15  n. 

Chaleedon,  or  Chaleedoun,  anciently 
called  Procerastis  and  Colbusa,  a city  of 
Bithynia.  Chalcedon  is  at  present  a poor 
place,  known  to  the  Greeks  by  its  ancient 
name,  and  to  the  Turks  by  that  of  Cadiaci. 
CHALDEA.  See  Irac  Arabia. 

Choleo,  a town  in  the  province  of  Mexi- 
co, New  Spain,  stands  on  the  bank  of  a 
lake  of  its  name,  23  miles  se  of  Mexico. 

Chaleuf  Bay,  a deep  and  broad  bay  of 
N America,  w side  of  the  bay  of  St.  Law- 
rence. For  many  leagues  it  separates 
New  Brunswick  from  Lower  Canada. 

. Ristiyouche  is  the  principal  river  that  falls 
into  it.  Fishing  and  shipbuilding  are  the 

principal  branches  of  business. 

ChcdJ&rdy  a village  in  Gloucestershire 
on  the  Stroud  Canal,  with  a manufacture 
of  broad  cloth,  two  miles  sb  of  Stroud.^ 
Challans^  a town  in  the  department  'of 
Upper  Loire^  France,  21  miles  n of  Sables 
d'0|onne. 

Chalon.  Sur  M&mey  ei  handsome  town, 
capital  in  the  department  of  Marne,  Frame, 
seated  on  the  31arne,  with  an  academy  of 
sciences  and  idles  letters.  It  contains 
1 0,000' iBhahiiiJits;  and  trades  in  shalloons 
and  woolleti  siuifs,  05  npili&s  b of  Paris. 
Lon.  4 21  E,  lat,.  48^57  n.  ■ . 

GJialom  Sur  Saone,  an  ancient  town  in 
the  department  of  .Saone  and  Loire,  France. 
The  city  contains  the  Old  Town,  the 
Now  Town,  and  the  suburbs  of  St  Law- 
rence. In  the  Old  Town  is  the  cathedral 
and  court  of  justice.  Here  are  evident 
traces  of  Roman  grandeur,  particularly 
the  remains  of  an  amphitheatre.  It  fur- 
nishes iron  for  Lyon  and  St.  Etienne, 
and  much  exported.  It  stands 

on  the  Saone  33  miles  e by  s of  Autun 
and  35  miles  s of*  Dijon.  Lon.  45  e,  lat. 
46  47  N. 

C/iflto,  a town  with  a castle,  depart- 
meat  of  Upper  Vienna,  15  miles  wsw  of 
Ijimoges.  Here  Richard  1.  of  Eng- 
hiiivd  was  mortally  wounded  by  an  arrow 
while  he  was  preparing  for  the  seige  of  the 
piece. 

Chamy  the  capital  of  a county,  in  the 
fjrcie  of  Bavaria,  Germany,  37  miles  ne  of 
Hntisboi),  Lon.  12  55  E,  iat.  49  14  n. 

Chamberry,  ei  populous  town  of  Italy,  now 
j.unexed  to  Franco,  being  the. capital  of  the 


department  of  Mont  Blanc,  formerly  duchy 
of  Savoy,  with  a ducal  palace.  It  is  for-  . 
titled,  and  has  several  streams  running 
through  its  streets,  has  large  suburbs,  and 
its  houses  are  furnished  with  piazzas. 
The  baths  in  the  vicinity  are  much  frequent- 
ed. It  stands  at  the  junction  of  the  Lesse  . 
and  Orbane,  27  miles  nw  of  Grenoble,  and 
85  NE  of  Turin.  Lon.  5 50  e,  lat.  45 
35  N. 

Chambershurgy  a post  town  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  the  capital  of  Franklin  county. 

It  consists  of  one  long  street,  in  which 
are  erected  above  200  houses,  two  pres- 
byterian  churches,  seated  among  hills,  30  . 
miles  sw  of  Carlisle.  Lon.  77  41  w,  lat. 

39  56  n. 

Chambltj  Forty  a fort  of  Lower  Canada, 
on  the  Chambly  or  Sorel,  15  miles  e of 
Montreal,  a little  below  fort  St  John,  a 
frontier  garrison  on  the  same  river.  It  was  ^ 
taken  by  the  Americans  in  1775,  and  re- 
covered by  the  English  in  1776. 

Chamondy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Rhone  and  Loire,  France,  with  a castle  on 
the  Glez,  17  miles  s of  Lyon.  Lon.  4 55  e, 
lat.  45  29  N. 

CHAMPAGNE,  a ci-devant  province 
of  France,  about  162  miles  long,  and  112 
broad.  It  was  divided  into  the  higher  and 
lower,  and  Troyes  was  the  capital.  It  now 
forms  the  departments  of  Ardennes,  Aube,, 
Marne,  and  Upper  Marne. 

Champagniy  Propery  one  of  the  eight  ci- 
devant  subdivisions  of  Champagne. 

Champigniy  a town  in  the  department  , of  ^ 
I ndre  and  Loire,  France.  ^ 

Champlainy  Si  lixke  oi  the  United  States  , 
of  North  America,  which  separates  Ver-  , 
mont  from  the  State  of  New  York.  Iti^  ^ 
96  miles  in  length,  and  18  where  broadest, 
and  can  float  the  largest  ships.  It  is  in-  .i 
terspersed  with  islands,  the  largest  of  which 
called  North  Hero,  is  24  miles  long,  and  . 
from  two  to  four  broad.  The  land  on  its  t 
shores  is  good.  In  1777,  the  Americans,  ., 
under  general  Arnold  were  totally  defeated, 
by  the  British  under  general  Carlton  in  a > 
naval  engagement  on  this  lake.  . 

ChamplaiHy  a township  of  New  York,  in 
Clinton  county,  seated  on  lake  Champlain. 

It  had  572  citizens,  t6  electors,  and  three 
slaves  in  1796,  80  miles  n of  Croun  point.. 

Champlemgy  a town  in  the  department 
of  Nievre.  France,  25  miles  ne  of  Nevers, 

Chancaky  a rich  town  of  Egypt,  near 
Cairo,  at  the  entrance  of  the  road  to  Mount 
Sinai. 

Chanda y a considerable  city  of  Hindoos- 
tan,  in  Berar,  on  the  branch  of  the  Goda-  • 
very,  78  miles  s of  Nagpour.  Lon.  79  54  e, 
lat."  20  2 N. 

Chanderee,  Si  town  of  Hmdoostan,  capi- - 
tal  oi  a district  in  the  Malwa  country,  the  . 
residence  of  a rajah,  near  the  Betwha,  .170  ■■ 
miles  s of  Agra.  Lon.  78  43  e,  lat,.  24 
48  N. 


C H A 

Chandernagore f a large  lov/n  of  Hiii- 
doostan  Proper,  in  Bengal.  It  is  about 
a league  in  eircuniferenee,  and  bus  an  ex 
cellent  harbour.  It  stands  on  the  \v  side 
of  che  river  Koogly*  It  had  « strong  fort, 
ami  was  the  cbiel  settiemeni  of  the  French 
in  India.  It  was  taken  by  the  English, 
in  17o7,  and  again  in  1-793  ; IS  ruiies 
of  Calcutta. 

Chandcrj  a tow’n  of  Baglana,  Hindoos- 
tar,  Oo  iiiiies  wkw  of  Arangahad,  taken  by 
the  British,  in  1804.  hmi  74  38  e,  iui. 
ilO  8 N. 

Chandraguli^  a town  of  PAycore,  Ein- 
d»>ostan,  on  a hill,  near  the  Varada-  San- 
dal w'ood  of  good  quality  grows  in  the  vici- 
cily,  42  miles  jn  of  Nagara. 

Changanor,  a territory  of  ilindoOstaii.  in 
malabar,  with  a town  of  the  sairo  naoie. 

€hang-HiH\  a town  of  Chine  , hi  ti>  ::  pro-' 
vinc*^  of  Kiang-nan.  Xn  liiis  towry  and  the 
villages  deper:*dent  on  it,  OiO  more  than 
200,000  vvetivers  of  cotion  cioth  ; 18  miles 
SE  of  SOilg-kiaTig, 

CHANG-TONG,  a province  of  China. 
It  contains  03,104  square  miles,  wiih 
24,000,000  inhabitauti?.  The  country  is 
w ell  watered  by  lakes,  streams,  and  riveis. 
It  IS  greatly  enricherl  by  the  river  Yun, 
called  the  Grand  Imperial  Cantil.  The 
dotios  on  this  canal  alone  amount  to  more 
than  450,0001.  annually.  The  province 
produces  silk  of  tiie  ordinary  kind,  besides 
another  kind  from  an  inseot  resembling 
our  caterpillar.  The  province  is  divided 
into  six  districts,  which  contains  six  cities 
of  the  fi^t  class,  and  114  of  the  second 
and^Ird.  Along  the  coast  also,  are 
J5  or  16  villages  of  considerable  im- 
portance, on  account  of  their  commerce. 
There  are  likewise  a number  of  smalt 
islands,  most  of  which  have  harbours. 
Ti)e  most  remarkable  cities  are,  Tsi- 
nan-fou,  the  capital,  Yeutcheu-fou,  and 
Lintcin-tcheu  ; to  which  we  may  add 
Kiofeou. 

Cluiunianning , a city  of  Asia,  in  Tibet, 
where  has  recorded  the  grand  Lama.  It  is 
130  miles  w of  Lassa.  Lon.  89  45  e,  iat. 
31  0 N. 

ChanneUiirk,  anciently  Chingelkirk,  a 
parish  of  Scotland,  in  Berwickshire,  six 
miles  long,  and  five  and  a-half  broad.  Its 
form  is  nearly  circular.  The  population 
is  about  640  ; 18  miles  from  Edinburgh. 

Ciionneiy^  or  Chanonryf  in  Ross-shire, 
cont«air.ing  above  450  inhabitants,  30  miles 
w of  Elgin. 

CHAN-SI,  a province  of  China,  and  ore 
ol  the  S4imllest  in  the  empire,  bordering  on 
the  great  wall.  1 1 contains  fi  v e cities  of  the 
fir^t  class,  and  85  of  the  second.  It  con- 
tains 55,268  square  miles,  with  27.000,000 
• inhabitants.  The  climate  h ralubaotts 
and  agreeable,  and  the  so;’  g«ra.'  raily  fer- 
tale,  though  the  country  is  luii  of  moun- 
The  country  abouridi-  With  muik. 


C H A 

porphyry,  marble,  lapis  lasuli,  and  jaspmy 
of  various  colours  : and  iron  .mines,  as  well 
as  sctlt  pits  and  crystai,  nre  very  common. 
Here  are  five  cities  of  iha  fir  i class,  and 
S5  of  the  second  and  third  * the  principal 
are  Tai-youen-tou,  the  capita],  Ngan  y, 
Fuen  tohsou-fou,  and  Tai-tong-fou. 

Cha^-Hllg,  a town  in  the  dopartmerit  of 
fScine  and  Oise,  France.  Here  i.s  a forest 
vUnd  superb  hunting  seat,  formerly  the  pro« . 
perty  of  the  prince  of  Conde.  It  has  an 
o.dens  ve  pottery,  and  is  J7  miles  n by  s of 
Paris.  Lon.  2 36  e,  lat.  49  11  n. 

Chao-Hingy  a city  cf  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Tche-Xiang.  It  has  eight  cities 
of  the  third  rank  under  its  jurisdiction,  730 
miles  s by  e of  Peking.  Lon*  120  38  e, 
lat.  30  10  N. 

C/iao-^TcJieOy  a city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vmce  of  Quan-tong,  sUnds  between  two 
large  rivers,  and  has  near  it  a noted 
monastery  of  Bronzes,  1 40  miles  n of  Can- 
ton, Lon.  113  10  E,  lat.  25  0 

Chapala,  a lake  in  the  province  of 
Guadalajara,  New  idpain,  60  miles  long, 
and  16  broad.  On  its  n side  is  a village 
of  the  .same  name,  45  miles  se  of  Gua- 
dalajara. From  the  lake  issues  the  river 
St  Sago. 

Chaparang,  or  Dsaprong,  a city  of  Tibet, 
head  of  the  souihern  branches  of  the  Ganges, 
90  miles  w of  the  lake  Mansaroar,  and  iOO 
NNE  of  Sirinagur.  Lon.  79  22  E,  iat.  3 

10  N. 

Chapel  of  Garioch.  See  GaHoch^ 

Chapel- Hill,  a post  town  of  United  State.% 
in  Orange  county.  North  Carolina,  seated 
on  an  eminence,  with  an  university,  20 
miles  NW  of  Ralegh.  Lon.  4 5 w,  lat.  35 
37  N. 

Chapel  in  le  Frith,  a small  towm  of  Derby- 
shire, has  a market  on  Thursday,  and  nine 
annual  fairs,  and  stands  on  the  confine*  of 
the  Peak.  From  heuce  is  a canal  which 
joins  that  from  Alanehester  to  Ashtonunder 
Line,  17  miles  se  of  Manchester,  22  wnw 
of  Chesterfield,  and  167  knw  of  London. 

Cnarahon,  a sea  port  town  on  the  n coast 
of  Java,  in  the  Indian  ocean,  130  miles  ksr 
of  Batavia.  Its  produce  is  cotton,  rice, 
sugar,  coffee,  pepper,  d^c.  Lon.  109  10  e, 
lat.  6 50  s. 

CHARACENE,  the  most  southern  part 
of  Susiana,  a province  of  Persia. 

CHAR  ASM,  a fertile  country  of  Asia. 
It  is  divided  among  several  Tartarian 
princes,  of  whom  one  lakes  the  title  of 
khan ; and  he  is  said  to  be  able  to  raise 
an  army  of  50,000  horsemen.  The  capital 
is  Khiva,  the  KhaiPs  residence  in  winter : 
in  summer  he  encamps  on  the  banks  of  the 

Charberougk,  a town,  Dorsetshire.  Here. 
In  a gentleman^?- policy,  is  a bouse  where 
15  digested  the  plan  of  the  glorious  revo- 
latioii  of  HJ88,  six  miles  se  of  Blauiord. 
!haf 

n 


f 

Ik'* 

![  CHARCAS,  or  Charcos,  the  jsoujheta 


division  of  Peru,  in  South  Amofloa.  Here 
are  the  best  silver  mines  in  the  woiid.  The 
capital  is  Plata,  See  Potosi. 

Chard,  a town  in  Somersetshire,  It 
has  a wooilen  manufacture;  and  faits; 
May  3,  August  5,  and  November  2.  It 
stands  on  the  highest  ground  between  the 
tvjo  seas,  12  miles  sse  of  Tatinton,  and 
139  w by  s of  London.  Lon.  3 18  w,  lat. 

50  52  N. 

Ckardstock,  in  Dorsetshire.  Charnels , 
Devonshire. 

CHARENTE,  a department  of  France. 

It  includes  the  ci-devant  province  of  An- 
^oumois;  and  Angoulesme  is  the  capital. 

It  has  several  iron  mines,  which  yield  a 
very  good  sort  of  iron.  It  takes  its  name 
from  a river. 

CHARENTE,  Lower,  a department  of 
France.  It  consists  cf  the  ci-rdevant  pro- 
vince of  Anms  and  Saintonge.  Saintes  is 
the  capital. 

Charenton,  a town,  seated  on  the  Seine, 
four  miles  se  of  Paris,  France,  once  cele- 
brated for  its  protestant  church.  Lon.  2 
25  E,  lat.  48  45  n. 

Charite,  a towm  in  the  department  of 
Nievre,  France.  It  has  a wmollen  manu- 
facture, and  very  extensive  steel  and  iron 
•works,  where  all  kinds  of  arms  and  hard- 
wares are  made.  It  stands  on  the  Loire, 
iind  is  15  miles  n of  Nevers,  It  has  its 
name  from  a priory  of  Benedictine  clu- 
iiistes,  which,  in  a time  of  famine,  support-, 
ed  the  whole  town. 

Charlbnr^,  a small  market  towm  of  Ox- 
fordshire. "it  has  a market  on  Friday,  and 
five  annual  fairs  for  horses,  cattle,  <fec. 

Chanemont,  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ardennes,  on  a rooky  mountain, 
near  the  Meuse,  20  miles  kb  of  Alocroy. 
Lon.  4 40  E,  lat.  50  3 n,. 

Charlemont,  fx  borough  and  garrison  in 
tire  county  of  Armagh,  Ireland,  on  the 
Kldckwater,  six  miles  from  Dungannon, 
and  08  KW  of  Dublin. 

Charlemont,  a township  of  Massachusetts, 
containing  665  citizens 

Cnarleroy,  a strong  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  .Sambre  and  Meuse,  France,  seated 
on  the  Sambre,  18  rwiles  w of  Namur. 
Lon.  4 20  E,  lat  50  30  n. 

CH  ARLES,  a county  of  Maryland,  in 
the  Western  Shore.  It  is  27  miles  long, 
and  equally  broad ; ami  contained,  in  1795, 
10,528  free  inhabitants,  and  10,085  slaves. 
The  chief  town  is  Port  Tobacco. 

Charles,  C(^e,  a pyomoutory  of  Virginia, 
on  the  N side  of  Chesapeak  bay.  Lon.  75 
50  lat.  37  12  N* 

Charles,  Ca^e,  a promontory  near  Hud- 
son's bay.  Lon.  75  15  w,  lat.  62  10  n. 

Charles  City,  a county  in  Virginia,  30 
miles  long,  and  nine  broad,. 

C harks  Fort,  a fortress  in  the  ccunty 
of  Cork,  Ireland,  Lon.  8 40  w,  lat*  51 

21  Nv 


Charles,  St,  a tow  n of  Louisiana,  nea? 
the  coiiiluence  of  the  Missciuri  and  Mississip- 
pi, on  the  leit  bank  of  the  fbrmer,  34  miles 
w by  K of  St.  Louis. 

CHARLESTON,  a district  of  the  United 
States,  in  S Carolina,  Its  form  is  ob- 
long, (3eing  about  60  miles  long  and  , 55 
broad.  It  is  w^atered  by  the  rivers  Wando, 
Cooper,  Ashley,  Ponpon,  Asheppo,  and 
Cambahee;  and  contains  six  counties,  viz. 
Charieston,  Wash.ngton,  Marion,  Berkly, 
Colleton,  and  Bartholomew.  In  1795,  it 
contained  28,B51  free  inhabitants,  and 
48,634  slaves. 

Charleston,  a handsome  city  in  the  above 
district,  and  reckoned  the  capital  of  the 
state,  though  the  seat  of  government  is  at 
Columbia.  This  city  is  built  on  a regular 
plan,  consisiing  of  several  parallel  streets. 
The  houses  are  mostly  of  brick,  and  some 
of  them  very  elegant.  The  public  build- 
ings are,  a state-house,  an  exchange,  an 
armoury,  a college,  several  academies,  an 
orphan-house,  a poor-house,  a Jewish  syna- 
gogue,, and  11  other  places  of  worship. 
The  situation  is  healthy ; the  harbour  is 
large,  and  is  guarded  by  Fort  Johnson  on 
James-Island.  Charleston  carries,  on  an 
extensive  trade  to  Europe  and  the  West 
Indies,  being  the  fourth  commercial  town 
in  the  Union.  The  exports,  in  1794,  a- 
mounted  to  3,846,392  dollars ; and  the 
number  of  vessels  belonging  to  this  port 
w^as  735,  in  1787  ; but  it  is  now  estimated 
at  about  1000.  By  the  census  of  1790,  it. 
contained  16,400  inhabitants,  of  w’hom 
7,700  were  slaves.  It  w^as  incorporated 
in  1783,  and  divided  into  13  wards.  It  - 
stands  on  a peninsula,  formed  by  the  rivers 
Ashley  and  Cooper,  the  former  of  which  is 
navigable  for  ships  of  burden  20  miles 
above  the  town,  100  miles  ese  of  Colum- 
bia. Lon.  89  20  w,  lat.  32  42  N. 

Charleston,  a haudsome  flourishing  town 
of  Massachusetts,  and  the  largest  in  Mid- 
dlesex county.  It  stands  under  the  cele- 
brated Breedshill,  and  is  separated  from 
Boston  by  the  Charles,  over  which  a bridge 
was  erected  in  1787,  supported  by  75 
w^oodeu  piers,  with  a draw  bridge  in  the. 
middle  for  the  passage  of  vessels.  It  is 
ly503  feet  long,  and  43  broad.  Cbavles- 
ton  is  connected  with  Malden  by  another 
bridge,  erected  in,  1788,,  which  is^  2,420 
feet  long,  and  32  broad.  It  contained,  in. 
1797,  about  2090  inhabitants.  Lon.  70 
33  w,  lat.  42  25  n.  , 

Charleston,  a post  tow^n  of  Maryland,  m 
Cecil  county,  near  the  head  of  Chesapeak 
bay,  six  miles  sv/  of  Philadelphia.  Lon*  0 
5 ? w,  lat.  39  31  n. 

Chc^lestoM,  a small  town  of  Kentucky, 
in  Mason  couniy. 

Charleston,  a village  of  Virginia,  in 
Berkley  couiily.  . 

Ckarlistcn,  or  Numher  Fow\  a post  town 
of  N^w  netted,  on  the  CpimsctU 


C H A 

SS  miles  w^jw  of  Portsmouth,  and  105 
S\V  of  *808100. 

Charleston,  one  of  the  four  principal 
towns  of  Barbadoes. 

Charlestown,  the  only  town  in  the  isle  of 
Nevis.  Lon.  62  42  w,  iat.  16  55  n. 

Charlestown,  a town  of  the  state  of 
Rhode  Island.  It  contains  2022  inhabi- 
tants, 19  miles  of  Newport. 

Charleston,  a town  of  AberdeenshiTe, 
seated  near  the  Bee.  whither  invalids  re- 
sort for  the  benefit  of  goat  w’hey,  2S  miles 
vrby  s of  Aberdeen. 

Charlestown,  a village  in  Fifeshire,  near 
Dunfermline,  on  the  banks  of  the  Forth, 
containing  about  500  inhabitants. 

CHARLETON,  an  island  at  the  bottom 
of  Hudson’s  bay,  in  Norih  America.  Lon. 
«0  0 wFlat.  52  30  n. 

ChatUton,  a township  of  Massachusetts, 
in  Worcester  county,  containing  1,955 
citizens. 

' Charleville,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Ardennes,  France,  seated  on  the  Meuse. 
In  the  centre  of  its  magnificent  square  is  a 
baadsome  fountain,  25  miles  wnw  of  Le- 
dan.  Loh.  4 45  e,  \at',  49  50  n. 

Charleville,  ei  borough  in  the  county  of 
Cotk,  Ireland,  34  miles  n by  w of  Cork, 
and  39  w by  s of  Casiiel. 

CkatkeOyW  town  in  Lancashire;  It  has 
a-  nfi^rket  on  Tuesday  ; anvl  fairs,  ?4lay  5, 
August  20,  and  September  5.  Lon.  2 
• 54  53  38  n.  ' 

- charlotte,  a ^populous  and  fertile 
-ebunty bf  Virginia.  It  contained  5202  free 
- inhabitants,  and  48,16  slaves,  in  1795. 

- Charlotte^di.  port  town  of  North  Carolina, 
and  the  capital  of  Mecklenburg  county, 
Steel  Cft^k,  44  miles  ssw  of  Salisbury . 
liOn.  80  45  W,  lat.  35  12  n. 

' Churlotie,  Fort,  ol  fort  in  S Carolina. 
Lon.  82  35  iat.  34  0 n. 

]•  Charlotte,  Fort,  a small  fortification 
near- the  to^m  of  Lerwick,  in  Shetland, 
which  completely  commands  the  entry  to 
ay  .Sound. 

' Charlotte  Town,  the  capital  of  the  island 
of  St  John^s,  Gulf  of  St  Lawrence,  on  the 
' Hiilsburgh.  Lon.  62  50  w,  lat.  46  5. 

‘ ' - Charlotte  iTatufi,  the  capital  of  Dominica, 
formerly  called  Rosseau,  24  miles  se  of 
Prince  Rupert  bay.  In  1806,  it  sulfeied 
*■ -severely  by  an  earthquake.  Lon.  61  28  w, 
; lat.  15  IS  nV 

''  Charlottenhurg,  a town  of  the  electorate 
of  Brandenburg,  middle  mark,  built  Ijy  So- 
phia  Charlotte,  first  quebn  of  Prussia.  It 
' stands  on  the  Spree,  foiir  miles  w of  Ber- 
^ iln,  and  has  d superl>  palace,  and  elegant 
gardens.  ^ 

• ChartoUesvtile,  a post  town  of  Virginia, 
and  the  capital  of  Albemarle  county,  on 
the  Rivanna,'  80 1 miles  w?:w  of  Richmond, 
and  82  wsw  of  Frcdericsburg.  Lon  3 
■ 42  wq  lat.  38  ^ ?<r.'  ’ ' 

- -Charl&burg.  ^QS‘ (^arlbvro. 


c H A 

Charitoa,  in  Kent.  It  is  noted  for  a faiy 
held  on  St  Luke's  day,  called  Horn  Fair. 

ChamieSy  a towui  in  the  department  of 
Vosges.  France^on  the  Moselle, eight  miles 
E of  Mireoourt.  Lon.  6 17  E,  iat.  48  21  n. 

Charotles,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Saone  and  Loire,  France,  seated  on  the 
Ilecofioe,  25  miles  wnw  of  Macon.  Its 
castle  is  in  ruins.  Lon.  4 24  e,  lat.  46 
28  N. 

Charost,  a town  in  the  depariraent  of  In- 
dre,  France,  on  the  Arnon,  sis  miles  nr 
of  Issoudun.  Lon.  2 10  E,l5t.  47  I n. 

Charrouoe,  a towm  in  the  department  of 
Vienne,  France,  2#  miles  s of  Poitiers. 
Lon.  3 15  E,  lat.  46  iO  n. 

CHARTER-ISLAND,  an  island  of 
England,  in  the  Thames. 

Chartres,  an  ancient  and  large  city  fh® 
department  of  Eure  and  Loire,  Ibanoe. 
The  town  contains  about  10,000  peopl®. 
Its  chief  trade  is  in  corn.  Here  the  cele- 
, brated  Vauban  erected  a bridge  over  the 
Meuse,  on  which  the  city  stands.  It  has 
one  of  the  most  elegant  cathedrals  in 
France,  45  miles  sw  of  Paris.  Lon.  • i 
30  E,  lat,  48  27  N. 

. Chartreuse,  Q\  the  Grand  Chartreuse ^ 9. 
late  celebrated  monastery,  the  c^apital  of 
all  the  ci  -devant  convents  of  the  Cctrthusinn 
monks.  Before  the  revolution,  the  inhabit 
I tants  consisted  of  100  Tathers,  with  300 
servants.  At  the  revolution,  it  was  ccm« 
verted  into  a kind  of  arsenal,  Lou.  5 5 ®, 
lat.  45  20  N. 

Chartreuse  of  London,  jeorrupily.  eallcd 
the  ChaHeT’-Home,  it  is  i^ow  converfied 
into  an  hospital,  and  endowed  with  a re- 
venue of  L.OOOO  a-year..  Here  are  main- 
tained 80  decayed  gentlemen,  and  40  boys - 
Charybdisy  a famous  whiidpooi  in  the 
narrow  strait  of  Messinti,  SicHy,  oppo.4te 
the  famous  .Scylla  in  Iiaiy.  According  to 
ancient  authors,  - these  whirlpools  were 
dangerous  to  mariners,  but  it  is  said  nob  to 
have  been  so  formidable  since  the-  earth- 
quake of  1783. 

Chataigneraye,ei  town  in  the  department 
of  Vendee,  France,  12  miles  n of  Fontenay 
ie  Compte.  ' - ; 

Chata-Uehe.  Se&  Apalaehicola, 
Chateau-Briant,  ei  to^n  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Loire,  France,  with  a castle, 
24  miles  s of  Rennes,'  Lon,  1 16  w,  lat. 
47  46  N. 

Chateau-  Camlresis,  a town  in  the  depa  rt- 
ment  of  Lower  Loire^  France,  seated  on 
the  Seille,  ha^  a palace  of  the  bishop  of 
Cambray.  Here  in  1559^  peace  was  con- 
I eluded  between  Philip  TI.  of  Spain,  and 
j Henry  II.  of  France  14  miles  se  of  Cam- 
bray; Lon.  8 25  e,  lat.- 50  6 n. 

, Chaledu-Chinon,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment Nievre,  France,  of  the  Yonue.  It 
has  a cotfsid®rahle  rnanufacture  of  cloth, 

M 36  miles  B by  w of  Nevers.  Lon.  4 8 b, 
I ' lat.  47  0 N. 

Ff  2 


C H A 

f Chatman- Dmrphin,  gt  very  Strong  cS-Stle 
of  Pi?d  iioDt;,  in  the  marqnisate  of  Saiuces, 
near  the  source  of  the  Po,  16  miles  w by  k 
•of  Saluzzo. 

Chateau  du  Loir,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Saite,  France,  seated  on  the  Loire, 
celebrated  for  a siege  of  seven  years 
against  the  count  of  Alaais,  %%  miles  sse  of 
Alans.  Lon.  0 30  e,  lat.  4T  40  n. 

Chateav-Bun,  a town  in  the  department 
_Oi  Eure  and  Loire,  France,  30  miles  N of 
Blois.  Lon.  1 22  e,  lat.  48  4 N. 

Chateau  Gontier,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Mayenne,  France.  It  has  a castle  ; a, 
tradein linen,  and  a mineral  spring,  12  miles 
ijv/  of  Angers.  Lon,  0 38  b,  lat.  4T  4T  n. 

Chateau-Lundon,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine  ctnd  Alarne,  France,  stands 
ton  a bill,  with  an  aSsbey,  30  miles  s of 
Melun.  Loa.  2 33  E,  lat.  48  11  n, 
.Chateau- Meillant,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Cher,  France,  has  an  ancient  oastle, 
30  miles  s of  Bourges. 

Ckateauneuf,  a town  in  the  departrasnt 
Cher,  France,  16  miles  s of  Bourges. 
CHATEAUNEUF,  department  of  Eure, 
and  Loire,  16  miles  sw  of  Chartres. 

CHATEAUNEUF,  department  of  May- 
enne and  Loire,  on  the  Sarte,  four  miles  n 
Oi  Angers. 

, Chatcau-Portien,  a town  in  the  depart- 
tment  of  Ardennes,  France,  six  miles  w of 
-Bethol.  Lon.  4 23  e,  lat.  49  35 

Chateau- Renmdj  two  towns  in  France  ; 
1 . in  the  department  of  Indre  and  Loire,  16 
ioiks  of  Tours.  Lon.  1 1 w,  lat.  47 
33  N.  2.  In  the  department  of  Loiret. 
Lon.  2 25  e,  lat.  48  0 n. 

Chateau-Roux^  a town  in  the  department 
01  Indre,  France,  148  miles  w by  s of 
>Faris.  Lon.  151  e,  lat.  46  48  m. 

. Chateau SalinSf  a town  in  the  department 
of  Meurthe,  16  miles  jje  of  Nancy.  Here 
are  e^vtensive  salt  v/orks. 

, . Chateaic-Ttiien^ey,  a.  towxi  in  the  depart- 
arront  of  Aisue,  France,  seated  on  the  Marne. 
Noted  as  the  birth-place  of  Fontane.  It 
sTtands  on  an  eminence,  and  has  a castle, 
S'{  miles  E5E  of  Paris.  Lon.  3 33  e,  lat. 
4-9  2 k. 

Chateau- Vilain,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Marne,  France,  15  miles  w 
Chaumont.  Lon.  2 59  e,  let.  48  0 n. 

, .Chaiel  or  Ckate^  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment, of  Vosges,  France,  on  the  Aioseiie, 
^ight  miles  k of  Epical. 

. Chatel-Aillon^  a maritime  town  in  the 
department  of  Lov/er  Chavente,  France. 

Ckatel-Chalorif  a town  in  the  department 
of  Jura,  France,  25  mik-s  ene  of  Lons  le 
^aunur.  Lon.  5 33  e,  lat,  46  46  k. 
Chatelety  a town  in  the  new  depai  tmcnt 
Sambfc  and  Meuse,  France.  Lon.  4 
E,  lat.  59  25  n. 

C uitel  le-Chatel,  a town  in  the  depart- 
Mut  of  Allier,  France, 

Chatellerault,  a town  in  ♦he  department 


E H A 

of  Vienne»,  France,  seated  on  the  ViensN^, 
famous  for  its  cutlery,  watch  making,  and 
cutting  of  false  dianeonis;  22  miles  kb 
of  Poitiers,  Lon.  0 4Q  e,  lat.  46  34  k. 

Chatenoy^  a towm  in  the  department  of 
V osges,  France,  six  miles  se  of  Neuf chateau', 

Chathaniy  a town  of  Kent,  adjoining  to 
Rochester,  situated  on  the  Medway.  It  fe 
the  principal  station  of  the  royal  navy  ; tba 
yards  and  magazines,  of  which  there  are 
whole  streets,  arc  furnished  with  all  kinds 
of  naval  stores,  and  materials  for  building 
and  rigging  the  largest  men  of  .war.  It 
is  reckoned  the  first  arsenal  in  the  world. 
Besides  an  ordinance,  wharf, and  victualling 
ofiiGe,  here  are  two  hospitals  for  decay e<l 
shipwrights  and  scaraon,  a church,  a 
chapel  of  case,  and  a ship  used  by  the 
sailers  as  a place  of  worship.  The  ap- 
proach to  Chathar.Ti  is  defended  by  Sheer- 
ness, and  other  strong  fortifications.  Se- 
veral men  of  wav  were  burnt  by  the  Dutch 
in  1667.  It  contains  about  1800  houses, 
mostly  low,  and  built  with  brick.  The 
streets  are  narrow  and  paved ; and  the 
number  of  inhabitants  in  1811,  12,652  : 3J 
miles  ESE  of  London.  Lon.  0 36  b,  lat. 
5122  k. 

ChaJJiamy  a town  of  Massachusetts,  with 
a harliour,  seated  at  the  exterior  or  ex- 
tremity of  Cape  Cod.  It  employ.^  a, 
number  of  vessels  in  the  fishery ; 70  mi’es 
SR  of  Boston.  Lon,  78  54  e,  lat.  41 
44  N. 

Chatham,  a town  of  South  CaTOlina, 
si^ated  at  the  yead  of  the  Pedee,  in  a fer- 
tile country,  90  miles  ke  of  Columbia, 
and  1 20  k by  w of  Georgetown^ 

CHATHAAI,  a 'well  cultivated  county 
of  Norih  Carolina.  In  1795,  it  contained 
T,5S9  free  inhabitants,  and  1632  slaves. 
The  chief  town  is  Pittsburg. 

Chatham,  a flourishing  town  of  Connec- 
ticut, jHiddieacx  county,  on  the  river  Con- 
necticut opposite  Middleton. 

CHATHAM,  a county  of  Georgia,  con- 
taining 2 568  citizens,  and  8,201  slaves. 
Savannah  is  the  capital. 

Chaiiga.'ty  a.  town  of  Bengal,  subject  to 
the  Great  Mogul.  It  is  situated  on  the 
eastern  branch  of  the  Gauges.  Lon.  91 
10  E,  iat.  23  0 H. 

Chatillon  les  BomheSy  in  the  department 
of  Ain,  France,  1 2 miles  w of  Eourg.  Cka- 
tillony  sur  bidrey  in  the  department  of  Indre, 
12  miles  sse  of  Loches.  Chatillcn  sur  Loire  y 
in  the  department  of  Loiret.  Chatillcu  s-ur 
Marne y in  the  department  of  P/Iarne,  seven 
miles  s of  Rheims.  Chatillon  sur  SeinSy  in 
the  deparlment  of  Cote  d^Or,  divided  by 
the  Seine.  Here  are  iron  works,  40  miles 
N\v  of  Dijon.  This  place  is  rendered  fa- 
mous by  the  late  conferences  between  th.« 
allied  sovereigns  and  plenipotentiaries  onthft 
{'art  of  Franco  an«.i  England,  t'.e  breaking 
up  of  which  hastened  the  ruin  of  ponaparte. 

Chsttonnayy  a town  of  Franoe.  in  the  de- 


CHE 

partment  of  Isre,  15  miles  E of  Vienne, 
and  22  SE  of  Lyon.  ^ 

Chatoqne,  ot  Ckavtaiighqxte,  a lake  of 
the  United  States'  in  New  Y ork*. 

Chatrakal,  a district  and  ioi  t of  Mysore. 
See  Chitteldroog. 

Chatre,  a town  m the  department  ol 
Indre,  Franoe,  seated  on-  the  Indre,  has  a 
woollen  manuiaoture,  miles  ssE  of  Cha* 
teanronx.  Lon.  1 56  e,  iat.  46  2a  n. 

Chatsworth,  a village  on  the  Derwent, 
PeftK  of  Derbyshire^  wliere  is  a soperb  seat 
®f  the  dukes  of  Devonshire,  enumoFaten 
Among  the  wonders  of  trie  Peak  on  account 
of  its  gardens,  fountains,  ptwk,  aiiu  siiuaiion, 
And  was  the  prison  of  Mary  Queen  of  boots, 
17  years. 

Chatterpour,  a town  of  Hinloosfan,  ca- 
pital of  Bundiecund,  130  miles  w&w  of 
Alababad.  Lon.  79  56  e,  lat.  25  0 n. 

. Chatzan,  a town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
province  of  Moultan,  90  miles  w of  Moul- 
ian.  Lon.  69  45  e,  lat.  31  8 >i, 

- CHAUDI,  a kingdom  of  Africa,  B of 
the  Nile.  Berber  is  the  capital. 

Chaves,  or  Chavez,  a town  of  Portugal,  in 
the  province  of  Tra-los-mcnte.-,  with  two 
forts,  seated  on  the  Tamego,  near  the  bor- 
ders of  Spain.  The  town  and  the  suburb 
Hagdalena  are  connected  by  a Roma.n 
stone  bridge.  It  is  26  miles  w of  Bra- 
ganza.  Lon.  7 0 w,  lat.  41  45  n. 

Chaul,  a town  of  the  S Indies,  on  the 
eoast  of  Malabar.  The  town,  and  the  island 
on  the  s side  of  the  harbour,  are  fortified. 
Lon.  72  45  e,  lat.  18  30  n. 

• Chaulne,  or  Chaime,  a town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Somme,  lYanoe.  Lon.  2 55  e, 
iat.  49  45  N. 

Chaumont,  in  the  department  of  Oise, 
France,  76  miles  ssw  of  Beauvais.  Lon. 
2 7 E,  lat.  49  18  n. 

Chaumount,  a towm  in  the  department  of 
Upper  Marne,  France,  seated  on  an  emi- 
nence, near  the  river  Marne,  and  has  a 
trade  in  deer  and  goat  skins,  and  a woollen 
manufacture ; 56  miles  e by  s of  Troyes. 
Lon.  5 9 E,  lat.  48  8 e. 

Chauny,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Aisne,  France,  on  the  Oise,  20  miles  b of 
Noyon.  Lon.  3 18  e,  lat.  49  17  x. 

CHAUS,  a province  of  Fea,  in  Barbary. 
Ckaux-de-fend,  a village  of  Switzerland, 
stands  in  a rich  valley,  nine  miles  kw  of 
Neuchatel,  The  inhabitants,  about  3000, 
make  watches  and  clocks,  and  manufac- 
ture laee. 

CHAYANTA,a  district  in  Peru,  famous 
for  gold  and  silver  mines. 

Cheadle,  a town  in  Staffordshire,  has  a 
market  on  Saturday,  an  extensive  tape  ma- 
nufacture, and  in  its  neigiibourhood  several 
brass  and  copper  works  ; 12  miles  xne  of 
Stafford,  and  140  nw  of  I.ondon. 

Chebrechin,  a town  of  Poland,  in  ^he 
province  of  lied  Russia,  Lon.  23  51  e. 
lat.  50  35 


CHE 

€hehmto,Si  harbour  of  N America,  sxB 
coast  of  Nova  Scotia.  The  city  of  Hali- 
fax, stands  near  the  head  of  this  bay.  Alsu 
a bay  on,  the  e coast  of  Nova  Scotia,  into 
which  falls  Salmeri  river,  noted  for  om?  of 
the  most  extensive  fisheries  in  the  woihi 
Lon.  63  18  w,  lat.  44  45  n, 

CRECGUTiMIES,  a nation  of  N A- 
merican  Indians. 

Chedder,  a town  in  Somersetshire,  foot 
of  the  Mendip  hills, 'celebrated  for  Its  cheese, 
and  for  the  finest  pieces  of  i3ck  scenery  ^ 
in  Enf^daml.  It  is  two  miles  sa  of  Ax- 
bridge?  It  has  fairs  Pday  4,  and  Octo- 
ber 29. 

CHEDUBA,  an  island  in  the  bay  of 
Bengal,  on-  the  ;coast  of  Birrmh,  45  miles 
in  tength,  and  10  in  breadth.  It  produces 
, abundance  of  rice.  Lon.  95  35-  e,  lat.  i 3 
59  N,  . 

Cheego^Muddi,  a town  of  Cutoli,  Hi»i- 
dcostau,  -Stands,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cag- 
gar,  23  miles  of  Boogebooge, 

Chsgford,  a small  town  in  Devonshire, 
It  has  fairs,  Pdarch  23,  May  25,  Sept.  29, 
and  October  29. 

Cheitore,  a town  in  the  temtory  of  C^- 
dipour,  Hindoostan,  seated  oo  a moimtaray 
with  e.  fortress,  and  was  of  great  extent, 
having  been  the  capital  of  the  Rana,  or  so- 
vereign prince  of  thve  iiaepoots,  in  the  days 
of  his  great iiess.  It  has  be-eii  in  rums  since 
the  time  of  Aurung7;ebe,  in  1681,  46  miles 
NNE  of  Ouclipour,  and  88  ssw  of  - Agimere. 
See  OudiponT, 

CHEKIANG,  a fertile  maritime  pro- 
vince of  China,  containing  11  cities,  77 
towns,  and  many  villages. 

Chslm,i\iQ  capital  of  a palatinate,  in  Bed 
Russia,  of  the  same  name,  Poland.  Near 
this  town,  in  1794,  the  Foies  were  defeated 
by  the  Russians,  100  miles  esb  of  Warsaw, 
Lon.  23  20  e,  iat.  51  29  N.. 

Chelmer,  a river  of  Essex,  navigable  to 
Chelmsford,  has  its  source  near  Thaxted, 
and  directs  its  source  by  Duomow  and 
Chelmsford,  to  Malden,  where  it  unites  with 
Blackwater. 

Chelmsford,  a populous  town  nearly  in 
the  centre  of  Essex,  at  the  junction  of  tho 
Can  and  the  Chelmer.  The  county  house  is 
a magnificent  modern  building.  Here  ks  an 
excellent  conduit,  and  a free-school,  found.- 
ed  by  Edward  VI.  The  great  thorough- 
fare through  Chelmsford  by  the  e road  frcni 
London,  is  its  chief  support;  and,  being 
the  county  town,  the  quarter-seosions,  d o. 
are  held. here.  It  has  a market  on  Friday  ; 
fairs  May  12,  and  Nov.  12,  and  sends  two 
members  to  parliament.  It  lies  29  miles 
ENii:  of  London,  and  43  s by  w oi  Bury., 
Lon.  0 33  E,  lat.  51  43  n. 

Chelmsford,  a town  of  Massachusett.% 
in  Middlesex  county,  on  tha  s side  of  the 
Merirnac,  connected  with  Draent  by  a cu- 
rious ’midge,  at  Patiioket  Falls,  28  miiss 
XNW'  of  Boston. 


C II 1 

- CJichea,  d villagse  oli  th«  ThaiiAes ; 
a mile  w of  Wcstmiaifer,  r^emafkable  for 
the  magnificGiit  hospital  for  invalids  and 
old  decrepit  saldievs.^  The  royal  hospital 
for  Invalids  was  hirst  projected  by  Stephen 
Fox,  in  the  ti;ne  of  Charles  IT,^  who  him- 
self contributed, above  ]3,0001v  to  its  esta- 
biishmrnt.  It  consists  of  a vast  range  of 
boiidings,  that  form  three  large  squares, 
nneonunonij^  elegant.  In  the  wings  are 
16  Y/ards,  in  v/hich  are  accommodations 
lor  abo  ve  400-*  men  - The.  number  of  pen* 
sioners  received  into  the  hospital,  amount 
to  336  but  there  is  also  an  uniimited  num- 
ber of  out-pensioners  on  the  establishment, 
wbo  receive  a comfortable  annuity.  Here 
is  an  excellent  Physic  Garden,  given  by 
Sir  Hans  Sioane,  to  the  company  ^of  apo- 
thecaries, in  1T21, 

Chelsea f a town  of  Massachusetts,  in 
Suffolk  codnty,  containing  4T2  citizens. 
Also  a township  of  Vermont,  in  Orange 
eouoty.  . 

Cheltenkamy  or  Chiltenham,  a market 
town  nine  miles  ne  of  Gloucester,  and  94 
from  Loudon.  It  has  a good  market-house, 
and  a theatre.  On  an  easy  ascent,  about 
half  a mile  s of  the  church,  rises  the  Spaw, 
which  first  drew  tho  attention  of  the  public 
in  1740.  The  season  for  drinking  the 
whalers  is  from  May  to  Oci/ober.  They 
are  impregnated  with  salts,  sulphur,  steel, 
calcareous  earth,  and  operate  at  the  same 
time  both,  as  purgative^  and  restorative. 
Two  miles  E ol  the  town  is  another 
ininerod  spring  of  the  same  kind.  The 
town  has  a market  on  Thursday,  and  fairs 
on  Holy  Thursday,  St  James  day,  and  the 
2A  Thoreday  in  SepL  Lon,  2 21  w,  lat.  Ji 

66  N. 

ChelvmyQx  Be/miVa  river  of  Hindoostan, 
Proper,  the  most  western  cf  the  five  eastern 
branches  of  the  Indus,  takes  its  rise  above 
Cashmere,  passes  through  it  into  Lahore, 
and  unites  with  the  Chunaub,  16  miles  be- 
low Kooshuab.  This  river  is  the  famous 
Hydaspes  of  Alexander  the  Great. 

Chehj,  St,  a town  in  the  department  of 
liOzero,  France,  18  miles  by  w'  of  Mende, 
and  30  sw  of  Piri\ 

Chemnitz,  a town  in  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Misnia,  Germany.  It  is  surrounded  with 
w^alls  and  ditches,  has  four  suburbs  and  a 
castle  about  a mile  from  the  town.  Cot- 
tons, and  other  fine  stuffs  are  manufac- 
tured  here,  and  bleaching  is  carried  on  lo 
a considerable  extent,  it  stands  on  a river 
of  its  name,  38  miles  sw  of  Dresden.  Lon. 
12  37  E,  lat.  .50  30  x. 

Ckencovr,  or  Chemken,  a town  of  Arme- 
nia, on  the  frontiers  of  Giirgistan,  has  a 
beautiful  castle,  .several  mosques,  and  elc- 
gaht  caravanseras,  160  miles  ne  of  Eirvac. 

Chenango,  a tow  n of  Tiago  coimiy.  New 
York,  .sec ted  near  a river  of  the  same; 
came,  \vhich  flows  into  the  Susquehanna.' 
Here  >th®  judicial  courts  sit  in  May;  32 


€ H E 

i miles  NE  of  Union,  and  60  sw  of  CooppTf^ 
town.  Lon.  76  0 w,  Greenwich,  lat.  42^ 
S.  N.  ' 

Chenapatam,  a town  of  Mysore,  Hfn- 
, doostan.  In  its  vicinity  is  a fine  stone  fort, 

I and  palm  gardens.  Its  manufaeluires  are 
I sugar,  glass,  and  ransic  wire;  40tmiles 
ENB  of  Seringapatam. 

CHEN-SI,  a province  of  China.  Chen^ 
si  is  one. of  the  most  extensive  proyincet  of 
the  empire,  containing  134,090  squar® 
miles,  with  30,000,000  inhabitants.  It  has 
two  viceroy  .,  besides  the  governors  of 
Sodcheou,  and  Kau-tcheou,  which  are  thft 
strongest  places  in  the  country.  It  is  subl 
ject  to  long  droughts,  and  produces  littlB 
rice  ; but  they  have  plentiful  crops  of 
w^heat  and  millet.  Clouds  of  locusts  some- 
times devour  the  produce  of  the  fields ) 
these  are  eaten  by  the  Chinese  when  boiledi 
The  country  abounds  with  drugs,  rhubaifb’, 
musk,  cinnabar,  wax,  honey,  and  coalsi 
It  has  also  rich  gold  mines,  w'hich  are  not 
allowed  to  be  opened.  The  province  ii 
divided  into  two  parts,  the  e and  the  U,^ik 
contains  eight /a or  cities  of  the  fist  classj 
and  160  of  the  second  and  third.  Singan- 
fou  is  the  capital. 

Chert-yang,  or  Moug-den,  sl  city  of  Chi- 
nese Tartary,  and  capital  of  a department  or 
district  in  the  county  of  the  Mantcileu  Tar- 
tars, of  the  same  name,  but  also  called  ^a- 
stong'.  The  walls  are  ten  miles  in  circum- 
ference. It  has  several  public  edifices,  and 
arsenals,  with  magazines'  of  arms  and 
store-houses.  The  Tartars  corndder  it  as 
the  principal  place  of  their  nation.  It  is 
330  miles  ene  of  IHiking,  LODi  124  3 e, 

, lat.  41  33  N. 

Chenzim,  or  Chinting,  a tmvrvof  Poland, 
in  the  palatinate  of  Sandomirz;  Thera 
are  mines  of  silver  and  lead,,  and  quarries 
of  marble  in  its  vicinity w - 

Checu,  a tow  n of  China  of  the  second 
rank,  in  the  province  of  ■KiangnaH..  Lon. 
(34  9 E,  Ferro  lat.  32  34  n.  ' - ^ ’ : 

CHEPAWAS,  or  CiiiPEWAYS,  a nation 
of  N American  Indians,  who  inhabit  tb^ 
coast  and  islands  of  Lake  SiiJiCnor,  Lake 
Huron. 

Chepello,  a small  island  near  the  coast  of 
Amerfca,  in  the  gulf  of  Panama,  about  a 
I league  in  circumference,  three  miles  from 
the  city  of  Panama,  which  it  supplies  with 
fruit  and  provisions. 

Che-ping,  a city  of  China,  of  the  second 
rank,  in  the  pjovince  c>f  Yun-nan.  Lon. 
120  to  E,  Ferro,  lat.  23  49  N. 

Chepoor,  a town  and  river  of  Terra  Fir- 
ma,  in  Darien,  Lon.  77  30  w,  lat.  10  42  n. 

Chepstow,  a sea  port  of  England,  in  the 
county  of  Monmpnth  ; it  is  a large  and  fiou- 
risking  town,  formerly  walled  round.  Chep- 
stow is  the  port  for  all  the  towns  that  stand 
on  the  river  Wye  and  Livg.  Ships  of  600 
tons  burden  are  built  here,  and  a considera- 
ble trade  is  carried  on  from  hence  to  Portu- 


C H E 

^>al  and  the  Baltic.  Vessels  of  700  tons 
come  up  to  the  bridge.  On  a perpendicular 
rock  are  the  remains  of  a castle.  Pai  t of 
the  priory  is  converted  into  a church.  The 
tide  rises  from  40  to  60  feet,  and  in  1768  it 
rose  to  70.  Its  exports  are  iron,  timber, 
.bark,  and  elder.  There  are  live  constant 
trading  vessels  between  this  port  and  Lon- 
don. It  is  18  miles  n of  Bristol,  and  135 
w of  London.  Lon.  2 36  ic,  lat.  5152k. 

CHER,  a department  of  France,  includ- 
ing part  of  the  late  province  of  Berry.  It 
takc>s  its  name  from  the  river  Cher,  which 
crosses  a part  of  it,  and  unites  with  the  Loire 
below  Tours.  Bourges  is  the  capital. 

Cherasco,  a town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont, 
and  capital  of  a county  of  the  same  name, 
on  the  borders  of  the  county  of  Asti,  with  a 
strong  citadel,  seated  on  a mountain,  and 
the  confluence  of  the  Stura  and  Tanaro. 
The  civil  government  is  conducted  by 
three  syndics,  28  counsellors,  and  eight 
masters  of  accounts.  The  county  is  about 
nine  miles  in  diameter  ; the  land  is  fertile, 
it  is  24  miles  se  of  Turin.  Lon.  7 58  e, 
lat.  44  45  N. 

CHERAW,  a district  of  South  Carolina, 
S3  miles  long,  and  63  broad  ; comprehend- 
ing the  counties  of  Darlington,  Chesterfield, 
and  Marlborough.  It  contains  10,760  in- 
habitants. Grenville  is  the  capital. 

Cherhnrg,  a sea  port  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  Channel,  situated  at 
the  bottom  of  a large  bay,  between  Cape 
Barfleur  and  Cape  la  Hogue,  containing 
jibout  6000  inhabitants,  with  an  Augustine 
abbey.  The  port  has  always  been  con- 
sidered by  the  French  as  an  object  of  great 
importance  in  the  navigation  of  the  Chan- 
nel. Vessels  of  900  tons  can  be  admitted 
at  high  water,  and  of  250  at  low.  Here,  in 
3692,  the  English  defeated  the  French  in  a 
naval  engagement,  and  burnt  upwards  of 
twenty  of  their  men  of  war,  near  Cape 
la  Hogue.  In  1758,  Cher  burg  was  taken 
by  the  English,  with  the  ships  in  the  ba- 
son, and  the  fortifications  and  works  for 
improving  the  harbour  v^ere  demolished. 
These  works  w’ere  resumed  by  Louis  XVI. 
on  a more  extensive  scale,  but  were  inter- 
rupted by  the  F'rench  revolution.  It  is 
60  miles  of  Caen,  and  41  posts 

WNvr  of  Paris.  Lon.  1 37  e,  lat.  49 
39  K. 

Cherchesenc,  a towm  in  the  province  of 
Curdi^tan,  Asiatic  Turkey. 

Cheren-Tahanen,  a town  of  Chinese  Tar- 
tary. Lon.  137  17  e,  Ferro,  let.  41  32  k. 

Ckeresoul,  a town  of  Asiatic  Tuikey,  in 
Curdistan,  Lon.  44  15  E,lai.  35  50  n. 

. CHEliO,  a small  island  of  European 
Turkey,  in  the  Archipelago.  Lon.  43  26  e, 
Ferro,  lat.  3G  53  n. 

CHFIROKEES,  a nation  of  Neith  Arne 
rican  .Indians  residing  in  the  k pa^is  of 
Georgia.  They  are  tall,  robust,  and  well 
made,  They  have  43  inhabited  tew  as  ^ 


e H E 

‘ C/ufrey,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Yomie,  France,  10  miles  w of  Seirs. 

Cheroniso,  a town  of  European  Turkey, 
on  the  KE  coast  of  the  island  of  Negropont, 

25  miles  k of  Negropont. 

CHERRY  ISLAND,  in  the  Northera 
ocean,  Lon.  20  5 e,  lat.  74  30  N. 

Cherry  Valley^  a town  of  New  York,  at- 
the  head  of  a creek  of  its  name.  Oswego 
comity,  18  miles  s of  Canajohary,  and 
45  w by  N of  Albany. 

Cherso,  an  island  in  the  Adriatic,  on  the- 
coast  of  Dalmatia.  It  is  150  miles  in  oir- 
oumference,  and  60  in  length,  is  stony  and 
mountainous,  containing  11,000  inhabi- 
tants. It  is  united  to  Osero,  by  a bridge 
over  a very  narrow  channel  which  sepa» 
rates  the  two  islands. 

Cherso,  the  capital  of  the  above  island, 
anciently  called  Crispa,  or  Crexa,  has  a 
good  harbour,  and  contains  4000  inhabi- 
tants. Lon.  14  45  e,  lat,  45  10  n. 

Cherson,  the  capital  of  New  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  CatherinenslaT,  built  by  Ca- 
therine II.  is  seated  on  the  n bank  of  the 
Dnieper,  10  miles  below  the  influx  of  the 
Inguloc.  It  ^vas  intended  to  be  the  prin- 
cipal mart  for  all  commodities  of  export 
and  import ; and  contains  a dock  for  the 
construction  of  large  vessels,  but  on  ac- 
count of  sand  banks,  the  dock  yard  has 
been  removed  to  Nicolayef:  owung  to  this 
the  town  is  rapidly  on  the  decline.  Here 
in  1787,  Catherine  met  the  emperor  Jo- 
seph II.  In  this  place  in  1790,  the  cele- 
brated Mr  Howard,  so  well  knowm  for  his 
plans  of  reform  of  the  different  hospitals 
and  prisons  of  Europe,  fell  a victim  to  his 
indefatigable  humanity,  and  was  buried 
near  the  village  of  Baupiiigny,  and  his 
memory  perpetuated  by  a monument  erect- 
ed by  the  Russian  admiral ; 50  miles  e of 
Oczakef.  Lcn.  31  26  e,  lat  46  37  n.  ; 

Chersonesu^y  a peninsuia  of  Homania,  in 
European  Turkey,  supposed  by  the  ancients 
to  be  about  37  furlongs  in  breadth.  It  for- 
merly contained  1 1 cities. 

Ctitisoneausy  one  of  the  10  new  states, 
into  which  the  n western  territory  of  the 
United  States  is  appointed  to  be  divided. 

Chertseijy  a town  in  the  county  of  Surry, 
banks  of  the  Thames.  It  has  a weekly 
market  on  Wednesday.  Part  of  the  wails 
of  its  ancient  abbey  remain.  Here  Hen- 
ry VI.  vvas  buried,  but  was  afterwards  re- 
moved to  Windsor.  Here  is  a handsome 
stone  bridge  over.,  the  Thames;  20  miles 
w by  s of  London. 

Cherzy  a town  of  Poland  in  M‘?soviat 
Lon.  21  8 w,  lat.  52  C n. 

Chesapeaky  a bay  of  th‘"  United  States  of 
Atflcdca,  iu  Virgin  ia,  and  one  of  the  largest 
iu  the  knawn  worid  ; aflbi  ding  many  com- 
modious harbouis,  and  u safe  and  ca?y  navi- 
gation. It  is  situated  Ireiwesn  eape  Henry 
in  Virginia^  and  cape  Charles  in  Maryland  ; 
streieil'ts  279  t9 


CHE 

to  iO  liiUes  broad,  and  generally  nine  fa- 
thoms deep.  The  James,  the  Potomac, 
EappahannoCj  and  Susquehanna,  all  navi- 
gable rivers,  fall  into  it. 

Cheshamy  a town  of  England,  in  the 
county  of  Bucks,  with  a weekly  market  on 
Wednesday,  and  manufactures  of  lace,  and 
wooden  ware ; 27  miles  nw  of  London. 

CHESHIRE,  a county  of  England  ; 
about  50  miles  long,  and  25  broad,  di- 
vided into  seven  hundreds,  which  contains 
101  parishes,  one  city,  11  market  towns 
670  villages,  35,620  houses,  and  191,750 
inhabitants.  This,  as  well  as  Lancashire, 
is  a county  palatinate,  has  a very  distinct 
government,  which  is  administered  by  a 
chamberlain,  a special  judge  called  chief 
justice  of  Cheshire,  a pusine  judge,  &c. 
The  air  is  temperately  cold  emd  very  heal- 
thy ; the  geucraiity  of  the  inhabitraits  liv- 
ing to  a good  old  age.  The  general  ap- 
pearance of  Cheshire  is  that  of  an  extended 
plain  ; bat  on  the  easteyn  side  it  is  rather 
mountainous.  Chester  is  the  city ; the 
market  towns  are  Tvatitwich,  Maccleslield, 
Maiphas,  Middiewich,  Northwich,  Cougle- 
ton,  Altringham,  Frodsham,  Knotsford, 
Stockport,  and  Sanbach.  The  principal 
rivers  are  the  ^Jersey  and  the  Bee;  these 
receive  and  carry  off  to  the  sea,  all  the 
smaller  rivers  and  rivulets  in  Cheshire. 
Cheshire  has  been  noted  for  cheese  of  the 
best  quality ; the  cth&r  productions  are 
corn,  excellent  salt,  coal,  iron  ore,  mill- 
stones, timber,  alunri,  hops,  tkc, 

CHESHIRE,  a county  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, E of  the  Connecticut,  contamhig  34 
townships,  23,776  citizens,  and  16  slaves. 

Cheslerjy  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment cf  the  Aube,  and  chief  place  of  a 
canton. 

Chesncy  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Ardennes,  and  chief  place  of  a 
canton,  in  the  district  of  Vouziers. 

CJic.stcTy  a city  of  England,  and  capital 
©f  Cheshire^  situated  on  a rocky  eminence 
above  the  river  Bee,  or<rf:r  which  is  a bridge 
of  12  arches,  about  20  miles  from  the  sea. 
The  city  is  square,  and  suiTOunded  b}  a 
waJl  nearly  two  miles  ib  circumference. 
The  four  principal  streets  run  from  a cen- 
tre towards  the  cardinai  points  of  the 
compass,  each  terminated  by  a gate. 
Chester  is  the  see  of  a bishop,  suffragan 
of  the  archbishop  of  York . The  number 
of  houses,  by  the  returns  under  the  late 
lK)pulation  act,  was  3494,  and  of  inhabi- 
tants, 16,140.  Besides  a considerable  ma- 
nufacture of  gloves,  there  is  here  a ma- 
nufacture of  tobacco  pipes,  an  iron  foun- 
dery,  snuff-mills,  and  an  advantageous  bu- 
siness in  ship-building.  The  maritime  bu- 
siness is  chiefly  with  Ireland,  with  which 
It  has  a constant  traffic,  and  coasting,  hav- 
ing but  a sn.ail  foreign  trade.  The  mar- 
kets are  on  Wednesday  and  Saturtlay  ; and 
fairs,  the  iiiyst:  notetl  in  Eiigiond,  ei'pe- 


CHE 

c-ially  for  Irish  linen,  to  which  there  is  » 
great  resort  of  mcrehanis  and  tradesmen 
from  all  parts,  particularly  Bri5itol  ajfid 
Dublin,  are  Fob.  24,  July  5,  and  Oct.  Iff, 
each  for  a week.  Chester  is  goveiajed  by  ft, 
mayor,  recorder,  aldermen,  sheri%y  eJorn*^ 
mon-council-men,  <fec.  and  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament.  Besides,  a strotjg  cai?- 
tie,  in  which  is  the  shire  hall,  there  is  a ca^ 
tiiedral  and  nine  churches.  The  principal 
streets  have  a covered  way  running  fronn 
house  to  house,  ccdled  rows,  which  defend 
the  foot  passengers  from  txic  weaiher, 
miles  sw  from  Manuhesier,  and  180  nw  of 
London.  Lon.  3 3 w,  lat.-53  12  n. 

Chester^  a eouniy  . f ihe  United  States, in 
Piiikey  district,  Soutu  Carolina,  containing 
5,866 ' oiiizens,  and  935  slaves,  in  17.90* 
Also  A town  on  Broad  river,  80  milc.s 
of  Coiupp-Oia. 

Chester y a town  of  the  United  States,  iff 
Hew  Hampshire,  Ilockingham  county,  off 
a lake  wAicli  commuaioates  with  Mirimac, 
16  miles  w of  Exeter,  and  34  w by  s of 
Portsmouth. 

Chestery  a county  of  Pennsylvania,  45 
miles  long,  and  SO  broad ; containing  33 
townships,  27,792  citizens,  and  145  slaves, 
in  1790.  Also  a town,  chief  of  this  couu*» 
ty,  25  miles  w by  s of  Philadelphia. 

Chestei*,  capital  of  Delaware  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Delaw^are,  15  miles 
sw  of  Philadelphia. 

Chester y a town  of  the  United  States,  ia 
Maryland,  and  capital  of  Kent  county,  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  has  a college  found* 
ed  in  1782,  60  miles  sw  of  Philadelphia. 

Cheslerle  Street,  a town  in  the  valley  of 
Durham,  on  tbe  Wear,  formerly  a bishop^s 
see,  but  removed  with  the  body  of  St. 
Ciithbert  to  Durham.  Its  church  is  coll^ 
giate.  Roman  coins  are  found  in  thii 
place. 

Cheater,  West,  a towm  cf  the  United 
States,  in  New  York,  in  a county  of  its 
name,  25  miles  ke  of  New  oric. 

Chestcrfeld,  a town  in  the  county  of 
Derby,  seated  on  a bill,  betwe^ea  the  rivu- 
lets IbbGr  uud  Holh-.r,  contaitiing  ne^r 
1000  be  uses,  and  4900  iuhabitants,  Tho 
spire  of  the  church  is  remarkable,  owing 
to  its  singular  curve.  Hr^ro  is  a frea 
school  founded  by  quean  Elizabeth.  Ill 
^this  town  are  several  potteries  and  silk 
mills,  and  a cotton  mi)  I with  large  iron 
iOiinderie.s  in  the  neigobouriiood.  The 
trade  of  this  placets  ficihtaied  by  a canal 
from  hence  to  the  Trent  two  miles  n of 
Oainsborcugh,  24  miles  ^ of  Derby,  45  m 
of  Manchester,  and  150  by  wof  Loedon. 
It  gives  the  title  of  earl  to  a branch  of  th« 
family,  of  Stanhope.  It  is  a corporation 
town,  and  governed  by  a mayor,  alder* 
men,  <fec.  It  has  a market  on  Saturday, 
and  six  annual  fairs. 

Chesterfield,  diiowii  of  the  United  States, 
in  Cheshire  county^  New  flaipjpshirC)  eo^ 


C HI 

tfiining  11?05  citizens,  25  miles  s of  diaries- 
ton,  and  72  w s of  Exeter. 

Cheteean  Heady  a cape  on  the  w coast 
of  the  island  of  Cape  Breton.  Lon.  60 
45  w,  lat.  46  40  N. 

CheiiGnmchaSyd.\x\he.oi  North  American 
Indians,  in  Louisiana. 

Chemot  a ridge  of  mountains  which 
run  from  n to  s,  through  Northumberland 
and  Cumberland.  The  hills  are  chiefly 
wild,  and  open  sheep-walks.  Here  was 
once  a free  chace  much  used  both  by  the 
Scot<4iaRd  English.  They  w’Cre  the  scene 
of  many  an  obstinate  battle  between  the 
two  nations  before  their  union,  among 
which  that  of  Otterbuni  by  the  English, 
headed  by  Piercy,  and  the  Scotch  under 
Douglass,  holds  a conspicuous  place,  and 
will  be  long  celebrated  in  the  well  known 
ballad  of  Chevy  Chase,  One  of  the  moun- 
tains is  so  high  as  to  be  seen  at  the  distance 
of  60  miles.  On  the  side  of  them  is  a large 
Druidical  Temple. 

Chevire,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Maine,  and  Loire,  Erance. 

Chiametlariy  a tovfn  in  the  Audience  of 
Guadalajara,  and  capital  of  a maritime 
province  of  New  Spain,  of  the  same  name. 
The  town  is  seated  on  a river  of  the  same 
name,  156  miles  nw  of  Guadalajara.  Lon. 
105  45  w,  lat.  22  40  N. — Also  a cluster  of 
small  islands  on  the  same  coast.  The  soil 
is  fertile  ; and  many  mines  of  silver  are 
found  in  the  country. 

CHIAPA, a province  of  North  America, 
in  the  country  of  Mexico,  and  audience 
of  Guatimala.  It  is  70  leagues  long,  and 
65  broad.  Its  principal  productions  are 
wUod,  aromatic  gums,  grain,  and  fruits, 
with  excellent  pastures,  which  feed  a great 
number  of  cattle.  Its  horses  are  much 
esteemed. 

Chiapa,  the  capital  of  the  above  pro- 
vince, and  the  see  of  a bishop.  It  has 
an  elegant  cathedral  and  several  monas- 
tries,  and  consists  of  only  one  parish,  and 
about  400  Spanish  families,  with  a faux- 
bourg,  containing  about  100  Indian  fami- 
lies. Cotton,  cocoa,  and  cochineal  are 
its  chief  articles  of  trade,  200  miles  e of 
Guasteca,  and  215  nw  of  Guatemala. 
Lon.  93  45  w,  iat.  16  44  n. 

Chiapa,  or  Chiapa  dos  Indios,  a town 
of  Northt America,  in  the  province  of  Chia- 
paj  containing  about  4000  families,  chiefly 
Indians,  who  are  rich. 

Chiaramonte,  ci  town  of  Sicily,  ifi  Valdi 
Noto.  on  the  summit  of  a mountain,  32 
niiles  w of  Syracuse. 

Chiarenza,  a town  of  the  Morea,  Eu- 
ropean Turkey,  seated  on  the  Sellus, 
n‘\ar  the  Mediterranean,  95  miies  w 
by  s of  Corinth.  Lon.  21  28  e,  lat.  37 

4i)  N. 

Ctiiavenna,  the  capital  of  a county  of 
the  sanpe  name,  in  the  canton  of  Grisons, 
containing  aboiit  3000  souls.  Its  viciriitv 
8 


G'  H V 

abounds'  in  wine  and  delicate  fruits.'  The 
great  support  of  Chiavenna  is  the  traaspr?  t- 
of  merchandise,  this  town  being  the  : . >■ 
cipal  communication  between  the  ' ■ 
nese  and  Germany.  It  is  seated 
high  mountains,  near  a lake  of  i , “ , 
The  inhabitants  are  P^^oman  Cai;\  ' 
have  magnificent  churches.  O:-.  t<  y el 
a rock  are  the  ruins  of  a on  e - ted. 

fortress,  and  adjoining  tlie  town  is  a ek 
of  asbestos.  It  is  38  ir-iles  s of  Cotre. 
Lon,  9 27  E,  lat,  46  15  N. 

CHICANGA,  or  Chacakga,  a 
dom  of  Africa;  it  is  ; b’  r:  gold  nooses. 
It  is  sometimes  called  P;.[»  k.oa,  fi  ;.'■  t o 
principal  Ijwn,  which  s.  uated  au  . e 
river  gofala,  in  Lon.  29  i)  e,  kree:;' .d.  li 
Lat.  20  15  s. 

CBICAS,  or  TaruAj  an  extensivs 
district  of  liueaos  Ayres.  The  capital  is 
St.  Jago  de  Colyata. 

Chimsaw,  a town  of  the  UnlM'd  States, 
belonging  to  the  Indians.  Lon.  hS  5G  a', 
Greenwich.  Lat.  34  10  n. 

Chicasaw,  See  Ch:jkasaw„ 

Chiccamogga,  a river  of  the  United 
States.  Lat.  33  18  n. 

ChiehacGtta,  a fortified  town  on  the 
s frontier  of  Bootan,  India,  84  miles  s by 
E of  Tassasudon.  Lon.  89  35  e,  lat.  26 
35  N. 

ChicJie,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Two  Sevres,  France. 

Chicherohe,di  town  of  the  United  States. 

Chichester,  a city,  and  the  capital  of 
Sussex,  and  a county  of  itself,  seated  in  a 
plain  on  the  Levant,  near  its  entrance  into 
the  English  channel.  Four  principal 
streets  extend  from  the  centre,  with  the 
names  of  East,  West,  North,  and  Souih, 
from  their  direction.  The  river  almost 
surrounds  the  towm ; but  ships  of  burden 
are  obliged  to  unload  near  .two  miles  be- 
low. Chichester  is  the  see  of  a bishop, 
and  has  seven  parish  churches,  besides  the 
cathedral.  The  city  is  walled  romiu,  and 
formerly  had  four  gates.  It  is  a corpora- 
tion, and  sends  two  members  to  parliament^ 
and  in  181 1,  contained  6,425  inhabitants. 
It  has  a manufacture  of  needles — fine  lob- 
sters are  taken  on  the  bay.  Two  markets 
are  held  weekly,  on  Wednesday  and  Sa- 
turday, 61  miles  sw  of  London.  Lon.  0 
48  w,  lat.  50  50  M. 

Chiekamages,  a tribe  of  the  Cherokce.s, 
who  inhabit  five  villages  on  the  Chicca- 
mogga and  Tennessee. 

CHICKASAWS,  a nation  of  North  Ame- 
rican Indians,  w ho  inhabit  the  country  e 
of  the  Missi.^sipi,  in  the  nw  corner  of 
Georgia.  Their  number  is  reckoned  1725. 
They  have  seven  towns;  the  central  one 
lies  in  ion.  89  30  w,  lat.  32  23  n. 

Chiclana,  a towm  in  Aadalusia,  Spain’ 
ranch  resorted  to  in  the  .spring  by  the  mer- 
chants of  Cadiz.  Its  vicinity  abounds  with 
; medicinal  springs.  Near  this  place,  Fii 
^ g 


C H I 

1811,  oa  the  bclglris  of  Barrosa,  tb^  Eng- 
lish and  Porlugues^^e  obtained  a splendid 
victory  over  the  French,  16  miles  sse  of 
Cadiz.  ^ 

Chielefa,  a town  in  the  Morea,  European 
Turkey,  Coron,  14  miles  w of  Colseythia. 

Chiemsee,  a lake  of  Germany,  in  Bava- 
ria, sometimes  called  the  Bavarian  sea.  It 
contains  several  islands.  On  one  of  these 
islands  is  an  Augustine  monastery,  on  ano- 
ther a convent  of  Benedictine  nuns. 

C/t/e/ita,  a river  of  Italy. 

CMerif  a town  of  Piedmont,  situated  on 
the  declivity  of  a hill,  in  an  agreeable  and 
fruitful  country*  It  has  six  gates,  and  four 
grand  squares  or  palaces,  many  churches 
and  religious  houses.  The  inhabitants 
manufacture  cloth  and  silk.  Lon.  25  25  e, 
Ferro,  lat.  44  45  n. 

Ckiesa,  a village  of  Italy,  near  Padua, 
surrounded  by  a wall,  seven  miles  e of 
Turin. 

Chigvoelf  a village  of  Essex,  10  miles  ke 
of  London,  celebrated  for  a free  school  en- 
dowed by  Archbishop  Harsnett,  who  had 
been  vicar  of  this  place,  and  is  buried  in  the 
church,  in  which  is  a finely  engraved  brass 
figure  as  large  as  life,  dressed  in  full  Archi- 
episcopal  Habiliments. 

Chigy  sur  Varme,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Yonne,  France. 

Chihiriy  or  Port  Cheer,  a sea-port  town  of 
Arabia  Felix,  which  carries  on  a good  trade. 
Lon.  49  25  E,lat.  14  40  N. 

Chilhuahtm,  a city  in  New  Biscay,  New 
Spain,  seat  of  a captain  general.  In  its 
vicinity  are  considerable  mines.  The  prin- 
cipal church  is  distinguished  by  costly 
decorations.  The  population  is  estimated 
at  11,600.  It  is  310  miles  N by  w of  Du- 
rango. Lon.  104  25  w,  lat.  28  50  n. 

CHILI,  an  extensive  country  of  South 
America.  It  is  1190  miles  in  length,  but 
varies  in  breadth  from  140  to  340.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  e by  the  Andes,  and  was 
discovered  in  1525  by  Diego  d’Almagro 
The  Spanish  colonies  are  dispersed  on  the 
borders  of  the  South  Sea.  On  that  g^eat 
length  of  coast,  there  are  no  settlements, 
exempt  those  of  Valdivia,  Conception,  Val- 
pariso,  and  Coquimbo,or  La  Serena,  w'hich 
are  all  sea-ports.  In  the  inland  country  is 
St.  Jago,  the  capital  of  the  colony.  The 
mountainous  parts  are  possessed  by  the 
Araucos,  the  Puelches,  and  other  Indian 
tribes.  The  Spanish  part  is  divided  into  1 3 
provinces,  but  they  are  of  very  unequal  ex- 
tent, and  but  imperfectly  described.  The 
principal  rivers  are  the  Biobia,Chavin,  Cau- 
ten,  Maule,  Kobueno,  Sinfondo,  Tolton, 
and  Valdivia.  The  cattle  and  fruits  of  the 
mother  country  improve  in  the  happy  climes 
of  Chili.  The  chegaus  or  pricker  is  the 
only  troublesome  insect.  Here  are  neither 
venomous  reptiles,  nor  ferocious  animals  to 
alarm  the  inhabitants.  There  is  no  cul- 
ture nor  habitation  at  any  distance  from 


C H I 

The  buildings  are  all  Very 
low,  made  of  unburnt  brick,  and  mostly 
thatched.  This  practice  is  observed  on  ac- 
count of  the  frequent  earthquakes,  and  is 
properly  adapted  to  the  nature  of  the  cli- 
mate, as  well  as  the  indolence  of  the  inha- 
bitants. They  are  robust  and  well  shaped, 
men,  but  few  in  number.  The  Abbe  Ray- 
nal  says,  there  are  40,000  Spanish  inhabi- 
tants in  the  city  of  St.  Jago,  the  aggre- 
gate number  of  inhabitants  in  all  the  pro- 
vinces of  Chili,  may  therefore  be  estimated 
at  80,000  whites,  and  240,000  negroes. 
The  temperature  is  in  general  mild  and 
agreeable  and  preferred  by  the  Spaniards 
to  that  of  the  southern  provinces  of  their 
own  country.  The  fertility  of  the  soil 
corresponds  with  the  benignity  of  the 
climate.  Chili  has  been  enriched  with 
valuable  mines  of  gold,  silver,  copper, 
and  lead,  which  are  far,  however,  from 
being  wrought  in  proportion  to  their  value. 
The  united  produce  of  its  gold  mines  never 
exceeds  220,0001.  Sterling  a-year.  Chili 
is  a state  entirely  distinct  from  Peru,  and 
is  governed  by  a chief,  who  is  absolute  in 
ail  political,  civil,  and  military  affairs, 
and  independent  of  the  viceroy,  who  has 
no  authority,  except  when  a governor 
dies,  to  appoint  one  in  his  room  for  a 
time,  till  the  mother  country  names  a suc- 
cessor. 

Chilka,  a lake  of  the  Deccan  of  Hin- 
doostan . This  lake  extends  about  36  miles 
in  length,  and  from  10  to  13  in  breadth,  con- 
taining many  inhabited  islands.  It  com- 
municates with  the  sea  by  a deep,  but  nar- 
row opening,  and  is  shallow  within,  and 
has  a narrow  strip  of  ground  betw  een  it 
and  the  sea. 

Chillakothe,  an  Indian  town  of  the  great 
Miami,  North  America. 

Chilian,  or  Chilan,  capital  of  a province 
of  the  same  name  in  Chili,  seated  on  the 
Chilian  and  well  peopled*  The  district 
is  an  extended  plain,  and  produces  abun- 
dance of  corn  and  fruit.  The  wool  o£ 
their  sheep  is  highly  esteemed.  In  1751, 
the  city  was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake, 
in  consequence  of  w’hich,  it  w’as  remov- 
ed to  a more  convenient  site.  It  is 
miles  NE  of  Conception.  Lorn  71  5 w, 
lat.  35  56.  , 

Chilleiros,  a town  of  Portugal,  in  tho 
province  of  Estiamadura,  13  miles  ew  of 

Lisbon.  ^ ^ ^ . 

Chiliicothe,  chief  town  of  the  state  or 
Ohio,  of  no  great  tent.  It  stnuds  on  th® 
right  bank  of  the  Sciotto,  130  miles  me  of 
Frankfort,  aud  180  sw  of  Pittsburg.  Lon. 
83  8 w,  lat.  39  14  N. 

Chillcn,  a town  in  the  canton  of  Bern, 
Switzerland,  near  the  lake  of  Geneva.  Its 
state  prison  is  an  ancient  castle  in  this  lake,- 
5 miles  ene  of  Vevay. 

Chilly,  a town  in  th«  department  of  Jura> 

France.  , - 


these  towns. 


C H I 

Chilmarg^  a town  of  Hindoostan* 

Chiloe,  a considerable  island  on  the 
coast  of  Chili,  at  the  s extremity  of  Chili, 
130  miles  long',  and  30  broad.  The 
coast  is  subject  to  tempestuous  weather, 
especially  in  March.  The  Spaniards  have 
but  one  little  fort  in  the  island,  called 
Chacao,  and  the  town  of  Castro.  The 
land  produces  all  necessary  refreshments 
and  provisions,  except  wine  ; and  much 
ambergrise  is  found.  Asses  die  soon  after 
they  are  imported,  and  there  is  not  a mule 
in  the  island,  but  it  abounds  in  sheep, 
hogs,  and  domestic,  and  wild  fowl.  A- 
round  Chiloe  there  are  many  more  islands, 
all  which  form  together  the  jurisdiction  of 
Chiloe.  Lat.  43  s. 

Chilpansingo^  a town  of  the  province  of 
Mexico,  New  Spain,  stands  in  a rich  coun- 
try, 65  miles  nne  of  Acapulco. 

Chill erny  a ridge  of  chalky  hills,  which 
crosses  the  county  of  Bucks.  It  belongs 
to  the  crown,  and  from  time  immemorial 
has  had  the  nominal  office  of  steward 
of  the  Chiltern  hundreds,  the  acceptance 
of  which  enables  a member  of  the  house 
of  commons  to  vacate  his  seat.  They 
are  covered  in  various  parts  with  woods, 
and  some  of  the  eminences,  which  are  of 
considerable  height,  afford  extensive  and 
rich  prospects. 

Chimatjy  a town  in  the  ci-devant  county  of 
Hainault,  France,  is  seated  on  the  Blanche. 
Near  it  are  mines  of  iron',  with  founderies 
and  forges,  20  miles  enk  of  Cambray. 

ChimbOy  a town  and  district  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Zinto,  South  America, 

Chimborazoy  a mountain  of  South  Ame- 
rica, in  Peru,  which  is  reckoned  the  highest 
mountain  in  the  known  world  ; being  20,608 
feet  above  the  sea  level.  Its  top  is  con- 
stantly covered  with  ice  and  snow,  though 
it  lies  almost  under  the  line,  in  lat.  1 deg. 
41  m.  40  sec.  s. 

Chimera,  a town  and  fortress  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Albania,  European  Turkey,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  gulf  of  Venice,  24  miles  s 
of  Velona. 

CHINA,  a country  of  Asia,  called  by 
the  Chinese  Tchon-kou,  or  the  Middle  King- 
dom,  China,  properly  so  called,  compre- 
hends from  N to  s 18  deg.  Its  extern  froju 
E to  w,  is  somewhat  less.  The  adjacent 
countries  subjected  to  the  Chinese  govern- 
ment, such  as  the  islands  ot  Hainan,  For- 
mosa, Leatong,  and  Tartary,  are  not  in- 
cluded in  this  estimation.  The  whole  ter- 
ritories of  this  prince  are  more  than  900 
leagues  in  extent  from  n to  s and  about 
l,d00  from  E to  w,  reckoning  from  the 
Eastern  sea,  as  far  as  the  country  of  Cas- 
ghar,  conquered  by  the  Chinese  in  1759. 
China  is  so  extensive,  that  all  the  provinces 
cannot  enjoy  the  same  temperature.  Their 
climate,  and  the  nature  of  the  soil  are  there- 
fore various,  according  as  they  are  nearer  or 
©ore  remote  from  the  south.  ISevere  cold 


c H I 

is  felt  at  Pekin,  while  the  souther  pro- 
vinces are  exposed  to  exeessive  heat.  The 
air,  however,  is  in  general  wholesome, 
and  the  people  commonly  live  to  a great 
age.  The  principal  mountains  are  those 
in  the  northern  and  western  parts  of  the 
empire.  The  latter  are  rendered  fruitful 
by  the  labour  and  industry  of  the  Chinese 
husbandmen ; but  the  former,  which  are 
barren  and  rocky,  being  incapable  of  im- 
provement, remain  without  cultivation. 
Some  mountains  are  useful,  on  account  of 
the  quicksilver,  iron,  tin,  lead,  copper, 
gold,  and  silver  mines,  which  they  con- 
tain. Coal  mines  abound  more  in  every 
province  than  perhaps  in  any  part  of  th© 
world,  and  quarries  of  marble  are  very 
common,  especially  in  the  province  of  Fo- 
kien.  China  contains  potters  earth  of  so 
many  various  and  excellent  kinds,  some 
mixed  with  gravel,  others  with  the  finest 
sand,  that  its  celebrated  porcelain  will 
ever  remain  unrivalled.  This  is  one  of 
the  greatest  objects  of  Chinese  industry, 
and  a branch  of  commerce  which  employs 
a vast  multitude  of  workmen.  The  finest 
and  best  porcelain  in  China  is  made  in 
a village  called  Kingte-tcbing,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Kian-si.  This  celebrated  village  is 
a league  and  a half  in  length,  and  we  are 
assured,  that  it  contains  a million  of  inhabi- 
tants. The  principal  lakes  of  China  are  the 
Tonting-hon,  situated  in  the  province  of 
Hou-quang,  which  is  more  than  80  leagues 
in  circumference,  and  the  Poyang-hou, 
formed  in  Kiang-si  by  the  confiuenee  of 
four  considerable  rivers,  wiiich,  like  the  sea, 
is  subject  to  tempest  and  storms.  This  lake 
is  near  100  leagues  in  length.  In  this  vast 
kingdom,  there  are  two  rivers  particularly 
celebrated.  The  first  is  the  Yang-tse-kiong 
or  Son  of  the  Sea.  It  waters  four  provinces, 
through  an  extent  of  400  leagues.  Th© 
other  great  river  of  China,  is  the  Hoang-ho, 
or  Yellow  river,  so  called  because  it  waters 
appears  of  a yellow  colour.  Besides  an 
immense  numberof  smaller  rivers,  it  abounds 
in  canals,  one  of  which,  called  the  Grand 
Canal,  exceeds  any  thing  of  the  kind  in  the 
world.  By  this  and  several  rivers,  there  is  a 
communication  by  water  between  Canton 
and  Pekin,  the  two  extremes  of  the  em- 
pire, except  about  one  day^s  journey,  where 
it  is  interrupted  by  a mountain,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Kiang-si.  All  travellers  agree  in 
their  accounts  of  the  fertility  of  China,  and 
of  the  extent  and  beauty  of  its  plains.  The 
land  in  several  provinces  yields  two  crops  in 
a year  ; and  even  in  the  interval  between  the 
harvests,  the  people  sow  several  kinds  of 
pulse,  and  other  sm,ail  grain.  China  in  its 
vast  extent,  contains  almost  every  species  of 
trees  that  are  known  to  us,  besides  some  that 
are  peculiar  to  itself,  as  the  tallow  tree,  tne 
wax  tree,  the  tsi-chu,  which  produces  the 
celebrated  Chinese  varnish  ; the  tie-ly-mon, 
or  iron- wood,  v/hich  is- so  heavy,  that  it  sinks 


C H I 

in  water,  and  is  used  for  anchors.  The 
tchii-kou,  is  a tree  so  much  tlie  more  valu- 
able to  the  Chinese,  as  itS”  inner  rind  fur- 
nishes them  with  the  greater  part  of  the 
paper  which  they  consume.  The  Chinese 
have  likewise  the  bamboo,  the  acacia,  and 
the  tea  plant.  The  cotton  tree  is  cultivated 
with  success  in  the  southern  provinces,  and 
the  produce  forms  cne  of  the  most  con- 
siderable branches  of  Chinese  commerce. 
Among  the  medicinal  plants  are  rhubarb, 
cassia,  and  gin-seng.  The  most  esteemed 
and  valuable  of  all  the  plants  is  ginseng, 
which  the  Man-tchev/  Tartars  call  orJiota, 
the  queen  of  plants.  The  Chinese  physi- 
cians always  speak  of  it  with  a kind  of 
enthusiasm,  and  enumerate  without  end 
tiiQ  wonderful  properties  they  ascribe  to 
it.  The  mountains  and  vast  forests  of 
China  abound  with  wild  animals  of 
every  species ; such  as  the  rhinoceros, 
elephants,  leopards,  tygers,  hears,  wolves, 
foxes,  buffaloes,  camels,  horses,  wild 
mules,  &o.  Some  beavers,  sables,  and 
ermines,  are  found  in  the  northern  pro- 
vinces. Prodigious  quantities  of  stags, 
deer,  wild  boars,  goats,  elks,  hares,  rab- 
bits, cats,  squirrels,  and  wild  rats;  geese, 
ducks,  partridges,  pheasants,  and  quails, 
are  seen  hers,  together  with  several  other 
kinds  of  game  that  are  not  to  be  found 
in  Europe.  A kind  of  tiger  is  seen  in 
China  w^hich  has  a body  like  a dog,  but 
lio  tail,  remarkably  swift  and  ferocious. 
Camels  both  wild  and  domestic,  are 
found  in  the  ne  parts.  There  are  several 
species  of  apes.  The  most  beautiful 
quadruped  of  China  is  a stag,  which  is 
never  larger  or  smaller  than  one  of  our 
middle  sized  dogs.  China  posseses  a valuable 
animal,  which  is  not  to  be  found  any  w'here 
else ; it  is  the  hiang-tchang-tse,  or  musk 
deer.  China  has  birds  of  every  species  ; 
eagles,  falcons,  pelicans,  birds  of  paradise, 
swans,  storks,  and  paraquets.  But  the  most 
beautiful  bird  of  China,  and  perhaps  of  the 
whole  \vorid,  is  the  kin-ki,  or  golden  phea- 
sant. The  small  domestic  fish,  which  the 
Chinese  call  kin-yu,  or  gold-fish,  are  gene- 
rally kept  for  ornament  by  great  people  in 
rlieir  courts  and  gardens,  and  have  of  late 
years  been  brought  to  Europe.  Fishing  is 
considered  by  the  Chinese  rather  as  an  object 
of  commerce  and  industry  than  amusement. 
T’lie  silk  insects,  which  are  different  from 
silk  worms,  and  resemble  caterpillars,  are 
found  in  great  numbers  on  the  trees  and  in 
The  fields  of  the  province  of  Changtong. 
ediina  appears  to  have  been  the  natural  and 
original  country  of  the  silk  wotm.  The 
culture  of  the  mulberry  tree  and  thcmanii- 
fietiiring  ofsilkshave  been  greatly  extended 
in  China.  .The  principal  silk  stuiYs  manu- 
factured by  the  Chinese,  are  plain  and 
fioweicd  gauzes,  damask  of  ail  colours, 
stripped  and  black  sattins,  napped,  flowered, 
stripped,  clouded,  and  pinked  taffeties : 


c H I 

crapes,  brocades,  plush,  different  kii&ds  of 
velvet ; tmd  a multitude  of  other  stuffs,  the 
names  of  which  are  unknown  in  Europe. 
The  law  has  regulated  every  thing  that 
relates  to  dress,  and  even  fixed  the  colours 
that  distinguish  the  difierent  conditions. 
China  is  stated  to  contain  in  all,  4403 
walled  cities,  divided  into  two  classes, 
called  the  civil  and  military,  the  civil 
class  containing  2045,  and  the  military 
2357,  the  former  being  again  divided  into 
three  other  classes,  the  first  called  fott, 
the  second  tcheou,  and  the  third  Men, 
The  total  population  of  China  is  stated 
by  some  at  333,000,000.  The  coun- 
try is  certainly  more  populous  than 
any  equal  quantity  of  land  in  the  world  ; 
but  this  statement  is  perhaps  much  exag- 
gerated. More  moderate  computations 
make  the  number  of  inhabitants  onlv 
230,000,000  out  of  which  28,516,488  pay 
taxes  as  masters  of  families.  The  man- 
darins are  not  included  in  the  mirnher  of 
those  taxable.  , The  principal  mandarius 
are  the  governors-generol  of  provinces,  il 
of  whom  iiavp  the  xHIq  ol-tsong-tou,  and 
15  that  of  hiun-fou.  ?vcxt  to  them  are 
the  treasurers-generai,  in  number  19 ; 
after  these  come  the  13  lieutenant-generals 
of  the  tribunal  of  crimes;  the  17  inspect- 
ing judges,  appointed  for  whatever  concerns 
the  literati;  and  1 13  travelling  commissaries, 
whose  business  is  to  watch  over  the  conduct 
of  the  governors  of  cities.  All  these  grand 
mandarins  have  others  under  them,  distin-. 
guished  by  different  titles,  who  act  as  their 
counsellors,  and  assist  them  in  the  admini^ 
strationof  the  a ffairs  of  their  respective  dis- 
tricts. The  literati  form  the  most  distin-* 
guished  part  of  tne  Chinese  nation.  Since 
the  dynasty  of  Han,  tbat  is  to  say,  for  2000 
years  back,  they  have  constantly  held  the 
chief  ra.nk  in  the  empire.  Since  learning  in 
China  is  the  only  means  that  conducts  to 
honours,  it  is  nec?essary  tbat  those  who  as- 
spire  to  them  should  cultivate  letters  ; and 
they  must  make  it  appear  that  they  have 
cultivated  them  with  success,  before theycan 
obtain  any  civil  employment.  There  are  in 
China  24,700  individuals,  who  are  every 
year  introduced  to  the  first  degree  of  literati. 
Next  to  the  literati  are  the  military,  who  nls'^ 
enjoy  immunity,  and  are  not  comprehended 
among  the  taxables.  No  potentate  on  earth 
possesses  so  unlimited  power  as  the  sovereign 
of  this  numerous  nation.  All  authority  is 
vested  in  him,  and  in  him  alone.  The  empe- 
ror of  China  has  the  right  of  choosing  a.  suc- 
cessor either  among  his  children,  or  the  rest 
of  his  family,  and  even  from  among  his  own 
subjects.  The  mandarins,  whether  of  letters 
or  of  arms,  compose  exactly  what  is  called 
the  nobility.  There  are  only  two  ranks  in 
China, the  nubility  and  the  people;  but  the 
former  is  not  hereditary  ; the  emperor  alone 
confers  or  continues  it.  These' mandarins 
1 enjoy  a very  valuable  privilege  ; they  may. 


C H I 

in  cf '^*^5  of  RPees:^ity  remonstrafe  with  the 
ei'ipeior,  eR) ‘'r  individually,  or  as  a body, 
op(ai  any  potion  or  omission  on  his  part. 
The.  liternti  are  hij.^hly  honoured  in 
China;  and  to  their  influence  we  may, 
in  a great  measure,  ascribe  the  mildness 
and  equity  of  the  Chinese  government. 
Tae  troops  of  this  empire,  including 
the  Tartars,  amount  to  1,000,000  in- 
fantry and  300,000  cavalry,  which  aiding 
ihe  natural  strength  of  the  country,  render 
it  equally  pow'erml  as  great.  The  fron- 
tiers of  "this  vast  empire,  nature  herself 
hath  taken  care  to  fortify  througheut 
their  whole  extent.  Inaccessible  moun- 
tains cover  it  on  the  w,  and  the  remaining 
part  is  defended  by  the  Great  Yfali,  said 
to  have  been  built  about  the  year  11  GO, 
which  cover  three  large  provinces,  stretches 
along  an  extent  of  500  leagues,  is  from 
20  to  25  feet  in  height,  and  of  such  an 
enormous  thickness,  that  six  horsemen 
may  easily  ride  abreast  upon  it.  It  is 
flanked  with  towers,  two  bow-shots  dis- 
tant from  each  other.  It  is  still  almost 
entire,  though  built  2000  years  ago.  This 
is  not  the  only  monument  of  the  ingenious 
patience  and  labour  of  the  Chinese.  Their 
bridges  shew  most  surprising  examples 
of  ingenuity  and  art,  excelling  any  thing 
of  the  kind  in  Europe,  Where  the  space 
is  great,  they  are  built  on  barges  strongly 
chained  together.  One  in  particular  is 
mentioned  as  consisting  of  a single  arch 
400  cubits  long  and  500  high,  and  others 
are  said  to  be  no  less  astonishing.  The 
origin  of  this  extraordinary  people,  as 
well  as  their  primitive  religion,  is  thus 
given  by  Father  Amiot,  an  impartial  and 
able  judge  of  the  literature,  history,  and 
ancient  monuments  of  China.  The  Chi- 
nese are  a distinct  people,  who  have  still 
preserved  the  characteristic  marks  of  their 
first  origin  ; a people,  whose  primitive  doc- 
trine will  be  found,  by  those  who  take 
the  trouble  of  examining  it  thoroughly,  to 
agree  in  its  essential  paris  wutli  the  doctrine 
of  the  patriarchs.  The  principal  secret  of  the 
Chinese  government,  and  to  w^hich  it  owes 
Its  duration  and  stability,  is,  that  the  different 
departments  are  properly  inspected : that 
everyiransaction  is  tboroughlyinvesti gated  ; 
that  suitable  rewards  are  given  to  the  de- 
serving, and  that  punishment  is  inflicted  on 
the  guilty  adequate  to  their  crimes.  The 
greater  part  of  the  taxes  are  paid  in  commo- 
dities. The  emperor^s  revenue, according  to 
Sir  George  Staunton,  amounts  to  06,000,000 
sterling.  Agriculture  is  the  principal  and 
almost  the  only  resource  of  the  Chinese  ; 
and  they  consider  it  as  the  first  and  most  ho- 
Bourable  of  all  professions,  as  it  is  that  from 
which  society  derives  the  greatest  benefit. 
The  great  number  of  canals  and  rivers  by 
which  China  is  intersected,  (end  greatly  to 
facilitate  the  conveyance  ol  every  kind  ol 
werchandise.  The  . Chinese  are  not  at  all 


c H I 

fitted  for  maritime  commerce.  Seldom  do 
an}^  of  their  vessels  go  beyond  the  straits  of 
Sunda.  The  Chinese  in  general  are  oi'  a 
tawny  complexion,  have  large  fortdieads, 
small  eyes,  short  noses,  large  ears,  long 
beards,  and  black  hair,  and  those  of  the 
greatest  bulk  are  esteemed  the  most  haad- 
some.  The  women  are  celebrated  for 
their  little  feet.  The  houses  are  ofien 
very  mean  ; for  the  most  pari  consisting 
of  a ground  floor,  and  built  of  wood. 
The  Chinese  are  celebrated  for  their  polite- 
ness, but  they  often  conceal  the  deepe.st 
animosity  and  rancour.  Their  religion 
is  paganism  ; they  allow^  polygamy,  but 
keep  their  wives  pretty  close.  Burials 
are  not  permitted  in  cities  and  large 
towns.  Their  eemetaries  are  usually  on 
mountains  and  barren  hills.  Such  is  their 
veneration  for  their  ancestors,  that  they 
keep  images  of  them  in  their  houses,  to 
w'hich  they  pay  a kind  of  religious  ho- 
mage. As  learning  and  the  arts  are  so 
, much  encouraged,  they  are  in  general  w^ell 
informed.  , Their  writing  is  remarkable 
for  the  immense  number  of  its  characters, 
every  letter  being  a word,  and  consequent- 
ly every  word  requiring  a different  letter. 
Their  naval  architecture  appears  to  have 
made  no  progress  for  several  centuries. 
The  largest  of  their  vessels  arc  not  above 
250  or  300  tons  burden,  and  thair  length 
never  exceeds  80  or  90  feet.  In  the  year 
1771,  a body  of  50,000  Tartar  families, 
and  in  1772  other  30,000  left  their  settle- 
ments under  the  Russian  government,  vo- 
luntarily offered  themselves  as  subjects  to 
Kien  Long,  emperor  of  China,  who  received 
them  graciously.  Pekin  is  the  capital. 

Chine  a ^ a sea-port,  situated  on  a river  ia  a 
valley  of  the  same  name,  in  Peru.  S Ame- 
rica. The  valley  once  contained  25.000 
inhabitants,  now  reduced  to  about  500  fa- 
milies, 90  miles  s of  Lima.  Lon.  7G  15 
w,  lat.  13  10  s. 

ChincJi4ihi,  a towm  in  the  province  of 
Murcia,  Spain,  stands  on  an  eminence,  ST 
miles  w of  Alniauaa,  and  G9  nnvv  of 
Murcia. 

Chmehi.  See  Quin-nong. 

Ching-keang , a town  in  -the  province  of 
Kiang-nai),  China.  Lon.  119  § e,  lat.  32 

20  N. 

Ching~livy  a town  on  the  river  Chuk,  tiic 
capital  of  th«  province  of  Se-tchuen-  China. 
Lon.  104  0 30  40  N. 

CMn-kieoy y a iewm  in  tlm;  proviiu  of  Ho- 
nan, China.  15  leagues  ne.  ot  Yunmiig. 

Chiana  Balaharamy  a.  to'vnin  theAl^^sore 
country,  HindGOsicn.  L.oa-  77  50  E,  lat. 
13  25  IV. 

ChinoUy  a town  a>id  principal  place  of  a 
district  in  the  dep'^r orent  of  the  Indre  and 
Loire,  France.  It  contains  about  5000  in- 
I haidtants.  Chinoa  is  <he  birth-place  of  Ra- 
' belais  and  of  Quillet,  and  in  its  strong  castle 
I died  Henr>  II«  of  England.  It  is  situated 


C H I 

en  the  Vienna,  and  is  23  miles  wsw  of 
Tours. 

Chhirayapatana,  a town  of  Mysore,  Hin- 
doostan,  bas  a well  built  stone  fort,  and  is 
37  miles  m by  w of  Seringapatam. 

Chinsum,  a town  in  the  country  of  Ben- 
gal, Hindoostan,  The  town  is  populous 
and  commercial,  and  the  houses  are  built 
in  the  European  style.  The  British  took 
possession  of  this  town  in  1793.  It  is  17 
miles  N of  Calcutta. 

Chiujjy  a town  of  Luxemburg,  in  the  Ne- 
therlands, on  the  Sarnoy,  40  miles  w by  n 
of  Luxemburg, 

Chin-  Yang,  or  Moncdan  Hotnn,  a town  of 
Chinese  Tartary.  Lon.  141  3 e,  lat.  41  52  n. 

ChionrliCy  a town  in  Romania,  European 
Turkey,  stands  on  a river  of  the  same  name, 
and  is  the  see  of  a Greek  bishop,  47  miles 
WKW  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  27  57  e,  lat. 
41  8 N. 

CHIOZZO,  or  Chioggia,  a town  and 
district  of  Italy,  on  the  coast  of  the  Adria- 
tic. The  town  is  built  on  piles,  with  a 
fort  on  the  harbour.  This  district  contains 
one  town,  one  borough,  six  villages,  three 
harbours,  and  40,000  inhabitants.  The 
oapital,  Ciiiozza,  anciently  called  Clodia, 
€ludgia,  and  Fossa  Claudia,  is  situated 
on  a canal.  It  is  two  miles  in  circuui- 
lerence,  contains  three  churches,  eight 
monasteries,  and  23,000  industrious  inha- 
bitants, 18  miles  s of  Venice.  Lon.  12  6 
E,  iat.  45  17  N. 

Chipawas,  See  Chepawas. 

Chippenham,  a town  in  the  county  of 
Wilts,  seated  on  the  Avon.  It  is  a corpora- 
tion and  borough  town,  returning  two  mem- 
bers to  parliau7,eat.  There  is  a considerable 
manufacture  of  superfine  woollen  cloth  ; a 
weekly  market  on  Saturday,  and  four 
annual  fairs.  It  is  21  miles  e of  Bristol, 
and  93  w of  London. 

Chipping  Norton,  in  the  county  of 

Oxford,  with  a weekly  market  on  Wednes- 
day, and  seven  annual  fairs.  Here  are  ma- 
nufactures for  horse  clothing  and  harra- 
teens.  It  is  74  miles  wnw  of  London. 

Chipping-Ongar,  a town  in  the  county  of 
Essex.*  The  market  is  on  Saturday,  21 
mile^‘  of  London. 

Chipping- Sudbury,  a town  in  Gloucester- 
shire. It  has  a market  on  Thursday  ; and 
fairs,  May  25d,  aiid  June  24th,  12  miles  ne 
of  Bristol,  and  108  w^nw  of  London. 

Chipping-Wijcomh,  a town  in  Buck- 
inghamshire. It  ha?  a market  on  Friday  ; 
•find  a fair  on  September  25.  It  is  govern- 
ed by  a mayor,  12  aldermen,  and  other 
officers,  and  sends  two  members  to  par- 
liament. A beautiful  Roman  pavement, 
nine  square,  was  discovered  near  this 
place.  It  gives  title  of  barop  to  PeHy, 
marquis  of  Laiisdowme. 

Chipiona,  a town  of  Andalusia,  Spain, 
Kcaied  on  a rock,  near  the  sea,  five  miles 
wsw.  of  St.  Lucat  de  Barameda. 


c H I 

Chiriqui,  Or  CMriquita,  a town  in  the 
province  of  Veragua,  Mexico,  stands  on  a 
river  of  its  name,  12  miles  from  its  mouth, 
and  130  w of  St,  Jago.  Lon.  83  28 
lat.  3 30  N. 

Chirk,  a village  in  the  county  of  Den- 
bigh,  Wales,  on  the  summit  of  a hill  near 
Wrexham.  Here  are  two  castles,  one  of 
which  appears  to  have  been  magnificent, 
the  Other  is  a complete  ruin.  It  has  thre» 
annual  fairs,  2d  Thuesday  in  February,  2d 
Tuesday  in  June,  and  August  12. 

Chirnside,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Ber- 
wickshire, about  three  miles  and  a half 
long,  and  three  broad,  mostly  arable  land. 
The  population  is  1107  souls.  David 
Hume,  the  celebrated  historian,  though 
born  by  accident  in  Edinburgh,  was  from 
his  infancy  bred  in  this  parish.  The  estate 
ot  Ninewells  is  the  property  of  Joseph 
Hume,  esq.  a collateral  descendant. 

Chirnside,  a village  and  burgh  of  barony 
in  the  above  parish.  It  contains  about  600 
inhabitants,  and  has  an  annual  fair  on  the 
last  Thursday  of  November. 

Chirg,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Oise,  France,  and  chief  place  of  a 
canton. 

Chisoin,  or  Cliisoing,  a town  in  thedejiart- 
ment  of  the  North,  France.  Lon.  3 21  e, 
lat.  18  12  N. 

Chisme,  or  Cisme,  a sea-port  town  on  the 
w coast  of  Natolia,  Asiatic  Turkey.  Its 
ancient  name  was  Cysus,  and  it  is  cele- 
braied  as  the  scene  of  the  great  victory 
gained  by  the  Romans  over  the  fleet  of 
Antiochus  in  191,  B.  C,  and  for  the  de- 
struction of  the  Turkish  fleet  by  the  RuS'f 
sians  in  1770,  40  miles  w of  Smyrna.  Lon4 
26  16  E,  lat.  38  24  n. 

Chiswick,  a village  in  Middlesex,  five  miles 
w by  s of  London.  Here  is  Chiswick  House, 
a villa  of  the  duke  of  Devonshire.  It  is  in 
the  Italian  style,  with  a valuable  collection 
of  paintings.  In  the  church  is  interred  the 
famous  Kent,  painter,  architect,  and  father 
of  modern  gardening ; and  in  the  church- 
yard a monument  in  memory  of  Hogarth, 
with  an  inscription  by  Garrick  ; also  the 
tomb  of  Dr.  Rose,  a worker  in  the  Monthly 
Review,  who  died  in  1806. 

Chitpour,  or  Chittipur,  a town  in  the 
country  of  Guzerat,  Hindoostan,  celebratej 
lor  its  manufacture  of  chintzes.  Lon.  73 
3 E,  Ferro,  lat.  23  45  n. 

Chi  fro,  or  Kifro,  a town  in  the  province 
of  Macedonia,  European  Turke}',  where 
the  mother,  .wife,  and  son  of  Alexander  were 
murdered  by  Cassander,  36  miles  sse  of 
Edessa. 

Chilteldroog,  a town  in  the  Mj\sore  coun- 
try, Hindoostan.  The  plain  of  which  is  10 
niileslong  and  foiirbroad, encircled  by  rocky 
hills.  The  town,  which  once  covered  the 
greater  part  of  this  plain,  is  now  confined 
within  its  \valls.at  the  foot  of  the  rock.  It 
‘was  strengthened  by  Tippoo ; and,  since  hp 


C H O 

wAs  vanquisiied  in  1T9^,  it  is  subject' to  the 
ffajalioi  Mysore;  Here  the  English  have  a 
gtirrison,  48  miles  nw  of  Sera,  and  I !7  n by 
w of  Sei'ingapatarn.  Lon.  76  e,  iat.  14 

6 N. 

CHITTIGONG,  a district  iii  the  coun- 
try of  Bengal,  Hindoostan.  The  capital  is 
Islamabad, 

Ckittoor,  a town  in  the  Carnatic,  Hin- 
doostan,  70 miles  \v  of  Madias. 

Citivazzo iOT  CkicaSy  a town  of  Peidmout, 
situated  in  a plain.  It  is  defended  with  an- 
cient arid-new  walls,  bastions,  and  large  fos- 
filled  with  water,  i 2 miles  ne  of  Turin. 
Lon.  25  29  e,  Ferro,  lat.  45  1 n. 

ChimayLa,  a town  in  the  Veronese,  Italy, 
on  the  Adige,  14  miles  nkw  of  Verona. 

Chimiy  a town  in  the  county  of  Sienna, 
Italy,  containingabout  1000  inhabitants,  on 
the  Chiano,  65  miles  se  cf  Sienna. 

Chiutayay  Kiutajay  or  Cutajay  a town  ana 
capital  of  a district  m Natolia.  Here  are 
three  Armenian  ohurohes,  several  mosques 
and  warm  baths.  It  is  seated  near  the 
river  Pursak,  at  the  foot  of  a mountain,  74 
miles  SE  of  Bursay.  Lon.  30  47  e,  lat.  39 
14  N. 

Chmielniky  a town  of  Podoiia,  Poland, 
stands  on  an  island,  formed  by  the  Bog,  80 
miles  N of  Kaminieck.  Lon.  27  50  e,  iat. 
49  44  N. 

Choc  Bay,  an  the  w coast  of  the  island  ol 
Si  Lucia. 

Choczimy  or  Cokzim,  a town  in  Moldavia, 
European  Turkey,  on  the  Dniester.  It  is 
surrounded  by  walls  and  was  taken  by  the 
Austrians  and  Russians  in  1788,  but  restored 
at  the  peace;  llOmilesNNWof  Jassay.  Lon. 
26  26  E,  lat.  48  46  n. 

Choiseuily  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
IJpper  Marne,  France,  12  miles  ne  ol  Lan- 
gres.  / 

Chollety  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Maine  and  Loire,  France  has  a castle,  and 
is  27  miles  ssw  of  Angers. 

Cholniy  a town  in  the  government  of  Pskov, 
Russia,  seated  on  the  Lovat,  180  miles  s of 
Petersburg.  Lon.  49  0 e,  Ferro  j lat.  57 
0 N. 

CAo/w/a,  a town  in  Tiascala,  New  Spain. 
It  contains  16,000  inhabitants  and  is 
surrounded  with  beautiful  plantations  of 
Agave.  This  town  was  once  famed  for 
its  temples,  its  potiers,  and  jewellers.  It 
is  most  distinguished  by  a pyramid,  the 
sides  of  whose  base  are  1423  feet  each, 
and  its  present  height  177  feet.  It  con- 
sists of  four  stages,  and  the  surface  of  its 
platform  is  43,208  square  feet.  In  the 
midst  is  a church,  in  which  mass  is  per^ 
formed  every  morning  by  an  Indian  priest, 
whose  abode  is  on  the  lop  of  this  un- 
common monument.  It  appears  lo  be  coii- 
structed  of  alternate  strata  of  brick  and  clay, 
and  far  exceeds  the  greatest  pyramid  in 
Egypt;  17  mile^  w of  Puebla  de  los  An- 
gelos. 


C H R 

Ckomdy^x  town  oi  H unga  ry,  and  a bisliop'<> 
see,  s lands  on  the  Mar  os,  25  miles  e of  Se- 
gedin,  and  25  n of  Temeswar. 

Clwnas,  a town  in  the  department  of  th® 
Isere,  France,  and  chief  place  of  a canton, 
13  miles  s of  Vienne. 

CHOIIASSAN,  or  Korasan,  a province 
of  Persia,  about  150  leagues  in  length,  and 
140  in  beadth.  The  principal  towns  ar® 
Herat,  Kenef,  Talekan,  Alerwa,  Zaw'eh,<fec. 
Capital  is  Maschad. 

Charges y a town  in  tlie  department  of  the 
Higher  Alps,  France,  10  miles  k of  Gap. 

Cliorley,  a town  in  the  county  of  Lancas- 
ter. Here  are  very  large  manufactures  of 
cotton,  fustians,  calicoes,  and  muslins.  In 
the  vicinity  are  coal  works,  quarries  of  flag 
and  millstones,  and  mines  of  lead  and  alum. 
There  are  two  markets  weekly,  on  Tuesday 
and  Saturday.  It  is  six  miles  sse  of  Pres- 
ton, eight  N of  Wigan,  and  208  nnw  of 
London. 

CHOTAR,  a district  in  Dalmatia,  con- 
sisting of  several  fertile  vales,  inhabited  by 
the  Morlachs. 

Chouley  a town  on  the  coast  of  Concan, 
India,  belonging  to  the  Portuguese,  has  a 
harbour  for  small  vessels,  which  is  fortifi- 
ed ; 24  miles  s of  Bombay.  Lon.  72  46  e, 
lat-  18  37  N. 

Clirehet  a range  of  mountains 

between  Russian  Tartavy  and  Chinese  Tar- 
tary. 

Chrehet  Divgaky  a range  of  mountains 
between  Russian  Tartary  and  Chinese  Tar- 
tary. 

ChremnUZyihe  principal  of  the  mine  towns 
in  Upper  Hungary.  Lon.  10  27  e,  lat.  48 
59  N. 

ChrUtburgy  a town  of  W Prussia, on  the 
Sorge,  with  a castle,  15  miles  se  of  Marieu- 
burg. 

Christhnrg y or  Alt  ChrirthusQy  a town  in 
the  territory  of  Omberland,  Prusia,  four 
miles  sw  of  Preuschmark. 

Christchurch y a town  in  the  country  of 
Hants,  seated  on  the  Avon,  near  its  junction 
with  the  Stour,  about  three  miles  from  the 
sea.  It  is  a corporation  and  a borough  town 
governed  by  a mayor ; and  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament.  The  church  is  a large 
edifice.  Here  are  tfie  mm?  ol  a castle  and 
priory.  The.  principal  trade  is  in  knit  silk 
stockings  and  watch  chains.  There  is  a 
weekly  market  on  Monday.  It  is  25  miles 
s of  Salisbury,  and  100  sw  of  London. 

Christiana ySiiovyn  in  Delaware,  and  coun- 
ty o.  Newcastle,  United  States,  founded  by 
the  Swedes,  stands  on  a navigable  creek  of 
its  name,  between  the  Chesapeak  and  De- 
laware, which  here  are  only  J3  miles  asun- 
der ; four  miles  sw  of  Newcastle, 

Christianburgy  a town  of  Montgomery 
country,  Virginia,  wside  of  the  Alleghany 
■mountains ; 170  miles  wsw  of  Kichmocd. 
Lon.  80  50  w^,  lat.  37  5 n. 

Christianburgy  a fort  on  the  Gold  caast> 


C H R 

Guinea,  belonging  to  the  Danes.  Lon.  1 
55  K,  lat.  4 10  N. 

Christiinrfeld,  a town  of  Sleswick,  Den- 
mark, built  by  the  Moravians  in  the  reign  of 
C'ih'istian  VII.  Its  maimiactiires  are  of 
superior  quality. 

Christiania,  a city  and  seaport  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Agerhus,  Norway.  It  is  es- 
teemed the  capital  of  the  kingdom,  because 
the  supreme  court  oi  judicature  is  held  here. 
It  is  divided  into  three  parts,  viz.  the  city 
and  suburbs,  the  fortress  of  Agerhus,  and  the 
old  townofOpsloe  or  Anslo,  The  city  and 
suburbs  contain  1100  houses,  and  Opsla3 
400.  The  number  of  inhabitants  is  estimat- 
ed at  9000.  The  harbour  is  excellent.  The 
principal  exports  are  tar,  soap,  iron,  copper,  I 
planks,  and  deals.  It  is  30  miles  from  the 
open  sea,  and  290  n by  w of  Copenhagen. 
Lon.  to  50  E,  lat.  59  50  n. 

Christianople,  a stia  port  of  Blekingen, 
Sweden,  on  the  Baltic,  1 3 miles  ne  of  Carsl- 
crona.  Lon.  15  4T  e,  lat.  56  26  n. 

Christ iansand,  a sea  port  town  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Bergen,  Norway,  capital  ol  a 
province  of  the  same  name,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Torrisdals,  no  miles  ese  of  Stavanger, 
and  120  ssw  of  Christiania.  Lon.  8 40  e, 
lat.  58  25  N. 

Christianstadt,  a town  in  the  country  of 
Blekingen,  Sweden,  seated  on  the  river  Hel- 
gea,  in  a marshy  plain,  and  built  by  Chris- 
tian I V.  of  Denmark.  It  is  small  but  well 
built,  and  strongly  fortified.  English  vepels 
annually  resort  to  t^is  port  for  alum,  pitch, 
and  tar.  The  inhabitants  have  manufactures 
of  cloth  and  silken  stuffs.  It  is  57  miles  w 
of  Carlscrona,  Lon.  14  10  e,  lat.  56 
25  N. 

Ckristiansund y a town  in'  the  island  of 
Fossen,  Norway,  trades  chiefly  in  timber  ; 
and  is  36  miles  nw  of  Drontheim. 

CHRISTINA,  St,  the  largest  of  the 
islands  called  Marquesas.  See  Marquesas. 

Christinestadt,asee.  port  town  in  the  pro- 
vince of  East  Bothnia,  Sv/eden,  155  miles  n 
fey  w of  Abo.  Lon.  21  28  e,  lat.  62 
40  N. 

Christineham,  a town  of  Wermeland, 
Sweden,  e end  of  the  lake  Wenner,  30  miles 
jsE  of  Carsltadt. 

CHRISTMAS  ISLAND,  an  island  of 
the  Paeific,  ocean  about  15  or  20  leagues  in 
eircumference,  covered  with  wood.  Cap- 
tain Cook  landed  here  on  Christmas  day, 
1777,  and  found  abundance  of  fine  turtle,  but 
neither  inhabitants  nor  fresh  water.  Lon. 
202  30  E,  Greenwich,  lat.  i 59  n 

Christmas  Sound,  a bay  bn  the  s coast  of 
Terra  del  Fuego.  Captain  Cook  passed 
this  sound,  25  Dec.  1774.  The  country 
being  barren,  wild  fowl  is  the  principal  arti- 
cle to  be  found  for  the  supply  of  sh qipiug. 
Lon.  70  3 w,  lat.  55  22  s. 

Christophe  de  Laguna,  St,  a town  of  Te- 
neriff,  in  a fertile  plain,  has  several  fountain^ 
to  which  water  is  conveyed  by  an  aqueduct. 


C H U 

Here  the  governor  has  a palace,  though  her 
commonly  resides  at  .St  Cruz.  It  is  alscr 
the  seat  of  the  courts  of  law.  Lon.  16  18 
w,  lat.  28  29  n.- 

CHRISTO? HER^s.  St,  or  St  Kitt’s, 
one  of  the  Leew''ard  Islands,  in  the  W 
Indies,  belonging  to  Britain.  It  is  20 
miles  long,  and  seven  broad  ; contains 
about  80  square  miles  ; and  is  inhabited 
by  about  6000  whites  and  36,000  negroes* 
The  soil  is  fertile  and  the  air  good,  but 
subject  to  hurricanes.  It  produces  sugar, 
cotton,  ginger,  indigo,  <fce.  It  lies  near 
Nevis,  about  60  miles  w of  Antigua. 
Basseterre  is  the  capital.  Lon.  63  14  w, 
lat.  17  15  N. 

Chrudim,  a town  of  Bohemia,  and  capital 
of  a circle  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Cru- 
dimka.  The  circle  contains  33  towns,  and 
is  celebrated  for  its  fish  ponds,  and  excel- 
lent breed  of  horses. 

Chvalimk,  a town  in  the  government  of 
Saratov,  Asiatic  Russia.  Lon.  65  40  E, 
Ferro,  lat.  52  25  n. 

ChucuitOjdL  town  of  Peru,  w side  of  lake 
Titicaca,  called  also  Chuciiito,  130  miles 
Nw  of  Paz.  Lon.  70  26  w,  lat.  16  20  s. 

Chudleigh,  a town  in  the  county  of 
Devon.  In  1807  it  was  almost  totally' 
consumed  by  fire,  but  is  now  rebuilding. 
Here  is  an  immense  rock  of  bluish  lime- 
stone, called  Chudleigh  marble,  with  a 
large  cavern  in  it.  The  vicinity  is  noted 
for  cider.  It  has  a.  weekly  market  on 
Saturday,  and  a woollen  manufacture  is 
carried  on.  It  is  nine  miles  sw  of  Exeter, 
and  185  w by  s of  London. 

Chuganseriai,  a town  in-  the  Cabulistan, 
Asia,  on  a river  of  its  name,  80  miles  e of 
Cabul.  Lon.  70  8 e,  lat.  54  35  n. 

CHUKOTSKIJA,  a province  of  Siberia, 
extending  from  156  to  197  deg.  e ion.  and 
from  63  to  73  deg.  20  m.  n lat.  and  is  the 
most  easterly  of  the  dominions  of  Russia. 

Chuluteca,  or  Xeres,  a town  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Guatirnala,  Mexico.  Lon.  70  20 
w,  Ferro,  lat.  13  20  n. 

CHUMBIVILEAS,  a jurisdiction  of 
South  America,  in  Peru,  near  30  leagues 
in  extent ; with  some  miues  of  gold  and 
silver. 

Chumleigh,  or  Chimleigh,  a tov/n  in  the 
county  of  Devon,  on  the  Taw.  Chumleigh  * 
has  a market  on  Friday,  and  a fair  Aug.  2. 
It  is  21  miles  nw  of  Exeter,  and  194  w by 
s of  London. 

CImnar,  a fortress  of  Hindoostan,  in  tha 
country  of  Benares,  seated  on  a roiik  and 
fortified,  ceded  to  the  English  by  the  Nabob 
of  Oude,  in  1772.  It  stan.ls  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Ganges,  and  is  15  miles  s of 
Benares,  and  HO  w by  s of  Patna.  Lon. 
S3  5 E.  lat.  25  10  x. 

Chmiaob,  or  Jenaiib,  a nver  of  Asia,  chief 
of  ihe  five  eo stern  branciie-  ci  the  Indus,  has 
its  source  i?)  the  inoinif.uns  oi  Tibet,  passes 
through  Cvisluue.e  and  1. shore,  and  unites 


C I c 

With  the  indu?  20  miles  below  Moultan. 
This  river  is  tbs  Aeesines  of  Alexander. 

Cknn-Kin^y  a city  in  the  province  of  Se- 
tchiieii^  China.  Lon.  123  30  e,  FerrO^  lat. 

30  50  N. 

Chun-Te,  a city  in  the  province  of  Pe- 
tclie-li,  China.  Under  its  jurisdiction  are 
nine  cities  of  the  third  rank ; 200  miles  nnw 
of  Pekin.  Lon.  114  20 e, lat.  37  5 n. 

Chupj'ahf  a town  of  Bahar,  Hindoostan, 
left  bank  of  the  Ganges  ; 28  miles  Wnw  of 
Patna . 

durpraliy  o townofCaadeish^Hitidoostan; 
seated  on  the  Gool ; 00  miles  wof  Biirhan* 
pour. 

Chnrchill,  a town  in  Maryland^  United 
States,  ontlis  Rappahannock,  eight  miles 
SE  of  Urbanna.  Lon.  70  10  w,  lat.  39 

6 N. 

ChniehillFortf  Cm  the  s coast  Of  Hudson’s 
bay.  Lon.  94  0 w,  lat.  58  52  k. 

Church  Point,  a cape  on  the  w coast  of 
the  islanxl  of  Rai  badoes. 

Cky.TQli  Strettcn,  a town  situated  in  the 
most  hilly  part  of  Shropshire.  The  principal 
manufaciure  is  the  making  of  coarse  cloth, 
.It  is  14  miles s of  Shrewsbury,  and  158  nnw 
of  London.  Market  on  Saturday,  and  fairs. 
May  14,  and  Sept.  25. 

Churn,  a river  of  England,  which  has  its 
source  in  a hill,  four  miles  s of  Cheltenham, 
wdience  issues  seven  springs  in  the  compass  of ' 
30  feet  called  Seven  ^¥ells  and  Thames 
bead.  It  passes  into  V5iitshire  by  Cirences 
ter,  and  unites  with  the  Isis  two  miles  above 
Cricklade,  when  they  lose  themselves  in  the 
Thames. 

CHUSAN  or  Cheuxan,  an  island  on  the 
E coast  of  China,  with  a good  harbour,  and 
a town  called  Ting-hai.  Lon.  124  0 e,  lat. 
30  0 N. 

CHUSISTAN,  or  Kosistan,  a province 
of  Persia.  The  country  is  extensive,  but 
thinly  inhabited.  It  produces  cgrn,  rice, 
cotton,  sugar,  tobacco,  and  dates.  This 
country  was  called  by  the  Susiana, 

from  Susa  the  capital. 

CIAMPA,  or  Tsiampa,  a kingdom  of 
Asia.  It  is  separated  from  Cambodia  by 
mountains,  inhabited  by  a savage  people, 
xvlio  are  employed  in  fishing.  It  produces 
silk,  cotton,  and  indigo.  Feneri  is  the 
capital. 

Cibao,  a mountain,  in  the  island  of  St  Do- 
mingo, which  abounds  in  mines  of  gold, 
silver,  and  copper. 

CICACIO^  a district  in  the  government 
of  Buenos  Ayres,  80  leagues  in  extent. 

Cicacole,  the  capital  of  one  of  the  northern 
circars  of  Hindoostan,  150  miles  in  length, 
and  from  15  to  30  in  breadth  ; 150  miles  ne 
ot  Rajamundy,  and  208  ene  of  Hydrabad. 
Lon.  84  S E,  lat.  18  16  n. 

Cicliigh,  Ciclvi,  Ciclut,  or  Citclut,  a for- 
tres  and  frontier  tov/n  of  Dalmatia,  seated  on 
the  w side  of  the  river  Narenta.  In  1694,  the 
Venetians  took  it  from  the  Turks ; six 


Cl  N 

miles  from  Narenta.  Lon.  18  22  e,  lat.  4^ 

29  N, 

Cilley,  a town  in  the  Duchy  of  Stiria,  Ger- 
many, and  capital  of  a district  of  the  same 
name,  which  extends  as  far  as  Petraw.  It 
has  a considerable  trade  in  merchandise  go- 
ing to  and  from  Vienna  and  Treisi.  It  is  si- 
tuated on  the  San  where  it  meets  the  Roding, 
from  whence  ii  is  navigable ; 58  miles  s by  . 
w of  Gratz.  Lon.  15  19  e,  lat.  46  21  n. 

Cimhrisham,  or  Cimbrishav;€n,OL  SCOi\)Ovt 
in  West  Gothland,  Sweden,  24  miles  s of 
Christiatistadt.  Lon,  (3  30  e,  lat.  56  40  Nt. 

CINALOA,  a province  in  New  Mexico,. 
North  America,  in  the  audience  of  Guada- 
lajara. The  air  is  pure  and  healthy  ; and 
the  land  good  and  fertile,  producing  abun- 
dance of  maize,  legumes,  fruits,  and  cotton, 
and  has  rich  niines. 

Cinaloa,  the  capital  of  the  above  province, 
on  a river  of  the  same  name,  .35  miles  from 
the  gulf  of  California,  and  100  nw  of  Cu- 
liacan.  The  inhabitants  are  estimated  at 
upwards  of  9000.  Lon.  106  3 w,  lat.  25 
58  N. 

Cinan,  a large  and  populous  town  of  Chi- 
na. Lon.  103  35  e,  lat.  30  7 n. 

Cincinnati,  a fiomisliing  town  in  the  state 
of  Ohio,  and  chief  of  Hamilton  county.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Ohio,  two  miles  below  fort 
Yfashingtctn. . Remains  of  antiquity  hav;^ 
been  found  in  the  vicinity.  It  has  two  places , 
of  public  worship,  and  is  the  mart  of  the 
state ; 82  miles  nne  of  Frankfort,  and  100 
w by  s of  Pdarietta.  It  contained  200  housei 
in  1795.  Lon.  84  42  w,  lat.  39  6 n. 

Cinefi,  a town  of  Sicily,  in  the  valley’  of 
Mazara.  Here  excellent  manna  i§  found  ; 
20  miles  w of  Palermo. 

Ciney,  a towjn  in  the  territory  of  Liege, 
17  miles  se  of  Namur,  and  37  sw  oi 
Liege. 

Cinque  Mars,  Q,  town  in  the  department 
of  the  Indre  and  Loire,  10  miles  nw  of 
Tours. 

Cinque-Ports,  certain  sea  ports  on  the 
coasts  of  Kent  and  Sussex,  so  called  from 
being  five  in  number  when  their  first  charter 
was  granted  by  William  I.  in  1097.  These 
wer^  Dover,  Sandwich,  Hastings,  Hithe, 
and  Romney  ; to  Which  were  afterwards 
added  Winehelsea,  Rye,  and  Seaford.  They 
are  all  borough  towns,  sending  each  two 
members  to  parliament,  under  the  title  of 
Barons  of  the  Cinqne  Ports.  The  constable 
of  Dover  castle,  appointed  by  the  king,  had 
the  command  of  these  ports,  the  inhabitants 
of  which  were  bound  to  supply  government 
with  50  ships  on  receiving  40  days  noiice, 
in  lieu  of  certain  privileges  and  immunities 
which  they  enjoyed.  They  Were  also  to  sup- 
ply the  crews  of  these  ships  fbr  15  days  In 
these  times  the  rich  merchants  of  these  ports 
like  the  opulent  merchants  of  London,  v/ere 
styled  barons,  whencearose  the  name  of  their 
representatives  in  parliament.  The  governor 
is  now  ©ailed  lord  warden  of  the  Cinqu®  Ports* 
Wi  h 


C I R 

Cinque  Villas,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Beira^  Portugal,  six  miles  ne  of  Almeida. 

Cintra,  a town  in  Estrarnadura,  Portu- 
gal. Cintra  contains  four  parish  churches, 
and  1900  inhabitants.  A palace  built  here 
by  the  Moors,  was  destroyed  by  an  earth- 
quake in  1655  ; but  rebuilt  by  king  Joseph ; 
12  miles  Nw  of  Lisbon. 

Ciotat  La,  a sea  port  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone,  France, 
and  chief  place  of  a canton,  in  the  district 
of  Marseilles,  seated  on  the  bay  of  Leguee, 
has  a fort,  and  is  noted  for  muscadine 
wine  ; 14  miles  se  of  Marseilles.  Lon.  5 
41  E,  lat.  43  10  N. 

CIRCAR,  a name  given  in  Hindoostan 
to  a tract  of  country. 

C'IRGARS,  Northern.  These  are  five 
circars  lying  to  the  n of  (he  Carnatic,  or 
Madras ; viz.  Cleacole,  Condapilly,  Eilore, 
Rajamundry,  and  Guntoor.  The  first  four 
are  in  the  hands  of  the  English,  the  latter 
belongs  to  the  Nizam.  The  former  oc- 
cupy the  sea  coast  from  the  Chilka  lake, 
on  the  confines  of  Cattack,  to  the  northern 
bank  of  Kistnah  river,  forming  compara- 
tively, a long  narrow  slip  of  country,  350 
miles  long,  and  from  20  to  75  wide.  The 
English  circars  were  taken  from  the 
French,  who  had  possession  of  them  only 
for  a few  years,  in  1759. 

CIRCASSIA,  a country  of  Asia.  It 
was  formerly  governed  by  several  princes  ; 
but  is  now  almost  wholly  subject  to  Rus- 
sia, and  included  in  the  government  of  Cau- 
casus. It  contains  the  districts  of  Great 
Cabarda,  Little  Cabarda,  Beslen,  Temir- 
goi,  Abasech,  Bseduch,  Hatukai,  and 
Bshani.  The  Cabardians  are  the  most 
powerful  race,  and  their  superiority  has 
introduced  a general  imitation  of  their 
manners  among  their  neighbours,  so  that 
from  a description  of  these,  an  idea  may  be 
formed  of  all  the  rest.  They  are  divided 
into  three  classes,  the  princes,  the  usdens, 
or  nobles,  and  the  vassals,  or  people.  The 
principal  articles  of  commerce  are  sheep 
and  horses.  They  have  no  money,  and  ail 
their  commerce  is  carried  on  by  exchange. 
They  are  expert  horsemen  and  able  war- 
riors. Their  women  are  famed  fo-r  their 
beauty  ; and  chiefly  supply  the  seraglios  of 
Persia  and  Turkey.  They  sell  for  from  29 
to  L.  1 00,  according  to  their  Ijeauty . They 
have  no  letters  of  their  own;  and  those 
w’ho  wish  to  write  their  language  are  obli- 
ged to  make  use  of  Arabian  characters,  j 
A certain  number  of  peasants  is  allowed  to 
each  princely  family.  The  eldest  in  s'lch 
famijy  is  considered  as  chief,  and  is  father, 
protector,  and  judge  of  all  these  vassals. 

'i  he  prince,  whose  person  is  sacred,  cannot 
be  a landholder.  His  property  consists  in 
arms,  horses,  skives,  and  the  tribute  he  ex- 
torts from  the  neighbouring  nations.  In 
t’-me  of  peace,  his  house,  food,  and  dress, 
can  scarcely  be  distiriguisiied  from  those 


CIS 

of  the  nobles  or  even  the  peasants.  They 
do  not  appear  ever  to  have  had  written 
laws,  but  are  governed  by  ancient  usage, 
or  what  may  be  styled  common  law. 
They  have  few  manufactures.  At  12  years 
of  age  the  prince  is  put  under  the  care  of 
some  noble,  or  of  some  other  prince,  to  be 
educated,  and  his  preceptor  is  repaid  by 
nine-tenths  of  the  booty  he  collects  while 
he  is  under  his  care.  Girls  are  brought  up 
by  the  mother,  and  learn  to  embroider,  to 
make  their  own  dress,  and  that  of  their  fu- 
ture husband.  Their  religion  w’as  once 
the  Christian,  then  they  were  Mahomrae- 
dans,  now  they  seem  to  have  little  or  none. 
They  violate  their  oaihs  without  scruple, 
unless  taken  in  certain  places,  that  is  near 
the  rqins  as  is  supposed  of  the  Christian 
churches. 

Circeo,  a river  of  Italy. 

Cire,  a town  in  the  department  cf  the 
Lower  Charsnte,  France,  and  chief  place  of 
a canton. 

Cirella,  a town  of  Naples,  and  province 
of  Calabria  Citra  ; 12  miles  sse  of  Scala. 

Cirencester,  a large  and  populous  town 
in  the  county  of  Gloucester.  Two  markets 
are  held  weekly  on  Monday  and  Friday  ; 
and  fairs,  Easter  Tuesday,  July  18,  and 
Nov.  8.  It  is  a borough  towm,  governed 
by  two  high  constables,  and  1 4 w^ards-men, 
and  sends  two  members  to  parliament.  It 
stands  on  the  Churn,  is  a great  mart  for 
wool,  and  celebrated  for  curriers  knives. 
At  this  place  the  Roman  roads  crossed 
each  other.  It  had  walls,  an  abbey,,  and 
a castle.  It  lies  18  miles  se  of  Glou- 
cester, and  90  w of  London,  Lon.  1 38  w, 
lat.  5)  43  N. 

Cirenza.  See  Accrenza. 

drey,  a towm  in  the  department  of 
Meurte,  and  chief  place  of  a canton  in  Ihtf 
district  of  Blamont,  three  miles  e of  Bia- 
mont. 

Cirie,  alowm  and  capital  of  a marquisate, 
in  the  principality  of  Piedmont,  w hich  com- 
prehends likewise  the  town  of  St  Maurice, 
Nolli,  and  Robasome,  on  the  Doria,  eight 
miles  NNw  of  Turin. 

CISALPINE  REPUBLIC,  a late  ex- 
tensive democratic  state  of  Italy,  which 
comprehended  wdiat  was  formerly  called 
Austrian  Lombardy,  the  territories  of  Ber- 
gamo, Bresciano,  and  Cremona,  the  towm 
and  fortress  of  Mantua,  the  territory  of  Pes- 
chiara,  part  of  the  ci-devant  Venetian 
States,  all  the  ancient  territory  of  Modena, 
the  principalities  of  Mantua  and  Car- 
rara, the  territory  of  Chiavenne,  and  the 
three  legations  of  Bologna,  Ferrara,  and 
Romagna,  a part  of  the  Veron.'^se,  the  ci- 
devant  duchy  of  Massa,  and  the  Valteline  ; 
lying  between  Ion.  9 0 and  14  e,  and  be- 
tween lat.  43.  and  47  0 n.  It  w^as  created 
by  France,  and  a constitution  similar  to  that 
of  the  late  Ffench  repu])iic  was  adopted  in 
Sept,  1797.  It  was  finally  established 


C I T 

and  defined  by  the  treaty  of  Campo-For- 
niio,  on  the  17th  Qct,  1797,  The  Cisal- 
pine (afterwards  Italian)  republic  was 
divided  into  20  departments,  viz.  Olone, 
Verbano,  Lario,  Montague,  Tessino,  Ad- 
da, Serio,  Adda,  Ogiio,  Meila  Benaco  Up- 
per Po,  Mincio,  Crostolo,  Appennines, 
Panaro,  Reno,  Upper  Padua,  Lower  Po, 
Amone,  and  Rubicon.  Each  of  these 
uepartnients  reiurned  a number  of  mem- 
bers to  ihe  legislative  body  of  the  re- 
public, in  proportion  to  its  population. 
Tue  total  number  of  deputies  was  240. 
The  total  population  of  the  republic,  as 
given  by  the  Cisalpine  Consulta,  on  the 
iStb  May,  I SOI,  was  3,857,668  ; the  re- 
public being  at  tiiat  time  newly  divided 
into  12  departments.  The  exports  of  this 
republic  in  homed  cattle,  horses,  wool, 
flax,  silks,  rice,  cheese,  &c.  he  estimated 
at  10  millions  of  guilders,  or  1,166,6681. 
Sterling  : cmcl  the  imports  at  four-fifths  of 
the  sum  '.  Early  in  1802,  Bonaparte,  the 
first  Consul  of  France,  got  himself  chosen 
President  of  this  republic : and  the  name 
Cisalpine,  v/as  abolished  for  that  of  Italian, 
which  has  also  now  given  way  to  the  more 
pompous  title  of  the  Kingdom  of  Italy, 
of  which  it  forms  the  principal  part.  All 
these  arrangements  and  changes  of  forms 
and  names  have  now  passed  away  like  a 
vision  of  the  night,  in  consequence  of  the 
abdication  of  the  mighty  Napoleon,  late 
emperor  of  the  French  and  king  of  Italy. 

Cismar,  a town  in  Holstein,  near  the 
Baltic,  17  miles  n of  Traveniund.  Lon. 
11  2 E,  lat.  54  14  N. 

CIS?  AD  ANA,  a small  Italian  republic, 
comprehending  Bologna,  Ferrara,  Modena 
and  Rbegio.  It  afterwards  made  part  of 
the  Cisalpine  republic. 

Citclut.  See  Ciclugh, 

Citrazoy  a town  of  Naples,  and  province 
of  Calabria  Citra,  near  the  Mediterranean, 
20  miles  >’w  of  Cosenza. 

Citta  Castellana,  a town  of  Italy.  It  is 
23  miles  n of  Rome. 

Citta  di  Costello,  a town  of  Italy,  situat- 
ed on  the  Tiber,  with  a castle,  27  miles  sw 
of  Urhino,  and  97  n of  Rome.  Lon.  12 
18  E,  lat.  43  32  n. 

Citta  Ducale,  a tov;n  of  Naples,  in  the 
province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra.  It  lies  i8 
miles  w of  Aquila. 

Citta  Nuova,  a town  of  Italy,  situated 
on  the  coast  of  the  Adriatic,  10  miles 
s of  Loretto.  Lon.  13  46  e,  iat.  45 
32  N. 

CITTA  NUOVA,  a district  of  the  late 
Maritime  division  of  Austria,  comprehend- 
ing one  town,  three  forests,  and  several  vil- 
lages. 

Citta  Nuova,  an  ancient  town  in  the  a- 
bove  district.  It  lies  seven  miles  s of 
A mage. 

Citta  Nuova  Cottonera,  a fortified  town 
in  the  isle  of  Malta. 


c I V 

Citta  Veechia.  See  Civita  Vechia, 

Citta  Vittorioso,  or  11  Borgo,  a strong 
town  of  the  island  of  Malta,  with  a good 
harbour.  Lon.  14  34  e,  lat.  35  54  n. 

Cittadella,  a sea-port  town  of  the  island 
of  Minorca,  with  a good  harbour.  It 
contains  tw'o  churches  and  four  convents, 
600  houses,  and  about  3,000  inhabitants. 
Here  the  old  nobility  of  the  island  prin- 
cipally reside.  There  is  a good  harbour 
at  the  w end  of  the  island,  but  the  trade 
is  inconsiderable.  Lon.  3 34  e,  lat.  39  58  N. 

Cittadella,  a podestaria  or  bailiwick  of 
the  late  Maritime  division  of  Austria,  in  the 
Paduano,  containing  one  town,  33  large 
villages,  and  26,140  souls. 

Cftiadella,  tiie  capital  of  the  above  baili- 
wick, contains  5,800  souls. 

City  Point.  See  Bermada  Hundred. 

Civdad,  de  Las  Palmas,  a sea-port  tow'U 
of  the  island  of  Canary,  and  capital  of  that 
and  all  the  islands.  The  towm  is  large, 
containing  about  1200  inhabitants,  in  ge- 
neral rich.  The  harbour  is  good,  and. 
defended  by  a fortress. 

Ciudad  Real,  a town  of  Spain,  the  capi^ 
tal  of  La  Mancha,  celebrated  for  a manu- 
facture of  leather  for  gloves.  Here  are 
three  churches  and  nine  convents,  two, 
miles  from  the  Guadinna,  and  98  s of  Ma- 
drid. Lon.  3 57  e,  iat.  39  1 n. 

Civdad  he  Los  Reyes,  a town  in  the  coun- 
try of  Terra  Firma,  and  province  of  St. 
Martha,  S America. 

Civdad  Del  Rey  Felippe,  a town  near  the 
Straits  of  Magellan,  S America. 

Civdad  Del  Rio  Del  St.  Pedra,  a town  ia 
Brazil,  S America.  Lon.  34  15  w,  Green- 
wich. Lat.  32  0 s. 

Civdad  Rodrigo,  a town  in  the  country 
of  Leon,  on  the  river  Aguada,  Spain,  50 
miles  sw  of  Salamanca.  Lon.  6 25  e,  lat. 
40  52  N. 

Civeda,  or  Civita,  or  perhaps  Civedata,  a. 
town  in  the  Bressau,  Italy,  25  miles  w of 
Brescia. 

Cividal,  Cividale,  or  Cividad  del  Friuli^ 
a well-built  town  of  the  late  maritime 
division  of  Austria.  It  contains  4000 
souls,  and  is  situated  on  the  Natisone, 
10  miles  e of  Udina.  Lon.  13  25  e,  lat. 
46  15  N. 

Civita  Jquana,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Abruzzo  Ultra,  Naples,  15  miles  e of  Aquila. 

Civita  Jntioa,ato\vn  in  the  province  of 
Abruzzo  Ultra,  Naples,  ] 2 miles  sof  Caleno. 

Civita  Borello,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Abruzzo  Citra,  Naples,  19  miles  nne  of 
Molese. 

Civita  Castellana,  a town  situated  on  a 
mount ain  near  the  Tiber,  Italy,  25  mifes  n 
of  Rome.  Lon.  13  5 e,  lat.  42  25  n.  , 

Civita  di  Casein,  a town  five  mi les  sw  from 
Norcia,  Italy. 

Civita  di  Chieti,  or  Teti,  the  capital  of  the 
province  of  Abruzzo  Citra,  Naples.  Lono 
52  28  B,  FeriO;  let,  42  42  n. 

H h2 


C L A 

€ii)ita  di  Friuli.  See  Cimdal^ 

CirnUi  Ducale,  a town  of  Naples,  on  the 
Veil  no,  10  miles  w of  Aquila. 

Cimta  Lacinia^  a tew  n in  the  Campagna 
di  iloma,  Italy. 

Cirita  Luparella,  a town  in  the  province 
of  Abruszo  Citra,  Naples. 

Cirita  Mandonia^  a town  in  the  province 
of  Calabria  Citra,  Naples.  In  the  vicinity 
are  the  ruins  of  the  famous  city  Sibaris,  It 
stands  on  the  gulf  of  Tarento,  31  iniles  n 
by  E of  Cosenza. 

Cwita  a Mare,  a town  in  the  province  of 
t^apitanta,  Naples,  13  miles  ese  of  Ter- 
moia.  ^ 

Civita  Niiora,  a towm  in  the  road  from 
Loretto  to  Fermo,  Italy. 

Civita  di  Penna,  a town  in  the  province 
of  Abruzzo  Ultra  Naples,  10  miles  sb  of 
Teramo.  Lon.  14  6Z  e,  lat.  42  25  n. 

Cimta  Real,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Abruzzo  Ultra,  Naples,  13  miles  mw  of 
Aquila, 

Civita  di  St.  Angelo,  a town  in  the  pro  - 
vince of  Abruzzo  Ultra,  Naples. 

Civita  Tomassa,  a town  in  the  province 
of  Abruzzo  Ultra,  Naples. 

Civita  Vecchia,  a town  in  the  centre  of 
the  island  of  Malta,  strongly  fortified.  The 
situation  of  the  town  is  so  elevated,  that  the 
whole  island  and  sometimes  the  coasts  of 
Africa  and  Sicily  may  be  seen  from  it.  It 
was  formerly  capitalof  the  island,  and  still 
a bishop^s  see.  The  principal  edifices  are 
the  cathedral  and  the  palace  of  the  greind 
master.  Here,  1 ,5  feet  below  the  surface  of 
a rock,  are  large  catacombs,  with  streets  so 
Tegular,  that  it  has  the  title  of  the  Subterra- 
meous  City.  In  the  vicinity  ig  the  grotto  of 
3aint  Paul,  formed  into  three  divisions  by 
iron  grates,  in  one  of  which  is  an  altar,  and 
a statue  of  the  saint  in  white  marble.  This 
city  is  decreasing. 

Civita  Vecchia,  a . sea-port  to\vn  of  Italy, 
In  the  Ecclesiastical  State,  with  an  arsenal. 
Here  the  Pope^s  gallies  w^ere  wont  to  be 
stationed.  It  is  a free  port  and  injures  the 
trade  of  Leghorn.  The  port  was  enlarged 
and  improved  by  Trajan,  and  declared  free 
by  Benedict  XI V.  Its  principal  exports  are 
puzzolana,  and  alum  prepared  at  Tolfa ; 33 
iniles  Nw  of  Rome.  Lon.  1 1 46  e,  lat.  42  5 n. 

Civitella,  a fortress  in  the  province  of  Ab- 
ruzzo Ultra,  Naples,  seven  miles  of 
Teramo. 

Civitella,  a town  in  the  province  of  Otran* 
to,  Naples,  five  miles  n of  Taranto. 

Civola,  See  Cihola. 

Civoli.  See  Cigoli. 

Civvac,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Gironde,  France. 

Civray,  or  Sivray,  a town  in  the  depart- 
mont  of  the  Vienpe,  on  the  Charen'e, 
France,  20  miles  s of  Poitiers,  and  29  w of 
lyiontmoriilon. 

Clachon,  Loch,  a lake  in  Morayshire, 


C L A 

ClaeJdand,  a small  island  of  Scotland,  - 
near  the  e coast  of  the  island  of  Arran. 

Clackmannan,  a parish  of  Scotland, 
about  six  miles  long  from  sw  to  ne,  and  in 
general  five  broad.  The  whole  is  arable, 
and  the  greater  part  carse  ground,  well 
cultivated  and  productive.  There  are 
four  collieries,  two  of  which  afford  seams 
of  coal  nine  feet  thick.  The  two  great 
distilleries  of  Kilbagie  and  Kennetpans  are 
both  in  this  parish.  Iron-works  vrere 
established  in  July  1792,  on  the  banks  of 
the  Devon,  upon  an  extensive  scale.  The 
population  of  this  parish  in  1810,  was 
2961.  Michael  Bruce,  the  ingenious  poet, 
born  at  Keiincswood,  Kinross-shire,  kept 
a private  school  for  some  time  in  this  parish 
worth  about  121.  per  annum. 

Clackmannan,  a royal  burgh,  and  the 
head  town  of  the  county,  is  bea.utifuily 
situated  in  the  above  parish.  The  princi- 
pal street  is  broad  and  spacious,  but  many 
of  the  houses  are  mean  and  wretched  ; in 
the  middle  of  the  street  stands  the  tolbooth 
and  court-house,  a heap  of  ruins.  Here 
the  sheriff  sometimes  holds  his  court,  and 
here  takes  place  the  election  of  a member 
of  parliament.  The  harbour  is  conve- 
nient ; and  the  town  contains  about  640 
inhabitants.  Ciackmannan  Tower  stands 
at  the  w end  of  the  town,  a large  square 
building  of  considerable  strength  and  great 
antiquity,  T9  feet  high.  It  is  said  to  have 
been  built  by  King  Robert  Bruce,  and  his 
son  king  David,  bestowed  it  on  his  rela- 
tion, Robert  Bruce,  in  whose  family  it 
continued  till  the  family  in  the  direct  line 
became  extinct.  The  great  swmrd  and  casque 
of  the  illustrious  Robert  Bruce  are  preserved 
here.  It  lies  23  miles  n by  E of  Glasgow, 
and  27  wnw  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  3 40  w, 
lat.  56  5 N. 

Clackmannan,  a county  of  Scotland ; it  is 
about  nine  miles  broad  from  n to  s,  and 
w'here  longest,  from  e to  w about  12.  This 
is  a plain  fertile  country  toxyards  the  Forth, 
abounding  both  with  corn  and  pasture.  From, 
the  shore  the  surface  rises  into  the  Ochil 
mountains,  the  highest  of  w^hich,  Bencleugh, 
lies  in  the  parish  of  Tillycoultry.  Con- 
siderable improvements  in  agriculture  have 
been  made ; but  rather  more  attention  in 
general  is  paid  to  pasture  than  to  tillage. 
The  country  abounds  with  coal  in  everypart : 
freestone  and  graniteareaiso  in  great  plenty. 
In  the  Ochills,  at  various  times,  have  been 
wTought  v aluable  ores  of  silver,  lead,  cop- 
per, cobalt,  iron  stone,  and  antimony.  It  is 
watered  by  the  Devon,  w hich  runs  into  tie 
Forth,  and  on  the  Forth  are  many  excellenlj 
harbours.  It  carries  on  a good  foreign  trade, 
and  has  manufactures  of  sail-cloth  and 
coarse  linen,  girdles,  cambleis,  <fec.  This 
county  joins  with  that  of  Kinross  in  sending 
a member  to  pariiameut.  The  land  rent  is 
about  14,2001.  Sterling,  The  population  of 
the  county  is  about  10,858.  Clackmannan 


C L A 

is  the  county  town,  hut  Allo.a  is  the  1 
largest. 

Clagenjurty  a town,  the  capital  of  the  j 
duchy  of  Carintbia,  Germany,  it  is  situ-  i 
ated  on  the  Gian,  built  square,  and  sur- 
rounded with  a ^ooti  wall.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  cloth  and  white  lead,  and  a 
society  for  the  [Tomotiug  of  agriculture 
and  useful  arts.  Here  are  six  churches 
and  three  convents,  140  miles  sw  of  Vien- 
na. Lon.  14  17  E,  lat.  46  46  n. 

Ctaggon  Bay,  a bay  on  the  w coast  of 
Galway,  Ireland.  Lon.  10  4 w,  Green- 
wich, lat.  53  34  N. 

Cluir^  St.  a lake  of  the  United  States, 
90  miles  in  circumference.  It  receives 
the  waters  of  the  three  great  lakes, 
Superior,  Michigan  and  Huron,  and  dis 
charges  them  by  the  river  D'Etroit  into 
the  lake  Erie. 

Claira,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Eastern  Pyrenees,  France,  five  miles  NEof 
Perpignan. 

Ciairae,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Lot  and  Garonne,  France.  It  is  situated 
in  a vailej'  on  the  Brot,  and  contains 
about  3000  inhabitants.  The  inhabitants 
raise  tobacco  and  corn,  and  make  a great 
deal  of  wine  and  brandy,  15  miles  nv/  of 
A gen. 

Clairtaux,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Aube,  France,  took  its  name  from  a ce- 
lebrated abbey  built  here  in  1 1 15,  six  miles 
s of  Bar  sur  Aube. 

Clamency,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Nievre  France,  stands  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Buevron  and  the  Ycnne.  Before  the 
French  revolution,  the  chapel  of  an  hospital, 
in  the  suburb  was  the  living  of  the  bishop  of 
Bethlehem,  who  was  fixed  here  in  1180, 
after  the  Christians  had  been  expelled  from 
the  Holy  Land. 

Claphanij  in  the  county  of  Surry,  three 
miles  ssw  of  London,  containing  many  ele- 
gant villas,  surrounding  a common,  former- 
ly a morass,  but  now  planted  so  as  to 
resemble  a park.  The  church  cost  i 1,0001. 
and  the  manor  house  is  now  turned  into  a 
boarding  school.  Clapham,  in  the  West 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  fair  on  Sept,  21. 

Clara,  or  Mel,  an  island  in  the  Indian 
sea,  25  miles  long,  and  four  wide.  Lon. 
97  50  E,  Greenwich,  lat.  11  4 n. 

Clara,  St,  a small  island  of  Peru,  in 
South  America,  70  miles  sw  of  Guagaguil. 
Lat.  2 20  0,  Ion.  80  20  w. 

Clare,  a town  in  the  county  of  Suffolk, 
seated  on  the  Stour.  It  gives  the  title  of 
Duke  to  a branch  of  the  royal  family.  The 
•title  of  Duke  of  Clarence  was  first  bestoweti 
on  Lionel,  third  son  of  Edward  III,  Ever 
since  it  has  belonged  to-a  branch  of  the  royal 
family.  Here  are  the  remains  of  an  abbey 
and  priory  ; the  house  of  the  latter  is  occu- 
pied by  a farmer,  who  has  converted  the 
chapel  into  a barn.  Ther«  is  a weekly  market 
pn  Tuesday,  It  is  56  miles  ne  of  London. 


c L A 

Clare,  a county  of  Ireland.  It  dontayis 
79  parishes,  about  17,400  houses,  and 
96,000  souls,  who  send  two  represen tativcs 
to  the  Imperial  parliament.  Souk';  parts  of 
the  county  are  mountainous,  which  feed  a 
great  number  of  cattle  and  sheep  ; the  more 
level  grounds  are  very  fertile.  Ennis  or 
Clare  is  the  capital'.  *Tne  principal  river  is 
the  Shannon. 

Clare,  a county,  Ireland,  in  the  province 
of  Munster,  55  miles  long  and  38  broad, 
contains  79  parishes,  two  markets  towns, 
and  sends  three  members  to  parliament. 
Population  about  96,000.  It  rears  more 
horses  than  any  other  county  in  Ireland. 
Ennis  is  the  capital,  two  miles  sse,  of 
which  is  the  village  of  Clare,  where  ore 
the  ruins  of  an  abbey  ojid  a castle,  on  an 
island  in  the  Fergus,  over  which  is  an  ex- 
cellent bridge. 

Clare,  an  island  near  the  s coast  of 
Cork,  about  three  miles  long  and  one 
wide.  It  forms  a parish  in  the  diocese 
of  Ptoss,  and  is  about  three  miles  s of  Stea- 
more  point. 

Clare,  an  island  near  the  coast  of  Mayo, 
about  four  miles  long  and  one  and  a-half 
wide,  Ireland,  in  the  mouth  of  Clewbar. 

Clare,  St,  a small  island,  one  of  the 
Canaries. 

Claremont,  a town  in  Cheshire  county. 
New  Hampshire,  on  the  Sugar  river,  where 
it  joins  the  Connecticut,  90  miles  wnw  of 
Portsmouth. 

Claremont, Gx  Clermont, n.  county  35  miles 
long  and  35  broad  ; containing  2,479  citi- 
2:ens,  and  2110  slaves,  S Carolina.  States- 
burg  is  the  capital. 

Clarence.  See  Chiarenza. 

Clarendon,  three  miles  e of  Salisbury, 
Wiltshire.  Here  are  the  remains  of  a royal 
palace,  or  rather  of  two  palaces  connected 
by  a subterraneous  passage,  said  to  have 
been  built  by  King  John.  Here  the  par- 
liament was  several  times  convened  ; the 
first  time  by  Henry  II.  in  1164,  ami  the 
laws  then  enacted,  by  which  the  power  of 
the  clergy  was  abridged,  are  styled  the  Con- 
stitutions of  Clarendon. 

Clarendon,  a township  in  Rutland  county, 
containing  1,478  citizens,  Vermont. 

Clarendon  River.  See  Cape  Fear  River. 

Clarendon,  a parish  of  the  island  of  Ja- 
maica. 

Clarendon  Fort,  a fort  on  the  w coast  of 
the  island  of  Barbadoes,  about  a mile  s of 
Speights  Town. 

Claritza,  a town  of  Janna,  European 
Turkey,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Penco, 
gulf  of  Salonica,  26  miles  e of  Larissa. 

Clarkahnrg,  the  capital  of  Harrison^* 
county,  Virginia,  on  the  Monagabela,  40 
miles  sw  of  Morgantown.  Lon.  80  46  w, 
lat.  39  15  y. 

Clarksville,  the  capital  of  Robertson 
county,  Tennessee,  on  CumbeHaud  river, 
where  it  meets  Red  River,  45  miles  nw  of 


C I.  E 

Napbtille.  Lon.  §7  27  w,  Greenwich,  lat. 
33  28  K. 

Claude,  St,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Jnra,  France.  It  took  its  rise  from  a cels- 
Jbrated  abbey,  fiecalarized  in  1742.  Here 
is  an  elegant  cathedral,  with  large  basoi^s 
and  public  fountains.  It  stands  on  the 
Leson,  amidst  high  mountains,  35  miles  kw 
of  Geneva.  Lon.  3 18  k,  lat.  46  24  n. 

Claude,  St,  a mountain  which  forms  part 
of  Mount  Jura,  in  the  department  of  Jura, 
France. 

Claverac,  a town  ,in  Columbia  county. 
New  York,  near  a creek  of  the  same  name, 
two  miles  e of  Hudson. 

Clausen,  a town  in  the  Tyrolese,  Ger- 
many, near  the  river  Eisack.  It  has  a 
castle.  In  the  vicinity  is  produced  a fine 
red  'wine,  eight  miles  sw  of  Brisen. 

Clausenhurg.  See  Coloswar, 

Claustliai,  a town  in  Lower  Saxony, 
Germany,  seated  among  the  Harts  moun- 
tains. It  contains  800  houses.  It  has  a 
mint,  and  near  it  are  some  rich  silver 
mines,  14  miles  ssw  of  Goslar.  Lon.  10 
22  E,  lat.  51  62  n. 

Clay,  a lake  in  the  county  of  Armagh, 
Ireland. 

Clay,  a town  on  the  n coast  of  the  county 
ox  Norfolk,  vuih  a small  barboilr.  It  has 
large  -sali-works,  and  a weekly  rncirket  on 
Saturday,  and  a fair  oh  St.  MargareG^  day. 
Lon.  1 0 s,  lat.  d2  n. 

Clay-Hale,  a suburb  of  Stranraer,  in  the 
parish  of  Leswalt,  in  Wigtonshire,  Scot- 
land. It  eentaius,  along  with  the  adja- 
ce»it  suburb  of  liiii-Head,  about  600  inha- 
bitants. 

Clean  Longa,  a lake  in  the  county  of 
Leibim,  Ireland. 

Cieae,  Cape,  an  island  near  Baltimore 
Heaven,  Ireland. 

Clear , Cape,  the  scutheiii  promontory  ci 
another  little  island  called  Clare,  on  iho  s 
coast  of  Ireland.  Lon.  9 50  vv,  lat,  51 

15  N. 

Clehvrg,  or  Klehurg,  a town  In  the  depart- 
ment Ci  the  Saaie  and  Moselle,  France.  It 
gives  name  to  a branch  of  the  Palatine 
family. 

Clebury,  or  Cleohury  Mortimer,  a town  in 
the  county  of  Salop,  on  the  river  Temde, 
with  a weeklyrnurketon  Thursday,  and  fairs 
on  May  2,  and  Oct.  27.  Here  is  a richly 
endowed  school,  free  to  all  the  youth  in  the 
town.  It  is  12  miles  s by  e of  Bridge 
North,  and  136  Nwof  London. 

Clccy,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Calvados,  and  chief  place  of  a canton,  in  the 
district  of  Falaise,  containing  about  1,700 
inhabitants,  France. 

Clecve,  Old,  a village  in  Somersetshire, 
two  miles  sw  of  Walchet,  where  are  the 
ruins  of  a monastry,  part  of  which  is  con- 
veri  ed  into  farm  offices. 

ClerkCs  Islands,  are  two  islands  at  the  en- 
trance of  B^rring^s  Straits,  between  the 


C L E 

coast  of  Kamtschatka  and  that  of  Nortk 
America,  seen  by  captain  Cook  in  1778, 
and  named  in  honour  of  captain  Cleike, 
who  was  second  in  command.  They 
were  known  to  the  Russians,  and  both  in- 
habited. Lon.  169  30  w,  lat.  63  15  n. 

Clermont,  See  Claremont. 

Claremont,  a town  in  Columbia  county, 
New  York,  15  miles  s of  Hntson,  and  117 
N of  New  York. 

Clermont  En  Argonne,  a town  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Meuse,  situated  on  an  emi- 
nence surrounded  w^ith  woods  and  patures, 
France,  near  the  river  Ayr,  12  miles  w by 
s of  Verdun.  Lon.  22  46  e,  Ferro,  lat. 
49  7 N. 

Clermont,  or  Clermont  en  Beauvaisis,  a 
town  in  the  department  of  the  Oise,  situated 
on  an  emiinence,  near  the  Bresche,  France, 
37  milesj  n of  Paris. 

Clermont  Ferrand,  the  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Puy-de-Dome,  France.  It 
it  situated  on  a small  eminence,  at  the 
foot  of  a lefty  mouatai.n,  and  contains 
about  16,000  inhabitants.  Its  principal 
commerce  is  in  corn,  wine,  wool,  <fec. 
There  are  several  fine  walks  and  public 
squares ; but  the  streets  are  narrow,  and 
the  iiouses  mean.  There  are  also  near 
it  some  mineral  springs ; and  the  water 
of  a brook  w^hich  passes  through  the 
fauxbourg  of  St.  Allyre,  has  completely 
petrified  a wooden  bridge  to  perfect  stone, 
that  carriages  ca,n  pass  over  it.  It  is 
called  Clermont  Ferrand,  from  the  town  of 
Montferrand  being  united  to  it,  and  for- 
ming one  of  the  fauxbcurgs.  It  is  the 
birtii  place  of  the  celebrated  Pascal. 
Here  are  manufactured  rateens,  serges,  » 
druggets,  and  leather,  93  miles  s of  Navers. 
Lon.  3 5 E,  lat.  45  47  k. 

Clermont  de  Lodeve,  a town  in  th® 
department  of  the  Herauit,  France,  seat- 
ed on  an  eminence  near  the  Logne.  The 
chief  trade  is  in  wool  and  cattle  ; with 
manufactures  of  cloth  and  hats,  10  miles 
sE  of  Lodeve,  and  24  w of  Montpel-  . 
lier. 

Clery,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Loirct,  France.  Here  is  the  tomb  of  Louis 
XI.  a monster  w'ho  degraded  human  nature. 
He  appears  in  white  marble  as  if  he  had 
been  a saint  and  patriot  king,  nine  miles  ssw 
of  Orleans. 

Cleves,  a duchy  of  Westphalia  and  prin- 
cipality of  Germany.  The  air  is  healthy, 
but  the  soil  unequal.  On  the  eminences 
are  fields,  woods,  and  forests,  which  extend 
three  or  four  leagues  in  length,  bordered  by 
towns  and  villages.  On  the  borders  of  the 
Rhine  (w'hich  runs  through  the  country) 
are  fine  pastures,  w^hich  feed  a great  number 
of  cattle  and  horses.  The  inhabitants  chiefly 
cultivate  corn,  tobacco, and  legumes.  Garne 
is  plentiful;  and  the  rivers  supply  abun- 
dance offish,  especially  salmon,  pike,  and 
q jirp.  There  are  manufactures  of  silli  cLotbji 


C L I 

linftn,  and  pipes.  It  contains  24  towns. 
The  principal  of  v.ljich  are  Cleves  the 
capita!,  Caspar,  Wescl,  Duisburg,  Xanien, 
Rees,  and  Emmerich.  The  rivers  are  the 
Rhine,  the  xMeuse,  the  Ruhr,  the  Emesor., 
the  Lippe,  and  the  IsseL  Roman  Catho- 
lics, Calvinists,  Lut)»erans,  Memioniles, 
and  Jews,  are  all  allowed  a freedom  oi 
worship. 

Cleves,  the  ancient  capital  of  the  above 
duchy,  to  which  it  gives  name  ; situated  on 
the  river  Kerniisdale,  in  the  department  ol 
the  R-oer.  It  lies  on  the  brow  of  a hill, 
surrounded  with  walls,  hut  is  not  strongly 
fortifted,  two  miles  wof  the  Rhine,  and  has 
a Ccistic  built  in  the  time  of  Julius  Cse;sar. 
The  magistrates  of  the  city  are  Calvinists. 
The  number  of  houses  is  about  SOO.  Lon. 
6 12  E,  lat.  <51  50  N. 

Clew  Bay,  ox  Nevjport  Bay,  a large  bay 
on  the  w coast  of  Ireland,  coatainiiig  a 
great  number  of  small  islands.  Lon.  9 
40  w Greenwich,  lat.  53  49. 

Cleish,  a parish  of  Kinros-sbire,  in  Scot- 
land, extending  in  length  about  six  miles, 
and  in  breadth  little  more  than  one.  The 
soil  is  various,  in  some  parts  strong  and 
fertile,  and  in  others  graveliy  and  cold. 
There  are  several  fine  lakes  among  the 
hills  which  are  well  stored  with  Lsh.  The 
parish  contains  plenty  of  free-stooe,  lime- 
stone, and  coal  ; but  scarcely  one  of 
these  is  wrought.  The  population  is  about 
625.  It  has  a lint-mill,  a bleachHeld, 
and  brewery,  28  miles  from  Edin- 
burgh. 

Clie,  a lake  of  Upper  Canada.  Lon.  89 
0 w,  Greenwich,  lat.  44,  20  n. 

Clrff]  or  Cli^-  Regis,  or  Hinges  Cliff,  a 
town  in  the  county  of  Northampton.  A 
weekly  market  is  held  on  Tuesday.  It  is 
88  miles  n from  London. 

Cliff,  a town  in  the  county  of  Kent.  It 
is  a pretty  large  place,  and  has  a fair  on 
October  8,  six  miles  e of  Gravesend. 

Clifton,  a village  of  Gloucestershire,  fa- 
mous for  its  medicinal  springs,  called  Bris- 
tol Eotwells ; and  supposed  to  be  one  of 
the  pleasantest  villages  in  the  kingdom, 
and  is  a place  of  much  resort  on  account 
of  the  salubrity  of  its  air.  It  is  one  mile 
w from  Bristol. 

Clingen,  or  Klingen,  a town  of  Germany, 
in  Upper  Saxony,  and  county  of  Schwartz- 
burg,  16  miles  n of  Erfurt. 

Clino,  a town  of  European  Turkey,  in 
the  province  of  Thessaly,  22  miles  w of 
Zeiton. 

CZik^a,  a fortress  of  Dalmatia.  In  1684, 
the  Uenelians  took  it  from  the  Turks.  It 
stands  on  a rocky  mountain,  six  miles  n of 
SpalctUo.  Lon.  17  46  e,  lat.  43  20  x. 

, Clisson,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Lower  Loire,  on  the  Sevre,  France,  12  miles 
s of  Nantes.  Lon.  16  23  e,  Ferro,  lat.  46 

N. 

ClUheroe,  a borough  in  the  county  of  Lan- 


C L O 

caster.  It  has  a market  on  Saturdax^  aaJ 
sends  two  m'"m'!crs  to  pard^r' veKt. 
nianuiaeaires  of  eoti.m,  uvd  a umdmi  al 
spring,  end  stands  near  Pendui  hil^  not  ;'  :r 
from  tb''  Ribble,  lias  a trade  in  lime,  cotton 
rnanufacturos,  and  the  ruins  of  an  ancient 
castle,  22  miles  se  of  Lancaster,  and  2iT 
NiXw  of  London. 

Clitow,  a town  in  the  circle  os  Pilsen, 
Bohemia,  celebrated  for  its  rich  sit  vet 
mines. 

Clocaynog,  a village  in  Denbigsbjre, 
Wales,  with  two  fairs  on  Easter  Tuesday, 
and  October  24. 

Clogli,  the  name  of  two  Irish  villages,  1. 
in  Antrim  ; 2.  in  Down.  The  latter  stands 
near  the  bead  of  Dundrum  bay,  six  mile* 
sw  of  Downpatrick. 

Clogher,  a village  in  the  county  of  T'y-' 
rone,  Ireland.  It  is  a bishop^s  see,  and  in 
1610  was  almost  devastated  by  fire,  and 
has  never  recovered  its  former  size.  The 
eathenrai  is  the  parisii  oliuroh.  it  is 
od  on  the  Leiioy,  15  miles  nw  of  ilionag- 
han,  and  19  wzw  of  Durjg'aimon. 

Cloglie?  Head,  a ce^pe  on  the  e coost  of 
Ireland.  Lon.  6 12  w,  GreenwiGh,  lat.  53 
47  N. 

Ciognakilty,  a borough  in  Cork,  Tre- 
land,  stamds  on  a bu}"  of  its  name,  28  ’miles 
sw  of  Cork. 

Clonard,  a town  on  the  borders  of  Meath, 
on  the  Boyne,  32  miles  w by  k of  Dublin. 

Clonhtdiock,  in  King^s  county.  Cion- 
currg,  m Kildare.  ClondaUdn,  five  miles 
\7  ol  Dublin.  Clondroched,  in  Cork,  Ire- 
land. 

Clone,  a town  in  Leitrim  county. 

Clonea,  a town  of  Waterford  county. 

donee,  a village  seven  miles  from  Dublin. 

Clojieen,  a tov/n  of  Tipperary,  Ireland. 

Clonegall,  a town  in  the  county  of  Yf ex- 
ford, Ireland,  21  miles  HKW  of  Ferns.  A 
village  of  King^s  county,  40  miles  from 
Dublin. 

Clones,  a town  in  the  county  of  Monag- 
han, Ireland,  12  miles  wsw  of  Monaghan. 

Cloney,  a lake  in  the  county  of  Kerry, 
Ireland. 

Clonfert,  a town  in  the  county  of  Galw^ay, 
Ireland,  and  united  with  Kilmacduagh,  to 
which  it  was  united  in  1602,  a bishopls  see. 
The  cathedral  serves  as  the  parish-church 
of  Clonfert,  and  stands  near  the  Shannon, 
in  the  e part  of  the  county,  35  miles  e of 
Gahvay,  and  50  w of  Dublin. 

Clonmacnois,  a village  of  West  Mveath, 
Ireland,  on  the  Shannon,  where  are  the  re- 
mains of  a rich  and  extensive  abbey.  It 
was  a bishop's  see,  but  was  unv^ed  to 
West  PJeath  in  1568.  It  is  eig-it  miles 
w of  Athlone,  and  58  w of  Bublin. 

Clonmel,  a borough  in  the  county  oi  Tip- 
perary, Ireland,  on  the  .'3U\r,  over  whn  b is  a 
bridge  of  20  arches,  separated  i’Uo  two  p ^rts 
by  a small  island,  on  which  bouses  are  built. 
Its  castles  and  fgrtifiettUon*  were  razed  by 


C L O 


C L U 


Crom vvfU.  This  tov/n  is  larg^?,  opulent,  and ! 
M'ell  siltiated  lor  trade,  aithoiigh  not  so  con- 
renieiit  for  the  assizes,  it  iias  extensive 
vooUen  and  cotton  manufactures.  Since  the 
Union,  sends  one  nien)ber  to  the  imperial! 
parliament,  and  isthe  birllf-place  of  the  cele- 1 
brated  Lawrence  Stern,  miles  sw  of  Kil- 1 
kenuy,  30  wnw  of  Waterford,  and  So  ssw  of  I 
Dublin.  Lon.  8 Z w,  lat.  54  15  N. 

Cloumesft,  a small  island  on  the  nw 
coast  ui  Ireland,  25  miles  nw  of  Loii-  ^ 
donderry.  , ^ j 

a towD,  county  of  WexfoM,! 
Ireland,  head  Of  Baiioow  bay,  before  the 
Union  sent  two,  members  to  parliament. 
Near  it  were  lead  and  silver  mines?,  which' 
have  not  been  wrought  for  some  time,  and 
the  town  is  on  the  decline,  lOmilesE  of  Wa-^ 
terfotd,  16  wsw'  of  Wexford. 

Cloppeaburg,  atov.min  Westphalia,  Ger- 
many, united  with  Dalfearno,  principality  of 
^Juii'ster,  32  miles  kg  of  Lingeu.^  Lon.  25 
20  Ferro,  lat.  52  53  k 

Closehmn,  a parisi>  in  the  county  of  Dum- 
fries, anu  district  of  ISithsdale,  from  nine  to 
ten  miles  in  length,  and  the  same  in  breadth. 
The  river  i^Titn  forms  the  s. boundary, along  | 
which  the  soil  is  a fine  rich  Icam ; to  the  east-  \ 
ward  the  ground  rises  a little,  and  the  s^oil  i 
becomes  light,  dry , and  sandy  ; the  e aistrict 
is  cov  ered  v/ith  extensive  minrs,  but  affording 
exeelleiit  pasture  for  sheep.  The  piiucipal 
^xeQueensbcrrgy  Carrick  llills.ixndAuchi.^-  | 
leek  ; first  of  taese,  which  is  elevated  2,000  1 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  castle 
of  Closeburn  is  a ruinous  building,  sur- 
rounded by  a fosse,  which  commu’tiiceaes 
with  a loch  a quarter  of  a mile  in  length,  .in 
which  there  was  a reinarkabie  agitation  in 
. 1750,  noticed  in  the  Philosophical ‘Trans- 
actions of  thal  year.  There  is  near  the  vil- 
lage of  Closebiuh,  a chalybeate  spring^oi 
€onsidcrablesU'cngin.  PopukUioa  is  1 ,0 1 9. 

■ Here  is  a celebrated  graiVuLaT-schcoi.,  long 
taught  by  the  Mundcils.  Education  is  Iree 
to  the  cliildren  oi  the  parish.  'This  school 
' was  liberally  endowed  hy  Mr,  Wallace  ot 
Gla'  gow,aiiatireof  this  place,  who  died  in 
1723.  Owing  to  which,  iais  noted  seminary 
is  called  Wallace  llall,  12  miles  kw  of 
.Dujiiiries,  . ^ 

C'5j><9tTj'  C'anij?,ap]ace  in  the  archbisnopric 
of  Goiogn,  near  Rhinberg. 

Cl  ester  Neuh  iirg^  a town  of  Austria.  1 1 is 
situated  on  the  Danube,  and  has  a yard  lor 
ship  building.  Here  is  an  Augustine  con- 
vent of  regular  canons,  seven  miles  new  of 
Vienna. 

Closter  seven,  a town  in  Lower  Saxony, 
Germany,  ceiebrateil  for  a treaty  concluded 
between  the  duke  of  Cumberland  and  the 
duke  of  Riclfiieu,  general  of  the  French 
armies,  by  which  38,000  ilanoverians  Jaid 
down  their  arms  and  were  disjiersed,  19  miles 
s of  Stade,  24  kne  of  Rremen. 

Cloten,  a village  in  the  canton  of  Zurich, 
Switzerland.  It  is  large  and  populous. 


atownin  the  palatinate  ofLub.. 
lin,  Poland,  IS  miles  wsw  of  Lublhu 

Cloivt,  St,  a town  on  the  Seine,  eight 
miles  v;  of  Paris,  celebrated  fur  a magnifi- 
cent royal  palace,  gardens,  cascade,  cfec. 

ClorelUj,  a village,  three  miles  e of  Hart- 
land,  Devonshire,  seated  on  the  side  of  a 
s.eep  rock.  It  has  a good  harbour. in  the 
jBristol  channel,  and  is  engaged  in  the  her- 
ring fishery. 

ClowcAj,  a lake  of  North  America.  Lon. 
108  15  w,  lat.  62  20  n. 

Cloy,  or  CMs,  a town  in  the  depart' 
meat  of  the  Eure  and  Loire,  France,  con- 
taining about  l,00jB  inhabitants,  five  miles 
sw  of  Chaleandun.' 

Cloyne,  a to’vim  in  the  county  of  Cork, 
Ireland,  a bishop's  {•tec,  - founded  in  the 
6th  century.  The  ca-it  alral,  a fine  old 
building,  is  the  parish  cuurch,  near  it  stands 
an  ancient  round  tower,  18  miles  e by  s 
of  Cork. 

Chiden,  a river  in  Dumfries-shire. 

Climdert,  or  Klundert,  a strong  towm  of 
S Holland,  near  Hollands  Diep,  formerly 
called  Ne-wervaert,  situated  on  a river,  or 
canal,  vvhich  runs  from  the  Merwe,  and 
forms  the  tract  on  which  this  town  and 
WilUamstadt  stand,  into  an  island,  nine 
miles  SE  of  Williamstadt. 

Clunie,  a parish  in  the  county  of  Perth, 
and  district  of  Stormont.’  It  extends  in 
length  mnb  miles,  its  breadth  is  about 
four  miles.  About  one  fourth  part  is 
arable,  the  rest  being  mountain,  muir, 
mess,  and  a lake  of  the  same  name,  two 
miles  and  a half  in  circumference.  The 
parish  is  well  adapted  to  the  researches  of 
i the  botanist,  as  it  abounds  with  rare  plants. 
The  natural . forests  are  extensive.  There 
are  two  mineral  springs,  containing  Epsom 
salt,  valued  for  their  antiscorbutic  quality. 
The  minerals  already  known  are  quartz, 
whinslone,  granite,  free-stone,  and  barytes ; 

1 limestone  is  found  in  one  place,  but  the 
Want  of  fuel  prevents  its  being  quarried. 
There  is  a vein  of  fine  blue  slate,  inter- 
spersed with  large  quantities  of  copper 
pyrites ; and  a deep  peat  moss  on  the  very 
summit  of  Benachally.  Population  of 
Clunie  is  913,  six  miles  e by  N of  Dunkeld, 
and  15  k by  w of  Perth. 

Clunie,  an  island  in  the  above  lake,  with 
an  ancient  castle  in  it,  now  a summer  seat  of 
the  family  of  Airly.  The  island  seems  to 
he  artificial,  and  the  castle,  the  walls  of 
which  are  nine  feet  thick.  'W^as  built  by 
Bishon  Brown  of  Dunkeld,  in  the  16tb  cen- 
tury. " This  castle  contends  with  Elliock, 
Dumfries-shire,  for  the  honour  of  having 
given  birth  to  the  admitable  Crichton, 
Chiny,  a parish  in  Aberdeenshire.  Its 
extent  in  length  may  be  about  ten  miles,  and 
its  breadth  about  two.  The  soil  is  warm 
and  dry,  even  in  the  low  grounds.  Agri- 
culture is  much  attended  to,  and  the  crops 
are  productive.  Knitting  of  stockings  is  the 


C L f 

general  employment  of  the  inhabitajits. 
Granite  of  excellent  quality  is  the  only 
mineral  of  any  value  discovered  in  the  dis- 
trict.  Population  o.f  Cluny  is  SiJL  The 
church  is  elegant.  In  this  parish  are  three 
Druidical  circles,  several  pillars,  and  a 
number  of  tumuli.  One  ot  the  largest 
farms  has  been  in  possession  of  the  same 
family  for  upwards  of  iidO  years. 

Cliiny,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Saone  and  Loire,  France,  seated  on  the 
Grosne.  The  church  is  supposed  to  be 
one  of  the  largest  in  France.  Tlic  town 
contains  three  parishes,  but  is  not  populous. 
Here  was  a cslebrated  Benedictine  abbey, 
10  miles  Nw  of  Maaon. 

Cluse,  a place  where  theire  is  a passage 
over  the  edge  of  Mount  Jura,  Switzerland, 
10  miles  nw  of  Soleilre. 

Cluse,  La,  a town  of  Savoy,  capital  of 
Faucigny,  stands  on  the  Arve,  22  miles  ss 
of  Geneva.  Lon.  6 29  e,  lat.  45  5T  n. 

Ctuyd,  or  Clwijd,  a river  of  North  Wales, 
runs  through  a fruitful  valley  of  its  name. 
It  has  its  source  in  Denbighshire,  passes  by 
Ruthin  into  Flintshire,  washes  St.  Asaph, 
and  falls  into  the  Irish  sea  at  Rhuddlan,  six 
miles  below  St.  Asaph. 

ClydCy  a river  of  Scotland.  Next  to  the 
Tay,  it  is  the  largest  river  in  Scotland, 
and  is  celebrated  for  its  numerous  roman- 
tic falls.  It  lakes  its  rise  in  the  same  hill 
from  which  issue  the  Tweed  and  the  An- 
nan. In  its  course  it  visits  Lanark, 
Hamilton,  Rutherglen,  Glasgow,  Renfrew, 
Dunbarton,  Port-Glasgow,  and  loses  iteell 
in  the  frith  of  Clyde  at  Greenock.  It  is 
met  by  the  Great  Canal  from  {he  Forth, 
a few  miles  below  Glasgow,  to  w'hich 
the  tide  flows,  whence  it  is  navigable  by 
vessels  drawing  seven  and  a half-feet 
water.  Owing  to  its  variegated  scenery, 
the  beauty  and  aid  which  it  affords  to  the 
highly  important  districts^  the  flourishing 
city  and  towns  by  which  It  passes,  Clyde 
is  the  most  interesting  river  of  Scotland. 
See  Bannitarij  Corra,  (fee. 

Clyd€y  a river  of  Vermont. 

Clydesdale^  a district  in  the  south  part  of 
the  county  of  Lanark. 

Clydeslaw,  a high,  hill  in  the  parish  of 
Crawford,  from  which  the  river  Clyde  takes 

iiti  ri-3. 

Cbne,  a parish  in  the  county  of 
Sutherland,  of  which  the  inhabited  part 
extends  in  length  aboikt  24,  and  in  breadth 
Lorn  eight  to  four  miles.  It  is  situated 
on  the  E coast,  from  which  the  sln^re  rises 
gradually^  to  the  mountains.  A great 
ni'uiber  black  cattle  and  sheep  are  rear- 
ed, i)ut  although  many  parts  are  capable 
ni  improvement,  agriculture  is  little  at- 
leaded  to.  The  inhabitants  on  the  coast 
are  ino.  wiy  flsher^:,  but  their  want  of  en- 
couragement prevents  the  fishery  from 
being  prosecuted  to  advantage.  There  is 
plenty  of  excellent  free-stone,  three  o.r  four 


COB 

quarries  of  limestone,  and  coal  is  said  to 
have  been  formerly  wrought  in  the  parish. 
Population  is  1643. 

Clynfegfaur,  a village  in  Carnarvon- 
shire, N Wales,  with  two  fairs,  on  Aug. 
18  and  Sept.  23. 

Ciyfheness,  a cape  on  the  se  coast  of  tho 
county  of  Caithness.  Lon.  3 3 w,  lat.  58 

16  N. 

Coal  Island,  in  the  county  of  Tyrone, 
Ireland,  noted  for  its  extensive  coal -works, 
and  a canal  to  Lough  Neagh. 

Coango,  a river  of  Africa.  See  Zaire. 

Coanzo,  a large  river  of  Africa,  has  it* 
source  in  tli(3  interior,  passes  through  tha 
kingdoms  of  Mataraba  and  Angola,  and 
falls  into  the  Atlantic  in  lat.  9 20  s. 

Coast  Castle,  Cape,  the  chief  settle- 
ments of  the  British  on  the  coast  of 
Guinea,  has  a strong  citadel,  iO  miles  enb 
of  St.  George  del  Mina.  Lon.  0 1 e,  lat* 
5 0 N. 

Coaw,  or  Cuavo,  a river  of  Africa.  Lon. 
38  0 B,  Greenwich,  lat.  8 40  s. 

Cobbe,  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Darfoojr, 
350  miles  wsw  of  Sennar.  Population 
about  6000.  Lon.  28  8 e,  lat.  14  11  n. 

Cdbham,  a village  on  the  Mole,  Surry, 
has  Several  elegant  villas,  manufactures  of 
copper  and  iron,  and  two  medicinal  springs, 
seven  miles  sw  of  Kingston,  ten  ne  of  Guil- 
ford, and  19  sw  of  London. 

Cobham,  a town  in  Virginia,  United 
States,  on  the  James  river,  45  miles  sa  of 
Richmond.  Lon.  76  55  w,  lat.  37  7 n* 

Cobi,  or  Chamo,  a desert  part  of  Tartaiy, 
east  of  Calmuc  Tart  ary. 

Cobija,  a sea-port  town  on  the  coast  of 
Chili,  in  the  audience  of  Charcas,  Pacifia 
ocean,  v/ith  a good  harbour,  250  miles  s of 
Arica.  Lon.  72  30  w,  lat.  22  20  s. 

Coblentz,  a city  in  the  department  of 
the  Rhine  and  Moselle,  electorate  of 
Treves.  Here  the  elector  built  a new 
palace,  the  old  one  being  in  the  vale  of 
Ehrenbreitstein.  It  has  a college,  a num- 
ber of  handsome  churches,  and  several 
convents.  It  stands  at  the  junction  of  the 
Rhine  and  Moselle,  50  miles  ne  of  Treves. 
The  French  took  it  in  1794,  and  lost  it 
in  1813,  or  beginning  of  1814.  Dr.  Cpgan 
estimates  its  popuiation  at  12  or  13,000. 
Lon.  7 38  e,  lat.  50  22  n. 

Coblentz,  a town  in  the  district  of  Baden, 
Switzerland,  at  tlu3  conflux  of  the  Aar  and 
Rhine,  10  miles  nnw  of  Baden. 

Coblon,  a port  town  of  Hither  India,  in 
Asia,  on  the  Coromandel  Coast.  Lon.  80 
20  E,lat.  n 56  N. 

Coburg,  Principalilg  of,  situated  n:^ar 
the  river  Saal,  dependent  on  the  circle  of 
Upper  .Saxony.  The  land  is  generally  ferliie. 

Coburg,  a town  in  Upper  Saxony,  Ger- 
many, capital  ol  the abov'*‘ prineipalily,  with 
a castl.e,  a fort,  and  a coli  ’ge, sealed  on  ihe 
Itch,  22  miles  n by  e of  Bamberg.  The 
town  and  suburbs  arc  sivrrouuded  with  a 
I i 


c o c 

wall.  It  has  maaiifactures  of  gold,  sifter, 
china,  and  petrified  wood,  with  which  the 
country  abounds.  Lon.  1112  E,lat.50  17  n. 

Cocoy  a town  in  Old  Castile,  Spain,  stands 
among  mountains,  on  the  Eresma.  It  has 
a strong  castle  for  state  prisoners,  28  miles 
KW  of  Segovia. 

Cochabamba yor  Oropesay  one  of  thelargest , 
richest,  and  most  populous  tov/ns  of  Peru, 
S America,  capital  of  the  province  of  Co* 
•habamba,  in  the  audience  *of  Charcas. 
The  plains  are  fertile  ; and  the  air  healthy 
and  serene,  120  miles  nnw  of  Plata.  Lon. 
67  25  w,  lat.  18  10  s. 

CocliCy  a small  island  in  the  Caribbean 
iea.  Lon.  63  10  w,  lat.  10  57  n. 

CockecO;  a river  of  New  Hampshire,  S 
America. 

Cocheiniy  or  Kocheim,  a town  in  the 
department  of  Rhine  and  Moselle,  Ger- 
many, late  of  France,  electorate  of  Trieves, 
stands  oh  the  Moselle,  25  miles  sw  of  Cob- 
lentz. 

Cochillay  a river  in  the  province  of  Cala- 
bria Citra,  Naples. 

Coehiny  a sea-port  of  Hindoostan,  on  the 
coast  of  Malabar,  in  the  province  of  the 
same  name,  was  taken  from  the  Dutch  by 
lie  English  in  1795,  and  is  120  miles  s by 
E of  Calicut.  It  is  chiefly  resorted  to  for 
pepper.  Lon.  76  5 e,  lat.  9 56  n. 

COCHIN,  a country  of  India,  on  the  w 
coast  of  the  peninsula  of  Hindoostan,  be- 
tween the  provinces  of  Malabar  and  Tra- 
vancore,  subject  to  a rajah,  who  is  tributary 
to  the  English,  and  is  80  miles  long  arid 
70  broad. 

COCHIN-CHINA,  a country  of  Asia. 
This  kingdom  contains  about  50  good  sea- 
port towns,  and  is  divided  into  six  pro- 
vinces, to  each  of  which  belongs  a gover- 
nor afid  a seat  of  justice.  It  is  about 
500  miles  long  and  120  broad.  The 
climate  is  healthy,  the  heat  being  mo- 
derated by  the  sea-breezes.  The  rainy 
season  is  in  September,  October,  and  No- 
vember, when  the  land  is  frequently  inun- 
dated, which  meliorates  the  land,  and 
enables  some  parts  of  it  to  bear  three  crops 
in  the  year."'  The  principal  productions  are 
rice  of  several  sorts,  millet,  indigo,  tea,  silk, 
&c.  Among  the  trees  are  the  varnish-trees, 
cotton,  cinnamon.  They  have  mines  of  gold, 
and  silver,  the  former  is  obtained  almost  pure 
from  the  mine,  iron,  and  quarries  of  different 
kinds  of  marble.  The  original  inhabitants 
dwell  in  the  mountains,  on  the  side  of  Cam- 
bodia, whither  they  were  driven  about  the 
beginning  of  the  15th  century.  They  are 
black,  and  savage  in  their  manners,  resem- 
bling the  Caffres.  Among  the  animals  are 
elephants,  tygers,  rhinoceroses,  &c.  The 
birds  are  various  and  abundant.  The  sugar- 
cane is  eaten  as  fruit  in  Europe;  the  inhabi- 
tants cultivate  two  kinds,  and  the  commerce 
is  immense.  Other  articles  of  commerce  are 
odoriferous  woods,  ivory,  musk,  honey,  <fec. 


c o c 

The  manners  of  the  inhabitants  who  seem 
to  be  of  Chinese  origin,  are  simple,  affa- 
ble, mild,  laborious,  and  hospitable.  The 
females  are  much  more  active  than  the 
men,  and  are  frequently  employed  as 
agents  and  brokers.  In  their  cities  an(ji 
towns  there  are  gates  at  each  end  of  their 
streets,  which  are  shut  every  night,  and 
their  houses,  which  are  of  bamboo  cover- 
ed with  straw  or  rushes,  are  shaded  with 
groves  of  oranges,  limes,  plantains,  and 
cocoa-trees.  Their  chief  nourishment  con- 
sists in  rice  and  fish.  As  to  their  religion, 
they  in  general  believe  the  metempsychosis, 
or  transmigration  of  souls.  Hue  is  the 
capital. 

CochinOy  anciently  Hephestias,  a town  in 
the  island  of  Lemnos,  European  Turkey. 
Lon.  43  8 e,  Ferro,  lat.  39  57  u. 

COCKBURN  ISLANDS,  a group  of 
small  islands  near  the  ne  coast  of  New 
Holland. 

Cockburn  LaWy  a mountain  in  the  parish 
of  Dunse.  It  rises  from  a base  of  at  least 
six  miles  in  circumference  to  a conical 
top,  about  900  feet  above  the  level  of  th© 
sea,  which  makes  it  a fine  landmark  for 
mariners.  On  its  n side,  is  Edwin’s-hall, 
or  Wodens-hall,  consisting  of  three  circu- 
lar walls,  each  seven  feet  thick,  and  built 
without  mortar.  The  spaces  between  th© 
walls  have  been  arched  over  and  divided 
into  cells. 

Cockburnspathy  a parish  in  the  county  of 
Berwick.  It  lies  close  upon  the  sea-coast ; 
is  light  and  sandy,  interspersed  with  fields  of 
rich  deep  clay.  Peaths  or  Peese  bridge  is 
,123  feet  from  the  surface  of  the  water  to  th© 
parapet,  300  in  length,  and  15  wide,  and  is 
looked  upon  as  a masterpieccof  architecture. 
The  church  of  Auld  Cambus,  or  Alt  Cam- 
bus,  which  parish  is  now  annexed  to  Cork- 
burnspath,  is  partly  yet  standing  and  is  sup- 
posed to  be  1100  or  1200  years  old.  Popu- 
lation is  930.  There  is  a fishing  town  in 
this  parish  of  the  same  name. 

CockenziCy  a village  in  the  parish  of  Tra- 
nent, near  the  harbour  of  Portseaton,  con- 
taining, with  that  village,  430  inhabitants  in 
1792.  Noted  for  an  extensive  oyster  fishery. 

Cocker,  a river  of  England,  which  has  its 
source  in  the  beautiful  lakes  of  Buttermcre, 
Crummock,  and  Lewes- Water,  and  passing 
N through  the  charming  vale  of  Lortoiymd 
Cockermouth,  which  it  divides,  unites  with 
the  feerwent. 

Cockermouthy  a town  in  the  county  of 
Cumberland.  The  principal  manufactures 
carried  on  here  are  hats,  shalloons,  <fec.  with 
considerable  tanneries.  There  are  two  week- 
ly markets  on  Monday  and  Saturday.  It  i» 
a borough  town,  and  sends  two  members  to 
parliament.  It  is  governed  by  a bailiff,  cho- 
:^en  annually  by  a jury  of  16  burgesses.  Th# 
bailiff  is  the  returning  officer.  Its  castle, 
said  to  have  been  built  by  William  de  Mes- 
chines,  soon  aftnr  the  conquest,  is  situate 


CO  G 

««  a pleasant  hill  on  the  e of  the  Darwent. 

It  is  now  a ruin,  having  been  taken  and  in  a 
great  measure  destro3^ed  by  the  parliament’s 
armj’  in  the  time  of  the  civil  wars.  It  is  1 3 
miles  NE  of  Whitehaven,  and  305  n of  Lon- 
don. Lon.  3 15  w,  lat.  54  32  n. 

Cockermouthf  a town  of  New  Hampshire, 
America. 

Cockle- Shell  Hay,  a bay  on  the  e coast  of 
the  island  of  St.  Christopher.  Lon.  62  22 
w,  lat.  17  22  N. 

CookpeUf  a parish  in  the  county  of  Edin  • 
burgh,  about  two  miles  long,  and  one  and  a- 
half  broad.  The  soil  is  a strong  clay,  which 
is  very  fertile, and  in  general  well  cultivated. 
Here  is  a small  manufactory  of  gun- 
powder, the  only  one  in  Scotland.  Coal  is 
to  be  found  in  every  part,  and  has  been 
wrought  to  great  advantage.  Population 
about  1681. 

Cocoa  Paint,  a cape  of  the  island  of 
Tinian. 

Cocoa-Nut  Island,  a small  island  at  the 
entrance  of  Carteret’s  harbour,  on  the  se 
coast  of  New  Ireland. 

Coconato,  a town  of  Piedmont.  Lon.  8 
9 E,lat.  45  5 N.  See  Cogoreto. 

Cocos,  a small  island  in  the  Pacific 
ocean.  Lon.  72  0 w,  Ferro,  lat.  5 15  n. 

Cocos,  a cluster  of  islands,  in  the  In- 
dian ocean,  a little  to  the  sw  of  the  coast  of 
Sumatra.  Lon.  96  35  e,  lat.  12  30  s. 

Cod,  Cape,  the  sb  point  of  Massachusets 
bay.  Lon.  70  14  w,  lat.  42  4 N. 

Cod’s  Head,  a cape  on  the  sw  of  Ireland. 
Lon.  9 59  w,  lat.  51  36  n. 

Codigoroy  a market  town  of  Italy,  situ- 
ated on  an  isthmus  of  lake  Comachio. 

Codogno,  a towu  situated  at  the  conflux  of 
tha  Adda  and  the  Po,  Italy,  12  miles  sse  of 
Lodi. 

Codomudi,  a town  of  Coimbetore,  Hin- 
doostan,  stands  near  the  Cavary,  a little 
above  its  junction  with  the  Noyelar,  13 
miles  SSE  of  Bhawanikudal. 

Coel,  a town  in  the  country  of  Delhi, 
Hindoostan,  33  miles  n of  Agra,  and 
65  SE  of  Delhi.  Lon.  78  27  e,  lat,  27 
48  N. 

Coennern,  or  Konnern,  a town  in  Lower 
Saxony,  and  containing  about  333  hpuses, 
Germany. 

Coesfeld,  a town  in  the  bishopric  of  Mun- 
ster, Westphalia,  on  the  Burkel,  18  miles 
w of  Munster.  Lon.  7 24  e,  lat.  51 
57  N. 

Coevorden,  a fortified  town  in  Overyssel, 
Holland,  situated  in  a morass,  on  the  river 
Aa.  It  is  one  of  the  strongest  places  in  the 
country,  33  miles  s by  e of  Gropingen. 
Lon.  6 44  e,  lat.  52  42  N. 

Cogead,  a lake  50  miles  long,  and  10 
broad,  N.  America.  Lon.  109  Ow,  lat.  66 
On. 

Coggeshall,  a town  in  the  county  of  Es- 
sex, stands  on  the  Black  water,  and  has  a 
manufacture  of  bays  and  serges.  It  has  a 


c o I 

weekly  market  on  Saturday,  and  fairs  Whit- 
sun-Tuesday  and  Wednesday.  It  is  10 
miles  w of  Colchester,  and  44  ne  of  Lon- 
don. 

Cognac,  or  rather  Cogniac,  a town  in  the 
department  of  the  Charente,  France,  cele- 
brated for  its  wine  and  brandy.  The  num- 
ber of  inhabitants  is  about  5000.  It  has  a 
castle  where  Francis  I.  was  born, and  stands 
on  the  Charente,  17  miles  w of  Angou- 
lesme.  Lon.  29  minutes  w,  lat.  45  46  n. 

Cogne,  a valley  of  Piedmont,  to  which  the 
title  of  county  is  annexed,  belonging  to  the 
bishop  of  Aosta.  It  takes  its  name  from  a 
small  river  which  waters  it.  The  mountains 
which  surround  it  are  rich  in  mines  of  iron 
and  copper.  It  contains  13  villages,  of 
which  Cogne  is  the  principal.  The  town  is 
six  miles  s of  Aosta. 

Cogni  or  Konieh,  a town,  the  capital  of 
Caramauia,  Asiatic  Turkey,  and  the  see  of  a 
Greek  archbishop,  situated  in  a beautiful 
and  fertile  country.  It  is  very  large ; the 
walls  are  supported  by  108  square  towers, 
40  paces  distant  from  each  other.  It  has 
two  large  suburbs,  one  of  which  is  the  resort 
of  strangers  and  caravans.  It  has  extensive 
commerce,  being  seated  in  a country  rich  in 
corn,  pulso,  fruit,  and  cattle.  All  the  inha- 
bitants are  Turks,  260  miles  se  of  Constant 
tinople,  Lon.  33  30  e,  lat.  37  30  n. 

Cogoreto,  or  Cogureto,  a village  of  Italy, 
the  native  place  of  Christopher  Columbus, 
the  celebrated  discoverer  of  America. 

Cohahucila,  a province  in  the  audienpe  of 
Mexico,  New  Spain,  of  which  Monclova  ia 
the  capital. 

Coiba,  or  Quito,  a small  island  in  the  Pa- 
cific ocean.  Lon.  64  40  w,  Ferro,  lat.  8 
0 N. 

COIMBETORE,  a province  in  the 
peninsula,  lying  south  of  Mysore,  Hindoos- 
tan. It  is  fertile,  and  well  watered  by 
several  rivers.  The  principal  towns  are 
Coimbetore,  Erroad,  and  Carroor.  It  was 
ceded  to  the  English  on  the  defeat  of  Tip- 
poo  in  1799. 

Coimbetore,  the  capital  of  tho  above  pro- 
vince, to  which  it,  gives  name,  is  situated  at 
the  foot  of  thq  Western  Gauts,  on  the  river 
Noyelar.  Here  is  a large  inud.  palace,  and 
a mosque  built  by  Tippoo.  The  palace  is 
converted  into  barracks  lor  British  cavalry. 
It  has  manufactures  of  cotton  stufl*s,  and 
trades  in  thread,  cotton,  wool,  tobacco,  su- 
gar, and  betel -leaf,  100  miles  s by  e of  Serin- 
gapatam*  Lon.  77  7 e,  lat.  10  58  n. 

Coimbra,  a city  in  the  province  of  Biera, 
Portugal.  It  is  seated  on  a mountain  near 
the  Mondego,  and  is  a bishop’s  see.  It  has 
a celebrated  university,  containing  18  col- 
leges, in  which  are  about  4000  students. 
Besides,  the  cathedral,  it  has  nine  churches 
and  eight  convents.  This  city  contain-  near 
12,000  inhabitants.  It  is  100  miles  ne  of 
Lisbon.  Lon.  8 20  w,  lat.  40  25  k. 

Coire,  or  Chur,  a town  situated  at  the  foot 
1 i 2 


C O L 

of  the  Alps,  in  a rich  valley,  Switzerland,! 
capital  of  the  Orisons,  encii  cled  by  brick  | 
walls,  furnished  with  square  and  round 
towers,  and  stands  on  the  Ple-ssur,  near  the 
Rhine.  It  consists  of  two  divisions.  The 
gi’catest  of  which  is  of  the  Protestant,  and 
the  least  of  the  Catholic  religion.  Here,  in 
1799,  the  French  vanquished  the  Austrians, 
2<5  miles  esz  of  Glares,  Lon.  9 2S  e,  lart. 
46  SO  N. 

Cokenhaiisen,  a strong  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Livonia,  Russia,  on  the  Dwina,  dO 
miles  sE  of  Riga.  Lon.  25  50  e,  lat.  56 

30  N, 

Cc~Kingy  a city  of  the  first  rank,  in  the 
province  of  Yun-nan,  China,  1,160  miles 
ssw  of  Pekin. 

Coly  one  of  the  w^estern  islands  of  Scot- 
land, about  13  miles  long,  and  three  broad, 
containing  upw^ards  of  1000  iijihabitants. 
The  surface  is  rocky  and  partly  covered 
with  heath,  but  part  of  it  is  arable,  and  pro- 
duces corn,a  number’of  horses,  blac'kioattle, 
and  sheep,  are  reared.  The  castle  which  is 
still  in  repair,  is  a strong  edifice. 

Colan,  a town  in  Peru,  South  America. 
The  inhabitants  raise  a great  deal  of  grain, 
and  feed  a number  of  cattle,  nine  miles  n of 
Fayta. 

Colar,  a town  in  the  Mysore  country  Hin- 
doostan,has  a large  fort  constructed  of  mud, 
and  the  ruins  of  a hiil  fort.  In  the  vicinity 
is  a college  of  Mussulman  priests  and  a 
mosque.  Here  cotton  cloth  and  muslins 
are  manufactured.  It  is  the  birth  place 
of  Hyder  Aly,  wdio  erected  an  elegant 
mausoleum  for  his  father,  who  is  buried 
here,  40  miles  ene  of  Bangalore,  and 
J40  w of  Madras.  Lon.  78  9 e,  lat.  13 

9 N. 

ColarnSf  a town  in  the  circle  of  Gohiid, 
Hindoostan,  125  miles  s of  Agra. 

Colatto,  or  CcUaUoj  a town  of  Italy,  six 
miles  ssw  of  .Ceneda. 

Colatto,  or  Collalfo,  a county  in  the  late 
Maritime  Austria,  in  the  Trevisane,  con- 
taining the  three  important  castles  of  Collal- 
tOy  St.  Salvatore,  and  St.  Lucia,  with  several 
towns  and  villages. 

Colba,  a towm  in  Upper  Saxony,  and  ter- 
Titory  of  Neustadt,  Germany,  three  miles 
W’sw  of  Neustadt. 

Coiberg,  a town  in  Upper  Saxony  and 
Prussia  Pomeiania,  Germany,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Persant  on  the  Baltic,  remarkable 
for  its  salt-v,^rks,  and  has  a good  raanu-? 
factiire  of  -linen.  It  surrendered  to 
the  Prussians,  after  along  siege,  in  1761, 
but  was  restored  at  the  peace,  and  is  60 
miles  XE  of  Stettin.  Lon.  15  36  e,  lat,  54 

8 N. 

Calchesifry  a town  in  the  county  of  Essex, 
on  the  river  Coin.  There  are  three  bridges 
ovj^r  it : and  it  is  navigable  within  three 
miles  of  the  town,  for  ships  of  large  burden  ; 
a little  lower,  it  may  even  receive  a royal 
navy  ; and  qp  to  that  part  called  the  Hythe, 


c o L 

Ij  close  to  the  houses  it  is  navigable  for  hoj^s 

I and  small  barks.  There  is  a large  quay  by 
the  river,  which  passes  through  the  town, 
and  a good  custom-house.  Its  ancient  wall 
is  now  demolished,  and  its  castle  is  in  ruins. 
Once  it  had  16  churches,  but  now  only  12. 
After  a severe  siege  the  town  surrendered 
^to  the  army  of  the  parliament  in  the  civil 
Well.  The  town  chiefly  subsists  by  making 
baize,  and  the  wiiole  county  is  employed, 
and  in  part  maintained,  by  the  spinning  of 
wool  for  the  baize  trade  of  Colchester  and 
its  adjacent  villages.  The  town  of  Colches- 
ter has  been  supposed  to  contain  about 
40,006  people,  including  the  out  villages 
within  its  liberty,  of  which  there  are 
many,  the  liberty  or  the  town  being  of 
large  extent  ; but,  according  to  the  re- 
turn made  in  1801,  the  number  of  inhabi- 
tants within  the  walls  and  suburbs,  was 
only  11,520,  The  town  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament ; and  is  governed  by  a 
mayor,  recorder,  towiicleik,  12  aldermen, 
18  assistants,  18  common-council,  tvro 
coroners,  four  setjeants,  and  two  claviers. 
The  mayor  and  aldermen,  for  the  time 
being,  witl^  48  guardians,  are  also  a cor- 
poration for  the  benefit  of  the  poor.  There 
are  markets  on  Wednesday  and  Satur- 
day ; fairs  July  5 and  23,  Oct.  20,  for  cat- 
tle, and  21  foT  merchandise,  which  lasts  two 
or  three  days,  and  sometimes  for  weeks. 
This  place  is  celebrated  for  oysters  and  enn- 
go  roots.  It  is  1 2 miles  sw  of  Ipswich,  and 
51  ENE  of  Loudon.  Lon.  0 58  e,  lat.  51 
53  N. 

Colchester,  a town  in  Connecticut^  United 
States,  New  London  county,  20  miles  nw  of 
New  London. 

Colchester,  a town  in  Virginia  and  Fair- 
fax county,  America,  situated  on  Oequo- 
quam  creek,  three  miles  from  it  junction 
with  the  Potomac,  and  16  sw  of  Alex- 
andria. 

Colchester,  a town  of  Vermont,  in  Chit- 
tenden county,  situated  on  a bay  of  Lake 
Champlain,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Onion,  14 
miles  N by  e of  of  Burlington. 

Colding, or  Kolding, 3.  tosvn  in  the  diocese 
of  Ripen,  situated  between  mountains,  on 
the  river  Thueths,  near  its  entrance  into  the 
Little  Beir^^j^mmrk  : the  harbour  is  much 
injured  tf  kafid  banks,  and  its  trade  much 
decayed.  Here  many  Danish  kings  resided, 
Lon.  9 23  e,  Greenwich,  'tax.  '55  30  n. 

Co  led  fig  ham,  a parish  in  the  county  of 
Berwick  ; it  is  of  an  irregular  square  figuix;, 
ofseveu  or  eight  miles,  and  a rich  fertile  soil, 
except  about  600  acres  of  inuir.  About  a 
mile  w’  of  St.  Abb’s  Hoad,  is  a beautiful 
piece  of  water  called  Coldingham  Loch, 
about  a mile  in  circumference,  and  of  coli- 
siderable  depth.  There  are,  besides  the 
town  of  Coldingham,  three  or  four  small 
villages  in  the  parish,  the  inhabitants  of 
which  are  chiefly  farmers  ox  weavt?rs.  Fo^ 
pulatioii  about  239 1 , 


COL 

Coldingliam,  a town  in  the  above  parish,  » 
containing,  with  the  environs,  about  530  ' 
families.  Here  are  the  remains  of  an  ab- 
bey or  priory,  built  by  Edgar  king  of  Scot- 
land in  1 100.  Ebba,  one  of  the  Abbesses, 
celebrated  for  her  chastity,  gave  name  to  a 
promontory  in  this  parish,  called  St.  Abb's 
Head.  The  inhabitants  of  the  town,  about 
700,  subsist  partly  by  farming  portions  of 
land,  of  which  a number  of  them  are  pro- 
prietors ; partly  by  weaving  principally  in 
the  cotton  linei^and  partly  by  fishing,  which 
here  is  constantly  carried  on.  It  has  also 
a brewery,  1 1 miles  nkv/  of  Berwick. 

ColditZy  a town  in  Upper  Saxony,  and 
margraviate  of  Missina,  situated  on  the 
Hukla,  Germany.  The  inhabitants  manu- 
facture linen  and  other  stuffs,  22  miles  se 
of  L(  dnsic. 

Coldstream,  a town  in  the  county  of  Ber- 
wick, on  the  N side  of  the  Tweed,  contain- 
ing about  1162  inhabitants.  Here  a neat 
bridge  over  the  Tweed  unites  the  tw'o  king- 
doms. Here  general  Monk  first  raised  the 
Coldstream  regiment,  v/itb  w^hich  he  march- 
ed into  England  to  restore  Charles  II.  It 
was  formerly  the  seat  of  a Priory  of  Cister- 
tians.  It  is  noted  for  the  manufacture  of 
implements  of  husbandry,  and  for  boots  and 
shoes.  Coldstream  is  14  miles  sw  of  Ber- 
wick, 46  SE  by  E of  Edinburgh. 

Coldstream,  a parish  in  v/hich  the  above 
town  is  situated,  extending  for  seven  or  . 
eight  miles,  with  a breadth  of  about  four. 
The  soil  is  mostly  rich  and  fertile  ; on  the 
banks  of  the  Tw^eed,  light,  inclining  to 
clay  backwards.  Freestone  is  abundant, 
and  the  symptoms  of  coal  are  very  flatter- 
ing. Shell  and  rock  marl  are  found  in 
many  parts.  Population  of  the  parish  is 
2269.  The  Hirsel,  the  seat  of  the  Right 
Honourable,  the  earl  of  Home,  is  in  this 
parish. 

Coldwater,^  lake  of  N.  America.  Lon. 

1 11  w,  lat.  54  56  n. 

Coleagara,  a tewm  of  Coirabetore,  Hin- 
doostan,  with  tw’o  large  temples.  It  is  the 
resort  of  traders  between  the  country  below 
the  eastern  Gauts  and  Seringa patam,  34 
miles  SE  of  the  latter  place. 

Cclehrook,  a town  in  Massachusets, 
United  States. 

Colebrook  Dale,  a village  in  the  eastern 
part  of  Shropshire,  seated  in  a vale,  be- 
tw^een  two  hills,  on  the  Severn,  Here  are 
extensive  iron- works,  connected  with  the 
Severn  by  a canal,  in  forming  which,  a 
spring  of  native  tar  was  discovered.  A 
work  for  obtaining  a similar  kind  of  tar 
from  the  condensed  smoke  of  coal  has 
been  erected.  Here  is  also  a brine 
spring.  A large  and  elegant  bridge  of 
cast-iron  of  one  arch  was  thrown  over  the 
Severn  at  this  place  in  1779,  two  miles  n 
by  E of  Brosely. 

Coleford,  a town  in  the  county  of  Glou- 
cester, with  a weekly  market  on  Friday. 


COL 

, Near  it  are  considerable  iron-works.  It 
has  fairs  June  20th,  Nov.  24th,  and  is  123 
; miles  w of  London. 

Colenet,  Cape,  on  the  island  of  New  Ca- 
ledonia, in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Lon.  164 
56  E,  lat.  20  30  s. 

Cokrain,  a town  iii  the  county  of  Lon- 
donderry, Ireland,  situated  on  the  river 
Bann,  about  three  miles  from  the  sea,  with 
a valuable  salmon  fishery,  and  a noted 
manufacture  of  linen,  sends  one  member 
to  pail  lament,  28  miles  ene  of  London- 
derry. 

Colerain,  a town  in  the  state  of  Georgia, 
United  States.  Here  in  1796,  a convention 
was  concluded  between  the  Creek  Indians 
and  the  United  States.  It  stands  on  the 
St.  Mary  river,  35  miles  w by  n of  Port 
St.  Mary,  and  140  s by  e of  Louisville. 

Coleshill,  a town  in  Warwickshire,  on  an 
eminence,  on  the  Cole>  with  a market  on 
Wednesday,  and  fairs  on  Shrove  Monday. 
May  6th,  and  Oct,  i2th.  It  is  105  miles 
Nw  of  London,  and  10  e of  Birmingham. 

Coleshill,  a village  in  Herfordshire,  cele- 
brated as  the  birth-place  of  Waller  the  poet^ 
seven  miles  w of  Ricbmansworth. 

Coligny,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Ain^,  and  chief  place  of  a canton,  France, 
J 2 miles  iv  of  Bourg. 

Colihaut,  a town  on  the  western  side  of 
the  island  of  Dominica. 

Colima,  a tow  n in  the  county  of  Mexico, 
and  province  of  Mechoacan,  S Amerioa, 
stands  in  a fruitful  vale  on  the  Nequalapa. 
The  town  is  large  and  rich.  Near  it  is  a 
mountain  of  the  same  name,  with  a volcano, 
145  miles  s by  w of  Guadalajara.  Lon. 
103  10  w,  lat.  18  58  n. 

Colimer,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Orne,  and  chief  place  of  a canton,  France, 
four  miles  w of  Montagne. 

Colin,  a town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle 
of  Caiirzim,  with  a strong  castle,  28  miles 
E of  Prague. 

Collingshnrg,  a village  in  the  parish  of 
Kiiconquhar,  Fifeshire.  It  contains  about 
360  inhabitants. 

Coll.  See  Col.  , 

Collabang,  a towui  in  the  Malwa  country, 
Hindoostan,  on  the  Sinde,  50  miles  w of 
Chandaree. 

Collace,  a parish  in  the  valley  of  Strath- 
more, and  county  of  Perth,  forming  a square^ 
of  nearly  two  miles.  The^rthern  divi- 
sion has  a light  black  loara|^  soil,  inter- 
mixed with  ciay  ; and  the  southern  by  the 
N side  of  the  Sidlaw  hills,  is  in  some  places 
enclosed  and  improved.  The  number  of 
inhabitants  is  about  562.  It  is  seven  miles 
N of  Perth. 

Colle,  a town  in  Ti^cany,  Italy,  near  tho 
Elza,  on  a hill,  10  miles  nnw  of  Sienna. 

CoUeda,  a town  in  Upper  Saxony,  and 
country  of  Thuringia,  Germany,  stands  on 
the  Unstrut,  and  lies  19  miles  n by  w of 
Weiriiar. 


COL 

Cckessie^  a parish  in  the  eoiint;f  M 
about  eight  miles  in  length,  and  five  in 
breadth.  The  arable  land  is  very  fertile, 
Population  is  about  930. — Also  a village  in 
this  parish,  in  the  vicinity  of  which  are 
two  castle  s in  ruins,  one  of  which,  called 
Maiden  Castle,  is  said  to  have  been  de- 
fended by  a maiden  lady,  till  the  besieg^ers 
were  obliged  to  abandon  their  enterprise. 

Colleton^  a county  in  Charles-town  dis- 
trict, S Carolina,  United  States. 

Collier f a town  in  N Carolina,  United 
States,  1 1 miles  ne  of  Wilmington. 

CoUington,  a parish  in  the  county  of  Mid 
Lothian,  within  two  miles  of  the  metro- 
polis. It  extends  about  four  miles  e and 
w,  and  about  five  in  a s and  n direction, 
taking  in  Logan-house  hilL  the  highest 
point,  which  is  1700  feet  above  the  level 
cf  the  sea  at  Leith.  The  arable  lands  are 
all  enclosed  and  highly  cultivated.  The 
river  of  Collmgton,  or  rather  the  water  of 
Leith y in  a course  of  10  miles  drives  no 
fewer  than  71  mills.  Paper,  magnesia, 
and  tobacco,  are  manufactured  here. 
There  are  also  bleachfields  and  a skinnery. 
Population  is  about  1397. 

Colliourey  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Eastern  Pyrenees,  and  chief  place  of  a 
canton  in  the  district  of  Ceret,  France. 
It  has  a small  harbour  on  the  Mediterra- 
nean, and  is  inhabited  by  fishermen,  18 
miles  ssE  of  Perpignan.  Lon.  3 10  e,  lat. 
42  34n. 

ColUstown,  mAOld  Castile,  two  villages  in 
the  parish  of  Slains,  Aberdeenshire,  contain- 
ing about  329  inhabitants. 

Cello,  a village  of  Italy.  It  has  iron 
mines  and  founderies. 

Collobrieres,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Var,  and  chief  place  of  a canton  in  the 
district  of  Hieres,  France>  18  miles  ne  of 
Toulon. 

Collon,  a town  in  Louth  county.  1 1 has  a 
stocking  manufactory,  and  an  extensive 
bleachfield.  It  is  a post  town,  and  has  fairs, 

■ 5une  3d  and  Nov.  24th,  six  miles  nnw 
of  Drogheda,  and  30  n of  Dublin. 

Collonge,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Ain,  and  chief  place  of  a canton  in  the  dis- 
trict of  Gex,  France,  15  miles  sswofGex. 

Collumpton.  See  Columhton, 

Colmar,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Holstein, 
©ermany,  five  miles  se  of  Gluckstadt. 

Colmar,  the  capital  of  the  department  ol 
the  Upper  Rhine,  and  surrounded  by  a wail 
flanked  with  towers,  France,  near  the  111, 
42  miles  s by  w of  Strasburg.  It  contains 
about  15,000  inhabitants,  Lon.  7 22  e, 
lat.  48  5 N. 

Colmars,  a towm  in  the  department  of  the 
Lower  Alps,  and  chief  place  of  a canton  in 
the  district  of  Castellane,  France,  20  miies 
SE  of  Digne. 

Colmbcrg,  or  Colbenberg,  a town  in  Fran- 
conia, Germany,  principality  of  Anspach, 
wine  miles  nw  of  Anspach, 


c 6 L 

'^Cplpiondl,  a parish  in  the  county  of 
Ayr,  and  district  of  Carrick.  It  is  about 
20  miles  in  length,  and  six  in  breadth.  It 
is  watered  by  the  Stinchar,  the  banks  of 
which /are  loamy  and  fertile.  Inclosures 
and  other  improvements  in  agriculture, 
are  pretty  much  followed.  Population  is 
about  1396.  Divine  worship  is  performed 
at  Barhill  in  the  higher  part  of  the  parish 
several  sabbaths  in  the  year,  for  the  accom-  ‘ 
modation.  of  the  inhabitants  that  are  remote 
from  the  church. 

Colmonelly  a village  in  the  above  parish^ 
It  has  four  fairs. 

Coin,  a river  which  has  its  source  near 
Clare  in  Suffolk,  runs  by  Halstead  and 
Colchester,  in  Essex,  and  at  the  e end  of 
Mersey  Island  falls  into  the  German 
Ocean.  Here  are  found  the  celebrated 
Colchester  oysters.  This  is  the  name  of 
other  two  lesser  rivers  which  fall  into  the 
Thames,  the  one  at  Slaines,  the  other  at 
Islesworth. 

Colnbrook,  a town  in  the  county  of  Bucks, 
on  the  river  Coin.  It  is  17  miles  wof  Lon- 
don. Being  seated  on  the  Bath  road  it  has 
several  large  inns,  a market  on  Wednesday, 
and  fairs  April  3d  and  May  3d. 

Colm,  a town  in  Lancashire.  It  carries  oa 
a considerable  trade  in  calieoes  and  dimities. 
The  market  is  on  Wednesday,  and  fairs  May 
14,  and  Oct.  10.  It  stands  on  a hill  neap 
the  Leeds  Canal,  36  miles  se  of  Lancaster; 
and  218  nnw  of  London. 

Colocythia,  a town  in  the  Morea,  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  stands  on  the  w side  of  a bay 
of  the  same  name,  36  miles  s of  Misitra, 
Lon.  22  24  e,  lat.  36  38  n. 

Colocza,  a town  on  the  Danube,  Hun- 
gary, with  an  archbishop^s  see,  27  miles  s 
of  Buda.  Lon.  18  29  e,  lat.  46  38  n. 

Cologne,  a ci-devant  electorial  archbisho- 
pric of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  the  Lower 
Rhine,  which  was  overrun  by  the  French, 
in  October  1794,  and  anne^d  to  France,  in 
Dec.  1797,  when  it  was  partitioned  be- 
tween the  departments  of  the  Roer,  the 
Rhine,  and  Moselle.  The  soil  is  unequal, 
being  composed  of  mountains  and  forests, 
sand  lands,  and  fertile  fields.  There  is 
plenty  of  game,  fish,  mineral  tprings,  and 
excellent  vineyards.  It  contains  72  towns 
and  cities.  The  inhabitants  are,  in  gene- 
ral, Roman  Catholics. 

Cologne,  the  capital  of  the  above  ci-de- 
vant, archbishopric,  andthe  department  of  the 
Roer,  France,  with  a university,  formerly 
an  imperial  city  of  Germany.  It  is  built  in 
the  form  of  a crescent,  on  the  borders 
of  the  Rhine,  and  fortified  in  the  an- 
cient manner  Here  are  10  collegiate,  and 
19  parochial  churches,  and  other  religious 
houses,  all  of  them  celebrated  for  their 
paintings,  their  riches,  or  their  revels.  It 
gave  birth  to  the  famous  Rubens.  Its  once 
extensive  commerce,  is  exchanged  for  the 
manufacture  of  a few  stockings,  ribands  and 


COL 

some  tobacco.  Two  thirds  of  this  once 
flourishing  city  are  now  in  ruins.j  whole 
streets  and  squares  are  converted  into  vine- 
yards and  other  gardens-  This  is  p:wing  to 
the  expulsion  of  the  Jew^s  in  1485,  and  the 
persecution  of  the  ProtOBtants  in  16 IS-  In 
the  Cordeliers  church  is  the  tomb  of  the  ce- 
lebrated schoolman,  John  Duns  Scotus,  a 
native  of  the  town  of  Dunse,  Berwickshire. 
— 17  miles  e of  Juliers.  Lon.  6 SS  e,  lat, 
50  58  N. 

COLOGJf  A,  a fertile  district  of  the  late 
maritime  division  of  Austria,  in  the  ci-de- 
vant Dogado  of  Venice.  It  is  divided 
nearly  in  two  by  the  Gaa,  and  contains  one 
low'n,  13  large  villages,  and  12,500  souls. 

' Cologmy  a rich  town,  capital  of  the 
above  district,  situated  on  the  Fueme  Nuo- 
va,  containing  6,200  inhabitants,  who  trade 
in  wdne  and  silk.  It  lies  15  miles  from 
Vicenza. 

Cologne,  an  agreeable  village  at  the  foot 
of  the  hill  Orsano,  Italy. 

Cologne,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Gers,  and  chief  place  of  a canton,  Italy, 
18  miles  r of  Auch. 

Colokitia,  or  Kolokitia,  a town  on  the  s 
coast  of  the  Morea,  European  Turkey. 
Lon.  22  50  E,  Greenwich,  lat.  36  47  n. 

Colomay,  a town  on  the  river  Pruth,  Po- 
land. Lon.  25  40  e,  lat.  48  41  w. 

Colomhes,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Paris,  and  chief  place  of  a canton  in  the 
district  of  St.  Denys,  France,  about  six 
miles  Nw  of  Paris. 

Colomhy  aux  belles  Femmes,  a town  in 
the  department  of  the  Meurte,  and  chief 
place  of  a canton  in  the  district  of  Vesclize, 
France,  15  miles  sw  of  Nancy. 

Colombier,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  TJpper  Saone,  and  chief  place  of  a can- 
ton, in  the  district  of  Vesoul,  France,  10 
miles  NK  of  Vesoul. 

Colombier,  a town  in  the  county  of  Neuf- 
ehatel,  Switzerland,  two  miles  sw  of  Neuf- 
chatel. 

Colomiers,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Seine  and  Marne,  France,  18  miles  se  of 
Meaux  and  four  e of  Paris. 

Colongodu,  a town  of  Malabar,  Hindoo- 
stan,  stands  at  the  foot  of  mountains  on 
the  s.  It  has  extensive  manufactures  of 
cotton,  and  is  27  miles  sw  of  Coimbe.tore, 
and  53  E by  s of  Paniany. 

Colonna,  a town  situated  18  miles  s of 
Rome,  in  Compagna  de  Roma. 

Colonna-di- Rubicon,  a town  of  Italy. 
Lofi.  12  25  w,  lat.  44  10  n. 

Colonne,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Jura,  and  chief  place  of  a canton,  France, 
six  miles  nw"  of  Poligny. 

COLONS  A,  one  of  the  Western  Islands 
of  Scotland,  about  six  miles  long  and  two 
broad.  It  is  separateil  fromOrensay  by  a 
narrow  sound,  which  is  dry  at  low  water, 
and  they  may  be  considered  together.  Of 
about  8000  acres,  3000  are  arable.  But  of 


G o L 

late,  the  system  of  converting  arable  land 
into  pasture  ha^  prevailed,  and  a great 
part  of  the  two  islands  is  covered  with 
black  cattle-  The  population  about  805* 
These  islands  belong  to  the  parish  of  Jura, 
the  minister  of  wiiich  is  obliged  to  keep  an 
assistant  here,  but  has  no  chapel  to  officiate 
in.  The  society  for  propagating  Christian 
knowledge  have  a school  in  this  quarter. 
The  s point  is  in  Ion.  3 30  w,  lat.  56  0 n. 

Coloor,  a toWn  in  the  circar  of  Guntoor, 
Hindoostan,  in  which  is  a diamond  mine. 
It  stands  on  the  Ristnah,  13  miles  nw  of 
Condavir. 

Colorado,  a river  which  has  its  source  a- 
mong  the  mountains  on  the  xe  side  of  New 
Mexico,  by  a wsw  course  falls  into  the  » 
part  of  the  gulf  of  California  in  lat.  33  x. 
Its  whole  course  is  about  1000  miles,  300 
of  which  are  navigable  for  vessels  of  con- 
siderable burden.  The  banks  are  with- 
out wood.  Lon.  79  17  w,  Ferro,  lai. 
29  N. 

CoLOBADOS,  Los,  a cluster  of  small  is- 
lands or  rocks,  near  the  island  of  Cuba. 

Colorno,  a town  in  the  Parmesan,  Italy, 
near  the  Po,  10  miles  x of  Parma. 

Coloswar,  or  Clausenburg,  a town  of 
Transylvania,  on  the  river  Samos.  Loti. 
10  7 E,  Ferro,  lat.  46  47  x. 

Colsterivorth,  a town  in  Lincolnshire, 
pleasantly  situated  on  the  e side  of  the 
river  Witham,  near  which  is  Woodthorp, 
where  Sir  Isaac  Newton  was  born  in  1642. 
It  is  98  miles  from  London  by  AYare,  and 
102  by  Hatfield- 

Colvend  and  Southwick,  a parish  in  tb© 
stewartry  of  Kircudbright,  extending  along 
the  banks  of  the  Solway  Frith,  about  eight 
miles  in  length,  and  four  in  breadth,  and 
containing  1106  inhabitants.  The  sur- 
face is  rough  and  irregular,  much  broken 
and  interrupted  by  rocks,  large  heaps  of 
stones,  and  impenetrable  copses  of  thorns, 
furze,  and  briars.  The  coast  is  remarka- 
ble for  those  rare  productions  of  nature 
called  Animal  Flowers,  which  seem  to  be 
the  link  between  the  animal  and  vegetabl© 
kingdoms.  It  affords  a variety  of 
of  which  a number  are  taken.  Samphire 
is  collected  here,  and  in  the  parish  are 
petrifying  springs,  some  crystalizations,  a 
rich  vein  of  copper,  and  cibundanca  of  gra- 
nite, one  species  of  which  is  valued  for 
millstones, 

Columb  Magna,  or  Great  St,  Columh,  a 
market  town  in  the  county  of  Cornwall, 
which  gives  name  to  a large  parish. 
Its  markets  are  on  Monday  and  Thursday, 
arsd  fairs,  Thursday  in  Mid  Lent,  and 
Thursday  after  November  13.  Here  the 
sessions  sit  for  one  division  of  the  coun- 
ty. The  church  was  dedicated  to  St. 
Columb ; 32  miles  sw  of  Launceston, 

45  HE  of  the  Lands  end,  and  249  wsw  of 
London. 

Columbia,  a towp  in  the  Westsrn  TerrK 


COL 


C O M 


icry,  aftd  county  of  Hamilton,  United  States, 
on  the  Ohio,  eight  miles  e by  s of  Cincin- 
nati. Lon.  84  34  w,  lat.  38  67  n. 

Columbia,  the  capital  of  Kershaw  coun- 
ty,  in  South  Carolina,  United  States,  is  the 
seat  of  the  state  government,  but  branches 
of  each  of  the  public  offices  sit  at  Charles- 
ton. It  stands  on  the  Cougaree,  near  its 
junction  with  the  Saluda ; 1 10  miles  NxWv of 
Charleston.  Lon.  8110  w,  lat.  33  58  n. 

COLUMBIA,  a county  of  New  York, 
32  miles  long,  and  21  broad,  containing 
eight  towns,  26,109  citizens,  and  1623 
slaves. 

COLUMBIA,  a tract  of  land  in  the 
United  States,  about  10  miles  square,  partly 
in  Virginia,  and  partly  in  Maryland,  hut 
ceded  by  those  States  to  Congress,  as  a most 
centrical  spot  for  establishing  a seat  for  the 
general  government.  The  territory  of  Co- 
lumbia, in  1801,  contained  8,144  inhabi- 
tants, and  in  1810,24,023.  See  Washing- 
ton, 

Cohimhia,  a towaship  of  Maine  district, 
in  Washington  county,  on  Pleasant  river, 
15  miles  wsw  of  Machias.. 

Columbia,  a tov/n  in  Lancaster  county, 
Pennsylv  ania,  on  the  Susquehanna,  Wrights 
ferry,  12  miles  w of  Lancaster,  and  70  w 
by  K of  Philadelphia. 

Cohimhia,  a post  town  in  Goochland 
county,  Virginia,  at  the  confluence  of  the 
rivers  James  and  Ptivanna,  100  miles  sw  of 
Alexandria. 

Columbia, river,  Nw  part  of  N America, 
which  has  its  source  near  that  of  the  Mis- 
souri. Captains  Lewis  and  Clark,  in  1805, 
^ ^trac^d  it  from  where  it  is  860  yards  wide,  to 
ihe  Pacific  ocean,  v/here  it  is  above  three 
miles  wide,  in  Ion.  123  26  w,  lat.  48  19  x. 

Columbo,  a town  on  the  western  coast  of 
the  island  of  Ceylon.  The  natives  live  in 
the  old  town  without  the  walls  of  ihe  new. 
The  streets  of  this  last  are  wide,  and  ex- 
^ tremely  clean,  and  the  British  governor’s 
house  is  a handsome  structure.  The  inhabi- 
tants amount  to  about  300,000.  It  was 
built  by  the  Portuguese  in  1638,  w^as  taken 
by  the  Dutch  in  1658,  and  became  subject 
to  the  British  in  1796,  The  fort  which  is 
seated  on  a peninsula,  is  strong  both  by  art 
and  nature.  There  is  a school  for  propagat- 
ing the  Christian  religion.  It  has  a Bota- 
nic garden  ; and  is  the  principal  place  of 
•trade  in  the  island.  Among  its  numerous 
exports  are  arcka,  cinnamon,  |)epper,  cor- 
dage, betel-leaf,  cocoa  nuts,  oil,  wax,  honey, 
and  fruit,  &c.  Lou.  79  55  e,  lat.  7 6 n. 

Cohimhton,  Collumpton,  or  Cu/lumpton, 
an  ancient  market  town  in  Devonshire  situ- 
ated on  the  viver-Culm,  consisting  principal- 
ly of  one  long  street.  It  has  considerable 
)nanufaetures  of  broad  cloths,  serges,  <fec. 
The  number  of  houses  is  about  500,  and  it 
has  a market  on  Saturday,  and  fairs,  first 
Wednesday  in  May  and  November;  12 
miles  .XKE  of  Exeter,  and  160  w of  Loudon. 


Columna,  a town  in  the  government  of 
Moscow,  Russia,  50  miles  se  of  Moscow. 
Lon.  38  25  e,  lat.  55  5 x. 

COLURI,  an  island  in  the  gulf  of  En- 
gia,  near  the  coast  of  Livadia,  about  seven 
miles  long  and  two  wide,  formerly  called 
^alamis.  The  chief  town  is  of  the  samo 
name,  at  the  bottom  of  one  of  the  finest 
harbours  in  the  world  ; 17  miles  v/  by  s 
of  Athens.  Lon.  23  46  e,  lat,  38  0 n. 

Colyton,  or  Cullyton,  a market  town  ia 
Devonshire.  It  contains  289  houses,  and 
stands  on  the  Cole  at  i(s  junction  with  the 
Ax.  Market  on  Thursday;  fairs.  May  1, 
and  Nov.  30;  17  miles  e of  Exeter,  and 
161  w by  s of  London. 

Com,  or  Kom,  a town  in  the  province  o? 
Irac  Agemi,  Persia,  at  the  foot  of  a moun- 
tair,  on  a river  which  runs  through  a fer- 
tile plain;  celebrated  for  its  silk  manu- 
factures, chiefly  velvets,  also  sword  blades, 
porcelain,  and  excellent  soap.  Here  are 
superb  mosques  and  grand  sepulchres  ; 1 10 
miles  NNE  of  Ispahan.  Lon.  51  20  e, 
lat.  34  30  N. 

ComacJiio,  a town  of  Italy,  on  a lake  of 
the  same  name,  stands  between  two  mouths 
of  the  Po,  27  miles  ese  of  Ferrara. 

COMANA,  Gotta,  a province  and  town 
in  Terra  Firma,  South  America,  10  miles 
w of  Cumana. 

Comasco,  See  Como, 

Comayagua,  or  Valladolid,  capital  of 
Honduras,  New  Spain,  on  the  Chamalucon, 
280  miles  E of  Guatimala.  Lon.  88  20  w, 
lat.  14  35  N. 

Come  Martin,  a town  on  the  x coast  of 
Devonshire,  on  the  Bristol  channel.  Near 
it  are  silver  mines.  Hence  iron  and  lead 
are  shipped  to  Bristol ; 26  miles  e of  Ilfra- 
comb,  and  202  w of  London. 

Comham,  a town  in  the  country  of  Cud- 
dapa,  Hindoostan,  65  miles  x of  Guddapa. 

Combamet,  a town  in  the  country  of  Gol- 
conda,  Hindoostan,  68  miles  e of  Hydra-r 
bad. 

Comheau,  Fontaine,  a town  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Upper  Saoiie,  and  chief 
place  of  a canton,  France,  11  miles  wxw 
of  Vezoul, 

Comitlah,  a town  in  the  country  of  Ben- 
gal, Hindoostan,  on  a river  that  runs  w,  and 
joins  the  Burampooter,  capital  of  Tipera, 
188  miles  exe  of  Calcutta.  Lou.  91  20  e, 
lat.  23  25  N. 

Comines,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
North,  Flanders,  on  the  Lis,  eight  miles  sse 
of  Ypres. 

COMING,  or  Comix,  an  island  in  the 
Jliediteiranean.  Lon.  14  15  E,lat.  35  52  x. 

Comiso,  a town  in  a feriiie  plain,  in  Valdi 
Note,  Sicily,  27  miles  w by  x of  Noto. 

COPvjMANOES,  one  of  the  Virgin  isles, 
NNE  of  Tortula.  Lon.  63  0 w,  lat.  18  25 

COMMENDO,  CommaaI  or  Kom.ma- 
XI,  a kingdom  of  Africa  on  the  Gold  Coast, 
about  20  niilei  square.  The  king  is  said  to 


COM 

bs  a^le  in  this  little  kingdom,  to  rdjse  an 
army  of  30,000  men.  The  capital  is  called 
Grand  Commendo,  Or  GulFo.  Little  Com- 
mendo,  where  the  English  and  Dutch  have 
forts,  is  four  miles  to  the  s of  the  capital. 
The  natives  are  in  general  turbulent,  cun- 
ning, and  deceitful.  Their  employment 
consists  either  in  fishing  or  in  commerce. 
iiOn.  0 34  E,  lat.  4 <54  n. 

Commcfcy^  a town  and  principal  place 
of  a district,  in  the  department  of  the 
Meuse,  France.  It  contains  two  parishes, 
has  a castle,  and  stands  on  the  Meuse,  16 
miles  sE  of  Bar  le  due. 

COMMINGES,  a ci-devant  country  in 
Gascony,  about  15  leagues. in  length,  and 
six  in  breadth,  which  is  now  included  in 
the  department  of  Gers,  France. 

Commotau,  Comet au,  or  Chomston,  a 
tov/n  in  the  circle  of  Saatz,  Bohemia. 
Large  quantities  of  alum  are  prepared 
here.  It  lies  in  a fertile  vale,  58  miles  nw 
of  Prague.  Lon.  13  30  E,lat.  50  37  n. 

Conineno,  a tow  n in  the  province  of  Al- 
bania, European  Turkey,  36  miles  se  of 
Albasano. 

Como,  a town  of  Italy,  on  the  lake 
Como,  pleasantly  situated  in  a plain,  al- 
most surrounded  with  mountains,  and  is 
large,  populous,  and  commercial.  The 
town  is  surrounded  by  a wall.  The  houses 
are  neatly  built  of  stone ; the  cathedral  is 
a handsome  edifice  of  white  marble.  The 
inhabitants  have  established  several  ma- 
nufactures of  cotton  and  silk.  The  town 
was  the  birth-place  of  the  younger  Pliny, 
who  in  his  letters  makes  mention  of  the 
enchanting  scenery  of  its  environs;  18 
miles  N of  Milan,  and  80  ne  of  Turin. 
Lon.  9 7 E,  lat.  45  44  n. 

Como,  Lake  of,  a lake  in  the  Milanese, 
Italy,  about  nine  leagues  in  length,  from  n 
to  s,  and  hardly  one  wide,  divided  into  two 
branches  on  the  s.  At  the  end  of  one 
stands  Como,  and  at  the  end  of  the  other 
Lecco  ; and  several  towns  and  villages  ate 
Jileasantly  situated  on  its  banks.  The 
Adda  passes  through  this  lake  by  Lecco. 

Comonana,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Macedonia,  European  Turkey,  60  miles 
KNEof  Akrida. 

COMORA,  or  Gomora  Islands.  They 
are  five  in  number,  situated  between  the 
X of  Madgascar  and  the  coast  of  Zarigne- 
bar.  Their  names  are  Hinznan,  Mayotta, 
Mobilla,  Angezela,  and  Comora,  which 
gives  name  to  the  above  cluster,  and  is 
about  six  leagues  long,  and  three  wide. 
Lon.  43  to  45  e,  Greenwich.  Lat.  1 1 50 
to  13  s. 

Comorin,  Cape,  a promontory  of  Asia, 
the  most  southern  pan  of  HindOostan.  Lon. 
77  5 E,  lat.  7 56  n. 

Comorn,  or  Comora,  the  capital  of  a 
country  to  which  it  gives  name,  Hungary". 
In  1783,  it  was  almost  wholly  destroyed  by 
an  earthquake.  It  stands  on  the  Daiiube. 

9 


CON 

in  the  isle  of  Schut,  55  miles  ese  of  Pres-* 
burg.  Lon.  18  15  e,  lat,  47  46  n. 
j Compeigne,  a town  and  principal  place 
I of  a d strict,  in  the  department  of  the 
j Oise,  France,  seated  on  the  Oise,  near 
an  extensive  forest.  Here,  in  1430,  tha 
Maid  of  Orleans  was  taken  prisoner.  Five 
or  six  ecclesiastical  councils  have  been 
held  in  this  place,  where  is  a college  and. 
a palace,  where  the  kings  of  France  have 
often  resided.  The  principal  commerce 
consists  in  corn,  wine,  and  wood  ; 38  miles 
E of  Beauvais,  and  75  ne  of  Paris.  Lon. 
3 50  E,  lat.  49  35  n, 

Compeyre,  a towm  in  the  department  of  the 
Aveiron,and  chief  place  of  a canton,  France^j 
on  the  Tarn,  three  miles  n of  Milhaud. 

Compostella,  or  San  Jago  de  Compos- 
tella,  the  capital  of  Galicia,  Spain,  with 
an  university,  and  an  archbishop’s  see ; 
situated  in  a beautiful  plain,  between  the 
Tambra  and  Ulla,  on  all  sides  surrounded 
with  agreeable  hills.  The  churches  and 
public  squares  are  .superb,  it  has  a strong 
castle,  and  .several  convents  of  both  sexes. 
It  is  pretended  that  James  the  Less,  the; 
patron  of  all  Spain,  is  buried  here,  whose 
wooden  image  stands  on  the  altar  of  the 
cathedral,  and  is  visited  by  pilgrims,  for 
who.se  reception  a magnificent  hospital  is 
fitted  up.  From  this  city,  the  order  of  St. 
Jago,  or  James,  took  its  rise,  into  which 
none  are  admitted  except  they  can  prove 
their  nobility  for  two  generations  ; 155 
miles  w by  N of  Leon,  and  305  nw  of  Ma- 
drid. Lon.  8 37  e,  lat.  43  52  n. 

Compostella  Nuova,  the  capital  of  the 
provinceofXalisco, Mexico,  llOmiles  w of 
Guadalajara.  Lon.  104  36  w,  lat.  21  20  n. 

Compreignae,  a town  in  the  dept,  of  the 
Upper  Vienne,  and  chief  place  of  a canton^ 
France,  10  miles  n of  Limoges. 

Comrie,  a parish  and  considerable  village 
in  Perthshire.  The  parish  extends  about 
13  miles  in  length,  and  10  in  breadth.  The 
soil  of  the  low  grounds  is  in  general  light 
and  gravelly.  The  banks  of  Loch  Erne  and 
of  the  river  are  covered  with  natural  wood, 
and  numerous  flocks  of  sheep  are  reared  upon 
the  sides  of  the  lofty  mountains.  The  parish 
affords  a very  greatvariaty  of  wild  Highland 
scenery.  At  the  w end  of  Loch  Erne  is  a 
quarry  of  excellent  lime-stone,  which  has 
contributed  much  to  the  improvement  of  the 
land ; and  near  the  forest  of  Glenairtncy  i.3 
a good  slate  quarry.  This  village  is  plea- 
santly situated  on  the  n bank  of  the  Erne. 
It  consists  of  one  long  but  irregular  street. 
The  Gaelic  tongue  is  familiar  to  the  pari- 
shioners and  villagers.  The  population  is 
2458.  This  parish  and  neighbouring  dis- 
tricts, have  been  visited  of  late  years,  with 
frequent  and  smart  shocks  of  an  earthquake, 
most  .severely  felt  at  the  village  of  Comrie  ; 
18  miles  w of  Perth.  In  the  vicinity  ard 
vestiges  of  two  Ptoman  camps. 

' Con.  a lake  in  Perthshire, parish  of  iVber- 
K k 


e o N 

foyle,  alrout  two  mUes  and  a-balf  long,  1 
famed  for  its  romantic  scenery  and  a bound- 
ing with  excellent  pike,  trout, and  eel. 

CONANICUT,  an  island  a little  to  the 
B of  Rhode  island.  Lon.  71  20  w,  lat.  41 
25  N. 

CONCAN,  a country  of  Asia,  , situated 
on  the  western  coast  of  the  peninsula  of  In- 
dia, between  Bombay  and  Goa,  separated 
from  the  rest  of  the  continent  by  a ridge  of 
mountains  called  the  GauU.  It  belongs  to 
ihe  Mahrattas.  The  principal  towns  are 
Choul,  Fort  Victoria,  Dabul,  Severndroog, 
Gheria,  Tamana,  and  Sunderdoo;  and  lies 
between  15  and  20  n lat. 

Concarneau,  a sea-port  tow^n  in  the  dept, 
of  Finisterre,  and  chief  place  of  a canton, 
France,  has  a castle,  and  is  16  miles  se  of 
Quimpere, 

Conception,  a river  on  the  isthmus  of  Da- 
rien, America. 

Conception  Hive,  a town  in  the  country 
of  Chili,  on  the  coast  of  the  S pacific 
ocean,  province  of  Puchacay,  on  the  n 
banks  of  the  Biobio,  three  miles  from  the 
sea,  and  nine  from  the  site  of  the  old  city, 
which  was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in 
1751,  the  ruins  of  which  are  still  visible, 
on  the  SE  side  of  the  bay.  It  contains 
about  15,000  inhabitants,  Spaniards  and 
Mestices.  The  environs  are  fertile,  and  the 
harbour  large  and  commodious,  being  shel- 
tered from  the  ocean  by  the  island  of  Qui- 
liguina.  The  president  of  the  royal  au- 
dience of  St.  Jago,  has  a palace  here,  in 
which  he  is  obliged  to  reside  for  six  months 
in  the  year.  Its  exports  consist  of  wheat, 
^iour,  hides,  tallow,  and  dried  beef;  210 
miles  N of  Valdivia,  and  260  wsvv  of  St. 
Jago.  Lon.  72  20  w,  lat.  36  43  s. 

' Conception,  or  Conception  de  los  Pam- 
pas, a town  in  Paraguay,  on  the  s side  of 
the  river  Plata,  Lon.  39  25  w,  Ferro. 
Lat.  36  30  s. 

Conception,  La,  a sea-port  town  in  the 
province  of  Veragua,  America,  on  the  Vi- 
ragua,  near  the  Carribean  sea,  33  miles 
NNW  of  St.  Jago.  Lon.  81  40  iat.  8 
48  N. 

Conception  Bay,  a bay  on  the  e coast  of 
Newfoundland.  Lon.  52  40  w,  Greenwich. 
Lat  47  40  N. 

Concohella,  a town  of  Anziko,  Guinea,  on 
the  Zaire,  and  frontiers  of  Congo,  is  the 
residence  of  a prince ; 150  'miles  sw  of 
Monsal.  Lon.  15  54  e,  lat,  2 5 s. 

Concord,  a town  in  New  Hampshire,  and 
county  of  Rockingham,  situated  on  the  Mer- 
rimack, United  States,  54  mile.s  wnw  of 
Portsmouth,  and  58  sw  of  Hanover. 

Concord,  a towui  of  Massachusets,  has  an 
elegant  court  house,  and  three  bridges  over 
the  river  Concord.  Hero  the  provincial 
congress  met  in  1774,  and  here  the  first  op- 
position was  made  to  the  British  troops  in 
iT75  ; 18  miles  nnw  of  Boston. 

Concordia,  a town  of  Modena;  Italy,  on 


CON 

the  Sechia,five  miles  w of  Mirandola.  Lg^.- 
11  13  E,  lat.  44  52  N. 

Concordia,  a town  in  the  country  of 
Friuli,  Itaiy,  28  miles  ssw  of  Udina. 

Concoures,  a.  town  in  the  department  of 
the  Aveiron,  and  chief  place  of  a canton, 
France,  seven  miles  nne  of  Rhodiz. 

Concressaut,  or  Concorsaut^  a town  iu 
the  department  of  the  Cher,  France,  25 
miles  N of  Bourges. 

Condanore,  a town  in  the  country  of  Gol- 
conda,  Hindoostaii,  24  miles  e of  Adoni. 

Condapilly,  the  capital  of  one  of  the  five 
circars  of  its  name,  situated  near  the  bay 
of  Bengal,  on  the  Kistna,  80  miles  sse 
of  Rajamundry.  Lon.  80  30  e,  iat.  16 
37  N. 

Condapour,  a town  of  Golconda,  Hin- 
doostan,  20  miles  s by  w of  Ilydrabad. 

Condavir,  a town  in  the  ciroar  of  Gun- 
toor,  situated  on  a mountain,  Hindoostaa, 
30  miles  sw  of  Condapilly,  and  65  ^ne  of 
Ongole.  Lon.  80  19  E,lat.  60  22  n. 

Conde,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
North,  and  chief  place  of  a canton,  France, 
seated  on  the  Scheldt,  at  its  junction  with 
the  Haisne.  Aster  a severe  siege,  it  sur- 
rendered to  the  allies  in  1793,  but  was  re- 
covered in  the  following  year,  and  had  its 
name  changed  to  that  of  Nord  Lihre ; 
seven  miles  n by  e of  Valencienne,  and  26 
se  of  Lisle.  Lon.  3 48  e,  lat.  50  27  n. 

Conae  Sur  Noireau,  a town  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Calvados,  and  chief  place 
of  a canton,  France,  stands  on  the  Ne- 
leau.  The  inhabitants  are  about  3,500, 
and  carry  ou  a considerable  trade  in  cloth, 
leather,  and  cutlery  ; 28  miles  sw  of 
Caen. 

Condeeedo,  a Cape  in  Yucatan,  North 
America,  100  miles  w of  Merida.  Lon.  91 
27  w,  lat.  20  50  N. 

Condcsiiyas  D’ Areqnipq,  the  capital  of  a 
jurisdiction  in  the  country  of  Peru,  S Ame- 
rica, vyhere  a species  of  wild  cochineal  is 
gathered,  85  miles  nnw  of  Arequipa. 

Condom,  a town,  and  principal  place  of  a 
district,  in  the  department  of  the  Gers, 
France,  on  the  Blaize.  The  number  of 
inbabit^ints  is  about  5000  ; 26  miles 
NNW  of  Aueb.  Lon.  0 24  k,  lat.  43 
58  N. 

Condore,  or  Pulo  Condore,  an  island  in 
the  Eastern  Indian  sea, -about  20  leagues 
from  the  coast  of  Cochin  China,  nine  miles 
long  and  two  broad.  The  island  is  fertile, 
and  affords  bufifuloes,  bogs,  vegetables,  and 
water,  and  has  an  excellent  harbour.  The 
people  are  of  an  olive  complexion,  small 
and  well  proportioned.  Their  idol  temple 
is  small,  built  of  wood,  and  covered  with 
thatch.  In  1702,  the  English  formed  a 
settlement  here,  but  their  factors  were  most 
of  them  murdered  and  expelled  in  1705. 
Lon.  107  20  e,  lat.  8 40  n. 

Condrieu,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
RhouC;  France,  celebrated  tor  its  wine.  It 


CON 

eontains  about  3000  inhabitants^  stands 
near  the  Rhone,  18  miles  s of  Lyon. 

ConeglianOy  a town  in  the  Trevisano, 
eontainiiig  3620  souls.  Lon.  12  40  e,  iat. 
45  50 

ConfianSy  a town  of  Savoy,  near  the 
junction  of  the  Doron  and  Isere,  IS  miles 
E of  Chamherry. 

ConfMnSy  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Upper  Saon^  France,  12  miles  n of 
Vesoul. 

Conjians yox  a valley  in  Rousil- 

lon,  France,  surrounded  by  the  Pyrenees. 

Conjlans  St  Honoriney  a town  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Seine  and  Oise,  France,  15 
.miles  sw  of  Paris. 

ConfolenSy  a town  and  principal  place  of 
a district  in  the  department  of  the  Charente, 
on  the  Vienne,  France,  36  miles  ssw  of 
Poitiers,  and  30  miles  ne  of  Angoulesme. 

Congy  a village  of  Ireland,  in  a parish  of 
the  same  name,  county  of  Mayo,  formerly 
the  residence  of  the  kings  of  Connaught. 
Here  are  the  remains  of  several  churches 
and  religious  houses.  In  the  vicinity  are 
several  caverns,  and  a large  river  suddenly 
emerges  from  a sloping  bank,  and  after  a 
rapid  course  of  about  a mile,  falls  into 
iough  Carrob,  supposed  to  be  a subterrane- 
ous channel,  by  which  lough  Carragh  and 
lough  Mask  discharge  themselves,  16  miles 
E of  Tuam,  and  24  sof  Castlebar. 

CongOy  a town  in  the  province  of  Irak, 
Agemi,  Persia. 

CongtetoHy  a town  in  the  county  of  Ches- 
ter, It  is  governed  by  a mayor  and  six 
aldermen,  and  has  considerable  silk  and  cot- 
ton manufactures : a w'eekly  market  on 
Saturday,  and  four  annual  fairs.  1 1 is  seat- 
ed on  the  Dean,  seven  miles  s of  Maccles- 
field, and  161  kw  of  London. 

CONGO,  or  Kongo^  a kingdom  on  the 
w coast  of  Africa.  The  climate  is  hot  in 
summer,  and  the  winters  are  mild  as  the 
finest  springs  of  Italy.  _ Their  days  and 
nights  are  almost  equal.  The  soil  is 
good ; and  generally  produces  two  crops 
in  a year.  The  winter  is  from  March  to 
Sepember,  during  which,  rain  falls  al- 
most every  day.  The  inhabitants,  who 
go  almost  naked,  worship  the  sun,  moon, 
stars,  and  various  sorts  of  animals.  The 
men  are  averse  to  labour,  which  they  com- 
mit to  their  slaves,  or  for  want  of  such,  to 
their  wives.  The  principal  corn  used  by 
them  is  maize.  They  have  fruit  trees. 
Among  the  animals  are  elephants  of  a 
monstrous  size,  lions,  leopards,  &g.  The 
dante  is  an  animal  which  seems  peculiar 
to  this  country ; it  is  shaped  and  coloured 
much  like  an  ox,  though  not  so  large. 
The  nsossi  is  of  the  bigness  of  a cat,  ot 
an  ph  colour,  and  hath  two  small  horns 
on  its  head.  It  is  perhaps  the  most  fearful 
creature  that  lives,  ever  in  motion,  and 
starting  at  the  least  noise  ot  breath  of  air. 
Ostrichis  are  of  surprising  magnitude  and 


CON 

beauty,  and  in  great  plenty.  There  are  a 
great  variety  ol  parrots ; but  the  most  es- 
teemed birds  of  ail,  are  those  which  they 
siiie,  by  way  of  excellence,  the  birds  of 
music.  Fish,  as  in  other  maritime  coun- 
tries, are  here  in  great  plenty  and  variety, 
both  from  the  sea,  and  from  the  multitude 
of  rivers,  which  water  the  couniry.  The 
pico  marina,  is  a sea-fish  of  a large  size, 
prodigious  strength.  It  is  at  war  with 
every  fish  that  swims,  and  with  every 
thing  it  meets  in  its  way,  without  being 
intimidated  by  the  largest  vessels.  They 
are  likewise  infested  with  a vast  variety 
of  serpents,  some  of  them  of  a monstrous 
length  and  thickness.  The  most  perni- 
cious and  dangerous  kind  of  insects,  is  the 
ant  or  pismire.  The  industrious  bee  fur- 
nishes the  inhabitants  with  excellent  honey 
and  wax  in  such  vast  plenty,  that  there  js 
scarcely  a hollow  tree,  cliff  of  a rock,  or 
cleft  of  the  earth,  in  which  they  do  uo$ 
find  great  quantities  of  their  combs.  St, 
Salvadore  or  Banza,  is  the  capital.  The 
principal  rivers  are  the  Zaire,  the  Dando, 
the  Coanza,  the  Vambra,  and  the  Barhela.. 
Lon.  14  deg.  to  21  deg.  e,  fat.  3 deg.  to  8 
deg.  30  m.  s. 

Congouy  a town  in  the  province  of  Far- 
sistan,  Persia,  stands  on  a river  which 
falls  into  the  Persian  gulf.  Here  are  sold 
pearls  brought  from  Bahrin,  and  is  120 
miles  s of  Shiras.  Lon.  52  30  e,  lat.  2T 
56  N. 

Congrier  en  Pouancey  a town  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Mayenne,  and  chief  place 
of  a canton,  France,  about  20  miles  sw  of 
Laval. 

Coniy  a fortified  town  in  Piedmont,  Italy, 
capital  of  a district  of  its  name.  Its  trade 
is  considerable.  It  is  strong  by  nature  and 
art:  it  is  the  market  for  the  commodities 
from  Nue  and  Turin,  intended  for  Ger- 
many, Lombardy,  and  Swisserland.  After 
the  victory  of  Mondavi,  it  was  delivered  to 
the  French  who  could  never  take  it,  as  a 
guarantee  for  the  fulfilment  of  a treaty  ; 
but  in  1799,  it  surrendered  to  the  Austrians, 
35  miles  s of  Turin.  Lon.  7 44  e,  lat.  44 

22  N, 

Conjever am ydiiovfn  of  the  Carnatic,  Hin- 
doostan.  The  streets'  are  shaded  on  each 
side  by  a row  of  cocoa  nut  trees.  There 
are  two  largs  temples  and  a handsome 
mosque.  It  stands  on  the  Palear,  24  miles 
E,  of  Arcot,  and  44  wsw  of  Madras. 

Coniglioney  a town  in  Val  de  M^zarap 
Sicily,  22  miles  s of  Palermo. 

Conily  a tov/n  in  the  province  of  Anda- 
lusia, Spain.  The  iniiabitants  are  much 
engaged  in  fishing,  18  miles  sse  of  Cadiz, 
Lon,  10  35  E,  Peak  of  Teneriffe,  lat.  36 
16  N. 

Coniny  or  Komuy  a town  in  the  palati- 
nate of  Kalisch,  Poland,  seated  on  the 
Warta,  palatinate  of  Kalisch,  18  miles 
s by  E of  Guesen. 

K k 2 


CON 

Coningseck,  the  capital  of  a county  of. 
the  same  name,  in  Swabia,  Germany,  20 
miles  N of  Constance.  Lon.  9 20  e,  lat. 

4T  50  N,  . 

Coningtony  in  Huntingdonshire,  near 
Stilton,  at  the  head  of  the  river  which 
forms  Brickmere,  Ugmere,  and  Whittle- 
sea,  and  has  the  remains  of  an  ancient 
castle. 

Conisherg,  Kongslerg,  or  Konsherg,  a 
town  in  the  diocese  of  Aggerhuus,  Norway, 
situated  in  the  midst  of  mountains,  in  v/hich 
are  some  mines  of  silver,  and  in  one  a vein 
of  gold.  Some  of  these  mines  are  exceed- 
ing profitable.  It  is  seated  on  both  sides 
of  the  Loire,  40  miles  sw  of  Christiania. 
Lon.  10  0 E,  lat.  59  40  n. 

Canishrovghy  a parish  and  village  of  w 
Yorkshire.  It  was  once  a place  of  note, 
and  is  famous  for  the  remains  of  a castle, 
said  to  have  aOTordecl  an  asylum  to  Hen- 
gist,  after  he  was  defeated  by  Aurelius 
Ambrosius,  near  which  he  is  supposed  to 
"be  buried. 

Coniston-Merey  a beautiful  lake  in  the  n 
part  of  Lancashire,  six  miles  long,  and  one 
j5road.  At  its  nw  extremity  stands  the  vil- 
lage of  Coniston,  three  miles  w by  s of 
Hawkshead,  and  12  n of  Ulverstone. 

Conna,  a lake  in  the  island  of  Grossa, 
abounding  with  fish,  Italy. 

CONNAUGHT,  a province  of  Ireland, 
J30  miles  long,  and  84  broad.  It  contains 
five  counties,  viz.  Galway,  Leitrim,  Mayo, 
Roscommon,  and  Sligo,  which  include  ^96 
parishes,  4,108  square  miles,  and  95,821 
houses,  one  archbishpric,  and  five  bisho- 
prics. It  is  in  many  places  fertile,  but  the 
worst  cultivated  of  all  the  provinces. 
Galway  is  the  chief  town. 

CONNECTICUT,  one  of  the  United 
States.  Its  shape  is  nearly  a long  square, 
except  towards  the  sw  a small  tract  about 
12  miles  long,  and  eight  or  nine  wide  ; its 
length  from  e to  w is  82  miles,  and 
breadth  from  n to  s 57.  The  climate  is 
healthy,  though  subject  to  frequent  chan- 
ges of  weather,  especially  on  tbe^sea-coast. 
The  winters  are  generally  very  severe,  and 
the  summers  very  hot.  It  is  composed  of 
mountains,  hills  and  valleys,  with  a great 
cumber  of  rivers,  and  is  divided  into  eight 
counties,  viz.  Hartford,  Newhaven,  New 
London,  Fairfield,  Windham,  Litchfield, 
Middlesex,  and  Tolland.  The  principal 
productions  are  maize,  wheat,  barley,  oats, 
flax,  hemp,  &c.  The  number  of  iuhabi- 
lants  in  1810  was  261,942.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  mostly  of  English  descent ; and 
are  Independents  ill  religion.  The  princi- 
pal towns  are  Hartford,  Newhaven,  New 
London,  Norwich,  Middleton,  and  Wea- 
thersfield  ; the  principal  rivers  are  Con- 
necticut, Honsatonick,  and  Thames.  In 
3794,  the  value  of  foreign  exports  amount- 
ed to  806,746  dollars. 

Connecticut^  a large  river  of  the  United 


CON 

States,  which  rises  in  the  northern  part  of. 
New  Hampshire,  and  flows  s into  Long 
Island  Sound.  It  has  great  falls  between 
W al pole  and  Westminster,  where  is  a bridge. 
160  feet  in  length.  The  river  is  above  300. 
miles  long,  and  navigable  to  Hartford. 

Connor y a town  in  the  county  of  Antrim,- 
Ireland,  and  together  with  Doun  a bishop’s 
see,  In  1641,  the  cathedral  was  destroyed, 
part  of  it  is  now  the  parish  church,  six 
miles  N of  Antrim. 

Conquety  Le,  a sea-port  town  ip  the  de-? 
partment  of  Finisterre,  and  chief  place  ofi 
a canton,  France.  It  has  a good  road- 
stead and  port  for  shipping,  12  miles  w ol 
Brest.  Lon.  12  54  e,  Ferro,  lat.  48  22  n. 

Conselvcy  a town  and  district  in  the  Pa- 
duan, Italy,  containing  41  villages,  and 
40,000  souls.  The  town  has  5,700  inha- 
bitants. 

CONSERANS,  or  Couserans,  a coun- 
try in  the  department  of  Gers,  France. 

It  contains  a village  of  the  same  name. 

Conset’s  Bay,  a bay  on  the  ne  coast  of 
the  island  of  Barbadoes. 

Constadty  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Oels,  Silesia,  23  miles  ne  of  Brieg. 

Comtanccy  a city  of  Germany,  in  Sua- 
bia,  situated  on  a lake  called  Badan  Sea, 
or  the  Upper  Lake  of  Constance,  Germany, 
From  1414  to  1418,  a famous  council 
was  held  here,  In  which  John  Huss  and 
Jeronie  of  Prague,  were  both  sentenced  to 
be  burned.  It  likewise  condemned  the 
doctrines  of  WickliftVand  40  years  after 
his  death  caused  his  bones  to  be  burned. 
In  1787,  Joseph  II.  granted  the  seculari- 
zed convent  of  the  Dominicans  to  300  Ge- 
nevans, who  settled  here.  The  French  took 
it  in  1796,  and  in  1805,  it  was  ceded  to  the 
elector  of  Badan,  by  the  treaty  of  Pres- 
burg,  85  miles  ne  of  Zurich,  Lon.  9 7 
E,  lat.  47  38  N. 

Constanccy  one  of  the  largest  lakes  oU 
Switzerland,  which  separates  it  from  Ger-? 
many.  It  consists  properly  of  two  lakes ; 
\\z,  Consttanccy  Lower,  ox  Zeller  Zee,  16 
miles  long  and  10  broad ; and  Constanccy 
Upper,  or  Baden  Zee,  45  miles  long  and 
28  broad.  The  Rhine  connects  both  lakes, 
and  this  intervening  space  is  called  the 
Boa  men  Sea,  This,  like  all  the  lakes  of 
Swisseriand,  is  deeper  in  summer  than  win-r 
ter,  pwing  to  the  melting  of  the  snow. 

Constantina,  a hamlet  near  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  celebrated  for  its  wine. 

Constantina,  the  eastern  province  qf  the 
kingdom  of  Algiers,  and  the  largest  and 
richest  of  the  four.  In  the  mounteins  dwell 
free  Arabian  and  Moorish  tribes,  of  whom 
the  Cabyls  are  deemed  the  most  turbu- 
lent and  cruel.  It  abounds  in  oil,  soap, dried 
figs,  and  wood,  by  which  Algiers  is  supplied^ 
‘^Constantina, OT  Casihina,xbe  capital  of  the 
above  province,  .situated  on  the  river  Kum- 
nel,  at  the  top  of  a steep  and  almost  inac-. 
eetsibie  rock.  The  usual  way  of  punishipij 


GO  N 

thiar  criminals  is  by  throwing  them  down 
tUe  rocks.  Here  is  a triumphal  ar  ch  and 
Other  Roman  antiquities.  Next  to  Aipers^ 
this  is  the  most  populous  city  in  the  king- 
dom ; 190  miles  E by  s o£  x\lgiers.  Lon. 
6 24  E,  lat.  36  24  N 


Constantinople y a city  of  Europt, 


and 


capital  of  the  Turkish  empire,  anciently 
called  Br^aniinm.  The  Turks  call  it 
Islambcul,  or  the  Fertile  Piaoe.  It  >5  si- 
tuated  at  the  eastern  extremity  oi  Ro- 
mania, and  is  one  of  the  largest  cities  in 
Europe.  The  site  forms  an  unequal  tn- 
ano'le,  and  the  circumference  is  nearly  14 
Ei^lisb  miles,  including  a surface  of  about 
2000  acres,  surrounded  by  walls,  and  de- 
fended on  two  sides  by  the  sea,  and  the 
harbour  called  the  Golden  Horn.  The 
inhabitants,  including  the  suburbs  of  Ga- 
lata  Pera,  Tophana,  and  Scutari,  are  esti- 
mated at  520,000,  of  whom  200,000  are 
Turks,  100,000  Greeks,  and  the  remainder 
Jews,  Armenians,  and  Franks,  of  all  the 
European  nations.  The  harbour  , lies  to 
the  N,  which  is  convenient  and  large,  and 
of  easy  approach  from  the  Black  Sea,  or 
from  the  Mediterranean.  'Ine  streets  are 
badly  paved,  narrow,  dark,  and  slippery  ; 
interspersed  here  and  there  with  beautiful 
edifices,  public  baths,  c%c.  in  the  midst  of 
low  houses,  built  of  wood  or  earth.  St. 
Sophia,  which  fronts  the  great  gate  of  the 
seraglio,  was  built  by  the'  emperor  Justi- 
nian, and  for  a long  time  used  as  a temple, 
but  i.s  now  a mosque.  It  will  contain 
100,000  persons  conveniently.  It  is  three 
miles  in  circumference,  including  the  gar- 
dens ; it  is  ail  assemblage  of  palaces  and 
apartments,  placed  by  the  side  of  one  ano- 
ther, without  symm^ry  and  without  order. 
The  principal  entrance  to  the  palace  is  c|f 
marble,  and  is  called  Capi,  that  is,  ThE 
Port,  which  name  is  sometimes  given  to 
the  whole  empire.  The  slave-market  is 
situated  near  a street  which  leads  to 
Adriaiiople;  and  the  Jews  are  the  princi- 
pal merchants.  A great  number  of  girls 
are  brought  from  Hungary,  Greece,  Can- 
dia,  Circassia,  Miiigrelia,  and  Georgia, 
for  the  service  of  the  Turks,  who  gene- 
rally buy  them  for  their  seraglios.  There 
are  bazars,  or  bezesteins,  where  all  sorts 
of  merchand.ise  are  contained  and  exposed 
to  sale.  They  are  large  square  buildings, 
covered  with  domes,  and  supported  by  ar- 
cades. The  plague  generally  visits  this 
city  every  year,  and  makes  dreadful  ha- 
vock.  Here  are  a great  many  monuments 
pf  antiquity,  among  which  may  be  men- 
tioned the  elegant  temple  of  St  Sophia, 
built  in  the  6th  century.  In  the  old  serag- 
lio are  lodged  the  widows  of  deceased  sul- 
tans, and  the  women  who  have  fallen 
under  the  displeasure  of  the  Grand  Seignior. 
The  great  square  near  the  mosque  of  sultan 
Bajazet  is  allotted  for  public  amusement, 
^^e  harbouT,  abou^  four  loug^t  and 


CON 

half  a mil©  where  broadest,  is  on  the  N side 
of  the  city.  Beside  Aijub,  which  has  a 
mosque,  Galata  and  Pera  are  suburbs  of 
the  immense  city.  Galata  is  chiefly  inha- 
bited by  merchants.  Near  it  on  the  e is 
Tophana,  a cannon  founderj.  Pera  is  built 
mostly  with  stone,  and  is  the  residence  of 
foreign  ambassadors.  The  city  displays 
great  magniflcence  in  its  mosques,  bagnios, 
and  caravansaries,  and  standing  on  rising 
ground,  a complete  view  of  the  whole  is 
had  from  the  sea,  1 12  miles  ese  of  Adria- 
nople,  300  E of  Salonicha,  and  700  se  of 
Vienna.  Lon.  28  55  e,  lat  41  1 n. 

Constantinople,  Straits  of,  or  the  ancient 
Thracian  Bosphorus,  is  the  communication 
between  the  Euxine  or  Black  Sea,  and  the 
Propontis,  or  sea  of  Marmora.  It  is  20 
miles  long,  and  a mile  and  a quarter  broad, 
v.^here  narrowest.  The  Turks  have  built 
two  castles  opposite  each  other,  to  defend 
the  passage.  It  forms  the  separation  hero 
between  Europe  and  Asia.  Constantinople 
stands  at  its  entrance  on  the  w side,  and 
Sc\itari  on  the  other.  Elegant  houses  built 
of  wood,  and  painted  white  or  red,  by  the 
Turks  ; when  inhabited  by  Greeks  <&c.  of 
a blacking  brown . 

Constantinawy  a town  of  Podolia,  Po- 


land,  stands  on  the  Bog,  73  miles  ne  of 
Kaminieck. 

Canstantinow,  a town  in  Volhynia,  on 
the  river  Slueza,  Poland,  110  miles  se  of 
Lucko.  Lon.  27  20  e,  lat.  49  58  n. 

Consuegra,  a town  in  New  Castile,  Spain. 
It  belongs  to  the  knights  of  Malta,  54 
miles  SE  of  Toledo. 

Contchoudsong,  a town  in  the  country  of 
Thibet,  Asia.  Lon.  115  14  e,  Ferro. 
Lat.  30  20  N. 

Contentayna,  a village  of  Valencia, 
Spain  situated  on  Mont  Mariola,  and  famous 
for  an  uncommon  variety  of  curious  plants 
and  medicinal  herbs. 

Contessa,  of  European  Turkey,  in 

the  province  of  Macedonia,  in  a small  is- 
land, at  the  bottom  of  a gulf  to  which  it 
gives  name,  at  the  mouth  of  Strimon,  240 
miles  w of  Constantinople.  Lon.  24  18  e, 
lat.  40  40 N 

CGntiglianOy  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Spo- 
leto,  situated  near  a lake  to  which  it  gives 
name,  Italy,  nine  miles  w of  Rieti. 

Contigne,,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Maine  and  Loire,  and  chief  place  of 
a canton,  France,  three  miles  n of  Cha- 
teauneuf. 

Cofitin,  3L  parish  in  Ross-shire.  The  sur- 
face is  very  mountainous,  and  much  of  it 
covered  with  natural  wood  ; but  there  is  a 
considerable  quantity  of  good  corn  lands  in 
the  vallies.  Shell  and  rock  marl,  and  lime- 
stone of  good  quality  abound.  Population 
is  2,400. 

Contres,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Loire  and  Cher,  and  chief  place  of  a can- 
ton, France,  10  inikfi  ss  of  Blois, 


e o p 

atowu  in  the  department  of  Som- 
me, Frauee,  stands  on  the  Seiile,  14  miles 
ssw  of  Amienj'. 

Comersano,  a town  in  the  province  oi 
Bari,  Naples,  12  milse  se  of  Eari. 

Conwai/y  a river  of  North  V7ales,  which 
has  its  souroe  in  a lake  in  Merionethshire, 
passes  through  the  vale  of  Conway,  and 
falls  into  the  Irish  sea,  at  Aberconway. 

Conway  ; see  Aberconway,  It  has  a 
tnarketon  Friday. 

Conztiy  the  capital  of  the  province  of 
Priocipnto  Ultra,  Naples.  Its  principal 
commerce  is  in  marble.  It  suffered  greatly 
by  an  earthquake  in  1894,  in  consequence 
of  which,  the  site  of  the  cathedral  can 
scarcely  be  traced.  It  lies  62  miles  e ol 
Naples.  Lon.  15  32  e,  lat.  40  50  n. 

Cook’s  inlet,  an  extensive  arm  of  the  sea, 
which  penetrates  into  the  nw  coast  of  N 
America,  between  Cape  Elizabeth  and 
Point  Banks,  the  entrance  of  which  is  in 
Ion.  152  w,  and  its  termination  in  Ion.  148 

43  w,  lat.  61  29  N,' 

Cook’s  Strait,  a strait  in  the  Southern  Pa- 
cific ocean,  which  divides  the  two  islands 
of  New  Zealand,  about  four  or  five  leagues 
broad. 

Cooly  Point,  a cape  at  the  n entrance 
into  Dundalk  bay,  on  the*  coast  of  Louth, 
Ireland. 

COOPER’S  ISLAND,  an  island  on  the 

coast  of  Java,  near  Batavia.  ' 

COOPER’S  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Virgin 
islands,  in  the  W Indies,  about  five  miles 
long,  and  from  one  to  two  broad,  Loh.  65 
57  w,  lat.  18.7  N. 

COOPER’S  ISLAND,  an  island  in  the 
S Pacific  ocean,  near  S Georgia.  . Lon. 
36  4 w,  lat.  54  57  s. 

Cooyerstown,  capital  of  Otsego  county, 
New  YorkjSW  end  of  Otsego  lake,  73  miles 
w by  oi  Aiba'rty,  Lon.  74  5S  \y,  lat. ’42  : 

44  N. 

Oocs,  or  Cos ; see  SfancMo. 

Coos  Beyhar,  a town  in  the  country  , 
cf  Bengal,  Riuuoostsn,  seated  on  the  Toor- 
sha.  Here  there  is  plenty  of  food  xvithout 
much  labour,  yet  the  inhabitants  are, 
c.specially  the  jower  classes,  in  a state 
of  great  poverty  ; 160  miles  of 

Moorshedabad.  Lon.  89  34  e,  lat  26 

18  Nf. 

Coosnwafclie,  a town  in  Beaufort  dis- 
trict, S (hradina.  The  ccurls  were  trans- 
lerrCil  hither  from  Beaufort.  It  stands  on 
the  Coosawg  20  miles  nw  of  Beaufort,  and 
60  v/sw  of  Charleston. 

Coperihayen,  the  metropolis  of  Denmark, 
situated  on  the  eastern  coast  of  the  island  of 
Zealand,  on  a bay  of  the  Baltic,  near  the 
28otind,  built  on  a morass,  and  surrounded 
with  several  small  hikes.  Uisaccounted  tlie 
best  built  city  of  the  north.  Tlie  harbour  is 
capable  of  corsfaining  500  sail,  and  is  al- 
ways crowded  with  ships  ; and  the  streets 
c\jre  iiiteivt’cted  by  broad  cauak^,  which 


COQ 

bring  (he  merchandise  close  to  the  ware- 
houses on  the  quays.  Copenhagen  contains 
about  4000  houses,  four  royal  palaces,  19 
churches,  and  a great  number  of  public 
buildings,  1 1 public  places  or  markets,  and 
186  streets,  almost  ail  broad,  and  in  a 
straight  line.  This  city  owes  its  present 
beauty  to  the  fire  of  1728,  which  destroyed 
live  churches  and  67  streets,  having  been 
rebuilt  in  a better  style.  The  new  part  of 
the  town,  raised  by  the  late  king,  Frede- 
ric V,  is  extremely  beautiful.  It  consists 
of  an  octagon,  containing  four  uniform  and 
elegant  buildings  of  hewn  stone,  and  of  four 
broad  streets  leading  to  it,  in  opposite  di- 
rections. It  has  dockyards  on  the  conti- 
guous islands,  called  Holms,  with  every 
thing  necessai-y  for  ship-building.  The  ci- 
tadel is  furnished  with  five  bastions  and  a 
double  ditch  filled  with  water.  Here  is  an 
observatory  built  by  Christian  IV,  in  the  n 
suburb  an  obelisk  erected  in  honour  of 
Christian,  for  abolishing  vassalage.  xAt  the 
distance  of  four  miles  to  the  nw  is  Frede- 
ricsburg,  a castle,  with  a magnificent  cha- 
pel, in  which  their  kings  are  crowned.  In 
the  centre  of  the  new  market  there  is  an 
equestrian  statue  of  Christian  V.  in  marble. 

It  has  an  university,  and  manufactures  of 
exquisite  porcelain  of  silk,  cotton,  woollen 
cloth,  canvas,  leather,  and  sugar.  In  1799 
the  population  w^as  83,6 1 8.  It  is  five  miles 
in  circumference,  340  miles  sw  of  Stock- 
holm, and  500  NE  of  London,  Lon.  12 
32  E,  lat.  55  41.  > 

Copiupo,  a town  and  jurisdiction  in  the 
most  norlheni  parts  of  Chili,  South  Ame- 
rica, on  a river  of  its  name.  The  jurisdic- 
tion is  rich  in  gold  mines ; and  contains 
' lilvewise  mines  of  iron,  copper,  sulphur,  and 
in^ad.  The  whole  soil  is  impregnated  with 
gem  ; and  saltpetre  is  common  ; 49# 
jniles  N by  E of  Valparayso.  Lon.  70 
>15  w,  lat.  27  10  s. 

Copiloxmtz,  a town  in  Bulgaria,  Euro- 
pean Turkey  Lon.  36  55  e,  lat.  46  40  n. 

Copland  Island,  a small  island  with  a 
lighthouse,  near  the  ne  coast  of  the  county 
of  Down,  Ireland. 

Coporta,  a town  in  Ingria,  at  the  mouth 
of  fhs  river  of  the  same  name,  Russia,  50 
miles  w of  Petersburg. 

COPPAY,  one  of  the  smaller  western 
islands,  two  miles  w from  the  island  of 
Lewis. 

Coppenhruge,  a town  in  Westphalia,  a 
county  of  Spieg-elberg,  Germany,  10  miles 
E by  N of  Hamel  in. 

Coppermine,  a river  of  North  America. 

Lon.  1 1 1 5 w,  Greenwich,  lat.  69  0 n. 

Coppermine  Hills,  hills  of  North  Ame- 
rica. Lon.  1 12  w, Greenwich, lat.  68  30n. 

Coppet,  a town  and  barony,  situated  on 
the  lake  of  Geneva,  in  the  bailiwick  of 
Nion,  and  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland. 

Coquet,  a river  in  Northumberland,  rises 
on  the  Scots  border,  passes  through  Nor-. 


C O R 

fiiul  ffills  inio  tbo 

ocean  at  Warkworth,  also  a small  isiand 
about  a mile  in  oircumlerence,  opposite  the 
mouth  of  this  river.  , 

COQUIMBO,  orSERENA,  ajuTisdictioii 
ill  Chili,  S America.  The  fertility  and 
beauty  of  the  country  liave  iuduced  many 
families  to  reside  here.  It  has  mines  of 
g-old  and  silver,  besides  plenty  of  corn, 
wine,  and  fruits. 

Coquimho,  the  capital  of  the  above  juris- 
diction, about  a quarter  of  a league  from 
the  sea,  on  a river  of  the  .same  name.  The 
streets  are  built  in  a line,  well  watered, 
and  shaded  with  fig-trees,  palms,  oranges, 
olives,  Arc.  always  green.  The  number  of 
houses  is  between  200  and  300,  260  miles 
E of  Valpwarayso.  Lon.  Tl  0 w,  lat.  20 
65  s. 

Corah,  a town  in  the  country  of  Alaha- 
bad,  Hindoostan,  seated  on  a river  that 
unites  with  the  Jumna,  98  miles  nw  of 
Alahabad.  Lon.  80  45  e,  lat.  20  7 n. 

Corhachy  the  capital  of  the  late  circle  of 
the  Upper  Rhine,  and  principality  of  Wal- 
tleck,  Germany,  stands  on  the  liter,  with  a 
university,  and  consists  of  the  old  and  new 
town.  In  the  vicinity  is  the  castle  of 
Eisenberg.  Here,  in  1780,  the  French 
vanquished  the  Hanoverians,  22  miles  w of 
Cassel.  Lon.  9 1 e,  lat.  51  16  N. 

Corbecky  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Dyle,  France,  three  miles  s of  Louvain. 
Lon.  4 49  e,  lat.  50  50  n. 

Corbeily  a town  and  principal  place  of  a 
district,  ia  the  department  of  the  Seine  and 
Oise,  France,  and  stands  on  ihe  Seine,  at 
its  junction  with  the  Juine,  The  principal 
trade  is  in  tanning  leather.  It  is  17  miles 
s of  Paris, 

Corbeillesy  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Loiret,  and  chief  place  of 
a canton,  in  the  district  of  Montargis,  eight 
miles  NW  of  Montargis. 

Corbie,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Somme,  and  chief  place  of  a canton,  France, 
seated  on  the  Somme,  with  a famous  abbey, 
10  miles  E of  Amiens. 

Corbieres,  a town  and  chief  place  of  a 
bailiwick,  ia  the  canton  of  Friburg,  Swit- 
zerland, 10  miles  s of  Friburg. 

Corhif,  a small  city  of  Amienois,'  and 
Picardy,  in  the  department  of  the  Somme, 
France.  Lon.  2 47  k,  lat.  50  20  n. 

Corbigny,  a town  and  principal  place  of 
a district,  in  the  department  of  the  Nievre, 
France,  20  miles  nk  of  Nevers, 

Corhridge,  a town  in  Northumberland, 
four  miles  e of  Hexham,  and  near  20  w of 
Newcastle,  k of  the  Tyne.  Here  was 
lately  discovered  an  altar  to  Hercules. 

Corby,  a town  a«id  abbey  on  the  se  borders 
of  Westphalia,  G^pimany.  Lon.  9 25  e, 
iat.  51  40  N. 

Corby,  a town  of  Lincolnshire,  13  miles 
w of  Stamford,  25  s of  Lincoln  and  102  n 
by  w cf  London.  It  has  a trifling  .market 


cos. 

on  Wednesvlay,  and  fairs  on  Ang.  23  vand 
I Monday  before  October  iO.  Here  is  a. 
free-sciiool  for  educciting  the  sons  of  poor 
clergymen  for  the  university. 

Coreas,  au  island  in  the  Atlantic  resem- 
bling a crescent,  n of  Hispaniola.  Lon,  t 
55  w,  lat.  21  55  n 

Cordeliers,  or  Ccrdilleras.  See  Jades, 

CordevoUOy  ix  late  river  of  Italy,  the  bed 
of  w’hicb  was  filled  up  in  1771,  by  tne  faU 
of  Mount  Spitz,  and  its  current  being  thus 
stemmed,  swept  away  several  villages,  and 
formed  the  lake  of  Allegbe.  ^ 

Cordon,  a small  island  in  the  Pacifio 
ocean,  at  the  entrance  of  the  bay  of  Realeio, 
near  the  w coast  of  Nicaraqiia. , 

CORDOVA,  a province  of  .Spain.  It  is 
partly  covered  with  the  mcmitains  of  Mo- 
rena  and  vast  plains,  with  here  and  there 
sharp  naked  rocks,  and  deep  valleys  be- 
tween. Here  are  the  best  horses  in  Spam, 
and  fruits  are  abundant,  as  grapes,  oiives, 
figs,  citrons,  &e.  Game,,  with  sheep  and. 
goats,  are  abundant.  The  principal  towns 
are  Cordova,  Lueeea,  and  blouLilla  ; tire 
principal  vher  is  the  Guadalqiriver. 

Cordova,  a ci^y  of  Spain,  about  a.  league 
from  the  Morena  rnountaiDS,  seated  on  the 
Guadal quiver.  Its  ancient  name  was  Uor- 
duba.  The  suburbs  are  handsome,  and 
large  enough  to  be  taken  for  towns.  The 
circumference  of  the  town  is  large,  but  it 
is  not  peopled  in  proportion  to  its  extent, 
for  there  are  many  orchards  and  gardens 
within  the  walls,  The  palaces,  churches, 
and  religious  houses  are  in  general  superb. 
It  trades  in  wine,  silk,  and  leather,  but  is 
on  the  decline,  80  miles  ne  of  Seville,  and 
190ssw  of  Madrid,  Lon.  4 34  e,  lat.  3T 
35  N. 

CORDOVA,  a province  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Buenos  Ayres  ; about  100  leagues 
in  length,  and  70  in  breadth,  crossed  by 
several  chains  cf  mountains,  and  watered 
by  several,  rivers.  The  inhabitants  feed  a 
great  number  of  cattle  and  horses.  Ser- 
pents are  numerous,  and  some  are  of  an 
amazing  size. 

Cordova,  the  capital  of  the  above  pro- 
vince. It  has  a great  trade  with  Buenos 
Ayres,  and  sends  cotton  cloth  to  Potosi,  260 
miles  s of  St  Jago  del  Estero.  Lon.  05 
15  w,  lat.  32  10  s. 

Cordova,  a town  of  Tlascala,  New  Spain, 
seated  near  the  Blanco.  It  is  a bishop’s 
see,  has  sugar  mills  and  abundance  of  to- 
bacco, 45  miles  wsw  of  Vera  Cruz  and  90 
E by  s of  Puebla. 

Cordovan,  Tower  of,  a lighthouse  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Gironde,  France. 

Core  Bank,  a narrow  island  on  the  coast 
of  N Carolina,  about  40  miles  long,  and 
near  twm  broad. 

COREA,  a kingdom  of  Asia.  It  is  a 
peninsula,  being  every  where  surrounded  by 
the  sea,  except  towards  the  n.  It  is  go- 
verned by  a king,  absolute  over  his  own 


COR 

Su])jects,  but  tributary  to  the  emperor  of 
China,  and  is  divided  into  eight  provinces, 
Hien-king,  Ping-ngan,  Hoang-hai  Kiang- 
yuoa,  King-ki,  Tchu-sin,  King-chan,  and 
Tchuenso,  which  contains  33  cities  of  the 
^ first,  <53  of  the  second,  and  70  of  the  third 
' rank.  The  towns  are  exceedingly  popu- 
lous, and  the  inhabitants  resemble  in  almost 
every  thing  the  Chinese.  The  country 
abounds  in  corn  and  rice.  It  produces 
ginseng,  iron,  fossil  salt,  castor,  and  sable- 
skins,  and  a peculiar  paper  made  of  cotton. 
There  are  mines  of  gold  and  silvcV  in  the 
mountains,  and  good  pearl  fisheries  on  the 
coast.  The  people  are  active,  brave,  fond 
of  dancing  and  of  the  sciences,  to  which 
they  apply  with  great  avidity.  Their  men 
of  learning  are  distinguished  by  plumes  of 
feathers  which  they  wear  in  the  cap.  They 
do  not  bury  their  dead  till  three  years 
after  their  decease,  but  keep  them  in  cof- 
fins during  that  time.  Their  women  are 
less  confined  than  those  in  China.  Kiang- 
ki-tao  is  the  capital.  Corea  extends  from 
i?  to  s about  500  miles,  and  about  200 
broad  from  e to  w.  Lon.  126  42  e,  lat.  37 
38  N. 

Corelldi  a town  in  Navarre,  Spain,  on  the 
Alhama,  12  miles  w of  Tudela,  and  44  s of 
Pamplona. 

Cdrfecastle,  a town  in  the  county  of  Dor- 
set, in  the  isle  of  Purbeck,  governed  by  the 
mayor  and  barons,  who  claim  the  same 
privileges  as  the  Cinque  Ports.  It  stands 
between  two  hills,  on  one  of  which,  king 
Edward  the  martyr,  by  the  influence  of  his 
mother-in-law,  was  stabbed  in  98 1 . It  has 
a church  which  is  not  subject  to  any  epis- 
copal jurisdiction.  It  consists  of  two 
streets.  The  houses  are  mean.  It  sends 
two  members  to  parliament.  Its  only 
trade  is  in  stone,  and  in  knit  stockings.  It 
has  a market  on  Thursday,  and  fairs  on 
May  29,  and  Oct.  29  ; 21  miles  t of  Dor- 
chester, and  120  w by  s of  London.  Lon. 
0 24  w,  lat.  50  36  N. 

CORFU,  an  island  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Adriatic,  near  the  coast  of  Albania,  about 
15  leagues  long,  and  eight  broad ; anciently 
known  under  the  names  of  Scheriay  Phesa- 
cia,  Caregra,  Drepano,  lately  subject  to 
the  Venetians.  It  now  is  a part  of  the 
republic  of  the  Seven  islands.  The  ca- 
pital, which  is  of  the  same  name,  has  a 
strong  castle,  which  stands  on  the  e side 
of  the  island,  a magnificent  Greek  metro- 
politan church,  and  a good  harbour.  It 
contains  above  50,000  inhabitants,  and  is 
divided  into  four  bailiwicks  or  govern- 
ments. The  air  is  healthy,  the  land  fertile, 
and  the  fruit  excellent.  Salt  forms  a great 
source  of  employment  and  riches.  Lon.  19 
50  E,  lat.  39  36  n. 

CORGA,  a country  of  India,  near  the 
coast  of  Malabar,  between  Canara  and  My- 
sore, governed  by  a rajah.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  a division  of  the  Nayrs, 


CO  R 

Coria^  a city  in  the  province  of 
dura,  Spain,  stands  on  the  Alagon,  and  is  a 
bishop’s  see.  Near  it  are  medicinal 
springs,  120  miles  wsw  of  Madrid.  Lon, 

6 46  W,  lat.  39  56  n. 

Coriaco,  a town  in  the  province  of  Cu- 
mana,  on  a gulf  to  which  it  gives  uame, 

S America,  40  miles  e of  New  Cordova. 

Corinth,  oT  Corintho,  orCoranto,  st  town 
in  the  Morea,  Greece,  near  a narrow  isth- 
mus to  which  it  gives  name.  St.  Paul 
preached,  and  wrote  two  epistles  to  a 
church  in  this  city.  The  town  at  present 
contains  about  1300  inhabitants.  Each 
house  has  a garden,  planted  with  oranget 
and  other  fruit  trees.  It  is  the  see  of  a 
Greek  archbishop,  with  a castle.  It  was 
a place  of  high  importance  in  ancient 
Greece,  on  accoimt  of  its  castle,  its  har-< 
hours,  its  riches,  its  painters,  and  sculptors, 
and  architects.  1 1 is  liow^  greatly  decayed. 
It  lies  60  miles  w of  Athens. 

Corinth,  Isthmus  of,  in  the  Morea,  a neck 
of  land  Which  joins  the  Morea  to  Lividia. 
The  narrow'est  part  of  it  is  six  miles  over. 
Here,  on  mount  Oneins,  were  celebrated 
the  famous  Isthmian  games.  In  this  place 
are  still  the  ruins  of  a city  and  of  the  tem- 
ples dedicated  to  the  sun,  Pluto,  Diana, 
Neptune,  Bacchus,  and  Ceres.  Julius  Cjb- 
sar,  Caligula,  and  Nero,  after  relinquishing 
the  attempt  of  cutting  a canal  across  this 
isthmus,  built  the  wall  Hexamilium  across 
it,  which  was  levelled  by  Amurath,  rebuilt 
by  the  Venetians,  and  again  destroyed  by 
Mahomed  II. 

Corita,  a towm  in  the  province  Of  LCon, 
Spain,  23  miles  e of  Salamanca. 

CORK,  a county  of  Ireland.  It  is  99 
English  miles  in  length,  and  7 1 in  breadth  ; 
arid  contains  232  peirishes,  76,739  houses, 
and  416,000  inhabitants.  The  county 
contains  more  good  soil  than  bad ; and 
some  parts  are  highly  cultivated.  The 
principal  rivers  are  Bandori,  Black  water, 
and  Lee.  The  burgh  towns  which  sends 
members  to  the  British  parliament  are 
Bandonbridge,  Kinsale,  Youghal,  arid 
Mallow,  beside  t\vo  for  the  city  of  Cork, 
and  two  for  the  county,  in  all  eight  mem- 
bers. 

Corh,  the  capital  of  the  above  county,  si- 
tuated on  an  island  in  the  river  Lee,  with 
two  large  stone  bridges  over  the  principal 
branches  of  the  river.  The  towm  has  been 
lately  much  improved  and  enlarged.  It 
contains  about  8,000  houses,  and  about 
100,000  inhabitants.  Its  harbour  is  one  of 
the  best  in  the  world.  The  exportation,  the 
largest  in  the  kingdom,  ooiisist  chiefly  of  • 
beef,  hides,  butter,  tallow,  and  other  provi- 
sions. Vessels  of  120  tons  can  come  up  to 
the  quays.  Ships  of  heavier  burden  unload 
and  load  at  West  Passage,  but  those  of  the 
greatest  burden  at  the  Cove,  a few  mile» 
lower.  This  place  is  defended  by  a strong 
fort.  The  aathedral  Wus  built  by  dufy  oi 


COR 

coals  between  1725  and  1735.  It  has  six 
other  parish  churches.'-  It  was  taken  by  the 
duke  of  Marlborough  in  1690.  Cork  is 
s-ovenied  by  a mayor,  sheriffs  and  common 
Souacil.  and  returns  two  members  to  parlia- 
ment, 14  miles  from  St.  George’s  Channe  , 
and  150  sw  of  Dublin.  Lon.  8 28  w,  lat. 

Corkaguinny,  a fertile  peninsula  in 
Kerry,  24  miles  long,  and  eight  broad. 

Corlin,  a town  in  Upper  Saxony,  Ger- 
many.  It  has  considerable  woollen 
manufactures,  and  is  the  chief  place  of  a 
bailiwick,  has  a castle  and  is  seated  on  the 
Persant,  10  miles  se  of  Colberg. 

Cormantiny  a town  on  the  Gold  coast 
Africa;  it  is  large  and  populous.  A fort 
which  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1665, 
latterly  belonged  to  the  Dutch.  Lon.  0 
15  w,  lat.  5 30  N. 

CoTnisryy  a town  in  the  department  oi 
the  Indre  and  Loire,  France,  stands  on  the 
Indre,  has  an  Abbey,  and  lies  eight  miles 

BE  of  Tours.  . T 1 

Corm,  a town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Irak 
Arabia,  on  the  Tigris  near  its  junction  with 
the  Euphrates,  35  miles  wnw  of  Bassora. 

Corneto,  a town  of  Italy,  on  the  Marta, 
in  St.  Peter’s  Patrimony.  It  is  three  miles 
from  the  sea,  10  n of  Civita  Veccbia,  and 
38  MW  of  Rome. 

Cornhill,  a town  in  that  part  of  Durham 
which  lies  n of  Northumberland,  stands 
near  the  Tweed,  between  which  and  Cold> 
stream,  there  is  an  elegant  bridge  over  the 
Tweed,  12  miles  sw  of  Berwick,  47  miles 
j^E  by  s of  Edinburgh,  and  335  n of  Lon- 
don. It  has  a fair  December  6th, 

CorniglianOy  a town  in  the  Milanese, 
Italy,  15  miles  e of  Milan. 

Comiglia,  or  Cornillidy  a town  in  the 
Mate  of  Genoa,  Italy.  Lon.  9 56  e,  lat. 
44  8 N. 

Cornwally  the  most  s westerly  county  of 
England,  is  almost  an  island,  being  sur- 
rounded on  all  sides  by  the  sea.  The  whole 
length  is  about  78  miles.  It  contains  nine 
hundreds,  161  parishes,  and  758,484  acres, 
and  has  37  market  towns.  On  the  sea 
shores  and  the  valleys,  near  the  banks  of  the 
great  rivers,  are  the  chief  and  almost  only 
seats  of  cultivation.  The  higher  grounds 
exhibit  in  many  parts  the  appearance  of  a 
dreary  waste.  The  mines  of  Cornwall  con- 
sist chiefly  of  tin,  copper,  and  some  lead. 
The  annual  produce  of  tin  for  seven  years, 
from  1786  to  1792,  both  inclusive,  has  been 
•about  22,000  blocks,  amounting  nearly  to 
101.  lOs.  per  block,  exclusive  of  duties,  in 
the  whole  affording  a produce  of  330,000 
pounds.  Native  gold  has  been  found  in 
some  stream  works,  and  in  some  mines  of 
-tin.  The  whole  of  the  copper  mines  pro- 
duce about  4,700  tons  of  copper,  amount- 
ing annually  to  about  320,0001.  The  num- 
ber of  persons  employed  about  the  mines 
probably  amount  to  16,000,  In  Corn- 


COR 

wall,  the  air  is  milder  in  winter  than  in  the 
more  internal  parts  of  England,  and  cooler 
in  th«  summer  months.  < From  the  preva- 
lency of  sw  winds  it  is  very  difficult  to 
raise  plantations  of  trees  in  exposed  situa- 
tions. Myrtles  grow  every  wh«r.^  in  the 
open  air,  without  the  aid  of  green -houses. 
Fruit  trees  are  every  where  found  to  thrive, 
particularly  the  apple ; and  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  county  a great  deal  of  cyder  is 
made,  of  a very  good  quality.  The  mul- 
berry-tree flourishes  well  in  Cornwall,  in 
the  western  parts.  Cornwall  returns  44 
members  to  parliament,  and  contains 
34,372  houses,  and  about  188,269  inhabi- 
tants. The  rivers  are  the  Tamar  and 
Camel.  The  king’s  son  is  born  duke  of 
Cornwall,  and  derives  a revenue  from  the 
lands,  and  the  mines  of  tin  and  copper.  Ho 
appoints  in  his  privy  council,  the  sheriff 
of  the  county*  Launceston  is  the  capital. 

Cornwallis,  a town  on  the  w coa^  of 
Nova  Scotia,  42  miles  ijw  of  Halifax.  Lon. 

64  20  w,  lat.  11  10  N. 

Coro,  a port  town  on  the  Caracoa  coasi 
in  Terra  Firma.  See  Venezuela,  Lon. 

69  15  w,  lat. 45  10  K. 

Coromandel,  Coast  of,  extending  from 
Cape  Calymere,  lat.  10  20  to  the  mouth  of 
the  Kistnah,  lat.  15  45  n,  Hindoostan. 
There  is  not  on  the  whole  coast  a proper 
port  for  large  ships,  Madras  is  the  princi- 
pal town. 

Cor  on,  a town  in  the  Morea,  European 
Turkey,  situated  on  the  w side  of  a gulf  to 
which  it  gives  name.  It  was  anciently 
called  the  Gulf  of  Messina.  It  has  a large 
harbour  15  miles  e of  Modon.  It  was 
cannonaded  by  the  Russians  in  1770,  and 
part  of  it  is  still  in  ruins,  Lon.  21  46  a, 
lat.  36  55  N. 

Corona,  a village  in  the  V eronese, 
Italy. 

Coronata,  an  isle  of  Italy,  on  the  coast 
of  Dalmatia,  50  miles  in  circumference, 
inhabited  chiefly  by  shepherds. 

Coronation,  Cape,  a cape  of  the  Island 
of  New  Caledonia,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
Lon.  167  8 e,  lat.  22  5 s. 

Coregio,  a town  of  Modena,  Italy,  has 
a castle,  and  is  nine  miles  nks  of  Reggio. 
Lon.  11  25  E,  lat.  44  46  K. 

Correze,  a department  of  France.  It 
has  its  name  from  a river  which,  after 
passing  Tulles  and  Brives,  unites  with  the 
Vizere.  Tulles  is  the  capital. 

Corrib  Lough,  a lake  in  the  county  of 
Galway,  22  miles  long  and  from  two  to 
five  broad.  It  covers  31,300  acres  and  is 
interspersed  with  several  islands. 

Corrientes  Las,  a town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Paraguay,  on  the  Parana,  at  its 
junction  with  the  Paraguay,  490  miles  n 
of  Buenos  Ayres.  Lon^  59  0 w,  lat.  27 

30  s.  - 

Corsham,  a town  in  the  county  of  Wilts 
with  a weekly  market  on  Wednesday  y 


COR 

of  the  chief  residence  of  the  earls  of  Corn- 
wall, It  has  woollen  manufactures,  and 
fairs  March  7th,  and  September  4th,  nine 
miles  ene  of  Bath,  and  97  vv  of  London. 

• CORSICA,  an  island  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, about  ISO  miles  in  length,  and  from 
40  to  50  in  breadth,  called  by  the  ancient 
Greeks  Kyrnos  or  Kyrnon,  and  Callista, 
The  Romans  gave  it  the  present  name. 
The  inhabitants  reap  good  harvests  in  sum- 
mer, and  gather  plenty  of  fruit  in  the  au- 
tumn ; the  warmth  of  the  climate  is  cooled 
by  the  sea-breezes.  There  are  several  ex- 
cellent ports  on  the  coasts.  It  is  watered 
by  a great  number  of  rivers,  well  supplied 
with  fish.  There  are  several  mineral 
springs,  both  hot  and  cold.  Quadrupeds 
are  nume»us.  Among  the  wild  animals, 
is  the  moussoli,  an  animal  like  a stag  in 
size  and  colour,  but  with  the  horns  of  a 
ram,  extremely  shy  and  nimble.  The 
scorpion  found  in  the  island  is  without 
venom  ; a large  spider,  whose  sting  is  as 
sharp  as  that  of  the  bee,  seems  to  be  the 
only  venomous  insect  in  the  island.  Olives 
is  one  of  its  principle  riches.  The  moun- 
tains are  rich  in  lead,  iron,  copper,  ami  sib 
ver.  Here  and  there  are  found  mines  of 
alum  and  saltpetre.  The  granite  of  Cor- 
sica is  nearly  equal  to  the  oriental ; many 
precious  stones,  such  as  porphyry,  jasper, 
talc,  amainthes,  and  emeralds,  are  found 
scattered  in  the  mountains;  and  the  south 
coast  abounds  with  beautiful  coral.  The 
number  of  inhabitants  is  about  160,000. 
From  the  earliest  times  it  was  famous  for 
the  quantity  of  its  honey.  The  tyranny  of 
the  Genoese,  under  whose  sovereignty  the 
island  wets  for  some  centuries,  was  so  in- 
tolerable that  the  people  were  in  almost  a 
perpetual  state  of  insurrection.  In  1736, 
Theodore  baron  Newholf,  a . German,  was 
elected  king,  but  he  was  obliged  to.relin- 
<5^uish  his  government.  The  Genoese  sold 
the  sovereignty  to  France  in  1767,  and  the 
famous  Paoli  who  had  the  chief  command 
was  obliged  to  leave  the  island  in  1769, 
but  he afterv/ards  revolted  from  the  French, 
who  had  constituted  this  an  85th  depart- 
ment of  France,  and  by  the  help  of  the 
English  the  French  were  expelled  from  the 
island,  but  it  was  soon  after  evacuated  and 
©gain  came  under  the  French  yoke.  Bastia 
and  Ajaccio  are  the  chief  towns.  Loni  9 
0 E,  lat.  4Z  0 N. 

Corsoer,  a town  on  the  w coast  of  the 
island  of  Zealand,  on  a peninsula  in  the 
Great  Belt,  Denmark.  It  is  defended  by  a 
castle.  The  harbour  is  excellent  for  small 
vessels,  54  miles  wsw  of  Copenhagen. 
Lon.  11  12  E,  lat.  55  12  n. 

€&7stryphine,  a parish  in  the  county  of 
Mid-T.othian,  four  miles  long,  and  two  and 
a- qua  Vi  er  broad,  consisting  of  great  diver- 
sity ed  soil.  The  climate  is  healthy.  The 
populaunn  in  1801,  was  840,  aiid  had  de- 
197  since  '1793.  Agr.culture  is 


C OR 

conducted  upon  the  most  improved  priuot* 
pies,  and  affords  suitable  returns  to  the  in- 
dustry of  the  inhabitants.  Also  a village  in 
the  above  parish,  three  miles  of  Edin- 
burgh. Here  is  a medicinal  well  formerly 
much  resorted  to,  but  nov/  neglected. 

Corstorphine  Hilly  a hill  in  the  above 
parish,  which  abounds  with  excellent  free- 
stone. 

Curtachy  and  Clnrn,  two  united  parishes 
I of  Scotland,  in  the  n side  of  Angus-sbire ; 
the  torrner  extending  13  miles  in  length,  and 
eight  in  breadth,  and  the  latter  being  10 
miles  long,  and  seven  broad.  The  soil  is 
poor.  Ciova  forms  part  of  the  Grampians. 
Agriculture  is  of  late  improved ; but  the 
prociucc  Is  hardly  equal  to  the  consumption. 
The  population  is  936.  The  only  seats  in 
the  parish  art?  Cortachy  Cattle  and  Ciova 
j House,  both  the  property  of  the  family  of 
Agilty  of  Airly. 

Carte,  a town  of  the  island  of  Corsica,  at 
I the  loot  of  a rock  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Resticona  and  Tavignano.  The  castle 
stands  on  a rock  which  rises  above  the  rest, 
it  was  the  seat  of-  the  vict>royalty  while 
the  island  was  in  possession  of  (be  English, 
and  has  been  improved  since.  It  contains 
about  3000  inhabUants,  27  miles  ke  f)f 
Ajaccio  and40sw  of  Bastia.  Lon.  8 52  e, 
lat.  42  6 N. 

Coriemiglia,  a town  in  Piedmont,  Italy, 
stands  on  the  Berinida,  16  miles  e of 
Cherasco. 

CortonGy  a town  w'ith  a celebrated  aca- 
demy, Tuscany,  sealed  on  a mountain  on 
the  frontiers  of  St.  Peter’s  Patrimony,  and 
is  a bishop’s  see,  32  miles  e of  Sienna.  Lon. 

1 1 52  E,  lat.  43  14  N. 

Corveyy  a town  and  celebrated  abbey  of 
Germany,  and  small  principality  in  West- 
phalia, about  12  miles  long,  and  10  broad, 
situated  on  the  western  bank  of  the  Weser, 
27  miles  e by  n of  Paderborn.  Here  is  a 
famous  abbey.  Lon.  9 34  e,  lat.  51  39  n, 

CorunnGy  La,  the  capital  of  the  province 
of  Galicia.  The  harbour  is  large  and  safe, 
and  defended  by  two  castles.  Owing  to 
the  poverty  of  the  circumjacent  country,  it 
has  little  trade.  Here  the  British  army 
under  Sir  John  Moore,  after  a most  masterly 
retreat  from  Astorga,  before  vastly  superior 
numbers  of  the  French,  gallantly  termina- 
ted their  campaign  in  Spain,  on  the  16th 
January,  1809,  20  niiies  sw  of  Fenol,  and 
35  N by  E of  Compostella.  Lon.  8 19  w, 
iat.  43  23  N. 

Corvoy  the  most  northerly  of  the  Azore 
Islands  in  the  Atlantic,  about  four  leagues 
in  circumference,  with  a small  port ; and 
containing  about  500  inhabitants.  It  has 
its  name  from  the  multitude  of  crows  found 
upon  it.  It  produces  wheat,  and  great  num- 
bers of  hogs  are  reared.  Lou.  31  6 w,  lat. 
30  42  N. 

Corwen,  a village  in  Merionethshire,  N 
Wales,  stands  near  the  river  Dt^e,  has  a mar- 


cos 

icet  on  Tuesday.  Fairs  on  March  12, 
May  2-4,  July  21,  Oct.  10,  and  Dec.  20  ; 
nine  miles  ne  of  Bala,  and  202  nw  of 
London. 

Corytrckan^  a tremendous  whirlpool  on 
the  w of  Scoiland,  which  has  its  name 
from  a young  Danish  prince,  who  was 
drowned  here.  It  lies  between  the  n point 
of  Jura  and  the  Isle  of  Scarba;  and  is 
above  a mile  m circumference.  See  Brea- 
can, 

Ccrzola,  or  Corscola,  an  island  in  the 
gulf  of  Venice.  Lon.  18  15  e,  lat.  42 
36  N. 

Corseir,  El,  a town  on  the  coast  of  the 
Red  Sea,  and  principal  place  of  trade  be- 
tween Egypt  and  Arabia,  280  miles  s by 
E of  Suez.  Lon.  33  .50  e,  lat.  26  8 n. 

Cosenza,  a town  in  the  province  of  Ca- 
labria Citra,  Naples,  has  a strong  castle, 
and  is  the  see  of  an  archbishop.  The 
environs  are  beautiful,  populous,  and  well 
cultivated,  and  afford  corn,  wune,  oil,  fruit, 
and  silk,  in  abundance.  It  stands  on  the 
Crati,  foot  of  the  Appenines,  155  miles 
SE  of  Naples.  Lon.  16  20  e,  lat.  39 
20  N. 

Co  sham.  See  Cor  sham. 

COSINISSA,  a small  island  in  the  Gre- 
cian Archipelago.  Lon.  43  28  e,  Ferro, 
lat.  36  36  N. 

Coslin,  a town  of  Prussian  Pomerania, 
which  has  good  woollen  manufactures,  ex- 
cellent fisheries  and  fine  cattle ; stands  on 
the  Nefebach,  18  miles  e of  Colberg. 

Cosne,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Nievre,  France.  The  principal  trade  of 
the  inhabitants  is  cutlery,  anchors  of  ships, 
and  gloves.  In  the  environs  are  mines  of 
iron.  It  stands  on  the  Loire,  at  its  junction 
•with  the  Noain,  and  is  34  miles  n by  w of 
Nevers,  and  100  s by  e of  Paris.  Lon.  20 
36  E,  Ferro,  lat.  47  25  n. 

Cospour,  a town  in  the  kingdom  of  As- 
sam, Asia,  376  miles  e of  Patna.  Lou.  92 
57  E,  lat.  24  56  N. 

COSSACS,  or  Cossaqties,  a people  si- 
tuated betw'een  the  ,Iaik  and  the  Dniester. 
They  are  divided  into  three  branches,  cal- 
led Kosakki-sa-Porovi,  or  Cossacs  on  the 
Boristhenes,  the  Kosakki-Donski,  and  Ura- 
lian  Cossacs.  The  former  inhabit  the 
Ukraine,  their  houses  are  of  wood.  The 
Kosakki-Donski  possess  both  sides  of  the 
Don,  and  are  of  the  same  religion  as  the 
Russians.  The  Uraliaii  Cossacs,  whose 
chief  town  is  Uralsk,  inhabit  the  banks  of 
the  Ural.  They  are  all  subject  to  Russia. 
These  people  are  large  and  well  made, 
have  blue  eyes,  brown  hair,  and  aqueliiie 
noses  ; are  brave  and  intrepid  ; the  women 
well  shaped  and  complaisant  to  strangers. 

Cossano.  .See  Cassano. 

Cossimhazar,  a town  in  the  country  of 
Bengal,  Hindoostan,  the  centre  of  the  trade 
of  European  factors,  and  place  of  their  resi- 
dence^ is  surrounded  by  a river  of  the  same 


COT 

name,  seven  miles  s of  Moorshedabad,  and 
105  N of  Calcutta, 

Cossimhazar,  a river  of  Bengal,  and  tbo 
most  westerly  branch  of  the  Ganges,  from 
which  it  separates  35  miles  below  Rajemal. 
After  taking  its  course  by  Moorshedabad, 
Cossimbar,  eSre.  it  is  joined  at  Nnddea,  by 
the  Jellinghay,  also  a branch  of  the 
Ganges,  after  which  they  form  the  Hoogly. 

Cossimeotta,  a town  in  the  circar  of 
Cicaeole,  Hindoostan,  seated  on  a river 
that  flow^s  into  the  bay  of  Bengal,  74  miles 
sw  of  Cicaeole.  Lon.  83  7 e,  lat.  IT 
A2n. 

Cossipour,  a town  in  the  country  of  Delhi, 
Hindoostan,  ne  frontier  of  the  province,  100 
miles  ENE  of  Delhi.  Lon.  79  18  e,  lat.  29 
14  N 

Cossonay,  a town  in  the  canton  of  Bern, 
Switzerland,  stands  on  the  Venog,  10  miles 
N of  Lausanhe. 

Costagnassar,  the  highest  mountain  in 
European  Turkey,  anciently  called  Haemus. 

Costamitza,0i  town  on  the  Udda,  Croatia, 
57  miles  ese  of  Carlstadt.  Lon.  17  8 e, 
lat.  45  20  N. 

COSTA  RICA,  a province  in  Mexico, 
N America.  It  is  50  leagues  in  length, 
and  nearly  as  much  in  breadth.  It  is  full 
of  deserts  and  forests  ; thinly  peopled,  and 
ill  cultivated.  There  are  mines  both  of 
gold  and  silver.  The  principal  commerca 
consists  in  cattle,  hides,  honey,  and  wax. 
The  capital  is  Cartago. 

Costhiem,  or  Kostheim,  a town  and  elec- 
torate of  Mentz,  on  an  island  in  the  Rhine, 
Germany. 

Costosa,  a village  in  the  Vicentino,  Italy, 
famous  for  its  quarries  of  beautiful  whit© 
marble.  The  excavation  formed  in  one  of 
these,  is  supported  by  above  1000  square 
pillars  of  marble. 

Coswiek,  a town  in  Upper  Saxony,  Ger- 
many, stands  on  the  Elbe,  has  a castle,  and 
is  10  miles  w by  n of  WittenbQrg. 

Cotatis.  See  Kutatis. 

Cothus,  or  Cotuitz,  a town  of  Lusatia, 
seated  on  the  Spree,  with  a castle  on  an 
eminence  on  the  e side  of  the  town,  for- 
merly subject  to  the  king  of  Prussia. 
The  manufactures  here  are  carried  on  by 
French  protestants,  and  is  celebrated 
for  beer,  flax,  and  pitch,  60  miles  e by 
s of  Wittenbiirg.  Lon.  14  24  e,  lat.  51 
46  N. 

COTE  La,  one  of  the  richest,  most  po- 
pulous, and  most  beautiful  districts  of 
Switzerland. 

Cote  cP  Or,  a department  of  France.  It 
is  formed  chiefly  out  of  the  province  of 
Burgundy.  It  is  65  miles  from  n to  s,  and 
from  25  to  50  from  e to  w.  Dijon  is  the 
capital,  on  the  s of  v/hich  is  a mountain, 
from  which  it  takes  its  name. 

COTES  DU  NORD,  (North  Coasts,  de- 
partment of),  one  of  the  new  divisions  of 
It  iogludes  part  of  Brotagne,  and 
hl‘4 


c o u 

is  about  65  miles  from  E to  w,  and  from 
27  to  45  from  v to  s,  St  Brieuc  is  the 
capital, 

Coteswold  Hills,  a long  tract  of  high 
ground  in  the  e part  of  Gloucestershire, 
affording  fine  pasture  for  sheep.  In  other 
places  corn  is  produced.  The  sides  of 
these  hills  are  so  beautiful  that  they  are 
celebrated  in  ancient  song. 

Cothen,  the  capital  of  the  principality  of 
Anhalt-Cothen,  Germany,  has  a castle, 
and  is  12  miles  sw  of  Dessau.  Lon.  12  9 e, 
}at.5l44N. 

Cotiari,  a small  island  near  the  e coast 
of  the  island  of  Ceylon. 

Cotignac,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Var,  France,  on  the  Argens,  33  miles 
TtfNE  of  Toulon. 

Cotignola,  a town  of  Italy,  in  Terrara, 
25  miles  ssE  of  Terrara. 

Cotopaxi,  a mountain  in  the  country  of 
Peru,  3126  toises  above  the  level  of  the  sea, 
with  a volcano. 

Cotronel,  anciently  Croto,  a sea  port 
town  in  the  province  of  Calabria  Ultra, 
Italy,  having  a considerable  trade  in  cheese, 
corn,  oil,  and  silk.  Lon.  17  46  e,  lat.  38 
56  N. 

Cottan,  a town  in  Little  Bukharia,  Asia. 
It  is  a place  of  considerable  trade. 

Cottilah  a town  in^the  country  of  Mewat, 
Hindoostan.  Lon.  77  7 e,  Greenwich, 
lat.  27  24  N. 

Cotug,  a town  of  St  Domingo,  in  a fertile 
district,  at  the  junction  of  the  Camu  and 
Yuna,  35  miles  wsw  of  Samana. 

Coucg,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Aisne,  France,  on  the  Oise.  It  is  divided 
into  two  parts,  called  Coucg  le  Chapelle, 
and  Coucg  le  Chateau,  nine  miles  n of 
Soisons. 

Coventrg,  an  ancient  city  in  Warwick- 
shire, united  with  Litchfield,  is  a bishop^s 
see,  and  a county  of  itself.  Here  are  three 
churches.  The  steeple  of  St  Michael  is 
said  to  be  the  most  l>eautiful  in  Europe. 
The  population  in  1811,  17,923.  The  mu- 
nicipal government  is  vested  in  a mayor, 
two  bailiffs,  sheriffs,  1 0 aldermen,  and  some 
other  officers.  It  sends  two  members  to 
parliament.  The  principal  manufactures 
are  ribbons,  gauses,  camblets,  <fec.  A little 
out  of  the  town  is  the  head  of  the  great  ca- 
nal to  Oxford  ; and  another  canal  is  made 
to  join  the  Staffordshire  canal  near  Litch- 
field. The  market  is  on  Friday,;  and  fairs 
ar«  on  May  2,  Friday  in  Trinity  week,  and 
Nov.  1.  It  is  15  miles  nne  of  Warwick, 
and  91  nw  of  London.  Lon.  1 30  w,  lat.  52 
24  N. 

Coventrg,  a township  of  Rhode  island, 
in  Kent  county,  containing  2477  souls. 
Covert  Porvm,  a town  and  fortress  in  the 
Mysore  country,  Hindoostan,  on  the  Ca va- 
ry, 60  miles  se  of  Mysore.  Lon.  77  38  e, 
lat.  11  51  N. 

Couesnon,  a river  in  th«  department  of 


C O TT 

the  Maine  and  Loire,  France.  Couesnon,  a 
river  in  the  department  of  the  Channel, 
France. 

Covtlham,  a town  of  Beira,  Portugal,  IS 
miles  sw  of  Guarda,  has  a manufacture  of 
woollen  cloth. 

Covington,  a parish  in  the  s part  of  the 
county  of  Lanark,  about  three  miles  long., 
and  rather  more  than  two  broad.  Tinto, 
the  highest  point,  is  elevated  to  the  height 
of  1720  feet  aljove  the  level  of  the  Clyde;, 
The  hilly  part  of  the  parish  is  covered 
with  heath,  but  the  rest  of  the  soil  is  fer*' 
tile,  and  well  cultivated.  Population  is 
about  456.  Here  is  a strong  fort  cal- 
led Covington  Tower,  which  was  finish- 
ed in  1 442  by  Lindsay,  laird  of  Coving- 
ton. Its  walls  are  10  feet  thick.  Here 
are  three  round  lamps,  and  several  tu- 
muli. 

Coulam,  a town  on  the  southern  coast, 
in  the  country  of  Tinevelly,  Hindoostan-. 
Lon.  77  20  e Greenwich,  lat.  8 10  n. 

Coulan,  a town  on  the  coast  of  Malabar, 
in  the  Travaneore  country.  It  is  on  a na- 
vigable river,  and  has  a good  harbour,  60 
miles  NW  of  Travaneore.  Lon.  76  34  e, 
lat.  8 51  N. 

Coull,  a parish  in  Aberdeenshire,  at  the 
head  of  a Strath  which  is  called  Cromar. 
Its  shape  is  nearly  triangular,  the  longest 
side  of  w^hich  is  about  five  miles,  and  the 
other  two  about  three  and  a-half.  The 
soil  is  excellent.  Population  is  about 
679.  The  castle  of  Coull  seems  to  have 
been  very  strong.  Silver  coins  of  Alex- 
ander I.  have  been  dug  from  its  ruins. 

Coulter  Loch,  a small  lake  in  Stirling- 
shire, about  two  miles  in  circumference. 
Here  a stone  upwards  of  a ton  weight,  was, 
a few  years  ago,  removed  from  its  situation 
by  a natural  convulsion. 

Coumour,  a port  of  Chinese  Tartary. 
LOn.  144  3 e,  Ferro,  lat.  49  38  N. 

Covolo,  a fortress  and  village  of  the 
Tyrolese,  intended  to  guard  an  important 
pass  in  the  road  from  Germany  to  Italy. 

Covoerden,  See  Coevorden, 

Coupee  Point,  a Spanish  fort  and  settle- 
ment of  North  America.  It  has  2000  free 
inhabitants,  and  7000  slaves. 

Courland  Duchg  of,  is  under  the  influ- 
ence of  Russia,  consisting  of  Courland 
Proper  and  Semegallia,  250  miles  long, 
and  40  broad.  The  country  is  fertile 
in  corn,  hemp,  and  flax.  It  has  some 
groves  of  oaks,  and  forests  of  pine,  and 
fir.  It  was  annexed  to  Russia  in  1795, 
but  has  been  tributary  to  Poland.  Mettau 
is  the  capital.  The  woods  abound  with 
bears,  wolves,  and  elks.  The  religion  is 
chiefly  Lutheran.  The  principal  towns 
are  Goldiugen,  Windau,  Libau,  Groben, 
and  Candau. 

Corlin  Islands,  tw'o  small  islands,  four 
miles  E from  the  island  of  Scalpa. 
COURSERANS^  a late  province  o! 


cow 


France,  now  part  of  the  department  of  At- 
rieee,  and  lies  along;  the  river  Satat. 

Court  of  Aldermen,  a cluster  of  smalt 
islands  or  rocks,  near  the  east  coast  of  New 
Zealand,  about  half  a league  in  extent 
every  way.  Lat.  36  57  s. 

Courthezon,  a town  in  the  department  ol 
the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone,  containing  about 
2,000  inhabitants,  France.  „ , , 

Courtray,  or  Courtrai,  called  by  the 
Flemings  Cortryck,  a town  ol  France,  in 
the  department  of  the  Lys,  and  celeorateo 
for  its  manufacture  of  table  linen  and  wool- 
len cloth.  It  stands  on  both  sides  of  the 
Lys,  12  mile^  e of  Ypres.  , , ^ ^ 

Coutances,  the  capital  of  the  department 
of  Manche,  France.  The  principal  trade  is 
in  grain,  butter,  and  cattle.  There  are 
manufactures  of  woollen  and  linen  cloth. 
The  number  of  inhabitants  is  about  5000. 

It  is  the  see  of  a bishop,  and  has  a hand- 
some cathedral,  37  miles  sw  of  Bayeux, 
and  185  w of  Paris.  Lon.  1 7 e,  Ferro, 

lat.  49  3 N.  . ^ 

Contra  Lough,  a lake  in  the  county  oi 
Galway,  three  miles  se  of  Gort.  Its  banks 
are  admirably  romantic. 

Coutras,  a town  in  the  department  ot  the 
Gironde,  France,  containing  about  2900  in- 
habitants, at  the  junction  of  the  Ille  and 
Droiine,  25  miles  ne  of  Bourdeaux. 

Couture  D^Argenson,  a town  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Two  Sevres,  France. 

Couture,  La,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Straits  of  Calais,  France. 

Couzon,  a town  in  the  department  of  Ar- 
dennes, France. 

Cow  and  Calf,  rocks  in  Dundrum  bay, 
near  the  se  coast  of  the  county  of  Down, 
Ireland.  . 

COWAL,  a district  in  Argyllshire.  This 
district  is  intersected  by  three  arms  of  the 
sea,  Loch  Ridden,  Loch  Streven,  and  Loch 
Eck,  and  is  watered  by  the  rivers  Curs  and 
Eachaig,  which  abounds  with  all  kinds  of 
fish.  The  coast  is  partly  fiat,  and  partly 
bold  and  rocky,  possessing  many  creeks 
and  harbours,  which  afford  shelter  to  the 
busses  employed  in  th^e  herring  fishery. 

Cowag  Stakes,  a place  near  Chertsey, 
where  it  is  said  C£Esar  passed  the  Thames. 

Cowbridge,  a corporate  town  in  Glamor- 
ganshire, in  the  fertile  vale  of  Glamorgan, 
on  the  river  Daw,  and  from  the  bridge  is 
called  by  the  Welch,  Pontfaen,  The  gate- 
way of  Llanbithiau  castle,  in  the  vicinity, 
is  turned  into  a barn.  On  a high  hill, 
about  a mile  distant,  are  the  ruins  of  Pen- 
tine  castle.  Dr.  Prue,  and  other  eminent 
literary  characters,  received  the  rudiments 
of  science  at  the  grammar  school  here ; 1 2 
miles  w of  Cardiff,  and  173  of  London. 
It  consists  chiefly  of  one  street,  about  three- 
fourths  of  a mile  in  length,  and  is  well 
built.  It  has  a well  supplied  market  on 
Tuesday,  and  fairs  May  4,  June  24,  and 
September  49.  : , 


C R A 

Cawden,  hi  the  county  of  Kent,  near  tfia 
Medway,  with  a fair  on  July  21. 

Cowe,  the  capital  of  the  Cherokes,  N 
America. 

Cowea,  a town  in  Tennessee,  United 
States. 

Cowen,  a river  of  Wales,  in  Csermar- 
thenshire. 

Cowes,  a town  on  the  n coast  of  the  isle  of 
Wight,  on  the  Medina  or  Cowes,  opposite 
to  which  is  the  village  of  e Cowes.  Henry 
VIII.  erected  a fort  at  each,  for  the  defence 
of  the  island.  It  is  a place  of  good  trade, 
and  a great  resort  to  merchant  ships. 
Passage  boats  are  continually  passing  be- 
tween this  place  and  Portsmouth  and 
Southampton,  and  the  packet  with  the  mail 
from  the  island  to  London,  sails  from  this 
place  every  day  at  noon.  This  place  is 
much  frequented  for  sea-bathing,  where 
there  are  handsome  accommodations,  and 
an  assembly  room  ; 12  miles  e by  s of 
Southampton,  12  w by  s of  Portsmouth, 
and  86  sw  of  London.  Lon.  1 17  w,  lat. 

50  46  N. 

Cowldurga,  a town  of  Mysore,  Hindoo- 
stan,  with  a fort,  encircled  by  hills  and  fo- 
rests, 12  miles  s of  Nagara. 

COWLEY,  one  of  the  Gallapagos  islands, 
in  the  Pacific  ocean. 

Cowling,  m the  county  of  Suffolk,  with 
two  fairs,  July  31,  and  Oct.  17. 

Cox’s,  a town  in  Virginia,  United  States. 
Coxwold,  in  the  North  Riding  of  York- 
shire, with  a fair  on  August  25,  has  a free- 
school,  with  a master  and  two  ushers,  an 
ancient  Gothic  church,  and  several  antique 
monuments. 

Coylton,  a parish  in  the  district  of  Kyle, 
in  Ayrshire ; about  two  miles  in  breadth, 
and  seven  in  length.  The  soil  is  fertile. 
There  are  several  new  plantations,  which 
are  in  a thriving  state.  There  are  nu- 
merous lakes  in  the  parish  which  abound 
with  trout.  Coal,  freestone,  lime,  and  marl, 
are  found  in  every  part.  Population  is  848. 
It  was  formerly  a prebendary. 

Coyll,  a river,  joins  the  Soank,  34  miles  s 
of  Conjoor.  They  both  together  form  the 
Bramnee,  Hindoostan. 

Coylan,  See  Quilon, 

COZUMEL,  an  island  near  the  east  coast 
of  Jucatam.  Here  Cortes  landed  and  re- 
freshed his  troops,  before  he  attempted  the 
conquest  of  Mexico.  It  is  inhabited  by  na- 
tive Indians.  The  country  is  fertile.  It  is 
40  miles  long,  and  from  three  to  ten  broad. 
Lon.  87  19  w,  lat.  19  49  n. 

CRAB  ISLAND.  See  Boriqitex. 
CRACATOA,  the  southermost  island  in 
the  straits  of  Sunda,  high  peaked  and 
woody.  Small  turtle  abound  among  it* 
coral  reefs.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  excel- 
lent water,  and  is  considerably  populous, 
and  subject  to  the  king  of  Bantam.  Lon. 
105  56  E,  lat.  8 5 s. 

CRACOVIA,  a palatinate  of  Poland, 


C R A 

Tbe  principal  towns  are  Cracow  and 
Landseron. 

Cracow f the  capital  of  a palatinate  of 
the  same  name  in  Poland,  on  the  Vistula, 
has  a universiiy,  and  is  a bishop^s  see.  It 
was  formerly  the  capital,  and  their  kings 
were  elected  and  crowned  here.  It  now 
belongs  to  Austria.  The  ancient  palace 
stands  on  a rock  near  the  Vistula  ; near  it 
is  the  cathedi'cil  in  which  the  kings  of  Po- 
land are  buried.  It  was  taken  by  Charles 
XII.  of  Sweden,  in  1/02,  and  afterwards 
by  the  Russians.  In  1794,  Kosciusco,  the 
patriot  general,  expelled  the  Russians,  but 
afterwards  it  surrendered  to  the  Prussians. 
The  town  is  surrounded  by  walls,  large 
and  well  built.  The  streets  are  broad  and 
straight,  but  badly  paved.  This  city, 
formerly  near  the  centre  of  Poland,  occu- 
pies a great  space  of  ground  ; but,  with  its 
suburbs  united,  hardly  contains  24,000  in- 
habitants. It  is  130  miles  ssw  of  Warsaw. 
Lon.  19  50  E,  lat.  50  0 n. 

Craig,  a parish  in  Angus-shire.  It  ex- 
tends along  the  sea-coast  about  four  miles, 
presenting  a rocky  craig  or  precipice  to 
the  sea;  its  length  is  about  six,  and  its 
breadth  about  two  miles  and  a-half,  sepa- 
rated from  Montrose  by  the  South  Esk. 
The  soil  is  good,  producing  excellent  crops. 
The  parish  has  extensive  limestone  quarries, 
improvements  in  husbandry  were  early 
introduced  into  this  parish.  There  is  a 
considerable  fishing  at  Ferry  den  and  along 
the  coast.  Population  is  1,328. 

Cra^gendive,  a small  island,  near  four 
miles  E from  the  island  oi  Jura. 

Craiggag  Point,  a cape  on  the  e coast 
of  Satheiiandshire. 

Cragie,  a parish  in  the  district  of  Kyle, 
in  Ayrshire,  about  seven  miles  long  by  one 
and  a-half  broad.  The  greatest  part  is 
arable,  well  enclosed,  and  very  productive, 
the  hills  are  covered  with  verdure.  Many 
parts  contain  coal,  and  in  one  pit  there  is 
a seam  of  Catinel  coal.  There  are  also 
twm  or  three  great  timeworks,  from  which 
60,000  bolls  of  lime  may  be  annually 
raised.  Population  is  786. 

Craig-Leith,  a small  island  in  the  frith 
of  Forth,  about  a mile  north  of  N Berwick. 

Craig- Lockhart,  a hill  about  two  miles 
£W  of  Edinburgh,  beautifully  wooded,  ele- 
vated 540  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Craig-Logan,  a cape  on  the  nw  extremity, 
.of  Wigtriishire. 

.Craigluih  Loch,  a lake  in  the  district  of 
Stormont,  Perthshire,  from  whence  issues 
the  Lurian. 

Craigtmh,  a parish  on  the  western  coast 
of  Argyllshire.  The  soil  inclines  to  clay, 
and  is  tolerably  fertile  ; but  the  climate,  on 
account  of  the  vicinity  to  the.  Atlantic,  is 
.so  moist  and  variable,  as  often  to  blast 
the  farmer^s  hopes.  A few  herrings,  and 
other  fish,  are  caught  on  the  coast.  Popu- 
lation is  9i>4,  Here  axe  several  cir- 


C R A 

cular  towers,  whose  walls  are  seven  feet 
thick. 

Craigmillar,  a ruinous  castle  to  the  se 
of  Edinburgh,  occasionally  the  tesidenca 
of  Mary  queen  of  Scots. 

Craig-Owl,  one  of  the  Sidlaw  hills,  in  the 
parish  of  Teaiing  in  Angus-shire,  elevated 
i,100  feet  perpendicular  above  the  level  of 
the  sea. 

Craig- Phatric,  a steep  and  rugged  hill  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  Inverness  ; the  eleva- 
tion of  the  highest  part  is  1,150  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  river  Ness,  which  flows  at 
its  foot. 

Crail,  a parish  in  Fifeshire,  which  occu- 
pies the  whole  of  the  East  nook  of  Fife, 
extending  in  length  about  six  miles,  and  of 
very  irregular  breadth.  From  the  atten- 
tion paid  to  husbandry,  they  have  generally 
pieniiful  crops.  Limestone  is  also  found. 
The  population,  including  the  borough,  is 
1652. 

Crail,  di  royal  borough  of  great  antiquity, 
in  the  above  parish,  with  a small  harbour. 
It  consists  of  two  parallel  streets.  The 
houses  are  fallen  into  decay.  It  used  to. 
be  the  great  rendezvous  for  the  herring 
fishery.  In  an  old  castle,  the  ruins  of 
which  still  remain,  King  David  I.  occa- 
sionally resided  and,  according  to  some, 
died.  Fishing  is  still  continued,  though 
not  so  flourishing  as  formerly.  About 
eight  miles  se  of  st  Andrew^s. 

Crailing,  a parish  in  the  county  of  Rox- 
borough,  on  the  banks  of  the  Teviot  and 
intersected  by  the  road  from  Kelso  to 
Hawick.  Its  form  is  nearly  circular, 
having  a diameter  of  about  four  miles. 
The  soil,  though  various,  is  excellent,  and 
highly  cultivated.  Marl,  lime,  and  gyp- 
sum, are  used  for  manure.  Population  is 
699. 

Crain,  or  Crainherg,  a town  in  Carniola, 
on  the  Sax  e,  Geniiany,  has  a castle,  and  is 

18  miles  nw  of  Laubach. 

Crainherg,  a mountain  of  Carniola. 
Crahau,  or  Kruka,  a town  of  Germany, 

19  miles  nne  of  Dresden. 

Craliovavelika,  a town  on  an  island  of 

Sciavpnia.  Lon.  34  13  e,  Ferro,  iat.  45 
44  N. 

CramGnd,3L  parish  in  the  county  of  Lin- 
lithgow and  Mid-Lothian,  on  the  s banks 
of  the  Forth,and  both  sides  of  the  Almond. 
John  Law,  author  of  the  famous  ?ilississippi 
Scheme,  and  for  some  time  comptroller  of 
the  finances  in  France,  was  a native  of  this 
parish.  The  whole  extent  of  the  parish  is 
from  six  to  seven  miles  in  length,  while  the 
breadth  varies  from  one  to  two.  It  is  fei- 
tile  and  well  cultivated.  Freestone  abounds 
in  many  places,  as  also  whiustone  and  gra- 
nite. Ironstone  is  found  along  the  coast; 
and  there  are  many  large  seams  of  coal. 
Population  is  1400. 

Cramond  Nether,  in  the  above  parish, 

four  or  five  ivAy  of  Ediuhingk.  It  oon-, 


C R A 

tains?  upv/ards  of  340  inhabitants,  who  are 
mostly  employed  in  the  iron  works.  Near  it 
is  a commodious  harbour,  on  the  river 
Aniond,  having  eight  or  ten  sloops  employed 
by  the  Cramond  iron-work  company.  This 
company,  it  is  said,  occupy  a capital  of 
above  30,0001.  manufacturing  spades,  bolts 
for  shins,  &c. 

Cranberry,  a town  of  New  Jersey,  Mid- 
dlesex county,  16  miles  ssw  of  Brunswick, 
and  20  F.NE  of  Trenton. 

Cranboxirn,  a town  in  Dorsetshire.  This 
town  has  a weekly  market  on  Thursday, 
and  fairs  Aug.  24,  and  Dec.  6.  Here 
is  a fine  chase  which  extends  into  Wiltshire, 
miles  ne  of  Dorchester,  and  93  w of 
London. 

CranhroGk,  a town  in  the  county  of  Kent. 
It  has  a very  ancient,  beautiful  church, 
166  feet  in  length,  and  69  in  breadth,  with 
a lower  94  feet  high,  including  the  fane. 
It  has  a v/eekly  market  on  Saturday,  and 
two  annual  fairs.  And  is  celebrated  as  the 
first  seat  of  the  woollen  manufactures,  for 
which  England  has  long  been  famous.  It 
was  established  here  by  a colony  of  Flem- 
ings as  early  as  the.  reign  of  Edward  I. 
Its  cloths  were  long  distinguished  both  for 
texture  apd  colours.  Here  is  a free  gram- 
mar-school, endow'ed  by  queen  Elizabeth, 
and  a free  writing-school  for  poor  children, 
13  miles  s of  Maidstone,  and  49  se  of  Lon- 
don. 

CraTnenburgy  a town  in  the  department 
of  the  Roer,  France,  in  thedudhy  of  Cieve, 
on  an  eminence,  five  miles  w of  Cieve. 

Cranganore,  a town  in  the  country  of 
Cochin,  on  the  coast  of  Malabar,  India. 
The  Dutch  took  it  from  the  Portuguese  in 
1062,  and,  in  1789,  sold  it  to  the  rajah  of 
Travancore,  30  miles  n by  w of  Cochin. 
Lon.  75  48  e,  lat.  10  23  n. 

CransaCy  a village  in  the  department  of 
the  Aveiron,  France,  celebrated  for  its  mi- 
neral waters,  15  miles  ne  of  Rhodes. 

Cranshairs,  a small  parish  in  the  midst 
of  the  Lammermiiir  hills,  in  the  county  of 
Berwick,  intersected  by  Longformaciis. 
The  surface  consists  mostly  of  high  hills, 
and  therefore  better  adapted  . for  pasture 
than  for  tillage.  Population  is  160.  The 
old  castle  of  Cranshaws  is  an  edifice  of 
great  strength,  and  still  entire.  It  was  a 
place  of  refuge  in  the  border  wars.  Here 
are  vestiges  of  encampments  and  two  large 
tumuli. 

CranstoTiy  a parish  in  the  county  of  Edin- 
burgh, extending  about  five  miles  in  length, 
^and  three  in  breadth.  The  gentle  swellings 
of  the  hills,  are  adorned  \vith  fine  seats  and 
extensive  plantations.  The  soil  is  excellent, 
and  the  whole  parish  is  arable.  Free- 
stone and  limestone  abound  in  the  parish, 
and  works  are  erected  for  the  extraction 
of  pitch,  tar,  naphtha,  and  volatile  salt, 
from  pit  coal.  Population  is  805. 

Oransten,  a in  thti  above  pjrish 


C R A 

containing  about  187  inhabitants.  Here  is 
a holly-tree  which  measures  seven  and 
a-half  feet  in  girt. 

Croon,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Mayenne,  France,  by  the  Ouden,  17  miles 
s by  w of  Laval. 

Crapaky  a chain  of  mountains  betvreen 
Poland,  HuDgr?Ty,  and  Transylvania. 

Crathy  sluA  Braemcrr,  two  united  parishes 
in  Aberdeenshir.-,  in  the  very  middle  of  the 
Grampian  mountains.  The  length  of  the 
inhabited  part  is  about  30  miles,  ani;l  the 
breadth  varies  from  six  to  ten  ; but  the 
w’hole  extent  is  about  40  miles  ia  length, 
and  20  in  breadth.  The  low  grounds, 
when  properly  cultivated,  produce  good 
crops.  Besides  the  natural  wood,  there 
are  extensive  plantations  of,  fir  and  larix. 
The  principal  lakes  are  loch  Callader  and 
loch  Brotachan.  The  mountains  abound 
with  precious  stones  ; granite  of  a fine 
polish  also  abounds  ; and  there  are  inex- 
haustible quarries  of  limestone,  and  of  fine 
slate.  The  united  parishes  of  Crathy  and 
Braemarr  contain  about  1,876  inhabitants, 
a great  proportion  of  whom  are  Roman; 
Catholics,  who  have  two  clergymen  within 
the  parish.  The  society  for  propagating 
Christian  knowledge  supports  amissionary 
and  school-master  in  Braemarr.  This  dis- 
trict w^as  part  of  the  Caledonian  Forest. 

Cratiyix  river  of  Naples,  which  runs  into 
the  gulf  of  Tarento. 

Crato,  a town  of  Alentejo,  Portugal,  has 
a priory  belonging  to  the  knights  of  Malta, 
and  is  14  miles  w of  Portalegre. 

Crawford,  a parish  in  Lanarkshire,  ex- 
tending about  18  miles  in  length,  and 
about  15  in  breadth.  The  greatest  part 
consists  of  hills  and  muirs  ; some  are  fit 
for  pasture,  but  many  scarcely  exhibit 
marks  of  vegetation ; and  even  the  best 
ground  is  adverse  to  agriculture.  Lead- 
hiils  are  in  this  parish,  the  most  extensive 
mines  in  the  kingdom.  See  LeadhilU.  Po. 
pulation,  including  Lead-hiils,  and  the  vil- 
lage of  Crawford,  is  1,671. 

Cimvford,  a village  in  the  above  parish, 
chiefly  inhabited  by  feuers  of  small  free- 
doms granted  by  the  neighbouring  proprie- 
tors, near  which  stand  an  old  castle  and 
tower,  called  Tower  Lindsay. 

! Crawford,  Ja/iw,  a parish  in  Lanarkshire, 
extending  15  miles  in  length,  the  greatest 
breadth  being  about  six.  It  contains  very 
little  arable  land.  A valuable  lead 
mine  has  been  opened  ; and  there  is  an 
excellent  limestone  quarry,  abundance  of 
W'hite  freestone  and  coal.  Population 
about  712. 

, Cray,  See  Croy, 

Cray,  St  Mary’s,  a town  in  the  county 
of  Kent.  Market  on  Wednesday,  fair  on 
Feb.  2,  1 2 miles  se  of  London. 

Crayford,  a town  in  the  county  of  Kent. 
At  E end  of  the  town  is  a bleachfield  and 
printfieldj  and  about  a mile  distant  is  a 


C R E ^ 

water  mill  for  slitting  and  rolling  iron.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Cray,  two  miles  w by  n of 
Dartford. 

Crecy,  or  Cressy,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Somme,  France,  noted  for  a 
\ictory  obtained  over  the  French  by 
■^Edward  III.  in  1346,  32  miles  nw  of 
Amiens. 

Credan  Head,  a cape  on  the  w coast  of 
Waterford  harbour,  Ireland. 

Creditorty  or  Kirktony  a town  in  the 
county  of  Devon,  seated  between  two  hills. 

It  is  governed  by  a magistrate  called  a 
portreeve.  It  was  nearly  destroyed  by  fire 
in  neo  The  church,  once  a cathedral, 
is  a magnificent  structure.  Boniface,  arch- 
bishop of  Mentz,  styled  the  GeriBan  Apos- 
tle, was  a native  of  this  town,  and  it  sent 
members  to  a parliament  of  Edward  I. 
held  at  Carlisle,  12  miles  nw  of  Exeter, 
and  180  w by  N of  London.  The  princi- 
pal manufacture  is  that  of  serges,  which 
is  carried  on  to  a great  extent.  It  has  a 
weekly  market  on  Saturday. 

Creey  a river  which  rises  in  the  southern 
parts  of  Ayrshire,  and  falls  into  the  bay 
of  Wigion.  It  abounds  with  salmon, 
ami  is  navigable  to  vessels  for  several 
miles. 

Creetown,  or  Ferrytown  of  Creey  a small 
town  on  the  n side  of  Wigion  bay,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Cree,  in  the  parish  of 
Kirkmabreck,  and  stewartry  of  Galloway, 
on  the  great  road  from  Portpatrick  to 
London.  It  contains  upvv^ards  of  400  in- 
habitants ; and  is  supported  by  a consider- 
able coasting  trade.  Creetown  was  latelj^ 
erected  into  a burgh  of  barony. 

Creglinyefiy  a town  in  Franconia,  prin- 
cipality of  Anspach,  stands  on  the  Taubor, 
30  miles  nw  of  Anspach. 

CREICHGOW,  or  Crichgam^  a couii- 
try  between  Suabia  and  the  Lower  palati- 
Bate. 

Creily  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Oise,  and  chief  place  of  a canton,  France, 
on  the  Oise,  five  miles  E of  Senlis. 

Creilshenriy  a town  in  Franconia,  and 
principality  of  Anspach,  stands  on  the  Jaxt, 
22  miles  sw  of  Anspach. 

Creinay  a fortified  town,  and  capital  of 
Cremasco,  Italy,  on  the  Serio.  It  is  well 
buHt,  populous,  and  commercial  ; and 
contains  8800  citizens  ; 30  miles  s of 
Bergamo.  Lod»  9 50  e,  lat.  45  22  n. 

CREMASCO,  a country  of  Italy,  pro- 
Tuice  of  Bergamasco,  which  took  its  name 
from  Crema  the  capital.  It  is  74  miles 
long,  46  broad,  and  230  in  circumfer- 
ence; and  contains  one  city,  four  villages 
53  parishes,  and  80,000  souls.  It  is  fertile 
in  corn,  wine,  flax,  and  hemp. 

CremieUy  or  Cremviy  d,  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Iseie,  France,  by  the 
Rhone,  20  miles  ne  of  Vienne.^ 

Cremrneny  a tow’n  in  Upper  Saxony,  and 
Middle  Mark  of  Brandenburg,  containing 


C R E 

about  300  houses ; 22  miles  nww  of  Ber- 
lin. 

CremnitZy  or  KremnitZy  a town  of  Upper 
Hungary,  noted  for  its  gold  mines,  17  miles 
N of  Schemnitz.  The  town  contains  but 
50  houses. 

Cremona y a city  of  Italy,  the  ci-devant 
capital  of  the  Cremonese.  The  principal 
streets  are  wide  and  straight,  adorned  with 
some  small  squares,  a few  palaces,  an  uni- 
versity, 40  parish  churches,  43  convents, 
and  about  12,000  inhabitants,  but  the 
houses  in  general  are  not  well  built.  It  is 
situated  in  a delightful  plain,  watered  by 
the  Oglio,  and  about  a quarter  of  a mile 
from  the  Po,  over  which  there  is  a bridge 
of  boats,  protected  by  a fort.  A canal 
passes  through  the  town,  and  forms  a com- 
munication between  the  Oglio  and  the  Pe. 
Cremona  has  been  several  times  taken  ; it 
IS  five  miles  in  circumference,  and  is  de- 
fended by  a castle.  It  is  38  miles  se  of 
Milan.  Lon.  9 58  E,lat.  45  8 n. 

CREMONESE,  a territory  of  Italy,  i« 
the  duchy  of  Milan,  bounded  cn  the  n by 
Bresciano,  w by  Cremasco,  s by  Parma,  and 
E by  Mantua.  It  is  fertile,  particularly 
in  wine  and  fruit.  Cremona  is  the  capi- 
tal. 

CrempCy  or  Krempe,  a town  in  the  duchy 
of  Holstein,  Germany.  The  chief  trade 
of  the  inhabitants  is  in  cattle.  It  is  four 
miles  N of  Gluckstadt,  and  27  nw  of  Ham- 
burgh. 

Cremsier^  ^ town  of  Moravia,  with  a cas- 
tle, seated  on  the  river  Marsch,  18  miles 
ssE  of  Olmutz. 

CrescentinOy  a town  of  Italy,  seated  oa 
the  Po,  20  miles  ne  of  Turin. 

Crespyy  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment Oi  the  Oise,  17  miles  s of  Compeigne. 

Cressy.  See  Creey, 

Cresty  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Drome,  on  the  river  Drome,  16 
miles  SSE  of  Valence, 

CrevecoeuTy  a town  and  fortress  of  S Hol- 
land, at  the  conflux  of  the  Dommel  with 
the  Maese,  four  miles  w of  Bois  le  Due. 

Crevecoeiiry  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Nerd,  on  the  Scheldt,  five 
miles  s of  Cambray. 

Crevelt,  a town  of  France,  the  capital 
of  the  department  of  the  Roer,  lately  ol 
Germany  in  the  electorate  of  Cologne. 
Near  this  place  the  Hanoverians  defeated 
the  French,  in  1758.  It  is  38  miles  nnw 
of  Cologne,  Lon.  34  35  e,  lat.  49  44  N. 

CP^EUSE,  a department  of  France, 
which  takes  its  name  Irom  the  river  Creuse, 
which  crosses  it,  and  flows  into  the  Vien- 
ne. It  contains  the  late  province  of 
Marche.  Gueret  is  the  capital, 

Creusen,  a town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Franconia,  in  the  principality  of 
Bayreuth,  seven  miles  from  Bayreuth, 
Creutzburg,  or  Klusabcreck,  a town  of  Si- 
lesia, in  the  principality  of  Brieg,  with  a 


C R I 

castle,  seated  on  the  Brinnitz.  The  prin- 
cipal trade  ot‘  the  inhabitants  is  in  hone}^, 
wax,  leather,  and  Max.  It  is  35  nules  e 
hy  N of  B rie^. 

ereutznatchj  a town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Mont  Tonnere,  lately  of  Ger- 
many, in  the  circle  of  the  Upper  Rhine.  It 
is  situated  on  the  Nalie,  which  divides  it  into 
the  Old  and  New  Town.  This  town  was 
taken  three  times  on  Dee.  2,  1705,  first  by 
the  French,  then  by  the  Austrians,  and  again 
by  the  former.  It  is  25  miles  sw  of  Mentz. 
The  inhabitants  carry  on  a great  trade  in 
w'ine,  salt,  corn,  wool,  and  tobacco.  Lon.  7 
55  E,lat.  40  41  N. 

Crewkerne,  a town  in  Somersetshire.  It 
has  some  manufactures  of  Dowlas  sail- 
cloth, girtweb,  ami  stockings  ; and  con- 
tains abont  3000  inhabitants,  with  a mar- 
ket on  Saturday.  It  is  seated  near  a 
branch  of  the  Aarret,  25  miles  s of  Wells, 
and  132  wsw  of  London. 

Crichton,  ix  parish  in  the  county  of  Edin- 
burgh, containing  about  3000  acres,  of 
which  two- thirds  are  well  adapted  for  til- 
lage. In  this  parish  stands  the  venerable 
Ca*stle  ol  Chrichton,  which  was  the  property 
and  residence  of  Sir  William  Chrichton, 
chancellor  of  Scotland,  in  the  1 5th  century, 
Who  founded  the  church  in  1440,  fora  pro- 
vost and  nine  prebendaries.  Population  023. 

Crichton,  in  the  above  parish,  14  miles  s 
of  the  metropolis.  It  is  a thriving  place, 
and  contains,  with  the  adjoining  village  of 
Pathhead,  450  inhabitants. 

Crieacth„  ox  Crickeith,  a town  of  Wales, 
in  Carmarthenshire,  with  a market  on  Wed- 
nesday. The  ancient  castle  is  now  in 
ruins.  It  is  situated  near  St  Georgefs  chan- 
nel, 1 8 miles  sse  of  Carmarthen,  and  234 
»w  of  London. 

Crickhowel,  a town  of  Wales,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Brecknock,  seated  on  the  Usk,  much 
resorted  to  by  invalids,  for  the  purpose  of 
drinking  goats  milk  and  whey.  Its  ancient 
castle  is  now  in  ruins.  It  has  a weekly 
market  on  Thursday ; 10  miles  se  of  Breck- 
nock, and  J 57  w by  n of  London. 

Cricklade,  a town  of  England,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Wilts  It  contains  about  250  houses, 
and  is  a burgh  town.  The  river  Thames  is 
navigable  to  this  town  ; and  a canal  is  now 
made  between  the  Thames  and  the  Severn, 
which  joins  the  former  here.  It  has  a week- 
ly market  on  Saturday,  and  is  25  miles  w 
by  s of  Oxford,  and  84  w by  n of  London. 

Criech,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Fifeshire, 
about  three  miles  long  and  two  broad. 
Thesoil  is  not  rich^  but  agriculture  is  much 
attended  to.  The  population  is  about  405. 

Criech,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Suther- 
landsMre,  which  is  at  least  40  miles  ; the 
length  of  the  inhabited  part 'is  about  24 
miles,  the  breadth  from  two  to  10  miles. 
The  seasons  are  early,  and  the  crops  heavy ; 
But  there  is  only  about  one  30th  part  of  the 
<4istrict  cultivated.  There  is  a great  deal 
9 


C R I 

of  natural  wood,  principally  of  oak  and 
birch  ; there  are  also  several  thriving  plan- 
tations of  fir.  The  great  quantity  of  moss 
ill  this  district  furnishes  plenty  of  fuel. 
Population,  1974. 

Crieff,  a town  of  Scotland,  in  the  county 
of  Perth,  seated  on  the  n of  the  Earn,  over 
which  there  is  a bridge  of  four  arches.  It 
is  much  resorted  to  in  the  summer  months 
for  its  health}  situation.  It  contains  about 
2100  inhabitants,  and  is  much  enlarged 
within  these  few  years.  When  the  old 
church  was  taken  down  in  1787,  40  gold 
coins  of  Robert  Bruce  were  found  in  a 
niche  of  the  wall.  Here  are  two  tannages, 
a paper  mill,  and  a brewery.  Many  of  the 
inhabitants  are  employed  in  the  weaving  of 
lilankets,  and  coarse  cloths,  besides  cottons 
for  Glasgow  manufactures  ; 17  miles  w of 
Perth,  and  20  n of  Stirling. 

Crieff,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Perth- 
shire, in  which  the  above  town  is  situated: 
It  is  well  cultivated,  and  the  greatest  part 
enclosed.  Population,  2876. 

Grim,  a towui  of  the  Crimea,  supposed  to 
be  the  site  of  an  ancient  city,  that  at  soma 
former  period  gave  its  name  of  Crim  Tar- 
tary, or  Crimea,  to  the  whole  peninsula. 
It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  an  insulated 
mountain  ; 10  miles  w of  Caffa. 

CRIMEA,  or  CRIM  TARTARY,  the 
ancient  TauricaChersonesus,  a peninsula  of 
Europe ; bounded  on  the  s and  w by  tho 
Black  sea,  n by  the  province  of  Catherinen- 
slof,  with  which  it  communicates  by  the  isth- 
mus of  Prekop,  and  e by  the  sea  of  Asoph 
and  the  strait  of  Taman  ; forming  a part  of 
the  government  of  EcaterinosUiy , under  tho 
name  of  Taurida,  Russia.  The  Crimea  is 
divided  into  two  parts  by  mountains  which 
run  E and  w.  The  n division  is  fit  for  pas- 
ture only . In  the  s parts  the  valiies  are  as- 
tonishingly productive,  and  the  climate  ex- 
tremely mild.  This  country  is  inhabited  by 
Tartars.  Besides  the  ports  of  Kerth  and 
Jenikale,  the  road  of  Caifa,  and  the  harbour 
of  Baluclana,  there  is  near  Sebastapol,  on# 
of  the  finest  harbours  in  the  world.  Syni- 
pheropol  is  the  capital.  Toward  the  end  of 
the  nth  century,  the  Genoese  took  posse.s- 
sion  of  this  country,  but  w^ere  expelled  by 
the  Crim  Tartars,  in  1474.  The.se  Tartars 
had  been  settled  in  the  Crimea  above  200 
years  before  the  expulsion  of  the  Genoese. 
They  were  subjects  of  Bata  Khan,  graml- 
son  of  Zingis,  and  their  conquest  was  anuer- 
ed  to  the  kingdom  of  Kasan,  till  the  death 
of  Tamerlane,  in  1400,  when  Edegai  Knan, 
an  officer  of  that  prince,  took  possession  of 
it,  and  w^as  succeeded  by  Duclet  Cherai,iii 
whose  family  the  sovereignty  continued  till 
the  18th  century.  The  Khans,  however, 
were  tributaries  to  the  Turks  (ill  the  y'  ar 
1774,  when  they  obtained  their  indepen- 
dence. In  1783,  the  Russians  took  posses- 
sion of  the  country,  and  in  the  tollowing 
year  it  w^as  coded  to  them  by  the  Turks. 

M m 


C R O 

CrimmiizschaWfdiiovm  in  Upper  Saxony, 
in  Atisma.  The  inhabitants  carry  on  ma- 
nufactures of  cloth,  flannels,  and  linen ; 
«eated  on  the  Pleise,  10  miles  ssw  of  Alten- 
burgh. 

Crimond,€L  parish  of  Scotland,  in  the  dis- 
trict of  Buchan,  in  Aberdeenshire.  The 
figure  is  triangular ; and  it  contains  4600 
acres,  of  which  3000  are  arable ; the  re- 
ibainder  is  occupied  by  mosses,  links,  and 
the  lake  of  Strathbeg.  Population  822. 

Crinan,  Loch^  a small  arm  of  the  sea,  on 
the  w coast  of  Argyllshire,  lately  connect- 
ed with  Loch-Gilp  (an  arm  of  Loch  Fine) 
by  a navigable  canal,  named  the  Crinan 
Canal. 

Croachpatrick,  a mountain  of  Ireland,  in 
the  county  of  Mayo,  near  the  side  of  Claw 
bay,  four  miles  sw  of  Newport.  It  is  in  the 
form  of  a sugar  loaf,  2666  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea,  and  deemed  the  highest 
mountain  in  the  country ; it  is  much  fre- 
quented by  pilgrims. 

Croara,  a town  of  Italy. 

CROATIA,  a country  of  Europe,  bound- 
ed on  the  North  by  Hungary,  Eby  Sclavo- 
nia  and  Bosnia,  s by  Dalmatia,  and  w by 
Carniola  and  Stania.  It  is  about  150  miles 
in  length,  and  from' 40  to  60  in  breadth. 
It  belongs  to  the  house  of  Austria,  except  a 
small  part  of  it  w'hich  is  subject  to  the 
Turks.  The  principal  towns  are  Warasdin, 
or  Little  Warasdin,  Kreutz,  Velika,  Iwa- 
iiitz,  Zagrab,  Karlstadt,  and  Sluin.  The 
principal  rivers  of  Croatia  are  the  Corana 
and  the  Save.  Karlstadt  is  the  capital. 

CrocceuSf  or  Hoamho,  a river  of  China, 
which  rises  in  the  mountains  to  the  w of  the 
province  of  Suchuen,  and  after  traversing 
2000  miles,  falls  into  Nankin  bay. 

Croja,  or  CroiUy  a town  in  the  province  of 
Albania,  European  Turkey,  seated  near  the 
gulf  of  Venice,  13  miles  of  Durazzo, 
CroisiCy  Qx  Croisil,  a sea  port  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Lower  Loire,  France,  sur- 
rounded with  salt  marshes.  The  inhabi- 
tants carry  on  a considerable  coasting  trade, 
35  miles  w of  Nantes.  Lon.  2 32  w,  lat.  47 
18  N.  ■ 

CROIX,  ST,  one  of  the  Caribbee  islands, 
SO  miles  long,  and  eight  miles  where  broad- 
est, lying  40  miles  s by  e of  St  Thomas.  It 
belongs  to  the  Danes,  and  produces  a great 
quantity  of  sugar.  The  chief  towm  is  Chris- 
tianstadt  on  the  n coast,  with  a fine  harbour, 
defended  by  a fortress.  Lon.  65  28  w,  lat. 
17  45  N. 

Croix,  St,  a river  of  N.  America,  which 
forms  the  ne  boundary  of  the  United  States, 
and  runs  into  the  bay  of  Passamaquoddy. 

Croix,  St  Levjroy,  La,  a town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  the  Eure,  and  chief 
place  of  a canton,  six  miles  >;e  of  Evreux. 

Croix  Sur  Meuse,  La,  a town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  the  Meuse,  and  chief 
place  of  a canton,  12  miles  se  of  Verd\in. 
Crokane,  mountains  in  the  county  of  Cork. 


c R o 

CroUes,  a town  of  Franco,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Isere,  which  has  a consi- 
derable trade  in  wine,  ten  miles  ni  of 
Grenoble. 

Cromack,  or  Cronach,  a fortified  town  of 
Franconia,  in  the  principality  of  Bamberg, 
near  a river  of  the  same  name,  11  miles  n 
of  Culmbacb.  Lon  1 1 30  e,  lat  50  29  k. 

Cromack- Water,  a lake  in  Cumberland,, 
between  Buttermire- water  and  Lowes- wa- 
ter, receiving  the  former  at  its  s end  by  the 
river  Cocker,  and  the  latter  at  its  n end. 

It  is  four  miles  long,  and  near  half  a mile 
over,  and  beautified  with  three  small  isles. 

Two  of  them  covered  with  wood,  the  other 
is  a rock.  Near  the  sw  end  of  it  is  a wa- 
ter-fall, called  Scaleforce.  At  the  ne  end 
is  a stone  bridge  over  its  outlet,  the  Cocker, 

It  abounds  with  red  trout  and  char, 

Cromarty,  a small  county  of  Scotland. 

Its  greatest  length  is  about  16  miles,  and 
its  average  breadth  between  six  and  seven, 
bounded  on  the  n by  a frith  or  river,  cal- 
led the  frith  of  Cromarty  ; on  the  e by  tho 
Murray  frith  ; and  every  v/here  else  by  the 
county  of  Ross.  It  chiefly  belongs  to  the 
Andersons  of  Udal,  and  the  family  of  Ross* 
of  Cromarty.  Agricultural  improvements 
are  yet  in  their  infancy.  The  higher 
grounds  are  mostly  covered  with  heath,  but 
towards  the  shores  the  soil  is  light  and  ear- 
ly. Fisheries  are  very  successfully  prose- 
cuted, and  pearls  are  sometimes  found  in  the 
frith  of  Cromarty.  Cromarty  is  divided  in- 
to five  parishes,  and  contains  3052  inhabi- 
tants. The  real  rent  is  estimated  at  70001. 
sterling.  Cromarty  returns  one  member 
to  parliament  alternately  with  Nairn. 

Cromarty,  a parish  in  the  above  county, 
seven  miles  long,  and  from  one  to^  four 
broad.  The  climate  is  cold,  but  healthy. 

It  is  in  a state  of  high  improvement : to  ac- 
complish this,  the  late  Mr  George  Ross  ex- 
pended above  50,0001.  The  hill  of  Cro- 
marty is  much  celebrated  for  the  grandeur 
and  extent  of  the  prospect  it  affords.  Po- 
pulation, 2208. 

Cromarty,  the  capital  of  the  county  of 
the  same  name,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  th» 
Cromarty  Frith,  containing  about  1700  in- 
habitants. Here  is  a manufacture  of  coarse 
cloth,  and  a considerable  coasting  trade. 

A ferry  boat  is  established  across  the  mou^ 
of  the  Frith  from  Cromarty  to  the  Ross 
side.  It  is  16  miles  nne  of  Inverness. 
Lon.  3 50  w,  lat.  57  38  N. 

Cromarty  Frith,  one  of  the  finest  bays 
on  the  coast  of  Britain.  Its  length  is  a- 
bout  16  miles j and  its  breadth  in  the  middle 
about  three : the  entrance  is  little  more  than 
a mile  wide,  between  the  two  promontories 
called  the  Sutors  of  Cromarty.  After  pas- 
ing  the  Sutors,  there  is  the  finest  anchor- 
ing ground  for  several  miles  up  the  bay. 

Cromdale,^  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  the 
counties  of  Inverness  and  Moray,  20  miles 
in  length,  and  in  some  places  1 1 or  12  miles  \ 


C R O 

^oad.  Not  a hundredth  part  of  the  lands 
is  arable,  but  flocks  of  sheep  every  where 
cover  the  country.  Plantations  of  fir,  are 
numerous  and  thriving.  The  low  and  fer- 
tile grounds  on  the  banks  of  the  Spey  have 
been  rendered  famous  by  a song  (the 
Haughs  of  Cromdale.)  Cromdale  is  famous 
for  a battle  fought  within  its  limits  between 
the  forces  of  king  William,  and  those  of 
the  exiled  king  James,  under  Lord  Dundee, 
in  which  the  former  were  victerious.  The 
number  of  inhabitants,  2187. 

Cromer,  a town  of  England,  on  the  ke 
of  the  county  of  Norfolk,  with  a harbour 
for  fishing  vessels.  The  town  was  former- 
ly larger  than  at  present,  it  having  two 
churches,  one  of  which,  with  several  houses, 
was  sw'allowed  up  by  the  sea.  The  inha- 
bitants are  chiefly  fishermen.  It  is  a place 
of  resort  for  sea-bathing,  and  fine  lobsters 
are  taken  here.  It  is  seated  on  the  German 
ocean,  has  a weekly  market  on  Saturday, 
and  is  22  miles  n of  Norwich,  and  129  ne 
of  London.  Lon.  0 30  b,  Greenv^^ich,  lat. 
52  55  N. 

Cromford,  a village  in  Derbyshire,  on  the 
river  Derwent.  Here  Mr  Arkwright,  after- 
ward Sir  Richard,  erected  some  of  the  new 
cotton  mills,  a capital  improvement  of  me- 
chanism due  to  him.  His  son  has  an  ele- 
gant seat  on  the  e bank  of  the  river.  From 
Cromford,  a canal  crosses.'  the  Derwent, 
runs  a considerable  way  parallel  to  it,  turns 
to  the  E at  Critch-chace,  where  there  is  an 
iron  forge,  and  joins  the  Erewash  canal  at 
Lougley  bridge.  This  canal  opens  aw^ater 
communication  between  the  centre  of  Der- 
byshire and  the  Trent.  The  population 
about  1115. 

Cronach,  See  Cromach, 

Cronborg,  a fortress  of  Denmark,  in  the 
island  of  Zealand,  near  Elsinore,  which 
guards  the  passage  of  the  Sound.  It  is  si- 
tuated on  the  point  of  a peninsular  promon- 
tory opposite  to  Helsingbourgh,  in  Sweden, 
about  two  miles  distant.  It  was  built  by 
Frederick  II.  of  Denmark,  in  1577,  on 
piles  of  oak,  strengthened  with  stone.  In 
1658  it  was  taken  by  Charles  Gustavus 
king  of  Sweden,  and  retaken  in  1660.  In 
this  fortress  is  a palace,  where  the  unfortu- 
nate queen  Matilda  was  imprisoned  till  she 
■was  permitted  to  retire  to  Zell.  About  half 
a mile  distant  from  this  is  Hamlet  garden, 
said  to  be  the  spot  where  the  murder  of  his 
father  was  committed. 

Cronslot,  an  island  and  fort  in  thp  gulf 
of  Finland.  It  is  a station  for  Russian  ships 
of  war,  &c.  Lon.  30  15  e,  lat.  60  20  n. 

Cronstadt,  or  Kronschad,  a sea-port  and 
fortress  of  Russia,  on  the  island  of  Retutari, 
in  the  gulf  of  Finland.  The  harbour  is  the 
principal  station  of  the  Russian  fleet.  Here 
are  dock  and  yards  for  building  ships,  a 
foundery  for  casting  balls,  an  extensive 
marine  hospital,  and  great  magazines  of 
caval  stores.  The  man  of  wap^^  mole 


c R o 

is  inclosed  by  a strong  rampart,  in  the 
sea,  Peter’s  canal  is  1050  fathoms  long, 
60  fathoms  broad  at  the  bottom,  and 
100  at  the  top,  and  is  24  fathoms  deep. 
There  are  two  pyramidal  columns  at 
the  end  with  inscriptions  relative  to  this 
great  work.  The  houses  are  chiefly 
built  of  wood.  The  town  is  seated  on  the 
E part  of  the  island,  and  the  number  of 
inhabitants  is  about  60,000,  It  is  2% 
miles  w of  Petersburgh.  Lon.  29  26  e, 
lat.  59  56  N. 

Cronstadt,  a town  of  Transylvania.  See 
Brassau, 

Croom,  a town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Limerick,  on  the  river  Maig,  13  miles  ssw 
of  Limerick. 

Cropani,  a town  of  Naples  in  the  province 
of  Calabria  Ultra,  nine  miles  ene  of  St, 
Sevenna. 

Crosne,  a town  of  Poland  in  the  Palati- 
nate of  Lemberg,  80  miles  wsw  of  Lem- 
berg. 

CROSS  ISLAND,  an  island  in  the  At- 
lantic ocean,  near  the  coast  of  Main,  at 
the  entrance  into  Machias  bay.  Lon.  67 
15  w,  lat.  44  30  k. 

Cnross  Island,  one  of  the  smaller  Shetland 
islands,  35  miles  s of  Lerwick. 

Crossen,  a town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the 
New  Mark,  formerly  capital  of  a duchy  of 
the  same  name,  with  a strong  castle,  seated 
on  the  frontiers  of  Silesia,  near  the  conflux 
of  the  Bober  with  the  Oder,  in  a country 
abounding  with  fruit  and  wine.  It  has 
manufactures  of  cloth,  and  extensive 
breweries,  and  is  surrounded  with  old 
walls,  23  miles  se  of  Frankfort,  and  6S 
ESE  of  Berlin.  Lon.  32  ’51  e,  lat.  52  4 n. 

Cross-Fell,  a mountain  in  Cumberland, 
12  miles  e of  Penrith,  and  10  s of  Aid- 
stone.  Its  extreme  altitude  is  2901  feet. 
At  different  elevations  there  are  two 
extensive  plains ; and  a third  bn  the 
top  contains  several  hundred  across  co- 
vered with  moss  and  other  vegetable  pro- 
ductions. The  view  from  the  top  of  this 
mountain  comprehends  part  of  six  coun- 
ties. On  the  NE  side  of  it  lead  mines  are 
wrought,  and  was  formerly  called  Fiend’s 
Fell,  from  the  opinion  that  it  was  haunted 
by  devils. 

Crossmiehael,  a parish  in  the  stewarty  of 
Kircudbright.  It  extends  in  length  about 
five,  and  in  breadth  about  four  miles.  A 
large  part  of  it  is  arable.  Considerable 
attention  is  paid  to  the  rearing  of  black 
cattle.  There  are  two  lakes  in  the  parish. 
The  Urr  has  a small  harbour.  Population 
about  1084, 

Crotchey,  a town  of  Hindoostan  in  Sin- 
dy,  on  the  e side  of  a creek  that  will  ad- 
mit boats,  and  about  five  miles  w from  the 
place  v/here  vessels  lie  in  the  river  Larry- 
bunder.  It  has  a considerable  trade.  It 
is  90  miles  w of  Tatta.  Lon.  66  10  E, 
lat.  24  52  N. 


Mm2 


C R O 

Crotemyif  a town  of  France  in  tbe  de- 
partment of  Jura,  and  chief  place  of  a can- 
ton, six  miles  se  of  Poiigny. 

Crotoiiy  a river  of  Connecticut.  It  has 
abridge  i, 400  feet  long,  piercing  through 
a hill,  and  supported  by  16  stone  pillars. 

It  has  several  romantic  falls  from  60  to 
100  feet  perpendicular, 

Crotona,  a sea-port  town  of  Naples,,in 
Calabria  Ultra,  and  a bishop^s  see,  with  a 
citadel.  Its  trade  consists  in  grain, ^ oil, 
cheese,  and  silk,  and  is  15  miles  ssof  Seve- 
rino.  Lon.  17  27  e,  lat.  39  9 
Cretorf,  a town  of  Westphalia. 

Crotoy,  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Somme.  It  has  a good  harbour, 
but  is  little  frequented,  35  miles  nw  of 
Amiens. 

Crottendorf,  or  Krotendorf,  a town  in 
Upper  Saxony,  and  circle  of  Erzgeburg, 
six  miles  e of  Schwartenzburgh. 

Crouch,  a river  in  the  county  of  Essex, 
which  rises  near  Horndean,  and  enters  the 
German  ocean  between  Burnham  and 
Foalness  islands.  It  is  celebrated  for  its 
oyster  beds. 

Crowland,  or  Cropland,  a town  of  Eng- 
land in  Lincolnshire.  Here  was  formerly 
an  abbey  of  great  note,  and  some  stately 
ruins  still  remain.  Market  on  Saturday. 
It  is  situated  on  the  fens ; and  there  is  no 
access  to  it  but  by  narrow  causeways, 
which  will  not  admit  a cart.  It  has  fonr 
streets,  separated  from  each  other  by  water 
courses,  whose  banks  are  supported  by 
piles,  and  set  with  willow  trees.  The 
chief  trade  is  in  fish  and  wild  fowls,  which 
are  caught  in  the  adjacent  pools  and 
inarches,  in  great  number  by  means  of  de- 
coys. It  is  1 1 miles  w of  Petersborough, 
anil  93  n by  w of  London. 

Crowle,  a town  of  England  in  Lincoln- 
shire, seated  in  the  island  of  Axbolm,  with 
a weekly  market  on  Monday,  and  fairs  on 
last  Monday  in  May,  and  November  22. 

Crown  Island,  an  island  on  the  eastern 
sea,  near  the  ne  coast  of  New  Guinea. 
Lon.  146  50  e,  Greenwich,  lat.  5 18  s 
Crown  Point,  a fort  and  settlement  of 
the  United  States,  in  New  York.  The 
fort  was  erected  by  the  French,  in  1731 
taken  by  the  Americans  in  1775,  and  re- 
taken the  next  year  by  the  English. 

Cray,  a parish  in  the  counties  of  Nairn 
and  Inverness,  united  to  that  of  Dalecross  ; 
extending  i(5  miles  in  length  from  ne  tosw. 
The  river  Nairn  which  runs  through  it  for 
eight  miles,  alTords  a considerable  number 
of  salmon  ; its  banks  are  well  cultivated, 
or  covered  with  wood.  Population  about 
1601. 

Croydon,  a town  of  Englnnu  m the 
county  of  Surr}’',  situated  on  the  t ige  of 
Banstead  Downs,  near  the  MOurc<^  ot  the 
Wandle.  The  manor  has  ever  since  the 
conquest  ])elouged  to  the  archbishops  ol 
Canterbury,  who  occasionally  resided  for 


c u B 

the  space  of  500  years  in  a venerable  palace 
here ; which  is  now  occupied  by  a calico- 
printer,  a tanner,  and  a pelt  monger,  being 
alienated  from  the  see  in  1780.  It  has  an 
hospital  and  free-school  founded  by  arch- 
bishop Vfhitgift.  The  town  is  surrounded 
w'ith  uills,  well  stocked  with  wood,  from 
which  great  quantities  of  charcoal  are 
made  and  sent  to  London.  The  town  con- 
tains about  5,743  inhabitants.  It  has  a 
weekly  market  and  fairs  .June  5th,  and 
Oct.  2d.  It  is  10  miles  s of  London.  Lon, 

0 6 w,  lat.  51  22  n. 

Crozeu,  a town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Finistere,  and  a chief  place  of  a 
canton,  16  miles  nw  of  Chatcauiin. 

Cmachan  Ben,  a mountain  of  Scotland, 
in  the  county  of  Argyle,  3,390  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea,  25  miles  ssw  of  Fort 
William. 

Cruden,  Cruor  Danaoimim,  ‘‘the  blood 
of  the  Danes, a parish,  Aberdeenshire.  It 
extends  about  nine  miles  from  n to  s,  and 
about  eight  from  e to  w,  and  contains  four 
fishing  villages.  The  Danes  under  Canute 
were  defeated  here  in  the  Uth  century  by 
the  Scots  under  Malcolm  II.  The  soil  and 
climate  are  various.  Husbandry  is  but 
in  its  infancy.  Population  about  1934. 

Cruniau,  iiv  Krwnlaw,  a town  of  Bohe- 
mia, ill  the  circle  of  Bechin,  with  a castle, 
seated  on  the  Muldaw,  12  miles  s by  w of 
Budweis. 

Cruz,  St,  or  Agadur,  a sea-port  of  Mo- 
rocco, in  the  kingdom  of  Tus.  The  har- 
bour is  safe  and  commodious.  Tt  is  seat- 
ed on  a bay  of  the  Atlantic,  130  miles 
wsw  of  Morocco.  Lon.  9 30  w,  lat.  30 
28  N. 

Cruiz,  St,  a sea  port  on  the  se  side 
of  Teneriffe,  and  the  general  residence 
of  the  governor  of  the  island.  It  has  a 
good  harbour,  and  is  well  defended  by 
forts  and  batteries.  Lon.  16  16  w,  lat. 
28  27  N. 

Cruz  St,  a town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a 
jurisdiction,  in  the  audience  of  Charcas, 
and  a bishop^s  see.  The  town  is  seated 
near  the  river  Guapaix,  160  miles  ene  of 
Plata.  Lon.  65  15  w,  lat.  17  26  s. 

Cruz,  St,  a town  on  the  if  side  of  Cuba, 
50  miles  e of  Havaima. 

Cruz,  St,  an  island  ; see  Egmont, 

St  Crux  de  Mayo  ; see  Guitivis. 

CUBA,  the  largest  island  of  the  W In- 
dies, being  800  miles  in  length  from  e to 
w,  and  70  in  its  mean  breadth  from  n to  s. 
It  lies  s of  E Florida  and  the  Bahama  is- 
lands, and  was  discovered  by  Columbus 
in  1492.  The  Spaniards  extirpated  the 
natives  and  have  full  possession  of  it ; bat 
from  their  natural  indolence  only  but  a very 
seail  part  of  the  island  is  cleared.  A go- 
vernor, or  captain-general,  commands  in  the 
island,  who  decides  all  civil  and  military 
affairs.  An  intendent  is  at  the  head  of  the 
finances.  The  island  is  divided  into  18  ju- 


cue 

risdictions,  with  magistrates  to  caeh.  The 
mountains  abound  with  copper  mines  ; and 
small  pieces  of  gold  and  silver  are  collected 
in  the  sand  of  the  rivers.  Few  countries 
have  better  ports.  The  most  consideral)le 
are  the  Havannah  and  St  Jago.  The 
months  of.  .July  and  August  are  rainy  ; the 
rest  of  the  year  is  hot.  The  soil  is  equal 
in  fertility  to  any  in  America.  Tobacco  is 
one  of  its  principal  productions,  and  is  sup- 
posed to  be  the  best,  or  most  agreeable,  of 
any  produced  in  the  new  world.  The  in- 
habitants have  in  some  years  raised  2<50,000 
quintals  of  sugar.  The  quantity  of  coffee 
is  inconsiderable.  It  also  produces  ginger, 
mustick,  long  pepper,  cassia,  wild  cinna- 
mon, tfec.  Among  the  trees  are  the  cotton, 
ebony,  and  mahogany,  &c.  Bees  are 
numerous.  Horned  cattle  fill  the  forests, 
which  are  killed  only  for  their  skins.  The 
chief  birds  are  paroquets,  turtle  doves,  <fec. 
Water-fowl  are  numerous.  On  the  coast 
are  found  a great  number  of  turtles.  The 
principal  fish  are  mullets  and  chads.  Ha- 
vannah is  the  capital.  Loo.  73  deg.  50  m. 
to  85  deg.  30  m.  w,  lat.  20  deg.  to  23 
deg.  N. 

Cuhaf  a tow'll  of  Portugal  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Alentejo,  36  miles  se  of  Evora. 

CubaguGy  a small  island  of  S America, 
between  tiiat  of  Afagaretta  and  Terra  Fir- 
ma,  discovered  by  Columbus.  The  soil  is 
dry,  barren  and  nitrous,  without  fresh 
water.  Lon.  64  10  w,  lat.  10  53  n. 

Cuban y a river  of  Russian  Tartary, 
which  rises  in  mount  Caucasus,  divides 
Circassia  from  part  of  Turica,  and  empties 
itself  by  two  mouths,  one  into  the  Black 
sea,  the  other  into  the  sea  of  Asoph. 

CUBAN  TARTARY,  a country  of  A- 
sia,  in  the  Russian  province  of  Taurica, 
bounded  on  the  n by  the  river  Don,  which 
separates  it  from  Europe,  on  the  w by  the 
sea  of  Asoph  ; on  the  e by  the  desert  of 
Astracan,  and  s by  the  river  Culvan,  which 
divides  it  from  Circassia. 

Cubjacy  a town  in  the  department  off  the 
Dordogne,  Fra  .nee. 

Cublancy  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Dordogne,  France. 

Cvhleify  in  Derbyshire,  six  miles  from 
Ashburu,  with  a fair  November  30. 

Cumnuy  a town  in  the  country  of  Friuli, 
Italy. 

CticcGy  a village  in  the  district  of  Colog- 
na  Laly. 

Cucohiaray  a small  island  in  the  Adriatic, 
near  the  coast  of  Naples,  IS  miles  Kwfrom 
Vieste. 

Cnchecunna y a town  in  the  country  of 
Candahar,  Asia. 

Cuckfieldy  a town  of  England  in  the 
county  of  Sussex.  It  has  a w^eekly  market, 
and  fairs  Whitsun  Tuesday,  September  19. 
and  November  18.  It  is  39  miles  s by  w 
of  London. 

Cucdalore,  a towo  of  flindoostao  on  the 


C U L 

coast  of  Coromandel,  in  the  Carnatic,  near 
the  place  where  fort  St.  David  once  stood. 
It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1758, 
and  again  in  1783.  It  is  20  miles  ssw 
of  Pondicherry.  Lon.  79  55  e,  lat.  II 
41  N. 

CuddapOy  a town  of  Hindoostan,  and 
capital  of  a province  to  which  it  gives 
name,  ceded  by  Tippoo,  in  1792,  to  the 
nizam  of  the  Decan.  It  is  133  miles 
Nw  of  Madras.  Lon.  78  57  e,  lat.  14  23  n. 

Cudrefiny  a town  and  baliwick  of  Swit- 
zerland, in  the  canton  of  Bern,  on  the  sk 
borders  of  Neufchatel,  five  miles  se  of 
Neiifchatel,  21  w of  Bern. 

Cuencuy  or  Cuenza,  a town  and  jurisdic- 
tion of  Peru,  in  the  province  of  Quito. 
The  town  is  populous,  and  situated  at  the 
foot  of  Cordillera  Mountain,  on  one  of 
the  sources  of  the  Amabon,  170  miles  s 
by  w of  Quito.  Lon.  78  30  w,  lat.  Z 
56  s. 

Cuenca,  a city  of  Spain  in  New  Castile, 
anciently  called  Conca ; a bishop^s  see, 
seated  on  a hill,  near  the  river  Xucar,  90 
miles  E by  sof  Madrid.  Lon.  2 12  e,  lat, 
40  10  N. 

Cuera,  or  Zuera,  a town  in  Arragon, 
Spain. 

Cuernabaccay  or  Cucrnavaccq,  a town  in 
the  province  of  Mexico,  N America. 

CUJAVIA,  a province  of  Poland  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Vistula,  including  the  two 
palatinates  of  Wiadislaw  and  Brzeic. 
Wladislaw  is  the  capital. 

Cuilly,  a town  of  Switzerland,  in  the 
canton  of  Bern,  on  the  me  of  the  lake  of 
Geneva,  eight  miles  ese  of  Lausanne. 

Culemhach,  See  Culmbach, 

Culenburg,  a towm  of  Holland,  in  Guel- 
derland,  on  the  river  Leek,  12  miles  ese  of 
Lausanne.  Lon.  5 12  n,  lat.  51  58  n. 

CULIACAN,  a province  of  New  Spain 
in  the  audience  of  Guadalajara ; bounded 
on  the  NW  by  Cinaloa,  w by  the  gulf  of 
California,  about  200  miles  long,  and  90 
broad.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  the  air  healthy. 
There  are  some  silver  mines.  The  principal 
towns  are  Culiacan,  Petarlan,  and  St  Mi« 
guel, 

Culiacan,  a town  of  New  Spain,  capital 
of  the  above  province,  seated  on  the  river 
Culacan.  Population  about  10,800;  340 
miles  NW  of  Guadalajara,  Lon.  106  42  w', 
Ferro,  lat.  24  56  n. 

Cully  a poor  sea  port  town  of  Africa,  in 
the  country  of  Algiers,  with  a tolerable  port. 
Lon.  6 40  E,  Greenwich,  lat.  37  40  n. 

Cullen,  a parish  of  Scotland,  on  the  coast 
of  Banffshire,  two  miles  long,  and  one 
broad,  enlarged  by  the  addition  of  part  of 
Rathven  parish,  quoad  sacra,  three  miles 
in  length,  and  tw'o  in  breadth.  The  soil 
is  of  three  kinds  ; a strong  rich  clay,  a 
light  loam  upon  a tilly  bottom,  and  the 
greater  part  a fine  rich  loam  upon  a soft  clay 
bottom.  The  climate  is  healthy  and  the 


C U L 

people  long  lived.  Earl  of  Findlater  has 
planted  a great  part  of  this  parish  with 
trees.  The  bodies  of  IndalfuSj  king  of 
Scotland,  who  was  killed  in  a battle  with 
thC/  Danes,  in  968  j and  of  Elizabeth,  king 
Robert  Bruce’s  second  wife,  are  said  to  be 
‘buried  in  this  parish.  Population  about 

1,076.  . , 

Cullen,  a royal  burgh  in  the  above  pa- 
rish, at  the  mouth  of  the  Cullen,  which 
joins  v.dth  Banff,  Kintore,  Elgin,  and  In^ 
verary,  in  electing  a representative  in  par- 
liament. It  carries  on  considerable  linen 
and  damask  manufactures.  Near  it  are 
seen  lofty  rocks  formed  of  flinty  masses, 
called  the  Three  Kings  of  Cullen,  It  is 
13  miles  w of  Bantf. 

Cullen,  a town  of  Ireland  in  the  barony 
of  Coonagh,  and  county  of  Limerick,  18 
miles  SE  of  Limerick,  and  18  miles  w of 
Cashel, 

Cullera,  a town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia, 
on  the  sea  coast,  at  the  mouth  of  Xucar, 

21  miles  s of  Valencia. 

Cnlles,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Saonne  and  Loire,  France. 

Cullieudden,  See  KirkmichaeL 
Cull  Hill,  in  Queen’s  county. 

Ci/Wocfcw,  about  three  miles  e of  Inverness. 
Culloden  MtiiV)  a heath  in  Scotland,  a 
few  miles  s of  the  town  of  Inverness,  m the 
parish  of  Croy,  celebrated  for  being  the 
scene  of  action  where  a complete  victory 
was  obtained  over  the  rebels  by  the  duke  of 
Cumberland  in  1746,  which  for  ever  de- 
stroyed the  hopes  of  the  Stewart  family. 

Culloor,  a town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
countrv  of  Golconda,  celebrated  for  its  dia- 
mond mines,  1 1<5  miles  e of  Hydrabad. 
Lon.  80  37  e,  lat.  17  12  n. 

Culm,  a city  of  Poland,  capital  of  a pa- 
latinate of  the  same  name,  and  a bishop’s 
see,  with  a catholic  university » It  is  large, 
but  thinly  inhabited,  seated  on  the  Vistula, 
60  miles  s of  Dantzic.  Lon.  18  30  e,  lat.  j 
S3  24  N.  . j . 

Culmbach,'ei  town  of  Franconia,  andfor- 
tnerly  the  capital  of  a margravate  of  the 
same  name,  near  it  stands  the  fortress  of 
Plassenburgh,  where  w^ere  the  archives  of 
the  principality  preserved,  but  they  were  re- 
moved to  Bayreuth  in  1783.  From  its  dis- 
trict the  whole  margravate  w^as  called 
Bandenburgh-Culmbach  ; but  in  1726,  the 
government  devolved  in  another  line,  and 
since  that  period  it  has  been  named  Bran- 
denburgb-Bayreuth.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Maine,  13  miles  nnw  of  Bayreuth.  Lon. 

J I 36  E,  lat.  50  7 N 

Cnlmore,  a town  of  Ireland,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Londonderry,  with  a fort  at  the  w 
point  of  Loch  Foyle,  five-miles  n by  e of 
Londonderry. 

Culross,  a royal  borough  and  parish  ol 
Scotland,  in  Perthshire.  It  enjoys  the  ad- 
vantage of  a very  sale  harbour.  The  parish  | 
of  Culross  forms  nearly  a square  of  four  j 


CUM 

[ miles  ; the  surface  is  mostly  level.  In  th© 
s,  part  of  the  soil  is  good,  and  a regular  sys- 
tem of  agriculture  is  practised.  Coal,  free- 
stone, and  iron-stone,  abound  in  the  parish. 
Here  is  a magnificent  house,  with  13  win- 
dowsill the  front,  built  about  the  year  1590, 
by  Edward  lord  Kinloss,  better  kndwn  in 
England  by  the  name  of  lord  Bruce,  slain 
in  a noted  duel  between  him  and  Sir  Ed- 
ward Sackville;  It,  along  with  Dumferline, 
Stirling,  Inverkeithing,  and  Queen’s  Ferry, 
send  a member  to.  parliament.  The  num- 
ber of  inhabitants  about  1,502.  Culross  is 
situated  on  the  Forth,  about  23  miles  nw  of 
Edinburgh. 

Culsaimond,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  A- 
berdeenshire,  about  three  miles  and  a-half 
in  length,  and  three  in  breadth.  The  sur- 
face is  level,  with  the  exception  of.  two 
small  hills  about  the  middle  of  the  parish, 
which  abound  with  fine  blue  slate.  Th© 
soil  is  fertile,  especially  on  the  banks  of  the 
Urie.  Several  very  thriving  plantations 
have  been  lately  made  out.  Population 
about  730. 

Cutter,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Lanark- 
shire, about  eight  miles  long,  and  lour 
broad.  It  is  greatly  improved  within  these 
13  years,  by  plantations.  It  is  chiefly 
adapted  for  feeding  sheep.  The  population 
is  about  369. 

Cults,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  the  centre 
of  Fifeshire,  about  two  miles  and  a-half 
long,  and  one  and  a-half  broad.  Its  general 
surface  is  fiat,  declining  from  the  s where 
there  are  a few  hills.  The  soil  is  light,  and 
in  some  places  gravelly,  particularly  on  the 
banks  of  the  Eden,  but  towards  the  s it  is  a 
strong  clay.  There  are  numerous  excellent 
freestone  and  limestone  quarries,  there  is 
also  plenty  of  coal.  Population  about 
699. 

CUMANA,  a province  in  the  ne  of  Terra 
Firma,  in  the  government  of  Caracas; 
bounded  on  the  n and  e by  the  sea,  w by 
Caracas,  and  s by  Paria.  The  chief  pro- 
duce are  cocoa  and  tobacco,  but  it  is  gift- 
ed with  every  variety  of  territorial  produc- 
tion. The  interior  is  crowned  by  lofty 
mountains,  and  the  highest,  Tumerequiri,  is 
5600  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  In 
this  mountain  is  the  cavern  of  Guacharo,  so 
much  famed  among  the  Indians. 

Cumana,  the  capital  of  a province  of  the 
same  name,  with  a fortress.  It  contains 
about  30,000  inhabitants,  noted  for  com- 
mercial activity  and  enterprize,  who  carry 
on  a considerable  trade  in  cocoa,  and  other 
productions  of  the  country.  The  road, 
from  its  semicircular  form,  defends  it  from 
the  violence  of  the  wdnds.  It  stands  on  the 
Manzariaes,  near  the  entrance  of  the  gulf 
of  Caraco,  180  miles  e of  Leon  de  Caracas# 
Lon.  64  24  w,  lat.  10  12  n. 

Cumana  get  a,  a town  of  Terra  Firma,  in 
the  province  of  Cumana,  at  the  mouth  of  th» 
Nevery,  00  miles  w by  s of  Cumana, 


CUM 

CUMBANA,  an  island  of  th»  E Indies, 
between  Lombock  and  Flores,  180  miles 
long,  and  20  to  40  broad.  On  the  n side 
is  a town  of  the  same  name.  Lon.  116 
58  E,  lat.  8 27  s. 

Cumberlandy  a county  of  England,  224 
miles  in  circumference,  58  in  length,  and 
rather  above  30  in  breadth  ; bounded  on 
the  N by  Scotland,  k by  Northumberland, 
Durham  and  Westmoreland,  s by  Lanca* 
ghire,  and  w by  the  Irish  sea  and  Solway 
frith.  Though  this  county  enjoys  an  ex* 
tout  of  67  miles  of  sea-coast,  few  of  its 
many  rivers  are  navigable ; the  tide  flow- 
ing not  more  than  two  or  three  miles  up 
the  greatest  part  of  them.  Cumberland 
may  be  considered  as  forming  two  dif- 
ferent districts,  the  mountainous,  and  that 
which  is  capable  of  culture.  Cross-fell, 
Hartside-fell,  Geltsdale-forest,  and  Spa- 
deadam-waste,  are  the  names  of  that  por- 
tion of  the  ridge  which  passes  through  this 
country.  These  mountains  are  composed 
of  strata  of  different  kinds  of  stone,  and 
are  rich  in  coal,  lime,  copper,  and  lead-ore. 
The  other  division  of  mountainous  districts 
are  known  by  the  names  of  Skiddaw,  Sad- 
dleback, Helvellin,  Wreynose,  Hardknot, 
Scafell,  &c.  are  in  general  composed  of 
itone  which  produces  beautiful  blue  slate. 
At  the  head  of  the  dreary  vale  of  Borrodale, 
are  the  mines  of  wad  or  black  lead,  a mine- 
ral almost  peculiar  to  this  county ; the 
richness  of  these  mines  and  the  qualities  of 
the  substance  being  unequalled  by  any  in 
the  world.  This  county  is  celebrated  for 
its  lakes,  viz.  Derwent- water,  Bassenth- 
waite-water,  Buttermere,  Cromack-water, 
Lowes-water,  Ulls-water,  West-water,  En- 
iierdale-water,  and  Leathes- water.  The 
mountainous  districts  contain  342,000  acres, 
improveable  common,  150,000  ; old  inclo- 
sures, 470,000  ; lakes  and  waters,  8000 ; 
total  quantity  of  acres  in  the  whole  county, 
970,000.  It  having  been,  for  some  time, 
the  northren  extremity  of  the  Roman  empire 
in  Britain,  affords  a great  number  of  anti- 
quities, such  as  the  Piets  wall,  built  by 
Adrian  in  121,  camps,  towns,  and  remains 
of  Roman  causeways,  &c.  The  climate  is 
various  ; the  lower  parts  of  the  county  are 
mild  and  temperate ; on  the  mountains  and 
their  vicinity,  the  air  is  cold  and  piercing; 
but  the  whole  is  healthy,  though  subject  to 
great  and  frequent  falls  of  rain,  particularly 
in  the  autumn,  which  makes  their  harvests 
very  precarious  and  expensive.  The  soil  is 
various.  Dry  loams  are  found  in  a greater 
proportion  than  any  other  ; and  peat-earth 
is  more  prevalent  on  the  mountainous  dis- 
tricts. Cumberland  is  divided  into  five 
wards,  and  90  parishes,  and  contains  one  city 
and  17  towns,  viz.  Carlisle,  Aldston,  Alnces- 
ter,  Bootle  Brampton,  Cockermouth,  Egre- 
mont,  Hesket-New-AIarket,  Holm,  Ireby, 
Keswick,  Kirkoswaid,  Longtown,  Penrith, 
Eavenglass,  Whitehaven;  Wigtou;  and 


CUM 

Workington.  The  number  of  inhabitants 
in  181  f,  133,744.  The  principaPrivers  are 
the  Eden  and  the  Derwent.  It  sends  six 
members  to  parliament,  viz.  two  for  the 
county,  two  for  Carlisle,  and  two  for 
Cockermouth.  Carlisle  is  the  capital,  whero 
the  assizes  are  held  once  a year. 

Cumberland,  a river  of  the  United  Stales, 
which  issues  from  the  Cumberland  moun- 
tains on  the  borders  of  Virginia,  and  joins 
the  Ohio  about  12  miles  above  the  influx  of 
the  Sinnessee. 

Cumberland,  a town  and  fort  of  New 
Brunswick,  in  a county  of  the  same  name^ 
The  fort  is  situate  at  the  head  of  the  bay  of 
Fundy.  Lon.  64  10  w,  lat.  45  45  n. 

Cumberland,  a town  of  Maryland,  chief, 
of  Allegany  county  ; situate  on  then  branch 
of  the  Potomac,  95  miles  wnw  of  Washing- 
ton. Lon  78  46  w,  lat.  39  36  n. 

CUMBERLAND  ISLAND,  an  island 
about  20  miles  in  circumference,  near 
the  coast  of  Georgia,  the  most  southern 
territory  of  the  United  States  on  the  At- 
lantic ocean.  It  is  15  miles  long,  and 
two  broad.  Opposite  its  s extremity  is 
the  island  of  Amelia,  and  between  them 
St  Mary^s  river  enters.  Lon.  81  40  w.iat. 
31  Os. 

CUMBERLAND  ISLAND,  an  island 
in  the  S Pacific  ocean.  Lon.  140  36  w 
lat.  19  18  N. 

CUMBERLAND  ISLANDS,  a cluster 
of  islands,  near  the  ne  coast  of  New  Hol- 
land. Lon.  148  32  e,  lat.  20  36  s. 

Cumbernauld,  a parish  in  Dunbarton- 
shire, seven  miles  long,  and  four  broad ; 
beautifully  variegated  by  hills,  dales,  and 
water.  Intersected  by  the  Forth  and  Clyde 
canals,  and  by  the  Roman  wall  called 
Graham’s'  dyke.  It  abounds  with  coal, 
lime,  and  freestone.  The  soil  yields  con- 
siderable encouragement  to  the  skilful  far- 
mer. The  population  about  1,795. 

Cumbernauld,  a town  in  the  above  parish, 
almost  surrounded  with  the  polices  and 
pleasure  grounds  of  Cumbernauld-house, 
the  seat  of  Lord  Elphinstone,  13  miles  from 
Glasgow. 

Cumbray,  Meikle,  or  Great,  an  island 
of  Scotland,  about  six  miles  in  circum- 
ference, at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Clyde 
The  surface  contains  about  2,400  acres, 
one  third  of  which  is  arable.  On  the 
sw  side  near  the  village  of  Milnport,  is 
a safe  anchorage,  sheltered  by  a rooky 
islet.  Cumbray  affords  plenty  of  limestone, 
and  excellent  freestone,  and  the  ruins  of  a 
cathedral  dedicated  to  St  Columbia.  It 
contains  above  500  inhabitants.  Lon.  4 
47  w,  lat.  55  45  N. 

Cumbray,  Litllej  lies  about  half  a mile  s 
from  the  above  island,  and  is  about  a mile 
in  length,  and  half  a mile  in  breadth.  There 
are  several  caves  in  ilie  island,  two  of  which 
are  very  remarkable.  A light-house ; is 
erected  ia  the  island, 


CUP 

Cwniana,  a town  in  the  ci-devant  prin- 
cipality of  Piedmont,  Italy,  12  miles  sw  of 

Turin.  . u j 

Cumieres,  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Marne,  celebrated  for  its 
wines,  three  miles  nw  ot  Epernay. 

Cuml^y  a town  and  foh  of  Hiiidoostan,  in 
Canara,  seated  between  two  rivers.  On 
the  opposite  side  of  the  s river  is  the  town 
of  Kangapura,  to  which  it  was  formerly 
joined  by  a bridge.  It  is  65  miles  s by  e 

of  Mangalore.  , - j i 

Cummashaws,  a sea  port  of  the  e side  ol 
Washington  island.  Lon.  128  22  w,  lat.  53 

Cunimockj  Old,  a parish  in  Ayrshire, 
about  10  miles  in  length,  and  two  in 
breadth.  The  hills  exhibit  frequent  marks 
of  volcanic  fire,  many  of  them  being  com- 
posed of  basaltic  columns,  of  irregular 
crystallization.  A vein  ot  lead  ore  also 
runs  through  it,  yielding  651b  of  lead  per 
cwt  of  ore.  Free-stone  abounds,  and  a 
great  part  of  the  parish  lies  upon  excellent 
coal.  The  population  about  1 ,798. 

Cvmnock,  in  the  above  parish,  situated 
on  the  banks  of  the  Lugar,  well  adapted 
for  biaimfactures.  Here  is  a manufacture 
of  earthenw'are.  It  contains  nearly  800 
inhabitants,  and  gives  title  of  baron  to  the 
family  of  Dumfries.  The  famous  Alex- 
ander Paden  was  buried  near  this  place. 

It  is  16  miles  ese  of  Ayr,  and  30  s of  Glas- 
gow. 

- Cumnock,  New,  another  parish  m Ayr- 
shire, 12  miles  long  and  eight  broad.  The 
general  appearance  is  hilly,  affording  ex- 
cellent pasture  for  sheep  ; but  having 
many  spots  of  arable  land,  with  an  ex- 
cellent clay  soil.  Coal  and  lime  abound ; 
and  a lead  mine  was  lately  opened  on  the 
barony  of  Afton,  which  employs  from  20 
to  30  miners.  Population  1,112.  In  it 
stands  a village  of  the  same  name,  about 
five  miles  se  of  Old  Cumnock,  near  the 
site  of  an  old  castle,  which,  for  some  cen- 
turies, belonged  to  a branch  of  the  family 
of  Dunbar. 

CUNINGHAMj.a  district  in  the  county 
of  Ayr.  It  is  a fine  level  plain,  watered  by 
numerous  streams,  and  contains  several  po- 
lous  towns  and  villages. 

Cwpar,  a parish  in  Fifeshire,  measuring 
about  five  miles  every  w^ay.  The  climate 
is  healthy.  The  soil  in  general  is  excel- 
lent, and  agriculture  has  been  of  late  much 
improved.  The  population  is  about  4,463. 

Cupar,  or  Cupar  of  Fife,  a royal  burgh, 
in  the  centre  of  the  above  parish,  on  the  spot 
where  Eden  joins  the  w^ater  of  St  Mary.  It 
is  governed  by  a provost,  three  bailies,  a dean 
of  guild,  and  J 3 counsellors,  w ith  eight  dea- 
cons elected  by  the  eight  incorporations.  In 
conjunction  with  Penh,  Dundee,  St  An- 
drew’s, and  Forfar,  it  sends  a representative  | 
to  parliament.  Its  population  is  about  3200.  | 
It  is  a w’ell  built  town;  and  the  streets  are | 


^ CUR 

[ well  paved.  A considerable  manufacture 
of  coarse  linens  is  carried  on  in  this  town 
and  neighbourhood ;/ and  there  are  also  two 
tan- works,  a bleach  field,  and  brick  and 
tile  works.  Here  was  a castle,  now  demo- 
lisned,  in  which  the  earls  of  Fife  long  re- 
sided, and  a convent  of  Dominieians,  or 
Black  Friars,  wdio  were  connected  with 
the  castle  ; eight  miles  w of  St  Andrews, 
and  26  N of  Edinburgh. 

Cupar,  or  Cupar  of  Angtis,  a parish  in 
the  valley  of  Stratlmiore,  partly  in  Augus- 
shire,  and  partly  in  Perthshire.  It  is  about 
five  miles  long,  and  not  quite  tw’o  broad. 
The  lands  are  mostly  enclosed,  and  agri- 
culture much  attended  to.  The  population 
about  2416. 

Cupar  of  Angus,  a town  in  the  above 
parish.  It  has  been  much  improved  of  lat© 
years  ; the  streets  are  well  paved  and 
lighted.  At  the  e end  of  the  church  are 
many  stone  coffins,  some  of  them  contain- 
ing human  skeletons.  An  abbey  of  Cis- 
terians  was  founded  here  by  king  Mal- 
colm IV/.  in  1104,  in  the  centre  of  a Ro- 
man camp.  The  chief  manufacture  is 
coarse  linen  cloth.  Here  is  also  a consi- 
derable tannery,  and  in  the  immediate 
neighbourhood  an  extensive  blecrebfield.  It 
has  a market  on  Thurs.  and  fairs  in  April, 
May,  July,  and  Dec.  It  is  situated  in  the 
valley  of  Strathmore,  partly  in  Perthshire, 
and  partly  in  Angus-shire.  Population 
about  2,400  ; about  13  miles  ke  from 
Perth,  and  1 2 nw  of  Dundee. 

CupiNSHAY,  or  Copinshag,  one  of  th© 
Orkney  islands,  about  a mile  long,  and 
half  a mile  broad.  It  contains  two  or 
three  families. 

CUR  AGO  A,  an  island  in  the  Caribbean 
sea,  near  the  coast  of  Terra  Firma.  It  is 
35  miles  long  and  12  broad,  but  naturally 
barren.  Some  French  settled  here  in  i 800, 
and  being  at  variance  ^with  the  Dutch,  the 
latter  surrendered  the  island  to  a British  fri- 
gate. It  was  restored  to  Holland  by  the 
peace  of  1802,  and  taken  from  them  by  a 
British  squadron  in  1807.  The  principal 
towui  is  St  Peter’s,  at  the  n extremity  of  th* 
island.  All  kinds  of  labour  is  here  per- 
formed by  engines  ; some  of  them  so  well 
contrived,  that  ships  are  at  once  lifted  into 
the  dock.  It  produces  a considerable  quan- 
tity both  of  tobacco  and  sugar,  and  there 
are  good  salt-works.  Lon.  69  15  w,  Ferro, 
lat.  12  22  N. 

CURDISTAN,  a country  of  Asia,  inba- 
hited  by  the  Ciirdes,  lying  in  Armenia,  and 
in  Persia,  along  the  left  bank  of  the  river 
Tigris,  and  comprehending  a great  part  of 
ancient  Assyria.  The  Curdes  are  supposed  to 
be  descendants  of  the  ancient  Chaldeans, 
They  live  chiefly  on  plunder,  and  are  not 
subject  either  to  the  Turks  or  Persians 
Some  reside  in  towns  and  villages,  others 
w'ander  from  place  to  place,  living  in  tents, 
and  like  the  w ild  Arabs  subsist  by  robbery. 


c u s 

*rk)ir  religion  is  a mixture  of  Christianity^ 
aud  Mahomedanism.  They  feed  great 
numbers  of  cattle,  and  usually  live  in.  tents. 
There  are  several  cities  or  towns  in  the 
country.  Altankupri  is  the  capital. 

CURIA  MARIA,  an  island  near  tho  se 
coast  of  Arabia  Felix,  opposite  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Prim ; 40  miles  long,  and  16 
broad.  Lon.  65  25  e,  Ferro,  lat.  17  0 n. 

Curisch  Haff,  or  the  Gulf  of  Courland,.a. 
lake  or  gulf  of  Prussia,  along-side  of  the 
Baltic,  *0  miles  in  length.  The  breadth  is 
very  unequal  being  wide  to  the  s,  and  nar- 
row towards  the  n,  where  it  ccmmuoicates 
with  the  Baltic  at  Memel. 

Cun'ahy  a towm  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
country  of  Allahabad,  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Ganges,  36  miles  nw  of  Allahabad. 

CURRENT  Island,  a small  island  in 
the  Pacific  ocean.  Lon.  134  3 e,  lat.  4 
40  N. 

Cmrie,  a parish  in  Mid  Lothian,  about 
six  miles  w from  Edinburgh,  including  a 
district  of  between  five  and  six  miles  in 
every  direction.  The  population  is  about 
1112.  The  soil'is  chiefly  a tough  clay, 
and  requires  much  labour.  Of  9000  acres 
which  the  parish  contains,  two-thirds  are 
arable.  Free*stone,  iron-stone,  ana  lime- 
stone are  abundant.  The  only  manufac- 
ture carried  on,  is  one  of  paper.  The  vil- 
lage of  CurriCy  is  about  six  miles  w of 
Edinburgh,  and  is  believed  to  be  the  Koria 
of  Ptolemy. 

CURRITUCK,  a county  of  N Carolina, 
in  Edeuton  district  containing  4114  citizens, 
and  1105  slaves. 

Currucdeay  a town  of  Hindoostan,  in 
Bengal,  on  the  river  Adji,  190  miles  nw  of 
Calcutta.  Lon.  86  20  e,  l^t.  24  25  n. 

Currucpoufy  a town  of  Hindoostan,  in 
Bengal,  127  miles  nw  of  Moorshedabad. 
Lon.  86  42  e,  lat.  25  8 n. 

Cursayy  or  Cur^yy  a town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  the  Vienne,  and  chief 
place  of  a canton,  12  miles  sw  of  Poic- 
tiers. 

Curupay  a town  of  Brazil,  in  the  goverPx- 
meut  of  Para,  seated  on  the  estuary  of  the 
Amazon,  250  miles  w of  Para.  Lon.  53 
10  w,  lat.  1 50  s. 

Curzoloy  a small  island  in  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  on  the  coast  of  Dalmatia.  It  a- 
bounds  in  wood,  and  produces  good  wiue. 
It  contains  one  city,  16  villages,  and  7,100' 
souls.  It  is  30  miles  long,  and  eight 
broad.  At  the  e end  is  a fortified  town  of 
the  same  name,  with  a good  harbour.  Lon. 
17  10  E,  lat.  43  6 N. 

CuscOy  a city  of  Peru,  and  a bishop’s 
see.  It  is  the  most  ancient,  grand,  and 
magnificent  city  of  the  country,  built  by 
the  Incas,  and  formerly  their  capital.  II 
contains  about  20,000  inhabitants;  one- 
sixth  of  whom  are  Spaniards.  The  town 
is  built  in  a square  form,  in  the  middle  of 
which  is  the  best  market  in  all  America  ; 

9 


CUT 

four  streets  terminate  in  the  square,  which 
are  large  and  straight,  li  contains,  besid«> 
the  cathedral,  which  is  a noble  structure, 
nine  churches.  Contiguous  to  the  n part 
of  the  city  are  the  ruins  of  a fort  and  pulac« 
of  the  Incas,  the  stones  of  which  are  of 
an  enormous  size-  The  houses  are  built 
of  stone,  and  covered  with  red  riles ; the 
apartments  are  welldistriiuited  ; the  mouldr 
ings  of  the  doors  are  gilt,  and  the  fiunituro 
not  less  magnificent.  The  government  is 
in  the  hands  of  a corregidor,  who  has  a 
council  of  regidors  elected  from  among 
the  nobles  of  the  town,  and  from  these  ar» 
chosen  the  alcades.  The  bishop  has  an 
income  of  about  4,0001.  a year.  The  dio- 
cese is  divided  into  14  jurisdictions,  three 
of  which  belong  to  the  vice-royalty  of 
Buenos  Ayres,  and  11  to  Peru,  iu  the  au- 
dience of  Lima.  The  air  is  temperate, 
but  cold  on  the  hills.  It  is  fertile  in  grain 
and  fruit,  and  well  watered  by  the  rivers 
Apurimak  and  Yukai.  It  is  350  miles  e 
by  s of  Lima.  Lon,  71  47  w,  Ferro,  lat* 
13  0 s. 

CuShai,  a river  of  N Carolina,  which 
runs  into  Albemarle  Sound. 

Cushiue  and  Leochcly  two  small  pafisnes 
in  Aberdeenshire,  united  in  1798.  But 
Lochel  is  about  five  miles  long  and  four 
broad.  The  vallies  and  the  sides  of  the  hills 
yield  sufficient  encouragement  (or  agricul- 
ture. Freestone  of  an  excellent  quality  a- 
bounds  in  Cushine.  The  population  about 
668. 

V Ciissatiey  a town  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  in  Georgia,  12  miles  w from  Ta- 
geloo. 

Cussely  a town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Allier,  whiffii  contains  about 
3000  inhabitants,  37  miles  s by  k of  Mou- 
lins, 

Custine  or  Conde  stir  Moselle,  a town 
of  France,  in  the  department  of  the  Meurte, 
and  chief  place  of  a canton,  situated  on  th^ 
Moselle,  six  miles  nnw  of  Nancy. 

Custrin,  or  Kustrin,  a fortified  town  of 
Brandenburg,  and  capital  of  the  New 
Mark,  at  the  conflux  of  the  Warta  with 
the  Oder.  The  environs  are  very  marshy* 
There  are  36  bridges  in  the  space  of  a 
league.  It  is  very  strong  both  by  art  and 
nature,  and  contains  only  200  houses  with- 
in the  waifs  ; but  the  three  suburbs  are 
more  extensive  and  elegant  than  the  town. 
In  1760,  it  was  bombarded  by  the  RussiaUvS 
and  almost  demolished.  Lon.  32  27  e, 
Ferro,  lat.  52  36  n. 

CutaiSyi\iQ  chief  town  of  Imeritia,  seated 
on  the  Riona.  The  remains  of  a cathedral 
seem  to  shew  that  it  has  once  been  a con- 
siderable place,  120  miles  w by  jy  of 
Tefflis.  Lon.  43  0 e,  lat.  13  25  n. 

CUTCH,  a country  of  Hindoostan,  go- 
"verned  by  a rajah.  It  is  separat’d  fro ni 
Guzeret  by  the  river  Pudder,  and  Iron^ 
Sinde  by  the  % branch  of  tb*^  river  Indns, 
^ Nn 


C Y R 

It  abounds  with  hills,  woods,  and  sandy 
wilds.  The  principal  towns  are  Booge- 
booge  and  Tahej. 

Ciithberts^  St,  or  West  Church,  a parish 
of  Mid-Lothian,  comprehending  the  New 
Town  of  Edinburgh. 

Cuxliaven,  asea-portof  Lower  Saxony, 
in  the  duchy  of  Bremen3  *at  the  mouth  of 
the  Elbe.  This  was  lately  the  port  for  the 
English  packets  to  Hamburg;  and'passen- 
gers,  while  on  shore  were  accommodated 
at  Reitzenbuttle,  half  a mile  distant.  Cux- 
haven  contains  only  a few  hovels  and  a 
windmill  It  is  60  miles  nw  of  Ham- 
burgh. 

Cuyck,  a town  of  Dutch  Brabant,  in  a 
small  territory  of  the  same  name,  six  miles 
ssE  of  Grave. 

CYPRUS,  an  island  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean sea  near  the  coast  of  Syria.  It  is  160 
miles  , in  length,  and  79  in  breadth,  crossed 
by  a chain  of  mountains,  the  highest  of 
which  are  Olympus,  St.  Croix,  and  Buffa- 
vent.  The  climate  is  exceedingly  hot  and 
dry  ; there  are  few  rivers,  the  beds  ol 
which,  even  in  winter,  are  not  entirely 
dry  ; laut  the  soil  is  excellent  and  fertile. 
It  produces  great  quantities  of  excellent 
grapes.  The  other  chief  productions  of  the 
island  are  silk,  cotton,  wool,  nutmegs, 
opium,  <fec.  The  most  beautiful  and  delicate 
herbs  and  flow’^ers  grow  here  luxuriantly, 
the  very  mountains  being  covered  with 
hyacinths,  aninionies,  cfe:c.  It  is  much 
infested  with  locusts.  One  kind  of  serpent 
bites  mortally.  Waterfowl  are  in  groat 
abundance.  Nicosia,  in  the  midst  of  the 
country  is  the  present  capital ; but  the 
principal  harbour  is  at  Famagosta,  the  an- 
cient capital.  The  inhabitants  amount  to 
about  40,000.  There  is  one  archbishop, 
and  three  bishops.  It  was  taken  from  the 
Venetians  in  L5T0  by  the  Turks.  Reli- 
gious toleration  is  extended  to  all  nations. 
The  Greek  and  Turkish  languages  equally 
prevail.  The  Greek,  however,  in  its  words, 
has  preserved  the  purity  of  the  ancient  dia- 
lect. Commercial  people  generally  speak 
the  Italian  language.  The  Cypriots,  are 
in  general  well  made.  They  are  tall,  have 
a noble  and  agreeable  air.  Their  women 
do  not  degenerate  from  their  ancestors,  as 
devotees  to  Venus.  In  the  side  of  a moun- 
tain near  Paphos,  is  a cavern  which  pro- 
duces the  most  beautiful  rock  chrystal. 
The  hills  nearest  to  Larne  consist  wholly 
of  talc. 

Cijr.  St,  a village  of  France,  two  miles 
from  Versailles,  and  celebrated  for  an  abbey, 
founded  by  madame  de  Maintenon,  who  was 
the  abbess  till  her  death  in  1719. 

Cyrus,  St,  or  Ecclesgreig,  a parish  in 
Kinca^ineshire  five  miles  long,  and  three 
broad.  The  soil  is  chiefly  a deep  clay. 
It  has  salmon-fishing.  A beautiful  cascade* 
in  the  parish  falls  about  63  feet  perpendi- 
cular : another  7«5  feet.  The  quarries  of 


DAB 

lime-stone,  free-stone,  <feo.  are  inexhausti- 
ble. The  parish  aboiu)ds  with  many  rare 
plants.  Its  agriculture  is  much  improved. 
The  population  is  about  1 622. 

Cyrus,  St,  in  the  centre  of  the  above  pa- 
rish, contained  144  inhabitants  in  1792. 

Czaslau,  or  Tsehaslau,  a town  of  Bohe- 
mia, the  capital  of  a circle  to  which  it 
gives  name,  seated  on  the  Crudenka.  It 
has  a church  with  the  highest  tower  in 
Bohemia,  in  it  is  the  tomb  of  thecelebrated 
2isca,  the  chief  of  the  Hussites.  Near  this 
place  the  king  of  Prussia  gained  a victory 
over  the  Austrians.  It  lies  40  miles  EiJE 
of  Prague.  Lon.  l«5  24  e,  Ferro,  lat.  49 

49  N. 

Czenstokow,  or  Czestocliow,  a town  in 
the  palatine  of  Cracow.  It  has  a fortified 
convent,  and  sustained  a siege  against  the 
Swedes  in  1657.  It  is  seated  on  the  Warta^ 

50  miles  n by  w of  Cracow. 

Czercassi,  a town  of  Russia,  in  the  Uk- 
raine, seated  near  the  Dnieper,  with  a cas- 
tle, 85  miles  se  of  Kiof. 

Czernetz,  or  Tckerinek,  a town  of  Euro- 
pean Turkey  in  Wallachia,  near  the  Da- 
nujie,  110  miles  w of  Buchorest.  Loh.  29 
44  E,  lat.  49  0 N. 

Czernigoff,  or  Czernikon,  a town  of 
Russia,  capital  of  a duchy  of  the  same 
name,  with  a castle  seated  on  the  Dozna ; 
70  miles  n by  e of  Kiof.  Lon.  31  53  e, 
lat.  51  29  N. 

Czersk,  a town  of  Poland,  in  the  palati- 
nate of  Masovia,  seated  on  the  Vistula,  30 
miles  ESE  of  Warsaw. 

Czetwernia,  a town  of  Poland  in  tha 
palatinate  of  Volhynia,  16  miles  n of 
Lucko. 

C&irnitz,  or  Czernick,  a to\yn  of  Carnio- 
la,  remarkable  for  its  lake,*  which  produ- 
ces grass  and  corn  every  year.  In  dry  sea- 
sons it  is  from  20  to  25  miles  in  circumfe- 
rence ; but  when  full  it  is  40  miles  round, 
and  contains  several  small  islands,  on  the 
largest  of  which  is  a village.  This  lake  is 
surrounded  by  mountains.  Buck-wheat  is 
sown  on  the  dry  parts  when  the  water  sub- 
sides, which  becomes  ready  for  the  sickle  ia 
six  weeks.  The  town  is  seated  on  the  nw 
part  of  the  lake,  20  miles  s by  w of  Laubach. 

Czengrodt,  a town  of  Hungary,  at  the 
conflux  of  the  Seisse  and  Keres,  1 3 miles  of 
Segedin. 

Czornow,  a town  of  Lithunia,  in  the  pa- 
latinate of  Brzesc,  1 8 miles  ssw  of  Brzesc. 

D 

'TJAALHAUSEN,  a town  of  Germany, 
in  thecircle  of  Westphalia,  and  bishop- 
ric of  Paderbuiii.  It  is  nine  miles  nne  of 
Warburg. 

Dahay,  a small  island  of  the  Hebrides,  in 
the  couuty  of  Inverness.  It  is  about  ope 


DAG 

mile  long,  and  half  a mile  broad  ; fertile  in 
corn  and  grass. 

Daher,  a town  of  Russian  Pomerania, 
in  a circle  of  its  name,  16  miles  nne  of 
Siargard. 

Dabhuttsen,  a town  of  Germany.  There 
are  mines  of  copper  near  it.  It  is  eight 
mile  Nw  of  Wetzlar. 

Dabo,  or  Datehsperc,  a town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  the  Meurte,  situated 
on  the  mountains  of  Vosges,  near  the  source 
of  the  Sarre.  It  is  seven  miles  ssw  of  Sa- 
vern. 

Dahra  Shin,  a town  of  Egypt. 

Dabul,  a town  of  India,  on  the  coast  of 
Concan.  The  principal  commerce  is  in 
pepper  and  salt.  It  was  taken  and  sacked 
by  the  Portuguese,  under  the  conduct  of 
Almedia,  in  the  year  1509,  but  was  retaken 
by  the  natives.  It  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of 
a river,  75  miles  s by  e of  Bombay.  Lon. 
72  53  E,lat.  17  52  n. 

Dacca,  a city  of  Hindoostan,  Bengal,  on 
a branch  of  the  Ganges,  which  communi- 
cates with  all  the  inland  navigations.  It  is 
capital  of  a district,  and  was  once  the  ca- 
pital of  Bengal,  and  defended  by  a strong 
fortress,  the  remains  of  which  appear.  The 
country  round  it  lies  low,  and  is  always 
covered  with  verdure  during  the  dry  months. 
It  has  a vast  trade  in  fine  muslins,  and 
manufactures  those  so  much  sought  after 
in  Europe ; the  cotton  is  produced  with- 
in the  province.  Lon.  90  30  E,lat.  23  43  N. 

Dachau,  a town  of  Bavaria,  near  the 
Ammer,  with  a palace  of  the  sovereign,  and 
fine  gardens,  10  miles  nnw  of  Munich. 

Dachsbach,  a town  iu  Franconia,  and 
principality  of  Bayreuth,  22  miles  s of 
Bamberg. 

Dachstein,  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Lower  Rhine,  with  a pa- 
lace that  belonged  to  the  see  of  Strasburgh  ; 
situated  on  the  Breucli,  eight  miles  w of 
Strasburgh. 

Daden,  a town  in  Westphalia,  and  coun- 
ty of  .Sayii,  near  which  there  are  some  cop- 
per mines,  eight  miles  s of  Seigen. 

Dafar,  Dofar,  or  Dclfar,  a sea  port  town 
of  Arabia,  in  the  country  of  Hydramaut,to 
which  it  gives  name.  It  is  governed  by  a 
£hieck,  who  is  a sovereign  prince.  The 
chief  export  is  olibanum.  It  is  situated  on 
a bay  of  the  same  name,  on  the  se  coast.  , 
Lon.  54  lO'te,  lat.  58  44  N. 

DAGESTON,  a province  of  Asia, 
bounded  on  the  e by  the  Caspian  sea,  by 
the  mountains  of  Caucasus,  n by  Circas- 
sia, and  s by  Schirvan.  It  is  inhabited  by 
Tartars,  who  are  subject  to  Russia.  Tar- 
ku  is  the  capital. 

Dagistan,OT  Dahestan,  the  capital  of  the 
above  province,  240  niiies  nw  oi  Mcsebid, 

iJaglan,  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Dordogne,  eight  miles  s of 
Sarlat. 

Dagno,  a town  of  E ur open  n Turkey , a nd 


D A H 

the  capital  of  the  district  of  Davagni  Alba** 
nia,  seated  near  the  conflux  of  the  Drino 
and  Nero,  13  miles  se  ofSuetan. 

Dago,  or  Dagoe,  an  island  iu  the  Baltic, 
on  the  coast  of  Livonia,  seven  miles  n of 
the  isle  of  Oesel,  about  20  miles  in  circum- 
ference, and  has  two  castles,  called  Dager- 
vvort  and  Paden.  The  capital  is  Dager- 
Ort.  Lon.  22  56  e,  lat.  58  44  n. 

Dagsburg,  a town  in  Delaware,  and 
county  of  Sussex,  United  States,  on  a branch 
of  Indian  river,  which  enters  the  ocean  to 
the  s of  Delaware  bay.  It  is  59  miles  s by 
E of  Dover. 

Dahhi,  a town  of  Arabia. 

Dahulah,  Dalaka,  or  Dalaca,  an  island 
in  the  Red  sea,  near  the  coast  of  Abyssinia, 
about  22  leagues  in  length,  and  four  in 
breadth,  celebrated  for  its  pearl-fishery. 
The  inhabitants  are  numerous.  Lon.  39 
20e,  lat.  15  40  N. 

Dahl,  the  finest  river  of  Sweden,  which 
runs  through  Dalecarlia,  and  enters  the 
gulf  of  Bothnia,  to  the  e of  Gistle.  Near 
Escarleby  it  forms  a celebrated  cataract, 

Dahlen,  a town  in  Upper  Saxony. 

Dahme,  a town.  Upper  Saxony. 

Dahmec,  a town  in  the  country  of  Caa- 
dahar,  Asia. 

Dahn,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Lower  Rhine,  France. 

DAHOMY,  or  Dauma,  a kingdom  of 
Guinea,  to  the  n of  Whidab,  on  the  slave 
coast,  called  also  Foein.  Dahomy  is  sup- 
posed to  reach  from  the  sea  coast  about  189 
miles  inland.  The  country  is  fertile  ; it 
produce  is  various  and  abundant,  such  as 
farinaceous  vegetables,  and  tropical  fruits, 
indigo^  cotton,  sugar-cane,  tobacco,  palm 
oil,  and  a variety  of  spices.  The  Daho- 
mans,  like  the  other  inhabitants  of  tropi-* 
eal  climates,  plant  twice  a year,  viz.  at 
the  vernal  and  autumnal  equinoxes  ; after 
which  the  periodical  rains  prevail.  The 
language  is  that  which  the  Portuguese 
call  Lingua  GeraJ,  or  General  Tongue,  spo- 
ken not  only  in  Dahomey  Proper,  but  in 
Whydah,  and  the  other  dependent  states, 
and  likewise  in  Mahee,  and  several  neigh- 
bouring places.  The  Daboman  religion, 
consists  of  a jumble  of  superstitious  cere- 
monies. The  government  is  perhaps  the 
most  perfect  despotism  upon  earth,  admit- 
ting no  intermediate  degree  of  sulwrdina- 
tion  between  the  king  and  slave,  at  least 
in  the  royal  presence.  The  king  main- 
tains a considerable  standing  army,  com- 
manded by  an  agaow  or  general,  entirely- 
at  the  command  of  th<>^  sovereign.  Tba 
payment  of  these  troops  chiefly  depends  oa 
their  success.  Within  the  walls  of  the  royal 
palaces  in  Dahomey  are  immured  not  less 
;han  3,000  women  ; several  hundreds  of 
'hese  are  trained  to  arms  under  a femala 
general-.  The  dress  of  the  men  in  Daho- 
mey consists  of  a pair  of  cotton  drawers, 
'he  manufacture  of  the  country,  over  which 
N n 2 


DAL 

Ibey  H^ear  a large  square  cloth  of  the  same 
or  of  European  manufacture.  A piece  of 
silk  or  velvet,  makes  a cloth  for  a grandee. 
The  head  is  usually  covered  with  a beaver  ^ 
of  felt  hat,  according  to  the  quality  of  the 
wearer.  The  king,  asw^ell  as  some  of  his 
ministers,  often  wears  a gold  or  silver  laced 
hat  and  feather.  The  arms  and  upper  part 
of  the  body  remain  naked,  except  when 
the  party  travels,  or  performs  certain  pieces 
of  work.  The  feet  are  always  bare,  none 
but  the  sovereign  being  permitted  to  wear 
sandolsu  The  dress  of  the  women,  though 
simple,  consists  of  a greater  number  of 
articles  than  that  of  the  men.  The  gene- 
ral character  of  the  Dahomans  is  marked 
by  a mixture  of  ferocity  and  politeness. 
The  capital  Ahomey  is  situated  in  Ion.  2 
5 Ejlat.  8 5 N.  ' 

Dahra,  a small  island,  in  the  Red  sea, 
near  the  coast  of  Arabia,  three  miles  sw  of 
Loheia. 

Dalirije,  a town  of  Egypt,  on  the  Nile,  13 
miles  ssw'  of  Damietta. 

.Uailhj,  a parish  in  Ayrshire,  about  six 
miles  long,  and  from  four  to  six  broad.  It 
consists  of  a vale  through  which  the  river 
Oirvan  flows,  beautifully  diversified  with 
fertile  meadows  and  natural  woods  and 
piantatatioiis ; both  the  sides  of  the  hills 
are  bleak  and  barren.  Coal  and  lime- 
stone abound  in  the  parish ; and  the  num* 
ber  of  inhabitants  is  about  1621.  The 
village  of  Dailly  is  eight  miles  sss  of 
May  bole. 

Dairsie,  a parish  in  Fifeshire,  The 
centre  of  the  parish  is  elevated  into  two 
hills  arable  to  the  top,  the  sloping  sides  of 
■which,  about  a mile  and  a half  each  way, 
constitute  the  parish.  The  population  is 
"about  550. 

Dalaborg,  or  Dalehurg,  a town  of  Swe- 
den, capital  of  the  province  of  Dalia,  situa- 
ted on  the  sw  side  of  lake  Wenner,  60  miles 
N by  E of  Gotheburg.  Lon.  1 1 59  e,  lat. 
58  35  K. 

DaJacca,  See  Dahatah* 

Dalagotty  a large  bay  on  the  coast  of 
Cafifraria,  opposite  the  s point  of  Madagas- 
<?ar,  much  frequented  by  w^halers.  It 
affords  a commodious  harbour,  and  plenty 
of  all  sorts  of  refreshment. 

, Dalarofisiey  a parish  in  Inverness-shire, 
united  to  that  of  Moy.  See  Moy  and  Vala- 
rome. 

Dafavichy  a parish  in  Argyllshire,  united 
to  that  of  Kilchrenan.  See  Kilchrenan  md 
Dalavich. 

4 Dalbeattie,  or  Dalbeaty,  a village  in 
* Kircudbright  stewarty,  on  the  e bank  of 
the  river  Urr,  which  is  navigable  so  far 
for  small  vessels ; and  having  a considera- 
ble stream  called  Dalheaty  burn,  running 
through  it,  well  adapted  for  driving 
machinery;  12  miles  e by  n of  Kircud- 
bright. 

i DALECARLIA,  a province  of  Sweden, 


DAL 

! in  the  division  of  Sweden  Proper,  betweeig 
j the  mountains  of  Norway  and  Nordland;. 

. It  is  270  miles  in  length,  and  from  40  to 
120  in  breadth  ; intersected  by  many  rnoun- 
I tains,  which  contain  mines  of  silver,  oorr- 
j per,  and  iron,  and  some  quarries  of  por- 
phyry. The  principal  productions  are 
corn,  wood,  and  hemp.  The  capital  is 
Fahlun. 

Dalem,  a town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the 
duchy  of  Limburg,  capital  of  territory  of 
the  same  name,  seated  on  the  Bervine ; 55  ‘ 
miles  NNw  of  Juliers. 

Dalem,  or  Dah'n,  a town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Roer,  lately  of  Germany, 

I in  the  duchy  of  Juliers.  Its  fortifications 
I were  destroyed  by  the  French  in  1672,  and 
ceded  to  the  Dutch  at  the  peace  of  Nime- 
guen.  It  is  15  miles  nnw  of  Juliers 
Lon.  23  15  e,  Ferro,  lat.  50  45  n. 

Dalyety,  a parish  in  Fifeshire.  It  ex- 
tends about  four  miles  each  way.  The  soil 
is  in  general  prc-ductive  of  fertile  crops* 
The  valued  rent  amounts  lo  53941.  Scots. 
There  are  coiisideFable  coal  and  salt- 
works. The  port  of  St.  David^s  is  in  this 
parish.  Population  about  89S. 

DALIA,  or  DAAL,a  province  of  Sweden, 
in  ¥7est  Gothland,  about  85  miles  in 
length,  and  40  in  breadth.  It  is  full  of 
mountains  and  forests  towards  the  n ; but 
towards  the  s,  it  produces  corn  sufficient 
for  the  inhabitants.  It  has  a number  of 
mines.  Daleburg  is  the  capital. 

Dallas,  a town  of  Spain,  in  the  province 
of  Grenada,  15  miles  sw  of  Almeria. 

Dalkeith,  a parish  of  Scotland  in  the 
county  of  Edinburgh  ; not  exceeding  two 
miles  either  in  breadth  or  length  ; N and  S 
Esk,  unite  about  a mile  below  the  town. 
The  soil  is  good,  and  there  is  a tannery, 
soapwork,  and  manufactory  of  candles,  in 
the  parish.  Population  about  3906. 

Dalkeith,  a town  in  the  above  parish. 
It  has  a very  handsome  street,  and  one 
of  the  greatest  markets  in  Scotland, 
every  Thursday,  for  corn,  oat-meal,  Arc. 
and  a fair  on  the  3d  Tuesday  in  October. 
The  palace  of  the  duke  of  Buccleucb  is  the 
principal  ornament  of  the  place.  The 
duke^s  eldest  son  is  earl  of  Dalkeith. 
It  is  situated  on  the  banks  of  the  N 
Esk,  about  six  miles  se  of  Edinburgh. 

DALKEY,  a small  island,  on  the  e 
coast  of  Ireland,  a little  to  the  s of  Dub- 
lin bay.  Lon.  6 5 w,  lat.  53  20  n, 

Dallas,  a parish  in  the  county  of  Elgin, 
extending  12  miles  from  e to  w,  and  nine 
from  N to  s.  The  soil  is  in  general  poor. 
Population,  818. 

DALMATIA,  a country  of  Europe, 
formerly  a kingdom ; bounded  on  the 
NE  by  Bosnia  and  Servia,  se  by ’’Al- 
bania, sw  by  the  gulf  of  Venice,  and 
Nw  by  Croatia.  It  is  divided  into 
Venetian,  Turkish,  Ragusan,  and  Hun- 
gariao  Daliuatia  j and  tha  capitals  ase 


DAL 


D A 11 


are  Spala..ro,  Kerre^ovinoj  Ragussa,  and  , 
Segiia.  The  Dalmatians  use  the  Selavo- 
Riaii  language  and  customs,  and  proless  the 
Roman  Catholic  religion.  The  rivers  are 
mosuy  navigable.  The  mountains  are 
not  uLiruitful,  and  they  contain  gold  and 
silver  ore.  It  has  many  fertile  plains. 
The  aiv  is  temperate  and  pure,  Hungarian 
DaliUcKa  lies  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
Adriatic  sea,  containing  part  of  ancient 
Liburnia,  and  is  more  generally  called 
Moriacliia.  The  inhabitants  are  about 
25,000.  Scs  Haiducks,  Morlachs,  and 
Uhlans,  They  are  intfepid  soldiers,  and 
excellent  seamen.  Several  islands  in  the  Ad- 
riatic are  considered  as  part  of  Dalmatia. 

DALMATIA,  Islands  of.  These  pe- 
culiarly so  called,  are  Brazza,  Lesina,  and 
CuTtola. 

DalmelUngton,  or  Damdlington,  or  Da- 
ine-Helens-town,  a parish  in  Ayrshire, 
eight  miles  long,  and  three  broad.  In  this 
parish  are  the  remains  of  two  old  castles,  a 
beautiful  moat,  surrounded  by  a fosse  and 
some  tumuli.  Part  ei  Loch  Doon,  from 
whence  issues  the  river  of  that  name,  lies 
in  this  parish.  Excellent  coal,  freestone, 
and  iron  stone  abound  ; and  some  veins  of 
lead  ore  have  been  discovered.  The  po- 
pulation about  758. 

DalmelUngton^  in  the  above  parish,  has 
erected  machinery  for  cotton  and  woollen 
manufactures.  The  number  of  inhabitants 
is  500.  It  is  18  miles  ssa  of  Ayr.  It  has 
seven  fairs  yearly, 

Dalmeny,  a parish  in  Linlithgowshire, 
about  four  miles  long,  and  three  broad. 
The  soil  is  in  general  poor.  Ironstone  is 
•found  on  the  shore  ; and  excellent  quarries 
of  free  stone  and  limestone,  marl  pits  and 
coal  pits.  The  parish  church  appears  to 
be  a very  ancient  building,  constructed  in 
a style  between  the  Grecian  and  the  Go- 
thic. A convent  of  Carmelites  was  found- 
ed here  in  1330.  ^ A Roman  speculatorium 
stood  formerly  in  this  parish.  It  is  famous 
for  being  the  birth-place  of  Dr  Wilkie, 
author  of  the  Epigoniad,  Population 
about  765. 

DAL-RUAIDH,  the  ancient  name  of 
that  part  of  Scotland,  now  called  Argyll, 
Kintyre,  and  Lorn,  which,  according  to 
the  Rev.  Dr  Smith  of  Campbelton,  consti- 
tuted the  Cradle  of  the  Scottish  monar- 
chy 

Dalston,  a village  in  Cumberland,  on 
the  Caldevv.  It  has  different  branches  of 
the  cotton  manufacture ; six  miles  sw  of 
Carlisle. 

Dalton,  a town  in  Lancashire,  on  a 
peninsula,  near  the  coast  of  the  Irish  sea. 
ilere  are  the  remains  of  an  ancient  castle, 
and  near  it  are  the  ruins  of  Furness  abbey. 
It  has  a market  on  Sat.  and  fairs,  June  6, 
and  Oot.  23.  It  is  six  miles  sw  of  Ulver- 
liton,  and  265  nkw  of  London, 

Dairy,  ^ parish  in  AyshirC;.  about  hine 


miles  br^/r'.d,  and  about  the  same  lenath. 
The  soil  is  in  general  prod.iciive.  The 
annual  rent  is  63501*  Population  aboiit 
2331. 

Dairy,  in  the  above  parish,  from  which 
it  deriy’os  its  iUOUiC,  contains  about  830  in- 
habTtants,  mostly  employed  in  the  manu- 
facture of  siik  la'id  eotlon  goods.  Lime- 
stone, Irohstoiie,  and  coal  pits,  abound  in 
its  vicinity. 

Dairy,  another  parish  in  the  stewartry  of 
Kirkcudbright.  Its  length  is  about  15, 
and  breadth  10  miles.  It  is  mostly  hilly, 
and  fit  only  for  pasture.  The  parochial 
school  is  free,  in  consequence  of  a bequest 
of  Mr  Johnston  of  iOOOl.  In  this  parish 
stands  the  elachan  of  Dalwry.  Popula- 
tion about  882. 

Dahymple,  a parish  in  the  county  of 
Ayr,  for  six  or  seven  miles  in  length,  and 
about  three  in  breadth.  Agriculture  is  in 
a high  state  of  improvement.  There  is 
plenty  of  limestone,  marl,  and  some  free- 
stone. Population  about  514. 

Dalserf,  a parish  in  the  county  of  La- 
nark. It  is  of  a fertile  soil,  and  contains 
several  orchards.  It  abounds  with  coal, 
lime,  freestone,  ironstone,  and  several  mi- 
neral springs.  Dalserf,  Millheugh,  and 
Larkhall,  are  villages  in  this  parish.  The 
animal  rent  is  about  30001.  'Sterling.  Po- 
pulation about ] iOO. 

Dalzell,  a parish  in  Lanarkshire,  about 
four  miles  long,  and  tw^o  broad.  The  soil 
is  an  excellent  loam.  There  is  salmon 
fishing  on  the  Clyde.  Coal  ^d  freestone 
abound.  Population  about  61 1. 

Damala,  a town  of  European  Turkey,  ra 
the  Morea,  40  miles  se  of  Napoli  di  Ro- 
mania. 

Damanhour,  or  Demenhur,  a town  of 
Egypt,'  near  the  canal  of  Alexandria,  32 
miles  ESE  of  Alexandria, 

Damascus,  a celebrated  city  of  S)Tia, 
now  the  capital  of  a pabhalic,  and  called 
by  the  Arabs  El  Shem,  Its  form  is  an  ex- 
act square,  each  side  bring  about  one  mile 
and  a half  long.  No  city  contains  so  many 
canals  and  fountains ; every  house  and 
garden  is  well  supplied  with  water.  Da- 
mascus is  one  of  the  most  agreeable  cities 
in  Turkey,  and  it  probably  contains  80,000 
inhabitants,  among  whom  are  great  num* 
bers  of  Christians  and  Jews,  It  had  three 
walls,  now  almost  in  ruins  ; and  of  the 
several  suburbs  which  it  formerly  had,  one 
only  remains,  which  extends  about  three 
miles  in  length.  Several  streams  flow 
across  the  fertile  plains  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  this  city,  which  rpi're:>h  the  gar- 
dens, and  supply  the  city  so  fully,  that  wa- 
ter is  carried  into  every  house.  The  hou- 
ses are  built  of  wood,  and  have  their  front 
inward,  and  only  walls  to  the  street.  The 
caravanseras  supported  by  marb' a pillars, 
and  surrounding  a large  court,  are  the  metet 
rem5trkabl<i  gf  their  edifices.  The  mosques, 


DAM 

about  200  in  number,  are  oxtremel}^ 
handsome.  The  most  stately  of  these  was 
once  a Christian  church.  Tlie  castle  is  a 
town  of  itself  having  its  own  streets.  Here 
was  kept  the  famous  Damascus  steel  in  a 
‘ magazine  Damascus  is  the  rendezvous 
for  all  the  pilgrims  who  go  to  Mecca  from 
the  K of  Asia.  Their  number  every  year 
amounts  to  from  thirty  to  fifty  thousand. 
It  is  the  centre  of  a very  extensive  com- 
merce. Silk  and  cOtton  stuffs  are  manu- 
factured here  in  great  quantities,  and  are 
very  well  made.  The  pachalic  of  Damas- 
cus comprehends  nearly  the  whole  eastern 
pa  rt  of  Syria.  In  this  vast  extent  of  coun- 
try, the  soil  and  its  productions  are  very 
various.  It  is  seated  on  the  Barada,  20 
miles  NNE  of  Jerusalem,  and  150  s of  Alep- 
po. Lon.  36  40  e,  lat,  33  30  n. 

Domasensa,  a tov/n  in  the  country  of  Ja- 
gra,  on  a river  of  that  name,  Africa. 

Damaufiy  a sea  port  town  of  Hindoostan, 
in  the  country  of  the  Pashwah,  on  the  coast 
of  the  Arabian  sea.  It  was  besieged  by 
Aurunzeble,  about  the  middle  of  the  17th 
century  with  nn  army  of  40,000  ; his  camp 
was  guarded  by  200  elephants,  which  were 
so  terrified  by  the  fire-arms  of  his  oppo- 
nents, that  they  trampled  to  death  the  half 
of  his  army.  It  is  in  the  possession  of  the 
Portuguese,  since  1535  ; 00  miles  s of  IS'u- 
rat.  Lon.  72  48  e,  lat.  20  18  n. 

Dambea,  the  capital  of  Abyssinia,  or 
Ethiopia,  in  Africa,  at  the  head  of  a lake 
of  the  same  name,  330  miles  w of  the  Red 
sea.  Lon.  34  20  e,  lat.  14  40  N. 

Damgartiriy  a town  of  Swedish  Pome- 
rania, has  a castle  seated  on  the  Recknils, 
18  miles  w of  Stralsund.  Lon.  12  39  e, 
lat.  54  34  N. 

DamianOf  St^  a town  of  Jloi^tserrat, 
Piedmont,  18  miles  w by  n of  Vercelli. 

DamiettUy  or  Damiat,  a town  of  Egypt, 
at  one  of  the  eastern  mouths  of  the  Nile, 
and  called  Thamiatis,  under  the  govern- 
ment of  the  Lower  empire.  It  has  pub- 
lic baths  faced  with  marble,  several 
squares  and  grand  mosques,  and  contains 
about  80,000  inhabitants.  Multitudes  of 
boats  and  small  vessels  incessantly  fill 
the  port  of  Damietta.  The  most  disad- 
vantageous circumstance  to  the  trade  of 
Damietta  is  the  road  where  the  vessels  lie 
being  totally  exposed  to  the  weather.  The 
rice  mezelaoui,  the  finest  of  Egypt  is  cul- 
tivated in  the  vicinity,  and  in  common 
yields  80  bushels  for  one,  and  other  pro- 
ducts are  in  the  same  proportion ; w^heat, 
Indian  stuffs,  silks  salammonaic,  <fec.  are 
articles  of  commerce  here,  which  is  prin- 
cipally carried  on  by  the  Christians  of 
Aleppo  and  Damascus  ; the  Turks  being 
indolent,  and  contenting  themselves  with 
occasional  extortion,  90  miles  ane  of 
Cairo.  Lon.  31  42  e,  lat.  31  26  n.  } 

Damm,  a town  in  Upper  Saxony,  and 
duchy  of  Pomerania;  stands  on  the  Oder, 


DAN 

eight  miles  E5e  of  Stettin.  The  inhabit 
tants,  are  employed  chiefly  in  manufac-*^ 
luring  steel.  Lon.  32  25  e,  Ferro,  lat.  53 
21  N. 

Damriiey  a town  of  Flanders,  Nether- 
lands, on  the  canal  between  Sluys  and  Bru* 
ges,  five  miles  n by  e of  Bruges,. 

Damme,  the  capital  of  a country^called 
Fivelingo,  Holland,  which  comprehends  4'.^  ' 
villages,  seated  on  the  Damster.  Dammi> 
has  a communication  with  Groningen  by 
means  of  a canal,  14  miles  ne  of  Gro* 
niagen. 

Dan,  a river  m Virginia,  which  falls 
into  the  Roanoke,  Lon.  78  50  w,  lat.  30 
34  Ni 

Danaetz,  or  DonetZj  a rivet  which  has 
its  source  near  Bielgerode,  Russia,  and  di- 
rects its  course  se  to  the  Don,  which  it  en- 
ters 48  miles  above  TscherchaskCi,  capital 
of  the  Cossacs.  The  inhabitants  are  of  opi- 
nion that  it  leaves  the  Don  again,  and  gives 
the  name  of  Danaetz  to  the  most  northerly 
branch  of  the  Don. 

Danbury,  a town  in  Connecticut,  and 
county  of  Fairfield,  with  two  churches. 
The  town,  which  contaiiied,  a large  quan* 
tify  of  military  stores,  was  burnt  by  the 
British  in  1770,  20  miles  nnw  of  Fairfield, 
arid  65  nne  of  New  York. 

Danbury,  m Essex,  16  miles  w of  the 
sea.  The  spire  of  the  church  forms  a good 
sea-mark,  as  it  stands  on  the  highest 
ground  in  the  county. 

Danby,  a town  in  Vermont,  containing 
in  1799,  1206  citizens. 

Dancali,  a territory  in  the  e part  of 
Abyssinia.  The  soil  is  poor  and  the  priir- 
cipal  articles  of  trade  are  honey  and  fos- 
sil'salt.  It  is  subject  to  a prince  who  is 
nominally  tributary  to  the  Emperor  of 
Abyssinia.  Bailur  is  the  capital. 

Danes-Dike,  built  of  dry  stones,  extends 
across  the  eastern  extremity  of  Tefe,  and  is 
said  to  have  been  built  by  the  Danes,  as  a 
defence  against  the  .Scots,  who  had  defeat- 
ed them  at  the  river  Leven,  in  874.  la 
its  vicinity  is  a cave,  in  which  they  put  to 
death  Constantine,  king  of  Scots,  who  had 
fallen  into  their  hands,  in  their  retreat. 

Dangla,  Dangola,  or  Dancala,  a town 
of  Africa,  in  Nubia,  on  the  Nile. 

DANGER,  ISLANDS  OF,  three  islands 
in  the  Southern  Pacific  ocean,  discovered 
by  Byron  in  1765,  on  which  owing  to  the 
dangerous  rocks  and  breakers  he  could 
not  land,  supposed  to  be  the  same  that  were 
seen  by  Quivos  in  the  beginning  of  the  17th 
centur}',  called  Solomon islands.  Lon. 
169  28  w,  lat.  10  15  s. 

Danger  Point,  a cape  .on  the  e coast  of 
New  Holland.  Lon.  13  350  e,  lat.  28 
8 s. 

DANGEROUS  ARCHIPELAGO,  a 
cluster  of  islands  in  the  South  Sea,  between 
New  Zealand  and  Otaheite. 

Danicha,  a town  in  the  government  of 


DAN 

'Tobolsk,  on  the  Chantaga,  Ilussia,  360 
miles  NNE  of  Turuchansk.  Lat.  70  45  n. 

Daniely  St,  a village  in  Friuli,  Italy, 
famous  for  its  extensive  corn  trade. 

Dann,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Meurte,  celebrated  forlts  medicinal  springs, 

France.  . ^ 

DanyiaijfnJca,  a town  in  the  province  of 
CoimbetoVe,  Hindoostan,  has  a large  fort 
and  stands  on  the  Bhawari,  a little  above 
its  confluence  v/ith  the  Mayar,  33  miles  n 
of  Coimbetore,  and  42  w of  Bhawari- 
cudal. 

Danneberg,  the  capital  of  a county  of  the 
sime  name,  in  the  Duchy  of  Luneburg, 
Lower  Saxony,  stands  on  the  Jetze,  near 
tiie  Elbe.  Beer  is  the  principal  article  of 
commerce,  30  miles  e by  s of  Luneburg. 
Lon,  il  18  E,  lat.  53  10  n. 

Dantziek,  or  Dantzig,  a towm  on  the 
Vistula,  about  four  miles  from  the  Baltic. 
It  is  encompassed  by  a wall  and  extensive 
fortifications,  and  was  lately  the  capital  of 
W Prussia,  and  one  of  the  richest  cities  of 
Europe.  The  Radaune  and  the  Motlau, 
after  passing  through  the  city,  unite  and 
fall  into  the  Vistula.  It  properly  consists 
of  two  parts,  the  Old  Town  ana  New  Town, 
with  their  suburbs.  The  houses  are  six  or 
seven  stories,  and  the  granaries  and  ware- 
hou.“fs,  to  which  the  ships  lie  close  and 
take  in  their  lading,  have  still  more.  The 
Lutherans  have  12  churches,  the  Calvinists 
two,  and  the  Roman  catholics  one.  It  has 
a college  with  learned  professors.  The 
New  Town  has  a very  good  harbour.  The 
German  is  almost  the  only  language  spoken 
here.  The  exports  consist  of  corn,  tallow, 
leather,  wool,  wax,  butter,  skins,  <fec.  Ar- 
ticles of  importation  are  wine,  spices,  cloth, 
silk,  and  w oollen  stuffs,  herrings,  salt,  iron, 
lead,  drugs,  <fec.  Here,  in  1709,  more  than 
24,000  persons  died  of  the  plague.  It  was 
a free  Hanseatic  town,  under  the  protection 
of  Poland  previous  to  1793,  when  its  sove- 
reignty was  forcibly  usurped  by  the  king 
of  Prussia  in  a second  partition  of  the  Po- 
lish dominions.  In  1S07,  afte/  a heroic 
defence  it  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  French, 
but  by  the  treaty  of  Tilsit,  it  was  restored 
to  its  independence  under  the  protection  of 
Prussia  and  Saxony,  85  miles  w of  Konigs- 
berg,  and  170  xw  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  18 
38  E,  lat.  55  24  n. 

Danube,  a river  of  Germany,  the  largest 
in  Europe,  except  the  Volga,  which  rises 
in  Suabia,  becomes  navigable  at  Ulm,  and 
' after  a course  of  about  1300  miles,  falls 
by  five  channels  into  the  Black  Sea,  35 
miles  E of  Ismail.  It  receives  60  rivers  in 
its  course,  and  ^runs  near  to,  or  washes 
many  cities  and  towms.  The  Danube  is 
so  broad  and  deep  betw^een  Buda  and  Bel- 
grade, that  the  Turks  and  Christians  have 
fleets  upon  it,  yet  it  has  cataracts  both  be- 
low and  above  Buda,  so  as  not  to  be  na- 
yigable  either  way.  . 


D A R 

Dangers,  a township  in  Massachusetts, 
in  Essex  county,  containing  one  town  of 
the  same  name,  2425  citizens,  and  several 
flourishing  settlements. 

Danville,  a town  in  Mercer  county, 
Kentucky,  stands  in  a fertile  plain,  35  ' 
miles  ssw  of  Lexington,  and  70£E  of  Louis- 
ville. Lon.  95  30  w,  lat.  37  30  n. 

Darabgerd,  or  Darab-guierd,  a town  in 
the  province  of  Farsistan,  Persia,  is  said  to 
have  been  founded  by  Darius.  It  is  large, 
but  not  populous : near  it  salt  is  found  of 
various  colours.  A considerable  manu- 
facture of  glass  is  carried  on ; 100  miles 
ESE  of  Shiras.  Lon.  54  56  e,  lat.  28  56  n. 

DARAH,  or  Dras,  a country  of  Africa^ 
D takes  its  name  from  the  river  Darah,  or 
Dras,  which  passes  through  it,  and  enters 
the  Atlantic,  on  the  s side  of  Cape  Non. 
The  principal  produce  is  indigo  and  dates. 
The  inhabitants  are  Arabians  and  Maho- 
metans, and  some  of  the  districts  of  th® 
country  are  dependent  on  Mopcco. 

Darampoory,  a town  in  the  Mysore 
country,  Hindoostan.  Lon.  78  30  e,  lat.  1 2 

11  N. 

Daraporam,  capital  of  the  s part  of 
Coimbecore,  Hindoostan,  has  an  extensive 
mud  fort,  and  straight  and  spacious  streets. 
This  town  and  its  district  belong  to  the 
British  East  India  company.  Cotton,  to- 
bacco, and  rice  are  cultivated  in  its  neigh- 
bourhood. It  stands  near  the  Amarawaii, 
and  lies  42  miles  ese  of  Coimbetore,  and 
106  w of  Tanjore.  Lon.  77  40  e,  lat,  10 
42  N. 

Darda,  a towm  and  fortress  of  Lower 
Hungary,  built  by  the  Turks  in  1686,  and 
taken  by  the  Austrians  in  the  following 
year.  It  stands  at  the  end  of  the  bridge  of 
Essek  near  the  Drave,  eight  miles  s of 
Barany.  Lon.  19  56  e,  lat.  45  45  n. 

Dardanelles,  two  castles,  one  on  each 
side  of  the  strait  of  Gallipoli,  between  the 
Archipelago,  and  the  sea  of  Marmora,  the 
entrance  to  w'hieh  is  no^t,|pore  than  a league 
wide.  The  one  on  the  side  of  Europe  was 
anciently  called  Sestos,  and  the  other,  on 
that  of  Asia,  Abydos.  They  command  the 
sw  entrance  of  this  stfait.  All  ships  from 
Constantinople  are  searched  at  the  latter. 
Near  this  place  the  Venetians  obtained  a 
signal  victory  over  the  Turkish  fleet  in 
1571.  Lon.  26  26  e,  lat.  40  10  n. 

Dar-el-hamara,  a towm  in  the  kingdom 
of  Fez,  Africa,  said  to  have  been  built  by 
the  Romans.  The  trade  is  principally 
in  corn  and  oil.  Lon.  9 e,  Ferro,  lat.  34 

20  N. 

Darempoury,  a town  of  Mysore,  Hin- 
doostan, 98  miles  ese  of  Seringapatam. 
Lon.  78  24  e,  lat.  1 2 6 n. 

Darent,  a village  in  Kent,  on  a river  from 
whence  it  derives  its  name  ; has  a church  of 
Saxon  architecture  ; on  the  front  of  which, 
I in  eight  compartments,  is  carved  the  history 
' of  St  Dunstan.  The  dean  and  chapter  of 


D A R 

are  lords  of  the  manor.  Its 
I)eaut5tul  aud  liojpid  rivers  rises  at  Wcs~ 
ierhana,  on  tli:;  borders  of  Surry,  rurs 
through  the  picturesque  vale  of  Rivcrhead, 
washes  Dartiord  on  the  e,  unites  with  the 
Oay,  and  falls  into  the  Thames  e of 
lirith. 

DARFOOR,  a sovereignty  of  Africa,  on 
the  borders  of  Negroland  and  Nubia.  Its 
chief,  who  claims  the  most  extravagant  ho- 
nours, styles  himself  Sultan.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  of  a deep  black  complexion,  and 
woolly  hair,  but  have  features  ditferent 
from  those  of  Arabs  and  Negroes  of  various 
tribes.  Polygamy  and  the  most  indecent 
commerce  of  the  sexes  obtain.  The  la- 
bours of  the  field,  and  even  the  building  of 
the  houses,  which  are  constructed  of  mud 
covered  with  thin  boards,  is  left  to  the 
women.  Salt  is  the  general,  medium  of 
commerce.  It  has  intercourse  with  Egypt 
by  means  of  caravcins.  Lions,  leopards, 
hyaenas,  wolves,  and  buffaloes,  are  among 
its  wild,  and  camels,  goats,  sheep,  and 
beeves,  its  domestic  animals.  Various 
kinds  of  grain  are  reared  in  considerable 
quantities  ; the  growth  after  the  tropical 
rainsare  rapid  and  abundant.  Cobbie  is  the 
capital. 

Diirgan,  a town  in  the  country  of  Cha- 
rasm,  on  the  Gihon,  Asia.  | 

BargieSj  a town  in  the  department  of  the  1 
Somme,  five  miles  s of  Pois,  France, 

Durien,  a town  in  Georgia,  Uniied  States, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Alatamaha,  47  miles 
ssw  of  Savanna.  Lon.  81  14  w,  iat.  31 
23  y. 

Darien^  a river  of  Terra  Firnia,  forming 
a large  gulf  of  the  same  name,  which  di- 
vides the  provinces  of  Darien  and  Cartha- 
gejia.  Lat.  8 43  ir. 

' Darien,  Isthmus  of,  sometimes  called 
Caledonia,  a county  of  S America^  and  the  i 
northern  part  of  Terra  Firma ; in  length 
about  120  leagues,  and  from  16  19  45  in 
breadth.  This  isthmus,  which  unites  the 
continents  of  N and  S America,  is  strength- 
ened by  a ridge  of  lofty  mountains  stretch- 
ing through  its  whoie  extent,  covered  with 
inaccessible  forests.  Its  vaHies  are  fre- 
quently so  much  overilowed  with  water, 
that,  iii  many  places,  the  inhabitants  erect 
their  houses  upon  trees,  that  they  may  be 
renioved  from  the  damp  and  the  odious  rep- 
tiles that  abound.  The  natives  go  naked. 
The  n^en  clear,  and  the  women  cultivate 
the  ground.  The  girls  pick  and  spin  cot- 
ton, and  the  women  weave  it.  Each  man 
has  several  wives.  The  land  is  almost 
every  where  of  an  unequal  surface.  The 
valleys  are  supplied  with  rivers,  brooks,  and 
sjuings.  7’he  principal  towns  of  Darien 
Panama  and  Porto  Bello. 

Dundng,  or  Dorking,  a towm  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Surry,  surrounded  by  hills,  on  the 
'«>anks  of  the  rivffr  Mole.  The  streets  are 
broud^  and  well  {laved.  The  ciistcin 


D A R 

of  burgh  English  prevails  in  tills  manors 
that  is,  the  youngest  son  is  heir  to  the  copy- 
hold-estate. It  is  noted  for  a great  meal- 
ing trade,  the  mills  in  the  neighbourhood 
being  very  numerous;  and  also  for  its 
market  on  Thursday  for  poultry.  It  is  M 
miles  E of  Guildford,  and  24  ssw  of  Lou- 
don. 

Darlington,  a town  of  England  in  the  ‘ 
bishopric  of  Durham,  on  the  Skerne.  It 
consists  of  several  streets  branching  from  a 
large  square  where  the  market  is  held.  At 
the  sw  angle  of  the  market-place,  is  a spa- 
cious church,  with  a tower  and  spire  rising 
from  the  centre  to  the  height  of  180  feet. 

The  happy  situation  of  this  town,  the  abun- 
dance and  cheapness  of  provisions,  render  it 
a sort  of  emporium  for  manufactures.  Int' 
the  course  of  13  miles  adjacent,  the  river 
Skerne  turns  12  mills;  seven  for  corn,  two 
for  spinning  linen  yarn,  one  for  woollen,  one 
fulliDg*mill,  and  one  for  grinding  optical 
glasses,  the  invention  of  a native  of  Darling- 
ton, aivd  the  first  of  the  kind  constructed  in 
Britain.  It  gives  title  of  pari  to  the  noble 
family  of  Vane.  Has  a market  on  Mon- 
da}',  and  fairs  Easter  Monday,  Whit.  Mon- 
day the  Monday  fortnight  after  it,  and  No- 
vember 22d.  - It^  is  famous  for  the  manu- 
facture of  table  linen,  called  Uuckaback, 
ten  xiuarters  wide,  great  quantities  of 
which  go  to  London  and  Bristol  markets. 

Its  plain  linen  is  of  superior  quality  and 
colour.  ^ ^ 

Darmstadt,  the  capital  of  a principality, 
belonging  to  a branch  of  the  house  of 
Hesse,  to  which  it  gives  name,  Germany. 

It  was  fortified  with  a wall  in  1330.  This 
town  contains  a regency,  a court  of  appeals, 
a consistory,  a criminal  court,  a good  col- 
lege, and  a grammar-school.  The  prince 
of  Hesse  Darmstadt  generally  resides  in 
the  castle.  It  stands  on  a river  of  the 
same  name,  30  miles  nnw”  bf  Heideiburg, 

Lon.  8 38  e,  lat.  49  32  n. 

Darneg,  a tow-n  in  the  department  of  the 
Vosges,  France,  21  miles  wsw  of  Epinal. 

Daroea,  a town  in  the  province  of  Ar- 
ragon,  on  the  Xiloca,  Spain.  The  town  is 
large,  but  not  populous.  Here  are  seven 
parish  churches,  one  of  which  is  collegiate. 

Lon.  13  20  E,  Peak  of  Tenerifle,  lat.  41 
15  N. 

Darore,  a town  in  the  country  of  Dowla- 
tabad,  Rindoostan,  80  miles  aw  of  Beder, 
and  98  e by  s of  Amednaqur.  Lon.  76  43 
E,  lat.  18  44  N. 

Darraway,  a towm  of  the  province  of 
Sat(a,  Hindocstan,  stands  at  the  mouth  of  a 
branch  of  ihe  Indus  of  the  same  name,  74 
miles  wsw  of  Tatta.  Lon.  16  31  e,  lat, 

24  32  N. 

Dart,  a river  in  Devonshire,  which  has 
its  source  at  the  fool  of  the  Dartmomh  fcilis, 
flows  to  Ashbm^OP.  sud  Totaess,  where  it- 
is  navigable,  and  empties  itself  - into  the 
English  Ccamiei  at  Daiimouth. 


D A R 


D A V 


Vartford^  a town  in  the  county  of 
Kent,  on  the  river  Darent.  This  river, 
or  Dartford  Creek,  as  it  is  called,  wiil 
admit  boats  to  bring  up  goods  to  the  town. 
The  first  paaer  mill  in  England  wa., 
erected  here  by  Sir  John  Spilman,  to  whom 
king  Charles  I.  granted  a patent  with 
2001.  a-year.  On  this  river  was  also  the 
first  mill  for  slitting  irbh  bars  to  make 
wire.  Here  are  the  remains  of  a nunnery 
founded  by  Edward  Tlli  in  I35<5.  On  j 
part  of.its  site  a royal  mansion  was  biHxt 
by  Henry  VIII,  called  Dartford  place. 
Here  commenced  the  insurrections  of  Wat 
Taylor  and  Jack  Straw,  in  the  tmie  of 
, Richard  II.  Edward  VI.  founded  an  alms- 
bouse  in  this  town  lor  four  lame  men.  It  is 
a great  thoroughfare  to  Canterbury  and 
Dover,  has  fine  inn^,  and  a market  on 
Saturday  and  a fair  on  August  2d.  It  is  15 
miles  E by  s of  London. 

Dartmoory  an  extensive  forest  in  the 
county  of  Devon,  20  miles  long,  and 
five  to  15  broad.  In  all  this  space  there 
is  only  villages.  Many  sheep  are 

bred  here ; but  the  chief  riches  of  the  in- 
habitants are  black  cattle.  It  contains 
80,000  acres. 

Dartmouth,  a town  of  England,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Dart,  which  origiinlly  con- 
sisted of  three  villages,  Clifton,  Hardness, 
and  Darmouih.  It  is  governed  by  a 
mayor,  and  sends  two- members  to  par*  j 
liament  The  harbour  which  is  safe,  is  i 
defended  by  a castle  and  strong  battery,  | 
and  may  contain  500  .ships.  The  dock- 
yards and  quay  project  into  the  river,  and 
the  rocks  on  each  side  are  composed  of 
a purple  coloured  slate.  By  an  act  of 
Richard  II.  as  a reward  for  their  services  | 
against  the  French,  this  Wcis  the  only  | 
harbour  from  which  tin  could  be  exported. 
It  has  an  extensive  pilchard  fishery, 
and  the  harbour  can  be  shut  with  a chain. 
Besides  three  churches,  it  has  a large 
meeting-house,  and  three  charity  schools. 
The  ceiebraied  Mr  John  Flavel  was  m ni- 
ster  here.  Edward  III.  exempted  its  bur- 
gesses from  tolls.  This  town  was  twice 
burnt  by  the  French,  and  was  saved  from  a 
third  attempt  by  the  bravery  of  the  women. 
It  gives  the  title  of  Earl  to  the  noble 
family  of  Legge.  Many  enterprising  mer- 
chants send  out  vessels  to  Newfoundland 
for  fish,  which  they  dispose  of  in  the 
southern  parts  of  Europe,  loading  back 
with  wine,  fruit,  oil,  &o.  Dartmouth  is 
esteemed  a great  nursery  of  seamen,  the 
fishery  employing  near  3000  men,  a certain 
number  of  w’hich,  the  owners  are  obliged 
by  act  of  parliament  to  select  from  lands- 
men. It  has  a weekly  market  on  Fri- 
day, 30  miles  ssw  of  Exeter,  and  203  w 
by  s of  London.  Lon.  3 65  w,  lat.  50 
22  y. 

Dartmouth,  a town  in  New  Hampshire. 
Lou.  72  13  w,  lat.  43  15  n. 

DartM0vth,Si  sea- port  town  of  J'fassaobn- 
10 


setts,  in  Bristol  county,  on  the  Acur.hnet^ 
containing  2.^99  citizens,  TO  miles  s of  aIcj- 
tea.  Lon.  70  52  w',  lat.  41  37  y. 

Daru,  a town  m the  proving  e of  Kerman, 
Per.sia. 

Darwhr,  a considerable  fortress  in  the 
country  of  Sanore,  Hindoostan,  and  one 
of  the  king  of  Mj^sore’s  frontier  towns, 
45  miles  wnw  of  Sauore.  Lon.  75  9 e, 
lat.  16  5 N. 

Darwent  Fells,  a range  of  mountains  in 
the  county  of  Cam  her  sand. 

Darv:ent  JVater.  a lake  in  Cuniberlond, 
which  occupies  - be  southern  part  of  iho 
lebrated  vale  ox  Keswick,  4 miles  long,  .i  ;ti 
about  2 broad  ; through  .t  passes  it  e 
river  Darwent,  wdiich,  afterwards  »ueeLs 
in  its  course  the  take  of  Easseik  iw.cte. 
The  company  xvho  resort  to  this  deVighuul 
vale  are  furnished  wuth  barges,  sk-iful 
row^ers,  and  inteliigeiit  guides  at  Kesw  'rk 
to  enable  them  to  make  the  tosver  of  the 
lake. 

Dassel,  a tow^n  in  Low^er  Saxony,  belong- 
ing to  the  biscopric  of  Hildcsheim,  15  miles 
KNW  of  Golti.'igen. 

Dassea^Eglandor,  Isle  of  Deer,  one  of 
the  three  small  islands  near  the  coa^t  of 
Africa.  Rer?  are  sheep,  v/hose  tails  weigh 
iOlb.  Lon.  17  2 e,  iai.  33  26  s. 

Dqssat,  Burtoti,  or  Mngua,  a town  of 
Warwickshfie,  with  a good  market  on  Fri=» 

I day,  and  fair  at  St  Jame:^Mida. 
j Datchet,  in  Buckinghamshire,  a mile  and 
I a-half  E of  Windsor  Datchet  House,  the 
! property  of  the  duke  of  Nur-olk,  had  for- 
I merfy  gardens  that  svefe  much  famed, 
j Davanagiri,  a town  of  M^'sore  Rindoos- 
j tan,  where,  besides  coarse  cotton  cloths  are 
I manufactured  cismlies,  a species  of  bla'^kets 
I resembling  English  cambiets,  which  are  held 
in  great  repute.  Trade  is  carried  on  here 
to  considerable  extent  by  residing  merchants, 
36  miles  nw  of  Chittledrocg. 

Daventry,  or  Dairitry,  a town  in  the 
county  of  Northampton,  goversxed  by  a 
mayor  : stands  on  the  Roman  highway  cal** 
led  Watlingstreet,  on  the  side  of  a bill,  it 
is  noted  for  making  whips ; and  many  of 
the  inhabitants  are  enudoyed  in  the  silk  ma- 
nufacture. Ivlarket  on  Vfediiesaay.  Fairs 
Easter  Monday,  June  6,  Aug.  3,  Oct.  2, 
and  27.  dt  is  JO  miles  w of  Northampton, 
and  72  nw  of  London. 

David  Pointy  a cape  on  the  n coristofthe 
island  of  Grenada.  Lon.  61  26  w,  lat,  12 
29  N. 

David,  Fort,  St.  a towm  with  a settlement 
belonging  to  the  English  East  India  Com- 
:any,  on  the  coa  :t  of  Coromandel,  Asia; 
it  was  taken  and  destroyed  by  tue  French  in 
17.58,  and  has  not  been  relndlt.  It  is  one' 
mile  K of  Cuddalcre.  J;on.  79  45  e,  lat. 
II  39 

David's  St,  a town  in  Pembrokeshire,  on 
the  llien,  S \Yciles.  The  situation  of  the 
town  is  unhealtbiul,  and  the  adjacent  coun- 
try verv  barren  ; it  has  nothing  to  boa'd  of 
’ ' ' ‘ O o 


D A U 

)}ut  its  cathedral,  which  is  300  feet  long, 
and  about  12T  high,  and  is  supposed  to 
he  the  highest  in  Britain.  St  David^s 
is  at  present  a bisLop^s  see,  yet  only  a 
single  street  of  miserable  cottages.  It 
was  once  a p^ace  of  celebrity,  and  had 
walls.  The  cathedral,  which  is  only  the 
remains  of  its  former  splendor,  contains 
the  tomb  of  the  celebrated  Giraldus  Cam- 
brensis.  T'rom  St  David's  Head,  a cape 
in  its  vicinity,  is  a view  of  Ireland.  Here 
are  numerous  druidical  monuments  ; 24 
miles  Nw  of  Pembroke,  and  273  w by  n of 
London. 

David,  St,  a village  and  sea -port,  on  a 
creek  in  Inverkei thing  bay,  Fife,  where! 
are  salt-works,  and  an  extensive  export  of 
coals. 

Daviot,  a parish  in  Aberdeenshire,  about 
five  miles  in  length  and  four  in  breadth. 
The  soil  yields  abundant  encouragement 
to  improvement ; but  lime  is  20  miles  dis- 
tant. The  population  is  about  900,  Here 
are  two  druidical  temples,  one  of  which  is 
in  the  churchyard.  It  is  20  miles  from 
Aberdeen. 

Duviot  and  Dmdichty,  two  united 
parishes  in  Inverness-shire,  about  23  miles 
ill  breadth,  the  greatest  breadth  not  ex- 
ceeding four.  This  district  has  a very 
wild  and  romantic  appearance,  little  of  it 
lit  for  cultivation,  and  that  little  in  a very 
backward  state.  In  the  low  grounds  are 
large  tracts  of  peat  moss,  and  in  the  bills 
several  lakes  abounding  with  trout.  Near 
the  church  of  Daviot  are  several  sandhills, 
seemingly  formed  by  the  tide,  some  of 
which  are  300  feet  in  height,  Daviot  castle, 
built  by  the  earl  of  Crawford,  in  the  be*- 
ginning  of  the  15th  century,  once  a strong 
and  spacious  edifice,  is  now  nearly  demo- 
lished. In  this  parish  is  an  Episcopal  cha- 
pel. Many  acres  have  lately  been  planted 
with  trees.  Population  1818. 

Davis\s  Straits,  an  arm  of  the  sea  be* 
Iween  Greenland  and  N America,  much 
frequented  by  whale  fishers.  It  is  con-  | 
nected  with  Hudson^s  Bay  by  the  Straits 
of  that  name.  It  had  its  name  from  Cap- 
tain Davis  who  discovered  it  in  1585,  in  his 
attempt  to  find  a kw  passage. 

Davos^  the  capital  of  a jurisdiction  of 
the  same  name,  Sv/ifzerland.  It  contains 
great  numbers  of  cattle,  two  lakes,  and 
mines  of  copper,  lead,  and  silver.  It  is  14 
miles  E of  Coire.  Lon.  27  21  e,  Ferro,  lat. 
46  40  N. 

DAUPHIN,  an  island  in  the  n part  of 
the  gulf  of  Mexico,  about  5 leagues  long, 
but  narrow.  It  is  very  barren. 

DAUPHIN,  a.  county  of  Pennsylvania, 
wiiicli  contains  mines  of  iron  ore.  Popula- 
tion 18,}  77.  Harisburg  is  the  capital. 

Davpltm  Fort,  a fort  built  by  tlie  French, 
on  the  K coast  of  Madagascar,  Lon.  45  10  £, 
lat.  24  55  s, 

DAUPlllNY,  a country  of  France, 
which  extends  40  leagues  from  n to  s,  and 


D E A 

36  from  e to  w.  From  this  province'  tb& 
heir  apparent  of  the  crown  of  France  re- 
ceives the  title  of  Dauphin.  This  country, 
of  which  nearly  two-thirds  are  mountain- 
ous and  fit  only  for  pasturage,  has  many 
fertile  spots,  producing  corn,  wine,  olives, 
salt,  copperas,  silk,  varnish,  crystal^ 
iron,  copper,  lead,  and  gold.  The  moun^ 
tains  abound  with  bears,  chamois,  eagles, 
marmots,  hawkes,  <fec.  The  principal 
rivers  are  the  Rhone,  Durance,  Iscre,  and 
Drome.  It  now  forms  the  departments  of 
the  Isere,  the  Drome,  and  the  Higher 
Alps. 

Dausenas,  a town  of  the  duchy  of  Cour- 
land,  16  miles  wsw  of  Seelburg. 

Dax,  or  Dacqs,  a town  in  the  department 
of  the  Landes,  on  the  Adour,  France.  It 
is  surrounded  with  walls,  and  contains  5800 
inhabitants.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  warm 
baths,  the  spring  of  which  discharges  543 
cubic  feet  of  water  in  15  minutes.  It 
was  a bishop’s  see,  and  lies  24  miles  ne  of 
Bayonne.  Lon.  I 3 w,  lat.  43  42  n. 

Daxenbach,  or  Tackenbach,  a town  of  Ba- 
varia, 39  miles  e of  Saltzburg. 

Daymar,  a town  in  the  country  of  Oman, 
Persia,  220  miles  s of  Mascat, 

Dea,  a town  fin  the  province  of  Segasten, 
Persia,  60  miles  sw  of  Kin. 

Dead  Sea,  or  Lake  Asphalsites,  a la,ke  or 
inland  sea  of  Palestiiie,  60  miles  long  and 
15  broad,  which  contains  neither  animal  nor 
vegetable  life ; owing  to  the  excessive  salt- 
ness of  its  water.  Mines  of  fossil  salt  are 
found  in  the  side  of  the  mountains  w^hich 
extend  along  the  shore.  Fragments  of  sul- 
phur and  bitumen  are  also  found.  It  re- 
ceives the  Jordan,  but  has  no  outlet.  The 
evaporation  from  its  surface  is  more  thaa 
sufficient  to  carry  offi  the  water  supplied  by 
the  rivers.  It  is  supposed  to  have  been  th® 
site  of  the  ancient  Sodom  and  Gomorrah. 

DEADMAN’s  ISLAND,  one  of  the 
Magdalen  islands.  Lon.  61  30  w,  lat.  4T 
22  N. 

Deadman’s  Head,  or  Deadmards  Point,  a 
cape  on  the  coast  of  Cornw^all,  in  the 
English  channel,  betw'een  St  Maws  and 
Fow^ey. 

Deal,  a flourishing  towm  on  the  coast  of 
Kent,  with  a market  on  Thursday.  It  con- 
sists chiefly  of  three  long  streets,  and  is  go- 
verned by  a mayor,  recorder,  12  jurats,  <fec. 
It  has  no  harbour,  but  the  sea  between  the 
shore  and  the  Goodwfin  sands,  called  the 
Downs,  is  generally  a secure  road  for  ships. 
It  is  defended  by  a castle,  or  it  rather  re- 
ceives the  protection  of  several  C2istles,  which 
were  built  to  defend  the  coast  between  Do- 
ver and  the  North  Foreland.  It  is  not 
reckoned  one  of  the  Ginque  ports,  but  is  a 
member  of  Sandwfich.  No  manufacture  is 
carried  on  here,  but  it  is  supported  by  the 
resort  of  seamen.  It  is  the  birth-place  of 
the  celebrated  Elizabeth  Carter.  Accord- 
ing to  some,  Caesar  lauded  here  in  his  second 
descent*  Fairs  April  otil  awd  October  lOtb 


DEC 

The  population,  in  1811,  7351.  It  is  seven 
miles  s by  e of  Sandwich,  9 nne  of  Dover, 
and  74  e by  s of  London.  Lon.  1 24  e,  lat. 

61  13  N.  , . 1 . 

Dean,  a forest  in  Gloucestershire,  between 
the  river  Severn  and  the  county  ot 
Monmouth.  Within  its  bounds  are  tour 
market  towns  and  23  parishes  ; and, 
though  it  still  contains  much  fine  timber, 
it  is  fertile  in  pasture  and  tillage.  The 
hills  abound  in  iron  ore,  and  coal  has 
also  been  found  in  it.  A few  dear  still  run 
wild  in  its  recesses.  This  forest,  and  the 
rich  vale  of  its  name,  abound  in  orchards, 
which  yield  abundance  of  excellent  cider 
and  perry. 

Dean,  Great,  or  Michael  Dean,  a town 
in  the  forest  of  Dean.  It  has  a weekly 
market  on  Monday,  and  manufactures  of 
cloth,  nails,  and  pins,  a handsome  church, 
and  fairs  on  Easter  Monday,  and  Oct.  10th  ; 

15  miles  ne  of  Monmouth,  and  120  wnw  of 
London.  ... 

Dehalponr,  the  capital  of  a district  in 
the  country  of  Moultan,  Hindoostan.  Stands 
on  the  great  road  from  Delhi  to  Moultan, 
near  the  Sellege,  80  miles  se  of  Lahore,  and 
170  * by  N of  Moultan.  Lon.  73  32  e,  lat. 
10  5 IT. 

Deben,  a river  in  the  county  of  Suffolk, 
which  has  its  source  near  Debenham,  and 
on  reaching  Woodbridge,  expands  into  a 
long  narrow  arm  of  the  German  ocean, 

5 miles  ne  of  Harwich. 

Debenham,  a towm  in  the  county  of  Suf- 
folk, with  a weekly  market  on  Friday, 
and  a fair  June.  24  ; stands  on  the  side  of 
a hill,  near  the  source  of  the  Deben,  24 
miles  E of  Bury  St  Edmund,  mid  83  ne  ot 
London. 

Debreczin,  a large  and  populous  town  of 
Hungary,  capital  of  a district  of  the  same 
name  ; it  w^as  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1684, 
and  retaken  by  the  Austrians  in  the  same 
year,  and  lies  107  miles  e of  Buda.  Lon. 
21  38  E,lat.  47  34  n. 

Debrota,  an  opulent  burgh  of  Lower  Dal- 
matia, containing  1000  souls. 

DECCAN : by  this  general  term,  which 
signifies  south,  the  Indian  geographers  in- 
clude all  the  countries  of  India  s of  the 
parallel  of  21  or  22  degrees  of  n latitude. 
But  in  its  proper  and  more  limited  sense, 
the  Deccan  is  formed  of  the  provinces  of 
Candeish,  Dowlatabad,  or  Amedaagur,  Vi- 
siapour,  Coleonda,  and  the  western  part  of 
Berar.  All  this  extent  of  country  was 
once  the  southern  province  of  the  Monguls, 
who  did  not  pass  the  Kestna  till  a late 
period.  The  capital  of  the  Nizam  ol  the 
Deccan  is  Hydrabad.  The  Mahrattas 
are  in  possession  of  the  greater  part.  Other 
districts  have  from  time  to  time  been  formed 
into  separate  states ; and  the  constant  re- 
volutions of  India  ^ill  make  the  boundaries 
of  each  country  uncertain.  Each  province 
will  be  considered  under  its  respective 
bead. 


DEE 

Deception  Bay,  a bay  on  the  w coast  of 
North  America.  Lon.  124  5 w,  lat,  46 

10  N. 

Decize,  a towm  in  the  department  of  the 
Nevers,  on  an  irdaad  at  the  confiux  of  tha 
Airon  and  the  Loire,  France.  Near  it  are 
coal  mines;  aniimo -y  is  also  found  in  the 
vicinity  ; 16  miles  se  )f  Neveis. 

Deckendorf,  a town  of  Bavaria,  near  the 
Danube,  27  mi  s nw  ol  Passau. 

Decturapou  ^ one  of  the  Laccadive  isiands. 
Lo'2.  72  0 E,  lat.  12  8 n. 

Deddington,  a town  in  the  county  of 
Oxford,  governei  by  a baiiiif,  lamed  for 
the  excellence  of  its  malt  liquor  . has 
a weekly  market  on  Saturday,  an  .■  'irs 
Aug.  10th  Oct.  1.  b,  and  Nov.  22.  It  is 
16  miles  n of  Oxford,  and  69  wkw  of 
Loudon. 

Dedham,  a town  in  the  county  of 
seated  on  the  Sto,'- , with  a m Ti-ret  op  'i  ues- 
day.  and  a manuiaet’\''3  of  b.  Here 
is  an  ancient  church  x a curious  steeple, 
and  a free  grammar  founded  by 

queen  Elizyb'&tn,,  It  comaiiv--,  ar?ou.t  4o0 
lofty  houses ; miles  KttE  oi  Colchester, 
and  58  NE  of  iiondon. 

Dedham,  a town  in  Massaohuse'bs,  and 
county  of  Norfolk,  where  is  a manu- 
facture, is  seated  on  Charles  river,  ’ miles 
sw  of  Boston. 

Dee,  a river  of  Wales,  wBich  issues  from 
the  lake  of  Bala,  in  the  county  of  Mer  oneth 
and  falls  into  the  sea  about  1<>  miles  nw'  of 
Chester,  where  it  forms  a broad  estuary, 
which  separa.tes  Cheshire  from  Flintshire. 
It  is  navigable  from  Ellesmere  in  Shrop- 
shire, to  Chester,  where  it  is  interrupted  by 
a ledge  of  rocks.  The  Dee  was  held  in 
great  veneration  by  the  ancient  Britons,  and 
has  been  the  theme  of  many  a poet  ever 
since. 

Dee,  a river  of  Scotland,  which  rises  in 
the  mountains  of  Mar  forest,  and  tails  into 
the  German  ocean  at  Braemar.  It  runs 
for  60  yards  between  recks  that  approach 
one  another  so  near  that  man}’’  people  step 
from  the  one  to  the  other.  It  abounds  with 
salmon  and  other  fish. 

Deeping,  or  Murket  Deeping,  an  old  built 
town  in  the  county  of  Lincoln,  ith  a week- 
ly market,  seated  on  the  Welland,  in  a fen- 
ny country,  6 miles  e of  Stamford,  and  90 
N of  London. 

Deer,  a parish  and  village  in  Aberdeen- 
shire, almost  in  the  centre  oi  the  district 
of  Buchan.  The  parish  is  about  10 
miles  in  length  from  n to  s,  a d el  it  5 
and  a-half  in  breadth.  The  soil  iv  va- 
rious ; but  there  are  several  quarries  oi  ex- 
cellent limestone.  The  village  of  Old 
Deer  contains  nearly  9CJ  i-.ha’  "'uts. 
There  are  other  two  villages  i . the  i h, 
Fetterangus  and  Stewartfield  In  mis 
parish  was  an  abbey,  built  in  the  13th 
century  for  Cistertians.  Population  3552, 
30  miles  n of  Aberdeen. 

Deer,  New,  another  parish  in  Aberdeen^ 
Oo2 


DEL 

sblrc^^  h'ing  the  w of  the  former.  It  is 
14  rnijes  long  from  n to  s,  and  about  seven 
bread,  in  general  well  cuitiveted.  Popula- 
tion /d’84. 

Deer,  a river  in  the  district  of  Buchan, 
unites  ivith  the  Stricheii,  forming  the  Ugie, 
aho-j,  D mile.*  from  its  influx  into  the  ocean, 
near  Pete  mead. 

DEP.K  , an  idand  near  the  coast  of  Main, 
in  the  United  fctates,  about  IS  miles  in  cir* 
cunference. 

Decrfildy  a tovv^n  in  Massachusetts,  on 
the  river  L’onneeticut,  near  ihe  influx  of  the 
river  Degerfieid.  15  miles  n of  Northamp- 
ton, aiio  SO  vv  by  n of  Boston. 

Dee- field,  a town  of  New  Hampshire, 
contamiv'g  about  i,610  souls. 

Der.rku'i.d,  a.  village  in  Gloucestershire, 
frequeiitiy  inundated-  by  ihe  .Severn.  Here 
wa^  0 celebrated  mona^tefy,  afterwards 
made  f.>'  ceil  to  Tewkesbury  abbev  ; 3 miles 
$ o Tewkesbury.  The  monastery  was  de- 
stroyed by  lA-e  Banes  and  rebuilt  by  Ed- 
war'I  he  Ccnfe.vsor. 

l/tcr:ics&^  i)  parish  in  Orknej',  united 
to  x'iiiX  c‘  Bt  Andrtw’s.  it  is  situated 
on  the  eas  tern  exireinay  ci  Pomona  island, 
and  c:< tends  10  miles  in  breadth.  The 
soil  is  ^tolerably  productive;  but  much 
lies  Waste  and  uncultivated,  Population 
about  1,5  IT, 

Deernessy  a peninsuloted  promontory  on 
the  coast  of  the  above  parish. 

Demse,  or  Degnse,  a town  in  Flanders, 
depaiumeirt  of  the  ^mheldt,  Netherlands  ; on 
the  Lis,  eight  miles  sw  of  Ghent. 

DemiL  or  Dtrecie,  a town  of  Egypt,  situ- 
atCvl  in  an  island  formed  by  the  canal  be* 
tw-:eo  Cairo  and  Roseita. 

Deizaoady  ti  town  in  the  province  of 
Irac,  Agemi,  Persia,  90  miles  n of  Ispa- 
han, 

Ddagoa.  a bay  at  tie  e end  of  the  terri- 
tory of  NotaL  E coast  of  Africa.  It  is  fre- 
quency visi5j,d  by  vessels  emplojed  in  the 
whale  hshtry,  as  cattle  and  poultry  can  be 
got  heie  for  a tribe.  Lon.  33  0 e,  lat,  36 
0 s. 

Delawav,  a town  in  King  William’s 
county,  Virginia,  sealed  on  the  peninsula 
at  the  oonfiuence  of  the  Pamunky  and 
Matiapony,  which  when  united  take  the 
name  of  A'ork  river.  It  is  30  miles  n 
by  w ot  Vrtjiiams-burg  and  45  w of  Rich- 
mond. 

DELAWARE,  one  of  the  United  States, 
about  92  miles  long,  and  24  broad.  It  is 
divided  into  three  counties,  Newcastle, 
Kent,  and  Sussex  ; the  population  is  about 
64,373  inhanitants.  In  many  parts  it  is 
unhealthy,  being  situated  in  a peninsula, 
where  the  land  is  generally  low,  and  the 
w'aters  stagnant.  The  soil  about  10  miles 
along  the  Delaware  river,  is  adapted  to 
agriculture.  The  wheat  raised  in  this 
state  is  preferred  for  its  superior  qualities. 
This  country  affords  rich  pasture  for  cattle. 
The  principal  rivers,  Choptank,  Nanticok, 


DEL 

and  Pocomoke,  are  navigable  for  vessel* 
of  50  or  60  tons,  for  20  or  30  miles  into 
the  country.  The  principal  exports  are 
wdieat,  corn,*,  bay,  and  lumber.  Dover  is 
the  capital, 

Dtlawore,  a fine  river  of  N America, 
formed  of  two  streams  in  the  state  of  New 
York.  It  separates  Philadelphia  irom 
New  York  and  New  Jersey,  and  the  latter 
from  the  state  of  Delaw’are,  till  it  enters 
Delaware  bay,  a little  below  Salem.  At 
Philadelphia  it  is  navigable  by  a 74  gun 
ship  from  theuce  to  Trenton  by  sloops,  and 
for  boats  of  eight  or  10  tons,  40  miles  above 
the  falls  of  Trenton. 

Delaware  Bay,  a large  bay,  or  arm 
of  the  sea,  between  the  states  of  Delaware 
and  New  Jersey.  It  is  about  60  miles 
long,  and  in  the  centre  about  10  leagues 
across,  and  about  seven  at  its  mouth, 
from  Cape  Kenlopee  to  Cape  Alay  ; on  the 
former  is  a light-house.  Lon.  75  6 w,  lat. 

38  40  N. 

DELAWARE,  a county  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, 21  miles  long,  and  15  broad,  containing 
9483  souls. 

DELAWARE  Indians,  a nation  of  N 
Americans,  residing  between  Lake  Erie 
and  the  Ohio.  They  are  ingenious,  in- 
teliigent,  and  courageous  ; and  are  in 
league  with  most  of  the  neighbouring  tribes. 

DelehiOy  a town  of  the  Vaiteline,  Swisscr- 
land,  on  a branch  of  the  Odda,  five  miles  nw 
of  Alorbegno. 

DelfinOy  the  capital  of  Lower  Albania, 
European  Turkey,  the  residence  of  the  pa- 
chci,  50  miles  ene  of  Larissa.  Lon.  21  15  e, 
lat.  40  4 N. 

DELFT,  a district  comprehending  the 
southern  part  of  South  Holland. 

Deljt,  a town,  the  capital  of  the  above 
department,  on  a canal  called  the  Schie.  ^ 
The  country  about  it  is  agreeable,  with 
three  dykes,  to  prevent  its  being  flooded. 
The  town  has  canals  in  the  streets,  planted 
on  each  side  with  trees.  It  holds  a third 
rank  in  the  country,  and  has  many  band- 
i some  houses  and  grand  buildings.  Its 
figure  is  a long  square.  The  celebrated 
Hugo  Grotius  was  a native  of  this  place. 

In  one  of  its  churches  is  the  tomb  of  Wil- 
liam I.  prince  of  Orange,  who  was  assasi- 
naied.  It  has  a fine  arsenal,  and  an  ex- 
tensive mamifaeture  of  earihen  ware,  and 
is  eight  miles  nw  of  Rotterdam.  Lon.  21 
47  E,  Ferro,  lat.  52  1 n. 

Deljishavtiiy  a sea  port  towi)  of  Holland, 
on  ilie  N side  of  the  Meuse,  with  a canal 
out  to  join  the  Schie.  It  is  strongly  for- 
tified, and  well  defended  by  dams. 

Delfznyly  a fortress  in  Groningen,  in 
the  Omnielands,  Holland.  The  harbour  is 
very  convenient,  and  will  contain  a great 
number  of  vessels.  It  is  seated  on  the  Dam- 
ster,  where  it  enters  the  mouth  of  the  Ems; 

12  miles  w by  s of  Embden.  Lon.  6 58  e, 
lat.  53  19  H. 

DELHI,  a country  of  Hindoostan,  about 


I 


DEL 


DEM 


155  miles  in  length,  and  140  in  breadth. 

It  is  divided  into  several  provinces  or  eir-  ■ 
cars,  and  contains  many  cities  and  tow^ns. 
Having  been  the  seat  of  above  00  years 
of  constant  warfare,  it  is  greatly  depopu-  | 
lated,  and  the  people  who  remain  are  | 
miserable,  in  a country  possessing  almost  | 
every  advantage.  Several  parts  of  it  po-  j 
duce  wheat,  rice,  millet,  sugar,  indigo, 
pulse,  and  fruits  of  various  sorts.  The 
prineipal  rivers  are  the  Jummah  and  the 
Ganges.  The  climate  is  more  temperate 
thai”  than  that  of  Agra.  It  constitutes, 
perhaps,  the  whole  of  the  dominions  of  the 
Great  Mogul.  Delhi  is  the  capital. 

Dtlhiy  a city  of  Asia,  the  nominal  capital 
of  Hindoostan  It  contains  three  principal 
streets,  which  are  long  and  spacious.  It 
is  composed  of  two  towns,  the  Old  and  th« 
New  ; and  is  above  nine  miles  in  circum- 
ference. The  palace  of  the  Mogul  is  a 
magnificent  building  of  red  stoue,  about 
1009  ells  in  length,  and  600  in  breadth,  and 
cost  10,500,000  rupees.  When  Nadir 
Shaw  invaded  Hindoostan  in  1739,  he 
entered  Delhi,  when  100,000  of  the  inha-  j 
bitanis  perished  by  the  sword  and  famine,  j 
and  62,000,000  sterling,  was  said  to  be 
collected.  In  176i,  on  the  invasion  of 
Abdaila,  king  of  Candahar,  similar  cala- 
mities were  inflicted.  In  18G3,  the  Mah- 
rattas  obtained  possession  of  the  place,  but 
being  defeated  by  general  I/ake,  it  was 
restored  to  its  aged  monarch  Shah  Aulum. 
Deini  is  now  nearly  in  ruins.  Here  are 
the  remains  of  superb  palaces  with  marble 
bains,  and  a magnificent  grand  mosque 
of  marble  and  red  freestone.  It  stands  on 
the  Jumna,  350  miles  w of  Allahabad. 
Lon.  77  40  e,  lat.  28  37  n. 

Delicfiiy  a river  of  Albania,  the  Acheron 
of  the  ancient  poets. 

DelitZy  a town  in  Upper  Saxony,  and 
territory  of  1 e psic,  has  a considerable  ma- 
nufactory of  w'orsted  siockings  ; 15  miles 
K by  E of  Leipsic. 

DelkenJieim,  a town  pi  Germany,  five 
miles  KKE  of  Mentz.  ' " 

Dellamcotittf  a fortress  in  Bootan,  which 
commands  the  principal  pass  over  the 
mountains,  Asia;  55  miles  ssw  of  Tassa- 
sudon,  and  260  n of  Mooshedahad.  It  was 
taken  by  storm  in  1773,  by  a detachment 
under  captain  Jones.  Lon.  86  46  e,  lat. 
27  2 k. 

DellySf  or  Tedc/ehs,  a sea  port  town,  in 
the  eounti’y  of  Algiers,  Alrica,  15  leagues 
E of  Algiers. 

Dehaenhorsty  the  capital  of  a small 
county  on  me  river  Delm,  duchy  of  Olden- 
burg, Westphalia,  containing  1400  inhabi- 
tants. It  belongs  to  the  kings  of  Den- 
mark, as  counts  of  Oldenburg  ; eight  miles 
sw  of  Bremen.  Lon.  8 39  e,  lat.  53  2 k. 

Delmont,  or  Delemonty  or  Talshergy 
a town  of  Germany,  near  the  conflux 
of  the  Biers  and  the  Some.  It  contains 
about  800  inhabitants ; 16  miles  ssw  of  Basle. 


DELOS,  or  Dili,  a small  island  of 
Grecian  Archipelago,  formerly  celebrated 
for  the  temples  of  Diana  and  Apollo,  whose 
birthplace  it  is  said  to  be.  It  is  now  co- 
vered with  ruins,  and  uninhabited.  It  is 
not  above  six  miles  in  circuit.  Lon.  25  12 
E,lat.  37  28  N. 

Delphi,  or  Delphos,  anciently  a famous 
city  of  Achaia,  now  Lividia,  (a  province 
of  Turkey  in  Europe,)  on  the  declivity  of 
mount  Parnassus,  about  10  miles  n of  the 
gulf  of  Lepanto,  where  Kastri,  a mean 
village  stands.  This  place  w^as  once  cele- 
brated for  the  oracle  of  Apollo,  which 
was  consulted  by  people  from  ail  quarters  ; 
18  miles  wsw  of  Livadia, 

DEL  REY,  a province  in  the  south- 
most  part  of  Brazil,  between  the  mountains 
of  Paraguay  and  the  AtUmtic,  800  miles 
long,  and  from  90  to  120  broad.  The 
lake  Merim,  160  miles  in  length,  and  60 
in  breadth,  with  a fort  at  each  end,  is 
situated  in  the  s part,  and  between  it  and 
the  ocean  is  another  lake  very  narrow, 
and  nearly  half  as  long.  The  island  of 
St  Catherine  is  the  chief  place  on  this  ex- 
tensive lake. 

Delsherg,  a town  in  the  late  bishopric  of 
Basil,  Swisserland,  stands  on  the  Bits,  10 
miles  Nw  of  Soleure. 

DELTA,  a name  given  to  the  tract  of 
country  inclosed  between  the  branches  of 
the  river  Nile  and  the  Mediterranean.  It 
is  likewise  applied  to  the  mouths  of  the 
Ganges,  of  the  Ava,  and  some  ether 
rivers.  It  has  its  name  from  iis  tovm  whloh 
resembles  the  Greek  letter  Delta,  which  is 
triangular. 

Belting,  a parish  in  Scotland,  on  the  N 
coast  of  Mainland.  The  surface  is  hilly, 
bleak,  and  barren;  but  some  spou  O'  „o 
coast  are  culfivated.  The  chief  harboiirs 
are  St  Magnus  Bay,  Altha  Frith,  Eushta 
Voe.  The  principal  i lands  are  Mickle 
and  little  Rhoe,  Br  tiier  Isie,  Fisiiolm,  aud 
B'gga.  Popuiation  about  1449. 

Dembea,  a large  lake  in  the  western 
part  of  Abvssinia,  in  a prounce  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  suppo.t^d  to  be  450 
miles  in  circumference,  and  eoniaias  many 
islands  one  ot  which  is  a piace  of  confine- 
ment for  state  pri.soners. 

Demer,  a river  winch  rises  in  the  bishop- 
ric of  Liege,  and  runs  into  the  Scheldt, 
between  Antwerp  and  Dendermund. 

Demerara,  a river  in  Dutch  Guiana,  S 
America.  It  is  two  miles  wide  at  its 
mouth,  and  is  nctvi^,able  for  mere  ant 
vessels  200  miles  u:  ihe  country.  Here 
the  Dutch  had  a very  flourishing  settlement. 
The  country  produces  the  finest  kinds  of  wood, 
coffee,  cotton,  and  sugar.  It  contains  about 
3000 whites, and  40.000  slaves.  It  was  taken 
by  the  English  in  1706,  restored  in  1802,  and 
retaken  in  1803.  Demerara  and  Issequibo, 
compose  one  government,  of  which  the  capi- 
tal is  Starbrock.  Lon.  57  45  w,  lat.  6 40  n. 

DemetriowitZy  a city  of  Russia,  on  the 


DEN 

tjgra.  Here,  it  is  said,  was  tlie  site  of  tbe 
anciently  celebrated  Sirmia,  the  Illyrian 
capital.  Lon.  37  0 e,  lat.  53  20  n. 

Demianskcij  a town  in  tbe  government  of 
Tobolsk,  Russia,  on  tbe  Trtysb,  at  its  junc- 
tion with  tbe  Bernianka 100  miles  nne 
of  Tobolsk.  Lon.  87  8 e,  Ferro,  lat.  59 
35  N. 

Derai  Quian,  a lake  and  river  in  the 
North-Western  Territory,  United  States. 
Tbe  lake  is  six  miles  broad.  The  river  is 
navigable  for  J20  miles. 

Demm,  a town  in  the  country  of  Yemen, 
20  miles  ssw  of  Chamir,  Arabia. 

Demmin,  a town  in  Upper  Saxony,  on 
the  Peene,  situated  among  morasses,  16 
miles  sw  of  Gripswold.  Its  commerce  is 
principally  in  grain.  Lon.  30  43  e,  Ferro, 
lat. -53  53  N. 

DEMONA,  Valley  of,  a division  of 
the  island  of  Sicily,  in  the  ne  part  of  the 
island,  about  100  miles  long,  and  20  broad. 

Demona,  a town  and  fort  of  Piedmont, 
in  a valley  near  the  Sturia,  on  the  Sture,  10 
miles  sw  of  Coni. 

Demotica,  or  Dimotue,  a town  in  the 
province  of  Romania,  European  Turkey, 
situated  near  tbe  Maritsch,  the  residence 
of  a Greek  Archbishop.  Here  Charles 
the  XII.  of  Sweden  resided  during  the 
last  year  of  his  captivity,  12  miles  s of 
Adrianople. 

Denain,  a town  in  tbe  department  of 
Nord,  France.  Here  marshal  Villars  de- 
feated Prince  Eugene  in  1712.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Scheldt,  six  miles  sw  of  Va- 
lenciennes. 

Denbigh,  tbe  capital  of  Denbighshire, 
stood  formerly  on  the  declivity  of  a rocky 
hill,  but  in  Queen  Elizabeth’s  time  was 
removed  to  the  foot  of  the  same  hill.  It 
is  seated  on  a branch  of  the  river  Clywd, 
is  pretty  handsome,  has  an  elegant  market 
house.  Its  castle  in  ruins,  wdth  its  ex- 
tensive enclosure  on  the  top  of  the  hill,  is 
a striking  object.  It  was  built  by  Lacy, 
Earl  of  Lincoln,  in  1280,  was  the  residence, 
for  sometime,  of  Charles  I.,  fell  into 
the  hands  of  the  parliament’s  army,  in 
the  time  of  the  civil  wars,  and  was  demo- 
lished soon  after  the  restoration.  It  has 
a considerable  business  in  tanning  leather, 
and  making  gloves  and  shoes.  It  is  an 
earldom  in  the  Fielding  family,  sends 
one  member  to  parliament.  A market 
is  held  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday ; has 
fairs  on  May  third,  July  15th,  and  Sep- 
tember 24th.  Population  about  1500  : is 
governed  by  a major,  who,  with  a re- 
corder, tw’o  aldermen,  two  bailiffs,  with 
the  power  of  sheriffs,  25  capital  burgesses, 
a town  clerk,  and  two  serjeants  at  mace 
form  its  corporation,  27  miles  w of  Chester, 
and  200  kw  of  London.  Lon.  3 35  w^,  lat. 
53  1 1 N. 

DENBIGHSHIRE,  a county  of  North 
Wales,  about  48  miles  long,  and  18  or  20 


DEN 

where  broadest ; divided  into  six  hundreds^ 
containing  three  market  towns,  57  parishes, 
and  60,352  inhabitants.  The  principal 
towuis  are  Denbigh,  Wrexham,  Ruthin, 
Llanrwst.  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Con- 
way, the  Clwyd,  the  Dee,  and  the  Elwy. 
The  country  is  in  general  mountainous, 
and  some  of  the  mountains  always  covered 
with  snov/  ; in  some  are  mines  of  lead. 
The  air  is  very  wholesome,  but  sharp. 
The  soil  is  various  ; tor  the  famous  vale 
of  the  Clwyd,  extending  near  17  miles 
from  N to  s,  and  about  five  from  e to  w,  is 
said  to  be  equalled  by  few  places  in  Europe, 
in  fertility  and  a profusion  of  noble  seats. 
The  E side  of  the  county  is  not  very  fer- 
tile ; and  the  w is  almost  barren.  The 
products  are  chiefly  corn,  cheese,  cattle, 
lead  and  coal.  It  sends  one  member  to 
parliament.  Denbigh  is  the  capital,  but  the 
sessions  are  held  at  Ruthin. 

Bender,  a river  of  Flanders,  rises  in 
Hainauit,  and  flows  into  the  Scheldt,  at 
Dendermond. 

Dendera,  a town  of  Egypt,  on  the  w side 
of  the  Nile,  the  seat  of  an  Arabian  prince, 
who  takes  the  title  of  Emir.  Its  ancient 
name  was  Tentyra.  Near  the  town  are 
extensive  and  magnificent  ruins,  supposed  to 
have  been  an  ancient  temple  of  Serapis.  It 
supplies  most  part  of  Egypt  with  charcoal, 
and  is  260  miles  s by  e of  Cairo.  Lon. 
31  58  E,  lat.  26  15  n. 

Dendermond,  a fortified  town  of  Flan- 
ders, Netherlands,  with  a strong  citadel, 
is  situated  at  the  union  of  the  Dender 
and  Scheldt,  in  a very  fertile  country 
surrounded  by  fine  meadows,  and  marshes, 
w'hich  can  be  inundated.  It  was  taken 
by  the  allies  in  1706,  and  was  made 
one  of  the  barrier  towns  with  a Dutch 
garrison.  The  French  took  it  in  1745,  and 
again  in  1794,  but  they  lost  it  in  1814, 
16  miles  w of  Mechlin.  Lon.  4 11  e,  lat. 
51  1 N. 

Denia,  anciently  Artemisium,  a sea  port 
in  the  province  of  Valencia,  Spain,  stands 
at  the  foot  of  a mountain,  47  miles  ne  of 
Alicaiit. . Its  principal  trade  is  in  almonds, 
corn,  and  raisins.  The  entrance  into  the 
harbour  is  dangerous.  Lou.  0 2 e,  lat.  38 
50  N. 

Denino,  a parish  in  Fifeshire,  about 
three  miles  in  length,  and  one  and  a-half 
in  breadth.  It  lies  between  St.  Andrew’s 
and  Anstruther.  The  soil  is  in  general  wet, 
principally  fitted  for  pasturage.  It  con- 
tains several  chalybeate  springs.  Popula- 
tion 626,  having  decreased  nearly  one  half 
since  1755. 

DENMARK,  a northern  kingdom  of 
Europe.  Between  the  continent  and  the 
large  islands  of  Funen  and  Zealand,  are 
the  famous  straits  called  the  Small  and 
Great  Belts,  and  the  Oeresund,  which  last 
separates  Denmark,  from  Sw^eden,  being  at 
Helsengoer  about  1321  fathoms,  or  half  a 


DEN 

mile  in  breadth,  and  is  the  usual  passage  f 
out  of  the  Baltic  into  the  sea,  over  all 
which  the  king  of  Denmark  has  the  so- 
vereignty, and  all  ships  are  obliged  to  pay 
him  a certain  toll.  The  country  is  in  ge- 
neral flat  and  sandy  ; and  the  air,  from  the 
seas,  surrounding  it,  and  its  numerous  lakes, 
thick  and  foggy.  Denmark  properly  con- 
sists of  two  large  islands  of  Funeu  and  Zee- 
land,  the  several  smaller  ones  lying  con- 
tiguous, and  the  peninsula  of  Jutland, 
The  kingdom  of  Norway,  since  the  decease 
of  Hagen  VI.  in  1313,  has  been  united  to 
Denmark,  but  in  1813,  it  was  by  treaty 
ceded  to  the  king  of  Sweden,  Vv^ho  after  a 
slight  resistance  on  the  part  of  the  Norwe- 
gians, has  obtained  possession  of  this  an- 
cient kingdom.  But  the  king  of  Denmark 
continues  sovereign  of  the  islands  of  Faro, 
Iceland,  and  half  of  the  dutchy  of  Holstein, 
the  county  of  Oldenburg  and  Delmonhurst, 
in  Germany,  and  a small  part  of  Green- 
land, besides  some  small  settlements  in 
Asia,  Africa,  and  America.  The  crown 
was  elective  and  limited  till  IGOO,  w'hen 
by  a voluntary  surrender  of  their  liberties 
on  the  part  of  the  people,  into  the  hands 
of  the  sovereign,  it  became  hereditary  and 
absolute.  The  number  of  subjects  is  esti- 
mated at  2,000,000.  The  military  forc« 
of  Denmark,  a few  years  since  amounted 
to  11,000  cavalry,  and  64,000  infantry; 
and  the  fleet,  according  to  the  official  ga- 
zette, Oct.  15,  1803,  consisted  of  19  ships 
of  the  line,  15  frigates,  eight  brigs,  and  13 
gun  boats.  The  king^s  annual  revenues  are 
reckoned  at  about  1,520,0001.  In  Norway, 
now  ceded  the  king  had  the  tenth  of  all  the 
timber,  tar,  fish,  oil,  and  mines.  Com- 
mercial companies  are  established  in  Den- 
mark to  the  E Indies,  W Indies,  and  Africa, 
and  trade,  in  general,  seems  to  be  making 
rapid  progress.  The  inhabitants  are  Pro- 
testants since  the  year  1512,  when  they 
embraced  the  confession  of  Augsburg,  and 
the  clergy  are  subsisted  by  the  state,  but  are 
not  permitted  to  meddle  with  state  affairs. 
The  Protestants  of  France  and  Germany 
have  a church  at  Copenhagen  ; the  Jews 
are  tolerated,  but  Papists  are  not  allow- 
ed any  place  of  worship.  The  orders  of 
Knighthood  are  two,  that  of  Danebrag, 
and  that  of  the  Elephant.  The  manners 
and  customs  of  the  superior  classes  differ 
little  from  those  in  the  other  parts  of 
Europe ; but  the  peasantry  except  those  of 
the  crown,  suffer  all  the  disadvantages  of 
the  dispiriting  state  of  vassalage  in  which 
they  still  are  kept,  Copenhagen  is  the 
capital. 

Detin,  a tovrn  in  the  country  of  Yemen, 
Arabia.  Lon.  44  43  Jt,  lat.  14  15  n. 

Denny,  a parish  and  village  in  Stirling- 
shire. The  parish  is  about  four  miles  in 
length,  and  two  and  a-half  in  breadth.  The 
soil  is  w’ell  cultivated.  The  village  is  plea- 
santly situated  on  the  banks  of  the  Carron. 
The  read  from  Glasgow  to  Stirling,  and  the 


D E P 

canal  between  Forth  and  Clyde,  intersect 
the  parish.  Near  the  village  are  two 
paper  mills,  and  a printfield.  Population 
about  2033. 

Denton,  capital  of  Carolina  county, 
Maryland,  stands  on  the  Choptank,  3T 
miles  ssE  of  Chester. 

Denys,  St,  a towm  in  the  department 
of  the  Seine,  called  Franciade,  After  the 
abolition  of  royalty  in  1793.  The  town 
j had  its  rise  from  the  abbey  of  the  Benedic- 
tines, which  has  the  appearance  of  a palace. 
In  its  ancient  and  magnificent  church 
were  the  tombs  of  many  of  the  French 
kings,  which  were  all  demolished  in  1793. 
In  the  treasury,  among  other  curiosities, 
were  the  swords  of  St.  Le  wis,  and  the  maid 
I of  Orleans,  and  the  sceptre  of  Charlemagne. 
It  stands  on  the  Crould,  near  the  Seine, 
5 miles  n of  Paris. 

Deogur,  a town  in  the  country  of  Berar, 
Hindoostan,  formerly  the  residence  of  a ra- 
jah, 65  miles  kkw  of  Nagpour.  Lon.  79 
12  E,  lat.  21  54  N. 

Deputy,  a , rock  near  the  south  coast  of 
the  island  of  Copland,  k of  Donaghadee,  in 
Down,  Irish  Channel. 

Deptford,  a town  partly  in  the  county  of 
Kent,  and  partly  in  Surry.  It  was  gene- 
rally known  in  ancient  records  by  the 
name  of  Deptford  Strond,  alias  West  Green- 
wich, a name  w'hich  in  latter  times,  be- 
came solely  appropriated  to  the  low’er 
parts  of  it,  on  the  banks  of  the  Thames. 
Deptford  is  now  a large  and  populous  town, 
though  it  has  no  niarketj  and  is  divided 
into  Upper  and  Lo'wer  Deptford.  It  con- 
tains about  2000  houses,  many  of  which 
are  neat  and  well  built.  The  number 
of  inhabitants  is  about  17,543.  Here 
are  two  chiirches.  The  chief  support  of 
the  tov/n  arises  from  its  excellent  docks. 
The  whole  extent  of  the  national  yard  is 
31  acres.  It  has  two  wet  docks,  a double 
and  single  one,  and  three  slips,  a bason 
and  mast  pond,  an  anchor  smithes  shop, 
and  about  20  forges,  with  several  ranges  of 
store-houses,  besides  houses  for  the  officers. 
Here  are  also  several  docks  belonging  to 
shipbuilders  for  merchant  vessels.  In  Says- 
Court  yard,  Peter  the  Great  completed  his 
knowledge  in  the  practical  part  ot  naval 
architecture  in  1728  ; and  on  that  of  the 
store-houses  formerly  called  the  Red-house, 
which  had  been  often  destroyed  by  fire, 
stands  a range  of  buildings  of  various  de- 
scriptions, for  supplying  the  navy  with 
provisions.  At  Deptford  is  the  society  of 
the  Trinity  house,  which  annually  relieves 
about  3099  poor  seamen,  their  widows,  and 
orphans,  at  the  expence  of  60001.  Tha 
hospital  of  Trinity  house,  contains  2i 
houses,  and  Trinity  Hospital,  a modern  and 
much  finer  structure,  38  ; both  afford  ac- 
commodation for  decayed  masters  of  ships, 
pilots,  and  their  wddows,  who  receive  a 
handsome  weekly  allowance.  It  is  foar 
miles  E of  London. 


Verhef  a town  of  Piedmont,  in  the  duchy 
of  Aosta,  10  miles  w of  Aosta. 

Derbent,  or  Derhens,  a town  in  the 
province  of  Schirvan,  Persia,  on  the  w 
coast  of  the  Caspian  sea.  It  has  a good 
harbour,  is  said  to  have  been  built  by  Alex- 
ander the  Great,  and  is  surrounded  by  high 
brick  walls.  The  inhabitants  are  a mix- 
ture of  Persians,  Tartars,  and  Armenians. 
The  fortress  surrendered  to  the  Russians  in 
1722,  in  17S0,  and  g^gain  jn  1S06.  It 
stands  at  the  foot  of  a mountain,  60  miles 
N of  Saniachie.  Lon,  »51  0 e,  lat.  42 
8 k. 

Derby,  a borough  and  the  capital  .of 
the  county  to  wdiich  it  gives  name,  is 
seated  on  the  Derv/ent,  over  which  is  a 
stone  bridge.  A brook  passes  through  the 
town  over  which  is  several  arches.  Here 
is  also  a canal  to  Trent.  It  is  populous 
and  flourishing,  contains  five  parishes, 
and  10,852  inhabitants.  The  church  of 
All  Saints  is  the  chief  of  the  five,  celebrat- 
ed for  its  beautiful  Gothic  tower,  173  feet 
high,  erected  in  Queen  Mary^s  reign,  at 
the  expence  of  the  maidens  and  batchelors 
of  the  town.  It  is  a corporation,  governed 
by  a mayor,  and  sends  two  members  to 
parliament.  It  is  an  earldom  in  the  noble 
family  of  Stanley.  By  a grant  of  king 
Henry  III.  no  .Tew  can  live  in  the  town. 
Numerous  manufactures  are  established 
here.  The.sn7f  m/l/,  as  it  is  called,  because 
the  first  and  largest  of  the  kind  ever  erected 
in  England,  stands  upon  an  island  in  the 
Derwent,  facing  the  town.  It  is  1 10  feet 
long,  39  broad,  and  55  and  a-half  high  ; 
lighted  by  468  window^s  ; and  contains 
14,000  wheels  moved  by  one  water-wheel. 
This  mill  was  erected  in  1734,  by  Sir 
Thomas  Lombe,  according  to  a mode] 
which  he  brought  from  Italy  at  the  risk 
of  his  life,  for  wdiich  he  bad  a grant  of 
14,0061.  by  Parliament.  Besides  this, 
there  are  seven  or  eight  other  smaller 
machines  of  the  same  kind.  From  the 
cotton  spun  in  the  Derby  mills  are  made 
figured  waistcoat  pieces,  stockings  and 
many  other  articles.  The  fabric  of  Derby 
porcelain,  is  equal,  if  not  superior  in 
quality  to  any  in  tiie  kingdom.  OrnamCiUs 
made  of  Derbyshire  spars,  crystals,  and 
marble,  form  likewise  a considerarde 
branch  of  trade^  Prince  Charles  entered 
Derby  on  the  4th  of  December,  1745,  but 
abandoned  it  on  the  Otb.  It  has  a market 
on  Friday,  and  fairs  on  Fei).  25,  Em- ter 
week,  May-day,  Whitsun.  Monday,  Miil- 
summer  day,  July  25,  St.  James'  day,  and 
Michaelu'.as  day  : is  the  seat  of  the  as- 
sizes and  quarter  sess.ons.  It  is  16  miles 
w of  Nottingham,  60  se  of  Manohesr.tr,  and 
126  NNW  of  London.  Lon.  I 25  w,  iai. 
52  58  N. 

Derby,  a town  in  Connecticut  and  Mew- 
haven  county,  on  the  Haussatonia,  v’hich  is 
im\  igabie  from  hence  to  the  sea,  14  miles  w 
of  Ncwhaver. 


Derby,  a town  of  Pennsylvania,  in  Dai3«» 
phin  county,  noted  for  a remarkable 
cave  in  its  vicinity,  stands  on  the  Swatera, 
two  miles  above  its  junction  with  the  Sus- 
quehanna, and  10  miles  se  of  Harrisburg. 

Derbyshire,  an  inland  county  of  England^ 
about  58  miles  in  length,  and  18  to  30 
broad.  It  is  divided  into  six  hundreds, 
which  contain  136  parishes,  and  II  market 
towns,  which  are  Derby,  Chesterfield, 
Wirksworth,  Blakewell,  Ashbourn,  Boise- 
ver,  Alfreton,  Chapel  in  the  Frith,  Dron- 
field,  Tidsw^all,  and  sends  four  members 
to  parliament.  The  principal  rivers  are 
the  Derwent,  the  Trent,  the  Wye,  the  Dove, 
and  the  Rother.  The  mountainous  parts 
afford  pasture  for  sheep;  the  level  is  very 
capable  of  cultivatio:.-.  In  the  mountains 
are  lead,  iron,  and  copper  ores,  antimony, 
alabaster,  millstones.  Barytes,  or  ponderous 
earth,  &c.  lime.stone  in  many,  but  coals 
in  few  places.  The  peak  is  generally  reck- 
oned one  of  the  highest  hiiis  in  England. 
Population  about  161,142. 

Derekam,  see  Peak,  a considerable  town 
in  Norfolkshire.  It  has  a well  supplied 
weekiy  market. on  Friday,  and  four  an- 
nual fairs.  The  church  is  a very  ancient 
edifice,  has  four  chapels  and  a curious  stone- 
front,  16  miles  w of  Norwich,  aud  101  nne 
of  London. 

Derenhvrg,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Ilalnerstadt,  and  capital  of  a lorddiip. 
Lower  Saxonj^,  six  miles  wsw  of  Ilalber- 
sladt. 

Derg,  a celebrated  lake  with  a river  of 
the  same  name,  in  the  county  of  Donegal. 
In  the  lake  is  an  island,  in  which  is  the 
famous  cell,  called  St  Patrick's  purgatory, 
much  frequented  by  superstitious  piigrims. 

Derig,  a small  island,  near  the  w coast 
of  Ireland,  and  county  of  Sligo. 

Derig,  a lake  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Longford,  five  miles  ene  of  Edgew'orth- 
town. 

Derkus,  a town  of  Romania,  European 
Turkey,  on  the  Black  Sea,  30  miles  nnw 
of  Constantinople. 

Dcrnbach,  or  Ternbach,  a town  of  Ger- 
many, 22  miies  e.ve  of  Fulda. 

Derna,  tee  ca);ilal  of  Barca,  Barbary,  and 
the  seat  of  a Saugiac,  stands  in  a fertile 
country,  near  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean, 
Africa.  Lon.  22  15  e,  lat.  32  45  n. 

BevniSj  or  Dcrnisch,  a town  and  fortress 
of  Dalmatia,  near  the  river  Kerda,  18  miies 
N Oi  Sebeuico. 

Dcrct,  a town  of  Egypt,  with  a magnifi- 
cent tc.Tple.  on  an  i.siand  in  the  canal  be- 
tween Cairo  and  Rosestta,  50  miies  nwv  of 
Cairo. 

Derpt,  Derpf,  or  Dorpal,  a town  in  the 
government  of  Riga,  Ru>s!a,  siands  on  the 
IvmbcT,  between  the  lakes  Wosers  and  Pc- 
and  has  an  university,  60  miles  s of 
Nai’vo.  Lon.  26  15  E,iat.  .'38  30  k* 

Dnry.  See  Londonderry. 

Deary,  the  name  of  four  townships  10 


D E S 

t>ennsylvania  iu  Dauphin,  MilHin,  and 
Westmoreland  counties,  and  on  the  Sus- 
quehannah. 

Derso,  a flourishing  town  of  Italy,  on  the 
E bank  of  the  lake  of  Como. 

Dercille,  or  Derval,  a village  in  the  parish 
of  Loudon,  county  of  Ayr.  It  is  prosperous, 
and  contains  about  490  inhabitants.  Here 
is  a meeting  house  belonging  to  the  old  dis-  j 
seiiters.  I 

Doveragh  Loughy  a lake  in  the  county  of 
West  Meath,  Ireland. 

Derwenty  a river  in  the  county  of  Cum- 
berland, wiiich  passes  through  the  lakes  of 
Derwent  Water  and  Bassenthwaite  W^ater, 
and  running  w by  Cockermouth,  falls  into 
the  Irish  sea  near  Workington. 

Derwenty  a river  which  has  its  source 
in  the  N Riding  of  Yorkshire,  passes  by 
Malton,  and  runs  into  the  Ouse  near  How- 
den. 

Derwent y a river  which  for  some  space 
divides  the  counties  of  Durham  und  Nor- 
thumberland, and  enters  the  Tyne  three 
miles  above  Newcastle. 

Derwenty  a river  which  rises  in  the 
Peak  of  Derbyshire,  passes  s through  the 
middle  of  the  county  by  Derby,  and  unites 
with  the  Trent,  on  the  borders  of  Leicester- 
shire. 

Derwent  Fells.  See  Dor  went  Fells, 

Derwent  Water.  See  Darwent  Water, 

DesaguedorOy  a river  of  Mexico.  See 
Iva7i  St 

DesaguaderOy  a town  on  a lake  of  the 
same  name.  Chili,  260  miles  e of  Valdivia. 
Lon.  67  30  w lat.  40  5 s. 

DESEADA,  Desirada,  or  Desidera- 
DA,  one  of  the  Caribbee  islands.  It  is 
10  miles  long,  and  5 broad,  and  generally 
the  first  land  that  is  seen  on  the  voyage 
to  tile  W Indies.  The  soil  is  in  some 
places  unproductive,  Lon.  61  20  w,  lat.  16 
40  N, 

Deseaday  or  Cage  Desire,  the  s western  pro- 
montory of  the  Straits  of  Magellen  in  S 
America.  Lon.  74  18  w,  lat.  53  4 s. 

Dezenzano,  or  Dissenzano,  a town  in  the 
Bressau,  Italy.  It  is  celebrated  for  its 
wines ; and  contains  3,400  citizens.  Lon. 
JO  33  E,  lat.  45  30  n. 

Deshfordy  a parish  in  the  county  of  Bantf, 
about  5 miles  long  and  3 broad  ; in  some 
parts  fertile,  in  others  moorish.  Population 
about  6i0.  In  this  parish  is  a bleachfield, 
and  near  the  church  an  ancient  edifice 
oalied  Deskford  Tower.  Adjoining  to  this 
are  the  remains  of  a chapel  dedicated  to 
St  John.  Here  also  in  a delightful  situa- 
tion is  the  venerable  castle  of  Skuth  in 
ruins.  An  ash  in  the  orchard  of  Deskiord 
tower  measures  24  feet  5 inches  round,  and 
a holly  8 feet  4 inches.  From  this  parish 
the  earl  of  Finlater  has  the  title  of  Lord 
Deskford. 

DESOLATION  ISLAND.  See  Ker- 
guelen’s Land. 

Desauy  the  capital  of  the  principality  oi 

10 


DEV 

I Anhalt  Dessau,  Upper  Saxony,  situated 
on  the  Miildau,  near  its  union  with  the 
Elbe.  It  is  divided  into  the  old  and  new 
towns  ; has  three  suburbs ; with  manufac- 
tures of  cloth,  stockings,  and  hats  ; 37 
miles  N of  Leipsic.  Lon.  12  25  e,  lat.  51 
52  N. 

Destakubde,  a Tartarian  village  of  Sibe- 
ria, 48  miles  se  of  Yakutsk. 

Detmcldy  a town  in  Westphalia,  and 
county  of  Iiippe,  Germany ; has  a fortided 
castle,  and  stands  on  the  Wehera,  37  miles 
NNw  of  Paderborn.  Lon.  25  56  e,  Ferro^ 
lat.  52  IT. 

Detroit,  a town  of  the  United  States,  ca- 
pital of  Michigan  ; has  a strong  fort,  and  is 
seated  on  the  w side  of  the  strait,  or  river, 
which  connects  the  lakes  Erie  and  St  Clair* 
It  has  a considerable  trade  with  the  In- 
dians in  furs,  deer  skins,  tallow,  t%c.  re- 
ceived in  barter  for  coarse  European  goods* 
Lon.  83  0 w,  lat  ^2  40  n. 

Dettelhachy  a town  in  Franconia,  on  tho 
Maine,  8 miles  e of  Wurtzburgb. 

Deltington,  a town  of  Franconia,  and 
I principality  of  Hohenlohe,  10  miles  e of 
I Ohringen. 

j Dettingen,  a village  in  the  territory  of 
Hanau,  Germany.  Here  the  British  troops 
commanded  by  the  celebrated  earl  of  Stair, 
under  George  II.,  who  w^as  on  the  field, 
but  did  not  assume  the  command,  together 
with  some  Hanoverian  and  Hessians  were 
attacked,  on  June  16,  1743,  in  their  march 
from  Aschaffenburg  to  Hanau,  by  the  best 
troops  of  France,  under  marshal  Noailly, 
who  thought  himself  so  sure  of  victory  that 
he  passed  the  Maine  to  give  them  battle. 
But  being  repulsed  with  great  slaughter, 
he  was  obliged  to  make  a precipitate  re- 
treat across  the  river.  The  division  of  the 
British  under  that  gallant  officer  Sir  An- 
drew Agnew  of  Lochnaw,  was  first  en- 
gaged, and  contributed  greatly  to  the  honour 
of  that  memorable  day  ; 12  miles  from 
Hanau. 

Deva,  a strong  town  in  Transylvania, 
Hunia  county,  surrounded  with  a high  wall ; 
near  it  is  a castle  on  a high  rock.  It  is 
famous  as  a guard  to  the  pass  of  the  iron- 
gate  into  the  Turkish  dominions,  10  miles 
w of  Millenbach,  and  28  s of  Wirtemburgh, 

Dem,  a sea  port  in  the  province  of  Gui- 
puscoa,  on  the  bay  of  Biscay,  Spain  ; 15 
miles  SE  of  Bilboa.  Lon.  14  21  e,  Peak  of 
Teneriffe,  lat.  43  20  n. 

DeveltOy  or  Zagoria,  a town  in  Bulgaria, 
on  the  Paniza,  near  the  Black  sea,  58  miles 
NE  of  Adrianople,  and  106  nnw  of  Constan- 
tinople. Lon.  27  22  E,lat.  42  25  n. 

Deventer,  the  capital  of  Overissel,  HoD 
land,  is  large  and  populous,  surrounded  by 
a wall  with  six  gates,  flanked  with  a greew 
number  of  towers,  and  defended  with  wide 
and  deep  ditches  ; seated  on  the  Yssel,  50 
miles  e of  Amsterdam.  Lou.  6 10  e,  lat. 
52  IS  N. 

Deveron,  a river  in  the  shires  of  Abei’« 


DEV 

i!een  and  BanfT,  which,  for  mauy  miles,  se-  I 
parates  these  two  counties.  ' 

Decicotta,  a town  in  the  Carnatic  India. 
Lon.  79  56  e,  lat-  11  21  n. 

Devil,  Isle  of,  one  of  the  smaller  Moluc- 
ca islands. 

Devil’s  Race,  rocks  on  the  s side  of  the 
island  of  Jamaica,  on  the  coast  of  Calabargh- 
bay. 

Devil’s  Bridge,  in  Cardiganshire,  S Wales, 
12  miles  e by  n of  Aberystwith,  consists 
of  two  arches,  one  of  which  was  built  in 
the  11th  century,  the  other  about  50  years 
ago,  im.nediately  over  the  former.  It  i 
crosses  the  Rhydol,  which  is  here  about 
99  feet  below  the  uppermost  arch.  Near  it 
is  a tremeivdcus  cataract-  where  the  same 
river  falls  first  IS  feet,  into  a huge  bason 
24  feet  in  leurr*’  ; from  which  it  falls  60 
into  another,  hem  whic:*  it  extricates  it- 
self to  perform  another  fall  of  20,  from 
which  again  it  has  only  fiowed  22,  till,  in 
forai  of  a sheet,  it  pours  1 10  from  the  brink 
of  a rook.  j 

Devizes,  an  ancient  town  near  the  centre 
of  Wiltshire,  near  the  Avon,  containing 
3,598  houses,  and  7,909  inhabitants.  It  is  [j 
a corporation  and  a borough  town,  return-  j 
ing  two  members  to  parliament.  Here  I 
are  considerable  manufactures,  particularly 
of  fine  woollen  waistcoat  pieces,  tobacco 
and  snuff ; and  two  large  breweries.  Its 
weekly  market  is  on  Thursday,  and  is 
reckoned  one  of  the  best  in  England.  It 
has  six  annual  fairs,  two  of  which,  April 
20  and  Oct.  20,  are  much  resorted  to  for 
sheep,  cattle,  hops,  cheese,  <fec.  It  has 
two  ohurohes  ; and  on  a hill  wuthin  the  j 
town  are  the  ruins  of  a castle  built  by  the 
Romans,  a number  of  v/hose  coins  and  anti- 
quities have  been  dug  up  in  the  neighbour- 
hood. Here  is  a charity  school  for  70 
hoys  and  16  girls.  In  the  market  place 
is  erected  a stone  and  inscription  in  memory 
of  Divine  vengeance  inflicted  on  a woman 
who  called  God  to  witness  a falsehood. 

It  is  24  miles  nw  of  Salisbury,  and  88 
and  a-half  w of  London.  Lon.  2 1 w,  lat. 
51  18  N. 

Devon,  a river  which  has  its  source  in 
the  Ochil  bills,  runs  e for  8 or  10  miles, 
passes  through  glen  Devan,  changes  its 
course  westward,  and  enters  the.  Forth 
three  miles  e of  Stirling,  about  eight  miles 
from  its  source.  In  Perthshire  it  displays 
the  noted  water-falls  of  Caldronliun,  DeviPs 
Mill,  and  Rumbling. bridge.  1 

DEVONSHIRE,  a county  of  England,  j| 
about  70  miles  from  n to  s,  and  about  64  ji 
from  E to  w.  It  is  divided  into  32  Imnd-  I 
reds,  398  parishes,  contains  one  city,  Exet- 
er, 35  market  towns,  1733  villages,  57,955 
houses,  and  in  1811,  383,308  inhabitants, 
Barnstaple,  Plymouth,  Tiverton,  Dartt- 
mouth,  Tavistock,  Oakhampton,  Ashbur- 
ton, Hoiiiton,  Piniton,  Totness,  Bearaiston, 
are  burgh  towns,  and  send  each  two 


D I A 

members  to  parliament ; which  wu’th  two 
for  the  city  of  Exeter,  and  two  for  the 
county,  make  in  the  whole  26  members^ 
The  air  is  ms  Id  in  the  valleys,  and  sharp, 
though  healthy,  on  the  hills.  ‘ The  soil  of 
the  western  part  is  generally  coarse  and 
moory,  feeding  a great  number  of  oxen. 
The  northern  parts  are  dry  and  healthy, 
w’here  the  downs  afford  good  pasture  for 
sheep,  and  the  arable  lands  excellent  crops 
of  corn  ; yet  these  are  not  equal  in  fertility 
to  the  east  and  middle  pans.  The  s of 
the  country,  however,  is  esteemed  the  most 
fertile  portion.  That  part  called  the 
South  Hams,  near  Torbay,  is  particularly 
celebrated  for  the  excellence  and  quantity 
of  its  cyder.  In  the  western  parts  game, 
especially  pheasants  and  woodcocks,  a- 
bounds.  Here  is  a bird  so  very  small  that 
it  is  reputed  a humming  bird,  and  like 
that  builds  its  nest  on  the  extreme  branches 
of  trees.  Iron  and  copper  mines  have  been 
discovered,  v.ith  veins  of  loadstone,  and 
silver.  It  has  fine  quarries  of  stone  and 
slate,  of  which  great  quantities  are  export- 
ed. In  the  sw  parts  there  is  so  much 
marble  that  even  the  roads  are  partly 
formed  of  it.  It  was  once  so  famous  for 
its  mines  that  the  Stannary  laws  in  some 
degree  continue  in  force.  The  chief  mam  • 
factures  are  serge,  dnroys,  druggets,  <fee. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Ex,  Tamar, 
Tave,  Lad,  Oke,  Tame,  Touridge,  Dart, 
Ken,  &c.  The  country  gives  the  title  of 
Duke  to  the  noble  family  of  Cavendish. 
Exeter  is  the  capital. 

Deuprag,  a town  in  the  country  of  Sinia- 
gur,  Thibet,  at  the  junction  of  the  Allaknan- 
dura  and  the  Ganges ; 23  miles  s of  Sirina- 
guar. 

DEUX  FONTS,  Duchy  of,  a late 
duchy  of  Germany,  in  the  palatinate  of  the 
Rhine,  chiefly  included  in  the  departments 
of  the  Sarre,  Moselle,  and  Mont  Tonnerre, 
France.  It  formerly  belonged  to  the  kings 
of  Sweden  of  the  house  of  Zweybrucken,  but 
on  that  line  becoming  extinct  in  1731,  it 
came  into  the  possession  of  the  count  of 
Birkenfeld  in  1733.  The  soil  is  mountain- 
ous, but  its  pastures  and  corn  fields,  afford 
a sufficient  supply  to  the  inhabitants.  In 
the  mountains  are  mines  of  quicksilver,  iron, 
copper,  and  coals. 

Deux  Fonts,  in  German,  Zweylrucken, 
a town  in  the  department  of  Mont  Tonnerre, 
France,  lately  the  capital  of  the  duchy  of 
that  name,  stands  on  the  Erbach.  It  has  a 
superb  palace,  and  is  49  miles  nnw  of  Stras- 
burgh,  and  56  sw  of  Mentz.  Lon.  7 28  e, 
lat.  49  16  N. 

Diamond  Point,  a cape  on  the  n of  Suma- 
tra. Lon.  97  52  e,  lat.  5 20  n. 

Diamper,  or  Udeamper,  a town  in  the 
country  of  Cochin,  India,  inhabited  by 
Christians  of  St  Thomas.  Lon.  76  21  Ej 
lat.  9 57  N. 

Dian,  Raholl,  a town  of  the  island  of 


D I E 


D I G 


Madagascar,  110  miles  nne  of  Carem- 

Ramly  a town  of  the  island  of 
Madagascar,  60  miles  nkf5  of  Carembole. 

Diar,  a town  in  the  province  of  Chorasan, 
190  miles  nke  of  Herat. 

Diarhek,  or  Diarbekir^  the  capital  of  a 
province  to  which  it  gives  name,  formerly 
called  Amiday  and  by  the  Turks  Kara- 
Amid,  or  Karamid,  It  is  one  of  the  most 
populous  and  commercial  towns  of  Asiatic 
Turkey.  The  inhabitants  carry  on  a great 
trade  in  red  cloth,  cotton,  and  Morocco 
leather.  It  is  surrounded  with  a double 
wall.  It  is  supposed  there  are  about 
20,000  Christians  in  this  place  ; they  are 
better  treated  by  the  Turks  than  in  other 
places.  It  is  the  residence  of  a pacha,  | 
and  stands  on  the  Tigris,  IdO  miles  nee  of  i 
Aleppo.  Lon.  39  40  e,  lat.  37  18  n. 

DIARBEKIR,  a province  and  govern- 
ment of  Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  between 
t^ie  Tigris  and  the  Euphrates,  and  an- 
ciently called  Mesojtotamia,  The  govern- 
ment is  divided  into  19  sangiacals,  and 
five  other  districts,  called  Hukinmet,  w^hicii 
are  free.  The  chief  towns  are  Diarbek 
and  Mosul. 

DIAVOLO,  an  island  in  the  Grecian 
Archipelago.  Lon.  40  58  e,  Ferro,  lat.  27 
27  N. 

Dichmount,  a hill  in  Lanarkshire,  from 
the  top  14  counties  are  visible. 

Dickvel,  a town  of  the  island  of  Ceylon, 
102  miles  s of  Candy. 

Dierich,  or  Dickrick,  a town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Forets,  on  the  river  Semoy, 
France.  Lon.  6 21  e,  lat.  50  5 n. 

Die,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Drome,  France,  on  the  river  Drome,  44 
miles  sE  of  Valence.  Lon.  5 2 e,  lat.  44 
56  N. 

Dieburg,  or  Diptcrg,  a town  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Mcntz,  Germany,  10  sw  of  Aschaf- 
feaburg. 

Diego,  St,  capital  of  a jurisdiction  of  its 
name,  on  the  coast  of  New  Albion,  with  a 
port,  which  affords  excellent  anchorage. 
The  European  olive  flourishes  in  its  vicinity. 
Lon.  1 1 7 18  w,  lat.  32  40  n. 

DIEG  SOUREZ,  an  island  in  the  In- 
dian sea.  ^ Lon  56  10  e,  lat.  11  50  s. 

Diekireh,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Luxem- 
burg, Netherlands,  stands  on  the  Semby,  18 
miles  N of  Luxemburg. 

DIEPHOLTZ,  a county  of  Westphalia, 
about  eight  leagues  in  length,  and  four  in 
breadth,  almost  barren.  The  inhabi- 
tants subsist  chiefly  by  breeding  cattle. 
It  contains  four  towns,  and  about  1900 
houses. 

Diepholtz,  the  capital  of  the  above  coun- 
ty, with  a castle.  The  inhabitants  carry 
on  a considerable  manufacture  of  coarse 
woollen  and  linen  cloth.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Hunte,  near  the  lake  Dumner,  .30 
miles  Nw  of  Minden.  Lon.  8 28  e,  lat.  52 
38  w. 


Dieppe,  a towm  in  the  department  of 
the  Lower  Seine,  France,  with  a good  har- 
bour, formed  by  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Arques,  an  old  castle,  and  two  piers  ; gene- 
rally a station  for  privateers.  Laces,  ivory, 
logs,  and  fish,  form  the  chief  articles  of 
its  commerce.  It  was  bombarded  by  the 
British  in  1694,  and  in  the  wars  of  queen 
Anne,  it  met  a similar  fate,  and  has  not 
been  rebuilt  to  advantage.  During  the 
summer  months,  packets  pass  between  this 
and  Brighthelmstone,  It  is  30  miles  n of 
of  Rouen,  and  132  nw  of  Paris.  Lon.  1 4 e, 
lat.  49  56  N. 

Dieppenheim,  a town  in  Overyssel,  Hol- 
land, 20  miles  e of  Deventer. 

Dierdor  f,  a town  in  the  county  of  V/ied 
Ruiikel,  Westphalia.  <The  inhabitants  are 
industrious,  and  employed  in  agriculture  and 
commerce. 

Dkrdorf,  capital  of  the  upper  county  of 
Wied,  Westphalia,  has  a castle,  and  stands 
on  the  Wiedbach,  10  miles  nnw  of  Cob- 
^ lentz. 

Diernstein,  a town  of  Germany,  in  tho 
archduchy  of  Austria.  It  has  a castle,  in 
which  Richard  I.  of  England,  was  imprison- 
ed. It  is  seated  on  the  Danube,  six  miles 
w of  Crems,  and  17  ne  of  Polten. 

Deisen,  a town  o.f  Bavaria,  w side  of  the 
lake  Ammersee,  10  miles  ne  of  Landsberg. 

Deisenhofen,  a town  in  Thurgaw,  Swit^ 
zeriand,  on  the  Rhine,  with  a fine  bridge 
over  that  river,  five  miles  s of  Schauffj 
hausen. 

Deissenstein,  a town  and  castle  of  Bavaria, 
12  miles  n of  Passau. 

Diest,  a town  of  Brabant,  seated  on  the 
Domer,  in  the  department  of  Byle.  The 
inhabitants  carry  on  considerable  manufac- 
tures of  cloth,  stockings,  <fec.  It  is  16  miles 
NE  of  Louvain.  The  French  took  it  in 
1705,  made  the  garrison  prisoners,  and  de- 
molished the  fortifications.  Lon.  5 6 e,  lat. 
50  58  N. 

Dietz.,  the  capital  of  a county  to  which  it 
gives  name,  in  Westeriand,  united  to  the 
principality  of  Nassau,  under  the  name  of 
Nassau  Dietz ; on  the  Lhan,  has  a strong 
castle,  and  is  surrounded  with  walls.  Hero 
are  three  churches  ; two  for  Calvinists,  and 
one  for  Lutherans  ; 24  miles  wsw  of  Wetz- 
lar,  and  25  n of  Mentz.  Lon.  7 53  e,  laU 
j 50  23  N. 

DIED,  Isle  de,  an  island  in  the  Atlantic, 

I seven  miles  long,  and  two  wide.  Lon.  2 0 w, 

I lat.  46  42  N. 

Dies,  St,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Vosges,  France.  It  had  formerly  a cele- 
brated chapter,  wiiose  canons  were  obliged 
to  produce  proofs  of  nobility.  It  is  situated 
on  the  Meui  lhe,  30  miles  se  of  Lunevilie, 
Lon.  7 4 E,  lat.  43  20  N. 

Digldon,  a town  in  Massachusetts,  near 
Tauiiton  river,  Bristol  county,  seven  miles 
ssw  of  Taunton,  and  S3  miles  s of  Boston. 

Dignac,  a town  in  the  department  of  th« 
Charente,  France. 

1;  P p 2 


D I N 

Dignant,  a -considerable  town  of  Is- 
iria,  in  a fertile  district  of  the  same 
name,  three  miles  from  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
and  45  s of  Trieste.  Lon.  |4  23  e,  lat.  45 

10  N. 

DignCf  the  capital  of  the  department  of 
the  Lower  Alps,  and  a bishop^s  see.  It  con- 
tains about  3000  inhabitants,  and  is  cele- 
brated for  its  mineral  waters,  France  : 
is  seated  on  the  Bleone,  and  is  30  miles ' 
s by  w of  Enibrun.  Lon.  6 16  e,  lat.  44 

10  N, 

Dijon,  the  capital  of  the  department  of 
Cote  d^Or,  on  the  Ouche,  in  a fertile  and 
tjharming  plam,  France,  on  the  side  ot 
which  the  inhabitants  cultivate  vines, 
of  which  they  make  excellent  wine.  Dijon 
w-as  formerly  the  capital  of  the  Bijonnois, 
and  contained  25,000  souls.  The  public 
structures,  particularly  the  churches,  are 
very  fine.  It  has  four  gates  and  three 
suburbs,  and  is  near  a league  in  circumfe- 
rence. The  wails  are  handsome,  but  the 
fortifications  old.  In  front  of  the  palace 
royal,  is  the  ancient  palace  of  tne  dukes 
of  Burgundy,  and  at  the  gates  of  Dijon  is 
a charterieuse,  in  the  church  of  which  | 
some  of  the  last  of  these  dukes  and  families  j 
are  buried.  Its  academy  of  sciences  was 
founded  by  Rector  Bernard  Pousin,  first 
president  of  the  parliament  of  Dijon  ; a 
juridical  college  was  also  established  here 
in  1723.  It  is  48  miles  ne  of  Autun,  and 
138  sE  of  Paris.  Lou.  <5  2 e,  lat.  47 

18  N. 

Dilla,  a high  mountain  on  the  coast  of 
Maicibar,  20  miles  w by  w of  Tillichery. 
Lon.  73  2 e,  lat.  12  1 n. 

Dillenbitrg,  a town,  the  capital  of 
Nas  au  Diilenburg,  W estphalia.  Near  it 
is  a furnace  for  the  smeiiing  of  copper. 
The  sovereignty  of  this  town  was  lately 
added  to  the  grand  duke  of  Berg.  It  has  a 
fortress  on  a mountain,  the  residence  of 
the  prince  of  Nassau  Dillenburg,  and  stands 
on  the  Diilen,  14  miles  nnw  of  Wetzlar. 
Lon.  8 27  e,  lat.  50  42  n. 

Dillengen,  a town  in  Suabia,  and  bishop- 
ric of  Augsburg,  Germany.  Here  is  a ca«- 
tholic  university.  It  is  seated  on  the  Danube, 
17  miles  nw  of  Augsburg.  Lon.  lO  30  £, 
lat.  48  38  N . 

Dtmchurch,  or  Dinchtirch,  in  Kent, 
near  a strong  dyke,  called  Dimehureh 
Well.  The  wall  was  built  to  prevent  the 
encroachments  of  the  sea,  with  a carriage 
road  on  the  top. 

Dimotuc,  a town  in  Romania,  on  a moun- 
tain, European  Turkey,  surrounded  by  the 
IHeviza,  and  is  a Greek  archbishop^s  sea ; 1 2 
miles  sw  oi  Adrianople,  Lon.  26  15  e,  lat. 
41  35  N. 

Dinaburg,  a towni  in  the  government  of 
Poloisk,on  the  Dwina,  Russia.  Lon.  27  0 e, 
lat.  56  5 N. 

Dinageponr,  a town  in  the  country  of  Ben- 
Hindoostaii,  capital  of  a district,  stands  | 
aear  the  w branch  of  the  Teesta,  102  miles 


D I N 

N by  E of  Aloosbedabad.  Lon.  88  45  E.lat, 
25  36  X.  ^ 

Dinan,  or  Dinant,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  North  Coasts,  France.  It  is 
in  a healthy  and  fertile  country  ; and  con-! 
tains  about  4000  inhabitants.  The  chief 
manufactures  are  of  linen  and  thread.  Near 
it  is  a chalybeate  spring.  It  stands  on  a 
.’ocky  mountain,  near  the  river  Ranee,  20 
miles  s of  St  Malo.  Lon.  2 12  w,  lai.  48 
i‘6  N, 

Dinant,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
sambre  and  Meuse,  territory  of  Liege,  with 
a castle  and  eight  churches.  It  is  Situated 
near  the  Meuse,  15  miles  sse  of  Namur,  and 
44  sw  ol  Liege.  The  chief  trade  is  in  lea- 
ther. Near  it  are  quarries  of  marble,  and 
some  mines  pf  iron  ore.  Lon.  4 48  e.  lat. 
50  16  N. 

Dinant,  a bay  on  the  w coast  of  the  dept, 
of  Finisierre,  France.  Lon,  4 15  w,  lat.  48 
i3  N. 

Dinasmawddwy,  or  Dinasmouthy,  a town 
of  Merionethshire,  ^¥dies,  governed  by  a 
mayor,  w ith  a market  on  Saturday  ; seated 
at  the  fool  of  a precipice,  on  the  river  Dysi ; 
18  miles  s by  w of  Bafa,  and  196  xw  of 
London. 

Dindigul,  the  capital  of  a district  or  circar, 
in  Hindoosiaii,  to  which  it  gives  name;  80 
miles  long,  and  40  broad,  between  Coimbe- 
tore  and  Travancore,  fertile  in  rice.  The 
town  has  a fortress  on  a rock,  40  miles  xxw 
of  Madura,  and  77  se  of  Coimbetore.  Lon, 
73  6 E,  lat.  iO  23 

Dinestons,  a town  in  Pennsylvania,  25 
miles  e of  Pittsburg. 

Dingelfing,  a town  of  Bavaria,  on  the 
Iser,  20  miles  ene  of  Landschut,  and  40  w 
of  Passau. 

Dingelstadt,  a towm  of  Germany,  33  miles 
NW  of  Erfurt. 

Dingle,  a sea  port  town  in  the  province  of 
Munster,  and  county  of  Kerry ; on  the  n 
coast  of  a large  bay,  to  which  it  gives  name. 
It  has  some  trade  m the  exportation  of  but- 
ter, beet,  corn,  and  iinen ; 28  miles  wsw  of 
Traiee,  and  79  w of  Limerick,  Lo  10  38 
w,  lat.  5158  X. 

Dingwall,  Oi  royal  borough  in  Ross-shire, 
in  a iertile  and  highly  cuLivated  vale,  (w'hieh 
constitutes  the  greater  part  of  the  parish  of 
Dingw  all,  about  tw  o miles  square^  at  the  w 
end  of  the  Frith  of  Cromarty.  The  Frith 
being  navigable  for  small  vessels  as  iar  as  the 
town  ; the  streets  are  neat  and  well  paved ; 
with  about  800  inhabitants,  Tue  population 
of  the  w^hole  parish  amounts  to  1418.  Ding- 
w^ali  unites  with  Kirkwall,  Wick,  Dornoch, 
and  Train,  in  sending  a member  to  the  Bri- 
tish parliament.  Dingwall  is  one  ot  the 
towns  in  which  the  sberifl*  of  Ross  holds  his 
courts.  The  council  ot  this  town  consists  of 
15,  including  a provost,  two  bailies,  a dean 
of  guild,  and  treasurer.  Near  the  church  is 
a remarkable  artificial  mound,  and  an  obe- 
lisk 57  feet  high,  and  six  feet  square  at  the 
base,  erected  as  a sepulchral  monument  by 


D I U 

George,  earl  of  Cromarty,  secretary  of! 
state  in  queen  Anne’s  reign  ; i ^ miles  n 
of  Inverness,  and  175  nnv/ of  Edinburgh. 

Dinkelspil,  or  Dunkelspuhl,  a town 
in  Suabia,  Germany,  seated  on  the  Wer- 
nitz.  The  in^Krtntants  are  partly  Protes- 
tants, and  partly  Roman  Catholics  ; the 
magistracy  is  composed  of  one  half  each. 
Here  is  a foundation  of  Teutonic  knigiits, 
and  a trade  in  cloth,  and  reaping  hooks  ; 
18  miles  nnw  of  Nordlingen.  Lon.  10  29  e, 
lat.  49  20  N. 

Dirscfimi,  a fortified  town  in  the  palati- 
nate of  Culm,  W Prussia,  stands  on  the  Vis- 
tula, nine  miles  w of  Marienburg. 

DIRECTION,  Islands  of,  four  small 
islands  at  the  w entrance  of  the  straits  of 
Magellan.  Lon.  T7  19  w,  lat.  52  27  s. 

Dirleton^  a parish  and  village  in  E Lothi- 
an ; the  parish  is  about  six  miles  in  length, 
and  six  in  breadth,  in  some  places  barren, 
in  others  fertile,  but  generally  improved. 
The  village  stanch  on  a rising  ground.  The 
population  is  about  1200. 

^ DISAPPOINTMENT,  Islands  of,  two 
islands  in  the  S Pacific  ocean.  Lon.  141 
5 to  12  vv,  lat.  14  5 to  10  s. 

DISENTIS,  one  of  the  eight  jurisdic- 
tions in  the  superior  part  of  the  Grison 
league.  It  is  16  leagues  long,  mountainous 
and  fertile,  and  contains  mines  of  copper 
and  silver. 

Dlsentis,  the  capital  of  the  above  juris- 
diction, with  an  abbey  founded  in  the  seventh 
century,  whose  abbot  has  extensive  juris- 
diction, and  the  privilege  of  coining.  It 
stands  near  the  sources  of  the  Rhine,  10  miles 
ssw  of  Kantz. 

DisMe\i,Si  village  two  miles  n of  Lough- 
borough, Leioesiersbire,  famous  as  he  birth- 
place and  r^esidenoe  of  Robert  Eakewell, 
grazier  and  farmer,  noted  for  his  improve- 
ments in  live  stock,  ^vbo  died  1795. 

Dismal  Swamp,  a marshy  tract  on  the 
coast  of  N Carolina,  50  miles  long,  and 
60  broad,  wholly  covered  with  trees  and 
brushwood. 

Diss,  a town  in  Norfolkshire.  It  is  a 
neat  flourishing  town,  and  it  contains  about 
600  good  houses.  The  chief  manufactures 
are  stockings  and  coarse  hempen  cloth.  It 
has  a V ell  supplied  market  on  Friday,  and  a 
fair,  October  28  ; 13  miles  ssw  of  Norwich, 
and  92  ne  of  London. 

Dv'sen,  or  Tissen,  a town  in  Westphalia, 
principality  of  Osnaburg,  with  some  salt 
works,  16  miles  se  of  Osnaburg. 

DistingtG7i,  a populous  village  of  Cum- 
berland, four  miles  n by  E of  Whitehaven, 
and  nine  sw  of  Cockermouth.  Here  are  ex^ 
tensive  lime  works.  West  of  the  village 
are  the  lemains  of  Hay  Castle. 

Diu,  an  island  in  the  Indian  sea,  about 
three  miles  long  and  one  broad,  forming  the 
s point  of  Guzerat,  with  a town  of  the  same 
name  that  has  a good  port,  subject  to  the 
Portuguese,  The  towm  is  built  of  freestone 
apd  marble,  and  has  some  fine  churches 


DOE 

erected  by  the  Portuguese,  after  they 
got  possession  of  it  in  1515.  Its  one  lu- 
crative trade  is  now  remove  1 to  Surat,  from 
which  it  is  distant  w by  s 180  miles,  and 
200  N w of  Bombay.  Lon.  70  5 e,  lat.  20 
45  N. 

Divie,  one  of  the  most  rapid  rivers  of 
Scotland,  in  Morayshire. 

Dixan,  tae  chief  town  on  the  side  of  Ta- 
rante,  Abyssinia,  inhabited  by  Moors  and 
Christians,  34  miles  s of  Massuah.  The 
chief  trade  is  selling  children  tor  slaves. 
Lon.  40  8 E,  lat.  14  58  n. 

Dixmude,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Lys,  Flanders,  Netherlands.  The  ma- 
gistracy is  composed  of  two  burgomasters, 

13  echevins,  and  a common  council.  It 
is  much  celebrated  for  its  excellent  cheese 
and  butter.  It  is  seated  on  the  Yper,  13 
miles  N of  Ypres.  Lon.  20  26  E,  Ferro, 
lat.  51  2 N. 

Dixahad,  a towm  in  the  province  of  Irak, 
60  miles  sse  of  Amadan,  Persia. 

Dizier,  St,  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Marne,  15  miles  sb  of 
Vitri  le  Francois.  Lon.  4 54  e,  lat.  48 
35  N. 

Dnieper,  Dneper,  Nieper,  or  Boristhenes, 
a river  of  Russia,  which  rises  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Smolensko,  and  taking  a southerly 
direction  enters  the  Black  sea,  between 
Cherson  and  Otehakov.  It  begins  to  b© 
luivigable  a litiie  above  Smolensko,  \vhich 
is  only  once  interrupted  in  its  whole  course 
of  800  miles,  by  a series  of  cataracts  below 
the  junction  of  the  Samara,  but  even  these 
may  be  passed  in  the  spring  by  loaded 
barks. 

Dniester,  or  Niesier,  a fine  river  of  Poland, 
which  in  its  course  to  Chockrim,  divides  Po- 
land from  Moldavia,  it  next  separates  the 
government  oi  Catharinenslaff  from  Bessa- 
rabia, and  watering  Bender,  fails  into  the 
Black  sea,  at  Ackerman. 

Dohelin,  a town  ot  Courland,  20  miles 
sw  of  Mitta. 

Dobrzin,  or  Dohezyn,  a town  of  Cujavia, 
in  Great  Poland,  on  a rock  on  the  Vistula, 

14  miles  nw  of  Plozko.  Lon.  29  1*2  e,  lat, 
53  10  N. 

Doeharf,  a lake  and  river  of  Perthshire. 
The  lake  lies  in  the  parish  of  Killan,  and 
is  about  three  miles  in  length,  and  contains 
a floating  islet.  The  rivers  Fikan  runs  into 
the  lake,  Dochart  issues  out  of  it,  and  pours 
its  waters  into  Loch  Tay, 

Dockuni,  a town  in  W Friesland,  Hol- 
land, on  the  river  Ee,  w’ith  a good  port. 
The  town  is  neat  and  pleasant,  10  miles 
NE  of  Lewai 'en.  Lon.  6 2 e,  lat,  53 

20  N. 

Dodbrook,  a town  in  Devonshire,  remarks 
able  as  the  first  place  where  white  ale  was 
brewed.  It  has  a weekly  market,  on  Wed- 
nesday, It  is  parted  from  Kingsbridge  by 
Selcomb,  on  which  it  standSj  208  miles  wsw 
of  London. 

Do^,  a town  of  France,  remarkable  for 


D O L 

its  ancient  palace,  its  fairs,  and  its  hand- 
some fountains. 

Doel,  a town  of  Flanders  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Meuse,  Holland,  Guelderland, 
seven  miles  nw  of  Antwerp. 

Doesburg,  a town  in  the  county  of  Zur- 
phen,  Holland.  It  is  rich  and  populous, 
and  has  been  often  taken.  The  reduction 
of  this  place  was  the  first  atchievrnent  of 
the  English  forces  in  15S6,  sent  by  queen 
Elisabeth,  to  the  assistance  of  the  Dutch. 
It  stands  on  the  Yssel,  10  miles  ssw  of 
Zutphen.  Lon.  23  34  e,  Ferro,  lat.  62 
4 is\ 

Dofary  a town  on  the  w coast  of  the  gulph 
to  which  it  gives  name,  Arabia. 

Dog^s  Heady  a cape  on  the  w coast  of 
Ireland,  in  the  county  of  Galway. 

Dog’Sy  Isle  ofy  in  the  county  of  Middlesex, 
opposite  Greenwich. 

DOGADO,  that  part  of  Italy,  in  which 
Venice  is  situated.  It  was  divided  under 
Austria,  into  11  districts;  comprehending 
]1  towns,  101  villages,  and  130,000  souls: 
exclusive  of  Venice.  The  lagunes,  or  islands 
of  the  Dogado,  contain  180  geogiapbicctl 
square  miles. 

Dogger  Banky  an  extensive  sand  bank 
in  the  German  Ocean,  between  England 
and  Germany,  celebrated  in  history  by  a 
severe  naval  battle  betv/een  the  British 
under  admiral  Sir  Hyde  Parker,  and  the 
Dutch,  in  which  the  former  obtained  the 
rictory. 

Dol,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
I lie  and  Vilaine,  in  a marshy  country, 
France,  lately  an  Episcopal  see.  The 
air  is  unhealthy,  and  the  town  thinly  in- 
habited, It  is  five  miles  from  the  sea, 
and  21  SE  of  St  Male.  Lon.  1 50  w,  lat. 
45  38  N. 

DolcBy  Aquoy  the  capital  of  a marquisate, 
strongly  fortified,  in  the  country  of  Nice, 
Piedmont.  The  land  is  very 'fertile,  pro- 
ducing excellent  wines,  figs,  almonds,  <fec. 
It  stands  on  the  Nervia,  five  miles  n of  Vin- 
tinuglia. 

Dolcignoy  a town  of  Albania,  European 
Turkey,  a bishop^s  see,  has  a good  harbour 
and  a citadel,  and  stands  on  the  Drino,  40 
miles  SE  of  Scutari.  Lon.  19  34  e,  lat. 
42  12  N. 

Dole,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Jura,  France,  on  the  river  Daubs,  25  miles 
wswof  Besancon;  containing  about  10,000 
inhabitants. 

Dolgellg,  or  Dolgethydi  town  in  Merioneth- 
shire, stands  at  the  foot  of  Cader  Idris. 
The  principal  manufacture  is  coarse  woollen 
cloth  for  exportation.  It  has  markets  on 
Tuesday  and  Friday,  and  six  annual  fairs. 
I^t  is  the  seat  of  the  summer  assizes  for  the 
county.  Here  the  famous  Owen  Gleii- 
dower  held  a parliament  in  1404,  when  he 
entered  into  alliance  with  Charles  king  of 
France.  It  contains  above  2000  inhabitants 
add  is  about  40  miles  sw  of  Wrexham,  and 


DOM 

212  NW  of  London.  Lon,  4 16  w,  lat.  53 
14  N. 

Dolgensee,  a lake  of  Upper  Saxony,  a 
little  to  the  n of  Templin. 

Dolhiiiow,  a town  of  Lithuania. 

Dolin,  an  island  of  Italy,  s of  Arbe,  thre® 
miles  long,  and  half  a mile  broad. 

Dollar,  a parish  in  Clackmannanshire, 
equi-distant  from  Kinross^  Stirling,  and 
Dunfermline,  12  miles  from  each,  about 
four  miles  long  and  three  broad,  and  lies 
along  the  s side  of  the  Ochil  hills.  It  is 
beautifully  interspersed  with  small  villages, 
farm-houses  and  inclosures.  On  the  banks 
of  the  Do  van  is  a fine  bleachfield.  In  the 
parish  there  are  several  extensive  coal  works. 
Ironstone,  freestone,  lead,  and  silver 
have  also  been  found.  Population  is  693. 
The  village  of  Dollar  is  on  the  road  be- 
tween Stirling  and  Kinross,  about  mid-way 
between  these  towns. 

Dollar  Burn,^  Oi  hill  in  the  parish  of 
Manor,  2849  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
svca. 

Dollart  Bay,  a large  bay  or  lake  which 
separates  e Friesland  from  Groningen, 
formed  by  an  inundation  of  the  sea  in 
1277,  by  which  it  is  said,  53  villages  were 
destroyed* 

Dolphington,  a parish  in  Lanarkshire, 
about  three  miles  long,  and  two  and  a-half 
broad.  The  soil  is  wet,  and  the  harvests 
are  in  general  late.  Population  is,  331. 
In  this  parish  is  a camp,  or  fortified  place 
covering  about  four  acres,  and  a circle  of 
large  stones,  50  or  60  paces  in  Circumfe- 
rence. 

DOLPHIN'S  ISLANDS,  an  island  in 
the  straits  of  Magellan.  Lon.  73  41  w,  lat. 
52  59  E. 

Doltabady  a city  of  Hither  India,  be- 
longing to  the  great  Mogul,  264  miles 
SR  of  Surat.  Lon.  75  29  e.  lat.  20 

16  N. 

Dolton,  a village  in  Devonshire,  with 
two  fairs  on  Wednesday,  before  March  25, 
and  November  20,  six  miles  se  of  Torring- 
ton. 

Domazlize,  a town  of  Bohemia,  circle 
of  Pilsen,  seated  on  the  rivulet  Cadbuza, 

17  miles  s of  Pilsen. 

Dombaca,  a small  island  in  the  bay  of 
Bengal.  Lon.  94  35  e,  lat.  17  32  n. 

DOMBES,  a late  principality,  and  small 
country  in  Burgundy,  France,  about  eight 
leagues  long,  and  seven  broad,  of  which 
Trevoux  w'as  the  capital.  It  is  now  part  of 
the  department  of  Ain. 

Dombrowaz,  a town  of  Poland,  Palatinate 
of  Lemberg,  60  miles  sw  of  Lemberg. 

Domea,  or  Chavle,  a great  river  of  Tau- 
quin  in  Asia,  upon  which  the  capital  of 
Keccio  and  most  of  the  other  towns  are 
situated. 

Domfroniy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Orne,  France,  seated  on  a craggy  mountain, 
near  the  Varenne,  containing  about  1700 


DOM 

inhabitants,  15  miles  nw  of  Alenon.  Lon. 
17  1 E,  Ferro,  lat.  48  35  n. 

DOMINGO,  St,  or  Hispaniola,  one  of 
the  most  extensive  and  richest  islands  of 
the  W ladies,  it  was  discovered  by  Colum- 
bus, in  149^,  is  400  miles  long:,  and  120 
broad.  The  natives  call  it  Hayti,  that  is 
hig:hland,  a name  derived  from  its  appear- 
ance on  the  N.  It  is  surrounded  by  rocks 
and  shoals.  For  six  months  of  the  year  the 
heat  would  be  insufferable,  were  it  not 
moderated  by  the  easterly  winds,  and  fre- 
quent rains.  In  its  vast  plain  innumerable 
herds  pasture  in  common.  It  has  mines 
of  gold,  talc,  and  crystal.  The  principal 
rivers  are  the  Artibonite,  St  Jago,  Neyba, 
Yana,  Ozama,  and  Nisao.  The  Spaniards 
had  the  entire  sovereignty  of  the  island 
for  130  years.  When  they  first  landed 
the  natives  amounted  to  about  one  million, 
but  in  15  years  they  were  reduced  to  60,000. 
The  French  afterwards  obtained  possession 
of  the  w part  of  the  island,  the  Spaniards 
retained  the  e,  which  is  most  fertile  and 
amounted  to  fully  two-thirds  of  the  whole,, 
till  1795,  when  it  was  ceded  to  the  French. 
In  1791,  there  was  an  insurrection  of  the 
Negroes  with  the  design  to  recover  their 
liberty.  In  a short  time  not  less  than 
100,000  of  them  were  in  arras,  and  besides 
the  torrents  of  blood  that  flowed,  the 
plantations  and  manufacture  appeared  in 
one  general  conflagration.  Toussaint,  an 
African  by  birth,  was  invested  with  the 
command  of  the  insurgents.  In  1803, 
the  French  sent  an  additional  force,  and 
after  several  actions.  Toussaint  was 
induced  to  accept  of  apparently  favour- 
able terms,  but  soon  after  he  was  perfi- 
diously seized,  and  sent  in  irons  to>  France 
where  he  perished  in  a dungeon.  Chris- 
tophe  and  Dessaiines,  two  other  of  their 
chiefs,  saved  themselves  by  flight.  The 
blacks  instantly  flew  to  arms,  and  the  troops 
of  France  fell  more  by  the  climate  than 
by  the  sword.  Dessaiines,  who  succeeded 
Toussaint,  was  in  1804,  proclaimed  Emperor 
of  Hayti.  In  1806,  war  broke  out  between 
these  chiefs,  in  which  the  emperor  lost 
his  life.  Christophe,  who  was  elected  to 
succeed  him,  and  Vviio  was  crowned  king 
of  Hayti,  in  1811,  had  been  at  war  with 
other  chiefs,  especially  Pethion.  In  1809 
the  French  by  the  aid  of  the  British  v/ere 
expelled  from  the  e part  of  the  island, 
and  the  Spaniards  regained  their  ancient 
capital.  St  Domingo,  is  situated  between 
Jamacia  on  the  w,  and  Porto  Rico  on 
the  s. 

Domingo,  St,  the  capital  of  the  island  of 
Hispaniola,  or  St,  Domingo.  It  is  the 
most  ancient  town  built  by  Europeans 
in  the  New  V/orld.  It  is  two  miles  and 
a-half  in  circuit,  with  the  e side  to  the 
liver  Ozama,  and  the  s to  the  sea.  Forts 
and  batteries  have  been  erected  for  its 
defence.  The  walls  both  of  the  city  and 


DOM 

of  the  houses  are  of  a red  glutinous  eartfi 
mixed  with  lime  equally  Laid  and  durable 
as  stone.  In  the  cathedral,  which  forms 
the  s side  of  the  great  square,  is  preserved 
the  first  cross  which  Columbus  planted  in 
the  island.  The  remains  of  that  celebrated 
navigator,  brought  from  Seville  in  a brass 
coffiii,  rested  on  the  right  of  the  high  altar, 
but  were  removed  by  the  French  to  the 
Havannah  in  1796.  The  palace  is  a plain 
building ; the  convents  and  nunneries 
spacious,  and  the  barracks  can  contain 
2000  men.  There  is  a fine  arsenal.  The 
houses  are  square  with  flat  roofs.  St 
Domingo  has  a spacious  harbour,  and 
a grand  cathedral.  Population  about 
26,000.  Lon.  70  10  w,  lat,  i8  40 n, 

DOMINICA,  a British  island  of  the 
W Indies,  between  Guadaloupe  and  Mar- 
tinique; about  20  miles  in  length,  and  16 
in  breadth,  divided  into  10  parishes.  It 
contains  several  mountains,  among  whicli 
are  volcanoes.  From  some  of  these  moun- 
tains issue  medicinal  springs  of  hot  water. 
It  contains  upwards  of  30  rivulets.  A 
great  part  of  it  is  well  adapted  to  the 
cultivation  of  all  the  articles  of  W 
Indian  produce.  Dominica  has  the  finest 
trees  in  the  W Indies,  in  which  a-re 
innumerable  swarms  of  bees.  The  prin- 
cipal tov/ns  are  Portsmouth  and  Roseau, 
or  Charlotte’s  Town.  The  whole  exports 
from  January  5th,  1787,  to  January  1738, 
according  to  the  current  prices  in  Lon- 
don, amounted  to  L. 303,987 : I5s.  Domi- 
nica was  taken  by  the  British  in  1761, 
and  confirmed  to  them  in  1763.  The 
French  took  it  in  1788,  and  restored  it 
at  the  peace  in  1783.  They  attempted  it 
again  in  1795,  but  W'ere  unsuccessful. 
It  was  greatly  damaged  by  the  tremen- 
dous hurricane  of  1806.  Charlotte-town 
is  the  capital.  Lon.  61  23  w,  lat.  15 
12  N. 

DOMINICA,  or  O-Heeva-Oa,  one  of 
the  Marquis  of  Mendoza  islands,  apparently 
barren,  about  16  leagues  in  circumference. 
Lon.  139  8 w,  lat.  9 41  s. 

Dominica,  La,  a town  of  the  island  of 
Cuba,  45  miles  w of  Plavanna. 

DOMINO,  ST,  one  of  the  Tremitti 
islands,  15  miles  from  the  coast  of  Naples. 

Domitz,  a town  and  fortress  of  Lower 
Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of  Mecklenburg. 
Schwerin,  at  the  junction  of  the  Elve  and 
Elbe,  35  miles  s of  Schwerin. 

Dommel,  a river  of  France  and  Holland, 
which  receives  the  A a below  Bois  le  Due, 
and  then  joins  the  Meuse  at  Crayeemur,  and 
forms  with  that  river  and  the  Waal,  the 
island  of  Bommel. 

Domo  D’Ossolo,  or  Dossola,  a fortified 
town  in  the  valley  of  Ossola,  Piedmont, 
Italy,  with  a castle,  on  the  Tosa,  20 
miles  N of  Warallo.  Lon.  8 31  e,  lat. 
46  N. 

Dompaire^  a town  in  the  department  of 


DON 

tiif3  Vosg'es,  France,  10  miles  wnw  of 
EpinaL 

Domremyfy  a town  in  the  department 
of  the  Meuse,  France,  the  birth-place : of 
the  celebrated  Maid  of  Orleans,  Jean  d^ 
Arc.  Seated  oil  the  Meuse,  live  miles  n of 
Neufchateau. 

DomvillerSf  a town  in  the  department 
of  the  Meuse,  France,  14  miles  n of  Ver- 
dun. 

Doriy  a large  river  that  separates  the 
SB  part  of  Europe  from  Asia,  issues  from 
the  lake  St  John,  and  after  a course  of  660 
miles,  remarkable  for  its  winding,  falls 
into  the  sea  of  Asoph  by  several  mouths. 
Except  in  the  spring,  when,  on  the  melt- 
ing of  the  snow's,  it  rises  16  feet,  and 
inundates  the  adjacent  plains,  it  is  scarce- 
ly navigable,  even  by  flat-bottomed  boats. 

DoUy  a river  in  Yorkshire,  has  its  source 
in  Cheshire,  runs  by  Penistone,  Sheffield, 
Rotheram,  Doncaster,  and  Thorn,  unites 
with  the  Ouse  near  its  termination  in  the 
Humber.  It  is  navigable  within  a few  miles 
of  Sheffield. 

Dofiy  a river  in  Aberdeenshire,  which 
rises  near  the  borders  of  Banffshire  directs 
its  course  due  e to  Monymusk,  where  it 
turns  N,  till  it  receives  the  Water  of  Urie  at 
Inverury,  from  whence  it  flows  se  to  Old 
Aberdeen,  where  it  enters  the  German 
ocean.  It  abounds  with  salmon.  It  is 
navigable  a considerable  way  for  small 
vessels  northw'ard.  By  its  inundations  it 
injures  some  of  the  fine  tract  of  country 
through  which  it  passes. 

Donagliadee,  a sea  port  of  Ireland,  in 
the  county  of  Dow  n,  w'here  packets  are 
established  for  carrying  the  mails  and 
passengers  to  Port  Patrick  in  Scotland. 
It  is  1«5  miles  e by  by  n of  Belfast. 
5t  is  about  seven  leagues  wsw  of  Port 
Patrick  in  Scotland,  betw'eeii  which  tw^o 
places,  as  it  is  the  great  through-fare  be- 
tween Britain  and  Ireland,  there  is  daily 
communication  by  packets  w^hich-  con- 
vey the  mail  and  passengers,  <fec.  The 
passage  is  rendered  more  safe  by  a light- 
house at  the  entrance  of  the  harbour, 
which  communicates  with  one  at  Port 
Patrick. 

Donaueschingerij  or  Doneschingen,  a 
town  of  Suabia,  principality  of  Fursten- 
burgh,  here  the  prince  has  his  chief  residence 
in  the  court-yard  of  his  palace,  there  is  a 
reservoir  about  30  feet  square  supplied  by 
some  springs  which  has  the  honour  of  being 
the  head  of  the  Danube,  13  miles  nnw  of 
Scaffhausen. 

Donaiverty  a town  of  Upper  Bavaria,  on 
the  Danube,  at  the  junction  of  the  Wer- 
netz,  25  miles  n by  w of  Augsburg,  and 
36  KE  of  Ulm.  All  passengers  up  and 
dow'n  the  Danube  are  obliged  to  pay  a 
toll  to  the  town.  Lou.  H 8 e,  lat.  48 
39  N. 

Doncaster,  a tow^n  in  the  West  Riding 
of  the  county  of  York,  on  the  river  Don, 


D o o 

governed  by  a mayor.  It  is  large  atid  w'el^ 
built,  is  the  residence  of  many  genteel 
tamilies,  and  has  a manufacture  of  stock- 
ings, knit  w aistcoats,  and  gloves.  It  has  a 
weekly  market  on  Saturday,  37  miles  s of 
York,  and  158  n by  w of  London.  Lon< 
1 12  w,  lat.  53  33  N. 

DonCherry,  a fortified  town  in  the  depart* 
meut  of  the  Ardennes,  on  the  Meuse,  France, 
10  miles  w^  of  Sedan.  Here  is  a woollen 
manufacture* 

Dondanga,  a tow'n  of  the  duchy  of 
Courland,  24  miles  ne  of  Piltyn. 

Donegal,  a tow  n in  the  county  of  Done'* 
gal,  on  The  bay  of  Donegal,  at  the  influx 
of  the  Esk,  10  miles  n by  e of  Ballyshannon, 
and  28  sw  of  Lifford,  Don.  7 47  w,  lat.  54 
36  N* 

DONEGAL,  a county  of  Ireland^  about 
70  miles  in  length,  and  from  10  to  40 
in  breadth*  It  contains  42  parishes^ 
23,531  houses,  and  140,000  inhabiiants* 
It  is  generally  a champaign  country,  has 
extensive  linen  manufactures,  and  a num* 
her  of  commodious  harbours.  The  prin- 
cipal towns  are  Ballyshannon,  Donegal 
Killibegs,  Lifford,  and  St  Johnstown. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Erne,  the 
Foyle,  Finn,  the  Dale,  and  the  Guibarra, 
The  county  sends  tw'o  members  to  the 
British  parliament.  Lifford  is  the  ca-» 
pital. 

Doneraile,  a burgh  town  in  the  county 
of  Cork,  Ireland.  In  its  vicinity  are  quar- 
I Ties  of  variegated  marble.  It  is  seated  on 
i the  Awbey,  23  miles  n by  w of  Cork^ 
34  s oi  imerick,  and  113  sw  of  Dubfin. 

Dongola,  or  Dungala,  capital  of  a king 
dora  of  the  same  name  in  Nubia,  seated  on 
the  Nile,  contains  10,000  w^ooden  houses. 
It  stands  among  mountains,  500  miles  N 
by  w of  Sennar.  Lon.  32  5 e,  lat.  19 
25  N.  ■ ’ ’ 

Donjon,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Ailer,  France  24  miles  sEof  Moulins. 

Donnington,  or  Dunnigton,  a lowui  in  the 
county  of  Lincoln,  with  a good  trade  in 
bemp  and  hemp-seed,  which  goods  are  con- 
veyed to  Boston  and  the  Washes.  Tiiis 
town  has  been  much  improved  of  late,  and  a 
good  road  made  from  hence  through  the 
Fens  to  Semprinham.  In  tiic  steeple  of  the 
church  is  a very  ancient  inscription.  It 
has  a weekly  market  on  Saturday,  and  is 
110  miles  n of  London. 

Donnington,  a castle  in  Berkshire,  now 
in  ruins,  on  the  brow  of  a hill,  seat  of  the 
celebrated  Sir  George  Chaucer,  father 
of  English  Poetry  ; a place  is  still  pointed 
out,  where  stood  an  oak,  under  the  simde 
of  w’hich  he  used  to  set  and  compose 
verses. 

Donnoe,  a small  island  in  the  n sea,  near 
the  coast  of  Norway. 

Donzy,  a tow  n in  the  department  of  Ni- 
evre,  France,  22  iiiilesNof  Nevers. 

DOOAB,  DOAB,  or  Doabah,  a fertile 
district  between  the  Ganges  and  Jumnah, 


Hindoostan,  the  greater  part  of  it  belongs  to 
the  Nabob  of  Oude. 

Doobount  Lake,  in  New  S Wales,  65 
miles  long,  and  "id  broud. 

Dcon,  a river  in  Ayrshire,  issues  from  a 
Lake  of  the  same  name,  near  Dalmelling- 
ton,  seven  miles  long  and  half  a mile  broad. 
In  its  course  it  passes  by  the  ruinous  church 
of  Alloway,  where  there  is  a bridge  of  one 
lofty  arch  across  the  river  amidst  beautiful 
scenery,  near  its  entrance  into  the  Frith  ot 
Clyde,  two  miles  s of  Ayr.  The  poet 
Burns,  who  was  a native  of  its  banks,  has 
left  a tribute  to  this  river,  in  his  admired 
song  of  Bonny  Boon, 

Doran,  a town  in  the  country  of  Yemen, 
28  miles  s of  Sana,  Arabia, 

Dorat,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Upper  Vienne,  France,  on  the  Abran, 
near  its  confluence  with  the  Sevre,  2-5  miles 
N of  Limoges.  Lon.  18  45  e,  Ferro,  lat. 
46  13  N. 

Dorchester,  the  capital  of  Dor-etshire, 
pleasantly  situated  on  an  ascent  above  the 
river  Frome.  It  consists  chiefly  of  three  spa- 
cious streets,  and  is  celebrated  for  its  strong 
beer.  It  is  a burgh  town,  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament ; and  has  weekly  markets 
on  Wednesday  and  Saturday.  Population  in 
1811, 2546.  A fine  terrace  walk,  planted  with 
trees,  almost  surrounds  the  town.  It  is  com- 
puted that  45,000  sheep  are  fed  on  the 
level  meadows  within  six  miles  of  Dor- 
chester. Here  are  three  churches,  a charity 
school,  and  three  aims  houses.  A little  to 
the  s stands  a Homan  amphitheatre,  con- 
structed of  chalk  and  turf,  supposed  to  be 
the  most  complete  in  the  kingdoVn.  Maiden 
castle,  another  work  of  th^-  Romans  is  at 
the  distance  of  one  mile  to  the  sw,  there 
are  three  ramparts  and  ditches,  nearly  oval 
which  inclose  an  area  of  many  acres,  10 
miles  Nw  of  Weymouth,  53  e of  Exeter, 
and  120  w by  s of  London.  Lon.  2 26 
lat.  50  43  N. 

Dorchester,  a town  in  Oxfordshire,  was 
a Roman  station,  and  ruined  in  the  wars 
with  the  Danes.  It  had  an  abbey  and  five 
churches,  of  which  only  one  remains,  and 
was  a bishop^s  see  till  1086,  when  it  was 
translated  to  Lincoln.  The  church  exhibits 
many  antique  curiosities.  It  has  a fair  on 
Easter  Tuesday.  It  is  10  miles  se  of  Ox- 
ford, and  42  wnw  of  London 

Dorchester , a town  in  Grafton  county, 
New  Hampshire. 

Dorchester,  a town  in  Norfolk  county, 
Mas.>achusetts.  The  chief  manufactures 
are  paper,  chocolate,  <fec.  Population  1,722 
tv/o  miles  s of  Boston. 

DOFtCHESTER,  a county  of  Mary- 
land, 33  miles  long,  and  27  broad.  Its 
produce  is  chiefly  wheat,  corn,  and  lumber. 
Cambridge  is  the  chief  town. 

Dordogne,  a river  of  France. 

^ Dordogne,  a department  of  France,  which 
includes  the  ci-devant  province  of  Porigord, 


has  its  name  from  a river,  which  has  its 
source  in  the  mountains  of  Auvergne,  and 
unites  with  the  Garonne,  near  Bourdeaux* 
Perigneux  is  the  eapiral. 

Dordrecht,  See  Dort, 

Dares,  a parish  in  Inverness-shire  ; on 
the  banks  of  Loch  Ness,  about  20  miles 
iong,  and  four  or  five  broad.  The  surface 
is  mountainous,  and  mostly  adapted  for 
sheep  pasture.  To  this  have  been  united 
the  parishes  of  Boleskine  and  Abertarf,  not 
included  in  the  above  dimensions,  and  yet 
the  population  was  only  3,113. 

I Dorking,  See  Dorking. 

Dorn,  a village  in  a detached  part 
of  Worcestershire,  three  miles  se  of  Cam- 
den, in  Gloucestershire.  The  Roman 
causeway  runs  through  it.  Here  have 
been  found  many  coins  both  Roman  and 
British. 

Dornhurg,  a town  in  Upper  Saxony,  and 
principality  of  Weimar,  with  a castle 
seated  on  a hill,  by  the  river  Saale,  14  miles 
E of  Weimar. 

Dornoch,  a royal  borough  in  Sutherland- 
shire,  which  gives  name  to  a parish  extend- 
ing niEM3  miles  along  the  coast  of  the 
Dornoch  Frith,  and  about  15  from  nw 
to  s.  Dornoch  is  on  a bay  of  the  Frith, 
It  is  the  county  town,  and  the  seat  of  the 
sheriff  substitute,  and  joins  four  boroughs 
in  sending  a member  to  pariiament. 
The  parish  is  in  general  level,  the  soil 
sandy,  and  improvements  in  agriculture, 
but  beginning.  Here  is  the  cathedral  of 
the  bishops  of  Caithness,  and  part  of  it 
makes  the  present  church.  Near  it  are 
the  ruins  of  the  Episcopal  castle.  On  this 
bishopric,  the  lands  belonging  to  the  church 
of  Berwick  w'ere  bestowed,  when  that 
town  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  English, 
At  Dornoch  was  a monastery  of " Red 
Friars  founded- ill  ]27i.  Population  is> 
2,362,  SO  miles  n of  Inverness,  and  210  n 
by  w of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  3 4'8  w,  lat. 
57  52  N.  • 

Dornoch,  Frith,  sometimes  called  the 
Frith  of  Tain,  is  that  arm  of  the^sea  which 
divides  the  southern  parts  of  Sutlioriand 
from  the  county  of  Ross.  The  entrance 
of  this  Frith  is  nearly  15  miles  wide  ; but 
three  miles  w of  Dornoch,  its  breadth  is  not 
more  thau  two  mile.s,  where  is  Meikle  Fei  r}-, 
NE  of  Dornoch,  is  the  Little  Ferry,  on  the 
road  to  Caithness. 

Dornoch,  a parish  and  small  village  in 
Dumfries-sh;re,  on  the  coast  of  the  So.- way 
Frith.  The  parish  is  nearly  a srpiare  of 
two  miles  and  a-half,  with  a strong  soil, 
making  large  returns  to  the  skilful  faimer. 
Its  fishings  are  very  productive.  The 
houses  are  mostly  bmit  of  clay.  The  po- 
pulation i.s  691.  The  church  is  two  miles 
E of  Annan,  18  ese  ol  DimdrleS)  rovd  about 
81  s of  Edinburgh. 

Dorpot,  or  Dorryt,  a town  in  tiie  govern- 
ment of  Riga,  wi.h  a universit),  oa 

Q<i 


D O R 

the  Ember,  between  the  lakes  Pepas  and 
Wosero.  It  was  once  a place  of  great 
trade,  but  since  it  was  taken  and  burnt 
by  the  Russians  in  1708,  and  the  inhabi- 
tants sent  prisoners  into  Siberia,  it  has  been 
almost  in  ruins.  Lon,  28  H e,  lat.  <58 

20  N. 

DORSETSHIRE,  a county  of  England, 
extending  froii<  e to  w about  60  miles, 
and  from  15  to  35  'from  n to  s.  The 
air  of  the  county,  which  has  been  often 
styled  the  garden  of  England,  is  in  gene- 
ral exceeding  healthy.  On  the  bills,  it  is 
somewhat  sharp  ; but  mild  and  pleasant 
in  the  vallies  near  the  coast.  The  northern 
part  affords  excellent  pasture  for  black 
cattle.  The  vallies  are  remarkably  fruit-  | 
ful  in  corn,  flax,  and  hemp,  tbe  last ; of 
which  is  allowed  to  be  the  best  produced  in 
the  British  dominions.  The  southern  parts 
feed  an  incredib  e miraber  of  fine  sheep. 
In  the  neighbourhood  of  Bridport  and 
JBeaminster,  are  manufactures  of  hemp  and 
flax,  from  the  finest  thread  to  the  cable, 
which  holds  tbe  first-rate  man  of  war. 
This  county  is  also  distinguished  for  its 
woollen  manufactures,  and  its  superior 


HD  O V 

Dortniouth,  a town  in  WestpTiatIa,  aiM 
territory  of  Nassau,  seated  on  the  Emster, 
15  miles  sw  of  Hain^  Lon.  T 28  e,  lat. 
51  55  Ni  > 

Dortj,  a town  in  the  palatinate  of  Wifna, 
Lithuania,  68  mites  e of  Lida. 

Dotekonif  a town  in  Zutphen,  Holland, 
on  the  Yssel,  celebrated  for  its  Coundery  of 
bombs  and  cannon-balls,  10  iniles  sb  •'fif 
Doesburg.  " ^ 

a town  of  Hungary.;  ^ ■ I 

Domdic,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Indre,  France. 

Dovain,  a town  in  the  departmenEof  Mont 
Blanc,  France. 

DouameneZy  a sea-port  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Finisterre,  France,  on  a bay 
of  the  same  name,  at  the  entrance  of 
the  English  channel,  eight  miles  nw  of 
Quimper. 

Don  ay  y the  capital  of  the  department 
of  the  North,  France.  It  is  large  and 
strong,  situated  on  the  Scarp,'  which  is 
navigable  for  boats.  It  has  a fine  arsenEl, 
oarron  foundry,  a military  sebaoi,  threo 
famous  colleges,  and  a citadel.  It.  /wh,s 
taken  by  the  duke  of  Marlborough  in  ITlfl, 


ale  and  beer.  The  isle  of  Portland  ii  and  retaken  by  the  French,  in  1712, 


seems  to  be  one  entire  mass  of  free-stone, 
and  the  quarries  of  Purbeck,  are  well 
known  for  their  valuable  produce.  Dor- 
setshire is  divided  into  34  hundreds,  and 
248  parishes,  which  contain  22  towns,  and 
22,262  bouses.  Tbe  towns  are  Dorchester, 
Lyme,  Shaftesbury,  Pool,  Bridport,  Ware* 
ham,  Corf  Castle,  Weymouth,  Melcomb, 
Kegis,  are  borough  tow'ns,  and  send  each 
two  memibers  to  parliament,  making, 
with  two  for  the  county,  20  members 
in  the  whole.  Population  in  1811,  124,693. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the*  Stour,  the 
Frome,  and  the  Piddle.  Dorchester 
is  the  capital.  See  Portland  and 
Purbecky 

Dorsteny  a fortified  town  in  the  county 
of  Reeklingbausen  on  the  Lippe,  15  miles 
B by  N of  Wesel. 

Dorty  or  Dordrecht y a city  in  the  de- 
partment of  Delft,  Holland.  It  is  on  a 
small  island,  formed  by  the  waters  of  tbe 
Meuse,  the  Mar  we,  the  Rhine,  and  the 
Linge.  By  an  irruption  o the  rivers 
in  1421,  100,000  persons  were  drowmed, 
and  72  villages  destroyed.  The  town  is 
large,  and  well  peopled.  It  has  two 
canals,  means  of  which  loaded  vessels 
may  enter  the  city.  It  has  a great  trade 
in  corn,  wine,  and  timber.  It  is  so  fortified 
by  nature  that  it  has  never  been  taken  by 
any  enemy,  but  it  surrenderee!  to  the  French 
in  1795.  Here  are  several  Calvinist  and 
Lutheran  churches,  an  elegant  council 
house,  an  excellent  academy,  and  tbe  mint 
of  Holland.  It  will  remain  for  ever  cele- 
brated for  the  famous  Protestant  Synod 
held  in  1618,  which  condemned  the  tenets 
of  Arminius  ; 10  miles  se  of  Rotterdam. 
Lon.  4 45  51  51  n, 


after  the  suspension  of  arms.  A canal 
runs  from  this  place  to  the  Duele,  ^15 
miles  Nw  of  Combray.  Lon.  3 5 e^  lat.  50 
22  R. 

DouUe  Island  a cape  on  the  JfE 

coast  of  New  Holland.  LoUiL  153 
lat.  25  58  s.  ' ^ 

DouhSy  a department  w^hich  comprehends 
the  oi-devant  province  of  Franc  be  Com  pfe, 
France,  named  from  a river  which  flows 
into  the  Soane,  below  Verdon,  Besanoon 
is  the  capital.  I 

Done,  a town  in  the  depariment  of  the 
Maine  and  Loire.  It  contains  about  890 
inhabitants,  ebiefiy  employed  in  the  manu- 
factures of  druggets  and  tammies;:  In  Abe 
vicinity  is  a vast  Roman  amplutheatre,  cut  ' 
out  of  a solid  rock,  nine  miles  sw  ^f 

Sanmur.  , , . V u 

DovCy  a river  in  Derbyshire,  which  has 
its  source  in  the  Peak,  near  Buxton, 
divides  Derbyshire  from  Staffordshire, 
and  passing  through  a country  highly  pic- 
turesque, unites  with  the  Trent,  four  mites 
below  Burtb'-i 

Dover,  a sea-port  town  in  the  county  of 
Kent,  romantically  situated  in  a valley 
formed  by  a semicircle  of  high  hills.  DoVct 
is  one  of  the  original  Ci  que  Ports,  and  is 
governeu  by  a mayor,  13  jurats,  a recorder, 
town-clerk,  and  35  common  council  men. 
it  contains  about  3,570  houses,  and  9,074  in- 
habitants  in  1 8 1 1 . On  tbe  C : iff  Elrom  ihe  tovvn 
is  an  ancient  castle,  with  barra  -ks  tor  3C0Q 
men,  several  batteries  also  defend 
Formerly  it  was  walied  round  and  had  lU 
ffatPS,only  three  of  which  now  remain.  Its 
seven  churches  are  reduced  to  three,  two 
in  the  town  and  one  in  the  eastle.  Ihis 
place  was  formerly  deemed  the  lock  and 


D O U 

•key  of  Englatid.  Tbis  is  the  most  con- 
venierrt  port  to  take  passage  for  France, 
being  only  seven  leagues  across  the  Chan- 
nel to  Calais  ; and,  with  a fair  wind,  th<- 
voyage:  is  generally  performed  in  one  tide  , 
large  vessels  can  only  sail  in  it  at  high  wa- 
ter. Dover  sends  two  members  to  parlia- 
ment, and  has  two'  markets  weekly,  on 
Wednesday  and  Saturday.  It  is.  14  miles 
SE  of  Canterbury,  and  71  ese  of  London. 
Lon.  113  b,  lat.  <51  8 n. 

Bover,  Straits  of,  the  narrow  channel 
between  Dover  and  Calais,  which  sepa- 
lates  France  from  Great  Britain.  It  is 
only  21  miles  wide  at  the  narrowest  part, 
-but  24  between  the  piers  of  Calais  and 
Dover. 

> Dover^a,  town  in  Stafford  county,  New 
.Hampshire,  seated  on  the  Cochees,  four 
miles  above  its  conflux  with  the  Pascasa,  14 
miles  ivw  of  Portsmouth. 

Dover,  a town  in  Kent  county,  the  me- 
tropolis of  Delaware  state,  seated  on  Jones 
, t?reek,  four  miles  above  its  mouth  in  Dela- 
^ware  bay.  It  contains  about  100  brick 
liouses.  The  town  has  a lively  appear- 
ance, and  carries  oh  a considerable  trade 
with  Philadelphia,  chiefly  in  flour  ; 66 

miles  ssw  of  Philadelphia.  Lon,  7<5  34  w, 
lat.  39  10  N. 

Douero,  See  Duero. 

Douglas,  a river,  parish,  and  town,  in 
1^0  ancient  middle  ward  of  Lanarkshire, 
- ualied  Douglasdale.  The  parish  is  about 
12  miles  long,  and  from  four  to  seven 
“■  broad.  On  the  banks  of  the  river,  the  soil 
is  good  ; but  the  parish  is  in  general  un- 
favourable to  agriculture.  It  abounds 
with  Coal,  lime,  and  free-stone.  Lord 
Douglas  has  covered  about  1,200  acres 
with  plantations.  The  cotton  manufac- 
ture is  carried  on  in  the  town,  and  a spin- 
ning mill  erected  in  its  vicinity.  The  po- 
pulation of  the  parish,  is  about  1730,  of 
which  the  town  contained  near  700.  In  the 
vicinity  of  this  town  stands  the  castle  of 
Douglas,  for  centuries  the  residence  of  the 
chief  of  that  name.  About  the  middle  of 
the  18th  century,  the  old  castle  was  acci- 
dentally burnt,  and  the  new  one  built  by 
the  late  Duke,  forms  only  part  of  an  exten- 
sive plan  which  be  did  not  live  to  execute, 
37  miles  sw  of  Edinburgh, 

Douglass,  a town  of  the  isle  of  Man, 
situated  in  a large  bay  to  which  it 
gives  name,  with  the  largest  and  best 
’harbour  in  the  island,  nearly  equi-dis 
tant  from  the  Scotch,  English,  and  Irish 
shores.  It  is  very  populous,  and  impreg- 
nable by  sea.  Foreigners  bring  bay  salt 
hither,  and  buy  wool,  leather,  and  salt 
beef.  Near  the  mouth  of  the  harbour 
stand  an  ancient  fort  and  a modern  light- 
house. From  hence  is  a weekly  packet 
to  Whitehaven. 

Douglass  Cape,  on  the  w side  of  the 

cutrauce  into  Cookes  river.  North  America. 


DOW 

Its  summits  forms  two  very  high  mountains , 
Lon.  I S3  31  w,  lat.  <58  .56  n. 

Doulaincourt,  a town  in  the  department 
of  the  Upper  Marne,  France,  10  miles  sw 
of  Joinvilie. 

Doulens,^  or  Dourlens,  a town  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Somme,  France,  has  two 
citadels,  and  is  seated  on  Autee,  15  miles 
N of  Amiens, 

Doune,  a small  town  in  the  county 
of  Perth,  and  parish  of  Kilmadock, 
sometimes  called  the  parish  of  Doune. 
The  town  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the 
banks  of  the  Teath,  consists  of  three 
streets,  has  an  extensive  cotton  mill, 
which  employs  about  700  persons.  Doune 
has  been  long  celebrated  for  the  manu- 
facture of  highland  pistols.  It  contains 
upw’ards  of  1,630  inhabitants.  It  has 
a weekly  market  and  six  annual  fairs, 
near  this  are  the  ruins  of  a huge  square 
castle,  whose  tower  is  yet  full  80  fet 
in  height,  eight  miles  n of  Stirling, 
32  sw  of  Perth,  and  45  WNW  of  Edin- 
burgh 

Dourdan,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Seine  and  Oise,  France.  It  has  a large 
corn-market,  and  manufactures  of  worsted 
and  silk  hose.  It  stands  on  the  Orge,  25 
miles  sw  of  Paris. 

Douro,  a river  of  Spain,  rises  in  the 
mountains  of  Urbion,  e borders  of  Old 
Castile.  After  passing  through  Leon  to 
the  NB  point  of  Portugal,  it  turns  s,  dividing 
Leon  from  Tralos  Montes,  and  turning  w, 
crosses  Portugal,  and  enters  the  Atlantic 
at  Oporto. 

Dowally,  a parish  in  Perthshire,  united 
to  Dunkeld.  See  Dunkeld, 

Dowalton,  Loch,  a lake  in  the  county  of 
Wigton,  and  parish  oi  Sorbie  about  two 
miles  long,  and  one  and  a-half  broad,  in- 
cluding a small  island.  - 

DOWLATABAD,  a province  of  Hin- 
doostan.  Aurungabad  is  the  capital.  Set 
Amednagur. 

Dowlatabad,  a town  and  fortress  in  the 
above  province,  built  on  a rock  almost  per- 
pendicular on  each  side,  which  rises  420 
feet  above  the  surrounding  plain,  10  miles 
Nw  of  Aurungabad. 

Down,  or  Down  Patrick,  a town  in  the 
county  of  Down,  seated  on  a branch  of 
Strangiord  Lough,  and  a bishop's  see 
united  with  Connor.  The  Cathedral  is  a 
new  building.  Though  small  it  is  the 
county  town,  and  sends  a representative  to 
the  British  Parliament,  74  miles  n by  e of 
Dublin.  Lon.  8 42  W,  lat.  54  29  n, 

Down,  a county  of  Ireland,  about  40 
miles  in  length,  and  about  25  in  breadth. 
The  number  of  houses  is  computed  at 
36,636,  and  of  inhabitants  at  204,500.  It 
is  partly  mountainous  ; but  in  most  parts 
fertile.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  em- 
liioyed  in  the  linen  manufacture,  and  jios- 
sess  largely  the  conveniences  of  lif^. 

Q q 2 


D R A 

This  county  derives  equal  advantages  from 
its  maratime  situation,  and  its  inland 
waters.  This  county  sends  two  repre- 
sentatives to  the  British  parliament.  Down- 
patrick, the  county-town,  Bangor,  flills- 
borough,  Killyleagh,  .^iewton,  and  Newry, 
are  the  places  of  principal  note.  The 
chief  rivers  are  the  Lagan  and  New'ry. 
The  greater  part  of  the  inhabitants  are 
presbyterians. 

Downe-hill  ofRelugas,  a hill  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Moray,  and  parish  of  Edenkeillie,  re- 
markable as  a very  ancient  fortress. 

Downhamy  or  Downham  Markety  a towm 
in  Norfoikshire.  It  consists  of  three  streets, 
a bell-foundery,  and  a steam-engine  for 
the  manufactare  of  mustard ; but  it  is 
chiefly  noted  for  its  markets  on  Monday 
and  Saturday,  on  account  of  the  quantify 
of  butter  brought  hither  to  be  conveyed  to 
Loudon.  It  is  11  miles  s of  Lynn,  and  86^ 
jf  by  E of  London. 

Downiiigtoiiy  a town  in  Chester 
county,  Pennsylvania,  east  side  of  Bran- 
dywine Creek,  S3  miles  w by  jraf  Phila- 
delphia. 

Downs,  a famous  road  for  shipping  in  the 
English  Channel,  near  the  coast  of  Kent, 
about  two  leagues  in  length. 

Downton,  an  ancient  burgh  in  the  county 
of  Wilts,  seated  on  the  Avon,  but  has  no 
market.  It  sends  two  members  to  par- 
liament. The  principal  trade  is  malting, 
paper-making,  tanning,  and  making  lace, 
six  miles  se  of  Salisbury,  and  88  wsw  of 
London. 

Draahnrg,  or  Qher  Traahurg,  a town  in 
the  duchy  of  Sliria,  Germany.  Lon.  13  38 
E,  lat.  46  48  N. 

Draaburg,  or  Unter  Traahurg,  a town  in 
the  duuhy  of  Carinthia,  Germany,  48  miles 
www^  of  Pettaw. 

Drachenfels,  the  capital  of  a district 
in  the  electorate  of  Cologn,  with  a 
citadel,  Germany,  seyen  miles  WNW  of 
Lintz. 

Dracut,  a town  in  the  county  of  Middle- 
sex, Massachusetts,  United  States,  stands  on 
the  » bank  of  the  Merrimao  at  Patucket 
fails,  30  miles  nnw  of  Boston. 

Drage,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Holstein, 
four  mites  n of  Itzehoa,  Germany. 

Dragemel,  a town  on  the  duchy  of  Caro- 
lina, on  the  Save,  Germany. 

Dragoe,  a town  in  the  island  of  Amack, 
six  miles  from  Copenhagan,  Denmark. 

Dradhte,  on  the  Red  sea,  Nubia,  has  a 
good  harbour,  and  wells  of  fine  water  in  the 
vicinity,  36  miles  nnw  ofSuakem. 

Dragomeslro,  a town  in  Livadia, 
European  Turkey,  54  miles  w^sw  of 
Lepants. 

Draguignan,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Var,  containing  about  9000  inhabitants ; 
10  miles  sw  of  Prejus.  Lon.  6 31  e,  lat. 
44  34  N. 

Drainy,  a parish  in  Elginshire,  four  miles 


D RE 

in  length,  and'lw^o  in  breadth,  Jutting  int© 
the  Murray  Frith.  The  soil,  where  cuW 
tivated,  fertile  ; but  a groat  part  of  the 
parish  is  barren  auoor.  Near  the  fishing 
viliaged  Cansea,  the  shore  is  bold,  con- 
sisting of  a mass  of  free-.stone.  Popular  . 
tion  about  1057.  In  this  paii^  there  is 
neither  Jew,  gipsie,  Englishman,  Irishman, 
foreigner,  lawyer,  W’^riter,  physician,  sur- 
geon, nor  apothecary. 

Drake,  a harbour  in  California.  Lon. 
HI  39 w^, lat.  28  15  N. 

Drake,  Sir  Francis,  or  Drake^s  Bay,  on 
excellent  bason  in  the  middle  of  the  Virgin 
Isles,  three  or  four  leagues  brocid,  and  sis 
or  seven  long. 

Dram  burg,  a town  in  Upper  Saxony,  si- 
tuated on  the  Drage,  25  miles  e by  n of  New 
Stargard. 

Dransjeld,  a town  of  Germany,  in  Lower 
I Saxony,  and  principality  of  Calenberg,  6 
miles  sw  of  Gottingen. 

Drave,  a large  river  in  Germany,  which 
rises  inSallzburg,and  falls  into  the  Danube 
a little  below  Esseck. 

Drayton,  a town  in  Shropshire,  situated 
on  the  Tern,  on  the  borders  of  Stafford-)- 
shire ; a mile  and  a-half  west  is  the  vilA 
lage  of  Little  Drayton.  It  has  a market 
on  Wednesday,  and  three  annual  fairs  ; 17 
miles  NE  of  Shrewsbury,  and  151  miles  nw 
of  London.  : 

Dregliorn,  a parish  in  Ayrshire,  between 
Kilmarnock  and  Irvine,  nine  miles  in  length, 
and  three  in  breadth.  The  wLole  of  the  pa* 
rish  is  arable,  with  the  exception  of  a few 
acres.  The  village  of  Dreghorn  is  finely 
i situated  for  manufactures,  on  the  Annock. 
In  the  parish  is  a large  colliery r Popular 
tion  about  762.  uh 

Drentelburg,  or  Trentelburgh,  a town  in 
the  principality  of  Hesse,  Germany,  18 
miles  NNW  of  Cassel.  Lon.  9 28  je,  lat.  51 
25  N. 

Dresden,  the  capital  of  Saxony,  situated 
at  the  conflux  of  the  Elbe  and  Weseritz, 
surrounded  with  strong  fortifications,  with 
an  elegant  bridge  over  the  Elbe,  a castle,  an 
academy,  a superb  Roman  Catholic  church, 
and  three  Lutheran  churches.  It  is  divided 
into  three  towns,  New  Dresden,  or  Dres- 
den ; Old  Dresden,  Neustadf ; and  Frcr 
deriokstadt.  In  the  New  town  the  princ® 
resides,  in  an  ancient  chateau,  the  apart- 
ments of  which  are  magnificent.  The  picr 
ture  gallery  may  vie  with  any  in  Italy. 
In  the  suburbs  is  a plate-glas^  maimfactureu 
In  Old  Dresden  is  a China  manufacture. 
All  the  houses  are  built  of  square  free-stone, 
and  are  almost  ajl  of  the  same  height.  It 
is  esteemed  one  of  the  handsomest  cities  in 
Germany,  and  is  supposed  to  contain  90,000 
inhabitants.  The  manufactures  are  fine 
cloths,  serges,  sijalloons,stockings,  linen,  car- 
pets, gold  and  silver  lace,  jewellery,  paper 
hangings,  and  w ind  instruments.  In  1745  the 
king  of  Prussia  took  Dresden,  hut  it  was  scon 


D R G 

Tcstdred.  He  took  it  agaio  in  but  it 

was  retaken  in  1759.  In  J76(),  after  a 
bombardment  of  nine  days^  he  was  obliged 
to  raise  the  siege.  It  is  SO  miles  nnw  of 
Prague,  90  s of  Berlin.  Loa.  13  50  e,  lat. 
51  On. 

Dreux,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Eure  and  Loire,  France,  has  a considerable 
manufactnre  of  cloth  for  the  army.  It 
stands  on  the  Blaize,  at  the  foot  of  a moun- 
tain, 48  miles  w by  s of  Paris.  Lon.  1 
21  E,  lat.  48  45  N.  , 

Driesen,  or  DresnOy  a town  in  Upper 
Saxony,  and  New  Mark,  or  Brandenburg, 
on  the  Warta,  20  miles  e of  Landsberg,  and 
90  ENE  of  Berlin. 

Driffield  Great  and  Little,  two  villages 
in  the  East  Riding  of  the  county  of  York, 
separated  by  a canal  which  joins  the  river 
HulL  A weekly  market  is  held  on  Thurs- 
day. Alfred  the  Great  chartered  four 
fairs,  now  held  annually  on  Easter  Monday, 
\4^feitsun  Monday,  August  26th  and  Septern- 
ber  19th.  Here  is  a considerable  trade  in 
corn  by  the  canal  to  Hull,  28  miles  e by  n 
of  York,  and  196  n of  London.  The 
church  is  noted  as  the  burial  place  of 
Alfred  the  Great,  who  died  in  this  towir  of 
the  wounds  he  received  in  the  battle  of 
Stamford.  • . ^ 

Drinaward,  a town  in  Servia,  on  an  is- 
land in  the  Drino,  Turkey,  on  the  confines 
of  Bosnia. 

t Drino,  a town  situated  in  a bay  of  the 
Adriatic  of  the  same  name,  Albania,  Tur- 
key, 80  miles  ese  of  Ragusa.  Loa.  20 
IB  E,  lat.  42  48  N. 

Drino  Bianca,  or  While  Drino,  a river 
of  European  Turkey,  rises  on  the  e fron- 
tiers of  Albania,  and  fails  into  tbe-bay  of 
Drino,  gnlf  of  Venice. 

Drhtra,  or  SiUstria,  a towm  in  Bulgaria, 
European  Turkey,  an  Archbisliop^s  see 
seated  on  the  Danube,  At  the  confluence 
Of  the  Messovo,  with  a citadel.  In  1810, 
it  was  taken  by  the  Russians ; 155  miles 
NNE  of  Adrianople.  Lon.  27  6 e,  lat.  44 
17  N.  - 

Drive  Bajj^ 'h  hixy  of  the  river  St.  Law- 
rence. Lon.  68  20  w,  lat.  48  52  n. 

Drogheda,  the  capital  of  the  country  of 
Louth.  It  is  a county  of  itself,  holding  its 
own  assizes ; and  sends  a representative  to 
the  British  parliament.  It  is  a well  built 
town  on  both  sides  of  the  river  Boyne,  over 
which  is  a good  bridge,  and  is  daily  inereas 
ing  in  wealth,  commerce,  and  the  number 
of  its  inhabitants.  This  town  is  surrounded 
by  an  ancient  wall,  has  four  gates,  and  is 
divitied  by  the  river  into  two  parishes. 
The  town  contains  upwards  of  10,000  inha- 
bitants. It  made  a vigorous  deience  in  the 
civil  wars,  in  the  time  of  Oliver  Cromwell, 
who,  upon  its  surrendering,  put  4000  of  the 
inhabitants  to  death.  Near  this  town  Yfil- 
iiam  III.  obtained  a complete  victory  over 
the  army  of  James  VII.  It  stands  three  or 
tear  milei  from  the  mouth  of  the  river,  has 


DRO 

a gobd'barbour^oand  has  a large  trade  itt 
English  coalsy  in  com,  and  strong  sheeting  ; 
has  a celebrated  school  well  endowed; 
seven  miles  sof  Dundalk,  and  26  x of  Dub- 
lin. Lon.  6 18  w,  lat.  53  43  n. 

Droitwich,  a town  in  ihe  county  of  Wor- 
cester, seated  on  the  Salw^ark,  containing 
about  400  bouses;  with  large  salt  works. 
The  brine  pits  are  immense,  and  the  brine 
supposed  to  be  the  strongest  in  the  world. 

A canal  has  been  made  from  hence  to  the 
Severn,  about  three  miles  from  Worcester. 

It  has  a market  on  Friday  ; ^nd  sends  two 
members  to  parliament;  seven  miles  nxk 
of  Worcester,  and  1 (6  wnw  of  London.  It 
is  governed  by  two  bailiffs,  a recorder,  and 
11  burgesses,  styled  the  Corporation  of 
the  Salt  Springs  of  Droitwich,  as  none 
but  proprietors  can  be  admitted  into  it> 
The  sole  right  of  electing  the  members 
to  parli^imeot  is  vested  in  the  corpora- 
tion. 

DROME,  a department  of  France  on 
the  E side  of  the  Rhone.  Valence  is 
the  capital.  , It  has  its  name  from  a 
river  which  crosses  it,  and  falls  into  the 
Rhone. 

Dromo,  a small  island  in  the  Grecian 
Archipelago.  Lon.  41  46  e>  Ferro,  lat.  39 

28  N. 

Dromore,  a handsome  town  in  the  county 
of  Down,  constituted  the  see  of  a bishop,  in 
the  6tb  century.  This  diocese  is  the  smal- 
lest in  Ireland.  The  cathedral  is  small, 
but  the  palace  ia  handsome  and  convenient. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Laggan,  15  miles  n of 
Newry,  15  w of  Downpatrick,  and  65  n of 
Dublin. 

Drori,  a parish  in  Perthshire,  about 
three  miles  in  length,  and  three  in  breadth, 
five  miles  s from  Perth,  near  the  Earn. 
Such  is  the  state  of  agriculture  in  this 
parish,  that  on  the  very  tops  of  craggy  pre- 
cipices, there  are  considerable  patches  of 
corn  land.  The  population  is  about  428> 
Qn  a hill  near  the  church  stands,  in  a slo[.- 
ing  direction,  a stone  10  feet  long  and  seven 
broad,  which,  upon  being  touched  in  tb# 
gentlest  manner,  moves  perceptibly  from 
side  to  side  in  an  arch  of  between  one  and 
two  inches. 

Dronero,  a town  of  Piedmont,  at  the  foot 
of  the  Alps,  on  the  Pdaira,  14  miles  ssw  of 
Saliizzo. 

Bronfield,  a town  in  Derbyshire,  contain- 
ing about  250  houses,  and  near  1,200  inha^ 
bitants,  had  a market  on  Thursday,  but  it  is 
now  disused  from  its  vicinity  to  Chesterfield 
and  Sheffield.  The  ruins  of  Beauchieff 
Abbey,  are  at  the  distance  of  two  miles. 
Here  is  a charity  school,  and  a free  gram- 
mar school ; six  m'ies  n of  Cheslerfiidd,  and 
156  NNW  01  Londov).. 

Drontheim,  a city  of  Norway,  capital  of 
a goverameut  of  the  same  name,  and  a 
hisUop^s  see.  Has  a well  Irequenled  port, 
ti  is  fortified,  and  contains  about  8000  inha» 
bitants.  Here  lesidod  the  aneieni  kings  of 


D R tr 

Norway.  Of  the  cathedral  the  choir  alone 
remains.  It  is  almost  surrounded  by  the 
sea  and  the  river  Piddel.  Near  it  are  mines 
of  copper  and  silver.  The  principal  exports 
are  wood,  copper,  iron,  pitch,  stock -fish,' 
skins,  potash,  &c.  In  exchange,  they  re- 
ceive and  import  spices,  wine,  salt,  brandy, 
corn,  tobacco,  cloth,  <fec.  The  territory 
extends  nearly  500  miles  along  the  coast 
of  the  North  Sea ; 270  miles  nw  of  Bergen. 
Lon.  10  22  E,  lat.  63  26  N. 

Drossendorf,  a town  of  Austria,  on  the 
Teyha,  has  an  ancient  castle,  10  miles  n of 
Horn.  Lon  16  7 e,  lat  48  45  N. 

Drosseuy  a town  in  Upper  Saxony,  and 
New  Mark  of  Brandenburgh,  14  miles  se  of 
Custrin. 

Drossenfieldy  a town  in  Franconia,  six 
miles  s of  Culmbach. 

Droyszig,  a town  in  Thuringia,  six  miles 
gE  of  Stossen,  Upper  Saxony. 

Drumblade,  a parish  in  Aberdeenshire, 
near  Huntly,  six  miles  long  and  four  broad, 
containing  886  inhabitants.  The  soil  is  in 
general  well  cultivated. 

Drumlanrig,  in  Durafries-shire,  a noble 
seat  of  the  duke  of  Queensbury,  erected  in 
the  17tb  century  ; a square  building,  adorn- 
ed on  the  top  with  12  turrets,  stands  on 
the  s banks  of  the  Nith.  In  this  castle 
is  a mus’cal  and  astronomical  clock, 
of  very  curious  workmanship,  made  by 
the  late  Mr.  ^Peter  Rae,  minister  of  Kil- 
bride. Adjoining  is  a wood  of  oak,  six 
miles  in  length;  18  miles  nw  of  Dum- 
fries. 

Drummelzier,  a parish  and  village  in 
Peeble-shire.  The  parish  is  12  miles  long, 
and  about  three  broad,  washed  , by  the 
Tweed,  containing  278  inhabitants.  The 
surface  is  beautifully  diversified,  and  the 
soil  in  some  places  fertile.  The  village 
is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  banks  of  the 
Tweed,  and  contains  one-third  of  the  popu- 
lation. 

Drummmdy  in  Ross-shirc.  It  is  increas- 
ing rapidly,  and  has  two  fairs  in  June,  and 
December.  Near  it  is  an  extensive  bleach- 
field  and  a distillery. 

Drummond  Castle,  stands  on  a rock,  in 
the  parish  of  Muthil,  near  Grief,  Perthshire, 
built  in  1490 ; was  the  property  of  the 
duke  of  Perth. 

Drumoak,  a parish^  part  of  it  in  Aber- 
deenshire, and  part  of  it  in  Kincardine- 
shire, four  miles  long,  and  two  broad, 
containing  648  inhabitants.  The  sur- 
face is  chiefly  adapted  to  sheep  pasture. 
Ill  this  parish  is  an  old  tower  called 
Drum. 

Drumsturdy  Muir,  in  Angus-shire,  con- 
taining about  140  inhabitants. 

Drusenheim,  a town  in  the  department  on 
the  Lower  Rhine,  France,  stands  on  the 
Motier,  five  miles  se  of  Haguenau. 

DRUSES,  or  Druzes,  a nation  in  Pales- 
tine, who  inhabit  the  environs  of  Mount 
iabanon.  Their  populatiou  is  estimated  at  , 


DUB 

120,000.  They  are  hospitable  <0  ait  ex- 
treme ; exercise  what -religion  they  have  in- 
differently,  in  Turkish  mosques,  Or  Chris- 
tian Churches.  Their  lat^uage  is  the-Afa- 
bic  ; are  great  enemies  to  the  Turks-*  thfeir 
princes  are  Called  Etfiirs^^ir  capftal  fs 
Balrout.  , ' ' ^ 

DrusUwyn^  in  C^ermarthCrishfrej  with  two 
fairs,  on  July  1,  and  Oct  5.  ^ s 

Dryharbour,  a.  bay  on  the  N ^he 

island  of  Jamaica.  Lon.  77'  16 
30  N. 

beautifully  situated  on  a iieiiiii- 
snla  formed  by  the  Tweed,  on  the  sw  con- 
fines of  Berwickshire.  Dryhurgh  Abbey, 
the  seat  of  the  earl  of  Buchan,  lies  near  it 
Hannah  the  astronomer,  was  born  in  it,  in 
1622;  Chaucer,  the  English  bard' passed 
some  time  in  it;  and  Thomson'  our  Scot- 
tish poet,  wrote  hxs  Winter  'm  it.  This 
place  is  much  admired  by  travellets,  fCr 
whose  gratification,  the  noble  proprietof'has 
dug  up  a great  many  sculptural  stones,  and 
placed  them  in  a conspicuous  station;'  ^ ' 
Dryfe,  A small  but  rapid  river  in  Dum- 
fries-shire.  It  gives  name  to  the  vale 
through  which  it  runs,  Dryfe'sdale,  contract- 
ed Drysdale.  ^ 

Drymen,  a parish  and  village  in  Stirling- 
shire. The  parish  is  about  15  miles  long, 
and  nine  broad,  ivatered  by  the  Forth,  the 
Duchray,  and  the  Enrick,  containing  1667 
inhabitants.  In  1775,  the  number  w'as 
2789.  This  striking  decrease  is  chiefly 
owing  to  conjunction  of  farms.  It  is  not  re- 
markable for  its  fertility.  The  village  con- 
tains about  215  souls,  chiefly  occupied  by 
the  manufacturers  of  Glasgow.  The  cele- 
brated Napier  of  Merebiston,  was  born  in 
the  parish.  * 

Drysdale,  or  Dryfesdale,  a parish  in  Dum- 
fries-shire,  seven  miles  long,  and  from  on© 
to  six  broad,  containing  1600  inhabitants. 
It  lies  on  the  N side  of  the  Annan;  and  is 
intersected  by  the  Dryfe.  Above  half  of 
it  is  cultivated  and  fruitful ; three  or  four 
small  lakes  afford  abundance  of  excellent 
marl ; limestone  also  abounds.  The  rivers- 
afford  salmon.  The  parish  church,  which 
stood  formerly  on  the  banks  of  the  river, 
has  been  twice  removed,  and  now  stands 
at  the  head  of  a fine  street,  in  the  populous 
town  of  Lockerbie.  In  the  parish  are  the 
remains  of  several  chapels  and  burying 
grounds,  and  vestiges  of  five  strong  towers, 
and  eight  Roman  and  British  camps  ; and 
traces  of  a Roman  highway.  Here  it  is 
said  a bloody  battle  was  fought  by  Julius 
Agricola,  and  the  Scots  in  the  1st  cen- 
tury. 

Dsjohla,  an  ancient  city  in  Yeamen,  con- 
taining 600  good  houses,  with  paved  streets. 
Lon.  44  10  E,lat.  13  55  n, 

DUBLIN,  a county  of  Ireland,  25  miles 
long,  and  from  nine  to  10  Iroad  ; containing 
about  142,050  acres,  and  107  parishes,  (20 
of  which  are  in  the  city  of  Dublin,)  25,510 
houses,  aud  208,000  inhabitants.  It  sends 


I>U  B 

r©pTeseDtativ€s  to  the  British  parlia- 
imeiit,  besides  two  by  the  city,  and  one  by 
the  university.  The  soil  is  m general  flat, 
and  . naturally  rich.-  The  principal  river 

istheLiflfy.  . , , t ^ j 

DuUin  City,  the  capital  of  Ireland, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Liffy,  which  here  ex- 
.p^nds  into  a large  and  beautiful  bay.  To- 
wards the  s of  the  city,  the  country  ascends 
. to  a considerable  elevation,  which  rapidly 
increases  to  the  Wfcklow  mountains, 
where  the  pointed  cone  of  the  Sugar  Loaj^, 

^ prcsents  a beautiful  bounda^-y  to  this  lofty 
- diversified  region  ; and  towards  tne  n,  the 
.ascent  is  almost  imperceptible,  presenting 
a wide  prospect  of  ^cultivation  and  beauty, 
/diversified  by  the  rugged  hills  of  Houthy 
which  form  the  extremity  of  the  north- 
ern bound*  ry  of  Dublin  bay.  The  river 
is  crossed  by  seven  elegant  bridges,  and 
is  embanked  from  the  one  extremity  of 
,lhe  cify  to  the  other  by  commodious 
/quays.  The  most  beautiful  bridge  is 
Island  Bridge,  which  forms  one  astonish- 
ing arch  of  366  feet  in  length,  whose  span 
measures  104  feet,  excelling  by  12  the 
. lamed  Venetian  Rialto.  Stephen’s  Green 
is  one  mile  in  circumference,  and  said 
, to  oe  the  largest  square  in  Europe.  The 
buildings  are  sumptuous  and  elegant.  The 
approach  from  the  river  to  Rutland  Square y 
4)y  Sackvilley  one  of  the  noblest  streets 

Europe,  being  120  feet  wide.  Nume- 
j'ous  streets  and  squares  have  been  added 
Jed  late  years.  The  elegance  and  beauty 
„of  which,  announce  improved  taste  in 
their  erec  tion,  and  their  size  and  conveni- 
,^enQe  ihe  wealth  of  thei?  inhabitants.  Dublin 
i-being  the  metropolis  of  a large  and  fruit- 
ful country,  the  seat  of  government  and 
of  literatnre,  and  the  chief  depot  of  inland 
and  foreiga  trade,  contains  numerous  pub- 
lic establishments,  not  only  the  pride  of 
Ireland,  but  excelled  by  few  cities  in  Eu- 
rope. The  caslle  w-as  built  in  1205,  but 
would  now  with  difficulty  be  recognized 
by  a stranger,  who  had  read  of  its  former 
strength  as  a fortress.  It  w^as  dismant- 
led of  its  warlike  garb  by  queen  Eliza- 
beth, wbo  intended  it  for  a royal  residence. 
The  castle  continues  to  be  the  seat  of  go- 
vernment, a^d  hath  received  several  addi- 
tional embellishments,  and  is  now  a very 
commodious  elegant  residence.  It  con- 
tain- the  several  offices  of  state,  and  a 
well-supplied  atsenaL  The  two  eathe- 
^drais,  Chr.st  s and  St  Patrick’s,  gro  rich 
Gothic  buildings  ; but,  from  their  anti- 
quity, on  the  brink  of  decay.  In  the  lat- 
ter, is  the  monument  of  the  celebrated 
Swift,  who  w*as  dean  of  St  Patrick’s.  The 
city  forms  an  archbishopric,  which  was 
established  in  1 152.  There  are  18  parish 
churches,  eight  chapels,  16  Roman  catho- 
lic chapels,  four  foreign  churches,  a sy- 
nagogue, and  a number  of  meeting-houses, 
belonging  to  presbyierians  of  various  deno- 
minations, and  other  dissenters,  which  con- 


DUB 

tribute  to  ornament  the  city.  The  par- 
liament house,  which,  in  chaste  and  ele- 
gant architecture,  was  supposed  to  stand 
unrivalled,  is  now  converted  into  a national 
bank.  The  Trinity  college  is  a suberb 
erection.  It  has  long  diffused  knowledge 
through  an  extensive  circle.  The  professors 
give  annual  prelections  to  about  500  stu- 
dents. The  college  is  governed  by  a chan- 
cellor, and  vice-chancellor,  a provost,  and 
vice-provost,  and  supports  22  fellow^s,  and 
70  scholars.  The  library  is  an  elegant 
room,  formed  to  hold  90,000  volumes. 
There  are  also  a chapel,  museum,  and 
printing-office,  annexed  to  the  university. 
In  the  college  green  is  an  equestrian  statue 
of  king  William  III.  in  commemoratioa 
of  the  battle  of  the  Boyne.  Among  the 
numerous  charitable  institutions,  the  Royal 
Kilmainham  hospital,  for  invalids  and  su- 
perannuate soldif^rs,  the  Royal  Military 
Infirmary,  and  the  Hibernian,  and  Marine 
Societies,  the  blue  coat  hospital,  for  edu- 
cating the  sons  of  decayed  citizens,  and 
the  lying-in-hospital,  are  the  principal. 
Among  the  public  buildings,  are  the  rf)yal 
exchange,'  he  custom  house,  the  four  courts, 
the  linen  hall,  the  barracks,  the  tollsell,  or 
town  house,  and  two  theatres.  The  city  has 
a number  of  markets,  abundantly  supplied 
with  all  the  nei^essaries  and  luxuries  of  life. 
Dublin  is  well  provided  with  water,  from 
a copious  reservoir,  and  from  the  river  Liffy. 
Its  circumference  is  now  about  10  miles, 
and  its  population  200,000,  under  the  civil 
government  of  a lord  mayor,  recorder, 
tw'o  sheriffs,  24  aldermen,  and  a common 
council,  formed  of  representatives  from 
the  25  corporations.  The  Pheenix  park, 
at  the  w end  of  the  city,  is  a royal  inclo- 
sure, seven  miles  in  circuit,  and  beside 
the  Hibernian  school,  contains  the  villa 
of  the  lord  lieutenant,  the  seat*  of  the  prin- 
cipal secretary,  and  some  others,  with  a 
salute  battery  of  22  pieces  of  cannon ; and 
the  ammunition  magazine  on  a rock  hill  j 
four  miles  nw  of  the  city,  is  erected  an 
observatory.  The  royal  college  of  phy- 
sicians w^as  established  in  16T9,  that  of 
surgeons,  in  1795,  the  academy  for  science, 
polite  literature,  and  antiquities,  in  1786. 
The  merchants  extend  their  commerce  ifi 
every  branch  of  trade  to  the  most  distant 
climes.  The  entrance  of  the  harbour  is 
much  obstructed  by  sand  banks,  but  one  of 
the  greatest  and  most  laudable  undertakings 
that  this  age  can  boast  of,  is  the  build- 
ing of  a stone  wall  about  three  miles  in 
length,  as  broad  as  a moderate  street,  and 
proportionably  high  to  confine  the  bay  and 
shelter  the  vessels.  The  object  of  the 
grand  canal  is  a communication  between  this 
city  and  the  Shannon,  which  is  far  advanced. 
The  docks  are  more  than  2000  feet  in 
length,  and  300  wide.  Besiiles  the  grand 
canal,  another  has  been  carried  to  the  river' 
Barrow,  communicating  with  St.  George’s 
channel.  The  manufactures  are  extensive 


D U F 

mid  numerous.  Under  the  immediate  exer*- 
tions  of  the  Dublin  Society,  established  for 
the  encourageirent  of  agriculture  and  the 
arts,  those  of  this  county  have  risen  to  a 
high  scale  of  perfection.  This  society  was 
founded  chiefly  by  the  exertions  of  Dr. 
Samuel  Madden  in  1731.  The  voluntary 
contributions  of  the  members,  were  at  first 
its  sole  support,  but  parliament  soon  granted 
them  10,0001.  per  annum.  Dublin  is  seven 
miles  from  the  open  sea,  69  w of  Holyhead, 
in  Wales,  and  300  wnw  of  London.  Lon. 
6 L5  w,  lat.  53  21  n. 

Duck  Creek,  a town  in  the  state  of  Dela- 
ware, which  carries  on  a considerable 
trade  with  Philadelphia,  12  miles  nw  of 
Dover. 

Duck  Island, d small  island  near  the  coast 
of  Main,  in  the  Uuited^S tales.  Lon.  67  43  w, 
lat.  44  45  N.  " 

Duddingston,  a parish  in  the  county 
of  Edinburgh,  about  four  miles  long, 
and  nearly  two  broad.  The  soil  is  not 
naturali}^  good,  but  being  within  two 
miles  of  the  metropolis,  it  is  highly 
cultivated.  The  village  of  Wester  Dud- 
dingston is  washed  on  the  w and  s by  the 
lake  of  Duddingston.  It  contains  about 
200  inhabitants.  A magnificent  seat  of 
the  marquis  of  Abercorn,  adorns  the  vi- 
cinity. Easter  Duddingston  contains  about 
SO  inhabitants,  mostly  colliers.  Population 
of  the  parish  is  about  1003.  The  church 
is  old,  and  believed  to  be  of  Saxon  archi- 
tecture. 

Duderstadt,  a towm  in  the  territory  of 
Eichsleld,  Germany,  stands  on  the  Whipper, 
18  miles  x of  Gottingen..  The  principal 
trade  is  in  beer  and  tobacco.  Lon.  10  14  e, 
lat.  51  29  N. 

Dudley,  a town  in  Worcestershire,  sur- 
rounded by  Staffordshire,  containing  2000 
families,  mostly  employed  in  manufactur- 
ing of  nails.  It  has  a weekly  market 
on  Saturday,  and  annual  fairs  May  8, 
Aug.  5,  and  Oct.  2.  It  has  a church  at 
each  end  of  the  longest  street,  two  charity 
schools,  and  a free  grammar-school.  Its 
venerable  castle,  part  of  it  in  ruins  and 
part  of  it  in  repair,  stands  on  a hill.  In 
the  vicinity  are  the  ruins  of  a priory.  In 
1801,  the  number  of  inhabitants  was  10,107, 
and  13,925  in  1811.  It  is  10  miles  w by  iv 
of  Birmingham,  and  126  nw  of  London. 


npw  of  Germany,  duchy  of  Auliers.  It  is 
one  of  the  handsomest  and  richest  in  the 
duchy.  It  has  a manufacture . of  clolh,  12 
miles  s of  Juliers.  Lon.  7 0 e,  lat.  50 
52  IT.  , . 1 

Duero,  Douero,  or  Douro,  a river  in  I 
Spain.  I 

Duerstede,  a fortified  town  in  Utrecht,  j 
Holland,  stands  on  the  I<eck,  where  it  sepa-  i 
rates  from  the  Rhine,  12  miles  se  of  Utrecht. 
Lon.  5 22  x,  lat.  51  59  n. 

Dujfus,  a parish  and  village  in  Elginshire, 


D Ui, 

on  the  s coast  of  the  Moray  Frith.  Th« 
parish  is  five  miles  long,  and  from  two 
to  three  broad,  and  contains  about 
1339  inhabitants.  It^  is  almost  wholly 
arable  ; but  agriculture  is  neglected. 
The  village  is  regularly  built,  having  four 
streets  w^hich  are  paved.  The  old  castle 
of  Duflus,  seated  on  an  artificial  pound, 
on  the  NW  bank  of  Loch  Shynie,  surround- 
ed by  a fosse,  and  drawbridge,  is  of  great 
antiquity.  It  stands  in  the  midst  of  orchards 
and  forest  trees. 

Duina,  Duna,  or  Dwina,  See  the 
latter. 

Duino,  Duino,  or  Tybein,  a sea-port  town 
in  Carniola,  Germany. 

Duirinish,  a parish  in  the  isle  of  Sky,  In- 
verness-sliire,  17  miles  long,  and  seven 
broad,  containing  about  3327  inhabitants. 
The  whole  parish  afibrds  excellent  pasture, 
and  many  fertile  arable  spots  are  on  the  coast. 

Buishurg,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Cleves, 
Westphalia.  Here  are  two  churches, 
two  convents,  and  an  academy,  founded 
for  Protestants,  in  the  year  1055.  It 
a staple  for  iron  manufactures  and  cloth, 
14  miles  ir  cf  Dusseldorf,  and  29  sx  of 
Cleves. 

Duitz,  or  Duytz,  a town  of  the  Grand 
duchy  of  Berg,  on  the  Rhine,  opposite  Co- 
logn,  chiefly  inhabited  by  Jews. 

Duke’s  County,  in  Massachusetts  com- 
prehends Martha^s  vineyard  island,  Chaba- 
quddick  island,  Norman^s  island,  and  the 
Elizabeth  islands.  It  contains  3265  inha- 
bitants. 

Duke  of  Yorks^  Island,  lying  in  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  n of  the  Friendly  Islands, 
was  discovered  by  commodore  Byron,  in 
1765.  Lon.  172  30  w,  lat.  7 56  s. 

Duke  of  York  Island,  an  island  between 
New  Britain  and  New  Ireland,  Pacific 
Ocean,  was  named  by  captain  Cateret,  in 
1767.  The  men  are  well  proportioned, 
stout,  of  a copper  colour  and  woolly  hair, 
their  huts  are  chiefly  of  bamboo.  The 
plantain,  banana,  yam,  sugar  cane,  betel- 
nuts,  mangoo,  bread-fruit,  and  quavas,  are 
their  principal  plants.  Dogs,  hogs,  and 
poultry  abound.  Captain  Humber,  who 
visited  the  island  in  1791,  saw  the  nutmeg. 
,Lon.  151  20  E,  lat.  4 7 s. 

Dulas,  a village  in  the  vale  of  Angle- 
sea,  stands  on  the  Dulas,  which  falls  into 
a bay  to  which  it  gives  name,  on  tha 
Irish  sea.  It  has  great  trade  in  corn,  butter,' 
fern  ashes,  and  kelp  ; 10  miles  nw  of 
Beaumaris, 

Dulcigno,  a town  in  the  province  of  AI-* 
bania,  European  Turkey,  containing  about 
7000  or  8000  souls ; has  a good  harbour  on 
the  gulf  of  Venice,  15  miles  sw  of  Scultari. 
Lon.  13  56 1,  lat.  42  23  n. 

Dull,  a parish  in  Perthshire,  about  30 
miles  long  and  12  broad,  watered  by  thO' 
rivers  Tay  and  Tummei.  The  whole  exhi- 
bits a mountainous  appearance,  except  one 
district.  Popalatioii  about  4055.  The  so- 


D U M 

ciety  for  propo^ating  Chriibtian  knowlerlge ; 
iiave  four  schools,  besides  a parochial  one 
well,  a;  tended. 

Duhek,  a borough  of  Meath,  Ireland, 
once  the  see  of  a bishop,  but  now  gone  to 
decay,  nine  miles  nnw  of  Drogheda. 

. Dulcertouy  a town  in  Somersetshire, 
on  the  river  Earle,  near  its  junction  with 
the  Ex,  with  a weekly  market  on  Satur 
day,  and  fairs  July  10th,  and  November 
hth.  The  inlvibitants  are  eliielly  employ- 
ed in  the  manufacture  oi  coarse  woollen 
ofoth.  In  the  vicinity  are  mines  of  excel- 
lent lead  : IS  mi  es  w of  Taunton,  18  n of 
Exeter,  20  of  Minehead,  and  lb<5  w by  s 
cf  .London. 

DulLcich,  a village  in  Surry,  with  a 
mineral  spring,  called  Sydenham  Wells,  five 
miles  s of  London.  It  is  famous  for  a 
college  founded  by  Edward'  Alleyn,  a 
Comedian,  in  the  reign  oi  Queen  Elizabelb, 
called  the  college  of  God^s  gift.  It  sup- 
ports six  poor  men,  six  poor  women,  and 
educvates  12  boys.  Ilie  building  was 
planned  by  Inigo  Jones,  has  some  elegant 
rooms,  and  a good  library.  The  master, 
and  the  warden,  who,  (ex  oiTicio)  succeeds 
him,  must  be  batcheiors.  The  master  is 
Lord  of  an  extensive  manor,  and  lives  in 
alfiuence. 

Duma,  a town  240  miles  w of  Cafhem, 
Arabia. 

Dumaring,  a town  of  the  island  of  Bor- 
neo, on  the  E coast.  Lon.  117  30  e,  lat.  2 
10  N. 

Dumharny,  a pari.sh  in  Perthshire,  about 
four  miles  long  and  three  broad,  including 
the  most  beautiful  part  of  Stratherjie.  Po- 
pulation is  about  1066 ; three  miles  s of 
Perth.  The  soil  is  good  and  in  high  cul- 
tivation. 

DUMBARTON,  or  as  it  w^as  ancient- 
ly called,  LENNOX,  a county  of  Scotland. 
The  eastern  part  is  fertile  in  corn.  But 
the  principal  riches  arise  from  the  fish- 
eries in  the  lochs.  Loch  Lomond,  Loch 
Long,  and  Loch  Garte,  are  the  chief. 
The  principal  town  is  Dumbarton.  The 
county  sends  one  member  to  parliament. 
It  is  divided  into  12  parishes,  which  con- 
tain about  20,710  inhabitants.  The  real 
land  rent  is  about  34,2391.  Sterling. 
From  the  top  of  the  celebrated  Ben  Lo- 
mond is  seen  much  picturesque  and  bold 
scenery. 

Dumbarton,  a town  andScapital  of  Dum-  j 
bartonshire,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Leven.  It  { 
is  said  to  be  the  ancient  Alciuid,  the  capital 
of  the  Strafhclydenses.  It  is  a considerable 
place,  and  defended  by  a very  ancient  eas-  , 
tie,  formerly  deemed  impregnable,  and  still 
the  residence  of  a garrison.  There  is  a 
considerable  crown  and  bottle  glass  manu-  j 
facture ; many  hands  are  employed  in  the  ' 
printfields  on  the  Leven.  . The  town  w^as 
erected  into  a royal  burgh  by  Alexander  11. 
in  1221.  It  has  a good  harbour;  about 
10 


DU  M 

2090  Ions  of  shipping  belong  to  this  p!ac®. 
The  number  of  inhabitants  i.s  about  3121. 
The  parish  is  nearly  circular,  ba  ing  a dia- 
meter of  about  two  miles  and  a-haif.  The 
surface  is  fiat,  and  the  soil  is  fertile.  The' 
^habitants  pay  no  borough  taxes,  but  the 
trades  impose  nigh  fines  on  tho^ewhom  they 
admit  into  their  respective  corporations. 
It  has  five  amiual  lairs;  14  miles  w of 
Glasgow,  and  58  w of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  4 
38  w,  lat.  55  59  n. 

Dumhenan,  a parish  in  Aberdsensbire. 
See  Ilautly. 

Dumblane,  a town  in  Perthshire,  sealed 
on  the  ALlir  o,  formerly  a bishop^s  see.  The 
parish  of  Du-mblane  extends  about  nine 
miles  in  length,  and  s x in  ..fea/’  j.  Scaroe- 
iy  one  half  is  arabiS  There  are  several 
plantations  of  fir,  and  sever  pits  ot  exoel- 
ieiit  marl,  lime,  f ud  coal.  Sheriff  muir, 
in  fo,.s  parish,  is  noteil  as  the  scene  oi  a se- 
vere but  indecisive  battle  fought  between 
the  Duke  of  Argy  e -xt  (he  head  of  foe  royal 
troops,  and  the  earl  of  3Jar,  wfoo  command- 
ed the  forces  of  the  Pretender  in  1715. 
Dr.  I-eighton  who  fiiied  this  see  before  his 
promo.ion  to  the  archbishoprfo  o'  Glas- 
gow, in  1699,  bequeathed  his  library,  for 
the  u e of  the  clergy  of  this  diocese.  It 
has  received  many  valuable  additions  since^ 
The  choir  of  the  cathedral  is  now  occupied 
as  the  parish  -church.  The  present  stipend 
is  what  wms  formerly  the  Deanes  living, 
for  which  reason  part  of  it  is  still  paid  by 
districts  in  several  other  parishes.  Dum- 
blane  is  a Scottish  peerage,  by  the  title  of 
Viscount,  in  the  person  of  the  duke  of  Leeds. 
Population  is  about  2619;  six  miles  n of 
Stirling,  28  sw  of  Perth,  and  41  wnw  of 
Edinburgh. 

Dumboo,  a town  in  Bornou,  Negrolaiid., 
w of  a salt  lake  of  the  same  name ; 170 
miles  NNW  of  Bornou.  Lon.  21  50  e,  lat. 
22  2 N. 

Dumfries,  a county  of  Scotland.  Tha 
surface  is  finely  diversified,  and  it  compre- 
hends the  districts  of  Annandale,  Eskdale, 
and  Nithsdaie,  which  take  their  names 
from  the  three  principle  rivers,  Annan,  Esk, 
and  Nith,  which  intersect  the  county.  Cop- 
per is  wrought ; and  in  Westerkirk  a va- 
luable mine  of  antimony  has  been  lately 
discovered.  It  is  about  60  miles  long,  and 
from  10  to  30  broad,  and  it  contains  four 
royal  burghs,  Dumfries,  Sanquhar,  Annan, 
and  Loclimaben,  and  the  smtiler  towns, 
Langholm,  Ecclefechan,  Loc  cerby,  Moffat, 
Thornhill,  and  Minehive,  besides  villages, 
it  is  divided  into  42  parochial  districts 
containing,  in  1811,  62,960  inha  , bunts. 
It  sends  one  member  to  parliament,  besides 
one  lor  the  joint  boroughs.  Larg^  Ducts 
of  this  county  lying  along  the  Solway  Frith 
and  the  rivers  are  well  cultivated  produc- 
tive of  good  crops,  and  early.  The  inha- 
bitants are  ititeliigent  and  polite.  Coals 
are  wrought  io  the  parish  of  Camiebie  oa 
K r 


DUN 


D U N 


the  5E,  atid  at  Sanquhar  in  the  Nwextremity 
of  the  county.  Peat  is  the  most  coinmon 
fuel. 

DumfiieJiy  a royal  borousjh  and  capital 
of  the  above  county,  on  the  river  Nith, 
about  nine  miles  n by  w of  its  mouth  na-  j 
vigable  by  smail  craft  to  the  town,  and  | 
by  large  vessels  to  Glen ca pel,  four  miles  |i 
below,  with  a market  on  Wednesrlay.  On  j| 
the  other  side  of  the  Nith  is  a large  vil-  | 
lage  called  Bridge-end,  connected  with  j 
the  tovrn  by  two  bridges.  It  is  governed  | 
by  a provost,  three  bail  lies,  <fec.  annually  I 
elected.  The  assizes  for  the  county  of 
DuiXifricS  and  the  stewarlry  of  Kirkcud- 
bright arc  held  in  the  town  twice  a-year. 

It  is  the  seat  of  the  sheriff  and  commissary 
courts,  of  a synod  and  presbytery.  Uas 
two  handsome  churches,  an  elegant  as- 
sembly room,  an  infirmary,  and  house  of 
correction.  The  old  bridge  over  the  Nith 
consisting  of  nine  arches,  is  said  to  be  500 
years  old;  the  other,  which  is  very -elegant, 
is  not  above  20.  Dumfries  has  been  long 
celebrated  for  its  schools,  and  has  been 
the  resort  of  the  neighbouring  youth  for 
elegant  grammatical  and  mathematical 
tuition.  For  this  reasqn,  as  w^ell  as  its  j 
local  situation,  it  has  become  remarkable  jj 
for  information,  elegance,  and  varied  amuse- 
ment. Here  are  vestiges  of  a Franciscan 
priory,  of  two  castles,  and  of  a chapel. 
The  latter  was  erected  by  King  Robert 
Bruce  on  the  spot  where  his  father-in-law 
Sir  Christopher  Seton  was  banged,  by  or- 
der of  King  Edward  I.  of  England.  Peats 
for  luel  are  obtained  from  the  Lochar 
moss,  which  lies  ne  of  the  town,  of  which 
tradition  says, 

First  a wood,  and  then  a sea, 

Now  a moss  and  e‘er  wall  be.’’ 

Dumfries  in  1811  contained  9262  inhabi- 
tants. It  has  two  annual  fairs,  in  February, 
and  September.  About  eight  or  10  coasting 
vessels  belong  to  the  town,  besides  two  or 
three  employed  in  the  Baltic  and  wine 
trades.  Dumfries  gives  the  title  of  earl  to 
the  chief  of  the  family  of  Crighton.  In  the 
church  yard  are  interred  the  remains  of 
the  celebrated  Ayrshire  bard,  Robert 
Burns.  It  is  36  miles  w by  n of  Carlisle, 
and  74  sw  of  Edinburgh.  The  parish  of 
Dumfries  is  six  miles  in  length,  and  from 
two  to  three  in  breadth.  Lon.  3 29  w,lat. 
559  N. 


leagues  Kxw  of  Verdun,  15  miles  s ,qf 
Burgos. 

Dun  Le  Roiy  a town  in  the  department 
of  the  Cher,  France,  on  the  river  Auron, 
containing  about  1500  inhabitants. 

Dunald  Mill  Hole,  a remarkable  cave, 
five  miles  from  Lancaster,  it  receives  a river 
conducts  it  two  miles  under  ground,  and 
dicharges  it  at  Camford. 

Dunamond , a town  in  the  government 
of  Riga.,  Russia,  formerly  it  belonged  tn 
Coiirland,  but  w’as  taken  by  the  Sweden. 
In  ItOO  the  Poles  took  it,  and  Charles  XII. 
Oi  Sw'eden  retook  it  next  year.  In  1710, 
it  was  taken  by  Peter  the  Great.  Stands  at 
the  mouth  o.f  the  Dwina,  15  miles  nw  of 
Riga,  and  20  n of  Mittau.  Lon.  23  4 e, 
lat.  57  5 N. 

Dunbar,  a sea-port  and  royal  burgh  on 
the  NK  coast  of  the  county  ol  Haddington, 
on  the  German  ocean,  with  a good  har- 
bour, defended  by  a iDattery.  The  chief 
trade  of  this  place  is  the  exportation  of 
corn,  and  the  Greenland  and  herring  fish- 
ery. The  town  is  governed  by  a provost, 
three  bailies,  a treasurer,  and  15  coun- 
sellors. It  is  27  miles  e of  Edinburgh. 
The  parish  of  Dunbar  extends  about  nine 
miles  along  the  coast,  and  nearly  two 
miles  in  breadth.  The  face  the  country 
is  very  pleasant,  and  the  soil  rich.  Popu- 
lation of  the  town  and  parish  is  about  S9>]. 
Lime  is  wrought  in  the  parish.  The 
church,  in  form  of  a cross,  w’as  built  iu 
1392.  Here  in  1296,  Earl  Warrenne  de- 
feated John  Baliol,  and  Oliver  Cromwell 
obtained  a yictory  over  the  Scots  in  1650. 
Its  castle  was  demolished  by  the  Regent 
Murray,  on  the  downfall  of  Bothwell,  hus- 
band to  Queen  Mary.  Lon.  2 28  w,  lat. 

56  0 N. 

Dunhog,  a parish  in  the  county  of  Fife, 
above  three  miles  long,  and  about  two 
broad.  The  ground  is  in  general  wet  and 
cold.  Population  is  about  232. 

Duncannon  Fort,  a fort  and  village  of 
Ireland,  in  the  county  of  Wexford,  defends 
Waterford  harbour,  four  miles  w of  Feath- 
ard,  and  15  s of  New  Ross. 

Dundalk,  a sea-port  town  in  the  county 
of  Lowth.  Here  are  held  the  assizes  for 
the  county.  Muslin  and  linen  are  manu- 
factured. It  is  a burgh  town,  and  sends  a 
repre.sentative  to  the  British  parliament,  J i 
miles  s of  Newrv,  20  N of  Drogheda,  and 
40  N of  Dublin;  Lon.  6 28  w,  lat.  53 

57  N. 


Dumfries,  a town  of  Virginia,  on  the 
N side  of  Quantico  Creek,'  four  miles 
above  its  entrance  into  the  Potomac,  and 
20  sw  of  Alexandria.  Lon.  77  30  w,  lat. 
38  30  N. 

Du7i,  a parish  in  Angus-shire,  about 
four  miles  .square,  watered  by  the  s Esk. 
The  soil  is  fertile.  Population  is  about 
651. 

Dim,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Meuse,  France,  on  the  Meu.se.  It  is  five 


Dundee,  a large  and  flourishing  sea-port 
town  in  the  county  of  Angus,  situated  on 
the  N side  of  the  Frith  of  Tay.  It  is  large 
and  well  built,  consisting  of  several  streets. 
The  market-place  or  High  street,  is  a spa- 
cious square  360  feet  long  by  100  broad  On 
the  s side  of  this  square  stands  an  elegant 
Town-house.  At  the  e end  of  the  square, 
the  incorporated  trades  have  a large  and 
beautiful  hall.  At  a small  distance  w from 
the  great  square,  is  the  old  church,  with  a 


D U N 


DUN 


large  square  Gothic  tower  or  steeple,  156 
feet  high.  On  an  eminence  necir  the  Cow-  i 
gate,  is  St  Andrew^s  church,  with  a fine 
spire  139  feet  high.  A large  and  elegant 
infirmary  has  been  lately  erected.  The 

population  is  upwards  of  24,000.  Be- 

sides the  public  grammar-school,  and 
the  English  schools,  there  is  an  academy. 
The  harbour  is  good,  and  capable  or  re- 
ceiving vessels  of  300  tons.  Upwards  of 
120  vessels  belong  to  the  port.  The  Tay 
is  here  full  two  miles  broad,  but  from  the 
harbour  there  are  ferry-boats  to  the  coast 
of  Fife.  The  manufactures  of  Dundee 
are  numerous  : those  of  coarse  linen  and 
sail  cloth,  have  encouraged  the  erection 
of  three  spinning  mills.  Those  of  cordage, 
thread,  buckram,  tanned  leather  ; shoes, 
and  hats,  are  also  considerable.  An  iron 
fOundery  was  lately  erected  ; and  the 
refining  of  sugar  has  been  carried  cn  for 
several  years,  and  a manufacture  of  glass. 
Besides  the  Dundee  Banking  Company, 
anci  a branch  of  the  Bank  of  Scotland,  the 
trade  of  Dundee  has  encouraged  others  in 
the  banking  business.  1’he  town  is  govern- 
ed by  a provost,  four  bailies,  a dean  of 
guild,  treasurer,  and  15  counseliors.  The 
parish  of  Dundee  extends  about  six  miles 
from  E to  w',  along  the  besnks  of  the 
Tay.  On  the  n side  of  the  town  is 
the  Law  or  hill  of  Dundee,  rising  in 
a conical  shape  to  the  height  of  525 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  Tay.  The 
number  of  inhabitants  in  the  town  and 
parish  29,616  in  1811.  Dundee  is  40  miles 
N by  E of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  2 48  w,  lat. 
56  26  N. 

Dcndelehackf  Lochj  a lake  in  the  county 
of  Inverness  and  parish  of  Daviot,  about 
six  miles  long  and  one  and  a-half  broad. 

Diindonaldy  a parish  and  village  in  Ayr- 
shire. The  parish  extends  from  the  harbour 
of  Irvine  about  eight  miles  along  the  sea 
coast.  The  surface  is  various.  The- 
village  is  situated  at  the  nw  edge  of 
Claven  hills.  Coal  abounds  in  every  part 
of  the  parish.  Its  old  castle  in  which  lived 
and  died  king  Robert  II.  of  Scotland,  gives 
the  title  of  earl  to  the  family  of  Cochrane. 
Population  is  about  1,240. 

Dundroichf  or  Druid’s  Hilly  two  miles 
E of  Peebles,  2,100  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea. 

Dundruniy  a village  in  the  comity  of 
Down,  Ireland,  stands  on  a bay  of  its  name, 
seven  miles  sw  of  Downpatrick. 

Dunfermline,  a royal  borough,  in  the 
western  district  of  Fileshire,  about  three 
miles  from  tiie  Frith  of  Forth,  with  a 
market  on  Friday.  The  parish  church  and 
s teeple  are  la*  ge  and  ancient.  The  borough 
was  made  royal  by  a charter  from  James 
VI.  1588.  It  was  long  a royal  residence, 
many  kings  and  queens  are  buried  here, 
Charles  I.  was  born  in  this  town.  The 
houses  in  the  town  are  well  built,  and  it  is 


rapidly  increasing.  It  has  a large  suburb, 
connected  with  the  town  by  a badge 
nearly  300  feet  long.  Dunfermline  has 
been  long  noted  for  its  extensive  linen 
manufactures,  especially  table  linen,  which 
is  done  here  in  great  perfection.  In  the 
chest  of  the  corporation  of  weavers  is  pre- 
served a mafias  shirt,  wrought  in  the  loom 
above  100  years  ago,  without  a seam. 
The  bottom  for  the  neck  baffled  his  inge- 
nuity. The  town  is  governed  by  a provost, 
two  bailies,  a dean  of  guild,  and  22  coun- 
sellors annually  elected.  It  is  16  miles  nw 
of  Edinburgh.  The  parish  of  Buoiermline 
is  of  an  irregular  figure,  about  eight  miles 
from  N to  s,  and  about  five  broad,  Th^ 
surface  slopes  gradually  to  the  sea  ; the 
soil  is  various.  The  parish  abounds  with 
valuable  mines  and  minerals.  The  total 
population  is  11,649. 

Dungannon,  ec  tov:!!,  capital  of  the  coun- 
ty of  Tyrone,  Ireland,  but  the  assizes 
are  held  at  Omagh.  Near  it  are  exten- 
sive coal-mines.  It  sends  a representa- 
tive to  the  British  parliament.  Has  a 
free  school  founded  by  Charles  L,  and 
stands  on  a bill  ; 14  miles  nkw  of 
Armagh,  and  72  from  Dublin  in  the  same 
direction. 

Dungarvan,  a sea-port  town  in  the 
county  of  Waterford.  It  sends  a repre- 
sentative to  the  British  pariiameni.  It 
is  supplied  with  water  by  an  aqueduct, 
six  miles  in  length,  20  miles  sw  of 
Waterford,  32  ene  of  Cork,  and  100  ssw 
of  Dublin.  Lon.  7 55  w,  lat.  51  57  n. 

Dungenessy  a cape  on  the  s coast  of  Kent, 
on  which  is  a fort  and  a light-house,  eight 
miles  s by  w of  New  Romney,  Lon.  0 51  e, 
lat.  510  N. 

Dimgeness  Point,  a cape  in  the  e entrance 
of  the  straits  of  Magellan.  Lon.  68  28  w, 
lat.  52  28  s. 

Dungisbay^Head,  said  to  be  the  Beruhiiim 
of  Ptolemy,  in  the  county  of  Caithness, 
and  forms  the  ne  corner  of  the  island  of 
Great  Britain.  The  Stalks  of  Dungisby, 
as  they  are  called,  are  two  pyramidal  pillars 
, of  uciked  free-stone  rock,  frequented  by  in- 
numberable  sea-fowl.  Here  is  the  ruin  of 
John  O^Groats-house. 

Dunian,  a hill  in  Roxburghshire,  elevated 
1,031  feet  above  the  level  of  the  seat 

Dunipace  and  Lahert,  an  united  parish 
in  the  se  of  Stirlingshire,  extending  about 
eight  miles  from  e to  w,  and  two  from  n 
to  s.  The  surface  is  level  and  productive. 
In  Dunipace^  there  are  a print  field  and 
I extensive  cotton  spinning  machinery.  Near 
j the  village  of  Larbert,  which  contains  about 
1,000  inhabitants,  are  Carron  iron  works  ; 
and  there  is  another  village  at  the  colliery 
of  Kinpaird.  In  this  district  lies  the  moor 
on  which  falkirk  tryst  is  held,  and  the 
famous  Tor  wood,  the  retreat  of  Wallace. 
On  the  banks  of  the  Carron  are  two  artificial 
mounts  about  60  feet  in  height,  said 
R r 2 


BUN 

hAve  been  raised  as  memorials  of  peace  be- 
tween the  Romans  and  Caledonians.  The 
population  is  about  4,2 IT. 

Diinkeldf  a town  in  Perthshire,  situated 
on  the  N bank  of  the  Tay,  over  which  there 
is  a fine  bridge  recently  finished.  It 
■was  the  capital  of  ancient  Caledonia. 
There  still  remain  some  majestic  ruins 
of  its  cathedral,  part  of  which  has  been 
repaired,  and  convert'd  into  a handsome 
parish  church.  Dunkeld  is  at  present  a 
flourishing  little  town,  with  considerable 
linen  and  cotton  manufactures,  tan  works, 
It^  is  the  chief  market  town  of  the 
Highlands,  and,  besides  a v/eekiy  market 
on  Saturday,  has  the  privilege  of  holding 
six  annual  fairs.  The  government  is  lodged 
in  a baron  bailie,  appointed  by  the  duke 
of  Athol,  v/ho  is  superior,  and  has  a fine 
seat  here.  It  is  said  that  Dunkeld  was 
the  ecclesiastical  metropolis  of  both  Scots 
and  Piets,  Here  was  a convent  of  Cul- 
dees,  founded  in  the  6th  century,  soon  after 
Iona  had-^  been  plundered  by  the  Banes 
and  Norwegians.  The  convent  was  con- 
verted into  a cathedral  in  1127.  Part  of 
it  is  now  used  as  the  parish  church.  It 
lies  12  miles  nw  of  Perth,  and  54  nw  by 
K of  Edinburgh.  It  is  the  resort  of  much 
genteel  company  in  summer  on  account 
of  the  saliibriety  of  the  air  and  goaVs 
whey. . 

Dunkeld  and  Dowolly,  are  generally 
considered  as  forming  one  parish  ; the 
former  includes  the  town  of  Dunkeld 
and  its  vicinity.,  Near  the  church  stands 
the  mansion  of  the  duke  of  Athol.  Dowally 
extends  westward  six  miles  along  the  n 
bank  of  the  Tay.  The  population  of  the 
united  parish  is  about  1857. 

Dunkeld  Little,  is  an  extensive  parish 
of  a triangular  figure,  the  longest  sides 
being  about  16  miles  in  length.  The 
soil  is  various,  and  contains  several  natural 
plantations.  It  is  watered  by  the  I'ay 
and  the  Bran.  The  society  lor  propagating 
Christian  knowledge  have  two  schools 
in  this  parish.  On  the  hill  of  Birnam 
are  quarries  of  excellent  blue  slate,  and 
near  Murthly  is  an  inexhaustible  quarry 
©f  fine  grey  free-stone.  The  population  is 
about  29771 

Dunkirk,  or  Dunkerque,  a sea -port  in 
the  department  of  the  North,  France. 
It  is  the  most  important  town  and 
harbour  on  the  whole  coast.  By  means 
of  a sluice  42  feet  wide,  the  bason  within 
the  town  will  hold  40  ships  of  the  line 
always  floating.  Dunkirk  is  divided  into 
the  Old  and  New  Town.  It  was  taken 
from  the  Spaniards  by  the  English  and 
Frencii  in  IfldS,  and  sold  to  the  French 
by  Charles  II.  in  1662.  The  number 
of  inha])ita.nts  is  estimated  at  80,600  ; 22 
miles  sw  of  Oslend.  Lon.  2 27  e,  lat.  51 

2 N. 

Duuleer,  a town  in  the  county  of  Loulb. 
li  is  a burgh  town,  which  sent  two  members 


uu  N 

to  the  Irish  parliament ; eight  miles  knw  of 
Drogheda. 

Dunlichty,  See  Daviot. 

Dunlop,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  th» 
county  of  Ayr,  of  an  oblong  figure,  being 
seven  miles  long,  and  two  and  a-ha)f 
broad.  The  ground,  though  hilly,  is  well 
adapted  either  for  pasture  or  cultivation. 
The  farmers  here,  from  their  great  atten- 
tion to  the  dairy,  have  rendered  Dunlop 
famous  for  cheese.  Population  about  808. 
The  village  of  Dunlop  is  about  eight  miles 
N of  Irvine. 

Dunmanaway,  a town  in  the  county  of 
Cork,  on  the  Bandon,  has  a flourishing 
manufacture  of  linen  ; 32  miles  wsw  of 
Cork. 

Dunmannus  Bay,  a bay  s of  Bantry  Bay, 
in  the  county  of  Cork  ; about  14  miles  long, 
and  from  one  to  three  broad. 

Dunmore,  a town  in  Stirlingshire,  and 
parish  of  Airth. 

Dunmore,  a town  in  the  county  of  Gal- 
way, Ireland  ; eight  miles  kke  of  Tuam,aiid 
25  w of  Rosscommon. 

D cmiow,  a corporate  town  in  the  county 
of  Essex;  market  on  Saturday  It  has  a 
manufacture  of  baize ; 38  miles  nne  of 
London. 

Dunmoiv,  Little,  a village  in  Essex, 
near  Great  Dunlow  : had  once  a monas- 
tery. This  place  is  remarkable  for  ths 
tenure  of  its  manor ; namely,  that  what- 
ever married  couple  will  go  to  the  priory, 
and  swear  that  they  have  not  repented 
of  their  marriage,  within  a year  and  a day 
after  it  took  place,  shall  receive  a flitch  of 
bacon. 

Dunnet,  a town  in  Caithness-shire,  situ- 
ated on  the  E side  of  a bay  to  which  it  gives 
name.  The  parish  of  Dunnet  extends  about 
10  miles  in  length,  and  on  an  average,  two 
miles  and  a-balf  in  breadth.  It  is  one  of 
the  most  northerly  in  Great  Britain.  Tho 
soil  is  in  general  light,  with  little  clay  or 
deep  loam,  the  greater  part  is  uncultivated. 
Population  about  1,366.  Dunnet  is  five 
miles  E of  Thurso. 

Dunnet  Head,  a cape  on  the  n coast  of 
the  above,  parish,  is  the  nerthernmost  point 
of  the  mainland  in  Scotland. 

Duiinichefi,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in 
Forfarshire,  about  four  miles  long,  and 
from  tv;o  to  three  broad.  It  is  mostly 
arable.  Population  1,049.  In  the  village 
is  an  annual  fair  on  the  2d  Wednesday  of 
March,  o s ; has  a manufactory  of  cotton ; 
three  miles  and  a-half  sEof  Foriar,  and  15  n 
of  Dundee. 

Dunning,  a parish  and  village  in  Perth- 
shire, lying  at  the  northern  extremity  of  the 
Ochii  bills,  where  they  terminate  iii  Srra- 
therne.  The  lower  and  cultivated  paits 
have  strong  soil.  The  village  of  Dunning, 
about  nine  miles  sw  of  Perth,  is  considerable 
for  size  ; and  in  the  immediate  neighbour- 
hood is  the  village  of  New  Fiicairn  or  Dra- 
I goiFs  Den.  The  inhabituidii  of  Dunning. 


DUN 

are  chiefly  employed  in  the  cotton  manu- 
facture. The  population  is  about  1,504. 

Dunnose,  a cape  or  promontory  on  the  se 
coast  of  the  isle  of  Wight.  Lon.  1 33  w, 
lat.  50  34  N. 

Dunnottar,  a parish  and  village  in  Kin- 
cardineshine,  situated  on  the  coast  near 
Stonehaven.  The  parish  is  of  a triangular 
figure,  extending  about  four  miles  on  each 
side.  The  soil  towards  the  coast  is  a kind 
of  clay  loam  ; but,  as  it  recedes,  it  dege- 
nerates into  a wet  gravelly  moor.  The 
castle  of  Dunnottar  exhibits  one  of  the 
most  majestic  ruins  in  Scotland.  Here 
were  lodged  the  crown,  sceptre,  sword,  and 
other  regalia  of  Scotland  in  the  time  of  the 
civil  wars  in  the  17th  century.  This  castle 
was  used  as  a prison  for  Presbyterians  dur- 
ing the  prevalence  of  episcopacy,  mciny 
of  whom  died  of  the  cruel  treatment 
they  experienced.  Population  is  about 
1,978. 

DunoGUy  a parish  and  village  in  Argyll- 
shire, on  the  w side  of  the  Frith  of  Clyde. 
The  parish  is  about  24  miles  in  length,  and 
on  an  average  two  in  breadth.  The  general 
appearance  of  the  country  is  fiat  and 
agreeable.  The  soil  is  sandy  and  fertile. 
In  the  neighbourhood  of  the  village  is 
the  castle  of  Dunnoa.  Population  about 
1,750. 

Dunreggatiy  a small  village  in  Dumfries- 
shire, united  by  a stone  bridge,  with  the 
village  of  Minniehive.  They  contain  up- 
wards of  400  inhabitants. 

Dunrohin  Castle,  an  ancient  castle  in 
Sutherlandshire,  the  seat  of  the  countess. 

Dimrossness,  a parish  in  Shetland,  to 
which  the  parishes  of  Sandv/ick  and  Cun- 
ningsburgh  are  united.  The  soil  is  various. 
On  the  Fair  Isle  in  this  parish,  the  flag  ship 
of  the  Spanish  armada  was  wrecked.  The 
town  is  situated  28  miles  s of  Lerwick. 
Population  about  3,201. 

Dunscore,  a parish  in  the  district  of 
Nithsdale,  Dumfries-shire.  Ii  is  nearly  12 
miles  in  length ; its  breadth  varying  from 
half  a mile  to  four  miles.  It  is  level  along 
the  Nith,  but  being  generaliy  hilly  and  moun- 
tainous, it  is  mostly  in  pasture.  Population 
is  about  1,174. 

Dunse,  a town  of  Scotland,  the  largest 
in  Berwickshire,  situated  at  the  foot  of  a 
beautiful  hill  called  Dunse  Law.  The 
town  contains  about  2,400  inhabitants.  On 
the  w of  the  town  is  a bieachfield,  a 
brewery,  and  a snuff  mill.  Near  it,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Whittadder,  is  an  extensive 
paper-mill.  About  a mile  from  the  town 
is  the  celebrated  mineral  spring,  called 
Dunse  Spaw^_,  similar  to  ihat  of  Tunbridge 
in  England,  esteemed  very  eflioacious  in 
complaints  of  the  stomach,  and  in  ail 
cases  of  debility.  The  parish  of  Dunse 
is  an  oblong  square  of  eight  miles  by  five. 
Oreat  part  of  the  parish  is  exocedinijly  j 
fertile,  and  in  general  inclosed.  The  learn-  I 
©d  and  celebrated  metaphysician  and  theo- 


D u R 

legist,  Joannes  Duns  Scotus,  was  bom 
i i Dunse,  in  1274.  Population  abouSi 
3,163;  15  miles  w of  Berwick,  and  42 
ESE  of  Edinburgh.  On  the  top  of  Dunsa 
Law  is  a camp,  in  which  the  army  of  the 
covenanters  lay  for  sometime,  during 
their  struggle  for  civil  and  religious  li- 
berty. 

DUNSKEPtRY,  a small  island  on  th® 
N coast  of  Sutherland,  four  miles  ese  of 
Far-out  FJead, 

Dunstable,  a very  ancient  town  in  th® 
county  of  Bedford.  The  chief  support  of 
the  towli  is  its  situation,  being  a thorough- 
fare to  the  N and  nw  counties.  The  church 
is  the  remainder  of  a priory,  near  it  is  a 
farm  house  which  was  once  a royal  palace. 
Dunstable  is  celebrated  for  hats  and  baskets 
made  of  straw.  It  is  33  miles  nw  of 
London. 

Dunstaffnage,  an  ancient  castle  and 
palace  of  Argyllshire,  one  of  ihe  first 
seats  of  Pictish  and  Scottish  kings. 
FI ere  are  still  some  of  the  ancient  rega- 
lia, a chapel  in  which  are  said  to  bt? 
buried  some  of  the  kings  of  Scotland.  Here 
was  long  preserved  a stone,  used  as  the  seat 
of  the  Scottish  monarchs,  at  their  corona- 
tion, removed  to  Scone  by  Kenith  II.  and  by 
Edward  I.  in  1296  to  Westminster  abbey. 
It  is  seated,  almost  insulated  at  the  entrance 
of  the  Loch  Eiive,  24  miles  nw  of  Irt- 
verary. 

Dunster,  a town  in  the  county  of  So- 
merset. It  contains  about  400  houses, 
and  has  a manufacture  of  kerseys.  A 
weekly  market  on  Friday.  It  has  a cas- 
tle supposed  to  have  been  built  by  Wil- 
liam I.  seated  near  the  Bristol  Channel, 
20  miles  nw  of  Taunton,  and  161  w of 
London. 

Dimyegan,  a bay  and  headland  on  th® 
w coast  of  the  isle  of  Skye,  near  which  is  a 
smali  village  of  the  same  name. 

Dimwich,  a town  in  the  county  of 
Sul7olk>  It  has  a market  on  Saturday; 
and  still  returns  two  meipbersto  parliament. 
The  remains  of  two  churches  and  a castle 
are  the  only  marks  of  its  former  greatness. 
It  is  99  miles  n of  London. 

DUQUELLA,  a province  of  Africa,  in 
the  empire  O'f  Morocco,  about  25  leagues 
long  and  20  broad.  It  is  exceedingly  fer- 
tile. 

Durance,  a river  of  France ; rises  near 
Brlancon,  and  passing  by  Embrun,  Tallard, 
Monosque,  an'd  Avignon,  falls  into  th® 
Rhone. 

Durango,  a town  in  the  province  of 
New  Biscay,  N.  America.  The  air  rs heal- 
thy ; and  the  land  about  it  is  fertile.  Lon. 
103  36  w,  lat.  24  10  n. 

Durarzo,  a sea  port  town  in  Albania,  an- 
cieatiy  named  Epidamnus  and  Dyrrachium, 

; European  Turkey.  It  is  strong  and  popu- 
lous ; with  a good  harbour  ; is  the  see  of  a 
Greek  archbishop.  Lon.  19  26  e,  iat»  Ii 
42  N, 


D U R 

Dnrbunga,  a town  in  the  country  of  Ba- 
bar,  Hindoostau,  near  the  Evgary,  50  miles 
of  Patna. 

Durhuyy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Ourte,  capital  of  a county  of  the  same 
name,  France,  seated  on  the  Ourte,  20 
miles  s by  \7  of  Liege.  Lon.  o 28  e,  lat. 

SO  18  N. 

Dureuy  a fortified  town  in  the  department 
of  the  Roer,  Germany,  lately  France,  stands 
en  the  Roer,  12  miles  s of  Juiiers. 

DURHAM,  a county  of  England,  about 
180  miles  in  circumference,  and  divided 
into  four  wards,  which  contain  one  city, 
nine  towns,  28,366  houses,  and  about 
177,625  inhabitants,  in  1811.  It  is  usuaily 
called  the  Bishopric  of  Dm  ham,  or  the  Coun- 
ty Palatinate  of  Durham.  This  county  for 
its  size,  is  perhaps  one  of  the  most  hilly  in 
the  kingdom,  covered  however,  with  ver- 
dure to  the  top,  and  many  of  them  contain 
lead  and  iron,  ores,  coal,  limestone,  free- 
stone, &o.  Near  Wolsingham  arc  found 
beautifal  black  spotted  marble,  and  ihe 
large  grey  mill  stone  for  grinding  t3orn. 
There  are  also  several  quarries  of  firestone. 
Near  the  river  Tees,  the  land  is  rich,  and  is 
generally  fertile  near  the  other  rivers ; 
other  parts  are  not  so  good.  The  climate 
is  very  uncertain,  and  the  harvest  hazardous. 
The  principal  manufactures  are  tammies, 
carpets,  huckaback,  cottons,  sailcloths, 
salts,  steels,  glass,  ropes,  pottery,  iron 
wmrks,  iron  founderics,  copperas,  paper,  &e. 
Durham  is  the  capital.  The  towns  are 
Stockton,  Sunderland,  Barnard  Castle,  Dar- 
lington, Stanhope,  Hartlepool,  Bishops 
Auckland,  Woisingham,  aad  Sedgefield. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Tees,  the  Tyne, 
the  Derwent,  the  Skern,  and  the  Wear. 
Four  members  are  only  rtiturned  to  parlia- 
ment, viz.  twm  for  the  county,  and  two  for  I 
the  city.  To  this  county  belongs  a detach- 
ed  part,  wdiich  lies  n of  Northumberland,  !i 
called  Norhamshire,  and  Islandshire,  or  j| 
Holy  Island  ; which  includes  Spittal  and 
Tweedmouth.  | 

Durham^  the  capital  of  the  above  county,  | 
is  a bishop^s  see,  with  a market  on  Saturday. 
It  is  situated  on  a hill,  surrounded  by  others 
more  lofty.  It  is  almost  surrounded,  and  is 
intersected  in  several  places  by  the  river 
Wear,  over  which  are  three  stone  bridges. 
It  is  the  see  of  a bishop,  suffragan  of  York, 
who  is  lord  paramount  of  the  county,  and 
earl  of  Segberg.  The  diocese  extends  over 
the  counties  of  Durham  and  Northumber- 
land. The  cathedral,  which  is  a grand  Go- 
thic building,  and  the  castle,  now  the  | 
bishopfs  palace,  stand  on  the  highest  part  of 
the  hill.  The  venerable  Bede  and  St. 
Cuthbert,  are  buried  in  the  former.  Be- 
sides the  cathedral  there  are  in  the  cif>'  and 
suburbs,  six  parish  churches,  an  hospital 
endowed  by  bishop  Cofin,  and  two  schools 
founded  by  bishop  Langley.  In  a vale  | 
near  the  river  are  the  remains  of  Finchal 
abbey,  and  on  the  w,  Nevil  Cross,  which 


B u R 

commemorates  the  victory  obtained  in 
1346,  by  queen  Philappa,  over  David 
Bruce  king  of  Scotland,  who  was  taken 
prisoner.  This  city  was  founded  in  995 
by  the  monks  and  bishop  of  Lindisfern, 
who  had  been  expelled  from  that  island  by 
the  Danes,  in  883,  and  who  resided  113 
years  at  Chester  le  Speck,  previous  to  their 
removal  to  Durham.  The  city  contains 
1054  houses,  and  6763  inhabitants,  in  1811. 
The  government  of  the  city  is  now  vested  in 
cl  mayor,  recorder,  1 2 aldermen,  town  clerks, 
and  24  common  conn  oil  men;  14  miles  » 
of  Newcastle,  and  249  n by  w of  London. 
Lou.  I 15  w,  lat.  54  44  x. 

Durham^  a town  in  Stafford  county, 
New  Hampshire,  near  it  is  a rock  of  60 
tons,  so  exactly  poised  on  anofher  rock,  as 
to  bo  easily  moved  with  the  linger.  It 
stands  on  Oyster  river,  near  its  confiiiX 
with  the  Pascataqua ; 16  miles  w of  Ports- 
mouth. Lon.  70  54  w,  lat.  43  5 n. 

Durham,  a towm  in  Connecticut,  United 
States,  seven  miles  sw^  of  Middleton. 

Durisdeer,  a parish  and  village  in  Dum- 
fries-sbire.  The  parish  is  eight  miles  iong^ 
and  five  broad,  divided  by  the  river  Nith. 
The  surface  is  level,  and  the  soil  tolerably 
fertile.  Population,  about  1148.  In  the 
north  isle  of  the  church  is  the  burial  place 
of  the  family  of  Queensberry,  decorated 
with  marble,  carved  and  gilt  in  a very  su- 
perior style.  The  village  is  nine  or  ten 
miles  ESE  of  Sanquhar,  and  20  nw  of  Dum- 
fries. 

Dtirkheiin,  or  Turkhebn,  a tow  n in  the 
department  of  Upper  Rhine,  France.  Here 
the  French  defeated  the  Austrians,  in  1675  ; 
four  miles  nw  of  Colmar. 

Durkheim,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Mont  Tonnere,  Palatinate  of  the 
Rhine,  on  the  Ilardt ; 1 7 miles  sw  of 

Worms. 

DurlacJi,  a town  in  Suabia,  Germany.  It 
has  manufactures  of  china  ware,  cloth,  and 
staffs.  The  environs  are  fertile,  especially 
in  fruit  and  wine.  It  stands  on  the  Gissien, 
15  miles  nne  of  Baden.  Lon.  8 55  e,  lat. 
48  59  N. 

Durness,  a town  in  Sutberlandshire  on 
a river  of  the  same  name,  at  the  bottom  of 
the  bay  of  Kyle  of  Durness.  The  parish  of 
Durness  is  about  15  miles  long  and  13 
broad.  The  scenery  is  wild  and  mountain- 
ous, but  towards  the  shore  there  are  several 
beautiful  fields  and  rich  pasture.  A great 
quantity  of  kelp  is  burnt  and  fish  taken 
on  the  shore.  The  whole  parish  rests  on 
a bed  of  limestone.  Population  about 
1208. 

Durour^s  Island,  aii  island  in  the  Eastern 
Indian  ocean.  Lon.  143  21  e,  lat.  I 44  s. 

Burrow,  a town  of  Kilkenny,  insulated 
with  its  district  in  Queen  s county,  Ireland, 
has  the  magnificent  seat  of  Castle  Durrow, 
14  miles  s by  w of  Maryborough,  and  16 
NNW  of  Kilkenny. 

DurriSj  di.  parish  in  Kincardineshire  about 


D W I 


E A G 


eig:ht  miles  long,  and  five  and  a-half  broad,  j- 
The  soil  is  poor  ; the  population  6-50.  ( 

Diirsey,  an  island  near  the  sw  coast  of  , 
Ireland,  about  r.vo  miles  long,  and  half  a j 
mile  broad. 

Darsley,  a town  in  the  county  of  Glou- 
cester, celebrr?cted  for  its  manulactnre  of 
broad  clot)},  and  cards  for  clothiers.  It  has 
the  re  iiains  of  a castle,  and  stands  near  the 
Severn,  13  miles  sw  of  Gloucester,  and  107 
w of  London  It  has  a weekly  market  on 
Thursday. 

Dartal,  a towm  in  the  department  of 
the  Maine  and  Loire,  France.  Tanning 
is  the  principal  trade  ; 16  miles  ne  of 
Angers. 

Dusky  Bayy  a bay  on  the  sw  coast  of  the 
southermost  island  of  Nev;  Zealand,  Pacific 
Ocean.  Its  lofty  hills  along  the  coast  are 
covered  with  impenetrable  forests.  Here 
are  several  coves  and  harbours,  where 
abundance  of  refreshments  are  found.  Lon. 
166  J8  E,  lat.  45  47  s. 

Dusseldorf,  a city  and  capital  of  the 
duchy  of  Berg,  Westphalia,  It  is  strong  ana 
well  built,  and  contains  about  10,000  souls. 
Here  is  a celebrated  gallery  of  paintings. 
It  stands  on  the  Dussel,  and  was  taken  by 
the  French  in  179<5  ; 25  miles  s of  Wesel. 
Lon.  6 40  E,  lat.  51  15  n. 

Duthil  and  Rotkiemurcus,  two  united 
parishes,  partly  in  the  county  of  Elgin, 
and  p-titiy  in  that  of  Inverness,  about  iiO 
miles  in  length,  and  nearly  17  in  breadth, 
Fir,  birch,  and  alder,  grow  on  tdc  skirts 
of  the  hills.  The  soil  on  the  banks  of  the 
Spey  and  Dulnan  is  fertile,  but  the  rest  of 
the  district  is  thin  and  gravelly.  Popu- 
lation about  1,578.  The  village  and  its 
very  ancient  church,  about  25  miles  ssw  of 
Elgin. 

Dutlingen.  See  Tidlingen, 

Duxhorough,  a town  of  Massachusetts, 
in  Plynieuth  county,  with  a harbour, 
and  a iight-house  at  the  s extremity  of  the 
beach,  three  miles  s by  e across  .Plymouth 
bay. 

Duysburg,  a fortified  town  in  the  duchy 
of  Cleves,  SYestphaiia,  stands  on  the  iloer, 
near  the  Rhine,  trades  with  Holland,  and 
has  a Calvinist  university ; 12  miles  s by  e 
of  Wesel. 

Duytz,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Berg, 
Westphalia,  seated  on  the  Rhine,  opposite 
Cologne,  is  principally  inhabited  by  Jew's, 
and  has  a Benedictine  Abbey. 

Duyreland,  an  island  of  Zealand,  about 
three  leagues  long  by  two  broad.  It  is  se- 
parated from  Schow^en  on  the  w'  by  a very 
narrow  channel. 

Dwin,  a town  and  castle  of  Hungary,  14 
miles  E of  Schemnitz. 

Dwina,di  river  ofPtussia,  which  falls  into 
the  Mliite  sea  at  Archangel,  and  falls  into 
the  Baltic  below  Riga, 

Divina,  or  Dunuy  a river  of  Poland  rising 
in  Russia,  divides  Courland  from  Livonai, 
and  falls  into  the  Baltic  below  Riga. 


Dyce,  a parish  in  Abevdeenshire,  of  con- 
siderable extent.  The  low  grounds,  parti- 
cularly on  the  banirs  of  the.  Lon,  nave  a soil 
well  eu-Hivated.  From  a quarry  in  this  pa- 
rish arc  expo:  ted  stones  for  paving  t he  streets 
of  London,  Population  about  347. 

Dyke,  and  Mog,  an  united  parish  in 
Morayshire.  It  up  the  ?Joray  Frith, 
six  miles,  and  stretches  southw'ard  nearly 
the  same  length.  The  greatest  part  of 
I the  parish  is  cultivated,  and  beautifuity  di- 
I versified  by  gentlemen’s  seats,  gardens, 
i orchards,  and  woods.  The  sands  on  the 
I coast  have  from  time  to  time  encroached 
i much  on  the  lands  of  this  parish.  Theexports 
! are  corn,  black  cattle,  salmon,  linen  yarn, 
coarse  linen.  In  digging  for  the  founda- 
tion of  the  new  church,  in  1781,  were  found 
os  many  silver  groats  of  William  king  of 
Scotland,  as  sold  for  461.  in  bullion.  Popu- 
I lation  about  1,492.  The  village  of  Dyke 
is  six  miles  w of  Fones  and  as  many  e of 
Nairn. 

Dyle,  a department  of  France,  has  its 
name  from  the  river  Dyle,  which  runs  n 
i through  this  district,  and  unites  with  the 
j Scheldt  a little  above  Rupelmonde.  Brus- 
! sels  is  the  capital. 

j Dynapeur,  a town  and  fort  of  Bahar,' 
j Hindoosian,  seated  on  the  Ganges.  In  its 
j vicinity  is  a diamond  mine ; 10  miles  w of 
Patna. 

Dynish,  a small  island  near  the  w coast  of 
Ireland,  and  county  of  Galway. 

Dyso.rl,  a royal  burgh  in  Fifeshire,  with 
a small  harbour.  It  has  an  extensive 
trade  in  coals  and  salt.  In  Dysart,  750 
looms  are  employed  in  the  manufacture  of 
cheeks.  Ship-building  is  likewise  carried 
on  here.  PupulaLon  is  aboat  2,360.  It 
lies  ^ 4 jr  lies  of  Edinburgh.  The  parish  of 
Dysart  is  about  four  miles  in  length,  and 
there  in  breadth.  The  soil  is  generally 
light,  but  near  the  coast  fertile  and  well 
cultivated.  Freestone  and  limestone  are 
found  in  various  places,  but  the  chief  mines 
are  of  coal  and  iron-stone.  The  seams 
now  working  employ  about  100  luen.  The 
i iron-stone  ts  very  rich.  Besides  the  bo- 
I rough,  the  parish  contains  the  villages  of 
! Fatu-head,  Galaton,  and  Boriane.  The 
I church  is  collegiate  ; a stone  to  the  n of  the 
town  is  said  to  ma^-k  the  scene  of  a battle 
betv/een  the  Scots  and  Danes.  The  Ron^ns 
had  a station  at  Dysart,  where  in  loiter 
times  was  a priory  of  black  friars.  Lon.  8 
2w,  lat.  56  8 N. 


E 


Xj^AGLESHAM,  a parish  and  village  in 
P»,enfrewshire.  The  parish  is  about  six 
nii-es  long  and  five  broad,  mostly  pasturage. 
The  village  of  Eaglesham,  is  delightfully 
situated.  Here  a considerable  cotton  work 


EAR 

vas  lat<*ly  erected.  It  is  nine  miles  n j 
from  Glasgow.  Population  of  the  parish 
GHd,  The  tenements  in  the  village  are 
held  by  leases  of  900  years,  at  a modorate 
fou  duty.  Here  are  two  mineral  springs. 
The  parish  is  celebrated  lor  butter  and 
cheese. 

Eaglesliey,  one  of  the  smaller  Shetland 
isles. 

EAHEINOMAUWE,  the  most  northern 
of  the  two  large  islands,  of  which  New  Zea- 
land consists. 

EALAN  NAN  ROANS,  an  island  on 
the  N coast  of  Scotland,  annexed  to  the 
pari.sh  of  Tongue,  in  Suilierlandshire.  li 
is  about  two  miles  in  cirL  umferem  e,  mba- 
bited  by  four  or  live  families.  It  is  entirely 
composed  of  course  puduing-stene,  on  the 
suTiUce  of  which  is  a shaliow  soil,  chicily 
produced  by  art, 

Ealing,  in  Adiddlesex.  One  part  of  it 
is  called  Great,  and  the  other  tittle  Eal-  j 
ing.  The  viemity  is  adorned  with  beauti- 
ful villas  and  seats.  The*  Sunday  schools 
and  schools  of  industry  have  done  much 
to  improve  the  morals  and  comfort  of 
the  ■ poorer  class  of  the  inhabitants.  The 
church  is  neat  and  has  eight  musical 
bells. 

Eaoowe,  Eooa,  or  Middlehnrgh,  one  of 
the  Friendly  islands,  in  the  s Pacific 
ocean,  which  abounds  with  groves  of 
fruit  and  other  trees.  It"  was  discovered 
by  Tasman,  in  1643.  Lon.  174  30  w,  lat. 
21  24  s. 

Earlsferry,  an  ancient  small  town  in 
the  county  of  Fife  and  parish  of  Kilconqu- 
har,  with  a small  harbour.  It  is  governed 
by  three  bailies,  (the  oldest  actmg  as  pro- 
vost,) 15  counsellors,  and  a treasurer.  Popu- 
lation only  about  3a9. 

Eorlstoun,  a parish  and  village  in  Ber- 
wickshire. The  parish  is  about  six  miles 
long,  and  from  three  to  four  broad.  The 
soil  is  various.  The  village  is  situated  on 
the  banks  of  the  Leader.  Weaving  of 
cotton  employs  a number  of  the  inhabitants. 
It  is  famous  as  the  birth-place  of  Sir  Thomas 
Jjearmont,  commonly  called  Thomas  the 
Rhymer.  An  oid  circular  building,  called 
Rhymer’s  tower,  is  still  standing.  It  was 
the  place  of  his  residence  in  the  13th  cen- 
tury. It  has  a great  fair  for  sheep  and 
black  cattle,  29th  of  June  ; another  30 
Thursday  of  October.  In  the  parish  is 
another  village  called  Melle.'strain,  the  ele- 
gant seat  of  the  ancient  family  of  Jervies- 
wood.  Population  about  1,478.  Aboui  a 
mile  .s,  on  the  siue  of  a hill,  stands  Cowden- 
knows,  an  old  building,  and  on  some  of 
the  adjacent  fields  the  broom  so  renowned 
in  Scottish  song  ; 10  miles  w of  Kelso,  and 
31  SE  by  s of  Edinburgh. 

Elarn.  See  Erne. 

Earne,  a large  lake  in  the  county  of  Fer- 
managh and  province  of  Ulsttir,  accounted 
the  second  in  the  island  for  magnitude,  and 
is  properly  two  lakes,  which  are  joined  by  a 


E A S 

narrow  channel  at  the  town  of  Tnniskilllng, 
The  only  outlet  is  through  a short  and 
_ rapid  river  that  runs  to  the  sea  by  the 
port  of  JMly.slia?)iion.  The  l ough  abounds 
wiih  various  species  of  frr-sh  water  fish, 
Salmon  emigrate  a considerable  length, 
hut  are  usually  caught  at  Kelicck  village. 
The  beauties  of  this  lake  have  long  been 
the  boast  of  the  country,  and  the  admira- 
tion of  strangers.  The  islands  are  so 
thickly  clustered  and  interspersed,  that 
they  are  almost  innumerable.  They  are 
every  where  crown;"d  with  deep  aspiring 
woods  and  luxuriant  pastures.  They  are 
the  habitations  of  the  stag  and  the  roe- 
buck ; the  rocky  cliffs  of  the  ospray  and  the 
sea  eagle. 

Ensdale,  a small  island  of  the  Hebrides, 
SE  of  Mull,  annexed  to  Argyllshire,  cele- 
brated for  'ts  baviiig  afforded  the  best  and 
greatest  quanta  y of  slate  (arde.na  tegularis) 
of  any  partoi  equal  extent  in  Great  Britain. 
i|  The  surface  is  now  almost  level  with  the 
sea. 

Easingiccld,  a town  in  the  North  Riding 
of  Yorkshire,  with  a market  on  Friday. 
The  principal  trade  is  in  bacon  a d butter  ; 
J3  miles  NKW  of  York,,  and  208  n by  w of 
London. 

Eastbofirn,  a town  in  Sussex,  frequented 
for  sea  bathing.  In  1707,  a tessellated 
pavement  and  a Roman  bath  were  discover- 
ed. It  lias  fair-  March  12,  and  Get.  10; 
and  is  6 1 miles  sse  of  Lon  on. 

East  Calder.  See  Kii  r ru  v ton. 

East  Cape,  on  the  west  side  of  Beering 
strait,  and  the  most  eastern  promontory  of 
Asia,  opposite  prmoe  of  Wales,  cape  on  the 
American  continent.  Lon.  16  30  w,  lat. 
60  0 N. 

East  Chester,  a township  in  West  Chester 
county.  New  York,  on  Long  island  sound. 
It  contains  740  inhabitants. 

EASTER  ISLAND,  an  isle  in  the 
Pacific  ocean,  i2  leagues  in  circuit.  It 
has  a hilly  and  stony  surface,  with 
several  large  tracts  of  cultivated  soil, 
producing  plantains,  sugar-canes,  and 
potatoes.  Davis  saw  island  in 

1686.  Roggervin  in  1772,  and  Captain 
Cook  in  1774.  Lon.  109  41  w,  lat. 
27  8 s. 

East  Greenvcich,  the  chief  township  in 
Kent  county,  Rhode  island.  It  contains 
1,824  inhabitants. 

Eastham,  a township  in  Barnstaple  coun- 
ty, Massachussetts,  about  10  miles  long.  It 
contain  1,834  inhabitants. 

East  Hampton,  a handsome  town  in 
Sufiblk  county.  New  York,  on  the  sb 
coast  of  Long  island.  It  has  one  street, 
and  about  80  dwelling  houses.  The 
township  (to  which  Gardner’s  island 
is  annexed)  contains  1,497  inhabitants. 
It  is  a half-shire  town,  and  in  it  is 
Clinton  academy,  12  miles  ene  ol  South- 
ampton. 

East  Kilpatrick.  See  Kilpatrick  New. 


E B E 

East.lfleif,  a town  in  Berkshire,  situa- 
ted in  a fertile  district.  It  has  a market 
on  Wednesday,  and  a fair  August  6j.h;  18 
miles  Nw  of  Reading,  and  di4  w by  n of 
London. 

jfa.'it  L'Ope.  See  LooC. 

East  Monkland.  See  MonUand  New. 

Eastoiif  the  capital  of  Northampton 
county,  Pennsylvania,  pleasantly  situated 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Lehigh,  and  on  the  w 
side  of  Delaware  river.  It  is  <50  miles  n 
by  w of  Philadelphia.  Lon.  7<5  27  w, 
lat.  40  4J  ^i. 

Easton y the  chief  town  of  Talbot  county, 
Maryland,  formerly  called  Talbot  Court 
House.  It  stands  near  the  forks  of  the 
Treadhaven,  24  miles  nnw  of  Vienna,  and 
30  s of  Chester. 

East  any  or  Eastowriy  a to\vn  of  Bristol 
county,  Massachusetts,  containing  1,469 
inhabitants.  The  best  mill  saws  in  the 
state  are  made  here.  The  art  of  making 
steel  was  introduced  here  in  1786.  The 
manufacture  of  iiutseed  oil  began  in  1792  ; 
10  miles  nnw  of  Taunton,  and  26  s of 
Boston. 

Eastonness,  a cape,  the  most  easterly  on 
the  coast  of  Suffolk,  on  South  wold  bay. 

Eastwood,  a parish  in  Renfrewshirt*,  four 
mites  long,  and  nearly  three  broad.  The 
general  appearance  presents  a fine  variety. 
'Ihere  are  several  considerable  manufac- 
tures. Population  is  about  3,379.  See 
PoU  jcksliaws . 

Eavze,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Gers,  and  district  of  Condom,  IT 
miles  sw  of  Condom.  Lon.  0 28  e,  lat. 
43  92  N. 

Ehelstot,  or  Ebelioj't,  a town  in  Jut- 
land, Denmark,  on  a bay  of  the  Categate, 
with  a good  harbour,  16  miles  ne  of  Aar-  I 
bus.  jj 

Ehenczer,  a post  town,  and  the  capital  of  [I 
Effinghan  county,  Georgia,  seated  on  the  | 
Savanna.  It  contains  hut  few  houses,  and 
was  settled  in  1739,  by  a number  of  Pro- 
testants driven  from  the  electorate  o-f  Ba- 
varia, by  religious  periecution  ; 29  miles 
^Nw  of  Savanna.  Lon.  81  10  w,  lat.  32 
19  N. 

Ehenfartk,  a town  of  Austria,  on  the 
Leyta,  built  by  the  Knights  Templar,  22 
miles  s of  Vienna. 

Ehcrhach,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Lower 
Rhine,  Germanj^  stands  on  the  Neekar,  1 1 
miles  E by  n of  Heideiburg.  Here  is  a 
Cislerlien  abbey. 

Ebet^berg,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Mont  Tonnere,  Germany,  palatinaic 
of  the  Rhine,  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Alsen  and  Nake,  eight  miles  sw  of  Cruefz- 
nach. 

Ebermanstadc,  a town  of  Franconia, 
principality  of  Bamberg,  seated  on  the 
Wissent,  13  miles  sse  of  Bamberg. 

Ebern,  a town  of  Franconia,  stands  on 
the  Bannach,  12  miles  nnw  of  Baniberg, 
and  24  Eof  Schweinfurth. 

ii 


E C I 

BBERSTRTN,  a county  and  principa- 
lity in  Suabia.  The  town  and  castie  of 
Eberstein  are  two  miles  w of  Kuppenheim, 
and  eight  se  of  Baden. 

EberrAlle,  a town  in  the  department  Oi 
Puy  de-Dome,  Franee.  has  a Be.>ediciiiie 
abbey,  and  stands  on  the  Sciculc,  eight 
miles  A’K  of  Riom. 

Eblier,  a town  in  the  province  of  Irak, 
Persia,  containing  about  2,900  houses, 
besides  mosques,  caravanseras,  tfeo.  ou  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  40  miles  w of 
Cashbin. 

Ebingen,  or  Ehingen,  a town  in  Suabia, 
duchy  of  Vt^irtcmberg,  celebr-'Retl  for  its 
cheese  ; seven  n'liles  s of  Hohenzollern. 

Ebrenily  or  Ehremlley  a town  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Ailier,  and  chief  place  of 
a canton,  France,  containing  auout  £000 
inhabitants. 

Ebro,  anciently  Iherns,  a river  \Yhich 
rises  in  the  mountains  of  Scintiiiana,  in  tha 
Nw  parts  of  Old  Ccistile,  Spain.  It  is  navi- 
gable to  Tortosa,  and  at  last  falls  into  tlio 
Mediterranean.  ■ Frc.m  this  river  Spain 
was  anciently  called  Iberia. 

Ebston,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Lunebu rg,  Lower  Saxony,  ceisbrated  for 
its  honey,  13  miles  s of  Liiucburg. 

Evcles,  a paiish  of  Seotlmid,  in  Ber- 
wickshire, N banks  of  the  Tweed,  eight 
miles  in  length,  'and  six  in  breadth,  con- 
taining ],6S2  inhabitants,  and  about  11,00(1 
acres  of  ground,  scarcely  one  acre  of> 
wdiieh  is  waste  or  useless.  At  the  village 
was  a convent  of  Clsterlian  mius.  Near 
this,  on  the  farm  of  Beadriggs,  the  scene 
of  a desperate  battle,  is  a stone  that  rises 
nine  feet  above  the  surface,  w’liioh  marks 
the  grave  of  one  of  the  Piercies  who  fell  iu 
the  engagement. 

Ecelefechan,  a village  in  the  county  of 
Dumlries,  on  the  road  from  Glasgow  to 
London,  by  Carlisle,  has  a fair  every  niontii 
for  cattle,  a number  of  handsome  inns,  and 
a market  for  swine  from  January  1st  to 
Ma,y  Ist ; five  miles  n of  Annan,  raid  19  B 
of  Dumfries. 

Ecvlesfudl,  a town  in  the  county  of  Staf- 
ford, with  a weekly  market  on  Friday, 
stands  on  the  river  Sow.  Here  the  bishop 
of  Litchfield  and  Coventry  has  a castle. 
It  is  seven  miles  mw  of  Stafford,  and  148  of 
London. 

Ecclesniachan,  a parish  in  the  county  of 
Linlithgow.  It  is  a fine  level  corn  county, 
contains  a good  free-stone  quarry, a mineral 
spring  similar  to  that  of  Morfai,  and  lead 
mines.  Population  about  303. 

Edit,  a parish  in  Aberdeenshire,  about 
four  miles  and  a-half  long,  and  the  same 
broad,  containing  about  972  inhabitants. 
Ills  a hilly  district,  many  of  them  are  under 
tillage. 

Echternach,  a town  in  Luxemburg, 
Netherlands,  on  the  Soo.r,  surrounded  .by 
mountains,  IS  miles  me  of  Luxemburg. 

Ecija,  or  Exiga,  a town  in  the  kingdom 
S s 


E D D 


E D G 


of  Andalusia,  Spain,  containing:  six  pa- 
rishes and  about  9,000  souls.  Wool  and 
hemp  are  the  ehief  riches  of  the  place. 
Fragiuents  of  marble  pillars,  statues,  and 
stones  with  inscriptions,  are  proofs  of  its 
ancient  splendour.  It  stands  on  the  Xenil, 
02  miles  ene  of  Seville.  Lon.  4 67  w, 
lat.  37  33  N. 

Eck  Lochy  a lake  in  the  district  of  Co- 
wall, in  Argylshire,  about  six  miles  in 
length,  and  half  a mile  in  breadth. 

Eckardsburg y a tow^n  in  the  circle  of 
Thuringia,  Upper  Saxony,  10  miles  wsw  of 
Naunihiu’g. 

Eckeh'fohredey  or  Eckrenfcrde  a town  in 
the  duchy  of  Slesw'ick,  Denmark,  on  a bay 
of  the  Baltic,  near  a fresh  w^ater  lake  which 
is  connected  with  the  bay,  14  miles  nw  of 
Kiel  in  Holstein.  Lon.  10  1 e,  lat.  54 
53  N. 

BckerOy  a small  island  between  the  Bal- 
tic and  the  gulf  of  Finland,  Sweden. 

Eekfordy  a parish  in  Roxburghshire,  six 
miles  long,  and  three  and  a-balf  broad, 
on  the  banks  of  the  Tiviot.  It  has  a light 
loamy  soil,  and  gentle  eminences.  Agricul- 
ture is  here  in  a high  state  id  improvement. 
Stone  eofiins  and  urns  containing  human 
bones  and  ashes  have  been  here  dug  out  of 
tumuli.  Near  Cessford  castle  is  an  ash 
measuring  27  feet  eight  inches  at  the  base, 
.supposed  to  contain  300  feet  of  wmod. 
Sir  y/ilfiam  Bennet,  who,  it  is  said,  assisted 
Allan  Ramsay  in  some  of  his  poetical  com- 
positions, was  a native  of  this  parish.  The 
village  is  about  half  way  between  Kelso  and 
Jed  nil rgh.  Population  about  037. 

EDA,  or  Eday,  one  of  the  Orkney  is- 
lands, about  seven  miles  long,  and  one  and 
a -half  broad.  It  contains  several  villages, 
and  about  690  inhabitants,  Lou.  0 33  e, 
Eduibc.rgh,  lat.  59.  2 K. 

Edam,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Amftel,  Holland.  It  is  built  in  a triangu- 
lar form,  and  has  a good  port  on  the  Eye, 
near  the  Zuider  Zee.  It  is  11  miles  nne 
of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  5 10  e,  lat.  52 
32  N. 


the  Tweed  at  Peeble.?,  on  which  the  fall  of 
Coweys  Lenn  is  35  feet.  The  surface  of 
this  parish  is  generally  mountainous,  but 
part  of  it  is  cultivated  and  fertile.  Popu- 
lation of  the  village  about  200,  and  of  the 
w hole  parish  6S0. 

EddystonCy  the  name  of  some  rocks, 
in  the  English  Channel,  ssw  from  the  mid- 
dle of  Plymouth  sound,  at  the  distance 
of  14  miles.  A light-house  was  erected 
in  1759,  by  Mr.  John  Smeaton  upon  them. 
Though  nearly  80  feet  high,  it  has  not  hi- 
therto suffered  the  smallest  injury  from  the 
fury  of  the  elements.  Its  ^i'-tance  from 
the  Ram  Head,  the  nearest  point  of  land, 
is  12  miles  and  a-half.  Lon.  4 24  w,  lat, 
50  8^  N. 

Eden,  a river  W'hich  rises  in  Westmore- 
land, and  runs  into  the  Solway  Frith,  about 
seven  miles  below^  Carlisle. 

EdeUy  a river  which  runs  inta  the  Tweed, 
about  three  miles  below  Kelso. 

EdeUy  a river  in  Fifeshire,  w^hioh  falls 
into  the  German  ocean  at  the  bay  of  St. 
Aiidrew's.  Near  its  -mouth  is  the  guard 
bridge,  of  considerable  antiquity. 

Edenhiirgy  ox  Soproiiy  a town  of  Hun- 
gary. It  lies  on  the  borders  of  Austria,  fs 
inhabited  by  Germans.  Its  chief  manufac- 
ture is  cloth.  It  trades  with  Germany  in 
oxen  and  pigs  ; 40  miles  s by  e of  Vienna. 
Lon.  16  42  E,lat.  47  38  n. 

Edenderrgy  a towT.  in  King^s  county, 
Ireland,  formerly  a strong  place,  siands 
near  the  Boyne,  nine  miles  e by  n of 
Philipstown. 

Edenkeilley  also  called  Brae-Mw'rar/y  a' 
parish  in  Morayshire,  about  12  miles  long, 
and  30  broad,  containing  1,290  inhabitants. 
It  is  intersected  by  the  Findhorn,  in  which 
there  is  a valuable  salmon  fishery.  Church 
eight  miles  and  a-half  s of  Forzes. 

EDENTON,  a district  on  the  sea  coast 
of  N,  Carolina.  It  is  subdivided  into 
nine  counties,  viz.  Chowan,  Pasquotank, 
Perquiralns,  Gates  Hertford,  Bertie,  and 
Tyrret;  and  contains  53,770  inhabitants, 
of  whom  19,198  arc  siaves.  Its  chief  town 


Edderachylis,  a parish  in  the  county 
of  Sutherland,  extending  from  Cape  Wrath 
southwards  20  miles,  and  eastw^ard  about  i 
30.  The  face  of  the  country  is  moun- 
tainous and  rocky,  but  affords  rich  pas- 
ture for  black  cattle.  Lord  Reay  is  pro- 
prietor of  the  whole  parish.  Population 
about  1,253,  j 

Eddertoum,  a parish  in  the  eastern  dis- 
trict of  RoS'-shire,  near  Tain.  It  is  about  i 
10  miles  long,  and  seven  broad.  The  soil  | 
is  in  general  ri(‘h  and  good,  but  the  harvest  j 
late.  Population  is  about  899,  In  this  j 
parish  is  a w'ateriall  of  lOd  feet  high,  on  the  | 
Grugart. 

Lddlesiorty  a parish  in  the  county  of 
^Peebles,  i^cotland,  n of  Peebles,  iO  mjles 
long,  and  seven  broad,  with  a village  on  a 
tiver  of  the  same  name,  which  unites  with 


is  Edenton. 

EdenUmy  the  capital  of  the  district  of 
that  name,  is  cx  post  town  and  port  of  entry. 
Its  exports  in  1794,  amounted  to  the  value 
of  50,646  dollars;  liO  miles  e by  N of 
Ralegh.  Lon.  77  11  w lat.  36  6 n. 

Edessa,  a town  in  the  province  of  Mact> 
donia,  near  the  Vistricaa,  once  the  residence 
of  the  Macedonian  kings,  44  miles  wnw  of 
Salonica.  Lon.  23  3 e,  lat.  40  50  N. 

Edgartoriy  a port  of  entry  and  post-town 
of  ^fassachusetts,  and  the  chief  town  of 
Duke’s  county.  The  fertile  island  of 
Chahaquidicky  is  within  this  jurisdiction. 
It  was  incorporated  in  1671,  and  contains 
1,352  inhabitants,  It  is  seated  on  the  e sida 
of  the  island  of  Marina’s  vineyard,  20  miles 
sE  of  Falmouth,  on  the  continent.  Lon.  70 
30  w,  lat.  41  25  N. 


E D I 

EDECOMB  a county  of  Halifax  dis- 
trict, North  Carolina.  It  contains  10,255 

inhabitaats.  . 

EDGEFIELD  COUNTY,  m South 
Carolina,  is  the  southermost  in  the  district 
of  Ninety-Six.  This  county  is  about  34 
iiiiles  long',  and  24  broad  j and  contains 
13,289  inhabitants. 

Edgehill,  in  "Warwickshire,  noted  as  Ue 
scene  of  the  first  battle  between  Charles  I, 
and  the  Parliament,  in  1642  ; 14  miles  s of 
Warwick, 

Edyhir,  a towm  in  the  country  of  Golcon- 
^a,  Hindoostan,  stands  near  the  cocfiuence 
of  the  Beewah  and  the  Kistnah,  95  miles 
sw  of  Hydrabad,  Lon.  77  45  e,  lat.  16 
55  N. 

Edgware,  a town  in  the  county  of  Mid- 
dlesex, with  a weekly  market  on  Thurs- 
day, stands  on  the  Roman  road  lead- 
ing to  St.  Alban,  eight  miles  nw  of  Lon- 
don. 

Edgeworthtown,  a town  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Longford,  Ireland,  nine  miles  e 
by  s of  Lonford,  and  63  wnw  of  Dub- 
lin. 

Edinburyhy  the  metropolis  of  Scotland, 
and  the  county  town  of  Mid-Lothian, 
was  formerly  the  seat  of  the  king  and  par- 
liament. It  is  339  miles  n by  w of  Lon- 
don. The  situation  of  this  city  is  elevated, 
and  stands  on  three  hills.  Hence  the  na- 
tural divisions  of  the  towm  into  the  sou- 
thern, the  middle,  and  the  nonhern.  These 
three  divisions  are  united  by  the  North 
and  South  Bridge  Street,  composed  of 
two  large  arches,  the  one  thrown  over 
the  North  Locb,  and  the  ether  over  the 
Cow'gate.  Some  of  the  areas  in  this  street 
coast  109,C001.  per  acre.  At  the  sou 
thi^ru  extremity  of  the  street,  the  magni- 
ficient  structure  of  the  New  College  ap- 
pears on  the  right,  and  the  Royal  In- 
firmary, the  new  and  elegant,  Lady  Yes- 
ter^s  Church,  and  the  High  School,  are 
seen  on  the  left.  The  infirmary  does  ho- 
nour to  the  humanity  of  the  country.  In 
a line  with  the  South  Bridge  Street,  runs 
a fine  one  called  Nicolson’s  Street,  where 
the  houses  are  elegant,  with  several 
squares  upon  each  side.  Among  the 
squares  in  this  division,  that  of  George’s 
Square  is  particularly  remarkable.  Op- 
posite to  the  NW  ccruer  of  this  square, 
stands  Watson’s  Hospital,  founded  on  1738 
by  a merchant  in  Edinburgh  of  that  name. 
It  is  an  elegant  structure,  where  a consi- 
derable number  of  decayed  merchant’s  Sons 
are  educated.  A little  n of  this  stands 
Heriot’s  Hospital,  founded  in  1628,  by 
George  Heriot.  Its  annual  revenue  is  be- 
tween three  and  four  thousand  pounds, 
and  it  supports  and  educates  120  boys  be- 
longing to  the  burgesses  of  the  town.  A 
little  E of  this  stands  the  Cimrity  Work- 
house, erected  by  voluntary  contribution 
and  accommodating  abent  200  of  both 
«exes.  To  the  e of  this  are  two  female 


E D I 

hospitals : the  Merchant’s  Hospital^  for 
the  support  and  education  of  the  daugh- 
ters of  decayed  merchants  ; and  the 
Trades  Hospital,  for  the  daughters  of 
decayed  tradesmen.  The  Old  and  tho 
New  Grey  friars  Churches,  and  several 
other  chapels,  belong  ng  to  difterent 
sects,  adorn  this  quarter  of  the  town. 
At  the  w end  of  Bruntsfield  Links  is  si- 
tuated Gilespie’s  Hospital,  founded  by  Mr. 
James  Gilespie  of  Spylaw.  Besides  sup- 
porting a considerable  number  of  old  per- 
sons of  both  sexes,  this  institution  educates 
100  boys  graus.  The  centrical  divi- 
sion comprehends  the  Old  Town.  The 
High-street  runs  almost  in  a direct 
line  from  Holyrood  palace  to  the  Castle/ 
and  is  above  a mile  in  length.  Among 
the  numerous  ancient  and  modern  build- 
ings in  this  middle  division,  the  follow- 
ing may  be  mentioned.  The  Castle,  which 
stands  at  the  western  extremity  of  the 
High  street,  which  is,  in  respect  of  stre  gth 
and  elevation,  <*vn  object  truly  grand  and 
sublime.  It  contains  barracks  that  can 
accommotVdte  2000  men,  and  apartments 
for  30.000  stand  of  arms.  In  a small  room, 
wfiiioh  is  still  sbewm,  was  born  king  James 
the  VI.  of  Scotland,  and  I.  of  GrearBritain. 
The  regalia  of  Scotland  were  deposited 
in  the  castle,  in  1707,  but  are  not 
shewn.  Descending  from  the  castle,  the 
first  object  w'hich  attracts  attention  is 
Bank  Street,  at  the  extremity  of  which 
stands  the  spacious  and  elegant  structure, 
the  Bank  of  Scotland.  The  Parliament 
house  is  a magnificent  building,  where 
the  supreme,  civil,  and  criminal  judi- 
catures" of  Scotland,  now  hold  their  courts  ; 
and  in  one  room  of  which  is  the  Advo- 
cate’s Library,  one  of  the  most  valuable 
in  Britain.  St.  Giles’s  Church,  the  most 
ancient  in  Edinburgh,  is  a venerable  Go- 
thic building.  It  is  adorned  with  a lofty 
square  tower.  It  is  now  divided  into  four 
churches,  viz.  The  High,  the  Old,  tlie 
Toibooth,  and  Haddow’s  Role.  The  ex- 
change is  a large  and  elegant  set  of  build- 
ings, with  shops  in.  the  front,  and  an  area 
of  about  90  feet  square.  The  Tron  Church 
is  of  considerable  antiquity,  but  lately 
modernized.  At  the  northern  termination 
of  the  buildings  in  North  Bridge-Street, 
stands  the  General  Post-Office  for  Scot- 
land. The  northern  division,  or  the  New 
Town,  contains  the  Kegisier-Office,  an 
elegant  structure  erected  to  preserve  the 
records  of  the  nation.  It  is  under  the  di- 
rection of  the  Lord  Register,  and  the 
principal  clerks  ol  session.  At  a small 
distance  stands  the  new  ttuatre.  South- 
ward from  the  theatre  is  situated  the  Or- 
phan Hospital,  which  was  founded  <;y  Mr. 
Andrew  Gardiner,  merchant  in  Edinburgh  : 
in  it  more  than  100  childpea  Rom  uJ 
parts  of  the  island,  are  now  u aintained 
and  educated.  In  ihis  vicinity  stands  the 
venerable  structure  of  the  College  Church, 
S s 2 


E D I 

the  Trinity  Hospital,  and  also  the  elegant 
ohapel  erected  by  Lady  Glenorchy. 
Prince's  Street  extends  about  a mile  \v, 
in  a line  from  the  Register  Office.  The 
houses  being  all  regularly  uniform,  give  | 
the  street  an  elegant  appearance.  About 
the  centre  of  this  strcMJt  is  a great  earthen 
mound  across  the  North  Loch,  which  leads 
to  the  Old  Town.  There  is  a spacious 
square  called  Charlotte^s  square,  at  the 
w end  of  George’s  Street.  In  the  ne  corn- 
er of  the  New  town  is  St.  Andrew’s  square, 
W'hich  is  uniform  and  elegant,  with  the 
exception  of  a beautiful  structure  erected 
by  Sir  Lawrence  Duudas,  now  occupied 
as  an  Excise -Office.  George’s  Street  ex- 
tends from  this  square  to  the  west,  along 
the  centre  of  the  New  Town.  Besides 
the  elegant  proportion  of  the  houses, 
this  street  is  adorned  by  St.  Andrew’s 
Church,  with  a lofty  spire,  on  the  north 
side  ; with  the  Physician’s  Hall  oppo- 
site, and  the  New  Assembly  Rooms  a lit- 
tle farther  west.  , Queen’s  Street  fronts 
the  norih,  and  comtnands  a delightful  pros- 
pect of  the  Forth.  At  the  east  end  of  this 
street  stands  York  Place.  At  the  eastern 
extremity  of  this  division  stands  the  Calton 
Hill,  where  there  is  a beautiful  and  salu- 
brious prospect  of  the  Forth,  and  the  adja- 
cent country.  On  the  summit  is  au  Ob- 
servaiOYVy  and  a signal  post.  On  the 
south  side  of  the  hill,  in  a level  spot,  stands 
the  Bridewell,  for  the  reception  of  crimi- 
nals. On  part  of  this  hill  is  a large  bury- 
ing ground  where  many  elegant  monu- 
ment are  erected,  among  which  the  tomb 
of  the  celebrated  historian  Hume,  is  conspi- 
cuoiiS.  There  is  also  a monument  lately 
erected  to  the  memory  of  the  gallant  Nel- 
son. Eduiburgh  is  the  seat  of  the  courts 
of  justice,  and  and  other  general  depart- 
ments in  the  administration  of  the  British 
government  in  Scotland.  It  possesses  also 
the  principal  banking  houses  which  be- 
long to  North  Britain:  an  university  of 
tiic  most  distinguished  reputation ; excel- 
lent public  schools;  a considerable  trade ; 
and  a great  mulitipiicity  of  manufactufes. 
It  Is  the  centre  of  correspondence  and  mu- 
tual communication,  for  all  Scotland.  It 
has  been  a royal  burgh  for  at  least  six 
centuries.  It  sends  one  member  to  par- 
liament. Has  one  fair  called  hallow  fair, 
in  th?5  moiuli  of  November,  which  holds 
.several  days.  Population  in  1811  about 
84,624  ; two  miles  from  the  port  of  Leith. 
Lon.  S 12  w,  lat.  *5.5  58  n. 

EDINBURGHSBIUR,  or  Mid  Lo- 
THiAN,  a county  of  Scotland.  Its  lorni  is 
n 'arly  the  segment  of  a circle,  aboul  30 
nulcs  from  e to  w,  arid  16  from  n to  s,  but 
in  some  places  net  above  six.  The  soil  is 
fertile  ; and  prinluccs  corn  of  all  sorts,  with 
plenty  of  pasture.  It  containr,  mines  of 
cual,  copper,  limestone,  and  black -marble. 
The  principal  towns  besides  the  city,  are 


E G E 

Leith,  Dalkeith,  and  Musselburgh ; the 
principal  rivers,  the  Esk,  the  Leith,  the  Al- 
mond, and  the  Gala.  It  sends  one  member 
to  parliament.  It  contains  27  parishes 
besides  the  capital,  and  125,000  inhabitants, 

Edmundshimj.  See  Bury. 

Ednam,  or  EdenJiam,  a parish  and  vil- 
lage in  Roxburghshire,  lying  on  the  banks 
1 of  the  Eden  near  the  Tweed.  The  parish 
I is  three  miles  and  a-half  long,  and 
three  broad  ; the  surface  beautifully  diver- 
sified, and  the  soil  fertile.  The  village  is 
plea.santly  situated  on  the  n hank  of  the 
Eden,  two  miles  and  a quarter  n of  Kelso. 
It  contains  about  300  inhabitants,  who 
have  a considerable  manufacture  of  blank- 
ets, and  an  extensive  brewery.  Thom- 
son, the  celebrated  poet,  w^as  born  at 
Edenliam  manse,  in  1100  ; and  his  birth- 
day is  annually  celebrated  in  the  vil- 
lage. The  population  of  the  parish  is 
about  600. 

EDOM,  or  Idumea,  part  of  Arabia 
Petreea  in  Asia. 

Edrcm,  a parish  in  Berwickshire,  about 
six  miles  long,  and  three  broad.  It  is 
generally  fertile.  Has  a lint  mill,  paper 
mill,  and  a thread  mill.  Population  about 
1355. 

Edward,  a fort  in  Novo  Scotia  in  the 
township  of  \Yindsor,  it  is  on  Avon  river, 
w^hich  is  navigable  thus  far  for  vessels  of 
400  tons. 

Edzell,  a parish  in  Forfarshire,  tw^o 
miles  and  a-quavter  long,  and  one  and 
a-half  broad.  The  soil  is  shallow,  but 
in  general  fruitful.  Edzell  castle  is  a 
magnificent  ruin.  The  population  is  about 
1012. 

Eel  Town,  or  Kenapacamaqna,  a town 
of  North  America,  sw  of  lake  Erie.  Lon. 
86  25  w',  lat.  40  30  N. 

E^erding,  a town  of  Austria,  oil  the 
Danube,  has  a castle,  and  is  1 2 miles  w^  of 
Lintz.  Lon.  14  23  e,  fat.  48  14  n. 

Effingham,  a village  in  Surry,  wdfh  a 
fair  on  St.  Laurence  day.  It  is  said  once  to 
have  had  16  cliarcees.  It  has  evident 

traces  of  its  former  greatness.  Wells, 

and  cavities  like  cellars,  have  been  fre- 
quently discovered  in  the.  fields  and 
wmods  in  the  vicinity  ot  the  present 

town ; in  the  church  are  some  ancient 

monuments  and  stalls;  four  miles  sw 
of  Leatherhead  in  Surrey,  and  22  sw  of 
London.  It  is  an  earldom  in  the  Howard 
family. 

EFFINGHAM  County,  in  the  lower 
district  of  Georgia.  It  contains  2,424 
iuhabitanls.  Chief  towns,  Ebenezer,  and 
Elbertun. 

KGEAN  SEA,  now  the  AncHiFELAGO, 
winch  see. 

Ecjdn,  a town  in  I-owcr  Saxony  and 
duchy  of  iMaptlclmrgli,  seated  on  the  Bade 
16  niih'S  sw  of  Magdeburg. 

Egenhiirg,  or  Eygenhurg,  a towm  of 


E G R 

Austria,  celebrated  for  its  wines;  13 
miles  sw  of  Zuaiiri.  Lon.  16  13  e,  lat.  48 

^^EGERT,  or  iEGERI,  one  of  the  grand 
coramunities  of  Switzerland,  which  with 
the  town  of  Zug,  forms  tiie  canton  of 

one  of  the  western  islands,  about 
10  miles  in  circumierenoe,  containing 
400  inhabitants,  four  miles  s of  the  is- 
land of  Skye,  eoiiniy  of  Inverness.  The 
surface  is  variegated  by  hills  and  low'  , 
grounds,  and  has  some  basaltic  pillars:  | 
the  inhabitants  subsist  by  corn,  black  cat- 
tle, and  fishing. 

Eg  ham,  a town  in  the  county  ot  Surry 
on  the  Thames,  adjoining  to  which  is, 
Runneyincde,  where  the  Magna  Charta 
was  signed.  It  has  two  alms  houses,  a 
good  school,  and  good  inns.  Fair  Sep- 
tember 19;  near  it  is  a hill  noted  for 
the  natural  growtii  of  camoniile ; live 
niile«5  ssE  of  Windsor,  and  18  wsw  of 
London. 

Egtlsha,  one  of  the  Orkney  islands, 
about  six  miles  in  circumference,  a little 
E ot  Ronsa.  The  soil  is  good,  and  popula- 
tion 210. 

EGINA,  or  Engia,  anciently  Myrmi- 
donia,  an  island  of  European  Turkey, 
near  the  e coast  of  the  Mcrea.  It  gives 
name  to  the  gulf  of  the  Mediterranean 
in  which  it  lies,  which  is  60  miles  long 
from  Nw  to  SE.  The  island  is  about  10 
leagues  in  circumference,  but  almost  inac- 
cessible by  rocks.  It  has  now  only  one 
tovvn,  containing  about  300  houses,  22 
miles  ssw  of  Athens.  Lou.  23  69  e,  lat. 
37  42  N. 

Eglingen,  a lordship  in  Suabia,  Germany, 
with  a towm  of  the  same  name,  sis  miles  n 
of  Dillingen. 

Eglisau,  a town  and  bailiwick,  in  the 
canton  of  Zurich,  Switzerland,  with  a cas- 
tle, on  the  Rhine,  13  miles  n of  Zurich. 

Egmont  op  den  Eoef,  a village,  three 
miles  w by  s of  Alemeer,  N Holland.  It 
was  a place  of  note  previous  to  its  tlestrue- 
tion  by  the  Spaniards,  in  1573,  as  appears 
by  its  extensive  and  picturesque  ruins. 
Egmont  op  Zea  stands  on  the  sea  coast,  a 
mile  to  the  w,  two  miles  to  the  s,  is  Egmont 
Binnen,  where  was  fought  in  1799,  a 
desperate  battle,  between  the  Allied  Eng- 
lish, and  Russians,  eaid  the  French  and 
Dutch. 

Egmont  Bay,  a bay  on  the  sw  of  the 
island  of  St.  John,  in  the  gulf  of  St.  Law'- 
rence,  Lon.  64  0 w,  lat.  19  20  n, 

Egmont  Island,  in  the  south  Pacific 
ocean,  six  miles  long,  and  four  broad.  The 
land  is  low  and  full  of  trees.  Lon.  138  30  v/, 
let.  19  20  N. 

Egra,  or  Eger,  a fortified  town  in  the 
circle  of  Saaiz,  Bohemia,  with  a castle 
cind  college,  on  the  Egra.  Near  it  are 
feome  celebrated  medicinal  springs.  There 
are  manufactures  of  leather,  bats,  cloths, 


E G Y 

and  stuffs.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  iia 
1742,  but  famine  obliged  them  to  abandon 
it  in  1743  ; 90  miles  w by  n of  Prague. 
Lon.  12  27  e,  lat.  49  69  n. 

Egremont,  a town  in  the  county  of  Cum* 
berland,  on  the  Ebeii  near  the  Irish  sea. 

A market  is  held  on  Saturday.  On  the 
Ware  the  remains  of  a castle,  and  an 
artificial  mount.  In  the  vale  of  Culder, 
three  miles  to  the  se  are  the  ruins  of 
Calder  abbey , five  miles  sse  of  White- 
haven, and  289  nnw  of  London.  Th® 
name  is  Norman  and  signifies  the  mount 
of  sorrow.  The  vicinity  seems  to  have 
been  the  scene  of  many  bloody  con- 
flicts. 

Egton,  in  the  n Riding  of  Yorkshire, 
with  fairs  on  Tuesday  before  February 
15th,  Tuesday  before  May  11th,  Septem- 
ber 4th,  and  Tuesday  before  Novem-' 
her  22d,  eight  miles  w by  s of  Whitby. 

EGYPT,  a country  of  Africa,  in  length 
about  605  miles,  breadth  250  where  broad- 
est. It  is  divided  into  Upper  and  Lower 
Egypt.  The  former  comprehended  a long 
and  narrow  valley  from  Syene  to  Grand 
Cairo,  consisting  of  sandy  hills,  the  base  of 
which  is  a calcareous  stone.  Adjoining 
to  this  district  lies  a long  plain,  whoso 
greatest  breadth  is  not  more  than  nine  lea- 
gues. In  this  valley  rolls  the  Nile.  Lower 
Egypt  includes  all  the  country  between 
Cairo  and  the  Mediterranean  on  the  n and 
s,  and  Lybia,  and  the  isthmus  of  Suez 
to  the  E and  w ; bounded  by  sandy  deserts. 
It  contains  slips  of  land  on  the  borders  of 
the  river  and  canals,  which  are  fertile  and 
well  cultivated;  and  in  the  centre,  that 
tract  called  Delta,  formed  by  the  branches 
of  the  Nile.  The  fertility  of  Egypt,  and 
the  excellence  of  its  productions  and  fruits, 
are  greatly  celebrated  by  ancient  writers, 
and  by  Aloses  himself.  It  abounds  in  grain 
of  all  sorts,  but  particularly  rice.  The 
most  plentiful  part  is  the  Delta,  which 
is  now  called  A1  Fayoun.  There  ere 
yet  80  canals,  like  rivers,  several  of 
which  are  20,  30,  and  40  leagues  in 
length,  that  distribute  the  inundation  over 
the  country.  The  vast  lakes  of  Mceris, 
Bahira,  and  Mareotsi,  were  reservoirs  to 
contain  the  superabundant  waters,  and 
afterwards  disperse  them  cimong  the  neigh- 
bouring plains.  For  the  same  purpose., 
all  the  towns  at  a little  distance  from 
the  Nile,  are  surrounded  by  spacious  ponds. 
The  limits  of  cultivated  Egypt  yearly 
decrease,  and  barren  sands  every  where 
accumulate.  Population  has  equally  suf- 
lered.  The  ancient  kings  of  Egypt  were 
succeeded  by  Cambyses,  525  years  B.  C, 
anterior  to  which,  all  the  stupendous  works 
were  perfected  which  cannot,  even  at  ibis 
distance  of  time,  be  contemplated  w'ilhout 
astonishment.  Cambyses  demolished  the 
temples,  and  persecuted  the  priests.  It  was 
I wrested  Ironi  the  Persians  by  Alexander 
I the  great,  when  be  subdued  that  people. 


E G Y 


E G Y 


He  built  Alexandria,  and  was  sueceeded 
by  Ptolemy,  the  son  of  Lagos,  324  years 
B.  C.  After  the  throne  liad  been  fllied 
by  ten  kings  of  that  name,  in  the  reign  of 
Cleopatra,  sister  of  the  last  king  of  that 
name,  it  became  a Roman  province.  They 
held  it  700  years,  and  they  were  dispossess- 
ed by  Omar.  After  the  Califfs  the  em- 
pire of  the  Mamelukes  was  set  up  by 
Saladin.  Last  of  all,  Selim,  a Turkish  em- 
peror subdued  this  kingdom.  Ancient 
lilgypt  supplied  food  to  eight  millions  of 
inhabitants,  and  to  Italy  and  the  neigh- 
bouring provinces  likewise.  At  present, 
the  estimate  of  produce  and  popuiation 
does  not  exceed  one  half.  Near  Syene, 
wheat  and  barley  are  sown  in  October, 
aind  reaped  in  January.  About  Girge,  the 
harvest  month  is  February,  and  March 
around  Grand  Cairo ; such  is  the  gene- 
ral progress  of  the  harvest  through  the 
Said.  They  sow  and  reap  all  the  year  in 
Lower  Egypt,  w'herever  they  can  obtain 
the  w^ater  of  the  river.  The  land  is  never 
fallow,  and  yields  three  harvests  aimually. 
The  Egyptian  art  of  raising  bees  is  pecu- 
liar to  the  country,  and  bespe^sks  great 
ingenuity.  Upper  Egypt  preserving  its 
verdure  only  four  or  tive  months,  the  flow- 
ers and  harvest  being  seen  no  longer,  the 
people  of  Lower  Egypt  profit  by  this  cir-  ' 
cumstance,  assembling  on  board  large  boats  j 
the  bees  of  diflerent  villages.  Each  pro- 
prietor confides  his  hives,  with  his  own 
mark,  to  the  boatraan,  who,  when  loaded, 
gently  proceeds  up  the  river,  and  stops  at 
every  place  where  be  finds  verdure  and 
flow’ers.  The  bees  swarm  from  their 
eflls  at  break  .of  day,  and  collect  their 
nectar,  returning  several  times  loadeii 
with  booty,  and,  in  the  evening,  re  enter 
their  hives  without  mistaking  their  abode, 
fn  the  Said,  the  heat  is  so  excessive,  that  it  | 
occasions  a burning  fever  ; w^hich  is  oured  I 
by  temperance,  drinking  much  water,  and 
bathing  in  the  river;  in  other  respects  the 
inhabitants  arc  strong"  and  healthy.  In 
Lower  Eg3’pt,  the  neighbourhood  of  the 
sea,  the  iar£e  lakes,  and  the  abundance 
of  the  waters,  moderate  the  sun's  heat, 
and  preserve  a delight  ful  temperature. 
BiUS(pie.toes  and  gnats  torment  the  inhabi- 
tanfs  incessantly.  Diseases  of  the  ejes 
are  general,  and  there  are  no  less  than 
8,000  blind  maintain'^d  in  the  great  mosfpie 
of  Grand  Cairo.  The  small  pox  is  more 
common  in  Egypt,  but  not  so  mortal  as 
in  Europe.  The  plague  is  often  importe!]  i 
in  Turkish  vessels.  ’ This  country  was 
formerly  iutVsted  with  crocodiles  and  sea- 
horses, hut  ih  y are  now  much  destroyed.  . 
ndio  Egyptian  rat  is  remarkable  for  des- 
t[ro3’ii)g  the  crucodile's  eggs.  Their  do- 
mes tic  animals  are  horses,  asses,  mules, 
'and  camels.  They  have  wild  antelopes, 
iv»xe.c,  hares,  cows,  sheep,  deer,  and  tygers. 
Many  cameleons  are  found  in  the  ncigli- 


bourhood  of  Grand  Cairo.  The  lizards 
of  Egypt  are  yellow.  There  are  several 
epeciesof  vipers,  one  of  which,  the  cerastus 
of  the  ancients,  has  horns.  Among  the 
plants  w^hich  the  Egyptians  cultivate,  are 
rice,  w'heat,  barlej^  lupins,  lentils,  turkey 
corn,  millet,  sesame,  flax,  beans,  melons, 
sugar-canes,  cartbamus,  coloquintida,  <fec. 
Egypt  cnee  carried  on  a considerable  trade 
in  East  India  commodities.  The  mer- 
chants of  Euicpe,  however,  visit  the  har- 
bours in  the  Mediierrauean,  and  import 
and  export  several  sorts  of  merchandices; 
and  from  other  parts,  the  natives  procure 
elephants^  teem,  ebony,  gold-dust,  musk, 
civet,  ambergris,  and  cotfee.  The  gold- 
dust,  is  broiight  from  Negroland  to  Fez  and 
Morocco;  and  thence  to  Cairo,  over  im- 
mense deserts.  The  pilncipal  commodities 
which  the  merchants  pufouase,  are  coffee, 
senna,  cassia , rhubarb,  sal-ammoniac,  myrrh, 
saffron,  saltpetre,  aloe.v,  opium,  indigo,  sugar, 
sandalwood,  dates,  cotton,  cloth,  &c.  The 
s;:  lend  id  and  magnificent  ruins  found  every 
where  in  Egypt,  give  evident  proofs  of 
the  enlightened  understanding  of  the  ancient 
inhabitants  of  this  country,  but  the  history 
is  obscure,  and  mixed^  with  fables.  The 
pyramids  formerly  accounted  one  of  the 
seven  wmnders  of  the  world,  are  built  on 
rocky  and  sandy  plains  ; the  largest  which 
is  near  Gizeh,  is  500  feet  in  perpendicular 
height,  the  length  of  its  base  is  780  feet, 
and  it  covers  1 1 acres  of  ground.  The 
labyrinth  too,  the  immense  grottos  of  the 
Thebais ; the  obelisks,  temples,  and  pom- 
pous palaces  ; the  lake  Moeris,  and  the  vast 
canals  w’hich  served  both  for  trade,  and  t« 
render  the  land  fruitful,  are  works  beheld 
with  astonishment.  Here  also  are  caverns 
eoiUaining  mummies,  or  embalmed  dead 
bodies,  in  coffins,  set  upright  in  niches  of 
i the  walls,  and  have  continued  in  the  same 
j place  for  at  least  4,900  years.  The  govern- 
I ment  is  composed  of  a pacha,  sent  from 
I Constantinople,  and  24  beys,  or  sangiaks, 
j w^ho,  being  at  the  head  of. the  provinces 
I and  the  armies,  in  reality  enjoy  all  the 
power.  The  Copts,  who  are  the  onlj"  de- 
scendants of  the  ancient  Egypuans,  were 
among  the  first  who  embraced  thirislicinity, 
have  still  churches,  priests,  bisiiops  and  a 
patriarch,  who  resides  at  Constaniinople. 
Num'':‘roiis  superstitious  practices  are  ming- 
j led  with  their  worship;  but  they  are  gen- 
I lie,  friend!)',  and  humane.  Of  the  Arabs, 
who  coastiiute  two-thirds  of  the  present  in- 
I habitants  of  Egypt,  those  who  inhabit  the 
banks  ol  the  Nile  ore  generally  thb’ves  and 
pirates;  others  governed  by  their  sheiks, 
who  possess  various  prihcipiflitics  in  Upper 
]<:gypt,  are  good  people,  iueapablo  of  disguise 
without  falsehood  or  knavery,  hauglUy  , birt 
generous  and  ho.spi table ; and  another  specious 
are  the  wandering  Bedouins,  who  h.sve  no 
fixed  residence.  The  Mamalukes,  long  the 
, only  military  force  of  the  country,  but  now 


E I L 

eonquered  by  the  Turks,  are  the  descend- 
ants of  Circassian  and  mingrelian  slaves. 
The  l-rench,  who  under  Bonaparte  invaded 
Egypt  in  1798,  obtained  several  victories 
over  the  P>Iamalukes,  but  were  expelled  by 
the  aid  of  the  British  in  1801.  In  I8il, 
800  of  their  chiefs,  treacherously  invited  to 
a solemn  fete  at  Cairo,  were  assassinated, 
the  like  number  were  afterwards  put  to 
death  in  the  neighbouring  towns.  The 
Mograbians,  or  western  Mahometans,  are, 
after  the  Cupts  and  Arabs,  the  most  nu- 
merous tribe  of  the  inhabitants  ; they  ^ de- 
vote themselves,  some  to  arms,  and  others 
to  trade.  There  are  but  few  Turks,  ex- 
clusive of  tlie  jamrisaries  and  Assabs.  The 
other  inhabitants  are  Syrians,  Greeks,  Jevvs, 
and  European  merchants;  the  amount  of 
the  whole  is  about  4,000,000,  others  say 
2,500,000.  The  principal  cities  are  Cairo, 
Alexandria,  Damietta,  and  Syene.  See 
Pyramids,  Nile,  <^c, 

Egyptejiy  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Cour- 
land,  Swabia,  100  miles  se  of  Mittau.  Lon. 
^8  40  E,  lat.  56  2 N. 

Ehingen,  a town  of  Swabia,  seated  on 
the  Daoube,  in  the  vicinity  the  Austrians 
were  defeated  by  the  French,  in  1305, 

It  is  12  miles  sw  of  Ulm,  also  another 
town  of  Swabia,  on  the  Nscker,  opposite 
Rotenberg,  six  miles  w by  s of  Tubin- 
gen. 

Ehrcnhreiistein,  a celebrated  fortress  in 
the  Lower  Electorate,  Germany,  stands  on 
a huge  rock,  not  less  than  800  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  Rhine,  on  which  it  is  seated. 
It  includes  three  fortresses,  Thal  and  Val- 
LEND  A R,  and  ti;e  above  mentioned.  The 
valley  of  Vallendar  is  likev  ise  foriilied.  In 
it  is  an  old  palace,  which  betongei  to  the 
Elector  of  Treves.  The  i'<renglh  oi  Ehi- 
renbreilstein  is  well  knowm.  it  has  a 
communication  with  Coblentz  by  a sub- 
terraneous passage,  cut  out  of  solid  rock, 
and  has  an  abundant  supply  or  water  iroro 
a well  280  feet  deep.  In  the  year  1799, 
tire  garrison  was  obliged,  by  famine,  to 
surrender  to  the  French. 

EhrenfeJs,  or  Ehriffels,  a lordship 
of  Bavaria,  in  the  principality  of  Neu- 
burg ; it  takes  its  name  from  a fortress 
which  it  contains;  13  miles  nw  of  Ptatis- 
bon. 

EICHFELD,  or  Ei.feld,  a country 
of  Germany,  surrounded  by  Brunswick, 
Hesse,  and  Thuringia,  and  divided  by  moun- 
tains into  Upper  and  Lower ; the  upper 
is  cold  and  mountainous,  the  lower 
fiat,  warm  and  fertile,  bearing  corn, 
flax,  and  tobacco ; the  inhabitants  of  the 
upper  part  are  principally  engaged*  in 
manufactures.  The  principal  towns  are 
Heiiigenstadt,  Duderstadt,  and  te'iadtwor- 
bis. 

Eil,  Loch,  the  north  western  arm  of 
Loch  Lii.nhe,  on  the  borders  of  Argyll  and 
InveriK^ss-shiro. 

EUdou  mils,  three  conical  hills  in  Pvox- 


E I s 

I buTghshire,  at  the  foot  of  which,  on  the  n 
stands  the  town  of  Melrose,  two  of  wdiich 
1 are  2,009  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea  ; 
on  two  of  their  tops  are  evident  vestiges  of 
Roman  encampments,  one  of  which  ha* 
been  very  strongly  defended. 

Eilmhurg,  or  Etdenhurg,  a tow» 
in  Upner  Saxony,  and  circle  of  Leip- 
sick,  on  the  Mulda,  12  miles  ne  of  Leip- 
sick. 

EIMEO,  or  Emieo,  one  of  the  Society 
island®,  in  the  south  Pacific  ocean,  almost 
surrounded  with  rocks,  12  miles  w of  Ota- 
heite.  9’he  inhabitaiUs  and  productions  of 
the  two  islands  are  similar.  The  hills  are 
wooded  to  their  summits. 

Einheck,  or  Einibech,  a fortified  tow  a 
in  Lower  Saxony,  and  principality  ot 
Gryhenhagen,  of  which  it  is  the  capital^ 
containing  830  iiouses.  The  inhabitants 
manufacture  cloth,  and  all  kinds  of  stufi  ; 
in  the  neighbouring  moantains  are  mines  cf 
silver  iron  and  lead.  It  stands  on  the  Ilme,^ 
17  miles  n of  Gottingen.  Lon.  10  2 
iat.  51  45  N. 

Euenaeh,  a principality  in  Thuringia, 
and  Upper  Saxony.  It  is  mountainous, 
and  barJly  preduces  corn  enough  for  the 
inhabitants.  It  has  some  mines  of  cop- 
per, iron,  vitriol,  and  alum,  with  some 
salt  springs.  It  gives  a vote  to  the 
duke  of  Saxe-Weimar,  in  the  diets  and 
assemblies  of  the  circle.  Eisenach  is  th» 
capital.  Here  the  duke  resides  in  a 
castle.  Another  castle  called  Warlberg, 
stands  on  a mountain  in  the  vicinity,  in 
which  Luther  found  an  assyiiun,  for 
some  time,  in  1521.  It  stand®  on  the 
N esse,  at  its  confluence  with  the  Horsel; 
16  miles  w of  Gotha.  Lon.  10  21  w,. 
Uit.  51  0 N. 

Eisenberg,  a town  with  a castle  in  th3 
county  of  VVbaldeck,  Germany,  three  miles 
sw  of  Corbach. 

Eisnortz,  or  Euenitz,  a town  in  Stiria, 
with  rich  iron  mines  in  its  vicinity,  Ger- 
many, 34  miles  Nxwof  Gretz. 

Eisemiod^,  a town  of  Hungary,  with  a 
superb  palace,  five  miles  nw  of  Eaenhurgi 
and  16  s oi  Vienna. 

Eislehen,  a town  of  Saxony,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Mansfield,  with  a mouldering  cas- 
tle. It  contains  about  7(;Q  houses.  Blar- 
tin  Luther  was  bora  and  died  in  this 
towm.  The  churches  of  St.  Andrew  and 
St  Ann,  contain  the  superb  tombs  of 
the  counts  of  Mansfield.  It  derives 
much  profit  from  its  breweries,  and 
iron  mines  in  the  vicinity  ; 28  miles 
NNw  of  Naumburg.  Lon.  H 47  e, 
lat.  5i  52  N. 

Eisdorjf,  or  Egszdorf,  a town  ia  Upper 
Saxony,  four  miles  ese  ot  Lutzen. 

E Uh ei7i.  Heo  Ythan, 

Eissj'eld,  a town  of  Thuringia,  Upper 
Saxony,  seated  on  the  Werra,  has  a castle, 
and  manufaclures  of  indigo  and  vitriol; 
seven  miles  £ of  Hildburghausen. 


E L B 

Ekajtas^  a sea  port  town  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Nyland,  Sweden,  seated  on  a bay 
in  the  gulf  of  Finland,  50  miles  se  of  Abo.  | 

ELBA,  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean, 
near  the  coast  of  Tuscany,  about  10  miles 
long,  and  three  broad,  in  which  are  mines 
of  iron  and  load-stone,  and  quarries  of  fine 
marble*  From  its  mountainous  nature  it 
affords  but  scanty  room  for  cultivation.  It 
produces  little  more  than  half  a yearns  con- 
sumption of  corn  for  its  inhabitants,  which 
are  computed  at  7 or  8000.  The  climate  is 
much  milder  than  that  of  the  adjacent  coun- 
try, as  it  produces  many  plants  and  fruits 
that  cannot  endure  the  winter  in  Tuscany. 
The  soil  is  shallow,  and  a small  part  of  it 
level  enough  for  corn.  It  produces  good 
wine ; the  fruit  of  its  standard  trees  exqui- 
site, and  orange  and  lemon  trees  thrive  well, 
it  has  two  good  harbours,  Porto  Ferajo  and 
Porto  Langone,  the  former  of  which  may- 
be called  the  capital  of  the  island,  is  a very 
pretty  town,  the  entrance  of  the  bay  wide 
and  easy.  The  streets  and  fortifications 
rise  one  "above  another,  like  rows  of  seats  in 
an  ancient  amphitheatre,  and  present  a most 
l3^iimtifui  spectacle  to  those  who  approach  it 
by  w^ater  The  harbour  is  defended  by  tv/o 
citadels.  All  the  upper  range  of  works  in 
the  town  is  cut  out  of  the  solid  rock,  into 
vaults  and  intricate  communications.  In  the 
centre  of  the  semicircle  is  a smaller  port 
for  gallies,  defended  by  a couple  of  bastions, 
and  shut  every  evening  with  a boom.  A 
commodious  quay  which  commimicates  wnth 
all  the  streets  by  means  of  large  flags  or 
steps;  and  wfliat  is  very  singular,  it  is  said 
that  the  compass  is  of  no  use  in  steering  a 
ship  within  four  leagues  of  it,  as  the  needle 
veers  about  with  great  irregularity.  It  w^as 
subject  to  the  prince  of  Piombiiio,  more 
lately  to  France,  and  for  a short  time  consti- 
tuted the  entire  dominion  of  the  riiighty  Napo- 
leon Bonaparte,  Ex-emperor  of  France,  king 
of  Italy,  &c.  whom  the  sovereignty  of  the 
w’orld  could  not  have  satisfied,  from  which 
be  eff*ected  his  escape,  entered  France,  and  j 
again  ascended  the  throne.  Lon.  10  37  e,  I 
lat.  42  52  N.  I 

Elbeassano,  a towm  in  Albania,  European  | 
Turky,  45  miles  e of  Durazzo.  Lon.  20  | 
0 E,  lat.  43  42  n. 

Elbe,  a viver  of  Germany,  which  rises 
in  the  SE  part  of  the  principality  of  Jau- 
er,  in  Silesia,  runs  by  Koningsgratz 
Leutmcritz,  Dresden,  Meissen,  Wittemherg, 
Magdeburg,  Hamburg,  Giuikstadt,  and 
falls  into  the  German  sea  at  Cuxiiaveii. 

It  is  navigable  higher  than  any  other  river 
in  Europe,  ships  of  300  or  400  tons  coming 
up  to  Hamburg,  about  70  miles  liom  the  sea.  I 

ELBERT,  a new  counly,  in  the  upper  1 
district  of  Georgia,  on  the  tract  of  land 
between  Tuguloo  and  Broad  river  ; also 
the  seat  of  justice  in  the  above  county,  25 
miles  Nw’  of  Petersburg.  Lon,  82  35  w, 
lat.  33  55  N, 


ELF 

Eiherton,  a sea  port  town  of  EffingfiST^ts 
county,  Georgia,  containing  about 
houses,  on  the  Ageeoliee,  18  miles  w of 
Ebeneser.  Lon.  80  30  w,  lat.  32  IS 
45  N. 

Elbeitf,  a town  in  the  department  of  tlia 
Lower  Seine,  with  a manufacture  of  cloth, 
France,  on  the  Seine,  10  miles  s of  Rouen, 
and  65  nw  of  Paris, 

Elbing,  or  Elhlang,  a large  and  populous 
sea  port  town  of  W Prussia,  situated  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name  It  has  a consirler- 
abie  trade  in  butter,  cheese,  and  corn  ; 30 
miles  ESE  of  Dantzic.  Lon.  10  30  e,  lat. 
54  IS  N. 

Elhogen,  a towm  of  Saatz,  Bohemia, 
stands  on  a mountain,  near  the  Egra,  has 
a citadel,  16  miles  ne  of  Egra. 

Elburg,  or  Elburch,  a iown  in  Giiel- 
derland,  and  department  of  the  Yssel, 
Holland,  e coast  of  the  Zuider  Zee,  10 
miles  NE  of  Ilarderwick.  Over  the  river 
are  five  bridges.  Lon.  5 38  e,  lat.  52 
28  N. 

Elche,  a town  in  the  province  of  Valen- 
cia, in  a forest  of  palm  and  olive-trees, 
Spain,  supposed  to  be  the  ancient  liici, 
from  the  extensive  remains  found  in  and 
near  it ; 10  miles  sv7  of  Alicant. 
r Etching en,  an  ab]>eyin  Suabia,  the  abbot 
of  which  is  a prince,  Germany.  Its  terri- 
tory includes  about  15  villages  near  Ulm. 

Elden  Hole,  an  unfcithomabie  cavern  of 
the  Peak  of  Derby. 

ELEPHANT  A,  an  island  on  the  w 
coast  of  the  Deccan  of  Hindoostan,  in 
which  there  is  a subterraneous  temple, 
hewn  out  of  a solid  rock.  It  is  80  or  00 
feet  in  height,  and  40  in  breadth.  At  the 
further  end  of  the  temple  are  gigantic  fi- 
gures, which  were  mutilated  b}’  the  Portu- 
guese, w'ben  they  were  in  possession  of  the 
island.  Near  the  landing  place  is  the 
figure  of  an  elephant  of  the  natural  size, 
coarsely  cut  in  stone.  Eleplianta  is  about 
three  miles  in  cireumference,  and  belongs  to 
Britain. 

Eletz,  a town  of  Orel,  Russia,  burnt  in 
1745,  and  since  rebuilt.  Besides  a number 
of  forges,  it  has  a trade  in  com,  cattle, 
leather,  and  honey.  U is  seated  on  a high 
hiiU  near  a river  of  its  name,  80  miles  ese 
of  Orel. 

FJ,EUTHES,  a kingdom  of  Tartary, 
NW  of  Cuinese  Tar  (ary,  subjected  to  the 
emr-eror  of  China,  in  1759.  See  Kal- 
mucks 

El/eld.  See  Eichsfield. 

Ei’Jsborg  Gumla,  or  Old  Elfshorg,  a tow'n 
in  the  province  of  West  Gothland,  with  a 
strong  castle  near  the  sea,  Sweden,  four 
miles  sw  of  Gothburg. 

Elphorg  Auw,  a fortress  in  the  province 
of  Golbland,  on  an  island  at  the 

moutn  of  the  Moklal. 

Eijsearlehy,  a town  in  Upland,  Sweden, 
stands  on  the  Dahl,  which  a lUtic  above  ex- 


E L I 

hibUs  a beautiful  cataract ; 40  miles  KW  of, 
Upsal. 

Etfsdal,  a town  of  Delacarlia,  Sweden, 
celebrated  for  its  quarries  of  porphyry,  of 
which  morturs,  vases,  and  tables  are  loiin- 
ed  ; 70  miles  nnw  of  Fahlun. 

Elga,  a river  which  separates  the  coun- 
tries of  Spain  and  Portugal  during  its 
whole  course  of  about  30  miles. 

Elgin,  a royal  borough,  the  capital 
of  Morayshire,  pleasantly  sitimted  on 
the  bcinks  of  the  river  Lossie,  live  miles 
from  its  mouth,  where  there  is  a tolerable 
harbour.  It  was  anciently  delended  by 
a castle,  some  vestiges  of  which  still  re- 
main. It  was  the  residence  of  the  bishops 
of  Moray,  and  the  ruins  of  the  cathedral 
evidence  its  ancient  magnificence.  It  has 
been  a royal  borough  at.least  ever  since 
)'434,  has  an  annual  revenue  of  2001.,  and 
joins  with  Banff,  Cullen,  Kintore,  and 
Inverary  in  sending  a member  to  parlia- 
ment. The  church  is  collegiate  ; it  has 
two  well  endowed  schools,  and  several  I 
charitable  iDstitiitions.  It  gives  the  title 
of  earl  to  a branch  of  the  family  of  Bruce. 
Its  manufactures  are  chiefly  linen  yarn, 
gloves,  and  soap,  and  has  five  annual 
fairs.  The  number  of  inhabitants  is  about 
3000.  It  is  30  miles  e of  Inverness,  38  nw 
of  Aberdeen,  and  198  n of  Edinburgh. 
The  parish  of  Elgin  extends  about  10  miles 
in  length,  and  six  in  breadth  ; the  surface 
flat,  and  the  soil,  in  general,  exceedingly 
fertile.  The  population  of  the  and 

parish  is  about  4,813. 

Elham,  a town  in  the  county  of  Kent, 
67  miles  ese  of  London. 

Elie,  or  Ely,  an  ancient  town  in  Fife- 
shire,  well  situated,  with  one  of  the  best 
harbours  in.  the  Frith  of  Forth.  The  parish 
of  Ely  is  only  a mile  and  a-half  long,  and 
one  broad;  all  enclosed.  The  population 
is  about  730.  On  the  coast,  in  the  face  of 
the  rocks,  is  a cave,  in  which  Macduff, 
thane  of  Fife,  hid  himself  to  escape  to  Eng- 
land, in  the  time  of  the  usurpation  of  Mac- 
beth. 

Elie-ness  a cape  on  the  s coast  of  the 
county  of  Fife. 

EUnge,  a village  seated  at  the  head  of 
Southampton  bay,  Hampshire,  where  are 
docks  for  ship-building,  and  storehouses  for 
corn,  in  w^hich  there  is  an  extensive  trade  ; 
five  miles  w of  Southampton. 

ELIZABETH  CITY  COUNTY,  in 
Virginia,  lies  between  York  and  James 
rivers.  There  are  several  small  islands 
on  its  sea  coast,  the  chief  of  which  are 
Long  and  Egg  islands.  Point  Comfort 
is  the  SE  extremity  of  the  county.  It  con- 
tains 3,430  inhabitants,  of  whom  1,870  are 
slaves. 

ELIZABETH  ISLANDS,  several 
small  islands  on  the  se  side  of  Buzzard’s- 
bay,  situated  between  41  24  and  41  32  n 
lai.  and  between  70  38  and  70  56  w ion. 
II 


ELL 

They  are  about  16  in  number ; the  chief 
of  which  are  Newshawn,  Pasqui,  Nasha- 
wenna,  Pinequese,  and  CcUtahunk  islands. 
All  these  belong  to  Duke’s  county.  News- 
hawn, the  principal,  abounds  in  cattle  and 
sheep,  and  is  noted  for  its  chee.se  and  wool. 

It  is  tw’o  miles  from  the  continent,  and  the 
N point  six  mile.s  wsw  of  Falmouth.  Lon. 
70  38  w,  lat.  41  34  N. 

Elizabeth,  a township  in  Lancaster  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  containing  about  30 
houses,  18  miles  kw  by  w of  Lancaster. 

ElizahethtGwn,  a town  in  Essex  county, 
New  Jersey,  seated  on  a creek  of  Newark 
bay.  Here  is  an  elegant  presbyteriau 
church,  an  epi-^copal  ehureh,  and  an  acade- 
my. This  is  one  of  the  oldest,  towns  in  the 
state  ; 10  miles  wsw  of  Newark,  and  40  nb 
of  Trenton. 

a town  of  Maryland,  the 
capital  of  Washington  county,  formerly  cal” 
led  Hagarstown.  In  the  vicinity  is  t a 
finest  OroDOoko  tobacco.  It  stands  in  a 
valley,  70  miles  wnw  of  Baltimore,  and  SO 
N N w of  W ashing  ton . 

Elizabethtown,  the  capital  of  Bladam 
county.  North  Carolina,  36  miles  s by  w of 
Fayetteville,  and  43  nw  of  Vnimington. 

Elkridge,  a small  town  in  Ann  Arundal 
county,  Maryland.  Thi.s  place  is  fameus  for 
the  bright  tobacco  called  kile\s  foot, 

Elkton,  a town  of  considerable  trade,  at 
the  head  of  Chesapeak  bay,  in  Maryland, 
and  the  capital  of  Cecil  county.  It  is  10 
miles  NS  of  Charlestown,  and  47  sw  of 
Philadelphia. 

Elleholm,  a town  of  Blekir.gen,  Sweden, 
on  the  Baltic,  10  miles  w of  Carlescroon. 

Ellerena,  or  Elerena,  a town  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Estremadiira,  Spain.  Lon.  10 
48  E,  Peak  of  Teneriffe,  lat.  38  8 n. 

Ellesdon,  ox  EUdon,  a town  of  Nor- 
thumberland, has  a fair  20th  August;  20 
I miles  WNW  of  Morpeth,  and  28  nw  of  New'- 
i castle. 

Ellesmere,  a town  in  the  county  of  Salop, 
near  a lake  famous  for  fish,  with  a weekly 
market  on  Tuesday.  It  contains  about 
3,533  iuhabitanis,  and  has  a coiisiderabi« 
trade  in  malt.  A new  canal  is  cut  to  this 
town,  called  the  Ellesmere  Canal,  which 
joins  the  Severn  on  the  n side  of  Shrews- 
bury, passing  through  a country  abounding 
with  slate,  lime,  coal,  and  other  minerals: 
16  miles  nnw  of  Shrewsbury,  and  178  nw 
of  London. 

I Ellichpour,  the  capital  of  a circar  of  the 
I same  name,  in  the  county  of  Berar,  .subject 
to  the  Nizam  of  the  Deccan,  Uindoostan  ; 
44  miles  ne  of  Aurungabad.  Lon.  78  3 h, 
lat.  21  12  N. 

Elliock,  a splendid  mansion,  buiU  by  the 
late  lord  Elliock,  one  of  the  judges  of  the 
court  of-  session,  .stands  on  the  side  of  the 
Nith,  two  miles  s of  Sanquhar,  Dumfries- 
shire. Here  one  extensive  arch  crosses 
the  river.  A very  large  library  collected 
> T t 


ELF 

fey  his  lordship,  is  entailed  alone:  [ 

the  estate.  In  the  old  house  of  Elliock, 
which  occupied  part  of  the  site  of  the  pre- 
sent one,  wast  born  the  admirable  Crighton, 
.recording'  to  the  decided  opinion  of  Lord 
Eiiiock. 

Elliot^  a rivulet  in  Angus-shire,  runs  s 
and  enters  the  German  ocean^  in  the 
parish  of  Arbilot ; noted  for  the  superior 
relish  of  its  trouts.  Salmon  are  taken  at 
its  mouth, 

Ellon,  di  parish  and  village  in  Aberdeen- 
shire, and  seat  of  a presbytery.  The  parish 
is  about  nine  miles  long,  and  five  broad, 
watered  l>y  the  Ythan.  On  the  banks  of 
the  river  the  soil  is  dry,  but  in  the  northern 
parts,  mossy.  The  viliage  is  on  the  w bank 
pf  the  Ythan,  which  is  navigable  for  large 
boats,  within  half  a mile  of  the  village, 
where  it  is  crossed  by  a good  bridge.  Spin-  I 
ning  flax  and  knitting  stockings  employ  a 
number  of  inhabitants  in  this  village  and 
neighbourhood.  It  has  four  annual  fairs. 
The  population  of  the  parish  is  about  | 
2,022;  18  miles  n of  Aberdeen,  and  IdO 
NNK  of  Edmburgh. 

EUore,  the  capital  of  one  of  the  northern 
circars,  on  Uie  bay  of  Bengal,  Hindoostan, 
32  miles  K of  Masulipatam^  Lon.  81  e, 
iat.  16  43  n, 

FAm,  a town  in  the  canton  of  Glaris, 
six  miles  s of  Glaris,  Switzerland. 

Elma,  a town  in  the  government  of 
Archangel,  Russia,  stands  on  a river  of  the 
same  name,  near  its  junction  wdth  the  , 
Petehora,  210  miles  e of  Mezen.  Lon.  <52  j 
3<5  E.  lat.  50  n. 

Elmesworth,  in  W Medina,  in  the  isle 
of  Wight,  with  fairs  on  Easter  Monday,  and 
July  18th. 

Elmo  Fort  St,  a fortress  in  the  depart-  i 
ment  of  the  Eastern  Pyrenees,  France, 
seated  on  the  Tet,  w'as  taken  by  the  Spa- 
niards in  1798,-  but  retaken  next  year  ; five 
miles  N of  Coiioure. 

Elnhogeu,  tlje  capital  of  a circle,  or 
district,  within  the  circle  of  Saatz^  called 
the  Circle  of  Elnhogeu  or  Loket,  Bohe- 
mia, has  a castle  on  a rock,  near  the 
Egra,  38  miles  wsw  of  Saatz.  Lon.  12 
tSO  E,  lat.  <50  10  N. 

Elne,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Eastern  Pyrennees,  France,  formerly 
the  see  of  a bishop,  was  greatly  reduced 
in  the  civil  wars,  in  the  reign  of  Lewis 
XI.  It  is  eight  miles  s by  e of  Perpig- 
nan. 

Flora,  a tow^i  hr  the  country  of  Dowla- 
tabad,  Hindoostan,  noted  for  its  pagodas, 
cut  out  of  the  solid  rock  ; 1<5  miles  n of 
Aurungabad. 

ElphtUf  a town  in  the  county  of  Ros- 
common, Ireland,  a bishop’s  see,  said  to 
have  been  founded  by  St.  Patrick,  in  the 
Ath.  century,  the  bishop  is  a suffragan  of 
the  archbishop  of  Cashel.  In  this  see  are 
‘^3  churches  and  29  benefices.  The  cathe- 


E L V 

dral  is  the  parish  church  ; 17  miles  n af 
Rosscommon. 

Elrich,  a town  in  Upper  Saxony,  capital 
of  Hobenstein,  on  the  Zorge.  Here  are 
several  manufactures;  12  miles  nnw  of 
Nordhausen.  Lon.  10  43  e,  lat.  6]  38  n. 

Et^,  a tow'n  in  the  circle  ©f  Brunn, 
Moravia,  24  miles  yxw  of  Brimn. 

Elsgau,  a part  of  the  bishopric  of  Bale, 
comprehending  the  town  and  bailiwick  of 
Porenturi,  and  20  parishes. 

Ekinear,  or  Ehinore,  a town  of  the  isla^ 
of  Zealand,  Denmark,  on  the  sound.  Here 
reside  a number  of  foreign  merchants  and 
the  consuls  of  the  different  nations  that- 
trade  to  the  Baltic.  Cronborg,  which- 
guards  the  sound,  stands  a little  to  the  e. 
The  Danish  army  is  supplied  with  arms' 
from  a manufacture  in  the  vicinity.  At 
Els-iimre,  every  ship  that  passes  pays  a toll 
to  the  crown,  for  which  lighthouses  and 
signals  to  mark  the  rocks  and  shoals,  are 
kept  in  repair.  Here  is  a commotlious 
road,  but  no  harbour,  32  miles  n of 
Copenhagen.  Lou.  13  29  e,  lat.  56  0 n. 
See  Cronherg% 

Elsteth,  a town  of  Westphalia,  at  the 
junction  of  the  Hunt  and  Weser,  13  miles- 
ENE  of  Oldeiiburgh. 

EUt,  Loch,  a lake  in  Sutherlandshire, 
about  two  miles  long,  which  discharges  it- 
I self  into  the  Frith  of  Tain  by  a rivulet  of 
the  same  name. 

Elsterberg,  a town  in  Upper  Saxony, 
15  miles  sw  of  Zwicken. 

Elsterwerda,  a town  in  Upper  Saxony, 
and  margraviate  of  Meissen,  on  the  Elster, 
has  a castle,  and  is  24  miles  n by  \v  of 
Dresden. 

Elstow,  in  Bedfordshire,  near  Bedford, 
with  fairs  on  May  H,  and  November  25. 
Here  was  a nunnery. 

Ettham,  a town  in  Kent,  with  a market 
on  Monday ; it  is  eight  miles  s from 
London.  Here  was  born  John  of  Eithani, 
son  of  Edward  IT.  who  frequently  resided 
in  a palace  here,  of  which  the  remains  aro^ 
still  visible.  It  is  now  converted  into 
farm  house  and  barn.  It  gives  the  title 
of  earl  to  the  prince  of  Wales.  Here  in  a 
valuable  greenhouse,  the  famous  botanist 
Dr.  Sherrad  kept  his  exotics.  On  Shooter’s 
hill,  in  this  parish,  is  Severndroog  castle, 
erected  in  memory  of  the  reduction  of  a 
fort  of  that  name,  ou  an  island,, near  Bom-, 
bay,  in  1756. 

Eivas,  a fortified  city  in  the  province  of 
Tra^los -Montes,  Portugal,  containing  about 
I 2,500  inhabitants.  A very  remarkabU 
I aqueduct,  three  miles  long,  supplies  it  with 
(j  water.  It  was  eon.strueted  by  the  moors, 
j and  in  some  places,  is  supported  by  several 
jj  stories  of  arches.  On  the  side  of  it  is  a 
1 forest  of  olive  trees,  three  miles  long, 
ornamented  by  fine  walks  and  fountains. 
It  has  a castle  reckoned  one  of  the  strongest 
fortresses  in  the  kingdom.  In  1706,  Eivas 


E M D 

was  bombarded  by  the  French  ; an  academy  ’ 
for  young  gentlemen  was  founded  in  1733  ; | 
38  miles  ene  of  Evora,and  118  e of  Lisbon.  | 
Lon.  6 56  e,  lat.  38  44  n.  j 

Elwnngeriy  a principality  in  Suabia,  be- 
longing to  the  duchy  of  Wurtemburg,  Ger- 
many. The  prince  has  a regency,  an 
ecclesiastical  council,  and  a chamber  of 
finances. 

Elwangen,  a town  in  the  above  princi- 
pality, has  a castle  seated  on  a mountain, 
and  stands  OH  the  Jaxt,  14  miles  kw  of  Nord- 
lingcn,  and  32  n of  Ulm. 

EZy,  a cfly  in  Cambridgeshire,  in  a 
fenny  country,  called  Js/e  of  Ely. 

The  bishop  has  all  the  rights  of  a county- 
palatine,  and  is  sovereign  The  number 
of  inhabitants  is  about  2,500.  It  has 
but  one  good  street.  It  is  encompassed 
with  gardens.  The  market  is  on  SatJir- 
day.  It  is  seated  on  the  Cuze,  which  is 
navigable  hence  to  Lynn.  Here  are 
held  the  spring  assizes.  It  has  a fine 
cathedral,  which  is  the  chief  ornament 
of  the  town  It  is  not  represented  in 
parliament.  It  has  a free-school,  .and  two 
charity  schools.  It  has  been  a bishop^s 
see  since  1109,  has  considerable  trade  and 
manufactures  of  'carthern  ware,  and  white 
bricks.  Its  gardens  supply  many  towns  to 
the  s ; 17  miles  n of  Cambridge,  and  67 
N by  E of  London.  Lon.  0 9 E,  lat.  52  i 
24  N. 

Ely,  Isle  of,  that  large  tract  of  high 
land  encompassed  with  fens,  that  were 
formerly  overflowed  with  water,  to  the 
whole  of  which,  Ely,  the  principal  place 
gives  name.  The  whole  district  extends 
28  miles  in  length,  and  25  in  breadth. 
It  contains  a number  of  considerable  towns 
and  villages,  as  Wisbeach,  Whittlesey, 
Dodington,  March,  Leverington.,  Newton, 
Chalteries,  Pjotected  by  its  mar- 

shes, the  district  of  Ely  was  the  last  that 
submitted  to  William  the  conqueror,  since 
s which  time  its  foreign  and  domestic  as- 
sailants have  often  met  with  obstinate 
resistance. 

Ely,  See  Elie, 

Elze,  a town  in  Lower  Saxony,  and 
bishopric  of  Hildesheim,  on  the  Seina,  10 
miles  sw  of  Hiddiesbeim. 

Emboly,  a ruinous  town  in  the  province 
of  Romania,  Euro|)ean  Turkey,  and  the 
see  of  a Greek  archbishop.  It  is  the  ancient 
Amphibolis.  It  stands  cn  the  Sromona, 
and  is  40  miles  N-e  of  Sulonicu.  Lon,  23 
55  E,  lat.  40  59  n. 

Emhrun,  a city  in  the  department  of  the 
Iligiier  Alps,  Frciuce,  stands  on  a craggy 
reck,  near  the  Durance.  It  has  a fortress 
.built  by  Louis  XIV  ; 17  miles  e of  Gap. 
Lon.  6 29  e,  lat.  44  34  x. 

Emden,  the  capital  of  the  county  of 
East  Frie.Iand,  Westphalia.  It  is  large, 
stropg,  and  commercitil ; and  divided 
into  Old  and  New  Tow^n,  with  two  sub- 


E N c 


Jews, 


the  greater 


urbs.  U has  a safe  road,  and  commodious 
harbour,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ems.  Its 
manufactures  are  cotton,  stockings,  lea- 
ther, and  soap.  There  are  some 
Papists,  and  Lutherans,  but 
part  of  the  inhabitants  are  Calvinists. 
Its  territory  includes  several  towns  and 
villages;  28  miles  ene  of  Groningen,  and 
47  of  Oldenburg.  Lon.  7 8 e,  lat. 
53  22  N. 

Emiy,  a town  of  Tipperary,  Ireland, 
formerly  the  see  of  a. bishop,  but  in  1658, 
was  annexed  to  the  archbishopric  of  Cash- 
al.  It  has  still  a chapter,  and  the  choir 
of  the  caihedral  is  kept  in  repair.  Heret 
was  once  a celebrated  school,  attended  by 
a number  of  students.  It  stands  in  an  ex- 
tremely fertile  district  near  St.  Alban^s 
well,  which  is  the  resort  of  a number  of 
pilgrims,  14  miles  from  Cashel,  and  34  N 
of  Cork. 

Emmaiis,  a Moravian  settlement,  eight 
miles  from  Bethlehem,  in  Pennsylvania. 

Emmeloort,  a town  in  the  n part  of  the 
island  of  Shockland,  in  the  Zuyder  Zee, 
Holland, 

I Emmendingen,  Xn  Suabia,  Mar- 

quisate  of  Hoohberg,  stands  on  he  Ens, 

I 10  miles  n by  w of  Friburg,  and  J ssr  of 
' Strasburg. 

EmmerJeh,  Emerick,  or  Emmerich  a 
towTi  in  Westphalia,  and  duchy  of  Cleves, 
seated  on  the  Rhine,  has  an  extensive 
trade  with  Holland,  and  ,is  20  miles  ne  of 
Cleves,  and  22  NwofWeseU  The  gover- 
nor and  magistrates  are  Calvinists.  Here 
the  Jesuits  had  a college.  Lon.  5 29  e,  lat. 
52  5 N. 

EmmitshurghfOT  Emmtshurgli,  a flourish- 
ing village  in  Frederick  county,  Maryland, 
Uniteil States,  between  the  w head  waters  of 
Monococy,50  miles  nw  of  Baltimore. 

EMOUY,  or  Hia-men,  an  island  near 
the  SE  coast  of  China,  in  the  province  of 
Forkien,  about  15  miles  in  circumference, 
with  a port  capable  of  containing  any 
number  of  ye.ssels,  and  its  w’ater  so  deep  that 
the  largest  may  come  close  to  the  shore. 
Here  formerly  w'as  great  traffic  with  Europe, 
hut  ail  the  trade  is  now  transferred  to 
Canton.  The  magnificence  of  its  principal 
Pagod,  dedicateil  to  thair  god  Fo,  gives 
celebrity  to  this  island.  Lon.  116  27  k, 
lat.  24  30  N. 

Empoli,  a town  in  Tuscany,  Italy,  on 
the  Arno,  17  miles  sw  of  Fiorence.  Lo«. 
11  16  E,  lat.  43  42  n. 

Ems,  a town  in  the  Tyrol,  Germany^ 
near  which  are  some  baths  of  sulphurid 
water,  10  miles  s of  Bregenz. 

Ems,  a river  in  Westphalia,  which  has 
its  source  in  Paderborn,  and  passing  through 
Munster  and  E Friesland,  enters  the  Dwi- 
laxt  bay  at  Embden. 

Enchuysen,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Te.xel,  Holland,  on  the  Zuider  Zee, 
It  has  a eonsrderable  trade,  particularly  ia 
t 2 


ENG 

salt-fish.  The  streets  are  dean,  with  a 
great  mimber  of  canals,  the  houses  hand- 
some, and  the  public  buildings  good.  Ii 
has  now  lost  much  of  its  consequence 
by  the  obstruciion  of  its  harbour  by 
sand  banks.  It  was  taken  by  the  Eng- 
lish in  1799.  The  steeple  of  its  church 
is  of  extraordinary  height:  27  miles  ne 
of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  5 20  e,  lat.  52 
43  N. 

Enckendrop,  a town  in  Holstein,  six  miles 
SE  of  Rendsburg,  Germany. 

Endeavour  Straits,  a narrow  sea,  sepa- 
rating New  Guinea  from  New  Holland, 
about  10  leagues  in  length,  and  five  broad, 
except  at  the  NE  entrance,  where  it  is  con- 
tracted to  two  miles  by  the  prince  of 
Wales’  islands.  Captain  Cook  who  visit- 
ed these  straits  in  1770,  gave  them  their 
name. 

Endian,  a town  in  the  province  of  Chu^ 
sistaii;  150  miles  sse  of  Susa,  Persia. 

Edingen,  a town  in  Austricin  Suabia, 
near  the  Rhine,  seven  miles  kw  of  Friburg, 
and  as  many  of  Old  Brisac. 

Endrick,  a river  in  Stirlingshire^  rush- 
ing in  a full  stream  over  the  Loup  «f 
Fintrg,  forming  a.  cataract  of  91  feet 
in  height.  It  falls  into  the  se  corner  of 
Loch  Lomond,  and  abounds  with  pike, 
perch,  flounders,  trout,  and  salmon. 

Enfxld,  a town  in  the  county  of  Mid- 
dlesex, has  a market  on  Saturday.  Here 
formerly  was  an  extensive  royal  chace, 
which  was  disforested  in  1779.  There 
are  also  some  remains  of  an  ancient 
royal  palace,  in  the  garden  of  which  is  a 
cedar  of  Lebanon,  that  some  years  since 
measured  12  feet  in  girt:  10  miles  n of 
London. 

Enfield,  a town  in  Hartford  county,  Con- 
recticut,  on  the  e bank  of  that  river,  16 
miles  N by  b of  Hartford. 

ENGADIN,  or  Jugadin,  or  Junthal, 
a district  of  the  country  of  the  Grisons, 
divided  into  Upper  and  Lower.  Upper 
Engadin  is  divided  into  three  communities, 
and  contains  about  4000  inhabitants.  Zut? 
is  esteemed  the  principal  place.  Lower 
Engadin  is  divided  into  three  communities  ; 
and  has  a fertile  soil,  Cernetz  is  the  prin- 
cipal place. 

Engdhn'g,  a valley  in  Hinderwalden, 
Swisscr'aiid,  10  miles  long,  encompassed 
by  mountains,  subject  to  an  abbot  of  Bene- 
dictine monasteiy  of  the  same  name,  whose 
revenue  arises  chiefly  fiorn  commerce  in 
cheese.  It  contains  very  extensive  glaciers, 
on  the  side'  of  the  mountains  ; fine  black 
marble,  white  unveined  small  crystals,  calle<l 
Swiss  diamonds,  silver,  and  vitriol.  The 
^bbey  is  12  miles  sw  of  Altdorf. 

Engdholmy  a sea  port  town  of  Sweden, 
on  the  E side  of  the  Categat,  with  good 
anchorage.  Alter  an  obstauate  defence,  it 
was  taken  by  the  Danes,  in  1678.  It  is  44  j 
miles  N by  w of  Lund.  Lon.  12  49  E,  lat.  ! 
56  13  N. 


ENG 

Engen,  a town  in  Suabia,  and  princi 
pality  of  Furstenburg,  Germany,  20  mile 
ESK  of  Furstenburg. 

Engenthal,  a town  in  Franconia,  13 
miles  w of  Nuremberg,  Germany. 

Engers,  a town  in  the  Westerw^ald,  chief 
of  a county  of  its  name,  cn  the  Rhine,  20 
miles  wNw  of  Dietz. 

Engliien,  a town  in  HainauU,  Nether- 
lands. It  gives  title  of  duke  to  the 
prince  of  Conde’s  eldest  son.  Neitr  it, 
in  1692,  was  fought  the  battle  of  Stein- 
kirk,  in  which  the  French,  under  mar- 
shal Luxemburg,  repulsed  the  army  of 
William  III.  and  killed  general  Mackay, 
who,  in  1689,  had  gained  the  battle  of 
Cillicranky,  in  which  I.ord  Viscount 
Dundee,  who  w^as  at  the  head  of  the 
highland  clans,  fell.  Lon.  3 52  e,  lat, 
50  36  N. 

Engia,  See  Egina, 

ENGLAND,  a country  of  Europe, 
which  forms  a principal  part  of  the  king- 
dom and  island  of  Great  Britain.  It 
is  of  a triangular  form.  From  the 
South  Foreland  in  Kent,  xvhieb  may 
be  termed  the  e point  of  the  triangle, 
to  Berwick-upon-Tweed,  wbich  is  the 
N,  its  length,  in  a straight  line,  is  345 
miles ; from  that  point  to  the  Land's 
End,  in  Cornwall,  which  is  the  w,  it  is 
425;  and  the  breadth  thence  to  the  South 
Foreland,  is  340.  Etd  the  breadth  diim- 
nishes,  in  general,  as  wc  approach^  th® 
N . The  face  of  the  country  affords 
all  that  beautiful  variety  w’hich  can  be 
found  in  the  most  extensive  tracts  of 
the  globe.  In  some  parts,  verviant  plains 
extend  as  far  as  (ho  eye  can  reach,  water- 
ed Vjy  copious  streams,  and  covered  by 
hmimierabie  cattle.  In  others,  the  pleas- 
ing vicissitudes  of  gentiy-rising  bills  and 
bending  vales,  fertile  in  corn,  waving  with 
wood,  and  interspersed  with  meadows, 
offer  the  most  delightful  landscapes  of 
rural  opiilesce  and  beauty.  Some  tracts 
abound  with  prospects  of  a more  roman- 
tic kind  ; lofty  mountains,  craggy  rocks, 
deep  narrow  dells,  and  tumbling  torrents. 
Nor  are  there  wanting,  as  a contrast  to 
so  many  agreeable  scenes,  the  gloomy 
features  of  black  barren  moors,  and 
wide  uncultivated  heaths.  On  the  whole, 
however,  few  countries  have  a smaller 
proportion  of  land  absolutely  sterile  and 
incapable  of  culture.  The  richest  parts 
are  in  gene'Val  the  midland  and  southern. 
Toward  the  n,  the  land  is  inferior, 
and  the  people  behind  in  agricultural  know- 
ledge, except  the  county  of  Northum- 
beriand,  and  the  detached  parts  of  Dur- 
ham on  the  border,  xvhere,  and  in  the 
contiguous  counties  in  Scotland,  agri- 
culture is  carried  to  a higher  pitch  of 
improvement  than  in  any  other  quarter 
of  the  united  empire.  The  e coast  is 
in  many  parts  sandy  ami  marshy.  A 
range  of  rude  and  elevated  land,  some*" 


ENG 

rising  into  lofty  mountains,  cxteudrs 
from  the  borders  of  Scotland  to  the  very 
heart  of  England,  rnnoing  from  n to  s, 
and  forming  a natural  division  between 
the  E and  w sides  of  the  kingdom.  Corn- 
wall is  also  a rough  hilly  tract ; and  a 
similar  character  prevails  in  part  oi 
the  adjacent  counties.  These  mountain- 
ous t acts  abound  with  various  min^al 
treasur.^s.  The  rivers  are  numerous.^  Ihe 
most  considerable  are  Thames,  Severn, 
Medwav,  Trent,  Ouse,  Tyne,  Tees,  Eden, 
Avon,  Derwent,  Dee,  Mersey,  &c.  whicn, 
with  many  others,  are  described  under 
their  respective  heads.  The  lakes  are  | 
neither  numtrous  nor  extensive.  They  | 
are  chiefly  in  the  nw  counties;  those 
of  Westmoreland  and  Cumberland  are 
greatly  celebrated  for  their  romantic  and 
picturesque  scenery.  The  climate  is 
healthy,  though  uncertain  ; frequent  changes 
happen  in  the  w^eatfaer,  and  those  sud- 
den and  unexpected,  which  render  the 
harvests,  especially  in  the  northern  coun* 
ties  precarious.  The  soil  is  various,  and 
difters  in  different  counties.  Vfheat,  bar- 
ley, oats,  rye,  French  wheat,  beans, 
and  pease,  are  the  principal  productions. 
Many  of  the  counties  produce  apples 
and  pears,  from  which  cyder  and  perry 
are  made,  by  some  thought  equal  to 
the  generality  of  German  wines;  plumbs, 
cherries,  peaches,  nectarines,  apricots, 
flgs,  grapes,  and  other  truils,  are,  by 
the  care  and  skill  of  the  English  gar- 
deners, raised  in  iho  greatest  plenty  and 
variety.  The  oak  is  a native  of  Eng- 
land, as  likewise  the  beach ; the  ebn 
most  probably  is  an  exotic ; and  there 
are  few  plants  that  flourish  in  any  part 
of  the  known  world  but  are  introduced 
either  into  the  plantation,  the  nursery,  or 
the  green-house  in  England.  Formerly 
this  county  was  infested  wuth  wolves, 
bears,  foxes,  deer,  and  badgers,  but  the 
two  first  have  been  totally  destroyed. 
Among  the  domestic  animals  are  cattle, 
horses,  sheep,  and  bogs,  and  all  these  have 
been  reared  to  the  highest  degree  of  perfec- 
tion. In  the  mountains  of  the  different 
parts  cf  the  kingdom  are  mines  of  copper, 
iron,  lead,  tin,  and  coals,  with  quarries  of 
marble,  free-stone,  lime  stone,  slate,  &c. 
The  rivers  and  seas  are  stocked  with  a 
great  variety  of  fish.  The  fisheries  are  at 
present  an  object  of  great  attention.  The 
mauufachires  are  as  perfect  in  their  re- 
spective branches,  as  they  are  various 
and  extensive;  and  England  is  unques- 
tionably the  first  manufacturing  com- 
mercial country  in  the  world.  London 
is  the  capital,  and  the  metropolis  also  of 
the  whole  British  empire.  The  next  towns 
in  point  of  commercial  importance,  are 
Bri.siol  and  Liverpool.  Canterliury  and 
York  are  archbishof/s  sees.  Oxford  and 
Cambridge  are  universities.  The  num- 
ber of  inhabitants  is  about  8,331,434. 


ENG 

The  government  of  this  country  is  a limit 
ed  monarchy;  the  legislative  power  re.sid- 
ing  in  the  King,  the  House  of  Lords, 
and  the  House  of  Commons;  the  laws 
originating  wdth  the  latter,  are  agrccxl 
to  by  the  nobles,  and  confirmed  by  the 
king,  either  of  the  latter  having  power 
to  reject.  The  executive  power  remains 
with  the  king,  and  subordinate  rulers. 
The  civil  division  of  the  country  is  iuto 
six  circuits,  and  40  shires,  or  couiiLies; 
these  last  are  subdivided  into  w^apentakes, 
or  hundreds,  and  parishes.  The  circuits, 
in  each  of  which  two  judges  generally 
administer  justice  twice  a-year,  contain 
38  counties.  They  are,  1.  The  Home 
Circuity  which  contains  the  counties  of 
Es.sex,  Herts,  Kent,  Surry,  and  Sussex. 
2.  The  Norfolk  Circuit,  containing  the 
counties  of  Bucks,  Bedford,  Huntingdon, 
Cambridge,  Suffolk,  and  Norfolk.  3.  The 
Oxford  Circuit,  containing  the  counties 
of  Oxford,  Berks,  Gloucester,  Worcester, 
Monmouth,  Hereford,  Salop,  and  Stafford. 
4.  The  Midland  Circuit,  containing  the 
shires  of  Warwick,  Leicester,  Derby,  Not- 
tingham, Lincoln,  Rutland,  and  Nor- 
thampton. 5.  The  Northern  Circuit,  con- 
taining the  counties  of  York,  Durham, 
Northumberland,  Lancester,  Westmoreland, 
and  Cumberland.  6.  The  Western  Cir- 
cuit, containing  Hants,  Wilts,  Dorset, 
Somerset,  Devon,  and  Cornw^all.  Mid- 
dlesex being  the  seat  of  the  supreme  court 
of  justice,  and  Cheshire  being  a county 
of  palatinate,  are  not  included  in  any 
circuit.  The  established  religion  of  the 
country,  as  contained  in  the  Thirty-Nino 
articles  of  the  church  of  England,  is  Calvi- 
nism, but  theie  are  interpreted  by  the 
clergy  in  general  according  to  the  prin- 
ciples of  Arminius.— There  are  however 
a number  of  exception:.  All  religions 
are  tolerated.  The  ecclesia-stical  division 
of  England,  is  into  two  archbishoprics, 
called  the  provinces  of  Canterbury  and 
York,  and  26  bishoprics.  That  of  Can- 
terbury, (whose  archbishop  is  metropo- 
litan and  primate  of  all  England,)  con- 
tains the  dioceses  of  Loudon,  Winchester, 
Bath,  Bristol,  and  Wells,  Chichester,  Ely, 
Exeter,  Gloucester,  Hereford,  Litcnfleid, 
and  Coventry,  Lincoln,  Norwich,  Oxford, 
Petersborough,  Rochester,  Salisbury,  and 
Worcester,  beside  the  four  Welsh  bisho- 
prics of  St.  David,  Bangor,  Llan^.aff, 
and  St.  Asaph.  The  province  of  York 
contains  the  dioceses  of  Durham,  Chester, 
and  Carlisle,  and  that  of  Sodar  and 
Man ; and  all  the  prelates  of  the  sees 
enumerated  have  a seat  in  the  uouse 
of  lords,  except  the  see  of  Sodor  and 
Man. 

ENGLAND,  New,  that  part  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  which  lies  to 
tl>e  E of  New  York,  is  known  by  the  general 
name  of  New  England,  formerly  called 
New  England  Colonies,  anti  now  the  States 


E N N 

New  EnjB^land,  being  divided  into  five 
i^tates,  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts, 
tlhode  Island,  C onnecticut,  and  Vermont, 
to  which  is  now  added  a sixth,  called 
Main.  New  England  is  the  most  popu- 
lous pari  of  the  United  States  ; it  contains 
about  l,?33,0n  inhabitants.  They  are 
mostly  descended  from  the  natives  of 
England,  who  were  banisiied  from  their 
■ovi'ii  country  for  conscience  ^ke,  wiien 
persecution  was  hot  against  the  Puritans. 
They  universally  speak  the  English  lan- 
guage, and  many  of  them  talk  yet  of 
England  as  their  home,  notwithstanding 
the  cruelty  exercised  against  their  proge- 
nitors, Learning  is  here  more  generally 
dififused  among  the  peopde  than  in  other 
states;  they  are  fond  of  learning  the  arts, 
and  cultivate  (hem  with  success.  One 
great  characteristic  of  the  New  England- 
ers is  their  enthusiastic  love  of  liberty : 
for  wdiich  in  the  days  of  their  fathers  so 
many  bled  and  died,  and  which  was  com- 
mitted to  the  succeeding  race  as  a precious 
deposit.  They  are  generally  tall  and  well 
made,  frugal,  industrious,  sober,  and  tem- 
perate. A law,  which  is  the  same  in  all 
the  New  England  states,  divides  the  posses- 
sions of  the  father  equally  among  the 
children,  with  the  exception  only  of  a 
double  portion  to  the  eldest.  New  Eng- 
land may  be  called  a nursery  of  men. 
The  state  of  Vermont  has  risen  in  a small 
time,  and  thousands  of  the  inhabitants 
emigrate  every  year  into  every  state  and 
considerable  town  of  the  Union.  The 
principal  rivers  are  the  Conuecticul,  Mer- 
rimack, Penobscot,  Piscataqua,  and  Saco. 
The  productions  and  trade  of  New  Eng- 
land, are  noticed  under  the  names  of  the 
states  into  which  it  is  divided.  See  Connec- 
ticutf  (fee. 

English  Ha:,  ^otir,  one  of  the  best  har- 
l)ours  in  the  island  of  Antigua.  Lon.  61 
27  30  w,  lat.  17  8 25  N. 

English  Point,  a cape  in  the  river  St. 
Lawrence,  on  the  coast  Canada.  Lon.  61 
45  \v,  lat.  49  40  n. 

English  Road,  a road  in  the  island  of 
Eooa  or  Middleburg,  in  the  Pacific  ocean. 
Lon.  174  34  w,  lat.  21  20  s. 

English  Town,  in  New  Jersey,  a small 
village  in  the  nw  part  of  Monmouth  coun- 
ty, 18  miles  e of  Prinoetowu. 

EnJiioping,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Upland,  Sweden,  on  a creek  of  the  lake 
Maeler,  21  miles  sw  of  Uosal.  Lon.  16 
59  E,  lat.  54  45  n. 

Ennei  Lough,  a lake  in  the  countv  of 
\V  cst  /death,  Ireland,  four  or  five  miles 
long,  and  two  broad,  and  contains  a 
small  island.  It  is  a few  miles  s of  Mul- 
iingcir. 

Ennerdale  Water,  a lake  seven  miles  r 
of  Whitehaven,  Cumberland,  three  miles 
long,  and  less  than  one  broad,  encompassed, 
except  on  the  \v,  by  almost  impa.ssai>le 
mouiitaitis.  It  gives  name  to  a district, 


ENT 

and  affords  a variety  of  mountain,  sylvai, 
and  pastoral  scenes. 

Ennis,  a large,  populous,  and  trading 
town,  capital  of  the  county  of  Clare,  pro- 
vince of  Munster,  on  the  Fergus,  which  is 
navigable  for  large  boats  from  the  Shannon. 
It  is  a burgh  town,  and  sends  a representa- 
tive to  the  British  parliament.  The  village 
of  Clare,  once  the  capital  of  the  county, 
stands  txvo  miles  sse.  At  Ennis  are  the 
remains  of  a magnificent  abbey,  built 
in  1550,  22  miles  wnw  of  Limerick,  and 
]I8  wsAv  of  Dublin.  Lon.  9 22  w,  lat. 
5244  N. 

Enniscorfhg,  a town  in  the  county  of 
.Wexford,  seated  on  the  Slaney,  at  the  foot 
of  Vinegar  Irill,  with  a cakle.  There 
are  a manufacture-  of  coarse  woollen  cloth, 
and  some  considerable  iron-works:  19 
miles  ^ of  Wexford,  and  27  ne  of  Water- 
ford. 

Enniskillen,  a burgh  town,  capital  of  the 
county  of  Fermanagh,  on  an  island  in  th© 
strait,  which  connects  the  two  branches  of 
loch  Earn.  It  has  a strong  fort,  as  it  is  a 
pass  of  importance  between  the  n and  s of 
Ireland.  Here,  in  1595,  the  army  of 
queen  Elizabeth,  and  in  1680, ' that  of 
.lames  II.  met  with  obstinate  resistance. 
Here  is  a spring  esteemed  as  one  of  the  best 
cold  baths,  it  is  so  copious  that  its  stream 
turns  two  mills  within  150  yards  of  it 
source.  It  gives  title  of  earl  to  the  family 
of  Colt,  and  name  to  the  6th  regiment  of 
dragons.  The  linen  manufacture  flourishes 
here.  It  sends  a representative  to  (he  Bri- 
tish parliament,  and  is  80  miles  nw  of 
Dublin. 

Eno,  a town  in  the  province  of  Romania, 
European  Turkey,  and  .the  see  of  a Greek 
archbishop  stands  near  the  Archipelago,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Marissa,  90  miles  s 
by  w of  Adrianople.  Lon.  26  15  e,  lat.  40 
46  N. 

E71S,  or  Enns,  a town  of  Austria,  well 
built,  and  strongly  tonified,  on  a river  of  the 
same  name,  at  its  junction  with  the  Da- 
nube, 12  miles  ese  of  Lintz,  and  78  w of 
Vienna.  Lon.  14  32  e,  lat.  48  13  n. 

ENSAY,  one  of  the  southern  divisions 
of  the  Harris  isles,  about  two  miles  long,, 
and  one  broad;  with  an  excellent  soil,  well 
cultivated. 

Ensene,  a town  on  the  e side  of  the  Nile, 
120  mile.s  s of  Cairo,  Egyj)t.  Here  are  ih© 
ruin.s  of  the  ancient  Antinoe.  Lon.  30  54  e, 
lat.  28  5 N. 

Ensisheiiii,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Upper  Riiine,  France,  seated  on  the  111, 
10  miles  s of  Coi mar. 

Ensirken,  a tov/n  in  the  department  of 
the  Roer,  France,  now  of  Germany,  in  the 
fiuchy  of  .Tuliers,  15  iriles  sw’  of  Cologne. 
Lon.  6 29  k,  lat.  51  0 n. 

Enstorf,  a town  in  the  Upper  Palatinate, 
Bavaria,  22  miles  n of  Hatisbon. 

Entfihuch,  o town  in  the  canton  of  Lu- 
cern, ^Switzerland,  the  principal  place  of  a 


E P H 

bailiwick,  about  nine  leagues  long,  and  six 
broad;  14  miles  wsw  of  Lucern. 

ENTRE  DUERO-E-MINHO,  a pro- 
vince of  Portugal.  It  takes  its  name  from 
its  situation  between  the  rivers  Duero  and 
Miiibo  and  is  about  60  miles  from  n to  s. 
and  35  from  e to  w.  The  soil  is  fertile, 
and  the  air  healthy.  It  produces  corn, 
wine,  oil,  and  fiax  in  abundance,  with  great 
numbers  of  sheep,  and  plenty  ol  game 
and  fish.  It  is  divided  into  six  juris- 
dictions, which  contain  50*1,000  inha- 
bitants ; it  has  several  sea-ports  on  navi- 
gable rivers,  which  render  it  very  commer- 
cial. The  principal  towns  are  Braga  the 
capital,  Porto,  Viane,  Guimaraens,  Ama- 
ranle,  Moneao,  Pome  <ie  Lmia,  and  Entre 
ambos  os  Rios  ; the  principal  rivers  are  the 
Minho,  Lima,  Cavado,  Tamega,  and  Due- 
lo.  Agriculture  is  well  conducted  in  ibis 
province. 

ENTRY  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Magda- 
len islands,  in  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 
Lon.  61  20  w,  lat.  46  18  n. 

Eutzei\stor/,  a town  of  Austria,  with  a 
castle  surrounded  with  a wall  and  fosse, 
seated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Danube,  10 
miles  ESE  of  Vienna, 

Eorupie  Point , or  the  Butt  of  Lewis, 
the  northern  promontory  of  the  island  of 
Lewis. 

EORSA,  a small  island  of  the  Hebrides, 
between  Mull  and  Icolmkill,  in  a bay  cal- 
led Lochrankeal. 

Eons  mil,  an  insulated  rock,  about  half 
a mile  in  circuit,  on  the  w side  gf  North 
Uist.  It  is  noted  for  its  seal-fishing. 

EOY,  a small  island  of  the  Hebrides, 
lying  between  Barray  and  South  Uist. 

Eperies,  the  capital  of  the  county  of 
Saros,  celebrated  for  its  mines  of  salt. 
Hungary.  It  stands  on  the  Tatza,  20 
miles  NE  of  Cassovia.  Lon.  21  13  e,  lat. 
48  50  N. 

Epernay,  a tow'n  in  the  department  of 
the  Marne,  France,  celebrated  for  its  wine, 
and  manufactures  of  cloth.  It  was  taken,  j 
rn  1592,  by  Henry  IV,  when  marshal 
Biron  vras  kiileii,  while  the  king’s  hand 
leaned  on  his  shoulder;  17  miles  nw  of 
Chalons. 

Epernon,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Eure  and  Loire,  France,  15  miles  ne 
of  Chartres.  , 

Ephesus,  a famous  city  of  Ionia,  ami 
once  the  capital  of  Asia  Minor,  celebramd  I 
for  its  temple  of  Diana,  and  many  other  I 
magnificent  edifices.  It  was  once  the  j 
greatest  emporium  in  that  part  of  the  East. 
The  fortress  whieii  seems  to  have  been 
erected  by  the  Greek  emperor,  is  seated  on 
an  eminence.  Part  of  the  aqueiluct,  sup- 
ported by  pillars  of  fine  marble,  is  ycL  stand- 
ing. The  eastern  gatCthas  three  Bi>:so- 
relievos  takdi  from  some  ancient  monu- 
ments. It  is  not  easy  to  trace  the  site  of 
the  temple  of  Diana,  formerly  reckoned 
•Hii  of  the  seveK  wonders  of  tli*  world. 


E P W 

This  temple  was  burnt  by  Ero  Stranrs; 
from  a vain  wish  to  perpetuate  his  name', 
on  that  very  night  in  which  Alexander  the 
Great  was  born.  The  ruins  are  inhabitevl 
by  about  40  poor  Greek  families,  who  are 
so  illiterate  that  they  cannot  read  the 
epistle  with  which  Paul  the  apostle  ho- 
noured their  ancestors.  Ephesus  is  seated 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Cayster,  which  is 
now  almost  choked  with  sand  ; 23  miles  m 
of  Miletus,  and  30  sse  of  Smyrna.  Lon.  27 
12-  E,  lat.  38  16  N. 

Ephraia,  or  Tunher’s  Town,  a village  in 
Lancaster  county,  Pennsylvania,  inhabited 
by  people  of  German  extraction.  It  has 
three  places  of  worship,  and  is  22  miles  n 
of  Lancaster,  and;  about  60  w of  Phila- 
delphia. 

Ephremov,  a town  in  the  government  of 
} Tula,  36  miles  se  oi  Tula,  Russia. , 

Epidaurus,  now  pronounced  Pidavro  by 
the  natives,  a village  of  the  Morea,  Euro- 
psau  Turkey.  It  was  formerly  a city 
noted  a£  the  precinct  of  Esculapius  and' 
his  sacred  territory  in  the  vicinity.  It  is 
seated  on  a peninsula,  24  miles  se  of  Co- 
rinth, 

Epiez,  a town  in  the  department  of  tli© 
Loiret,  France,  18  miles  w by  n of  Or- 
leans. 

Epila,  a town  in  the  province  of  Arrago® 
on  the  Xiloca,  Spain,*  20  miles  w by  s of 
Sarragossa. 

Epinol,  the  capital  of  the  department  of 
the  Vosges,  France,  stands  on  the  Moselle, 

) and  is  noted  for  its  paper  mills;  35  miles 
I SE  of  Nancy.  Lon.  6 34  e,  lat.  48  8 n. 

Epping,  a town  in  the  county  of  Essex, 
with  a market  on  Friday  ; famous  for  ex- 
cellent butter,  stands  at  the  n end  of  a 
forest  of  the  same  name,  where  the  citizens 
of  London  are  amused  with  a slag  hunt 
annually,  on  Easter  Monday,  IT  miles  nns 
of  London. 

Epping,  a township  of  Rockingham 
comity.  New  Hampshire,  containing  i74(f 
inhabitants. 

Eppingen,  a town  of  Germany,  Palatinate 
of  the  Rhine,  on  the  Elsats,  18  mile« 
SSE  of  Heidelberg,  and  20  ene  of  Philips- 
burg. 

Epsom,  a town  in  the  county  of  Surry, 
celebrated  for  a medical  spring,  and  salts. 
U has  a daily  market  to  supply  the  number 
of  wealthy  people  in  the  town  and  its  vici- 
nity, and  annual  horse  races  on  the  neigh- 
bouring downs  for  their  amusement.  It 
has  an  annual  fair  July  25th ; and  is  18 
miles  SSE  of  London. 

Epwarthy  a town  in  the  county  of 
Lincoln,  on  the  Isle  of  Axholm,  with  a 
market  on  Friday.  Its  principal  trade  is 
a manufacture  of  sacking.  It  is  the  birth- 
place of  John  Wesley,  the  founder  of 
the  Armiriian  sect  of  Methodists  : 1 1 

miles  N of  Gainsborough,  and  160  nnw  of 
London.  Here  is  a charity  ighool,  and  a 
fair,  Sept.  0, 


E R I 

Erhachy  the  capital  of  a county  of  the  i 
same  name,  in  Franconia,  has  a castle,  22 
miles  w by  s of  Wertheim,  and  3t5  sse  of 
Frankfort. 

EK.BACH,  County  of,  a principality  in 
Franconia,  about  seven  leagues  long,  and 
six  wide  ; the  soil  mountainous,  but  not 
unfriiiiful.  The  population  is  estimat- 
ed at  25,000.  Here  are  mines  of  lead,  sil- 
%'er,  iron,  copper,  and  quicksilver.  The 
articles  of  export  are  spelt,  oats,  wheat,  cat- 
tle, wood,  potash,  honey,  wax,  iron,  and 
chcircoal. 

Erekliy  a town  in  the  province  of  Ro- 
mania, Asiatic  Turkey,  anciently  called 
Heraciea,  famous  for  the  ruins  of  an  amphi- 
theatre, built  by  the  emperor  Saverns.  It 
stands  on  the  sea  of  Marmora,  48  miles  w 
of  Constantinople. 

EreSy  or  EriSy  a town  in  the  province  of 
Schirvan,  Persia.  It  is  80  miles  sw  of  Der- 
bend,  and  20  se  of  Teflis. 

Erfurthy  or  Erfurty  a fortified  city  of 
Upper  Saxony,  commonly  called  the  ca- 
pital of  Thuringia,  seated  on  the  Gera. 
The  municipility  is  composed  of  an  equal 
number  of  Catholics  and  Lutherans.  It 
has  an  university,  and  three  fine  libraries, 
one  of  which  belongs  to  the  protestant 
ministers,  another  to  the  university,  and  the 
third  to  the  papists.  The  town  is  large, 
the  buildings  in  general  is  in  the  Gothic 
style.  The  population  reckoned  about 
15,000.  In  Hod,  180  houses  and  several 
churches,  were  consumed  by  fire.  It  was 
taken  by  the  French  in  1806,  and  recover- 
ed by  the  allies  in  18  J 3.  The  great- 
est part  of  the  burgers  are  protestants.  It 
stands  in  a fertile  country,  58  miles  ese  of 
Leipsick,  The  territory  of  Erfurt  is  fer- 
tile, but  wants  woods.  It  contains  the  ca- 
pital, two  towns,  and  T3  villages.  Lon.  11 
9 E,  lat.  51  2 N. 

Ericeyray  a town  in  the  province  of 
Estramadura,  Portugal,  on  the  sea  coast, 
21  miles  nnw  of  Lisbon. 

Ericlit  Lochy  an  extensive  lake  in  Perth- 
shire, extending  several  miles  into  Inver- 
ness-shire, 24  miles  long  and  one  broad, 
lies  between  lofty  and  rugged  mountains, 
and  its  banks  are  covered  with  heath, 
interspersed  with  straggling  allers  and 
birches.  The  river  Ericht,  which  issues 
from  its  s extremity,  fails  into  loch  Ran- 
nock. 

EriCy  a lake  of  the  fourth  magnitude,  in 
North  America,  and  through  which  runs 
the  line  between  the  United  States  and  Up- 
per Canada.  It  is  situated  between  41  and 
43  N lat.  and  between  78  48  and  83  w Ion. 
Its  form  is  elliptical.  Its  length  is  about 
280  miles,  and  its  medium  breadth  40.  It 
is  navigable  for  ships  of  any  burden.  In 
some  places,  particularly  on  the  s s de, 
there  are  rocks  of  several  miles  in  length. 
Near  the  mouth  of  Cayahaga,  some  of  these 
stand  40  or  50  feet  above  the  water,  and 


E R N 

project, over  the  lake  so  as  to  fill  the  bold- 
est mind  with  terror ; even  the  Indians  of- 
fer a sacrifice  of  tobacco  wdien  they  pass 
them.  The  islands  and  banks  towards  itg 
vv  end  are  so  infested  with  rattle-snake« 
as  to  render  it  also  dangerous  to  land. 
On  the  leaves  of  tiie  pond-lily,  which  co- 
vers the  surface  of  the  water  to  a great 
extent,  lie  myriads  of  the  water  snake,  bask- 
ing in  the  summer  sun.  At  its  nw  end  this 
lake  receives  by  the  given  defVoit,  the  wa- 
ters of  several  large  lakes,  which  are  dis- 
charged at  its  NE  end  by  the  Niagra,  into 
lake  Ontario. 

EriCy  Forty  a strong  fortification  in  Up- 
per Canada,  on  the  e end  of  lake  Erie,  and 
on  the  w bank  of  the  Niagra,  27  miles  s by 
E of  fort  Niagara.  Lon.  78  15  w,  lat,  42 
52  N. 

ERISKAY,  one  of  the  Western  islands. 

It  is  about  five  miles  in  circumference,  at 
the  s end  of  St.  Uist,  celebrated  as  the  first 
place  which  Charles  Stewart  landed  in 
1745,  in  his  unsuccessful  expedition  to  re- 
gain the  British  crown. 

ERIVAN,  a province  of  Persian  Arme- 
nia, about  200  leagues  in  length,  and  60  in 
breadth.  The  country  is  mountainous,  in- 
tersected with  fertile  valleys ; the  air  is 
healthy,  and  the  wine  excellent ; the  winter 
is  long  and  rough.  The  principal  towns 
are  Erivan  and  Nachivan. 

ErivcOfiy  the  capital  of  the  above  province, 
and  the  residence  of  an  Armenian  patriarch, 
seated  on  the  Tuengui,  near  lake  Erivan, 
which  is  69  miles  in  circumference,  and 
very  deep.  It  is  large,  dirty,  and  ill  built, 
and  but  indifferently  peopled.  The  city  is 
defended  by  a castle  and  fortress,  in  which 
the  governor  resides.  In  the  Meidan, 
which  is  400  paces  over,  are  beautiful 
trees.  The  baths  and  caravansaries  ara 
worthy  of  notice,  but  the  churches  of  the 
Christians  are  small.  The  Armenians  hava 
shops  there,  but  must  not  remain  during  the 
night ; 105  miles  nw  cf  Astrabad.  Lon.  44 
10  E,  lat.  40  20  N. 

Erkelensy  a town  in  the  department  of  th© 
Roer,  France,  on  the  Roer,  10  miles  nw 
Juliers.  Lon.  6 33  e,  lat.  51  8 n. 

Erlach  y or  Ceilier,  a town  in  the  can- 
ton of  Bern,  Ssvitzerland,  seated  on  the 
lake  Biel,  with  a castle,  10  miles  sw  of  Biel. 

ErlangeUy  a town  in  Franconia,  and  prin- 
cipality of  Bayreuth,  divideil  into  Old  and 
New  ; the  latter  is  one  of  the  handsomest 
towns  in  Germany.  It  has  several  chur-  . 
ches,  an  university,  and  a palace  ; and  its 
principal  manufactures  are  hats,  gloves, 
and  stockings.  It  stands  on  the  Requitz, 
12  miles  n of  Nuremburg.  Lon.  11  2 e, 
lat.  49  34  N. 

Erncy  or  EamCy  a lake  and  river  in 
Perthshire,  Scotland.  The  lake  is  about 
eight  miles  long,  and  a-half  broad.  In 
this  lake  are  two  artificial  islands,  and  on 
each  the  remains  of  a castle.  Between  this  lak® 


E R Z 


Esc 


Coniirie,  stai)ds  Dunsira,  an  elegant 
hunting  seat  of  Viscount  Melville.  From 
the  E end  of  the  lake,  about  six  miles  w 
of  the  village  of  Comrie,  Hows  the  river, 
the  winiling  course  of  which,  eastward 
through  the  beautiful  vale  or  strath,  to  1 
which  it  gives  name,  is  much  and  justly  | 
admired,  and  falls  into  the  Tay  six  or  seven 
miles  below  Perth,  a little  w of  ^e  port  of 
Neuburgh.  . It  is  )]arigabl8  to  the  bridge 
of  Erne,  a distance  of  about  four  miles  from 
the  Tay.  Loch  Erne  produces  trout  and 
pike,  besides  which,  the  river  abounds  with 
salmon. 

Emee,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
, -Mayenne,  on  a river  of  the  same  name, 
containing  about  2,400  inliabitanis,  France  ; 
1<5  miles  nnw  of  Laval. 

Errickf  a river  in  Inverness-shire  flows 
through  the  valley  of  Slrathdearn,  and  falls 
into  loch  Ness,  near  fort  Augustus. 

Erribol  Loch,  a safe  harbour  on  the  coast 
of  Sutheriandshire,  capable  of  containing 
the  whole  British  navy. 

Erroad,  or  ErodUy  a town  of  Coimbe- 
tore,  Hindoostan,  has  an  extensive  mud 
fort.  Mere,  and  in  the  vicinity,  is  manu- 
factured coarse  cotton  cloth.  It  stands  ji 
on  a canal  from  Bhawari,  and  near  the 
river  Cavery,  eight  miles  s of  Bhawanc- 
kudal. 

Erroly  a parish  and  village  in  the  Carse 
of  GoWrie,  Perthshire.  The  pafish  is 
about  five  miles  long,  and  three  broad. 

It  contains  some  extensive  and  fruitful 
orchards.  The  soil  of  this  parish,  like  the 
whole  of  the  Carse,  is  uncommonly  rich, 
and  produces  most  abundant  crops.  The 
water  is  neither  plentifui  nor  good.  The 
village  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  n 
banks  of  the  Tay,  opposite  to  the  village 
and  harbour  of  Neuburg,  and  contains 
about  1000  inhabitants;  but,  though  con- 
sideraljle  for  size,  it  is  not  regularly  built.' 
An  extensive  brewery  was  lately  erected, 
and  the  weaving  of  coarse  linen  employs 
a number  of  the  inhabitants.  Population, 
including  the  village  eight  miles  e of  Perth, 

2, TOO. 

ErromangOy  one  of  the  New  Hebride 
islands,  24  leagues  in  circumference.  On 
t’le  w side  is  a promontory,  called  by  Cap- 
tain Cook,  Traitor’s  Head,  from  the  treach- 
erous behaviour  of  the  inhabitants.  Lon. 
169  19  E,  lat.  18  47  s. 

Erskincy  a parish  in  Renfrewshire,  mea- 
suring six  miles  long,  and  about  four  broad, 
bounded  on  ihe  n by  the  Clyde.  The  soil  is 
in  general  light  and  shallow,  but  well  culti- 
vated. Erskine  House,  the  seat  of  Lord 
Blantyre,  is  a fine  building,  in  the  midst  of 
extensive  parks  and  plantations.  The  po- 
* pulation  is  about  850. 

Eruy,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Aube,  France;  17  miles  s by  W of  Tro- 
yes. 

Erzeruniy  or  Arzerumy  the  capital  of  a . 
pachalic  of  tbe  same  name,  which  is  a part  i 

11  ^ 


of  Armenia,  Asiatic  Turkey.  The  town  i« 
fortified,  the  houses  are  mean.  Of  the  in- 
habitants they  count  IS  000  Turks  of  wlioni 
two  thirds  are  jannisr^aries  0000  Armenians^ 
and  400  Greeks;  The  Greeks  live  in  the 
suburbs,  and  e.rc  mostly  employed  in  nianu- 
facturing  copper,  brought  irom  some  minesj 
three  days  journey  from  the  city.  Here  is 
also  a manufacture  of  the  skin  of  a species 
of  martin.  Erzerum  is  the  staple  of,  tho 
rnercTiandise  of  India,  especially  when  the 
Arabians  infest  the  environs  of  Aleppo  and 
Bagdad.  This  merchandize  consists  of 
silks  from  Persia,  eoUon,  painted  linens^ 
spices  Arc.  It  is  surrounded  by  double 
wails,  defended  by  .square  tovrers,  and 
stands  between  the  two  .soarees  of 
the  Euphrate.?,  at  the  foot  of  a chain  of 
rnountaiGs,  which  are  usually  covered  whli 
fiiiQw  till  the  latter  end  of  spring,  it  is 
both  Armenian  and  Greek  sees.  The  for- 
mer have  two  churches,  tbe  latter  but  one; 
104  miles  SE  of  Trebisond,  and  250  rexa 
of  Aleppo.  Lon.  41  46  e,  lat.  30 
57  N. 

ERZGEBIRG,  or  EEEGEBrnG,a  coun- 
try in  Upper  Saxony,  It  contains  .several 
I mines  and  manufaciures.  The  soU  is  bad; 
and  the  air  cold.  This  territory  includes 
64  towns  and  700  villages.  Friburg  is 
the  capi  tal. 

Esau,  a mountain  in  the  country  o| 
Yemen,  four  miles  x of  Udden,  Arabia. 

Escaldy  Lciy  a town  in  tbe  province  of 
Catalonia,  Spain.  Lon.  19  43  e.  Peak  of 
TencrilTe,  lat.  42  T x. 

Esccdoua,  a towm  in  Old  Castile,  Spain^ 
14  miles  nxe  of  Segovia. 

Esciilanay  a town  in  New-  Castile,  .situa- 
ted in  a fertile  country,  and  surrounded 
with  walls,  near  the  Albrcche,  20  miles  xw 
of  Toledo,  and  32  .sw  of  Madrid. 

EscIiCy  a town  in  the  canton  of  Uri,  eight 
miles  sw  of  Altorff,  Switzerland,- 

Eschdlesy  a town  in  ihe  deparfnaent  of 
Mont  Blanc,  France;  Lon.  5 45  e,  UU.  45 
30  N.  • ■ - 

EschwegeUy  a town  and  castle  in  the 
principality  of  FTesse  Cas.s3l,  on  the  Werra^ 
containing  about  690  aouses,  Germany,  25 
miles  ESE  of  Cassel. 

Eschweilery  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Roer,  France,  in  the  duchy  of  Juliers^ 
10  miles  s of  Juliers. 

Esciirialy  a village  in  New  Castile,  seat- 
ed on  the  Guadara.  It  takes  its  name  Iron) 
a celebrated  palace  or  convent  founded  by 
Philip  II.  in  17a7,  in  memory  of  a signal 
victory  obtaineJ  over  the  French  near  St; 
Quentin,  in  the  .same  year : which  consists 
of  a ro>al  palace,  a church)  a nioiia.ary,  a 
college,  a library,  Hiops  of  diilerent  ar:  ,sts^ 
apartments  for  a great  number  of  people, 
beautiful  walk.S;<feCi  It  is  built  in  the  form 
of  a grid-iron,  because  'St.  Lay/rcnce,  on 
w’hose  day  the  victory  \va;  gained,  was 
broiled  to  death  on  that  uteii.sil.  Thd 
pantheon,  an  arched  chapel,  built  in  imi-. 
U u 


E S K 


tatlon  of  that  edifice,  contains  a magnificent 
sepulcbre,  which  is  the  burying  place  of 
the  kings  and  queens  of  Spain.  The  whole 
edifice  is  superb  in  the  highest  degree  ; 15 
miles  Nw  of  Madrid. 

Esfarain,  a town  in  the  N of  Persia,  90 
miles  E of  Astrabad.  Lon.  41  23  e,  lat.  36 

48  N. 

Rsyueyra,  or  Esgnerra,  a town  in  the 
province  of  Beira,  containing  about  1690 
inhabitants,  Portugal,  eight  miles  s oi 
Aveiro. 

Eshanessy  a cape  on  the  W coast  of  the 
largest  of  the  .Shetland  islands.  Lon.  1 
7 E,  Edinburgh,  lat.  00  38  iv. 

Esher,  in  Surry,  famous  fof  a noble 
Gothic  mansion,  in  the  style  of  an  ancient 
structure,  built  of  brick  by  the  late  Mr. 
Pelham,  on  a curve  of  the  mole,  which  is 
naturally  romantic,  and  laid  out  in  the 
highest  "style.  It  has  been  noticed  both 
by  Thomson  and  Dodsly.  It  had  been  a 
favourite  resort  of  Cardinal  Woolsey,  and 
was  the  place  of  his  retirement  after  he 
lost  his  power  and  influence  at  court.  ^ In 
the  same  parish  was  formerly  an  hospital 
for  Lazars. 

Esk,n.  river  in  the  s Cumberland;  rises 
in  a mountainous  district  n of  the  mountain 
Hard  Knot,  which  it  separates  from  Scaf- 
fel,  gives  name  to  Eskdale,  a beautiful  pic- 
turesque vale,  washes  the  stately  mansion 
of  Muviscasier,  at  Raven  glass  receives  the 
Mite  and  the  Irte,  and  flows  into  the  Irish 
sea. 

Esk,  a river  which  gives  tlie  name  of 
Eskdaie  to  the  eastern  dislrict  of  Dum- 
frieshire,  rises  n«ar  the  bonndarioa:  of 
the  counties  of  Dumfries  and  Peebles, 
and  consists  of  the  Black  and  M hite 
Esk,  which  unite  at  King’s  Pool,  receives 
the  Ewes  and  Wauchop  at  Langholm, 
passes  , liy  Canobie,  enters  England  at 
the  Scotch  Dyke,  runs  by  Longtown 
where  it  is  crossed  by  a stately  bridge, 
below  which  it  falls'  into  the  Solway 
Frith. 

Esk,  North  and  South,  two  rivers 
whicii  take  their  rise  in  the  Grampians, 
in  Forfarshire ; the  former  falls  into  the 
ocean,  two  miles  n of  Montrose.  The 
latter  falls  into  the  bay  on  the  w of 
Montrose. 

Esk,  North  and  South,  two  rivers  in 
Mid-Lothian,  which  wash  the  town  of 
Dalkeith,  one  on  the  ic  and  the  other  on 
the  unite  below  the  town,  and  after 
a coursi?  of  four  miles,  enter  the  Frith 
of  Forth  at  Mussleburgh.  Their  banks 
abound  with  delightful  scenery  : upon 
the  N Esk  stand  the  mansion  and  town 
of  Pennycnik,  tlie  castle  of  Roslin, 
and  at  their  junction  the  town  and  pa- 
lace of  Dalkeith,  Arniston,  Dalhousie 
i?astl(5,  Nevv-battle  abliey,  adorn  the  s 
Esk. 

Eskdulcmuir,  a parish  in  tha  county  ot 


esq 

Dumfries,  about  11  miles  and  a-half  i« 
length,  and  eight  in  breadth.  The  surfac'a 
is  chiefly  adapted  for  sheep  pasture.  Po- 
pulation is  about  537.  At  a place  called 
Coattn  are  two  Druidical  circles,  and  on 
many  of  the  heights  vestiges  of  encamp- 
ments. 

Eskilstuna,  a town  of  .Sudermania, 
Sweden,  founded  by  Cliarles  X.  and  im- 
proved bj'  Giistavius  III.  whence  it  has 
the  name  of  Gustavadst.  It  is  seated 
between  the  lake  Maeler  and  Hielmer. 
The  inhabitants  are  about  2000,  and 
are  employed  in  the  manufactures  of 
hardware,  such  as  swords,  sabres,  scis- 
sars,  <fec. 

Ejskimaux,  See  Esquimaux* 

Eskishehr,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Natolia,  Asiatic  Turkey,  on  the  Sacarkiy 
SO  miles  ese  of  Bursa.  Lon.  ol  18  e,  lat. 

39  48  N. 

Eslingcn,  an  imperial  town  in  Suabia, 
insulated  in  Wurtemberg,  to  which  it  was 
ceded  in  1802,  and  situated  on  an  island 
formed  by  the  Neckar.  The  environs 
produce  excellent  wine.  Lon.  9 38  e,  lat. 
48  42  N. 

Esne,  or  Esnay.  See  Asna, 

Esopus.  See  Kingston. 

Espalion,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Aveiron,  France,  on  the  Lot,  14  miles 
NNE  of  Rhodes.  Lon.  20  36  e,  Ferro, 
lat.  44  32  N. 

Esq)araguera,  a town  in  the  province 
of  Catalonia,  Spain,  on  the  Lobregat,  18 
miles  NW  of  Barcelona. 

Espinhal,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Beira,  Portugal,  21  miles  se  of  Coim- 
bra. 

Espiritu  Sa7ito,  a bay  on  the  w coast  of 
East  Fiorida,  in  27  8 n lat.  It  has  a good 
harbour  and  safe  anchorage. 

Espiritu  Stinto,  the  largest  and  most 
vresterly  of  the  New  Hebrides  ishands,  about 
57  miles  in  length,  and  30  in  bv/eadtb. 

Espiritu  Santo,  a town  of  tlie  island  of 
Cuba,  55  miles  sw  of  Bay  a mo. 

Esposenda,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Entre-Duero-e-Minho,  with  a liarbour  for 
small  vessels,  Portugal,  seated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Cavado,  22  miles  n of  Oporto.  Lon. 
8 21  w,  lat.  41  32  n. 

Esquerdes,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Straits  of  Calais,  France,  three  miles  s 
of  St  Omcr. 

Esqfiimaux,  a large  bay  on  the  Labrador 
coast,  into  which  a river  of  the  same  name 
flows.  It  lies  in  the  nw  part  of  tlio 
gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  near  the  mouth  of 
the  straits  of  Belle-Isle.  Esquimaux  islands 
lie  across  its  mouth.  Lon.  57  50  w,  lal. 
51  50  N. 

Esquimaux,  a people  chiefly  inhabiting 
Labrador.  They  have  no  fixed  abode. 
They  are  of  a diflerent  race  from  the  other 
native  Americans,  have  thick  and  largtt 
] beards.  They  arc  generally  robust,  of 


ESS 


ESS 


middling  stature,  and  of  a brown  jcolour  ; 
have  small  eyes,  large  dirty  teeth,  and  : 
Jblack  rugged  hair ; their  head  is  large,  I 
their  face  round  and  flat,  thick  lips,  fiat  j 
nose,  large  shoulders,  and  uncoiiuiionly  j 
small  feet.  They  are  always  welloiothed,  ' 
having  a shirt  made  of  the  guts  of  fish,  | 
with  a coat  of  bear  or  bird  skins,  they 
have  likewise  breeches  made  of  skins,  with 
the  hair  within,  and  covered  with  furs  with- 
out, also  two  pair  of  boots,  one  over  ano- 
ther, of  the  same  sort  of  slvins;  the  dress 
of  the  women  is  nearly  the  same  as  that  of 
the  men.  In  summer,  they  have  nothing 
to  cover  them  in  the  night ; and  in  winter 
they  lodge  together  promiscuously  in 
caves.  They  are  very  superstitious,  and 
have  some  kind  of  sacrifices.  They  ac- 
knowledge two  invisible  essences ; the  one, 
as  the  origin  of  good  ; the  other,  to  whom 
they  pay  the  greatest  homage,  as  the  source 
of  every  species  of  evil.  Their  chief  em- 
j)loyment  is  hunting  and  fishing.  They  are 
extremely  covetous.  In  other  respects 
they  are  the  mildest  tribe  or  nation,  that 
is  to  be  found  on  the  borders  of  Hud- 
son’s bay.  Murder  is  seldom  heard  of 
among  them.  The  women  perform  the 
most  laborious  offices,  the  wives  and  daugh- 
ters are  never  served  with  food  till  all  the 
males  liave  done  eating. 

Essay y and  Kevay,  two  united  parishes 
in  Forfarshire,  containing  about  eight 
square  miles.  The  soil  is  fertile  arid 
well  cultivated.  Population,  638.  It 
is  two  miles  w of  Giammis.  The  soil  is 
generally  arable,  and  pretty  well  cultiva- 
ted. Near  Esstiy  church  is  a vast  earth- 
cru  mound,  encompassed  by  a deep  ditch, 
inclosing  an  area  of  120  feet  by  60,  in 
which  have  been  found  coins  of  Edward  I. 
of  England.  At  lugleston,  in  the  vici- 
^lity,  are  the  remains  of  another  encamp- 
ment. 

Esseck,  a trading  town  of  Sclavonia, 
with  a strong  castle.  It  has  a bridge 
over  the  Drave  and  tlie  marshes,  8,86.5 
geometrical  paces  in  length,  and  in 
breadth,  with  towers  at  a quarter  of  a 
mile  distant  from  each  other.  It  is  a pass 
of  great  importance,  and  therefore  has 
been  the  scene  of  many  severe  conflicts 
between  the  Turks  and  Germans.  Esseck 
has  remainetl  under  the  dominion  of  Aus- 
tria since  i6S7,  wiien  they  took  it  from 
the  Turks;  100  miles  wnw  of  Belgrade, 
and  136  s of  Buda.  Lon.  16  10  e,  lat.  46 
40  X. 

Essen,  a town  of  Westphalia,  duchy  of 
Berg,  lately  governed  by  the  abbess  of 
E>sen,  who  was  a princess  of  the  empire. 
The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Lutherans,  but 
there  are  several  catholic  churciies  and 
convents  ; eight  miles  k of  Duysburg. 

Essenny.  See  Asna. 

Essens,  a town  of  E Friesland,  Westpha- 
lia, near  the  German  ocean,  20  miles  xne 
of  Embdcii. 


Essenvez,  a town  in  the  department 
of  the  Ourte,  France,  nine  miles  se  of 
Liege. 

Essequibo,  a flourishing  settlement  of 
Dutch  Guiana,  in  South  America,  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  and  near  to  that 
of  Demerara.  The  river  js  more  than  300 
I miles  in  length,  and  20  wide  at  its  mouth. 

I Its  productions  are  sugar,  coffee,  and 
I cottou  ; subject  to  the  British.  See  Dc- 
I merara. 

I ESSEX,  a county  of  England.  From 
E to  w,  it  is  rather  more  than  60  miles, 
j and  from  s to  n about  60.  It  is  divided 
J into  19  hundreds,  in  which  are  27  market 
towns,  4 1-3  parishes,  about  39,398  houses, 

1 and  232,473  inhabitants  in  ISii.  .Except 
ji  toward  the  snv,  the  air  is  generaliy  healthy; 
j that  part,  called  The  Hundreds  of  Essex, 
j is  very  unwholesome,  but  has  luxuriant 
I pastures.  The  soil,  for  the  most  part, 

1 is  fertile.  Very  large  manufactures  of 
Ij  serges,  baixes,  and  other  woollen  goods, 

I are  established  in  several  towns  and  villa- 
i ges,  particularly  at  Golchester.  The 
I principal  productions  are  wheat,  barley, 

I oats,  beans,  pease,  flax,  hemp,  (fee.  To- 
I wards  the  w,  on  the  borders  of  Hertford 
j and  Middlesex,  are  the  forests  of  Epping, 

I and  Hainanit,  in  which  are  large  dairy 
fcirms,  celebrated  for  their  excellent  butter, 
which  is  highly  esteemed  in  London,  and 
lakes  the  name  of  Epping  butter.  Hence 
are  sent  to  London  vast  numbers  of  calves, 
also  wild  fowls  and  oysters.  On  the 
south  side  of  the  eounty,  on  the  borders 
, of  the  Thames,  are  extensive  salt  marshes. 

Safiron  is  principally  cultivated  in  the  nw 
I part  of  the  county,  particularly  about 
iSaffron  Walden,  whence  its  name.  Coriand- 
er ; wiiicli  is  sown  with  carraway  and  tea- 
zle, and  ripen  each  of  them  at  different 
periods,  thus  producing  a triple  crop. 
There  are  three  burghs  in  the  county,  which 
send  two  members  to  parliament,  besides 
two  for  the  county.  The  principal  rivers 
: are  the  Thames,  the  Stour,  the  Lea,  the 
Stort,  the  Chelmer,  the  Blackwater,  the 
Coin,  the  Crouch,  and  the  Roding.  It 
gives  title  of  earl  to  the  family  of  Capel. 
Chelms'ord  is  the  eounty  town. 

ESSEX  COUNTY,  in  Massaohuselts ; 
in  length  about  38  miles,  in  breadth  23. 
The  chief  islands  on  its  coast  belonging 
to  it,  are  Cape  Anne,  and  Plumb  islands. 
It  is  subdivided  into  22  townships,  which 
contain  about  60,000  inhabitants.  Sa- 
lem is  tbe  capital  of  the  county.  Essex 
j county  pays  about  one-seventh  part  of 
the  state  tax,  elects  six  senators  and  couu- 
sellers  for  the  government  of  the  common- 
w'ealth,  and  one  representative  in  the 
congress.  Merrimack  river  intersects 
the  north  part  of  the  county.  Between  it 
and  the  New  Hampshire  line,  are  the 
towns  of  Methuen,  Haverhill,  Almsburj', 
and  Sali'burv. 

i ESSEX  COUNTY,  in  Virginia,  It  is 
il  U u 2 


E S T 

^fcout  55  miles  long,  and  12  broad,  and; 
contains  9^i2‘4  inhabitants,  of  whom  5,440 
are  slaves. 

ESSEX  COUNTY,  in  New  Jersey,  is 
about  25  miles  in  length,  and  16  in  breadth, 
and  has  three  townships,  viz.  Newark, 
Elizabethtown,  and  Acjuackauak,  which 
contain  near  20,000  inhabitants.  The  soil 
is  very  fertile. 

Esslwgcn,  a town  of  the  duchy  of  Wir- 
teniburg,  Siuibia,  with  three  extensive 
suburbs,  seated  on  the  Neekar.  The  in- 
habitants are  chiefiy  Lutheran'!,  but  there 
are  severed  convents.  The  vicinity  produ- 
ces good  Keckar  wine,  eight  miles  se  of 
Stuigard. 

Estaiiiy  a town  in  the  department  of 
llie  Meuse,  France,  2:2  miles  ^nb  of  Ver- 
dun. 

Estakar,  a town  of  Fersistan,  Persia, 
chief  of  a district  of  the  same  name.  In 
the  vicinity  a.re  the  magndicent  rums  of 
ancient  Persipoiis ; 50  miles  ne  of  Shiras. 
Lon.  53  40  e,  lat.  30  5 n. 

Ec:iampe$,  or  Etampes,  a town  in  the 
department  of  the  Seine  and  Oise,  France, 
on  the  river  Loet,  or  Etampes.  It  is  15 
miles  E of  Chanres,  and  six  and  a-haU' posts 
s of  Paris, 

Eatanzia  del  Ret,  capital  of  the  province 
of  Huilquilima,  Chili,  stands  near  the 
Biobio,  35  miles  e by  s of  Conception. 
Lon.  71  50  w,  lat.  3o  50  s. 

Estaples^  See  Etaples. 

EstepOy  a strong  town  in  the  province 
of  Meciioacan,  New  Spain.  Lon.  103  5 w, 
|at.  17  30  N. 

EstapaijeVy  a town  and  bailiwick  in  the 
canton  of  Friburg,  S^  itzerlaod,  has  a castle 
and  stands  on  the  lake  Neuchatei,  IS  miles 
w of  Friburg.  Lon.  6 53  e,  lat.  43 
55  N. 

Este,  anciently  called  AtestCy  a town  in 
the  Paduan,  Italy,  on  the  river  Bacchiglione, 
containing  several  palaces,  with  0,000  in- 
habitants who  have  a considerable  trade  ; 
15  miles  sw  of  Padua.  Lcn.  126  e,  lat.  45 
25  s, 

EiitcUay  a town  in  Naverre,  defended  by 
a castle,  Spain,  seated  oa  the  Ega,  has  an 
university,  15  miles  w of  Pamplona.  Lon. 
% 2 w,  lai.  42  40  k. 

Estepciy  a town  in  the  province  of  Anda- 
lusia, Spain,  greatly  ccicbralcd  for  its 
olives  and  oil,  with  im  ancient  castle  sea- 
ted on  a mountain  ; 15  miles  s of  Ecija, 
and  58  E of  Seville. 

Ein'rp  J7iay  a town  in  the  province  of  Gra- 
nada, chietly  inhabited  by  iishers,  Spain,  47 
miles  wsw  of  rdalaga. 

Ksterabad.  See  Asternhad, 

EsthodUy  or  IteteJ,  n government  of 
Bus;i:i,  on  the  Baitic  and  g^.ilf  of  Finland, 
after  iriasiy  a.  baitle  between  the  Pv'les, 
Russians,  and  Svreiies,  it  was  coniiriued  (o 
t'le  latter  by  the  peace  of  Oliva,  in  1650. 
. lii  1710,  It  was  conquered  by  Peter  the 


1 


ETA 

Great,  and  ceded  to  Russia,  in  1721.  Revel 
is-  the  capital.  See  B.eveL 

Esthwaite  Watery  a lake  in  Lancashire, 
two  miles  and  a-half  long,  and  half  a mile 
broad,  situated  between  the  Windermere 
water  and  Hawkshead.  The  villages, 
houses,  and  scenery  on  its  banks,  are  greatly 
heightened  by  the  rocky  mountains  in  its 
back  ground. 

Estienne,  St.  See  Etienne,  St. 

ESTREMADUKA,  a province  of 
Spain,  about  J75  miles  in  length,  and 
100  in  bread  ih.  The  cotintry  is  mountain- 
ous, and  the  a.ir  in  summer  exceedingly 
hot.  Spring  water  is  scarce.  The  soil  is 
fertile  in  grain,  grapes,  and  other  fruits. 
Cattle  and  fine  wool  constitute  the  principal 
commerce.  Great  herds  of  black  sw’in© 
ea’e  fed  on  the  mountains,  w'hich  abound 
with  oaks.  The  inhabitants  are  in  general 
inclined  to  corpulency,  but  are  humane, 
affable,  sincere,  stout,  and  brave.  Tiie 
great  heat  of  the  climate  makes  it  unheal-^ 
ihy  for  foreigners,  A part  of  this  province 
has  been  annexed  to  New'  Castile,  and  a 
part  to  Old  Castile.  The  principal  tow'ns 
are  Ikidaiox,  Alerida,  Truxillo,  Xerez  de 
los  Caballeros,  Ellerena,  Corea,  and  Pla- 
centia. The  principal  rivers  are  the  Gua- 
diana,  the  Tagus,  Alagon,  and  Tietar^ 
The  capital  is  Badajox. 

ESTREMADURA,  a province  of  Por- 
tugal ; 150  miles  in  length,  from  n to  s, 
the  breadth  in  some  places  70,  in  others 
hardly  25  miles.  The  soil  is  perhaps 
the  most  fertile  in  Portugal,  producing 
corn,  wine,  olives,  millet,  oranges,  and 
other  fruits,  with  legumes  of  every  sort. 
Here  the  oranges  were  first  planted  that 
w'ere  brought  from  China,  and  which 
are  on  this  account  called  China  oran- 
ges. The  whole  country  is  covered 
with  fiow'ers,  and  the  bees  produce  a vast 
quantity  of  honey.  The  manufactme 
of  salt  produces  one  of  the  chief  articies 
of  its  commerce.  The  principal  towns 
are  Lisbon,  Leyria,  Thomar,  San  tavern, 
Abranies,  .Setuval,  Cciscaes,  and  Cinira, 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Tagu',  the 
Sezere,  and  the  Caldao.  Lisbon  is  the 
capital. 

EstrenicZy  in  the  province  of  Al(?nleja, 
and  one  of  the  strongest  towns  in  the  king- 
dom of  Portugal,  being  surrounded  by  ten 
bastions.  It  conlaius  about  7,500  inhabi- 
tants. A iuanufaciure  of  beaunful  earthen 
wars  is  established  here  ; and  in  tbs 
n'dghbourhood  are  quarries  of  beautiful 
marble;  18  miles  w of  Eivo.s,  and  100  ,e  of 
Lisbon.  Lon.  7 23  w,  lat.  33  43  n. 

Esweceny  a town  in  Hesse  Cassel,  Ger- 
many. Lon.  19  9 E, lat  51  11  n. 

Eszfl:,  or  Eszea.  See  Kssek. 

Eturives.  See  Ei^hnnpes. 

I Etapiesy  a towm  in  the  department  .of 
i the  Straits  of  Calais,  with  a harbour  for 
i small  vessels,  France,  near  the  mouth  of 


E T N 

tlie  Canche.  The  principal  trat’e  is  fishing  ; 
13  miles  s of  Boulcnge.  Lon.  1 56  e,  lat. 
50  46  N. 

Etaya,  a tov:n  in  the  country  of  Agra, 
Hindoostau, -on  the  ?;e  side  of  the  Jumna, 
62  miles  SE  of  Agra.  Lon.  79  17  e,  lat.  26 
45  N. 

ETHIOPIA,  a name  at  present  com- 
prehending a great  part  of  Airica,  divid- 
ed into  Upper  and  Lower  : the  former 
includes  Nubia  and  Abyssinia;  the  latter 
all  the  kingdoms  s of  the  eqiiinoctial  line, 
as  Congo,  Lower  Guinea,  Catfraria,  Mo- 
nomotapa,  6zo. 

Etienntj  Sty  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Loire,  France,  famous  for  its  large 
manufactures  of  arms,  cutlery,  and  hard- 
wares ; weaving  of  ribbands  forms  a conA- 
derabie  brancli  of  trade  ; coal  and  a soft 
stone  fit  for  grind-stones,  are  found  in  ine 
vicinity  ; 20  miles  ss  of  MoiUbrisan,  and 
32  sw  of  Lyon.  Lon.  4 24  e,  lat.  45 
25  N. 

EtieyOV  Etice  Loch,  a navigable  inlet  of 
the  sea,  in  Argylshire,  near  20  miles  long, 
but  of  very  unequal  breadth.  Its  braiks  are 
pleasant,  and  it  afibrds  safe  Cinchorage  in 
any  wind.  Its  month  being  Barrow,  the 
tide  ebbs  and  flows  through  it  with  dread- 
ful impetuosity.  About  12  miles  be- 
low is  the  ancient  castle  of  Dunstafinage. 
In  glen  Etie,  a delightful  valley,  through 
which  a river,  which  gives  it  name,  flows 
into  this  loch,  are  several  names  of 
places  which  pro\e  it  to  have  been  the 
residence  of  Usnoth  and  his  Sons  the 
eldest  of  whom  according  to  Osslan,  stole 
Darthuiy,  the  wife  of  an  Irish  king. 

Etnay  a volcano  in  Sicily,  and  mountain 
the  most  celebrated  in  Europe,  being  63 
miles  in  circumlcrence  at  its  base,  and 
10,954  feet  above  the  level  cf  the  sea. 
Around  its  base  tire  towns,  \ illages,  con- 
vents, corn  fields,  vineyards,  and  luxuriant 
pastures,  the  middle  region  abourds  Vvdth 
forest.'-  of  oak,  ash,  chesnut,  fir,  and  pine, 
together  with  a vast  profusion  of  aroma- 
tic plants ; the  higher  region  is  doomed' 
to  perpetual  sterility,  covered  with  per- 
petual snow  and  ice,  with  here  and  there 
a layer  of  black  ashes.  The  first  eruption 
of  this  volcano  upon  record  is  mention- 
ed by  Diodorus  Siculus,  but  he  does  not 
fix  the  date.  The  next,  recorded  by  Thu- 
cydides, was  in  the  year  734  li.  C.  from 
Mhicli  period,  to  the  year  1447  there 
were  iS  eruptions,  iifter  a pause  of  about 
90  years  there  w'as  an  eruption  in  1530, 
and  succeeding  ones  in  1554,  1567,  1603, 
1069,  1682,  and  1693.  The  town  of  Ga- 
la nca  was  demolished  by  an  earthquake 
which  accompanied  this  last  errupiion. 
Many  smaller  erruptions  have  taken 
place  since.  Sulphurious  smoke  issues 
constantly  from  the  great  crater  at  the 
top,  but  the  lava  now'  generall}'  bursts 
out  iatcrelly  before  it  reach  the  lop.  Here 


E T T 

is  W'ood  for  fuel  ; and  the  fruits  W'hich  Etna 
produce,  are  the  best  in  the  island.  Even, 
the  snow  is  of  great  profit  to  the  inhabi- 
tants, being  in  more  request  than  ice. 
The  sale  of  this  article  in  one  .small  dis- 
trict, produces  an  annuni  revenue  of  25,090 
livres  to  the  bishop  of  Catania.  Tho 
mountain  is  10  miles  n or  the  town  of 
Catania. 

Etoiley  a tcwn  in  the  department  of  the 
Di’ome,  France. 

Eton,  a town  in  the  county  of  Bucks,  se- 
parated irom  Windsor  by  the  river  Tiiarnes, 
over  which  is  a bridge  of  communication. 
It  is  celebrated  for  a school  and  college, 
icunded  in  the  19tii  year  of  Henry  VI, 
No  students  are  admitted  fellows  of  King^s 
college  in  Cambridge,  but  those  who  have 
been  educ-ated  here.  It  has  a good  library. 
The  town  depends  principally  on  the  col- 
lege, as  children  of  the  best  families  attend 
the  school,  and  are  boarded  ^yith  the  town’s 
people.  Ker.e  is  a fair  for  horses  and  cattle 
on  Ash-Wednesday.  Of  late  years  Eton 
has  been  much  improved  ; 22  miles  w of 
London. 

Eionduy  a town  of  Naraul,  on  the  Hapti, 
has  a ecnsiderable  traue^,  and  is  46  miles  s of 
Catmandu. 

Etris,  a town  of  Egypt,  13  miles  nw  of 
Cairo. 

Etruriay  in  Staffordshire,  near  Newca.stle. 
It  is  the  principal  seat  of  the  potteries  in  this 
county.  It  w^as  founded  by  Josiah  V e-.lge- 
wood,  who  gave  it  the  name  of  Eiruria, 
from  the  name  of  an  ancient  state  in  Italy, 
celebrated  for  the  exquisite  fineness  of  its 
pottery.  Here  he  erected  an  elegant  resi- 
dence for  himself.  This  branch  of  manu- 
facture was  much  improved  by  this  ingenu- 
ous and  pauiotic  gentleman,  who  di<'d  in 
1795.  This  village  stands  near  the  banks  of 
the  Staffordsiiire  canal. 

Eitenliciniy  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Baden, 
Swabia,  on  the  Albe;  15  miles  n of  Fri- 
burg. 

Etfericky  a parish  in  the  county  of  Sel- 
kirk, about  10  miles  in  length,  and  tlio 
! same  in  breadth.  It  is  mountainous,  but 
watered  by  the  river  Etterick,  which  ha? 
its  source  in  this  parish,  unite.?  with  the 
Yarrow  two  miles  ssw  of  Selkirk,  and 
joins  the  Tweed  below  that  town.  This 
river,  as  well  as  its  kindred  stream,  the 
Yarrow,  is  much  celebrated  in  Scottish 
.‘'ong.  On  its  banks  are  several  rich  val- 
lies.  Numerous  flocks  of  sheep  are  reared 
in  the  hills.  The  population  is  about  445. 
It  was  once  a for  si,  and  still  goes  by  that 
name,  which  will  continue  upon  record 
while  the  beautiful  song,  The  Flower.?  of 
the  Fore.rt,”  is  sung.  The  famous  Thomas 
Boston,  who  is  so  well  known  as  a theologi- 
cal writer,  w^as  translated  from  .Simprin, 
Berwickshire,  to  this  parisii. 

Etterick  Penny  a hill  in  this  parish,  which 
ris3s  2,200  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 


EVE 

EttlingeUy  a town  in  Suabia,  and  mar^ra- 
vjnie  of  Baden,  Germany,  on  the  Albe ; 
fo«ir  miles  s^w  of  Durlach.  Lon.  8 -<10  e, 

lat.  48  .59  N.  , , . * f 

Eu,  a sea  port  town  in  the  department  ot 
the  Lower  Seine,  France,  stands  on  the 
Bvesle,  near  the  English  channel,  has  a cas-  , 
tie  and  a harbour  at  Treport.  Its  chiei  j 
trade  is  in  serges  and  lace  ; 15  miles  ne  oj 
Dieppe.  Lon.  1 7 e,  lat.  50 

Eu  Lochf  an  arm  of  the  sea  in  the  parish 
of  Gairloch,  Ross-shire. 

Evamham,  the  capital  of  Wythe  county 
in  Virginia,  on  Reedy  creek;  110  miles 
WjSw  of  Richmond.  Lon.  81  W w,  lat,  36 

<56  N.  ^ „ - 

Evauxy  a town  in  the  department  ot  tne 
Creuse,  France,  near  it  is  a mineral  spring 
and  baths ; t5  miles  e of  Gueret. 

Euchar,  a rivulet  in  Argyllshire,  issues 
from  loch  Scammadale,  into  the  sound  of 

Mull,  a distance  of  four  miles. 

Euchendorfy  a town  of  Lower  Bavaria, 
14  miles  w of  Vilzhofen. 

Ecerbodey  a town  in  the  department  of 
Dyle,  France,  live  miles  n of  Diest. 

Everding,  See  Efferding, 

Eterjeldy  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Berg, 
near  the  Wipper,  Westphalia,  1ft  mil«s  e of 
Dusseldorf. 

Eversbergy  a town  in  Westphalia,  seven 
miles  w of  Brklon,  Germany,  with  a castle, 
stan^^  on  a mountain,  near  the  Roer,  10 
miles  wsw  of  Brillon.  , 

Eversleyy  in  Hampshire,  with  fairs  on 
May  16,  and  October  18  ; 12  miles  ne  ot 

Bassingstoke.  . 

Evershoty  a town  in  Dorsetshire,  14  miles 
KW  of  Dorchester,  has  a large  old  chapel 
with  a high  tower,  a free  grammar  and  a 
charity  school. 

Ever  lolly  a handsome  village,  a mile  nb 
of  Liverpool,  lately  become  a favourite 
residence,  on  account  of  its  tine  houses  and 
delightful  prospect. 

EreAham,  a town  in  the  county  ot  >>or- 
cester,  near  the  river  Avon,  which  is  here 
navigable  for  barges,  in  a ter  tile  valley 
called  The  Vale  of  Eveshaniy  or  Ihe  l ate 
of  Gloucester,  It  is  governetl  by  a mayor, 
aldermen,  Arc.  four  of  whom  are  justices 
of  the  peace,  and  competent  to  try  all 
crimes  within  the  borough,  including 
. the  village  of  Bengworth,  except  treason. 
It  is  a burgh  by  prescriptioo,  and  sends 
two  members  to  pariiament,  and  hci>- 
a market  on  Monday,  and  a maiuitac- 
ture  of  wopUeii  stockings.  It  xias  three 
churches,  a grammar  school,  and  a pretty 
well  endowed  charity  school.  It  had 
formerly  an  abbey,  with  a mitred  abbot, 
of  which  some  remains  are  still  to  be 
seen;  in  particular,  an  elegant  scp.are 
tower  JIT  feet  high.  Here,  m I26/>,  a 
battle  was  fought  between  prince^  Ed- 
ward, afterwards  Edward  1,  and  Simon 
de  Moutlort,  carl  of  Lfiicester;  in  vmeb  i.'e 


E U P 

earl,  and  many  of  his  adherents  were  slain  : 

14  miles  se  of  Worcester,  and  100  nw  of 
London. 

Eciariy  a town  in  the  territory  of  Geneva, 
much  frequeiited  for  its  mineral  waters, 
stands  on  the  s side  of  the  lake  of  Geneva, 

22  miles  NE  of  Geneva. 

Eciey  and  Rendolly  an  united  parish  in 
the  mainland  of  Orkney,  extending  about 
10  miles  in  length,  and  the  inhabited  part 
about  one  and  a-half  in  breadth.  The  soil 
is  tolerably  fertile.  Many  of  the  inhabi- 
tants are  employed  in  the  tisheries  ; kelp  is 
also  made.  Formerly  there  was  a church 
in  each  of  these  parishes,  but  now  there 
is  none.  The  two  parochial  schools  are 
ill  conducted,  but  one  erected  by  the 
society  for  propagating  Christian  know-.^ 
ledge  is  well  attended.  Population  is  about 
1415. 

Evfemiay  Sty  a town  of  Calabria,  Naples, 
on  a gulf  of  the  Mediterranean,  of  its  name, 

27  mUes  s by  e of  Cosenza.  Lon.  16  28  e, 
lat.  39  16  N. 

Euky  a royal  mine  town,  in  the  circle  of 
Kaurzim,  Bohemia,  11  miles  s by  e of 
Prague. 

Eulenherg,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Olmutz, 
Moravia,  14  miles  n of  Olmutz. 

Eulenburgy  a town  of  Germany,  in  Upper 
Saxony,  and  territory  of  Leipsic.  Beer  is 
almost  the  only  article  of  commerce.  It 
stands  on  the  Mulda. 

Ecoliy  a town  in  the  province  of  Priii- 
cipato  Citra,  Naples,  15  miles  ese  of 
Salermo. 

Evora,  or  ElvorOy  the  capital  of  tb® 
province  of  Alentejo,  Portugal.  It  is  for- 
tified, has  an  university,  and  contains 
12,000  inhabitauis.  It  is  the  see  of  an 
archbishop ; some  vestiges  of  the  ancient 
Roman  wall  arc  still  visible,  and  part  of 
a temple  of  .Diana,  of  which  seven  entire 
pillars  remain,  is  converted  into  butchers 
shambles.  Evora,  is  still  supplied  with 
a noble  stream  of  water  conveyed  into  the 
cixy,  by  the  famous  aqueduc^  built  by 
Sertorius.  It  stands  in  a fruitful  coun- 
try surrounded  by  mountains,  65  miles 
E of  Lisbon.  There  is  also  a town  of  the 
same  name,  in  Portuguese  Estramadnra, 
with  900  inliabiuints,  stands  on  a rock, 
eio-ht  mib's  wsw  of  Estremoz,  and  23 
NN’E  of  Evora.  Lon.  7 40  w,  lat,  38 

28  N.  .0 

Eu-ho,  or  Precious  H/rer,  a river  of 
China,  in  Pc-tche-li,  runs  xe  into  Pei-ho, 
at  Ticn-sing,  of  great  importance  for  its 
connection  with  ihc  x extremity  of  the 
grand  canal,  by  it  also  grain  is  conveyed  to 

ErormnontCy  a town  in  the  province  of 
Alentejo,  Portugal,  containing  about  800 
Inhabitants. 

Evoufsy  a small  island  in  the  s Pacific 

ocea’i.  Lon.  67  36  w,  lat.  55  oo  s. 

Euimtoriuy  or  Kodof,  a town  ia  thf 

i 


EUR 

government  of  Taurida,  Russia,  near  the 
w side  of  a salt  lake,  and  on  the  lllack 
sea  ; 08  miles  s by  w of  Pfecop.  Lon.  33 
16  E,lat.  45  12  N. 

Euphrates,  a celebrated  river  ot  Asia> 
^'liich  rises  in  Mount  Ararat,  in  two  streams, 
a few  miles  to  the  ne  of  Erzeruiu,  on  lii^’h 
mountains  covered  With  snow  nearly  the 
Svhole  year.  These  two  streams,  which 
enclose  the  plain  of  Erzeium,  when  united, 
are  called  the  Euphrates,  or  the  Trat.  It 
is  first  the  boundary  between  Natolia  and 
Armenia,  then  of  Eirarbeck  and  Sjria,  then 
passing  through  Irak  Arabia,  it  receives 
the  Tii^rls,  on  the  confines  ol  Kursistan,  and 
'flowing  by  Bassora,  it  falls  into  the  Per- 
sian gulf ; 35  miles  below  Bassora.  It 
likewise  bounds  the  great  desert  of  Ara- 
bia on  the  HE,  tiiso  a river  in  the  coun- 
try of  Whidah,  on  tlie  Slave  Coast, 
Africa. 

EURE,  a department , of  France,  so 
named  from  a river  which  has  its  source 
in  the  forest  of  Logny,  and  crosses  the 
department  of  Eure  and  Loire,  to  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Seine  above  Pont  Arche.  It 
includes  the  late  province  of  Normandy. 
Evreux  is  the  capital. 

EURE  and  LOIRE,  ' a department  of 
France.  It  takes  its  name  from  the  rivers 
Loire  and  PAire,  which  water  it,  and  con- 
tains the  late  province  of  Bcciuce.  Chartres 
is  the  capital. 

Erreux,  ancient  Alediolanum,  the  capi- 
tal of  the  department  of  the  Eure,  France. 
It  is  a bishop’s  see,  the  cathedral  is  hand- 
some, it  has  nine  churches  and  several 
convents.  It  manufactures  cotton  velvets, 
and  tick  : its  commerce  consists  in  woollen 
and  linen  cloth,  lace,  grain,  wine,  and 
cyder.  It  stands  on  the] (on,  25  miles' of 
Rouen,  and  55  xw  of  Paris.  Lon.  1 9 E, 
lat.  49  2 X. 

Eiiripus,  a famous  strait,  between  the 
isle  of  XegTopont  in  the  Archipelago,  and 
the  continent  of  Greece,  ia  European  Tur- 
key. In  the  first  eight  days  of  the  moon, 
and  also  from  the  'J4th,  to  the  20th  in- 
clusive the  tide  in  this  strait  is  regular, 
but  on  all  the  other  days  of  the  moon 
irregular,  so  much  so,  that  within  24  or  25 
hours,  it  has  sometimes  II,  12,  13,  and  14 
tides.  Both  ancient  and  moderns  have  in 
vain  attempted  to  account  for  this  plieno- 
menon. 

Europa  Point,  n fort  of  Gibraltar,  on  the 
most  southerly  point  of  Europe. 

EUROPE,  one  of  the  four  grand  divi- 
sions of  tiie  world.  It  is  entirely  within 
the  temp^^rate  zone,  except  a small  part 
of  Norway  and  Russia.  The  number 
of  inhabitants  is  calculated  at  150 
millions.  Theses  form  different  states; 
each  state  speaks  a diffiTcnt  language. 
I^urope  may  he  divided  into  JO  parts, 
four  to  the  N,  "viz.  the  British  islands, 
iloamark,  with  Norway,,  .Swe(k‘ti^  and 


E u s 

Russia;  eight  in  the  centre,  viz.  Francr?^ 
Netherlands,  Switzerland,  Germany,  Boiie- 
mia,  Hungary,  Poland,  and  Prussia : and 
four  to  the  s,  viz.  Portugal,  Spain,  Italy;, 
and  European  Turkey.  Its  length  from 
E tow',  is  reckoned  above  1100  leagues, 
and  breadth  from  n to  s,  about  900. 
Although  Europe  is  the  smallest  quarter 
of  the  World  in  number  of  square  miles, 
yet  it  may  be  considered  as  the  principal 
in  every  thing  relating  to  man  in  society  ; 
mildness  of  air,  fertility  of  soil,  whence 
are  produced  all  the  necessaries,  ami 
most  of  the  luxuries  of  life  ; for  tire  beauty, 
strength,  courage,  and  wisdom  of  its  inha- 
bitants; the  excellence  of  its  government, 
laws,  and  religion.  In  arts  and  sciences, 
the  Europeans  have  long  excelled;  besides 
the  invention  and  improvement  of  num- 
• berless  useful  ami  ingenious  arts,  particu- 
larly that  of  navigation,  may  be  entirely 
ascribed  to  their  ingenuity  and  industry. 
The  principal  islands  of  Europe  are.  Great 
Britain,  Ireland,  the  Orcades  the  Hebrides, 
Iceland,  the  isles  of  Ferro  ia  the  Atlantic, 
Sicily,  Sardinia,  Corsica,  Candy,  the 
Greek  isles,  Majorca,  Manorca,  and  others 
in  the  Miditerranean ; and  in  the  Baltic 
are  Zealand,  Funen,  Rugen,  Bornholm, 
Gottland,  Oesel,  dre.  The  principal  lakes 
are  those  of  Constance,  Geneva,  Lausanne, 
Wenner,  Ladoga,  and  Onega.  The  most 
considerable  rivers  are  the  Pa  and  the 
Tiber,  in  Italy ; the  Rhine,  the  Danube, 
the  Elbe,  and  the  Oder,  in  Germany  ; tb« 
Loire,  the  Seine,  the  Rhone,  and  the  Ga- 
ronne, in  France ; the  Tagus  and  th« 
Duero,  in  Spain ; the  Vistula,  in  Poland ; 
the  Dnieper,  the  Volga,  and  the  Don,  in 
Russia;  the  Thames  and  the  Severn,  in 
England  ; the  Tweed,  Forth,  Clyde,  and 
Tay,  in  Scotland ; the  Shannon  in  Ire- 
land ; the  Scheldt  and  Meuse  in  the  Nethevr 
lands,  Arc.  The  religion  is  the  Christian, 
divided  into  the  Greek,  the  Romish,  and 
Protestant  churches.  Mahomedism  is 
the  established  religion  of  European  Tur- 
key. Jews  are  to  be  found  in  every 
country. 

EnvmUe,  a town  in  the  department  o-f 
the  Upper  Marne,  France  ; five  miles  se  of 
St.  Dizier. 

Euskirchen,  a town  in  Westphalia,  and 
duchy  of  .Tuliers  ; 23  miles  se  of  Julifrs. 

EUSTACE,  an  island  about  20  miles  in 
circuit,  which  forms,  with  a long  point  o^f 
land,  the  entrance  to.  the  harbour  of  St. 
Augustine,  in  E Florida. 

EUSTATIUS,  ST,  or  Eustatia,  is  the 
chief  i.sland  belonging  to  the  Dutch  in  the 
West  Indies,  in  the  Caribbean  sea.  It  is 
only  a mountain,  in  the  form  of  a sugar 
loaf  with  a lioilow  fop,  about  29  miles  in 
compass,  yet  for  its  size  ii  is  the  most  valu- 
able of  all  the  Caribbees.  It  is  fvaid  to  con- 
tain .5000  whites,  ajid  15,000  negroes.  It 
abounds  with  hog^,  kids,  rabbits,  and  all 


£ X E 

kinds  of  poultry.  Tobacco  is  cultivated 
to  its  summit.  The  British,  Vvdio  took  it 
in  178],  were  dispossessed  by  the  French. 
It  was  restored  to  the  Dutch  at  the 
peace  of  1783.  The  English  took  it 
again  in  iSiO,  and  restored  it  in  1814. 
The  chief  town  is  Eustatia,  which  has  a 
good  fort.  Lon.  03  5 w,  lat.  17  29 

Eusugagueny  a strong  town  in  the 
kingdom  of  Morocco,  and  province  of  Hea. 
The  inhabitants  are  the  most  brutal  of  all 
Barbary  ; their  trade  consists  in  wax  and 
honey. 

Eutam,  a small  island  of  the  XYest  Indies, 
near  the  coast  of  Porto  Pi,ico.  Lon.  64  41 
lat.  18  18  N. 

Enihiy  a town  in  Lower  Saxony,  and  bi- 
shopric of  Lubeck,  Germany,  stands  near  a 
lake,  20  miles  NKwof  Lubec. 

Eiixine,  See  Black  Sea, 

Ejwelly  a town  in  the  county  of  Surry, 
with  a market  on  Thursday.  Here  w’as 
once  a magnificent  royal  palace,  now 
razed  to  the  foundation.  It  has  several 
fine  springs  which  unite  and  compose  a 
rivulet,  which  flows  n into  the  Thames; 
six  miles  w of  Croydon,  and  13  ssw  of 
Loiidon. 

Ewes,  a parish  in  the  n extremity  of 
Dumfries-shire,  n of  Langholm,  about  eight 
miles  long,  and  five  broad,  intersected  by 
the  Ewes  which  falls  into  the  Esk  at  Lang- 
holm, and  by  the  great  road  from  Carlisle 
to  Edinburgh  by  Hav/ick,  where  the  travel- 
ler meets  with  a pleasantly  romantic  dis- 
trict. Only  a small  part  is  under  cultiva- 
tion, being  a very  pastoral  country.  Popu- 
lation, r;58, 

Euhurst,  in  the  county  of  Surry,  near 
Okeley,  with  a fair  on  July  25th,  and  a 
charity  fschool.  It  has  its  name  ftom  the 
great  quaniity  of  yew  trees  which  greW 
here. 

Ex,  a river  wduch  rises  in  the  forest  of 
Exmoor,  county  of  Somerset,  and  runs  by 
Tiverton,  Exeter,  and  Topsham,  into  the 
Hea  at  Exmouth.  It  is  navigable  from 
Exeter. 

Exhorn,  in  Devonshioe,  on  the  river  Oek, 
With  a fair  on  the  third  Monday  in  April. 

Exeter,  the  capital  of  Devonshire,  on  the 
te  banks  of  the  river  Ex,  on  an  eminence. 
The  cathedral  is  a magnificent  pile  of 
building.  The  cit}'  is  governed  by  a maj^or, 
24  aldermen,  recorder,  town-clerk,  &c. 
The  guild  hall,  v/bich  is  a spacious  and 
convenient  building,  was  built  in  1339.  The 
trade  of  Exeter  is  extensive,  particularly  in 
the  exportation  of  coarse  woollen  goods, 
manufactured  in  the  counties  of  Devon, 
Cornwall,  and  Somerset.  Exeter  likewise 
imports  wool,  dyeing  drugs,  wines,  and  fruit, 
linens,  and  hemp,  iron,  timber,  and  tallow. 
It  sends  ships  to  the  Newfoundland  and 
Greenland  fisheries.  It  supplies  the  country 
round  with  coals,  both  from  the  northern 
collieries,  aj^d  from  Wales ; and  exports 
grain,  especially  oats,  to  London.  Two 
markets  are  held  here  w-eekly,  on  Wednes- 


E X M 

days  and  Fridays ; the  latter  is  the  greatest 
market  in  England,  Leeds  excepted,  for 
yarn  and  w’ooUen  goods.  E.xeter  contained 
18,896  inhabitants,  in  1811,  and  sends  two 
members  to  parliament.  It  was  formerly 
the  residence  of  the  W Saxon  kings,  who 
inhabited  the  castle  Called  Rougemanty 
from  the  colour  of  the  hi] I on  which  it  is 
built.  The  city  was  surrounded  with  walls, 
and  tVv'o  of  its  four  gates  siiil  remain.  Be- 
sides the  cathedral,  the  city  and  suburbs 
contain  19  churches.  It  was  made  a 
mayorality  by  king  John,  and  a younty  of 
itself  by  Henry  VIII.  It  gives  the  title  of 
earl  to  the  family  of  Cecil.  The  bishopV 
throne  is  said  to  be  the  grandest,  and  the 
organ  to  exceed  every  other  in  England,  in 
magnitude.  Henrietta,  daughter  of  Charles 
I.  and  afterwards  duchess  of  Orleans, 
was  born  in  Bedford  house,  in  this  city. 
It  stood  on  the  site  of  the  present  circus 
and  theatre;  44  miles  ne  of  Plymouth^ 
78  sw  of  Bristol,  and  172  w'  by  s of  London, 
Lon.  3 34  w,  lat.  50  44  x 

Exeter,  a town  in  Rockingham  county. 
New  Hampshire,  with  a good  harbour,  on 
Exeter  river,  a branch  of  the  Piscataqua ; 
and  next  to  Portsmouth,  the  most  consider- 
able sea  port  in  the  state.  It  is  well  situa-* 
ted  for  a manufacturing  towm,  and  has 
a duck  manufactory,  six  saw  mills,  a 
fulling  mill,  slitting  mill,  paper  mill, 
snuff  mill,  two  chocolate  and  10  grist 
mills,  iron  works,  and  two  printing  offices* 
It  has  two  congregational  churches,  a 
celebrated  academy,  and  a court-house. 
This  township  is  about  four  miles  square } 
15  miles  sw  of  Portsmouth,  and  54 
N of  Boston.  Lon.  71  W,  lat.  42  59  x. 

Exeter,  the  north-w'estermCst  to  wnship  iti 
Washingtomcounty,  Rhode  Island  state.  It 
contains  2195  inhabitants,  of  whom  37  are 
slaves. 

Exeter,  a town  in  New  Hanover  county, 
in  Wilmington  district,  N Carolina,  on  the 
NE  branch  of  Cape  Fear  river  ; 30  miles  m 
of  Wilmington. 

Exideuil,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Dordogne,  France ; 20  miles  xe  of  Peri* 
gueux,  and  32  s of  Limoges. 

Exillcs,  a town  in  Piedmont,  With  a 
fortified  castle,  on  the  river  Doria,  Italy, 
seated  on  a mountain,  wh  ch  defends  one 
of  the  passes  into  the  couatr)';;  17  miles 
wxw  of  Turin.  Lon.  7 14  e,  lat.  45 

21  N. 

Exlunta,  a town  in  the  province  of  Leon, 
five  miles  se  of  Leon,  Spain. 

Exmes,  a toxvn  in  the  department  of  Orne, 
in  the  district  of  Argenton,  France. 

“ Exmoor,  an  extensive  forest  in  the  NW 
part  of  Somersetshire,  stretching  thence 
into  Devonshire.  It  is  comparatively  a 
barren  region.  In  this  district  tire  some 
pretty  high  hills,  on  the  top  of  one  of 
which  is  a plain,  nearly  a mile  in  diameter* 
In  the  forest  are  circles  of  erect  stones 
and  tumuli.  Urns  containing  Roman 
coins  have  beeti  found  berg* 


i 


EYE 

JExmoiithf  a sea  port  town  on  the  s coast 
of  Devonshire,  stands  on  the  e side  of  the 
river  Ex.  The  harbour  is  a good  deal  con- 
tracted by  rocks  jutting  into  it,  but  it  has 
about  15  feet  water  at  flood.  This  place 
is  much  frequented  by  sea  bathers  ; 10 
ntiles  ssE  of  Exeter. 

Exploits y Bay  ofy  a bay  of  the  Atlantic 
on  the  E coast  of  Newfoundland.  Lon.  55 
20  w,  lat.  49  45  n. 

'EybcnsohitZf  a town  in  the  circle  of 
Bechin,  on  the  river  Ollawa,  Moravia;  12 
sw  of  Brunn. 

Eyder,  a river  and  canal  that  separates 
Germany  from  Denmark.  The  river  rises 
in  Holstein,  and  flows  w by  Pt,ensburg, 
Fredericstadt,  and  Tonningen,  into  the  Ger- 
man ocean  at  Eyder  Haven.  The  canal 
|)asses  E from  Rensburg,  to  Christian 
Haven  in  the  Baltic,  a little  n of 
Kiel.  By  these  there  is  a safe  inland  na- 
vigation, between  the  Baltic  and  German 
ocean. 

EyOy  a very  ancient  burgh  in  Suffolk, 
sending  two  members  to  parliament,  who 
are  elected  by  the  inhabitants  paying  scot 
and  lot,  in  number  about  200.  It  is  a 
corporation,  and  has  a market  on  Satur- 
day. It  has  a handsome  church,  and 
the  ruins  of  a castle  and  Benedictine 
abbey.  It  belongs  principally  to  earl 
Cornwallis,  who  has  the  title  of  lord 
Eye.  The  making  of  bone  lace,  and  spin- 
ning, chiefly  employ  the  women  ; 20 

miles  N of  Ipswich,  and  89  ne  of  Lon- 
don. 

EyOy  LocJiy  a lake  in  the  parish  of  Fearn, 
Ross-shire,  about  two  miles  long,  and  half 
a mile  broad.  From  it  proceeds  a rivulet 
of  the  same  name,  which  falls  into  the" 
Moray  Frith,  near  the  small  fishing  village 
ofBalintore. 

Eye,  a river  which  rises  in  the  nw  part 
of  Berwickshire,  and  directing  its  course 
E to  Ayton,  turns  n,  and  falls  into  the  Ger- 
man ocean  at  Eyemouth,  The  scenery  on 
its  banks  is  pleasant. 

Eyebergen,  a town  in  the  county  of  Zut- 
phen,  on  the  Berckel,  Holland,  five  miles  e 
of  Borckeloe. 

Eyemouth,  a parish  and  considerable 
town  on  the  coast  of  Berwickshire.  The 
parish  is  only  about  a mile  square ; but 
the  soil  is  good,  and  in  a high  state  of 
cultivation.  The  town  has  an  excellent 
natural  harbour  formed  by  the  river  Eye ; 
and  a pier  has  been  erected.  The  remains 
of  a regular  fortification,  erected  by  the 
earl  of  Hartford,  when  he  invaded  Scot- 
land in  the  reign  of  queen  Mary  are  still 
visible.  The  number  of  inhabitants  is 
about  1000,  of  whom  a number  are  em- 
ployed in  fishing  and  trade  by  sea;  four 
miles  E of  St  Abb’s  Head,  and  eight  n of 
Berwick. 

Eyerlandt,  an  island  at  the  entrance  into 
the  Zuyder  Zee,  from  the  Gernmn  ocean  ; 

11 


F A H 

I half  a mile  widf?.  It  is  joined  to  the  island 
I of  Texel  by  a bank  of  sand. 

I Eylau  Deutsca,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Oberland,  Prussia,  seated  at  the  s end  of  a 
lake,  47  miles  e by  n of  Culm,  and  90  ssw 
of  Konigsberg. 

Elau  Preusich,  a small  town  of  Prussia, 
in  the  province  of  Natangen.^  Here,  in  1 SOT, 
the  French  obtained  a victory  over  the  Rus- 
sians, in  a bloody  battle  ; 24  miles  s by  e 
of  Konigsberg. 

Eyemoutiers,  a town  in  the  department 
of  the  Upper  Vienne,  France.  It  hits  a 
consideraWe  trade  in  skins  .leather  and 
rags  ; and  contains  about  2000  inhabitants. 
It  stands  on  the  Vienne,  20  miles  n of  Li- 
moges. 

Eyndhovan,  a tow'n  of  Dutch  Bra- 
bant, and  department  of  the  Dommel  and 
Scheldt,  at  the  junction  of  the  Dommel 
with  the  Eynds,  13  miles  se  of  Bois  la 
Due. 

EyrecGurt,  a town  of  Ireland  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Galway,  34  miles  ese  of  Galway,  and 
90  w of  Dublin. 

Eyicanowitz,  a town  in  the  oirole  of  Ol- 
mutz,  on  the  river  Igiau,  Moraviev,  23  miles 
ssw  of  Olmutz. 

EZEL,  an  island  of  Russia,  in  the  Bal- 
tic sea,  eight  miles  in  circumference* 
Lon.  22  43  e,  lat.  58  20  n. 

Ezero,  a town  in  Greece,  on  a small  lake 
of  the  same  name,  Thessaly. 


F 


tile  country,  IT  mites  s of  Odeosee.  Lon. 
10  16  E,  lat.  55  12  n. 


Fabregas,  a town  in  Catalonia,  1 3 miles 
w of  Gerona,  Spain. 

Fabriono,  a town  in  the  marquisate  of 
Ancona,  Italy,  celebrated  for  its  excellent 
paper  ; 25  miles  ne  of  Foligno. 

Faden  Hotun,  a town  in  the  kingdom  of 
Gorea,Asia.  Lon.  143  30  e,  Ferro, lat.  4 1 3 n. 

Faeuza,  or  Fayence,  a city  in  the  ci  de- 
vant  province  of  Romagna,  Italy,  and  a bi- 
shop’s see,  seated  on  the  Amana.  Here  is  an 
old  fortress,  and  its  cathedral,  wdiich  stands 
in  the  great  square,  has  a steeple  five  stories 
high.  It  was  taken  from  the  pope  by  the 
French,  in  1796,  but  recovered  the  same 
year.  In  the  follov/ing  year  the  pope’s 
troops  were  defeated  and  expelled.  It  con- 
tains above  20,000  citizens  ; and  is  famous 
for  its  fine  earthen  wares  ; 20  miles  wsw  of 
Ravenna.  Lon.  13  40  k,  iat.  44  34  n. 

Fahlun,  a town  in  the  province  of  Dale- 
.carlia,  Sweden,  situated  between  two  large 
lakes,  Run  and  War|  en,  encircled  with  rocks 
and  hills,  near  some  celebrated  copper  mints. 


F A I 


deemed  the  most  ancient  in  Europe,  whence 
the  town  is  sometimes  called  Coppersberg. 
It  has  a manufacliire  of  green  and  blue 
vitriol.  It  contains  1200  houses,  and 
about  7000  inhabitants  : 110  miles  kw 
of  Stockholm.  Lon.  15  50  e,  lat.  60 
40  N. 

Faido,  a town  in  the  canton  of  Uri,  on 
the  Tesino,  Switzerland,  12  miles  n of 
Bell  in  zona. 

Faijoy  a town  of  Cochin-china,  seated  on 
a river  that  runs  into  the  l^ay  of  Turon.  It 
is  a place  of  extensive  trade ; 30  miles  se 
of  Turon. 

FAIRY,  one  of  the  Orkney  islands, 
about  a mile  long,  and  less  than  half  a mile 
broad.  It  affords  excellent  pasture ; near 
it  is  a smaller  island  called  Holm  of 
Fairy. 

FAIRFAX  COUNTY,  in  Virginia,  is 
about  25  miles  long,  and  18  broad.  It 
contains  12,320  inhabitants  ^ of  whom 
4,574  are  slaves.  Chief  town,  Alexan- 
dria. 

Fairfield,  a township-  in  Washington 
county.  New  York 


of  1796, 
tors. 

FAIRFIELD 


By  the  state  census 
29  of  its  inhabitants  are  elec- 


COUNTY,  in  Connecti- 


cut, is  the  s westermost  of  the  state ; bound- 
ed on  the  w by  the  state  of  New  York,  on 
the  E by  New  Haven  county,  on  the  n by 
Litchfield,  and  on  the  s by  Long  Island 
sound.  Its  surface  is  rough,  but  the  soil  is 
good.  It  is  divided  into  13  townships,  of 
which  Fairfield  and  Danbury  are  the  chief, 
and  contains  30,250  inhabitants. 

Fairfield,  the  Unquoiva  of  the  Indians, 
a post  town  and  port  of  entry  of  Connecti- 
cut, and  capital  of  the  above  county,  si- 
tuated on  Mill  Run,  near  its  entrance  into 
Long  Island  sound.  It  was  burnt  by  the 
British  in  1777.  It  contains  about  200 
bouses.  About  fout  miles  nw  of  the  body 
of  the  town,  and  in  the  township,  is  the 
beautiful  parish  of  Greenfield,  in  which  is  a 
flourishing  academy.  Fairfield  carries  on 
a considerable  trade  to  the  W Indies  ; 46 
miles  NE  of  New  York.  Lon.  73  30  w, 
lat.  41  12  N. 

FAIRFIED  COUNTY,  in  Camden 
district,  S Carolina.  It  contains  6,138 
white  inhabitants,  and  1,485  slaves.  Its 
chief  town  is  Winnsborough. 

Fairfield,  a neat  village  of  Lancashire, 
four  nules  E of  Manchester,  on  the  Man- 
chester, Oldham,  and  Ashton  canal.  It  is 
a Moravian  settlement,  has  a large  cha- 
pel, with  an  excellent  organ  ; a good  inn. 
Tlie  inhabitants  are  employed  in  spinning 
and  weaving  cotton,  in  tambouring  and 
fine  needle  work. 

Fairford,  a town  in  Glouoestershire,  on 
tlie  Coin,  cebrated  for  the  painted  glass 
windows  in  its  church,  designed  by  the  i 
famous  Albert  Durer.  The  church  was 
lomided  by  John  Tame,  a London  mer- 
chant, in  1493,  for  the  purpose  of  receiving 


F A L 

the  glass  of  these  windows  which  had  beerf 
taken  by  one  of  his  ships  on  ^ts  way  to 
Rome.  A market  is  held  on  Thursday; 
25  miles  se  of  Gloucester,  and  80  w by  n 
of  London. 

Fairliead,  a cape  on  the  n coast  of  thj» 
county  of  Antrim,  Ireland,  ne  of  Bally- 
castle.  Lon.  6*2  w,  lat.  55  14  n, 

FAIR  ISLE,  and  island  lying  in  the 
middle  betwixt  the  clusters  of  Orkney  and 
Shetland,'  from  each'  of  which  its  high 
rocks  are  seen.  It  is  a little  more  than 
three  miles  in  length,  and  scarcely  two  in 
breadth.  It  is  every  where  inaccessible, 
unless  upon  the  se  which  affords  a safe 
station  for  small  vessels.  The  soil  is  to- 
lerably fertile,  and  the  sheep  pasture  on 
the  hills  is  excellent,  and  noted  for  improv- 
ing the  wool.  Fair  Isle  is  annexed  to  the 
parish  of  Dunrossness,  Shetland,  nearly 
25  miles  distant.  It  contains  about  220 
inhabitants.  On  the  e side  the  duke  of 
Medina  Sidonia,  admiral  of  the  Spa-^ 
iiish  Armada,  was  wTecked  in  1588. 

Fairley,  a small  sea  port  town  in  Ayr° 
shire,  containing  about  130  inhabitants  ; 12 
miles  NW  of  Irvine. 

Fairley’ Road,  a narrow  strait  in  the  Frith 
of  Clyde,  between  the  islands  of  Canihray 
and  Ayrshire,  so  named  from  the  above 
town. 

Fairntosh.  See  Ferrintosh, 

Fair  Weather,  Cape,  on  the  e coast  of 
Patagonia,  in  South  America.  Lon.  68 
10  w,  lat.  51  45  s. 

Fair  Weather  Mountain,  a mountain  on 
the  w"  coast  of  N America.  Lon.  137 
0 w,  lat.  59  0 N. 

Faisins,  Isle  of,  Isle  of  Pheasants,  or 
Isle  of  Conference,  a small  island  in  tin? 
river  Bidassao,  which  divides  France  from 


Spain.  It  has  the  latter  name,  because 
Philip  IV.  and  Louis  XIV.  here  swore  to 
observe  the  peace  of  the  Pyrenees,  irt 
1660,  after  24  conferences  between  their 
ministers.  It  is  situated  between  Andage 
and  Fontarabia,  and  is  considered  as  a neu- 
tral place. 

Faith’s,  St,  in  the  county  of  Norfolk, 
noted  for  a fair  on  October  20  ; seven  nules 
N by  w of  Norwich. 

Fakenham,  a . town  in  the  county  cf 
Norfolk,  with  a large  market  on  Tlnirsday, 
stands  on  the  Yare,  on  a hill,  has  fairs  Ash- 
Wednesday,  and  November  J 1 ; 20  miles 
NW  of  Norwich,  and  1 13  nne  of  London. 
On  a bill  near  it  the  county  courts  were 
once  held. 

Fala,  and  Soutra,  two  united  parishes 
in  the  counties  of  Mid  and  East  Lo- 
thian. Fala  is  four  miles  in  length, 
and  three  in  breadth,  comprising  some 
of  the  most  fertile  of  the  Lothian 
plains.  Soutra  is  the  westermost  ridge 
of  the  Lammermuir  hills,  commanding 


a most 


enchanting 


prospect,  and  is  more 
adapted  to  j)asturage  than  tillage.  Part 
of  the  walls  of  Soatva  church  are  yet 


F A L 


F A L 


landing,  and  the  burying;  ground  is  still  ' 
occupied.  A small  farm  here  granted 
by  king  James  of  peripatetic  and  face-  | 
xious  memory,  for  a night^s  lodging,  I 
in  one  of  his  pedestrian  excursions,  to  a | 
family  of  the  name  of  Pringle,  is  still 
held  by  his  descendants,  and  what  is  sin-  | 
gular  they  never,  at  any  one  time  since,  | 
occupied  more  or  less  land.  Population  is  | 
344. 

Faloise,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Calvados,  on  the  Ante  France,  has  a cas- 
tle, and  one  of  the  finest  towers  in  France.  1 
It  has  manufactures  of  serges,  linen,  and 
lace  : and  is  remarkable  for  being  the  birth- 
place of  Avlotte,  mother  to  William  the 
Conqueror;  20  miles  °se  of  Caen,  and 
115  w of  Paris.  Lon.  9 10  e,  lat.  48 
15  N. 

FALCONARA,  an  island  in  the  Gre- 
cian Archipelago.  Lon.  25  34  e,  lat.  36 
55  N. 

Fale,  a river  in  the  county  of  Cornwall, 
which  directs  its  course,  by  Grampound  and 
Tregony  -to  Falmouth,  where  it  forms  a 
iine  haven  in  the  English  Channel. 

Falkenau,  or  Falkenow,  a towm  in  the 
circle  of  Saatz,  Bohemia,  on  the  Egra, 
where  are  manufactures  of  alum,  sulphur, 
.and  vitriol ; 10  miles  n of  Egra. 

Falkenberg,  a town  of  Silesia,  Germany, 
principality  of  Oppein,  has  a castle,  14 
s by  E of  Brieg. 

Falkenbergy,  a sea  port  town  in  the  pro- 
.vince  of  Halland,  Sweden,  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Athras,  on  the  Categat,  17 
miles  of  Halmstadt.  The  chief  trade 
.of  the  inhabitants  is  fishing.  Lon,  12  27  e, 
lat.  56  54  N. 

Falkenberg,  a town  in  Upper  Saxony, 
and  New  Mark  of  Brandenburg,  has  a 
.castle,  and  stands  on  the  Drage,  32  miles 
E by  N of  New  Stargard.  Lon.  16  28  e, 
lat.  53  29  N. 

Fatkemtein,  a town  of  Austria,  with  a 
castle,  10  miles  xw’  of  Zistersdorf. 

Falkenstein,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Mont  Tonnere,  France,  lately  Ger- 
many, county  of  Falkenstein,  a little  to 
the  w of  Winweiler,  24  miles  w by  s of 
Worms- 

Faikirk,  a considerable  town  in  Stirling- 
shire. It  contains  near  4009  inhabitants, 
and  has  a market  on  Thursday,  and  nine 
.annual  fairs,  chiefly  for  cattle  ; those  called 
irgsbs,  in  August,  September  and  Octo- 
I>er,  are  much  resorted  to,  particularly  for 
black  cattle  and  sheep  It  is  24  w miles 

^Edinburgh,  and  23  from  Glasgow.  The 
pari.sh  of  Falkirk  is  near  eight  miles  long, 
and  about  four  broad.  The  Carse  of 
Falkirk,  once  covered  by  the  sea,  is  celebra- 
for  its  fertility.  The-  great  canal  pas- 
ses through  the  parish,  and  numerous  vil- 
lages iiave  arisen  in  the  neighbourhood. 
.S<ie  Car)ielo?i,  <fec-  TJie  population  of 
the  parish  is  about  8,838.  Half  a mile 
N of  the  town,  on  the  22  of  July  1298,  the 


Scottish  forces  under  the  renowned  Vs  al- 
lace, were  completely  defeated  by  the 
English,  commanded  by  Edward  I.  in  per- 
son, when  Sir  John  Graham  and  Sir  John 
Siew'art,  two  of  Vf allace/s  most  intimate 
and  bravest  companions,  fell.  Their  graves 
are  yet  pointed  out  in  the  cimrch-yard. 
In  the  vicinity  also  the  rebels  in  the  year 
1746,  gained  a victory  over  the  royal 
forces. 

Falkland,  an  ancient  town  in  Fifeshire, 
with  the  remains  of  a magiiirieent  palace, 
for  many  years  the  residence  ot  the  Scot- 
tish mona^cbs.  The  town  is  neatly  built, 
anti  is  plentiMly  supplied  with  fine  water 
by  leaden  pipes.  It  was  made  a burgh 
by  king  James  II.  in  1458,  and  possessing 
a ri^^ht  of  holding  a weekly  market  and 
seveiT  annual  fairs.  The  chief  iDanuiacture 
is  coarse  linen  and  -osnaburghs.  The 
parish  of  Falkland  is  of  a square  form, 
containing  about  10,000  acres.  Tne 
soil  is  various.  In  the  parish  is  a lead 
mine,  plenty  of  lime  stone,  some  marie, 
and  fullers  earth.  The  parish  contains 
the  villages  of  Ballinbrae,  Newton,  and 
Freiichie.  The  population  is  about 
2,300  ; 24  miles  is-w  by  n of  Edin- 
burgh. 

FALKLAND,  Isles,  lie  about  50  miles 
E from  the  straits  of  Magellan,  at  the  ex- 
tremity of  South  America,  between  56  and 
63  w Ion.  and  52  and  54  s lat.  The  soil 
of  these  islands  is  bad,  and  the  shores  ar© 
beaten  by  perpetual  storms.  These  islands 
W’ere  discovered  by  Davies,  in  1592,  were 
visited  by  Sir  Richard  Hawkins  in  1594, 
and  Commodore  Byron  made  a ^settlement 
here,  in  1765,  which  w^as  taken  by  the 
Spaniards  in  1770,  and  in  1774,  the  islands 
were  ceded  to  Spain. 

Falkland's  Sound,  a strait  or  bay,  se- 
parating the  two  largest  of  the  above  is- 
lands. 

Falkoping,  a town  in  the  province  of 
W Gothland,  Sweden,  68  miles  e by  n of 
Gotheburgh. 

Fall,  a river  which  rises  in  the  sw  part 
of  Perthshire,  >nd  runs  into  Loch  Lo- 
mond. 

FALLAFAJEEA,  one  of  the  Friendly 
Islands,  in  the  Southern  Pacific  ocean. 
Lon.  185  16e,  lat.  20  30  s. 

I Falmouth,  a sea  port  town  in  the  comity 
I of  Cornwall,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Fale, 
j with  a good  and  well  sheltered  harbour, 
' defended  at  i<s  entrance  by  the  castles  of 
I Pendennis  and  St.  Maw'es.  Packets  for 
I Spain,  Portvigal,  and  the  West  Indies,  gene- 
I rally  sail  from  this  port.  It  is  a corpora- 
i tion,  governed  by  a mayor  and  aldermen, 

! and  has  a market  on  Timrsdaj',  and  fairs 

I July  27ih,xand  October  30tli.  It  gives  th© 
j title  of  viscount  to  the  family  of  Boseaweu. 

! Here  is  the  head  custom  house  for  most  of 
j the  Cornish  boroughs — It  sends  no  member 

to  |>arliampnt,  but  is  much  more  popa- 
i lous,  than  many  towns  that  are  represented. 

II  X X 3 


F A M 

The  pilchard  fishery,  which  is  here  carried 
on  to  great  extent,  is  a source  of  great 
vrealih  to  the  town  : 10  miles  s of  Truro, 
and  269  wsw  of  London.  Lon.  6 2 w,  lat. 

50  3 N. 

Falmouth^  a township  in  Hants  county. 
Nova- Scotia,  28  miles  xwof  Halifax. 

Falmouth,  a maritime  town  in  Barnstable 
coun;y,  iUassachusetts,  w'as  burnt  by  the 
Britisn,  in  1775.  It  stands  on  the  w side  . 
of  a bay,  70  miles  sse  of  Boston.  Lon.  70 
32  w,  iat.  41  33  N. 

Falmouth,  a post  town  in  Stafford  county, 
Virginia,  opposite  to  Fredericsburg,  on  the 
Kappabannue,  40  miles  sw  of  Alexandria. 
Ifcontains  about  150  bouses. 

F aim  oath,  cl  town  and  harbour  on 
the  s shore  of  the  island  of*  Antigua,  it 
stands  on  the  s side  of  the  island,  and  has 
a foi tided  harbour.  Lon.  62  0 w,  lat.  16 
55  N. 

Falmouth,  in  the  island  of  Jamaica,  com- 
moiiiy  called  the  Point,  including  the 
adjoining  villages  of  Martha  Brae  and  the 
Bock,  contains  220  houses.  Lon.  77  33  w, 
lat.  iS  31  N. 

False  Bay,  a bay  near  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  Africa,  situated  between  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope  and  Cape  False,  affords 
shelter  for  shipping  durisg  the  prevalence 
of  the  Nw  winds  in  May.  Lon.  18  38  e, 
lat.  34  10  s. 

False  Cape,  a promontory  e of  tlie  | 
Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Lon.  18  44  e,  lat. 
34  16  X. 

FALSTEJl,  an  island  of  Denmark, 

S Zealand,  from  which  it  is  separated  i)y 
a nanovv  sea.  It  is  about  60  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, and  exceedingly  fertile;  the 
principal  towns  are  Nyokieping  and  Stub- 
bek loping.  The  former  is  the  capital. 

. Faisterbo,  a sea  port  town  in  the  pro- 
vince  of  .Schonan,  Sweden,  chiefly  known 
for  a light'hoQse  and  its  herring  fishery ; 
22  miles  ssw  of  Lund.  Lon.  12  48  e,  lat, 
55  22  N. 

FALUGA,  a small  island  near,  the  vf 
coast  of  Sardinia,  in  the  Mediterranean- 

Faluga,  a tov-ui  in  the  Arabian  Irak,  25 
miles  sE  of  Bagdad.  I 

Famagosta,  or  Famagusta,  a town  on 
the  E coast  of  the  island  of  Cyprus,  with 
a good  harbour,  defended  by  two  forts.  It 
is  the  see  of  a Greek  bishop,  suffragan  of 
Nicosia.  In  1570,  it  was  laken  by  the  I 
Tuiks,  after  a long  siege,  when  they  mur-  ! 
dered  the  inhabdbinis  afler  they  surrendeied,  j 
and  flayed  the  Venetian  governor  alive  ; j 
62  rniics  NE  of  Nicosia.  Lon.  35  55  e,  || 
lat.  35  10  N.  1 

Famars,  a town  in  the  department  of  the  j 
Norib,  France.  In  the  yicmiiy,  the  French  1 
wrif!  d flea  ted  by  the  aiUos,  in  1793-  It  is  j 
three  udics  sol  Vaiencienne*-.  j 

. Faaiily  t^oke,  a lake  of  North  America. 
Ion.  03  20  w,  lai.  52  35  n.  i 

FAMINE,  op  Fameke,  a small  country, 


FAQ 

of  the  Netherlands,  and  included  in  th# 
department  of  Forrets,  France.  The  prin- 
cipal towns  are  Marche  and  Roche. 

Famine  Port,  a bay  at  the  extremity 
of  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  on  the  coast 
of  Patagonia.  Lon.  71  26  w,  lat.  53 

43  N. 

Fanano,  a town  of  the  Modenese,  Italy, 
25  miles  s of  Modena.  Lon.  1 24  e,  lat. 

44  20  N. 

Fangeaux,  or  Fanjeaux,  a towm  in  the 
department  of  the  Aude,  France,  14  miles 
w of  Carcosonne.  Lon.  2 25  e,  lat.  43 

11  N. 

Fauna,  a town  in  the  county  of  Friuli, 
seven  miles  nne  of  Aviano,  Italy  ; also  a 
conspicuous  mountain,  Roxburgsbire,  in  the 
parish  of  Hobkirk. 

Fannich  Loch,  a lake  in  Ross-shire, 
parish  of  Contln,  about  nine  miles  long, 
and  one  and  a- half  broad.  Out  of  its  se 
extremity  issues  the  river  Grudie. 

Fano,  a town  in  the  pi-ovinee  of  Abruzzo, 
Ultra,  Naples. 

Fano,  anciently  Fanum  Fortune,  a sea 
port  town  of  Italy,  on  the  Adriatic,  and  a 
bishop’s  see.  Here  are  the  remains  of  a 
beautiful  triumphal  arch,  erected  in  honour 
of  Augustus,  w'ho  sent  hither  a colony^ 
This  arch  was  injured  by  a camion  bullet, 
in  a siege  of  the  town  in  1458.  The  vici- 
nity is  extremely  delightful.  In  the  town 
are  suberb  palaces  and  elegant  chnrches. 
Near  this  place,  Asdrubal,  the  brother  of 
Hannibal,  and  50,060  of  his  oountrymen, 
were  slain  ; 18  miles  e of  Urbino.  Lon.  14 
20  E,  lat.  43  52  y. 

FANOE,  a small  island  near  the  coast  of 
Sieswick,  Denmark,  about  fiveAeagues  in 
oireuraferenoe,  chiefly  inhabitctl  by  fisher- 
men. Lon.  8 25  e,  lat.  55  23  n. 

FANTIN,  a country  on  the  Gold  Coast, 
Africa,  which  extends  about  10  leagues 
along  the  shore  of  the  Atlantic.  The  soil 
is  fertile.  The  inhabitants  are  bold,  cun- 
ning, and  deceitful.  Their  government 
is  aristocratic.  The  small  towns  are 
very  numerous,  and  they  reckon  about 
4,000  fishermen  on  the  coast.  The  capital 
is  of  the  same  name,  about  four  leagut\s 
up  the  country.  Here  the  English  and 
Dutch  have  forts,  the  English  fort  called 
Anemabo,  is  at  the  mouth  of  a river.  The 
palm  wine  here  is  so  much  superior  to  that 
on  Qther  parts  of  the  coast.  Lon.  0 10 
lat.  5 5 N» 

Funzara,  a town  in  the  kingdo.m  of  Fez, 
15  miles  sw  of  Salee,  Africa. 

I Faova,.  OT  Foac,  a town  of  Egypt,  on  the 
w branch  of  ihe  Nile,  25  miles  se  of  Reset- 
to,  and  70  nnw  of  Cairo. 

Faouet,  Le,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Morbihan,  France,  21  miles  n by  \v  of 
Orient.  Lou.  2 27  w^,  lat.  48  2 n. 

FAQUIER  COUNTY,  in  Virginia, 
about  55  miles  long,  and  20  broad,  contain- 
ing 17,892  inhabitants. 


FAR 

Fara,  one  of  the  smaller  Orkney  islands, ' 
betvrcen  Ed  a and  Westra. 

F'tray  or  Farray,  one  of  fbe  smaller  Ork- 
ney islands,  oiiftinile  e of  Hoy, 

Faradeese,  a town  in  the  country  of  Tu- 
nis, 32  miles  s of  Tunis,  Africa. 

Farekom,  a town  iti  Hants,  at  the  n\v 
coiTiEr  of  Portsmocih  harbour,  with  a 
ijuay,  at  which  vessels  ol  200  tons  can  un- 
load. It  has  considerable  trade  in  coals, 
corn,  d'c.  manufactures  of  sacks  and 
corda<;'e,  and  bricks  and  tiles.  It  has 
a market  on  Wednesday.  It  has  a well 
endowed  charity-school,  and  a fair  June 
29th ; live  miles  nnw^  of  Gosport,  and 
12  SE  of  Southampton,  and  73  w by  s of 
London. 

FareweU,  Cape,  the  s of  V/est  Greenland, 
at  the  entrance  of  Davis  Straits.  Lon.  42  | 
42  \v,  lat.  o9  37  N.  j 

FareweUy  Cape  a promontory  of  the  is- 
land of  New  Zealand.  Lon.  J72  4i  e, 
lat.  40  37  s. 

Farg,  a river  of  Perthshire,  rises  in  the 
Oehil  hills,  and  falls  into  the  Erne. 

Fargeaii,  St,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Yoiine,  with  a strong  fort,  France,  19 
miles  SE  of  Auxere.  Lcn.  3 8 e,  iat.  40 
47  N. 

Fariah,  a town  and  province  of  Indepen- 
dent Tartary,  borders  oi  Persia. 

a'town  in  the  province  of  Irak, 
Agemi,  Persia,  73  miles  sw^  of  Amadan. 

Farim,  a town  and  country  of  Africa,  to 
the  s of  the  river  Gamibia.  The  town  stands 
on  the  river  St.  Bomingo.  Lon  14  30  w, 
Lit.  12  10  N. 

FARIM  A,  or  Baksiit,  a province  of 
'Japan,  in  vrhioh  the  inhabitants  have  manu- 
factures  of  silk,  cloth,  paper,  <fec.  ^ | 

Farinola,  a town  in  the  province  of 
A.bruzzo,  Ultra,  Naples,  11  miles  sse  of 
Z+u'amo. 

Farmington,  a large  and  wealthy  town 
in  Hartford  county,  Connecticut,  seated  on 
the  Farniingion,  which  below  the  town 
unites  with  the  Cambridge,  where  they 
both  lose  their  names  in  the  Windsor. 
Here  is  a large  congregational  church  ; 10 
n.iles  wsw  of  Hartford,  and  22  e of  Litch- 
field. 

Farn  Islmids,  three  small  islands,  be- 
sides a n timber  of  rocks,  near  the  coast  of 
Nonbii.ubcrlund,  opposite  Bamborough 
CO  Ale.  They  have  all  particular  names, 
en.d  prodiice  kelp,  sea-fowls,  &c.  Some 
of  them  bear  a little  grass.  The  principal, 
vvhicn  is  called  Farn,  is  about  a mile  in 
coiiipass,  and  has  a light-house,  formed  out 
of  part  of  a Benedictine  monastery,  founded 
^ about  080,  by  St.  Cuthbert,  vvlio  held  a 
^council  in  it,  and  whose  coffin  is  said  to 
b'*  here  preserved.  Lon.  1 15  w,  lat.  58 

Fornlwm,  a town  in  Surrey,  on  the  river 
Wye,  with  a castle,  on  an  eminence,  be- 
lorging  to  the  bishop  of  Winchester,  It 


FAR 

has  a great  corn  trade,  and  is  celobra-eil 
for  its  plantations  of  hops,  cultivated  in  the 
neighbourhood,  particularly  at  Grondal,  a 
village  three  miles  to  the  kw.  It  has  a 
large  market  on  Thursd,>y  f(,r  corn,  and 
Welch  hose,  and  is  12  niiies  w'  cf  Gilford^ 
and  38  wsw  of  London. 

FARO  ISLANDS.  See  Faroer. 

FARO,  an  island  of  Sw^eden,  about  SO 
miles  in  circuiuterence.  it  is  populojis 
and  fertile.  Tne  principal  »own  has  fhs 
same  name,  and  is  seated  on  the  e coast, 
Lon.  19  7 E,  lat.  57  50  N. 

Faro,  a sea  port  on  the  gulf  of  Cadiz,  in 
the  province  of  Algarva,  of  which  it  is  the 
capital,  and  a bisliop^s  see,  Portugal.  It 
was  burnt  by  the  English  in  1596.  It  has 
the  greater  part  of  the  commerce-  of  ths 
province ; 103  miles  s by  w of  Evora. 
Lon.  8 0 w,  lat.  37  2 n. 

Faro  of  Messina,  a strait  between  Sicily 
and  Calabria,  seven  miles  across.  Hera 
the  tide  ebbs  and  flows  every  six  hours. 
It  has  its  name  from  the  Faro  or  light- 
house on  Cape  Faro,  and  its  vicinity  to 
Messina. 

FARCER  ISLANDS,  islands  in  tho 
North  Sea,  belonging  to  Denmark.  They 
are  25  4n  number,  though  only  about 
17  are  inhabited  ; and  extend  about  TO 
miles  in  length,  and  50  in  breadth,  be- 
tween five  and  eight  degrees  w lou.  and 
81  83  N lat.  Some  of  them  are  deeply  in- 
dented with  fins  harbours,  and  most  of 
them  faced  with  tremendous  rocks  and 
precipices.  They  produce  agate,  jasper, 
and  beautiful  zeolites.  No  trees  above 
the  size  of  a juniper,  or  stunted  willow, 
giow^  here.  To  the  s of  these  islands  is  a 
w’hiripool.  The  greatest  length  of  the  day 
is  nearly  20  hours,  and  the  shortest  day 
little  more  than  four.  The  summers 
and  winters  are  very  moderate.  The 
dampness  of  the  air,  however,  subjects  the 
inhabitants  to  many  disease.*?,  as  coughs, 
the  scurvy,  tfec.  The  soil  is  shallow’,  yet 
so  fertile  as  to  yield  20  for  one.  The  pas- 
tures are  excellent,  especially  for  sheep,  in 
which  the  wealth  of  the  inbabitanAs  chiefly 
consists.  There  is  great  plenty  both  of 
land  and  wa-ter  fowl,  and  ilsb.  The  com- 
modities vended  here  to  toreigners,  aro 
salted  mutton,  goose  cuiih’,  featbers,  and 
cyder  down  ; knit  W'Ooilcn  w’aistooat?,  cap.s, 
i and  slooking.s,  tallow,  -tec.  There  are  se- 
! ven  parishes  and  39  cln.ViCbes,  which  are 
under  the  diocese  cf  Zealand.  Tnese  is- 
lands, together  wuth  Iceland,  are  under  one 
governor  ; but  they  have  their  rc.^(eotiv0 
iangmaji,  or  provincial  judge,  their  land 
vogt,  their  inferior  j idge,  aiKi  king’s  con- 
sul, who  superintends  i.be  trade  ctirrieii  en 
between  the  Faroer  isiands  and  (,‘openhci- 
gan.  Th^^se  islands  x''ero  dbcovered  in  the 
resgn  of  Harold  Hoarfager,  kirg  of  Nor- 
way, and  Griener  Co.mban  was  the  first 
person  who  built  a hou!>e  upon  them, 

1 


FAU 

Faron,  a mountain  in  the  department 
M Var,  near  Toulon,  France,  with  a 
fort  and  redoubt  on  its  top,  which  is  1,718' 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  almost 
inaccessible. 

Far-Out -Heady  a cape  on  the  s coast 
of  Sutherlandshire,  10  miles  jb  of  Cape 
Wrath. 

Farry  a parish  and  small  sea  port  town  in 
Sutherlandshire.  The  parish  is  about  45 
miles  long,  and  from  three  to  20  broad,  with 
1 6 miles  of  rocky  sea  coast,  in  which  are  | 
many  extensive  caves,  the  resort  of  great  i 
numbers  of  seals.  The  town  is  situated  on  a ! 
bay  and  near  a promontory  to  which  it  gives 
name,  and  has  a good  salmon  fishery,  i 
There  are  several  other  promontories,  bays,  [ 
and  villages  on  the  coast;  see  Armdale, 
Stratliyy  <fec.  The  surface  is  chiefly  moun-  ! 
tainous,  and  except  on  the  banks  of  the  i 
rivers  Naver  and  Borgie,  is  barren.  The  i 
population  is  about  2,408.  This  parish  does 
not  produce  corn  sufficient  for  the  subsist- 
ence of  the  inhabitants.  Here  are  the  re- 
mains oi  six  Pictish  castles ; 52  miles  n by  i 
w of  Dornoch. 

Farringdon,  a town  in  Berks,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday ; stands  on  an  emi- 
nence, 15  miles  w of  Abington,  and  68  w 
by  N of  London. 

Farsa,  anciently  Pharsalia,  a town  in 
Thessaly,  14  miles  s of  Larissa. 

PAKISTAN,  or  Pars,  a province  about 
420  miles  long  from  n to  s,  and  360  from 
E to  w.  Towards  the  s the  air  is  very  hot, 
and  the  land  so  sandy,  that  it  produces  little 
else  than  palm-trees.  Northward,  it  is  full  i 
of  mountains.  The  principal  productions 
are  rice  and  fruit ; the  centre  is  the  most 
fertile.  In  the  forest  is  a tree  from  which 
the  inhabitants  gather  mastic  ; emeralds  are 
common.  Shiras  is  the  capital. 

Fartachy  Fartacky  or  Fartaquey  a sea  port 
in  the  province  of  Hadramaut,  Arabia  Felix, 
at  the  foot  of  a cape  of  its  name,  150  miles  i 
E of  Sliibam,  | 

Fartreijy  a river  which  runs  into  the  Irish 
sea,  nine  miles  n from  Wicklow. 

Fastnel  Rocky  a rock  five  miles  ssw  of 
cape  Clear,  Ireland. 

Fattipoury  a town  in  the  province  of  | 
Agra,  Hindoostan.  Here  was  a palace  of 
the  emperors  of  Hindoostan  ; on  a hill  is  a 
celebrated  mostiue,  erected  by  the  emperor 
Achbar ; 22  miles  w by  s of  Agra. 

FAVAGNANA,  or  Favognana,  a 
fertile  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  about 
seven  miles  in  circumference,  near  the  w 
coast  of  Sicily.  Its  fisheries  afford  a 
great  revenue  annually.  Lon.  12  25  e, 
lat.  38  16  N. 

Faucignyy  a town  and  castle  of  Savoy,  in 
a district  of  its  name,  in  me  Frciich  de-  | 
partment  of  Mont  Blanc,  on  the  Arve;  14  j 
miles  SE  of  Geneva.  The  principal  towns  I 
ol  Upper  Faiicigny,  are  Salanclic,  Samoens, 
or  Samoiiig,  Taninge,  and  Flurnet ; the 


FAY 

! principal  towns  of  Lower  Faucigny,  ar# 
j Cluse,  Bonne,  and  Bonne  Yille. 
j Faverney  a toyvn  in  the  department  of 
the  Upper  Saone,  France  ; eight  miles  n of 
Vesoul. 

Fauquemoniy  or  Valkenberg,  a town  in 
Limburg,  Netherlands,  lately  department 
of  the  Moselle,  department  of  the  Lower 
Meuse,  France,  and  capital  of  a district  to 
which  it  gives  name.  It  was  taken  by  the 
French,  in  1672,  who  razed  its  fortifications. 
It  stands  on  the  Guile,  eight  miles  e by  n of 
Maestri  ch^ 

FAYAL,  or  Fyal,  the  most  western 
of  the  Azore  islands,  is  about  nine  leagues 
long,  and  eight  wide.  It  is  well  cultivated, 
and  produces  bearded  wheat,  Indian  com, 
barley,  flax,  oranges,  &e.  It  abounds 
with  sheep,  goats,  hogs,  poultry,  &c.  The 
principal  town  is  Villa  de  Horta ; the  na- 
tives are  fairer  than  those  of  Madeira.  A 
Portuguese  garrison  is  maintained  on  the 
island.  It  sulfered  greatly|{by  an  earth- 
qualce  in  1764.  Lon.  JO  45  w,  Ferro,  lat. 
38  32  N. 

Fayenccy  a town  in  the  department  of  th© 
Var,  France,  stands  near  the  Biason,  and  is 
celebrated  for  its  earthen  ware,  10  miles  w 
of  Grasse. 

FAYETTE  COUNTY,  in  Pennsylva- 
nia. It  is  39  miles  in  length,  and  29  in 
breadth,  and  divided  into  ii  townships,  of 
which  Union  is  the  chief.  Populatioi> 
about  14,009. 

FAYETTE,  a district  of  North  Caroli- 
na, comprehending  six  counties,  viz.  Moore, 
Cumberland,  Sampson,  Richmond,  Robe- 
son, and  Anson.  It  is  120  miles  in  lengthy 
and  50  in  breadth,  and  contains  above 
34,000  inhabitants, 

Fayettemlley  so  called  in  honour  of 
the  mar<iuis  La  Fayette,  a flourishing 
post  town  of  North  Carolina,  capital  of 
Cumberland  county,  on  the  west  side  of 
the  north  west  branch  of  cape  Fear  ri- 
ver. On  the  bank  of  the  river  stands  a 
few  buildiijgs  and  the  tobacco  warehou- 
ses. The  compact  part  of  the  tow'u  is 
situated  about  a mile  from  the  river,  on 
Cross  Creek.  On  both  sides  the  creek 
are  about  400  houses,  twm  handsome  edi- 
fices for  the  supreme,  district,  and  county 
courts.  The  town  is  regularly  laid  out, 
and  its  principal  streets  are  100  feet 
wide.  There  are  three  mills,  tw’o  consider- 
able distilleries  and  breweries,  and  several 
extensive  tan-yards.  It  has  a trade  princi- 
pally with  Wilmington,  in  tobacco,  wheat, 
fioiir,  beef,  pork,  fiax-seed,  hemp,  cotton, 
butter,  lumber,  staves,  naval  stores,  &c.  ; 
and  receives  in  return  European  and  Indian 
goods.  The  situation  of  the  town  is  agree- 
able and  healthy,  and  well  adapted  for  es- 
tablishing manufactories.  The  town  stands 
j in  a settlement  of  Scotch  Highlanders,  and  . 
is  55  miles  nw  of  Campden,  and  90  from 
WiliMingtou. 


F E C 

|!’AYOUM,  or  Fium,  a province  of 
Egypt,  situated  oa  the  w side  of  the  Nile, 
extending  from  the  river  to  the  Briket-el- 
Kerun.  Fayouni,  formerly  one  of  the  weal- 
thiest and  most  fertile  provinces  of  Egypt, 
is  much  declined  in  its  fertility,  through  the 
oppression  of  the  Turks.  Birket-el-Kerun, 
\those  ancient  name  was  Mceris,  is  reduced 
to  two-thirds  of  its  former  extent.  The 
Copts  still  cultivate  the  olives  and  the  vines 
which  their  forefathers  planted ; the  whole 
country  is  covered  with  wheat,  barley, 
and  Doiirra.  The  tall  flax,  the  sugar- 
cane, and  vegetables  of  all  kinds  sprout 
up  almost  without  culture ; cucumbers, 
and  near  20  species  of  melons,  adorn  the 
banks  of  the  rivulets.  The  canals  and 
lakes  swarm  with  fish,  which  are  caught 
in  prodigious  quantities.  When  the  frost 
and  snow  of  winter  is  felt  in  the  northern 
countries,  innumerable  flocks  of  birds  re- 
sort to  the  lake  Mceris,  and  the  canals  of 
Fayoum. 

Fayouni,  capital  of  the  province  so  called, 
is  only  half  a league  in  circumference, 
and  stands  on  the  eastern  shore  of  a canal 
which  communicates  with  the  Nile.  It 
has  some  manufactures  of  mats,  coarse 
carpets,  and  the  distillation  of  rose  water. 
The  town  is  governed  by  a catchef,  under 
one  of  the  bays  of  Grand  Caito.  It  is  49 
miles  ssw  of  Cairo.  Lon.  30  39  e,  lat.  29 
27  N. 

Feal,  a river  of  Ireland,  which  rises 
near  Coolnakenny,  the  s branch  of  the 
Cashin. 

Fear  Point,  a cape  at  the  mouth  of  Cape 
Fear  river,  in  North  Carolina.  Here  is  a 
shoal  called  the  Frying  Pan,  from  its  shape, 
at  the  entrance  of  the  river,  which  is  form- 
ed of  two  branches  which  unite  above 
Wilmington,  and  flows  into  the  Atlantic 
below  Brunswick.  Lon.  77  45  w,  lat.  33 
40  N. 

Fearn,  a parish  and  village  of  Scotland, 
in  Ross- shire.  The  parish  is  abouf  two 
miles  square.  The  surface  is  generally  fiat, 
and  the  soil,  for  the  most  part,  rich.  The 
village  of  Fearn  stands  near  the  site  of  the 
old  abbey.  The  abbey  was  founded  in  the 
reign  of  Alexander  IT.  by  Farquhar,  first 
earl  of  Ross,  who  with  many  of  his  illus- 
trious descendants  lie  interred  in  it,  and 
among  others,  the  late  gallant  sir  John 
Lockart  Ross.  It  is  the  burying  place  of 
all  the  Rosses  in  the  north.  Anoiber  re- 
markable building  is  the  castle  of  Lochlin, 
w^hich  has  stood  for  500  years.  The  cele- 
brated lawyer,  sir  George  Mackensie,  king’s 
advocate  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  it  is 
said,  was  born  in  this  castle.  The  popula- 
tion is  about  1600. 

Feat  hard,  a borough  in  the  county  of 
Wexford,  Ireland,  w side  of  Bannow  bay, 
22  miles  sw  of  W’exford. 

Fecamp,  an  ancient  sea  port  town  in  the 
department  of  the  Low  er  Seine,  France.  It 
contains  about  1000  houses.  The  principal 


F E I 

commerce  is  in  linen,  serges,  lace,  leather^^ 
and  hats  ; 24  miles  ne  of  Havre  de  Grace. 
Lon.  0 46  E,  lat.  49  46  n. 

Feckenham,  in  W^orcestershire,  with  a 
neat  church,  and  a well  endowed  charity 
school ; fairs  on  March  26th,  and  September 
30th  ; and  is  seven  miles  sse  of  Brooras- 
grove. 

Fe,  St,  a <town  of  Granada,  Spain,  built 
by  Ferdinand,  during  the  seige  Of  Granada, 
stands  in  a fertile  plain,  near  the  Xenil.  It 
was  greatly  damaged  by  an  earthquake, 
in  1800,  and  is  six  miles  w by  w of  Gra- 
nada. 

Fe  H’  Antiochia,  Santa,  the  most  nor- 
thern towm  of  Popayan,  a district  of  Terra 
Firma,  South  America.  It  is  the  capital  of 
the  audience  of  Santa  Fe.  Lon.  180  35  w^ 
lat.  35  32  N. 

Fe  de  Bagota,  Santa,  the  capital  of  New 
Granada,  South  America,  situated  on  the 
banks  of  the  little  river  Pati.  Near  this  ci^y 
are  gold  mines;  450  miles  ke  of  Quito* 
Lon.  74  5 w,  lat.  4 10  s. 

Fe,  or  Foy,  Santa,  a towm  in  the  middle 
of  Veragua,  a province  in  the  audience  of 
Guatimala,  in  N America. 

Fe  Santa,  the  capital  of  New  Mexico,  is 
N America.  It  is  said  to  be  a rich  and  re- 
gularly built  city.  It  is  also  called  Sai^j^ 
Fe  de  Granada  ; by  others,  Nev^  Mexico. 
In  the  centre  is  a public  square,  on  the  e 
side  of  which  is  the  governor’s  palace,  guard 
house,  tfec.  The  houses  are  of  one  story  with 
flat  roofs,  some  of  them  elegantly  furnished. 
Manufactures  cotton,  coarse  woollen  cloth, 
blankets,  copper  vessels,  pottery,  leather,  and 
tobacco;  510  miles  n of  Chihuahua.  Lon. 
104  53  w,  lat.  36  12  N. 

Fe  Santa,  a city  of  Paraguay,  province 
of  Buenos  Ayres,  South  America.  The 
vicinity  abounds  with  silk,  corn,  wine,  fruit, 
and  cattle.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  em- 
ployed in  husbandry,  &c.  It  stands  on  tb« 
Parana,  at  its  junction  with  the  Salado  ; 
240  miles  nw  of  Buenos  Ayres,  Lon.  61 
10  w,  lat.  31  30  s. 

Feder  See,  a lake  in  Suabia,  Germany, 
about  12  nfTTe&in  circumference. 

Felienbach,  a town  in  Suabia,  Germany, 
16  miles  e of  Friburg. 

FehrnbelUn,  a towm  in  Upper  Saxony, 
and  Middle  Mark  of  Brandenburg,  H 
miles  NW  of  Berlin. 

FEJEES,  or  FEJEE  ISLANDS,  a cluster 
of  reefs  and  islands  in  the  s Pacific  ocean, 
120  leagues  nw  of  the  Friendly  islands, 
high  and  fruitful,  abounding  with  hogs, 
fowls,  and  fruits.  The  n part  of  this  group, 
discovered,  in  ,1643,  by  Tasman,  who  called 
them  prince  William’s  islands,  in  lat. 
15  33  s.  In  1789,  captain  Bligh  fell  ia 
with  the  Easternmost  of  the  Fejees  in  Ion. 
178  V/,  and  in  1792,  doubled  the  Southmost 
island  in  Ion.  178  k,  lat.  19  15  s.  H® 
did  not  land  on  any  of  them,  and  out- 
sailed the  natives  w4o  followed  him  ia 
their  canoes,  seemingly  wdth  hostile  d®- 


F E L 


FEN 


sigM,  In  1 <04,  captain  Barber,  discovered 
the  w part  of  the  group:  and  saw  six  of 
the  islands,  the  most  extensive  in  ion.  17.5 
15  E,  lat.  17  30  s.  When  he  anchored 
on  the  w side,  some  of  the  natives  came 
oil  in  a canoe,  but  seeiued  reluctant  to 
board,  and  were  unaccustomed  to  traffic. 
Next  day  a jiumber  of  canoes  attacked 
the  ship,  vrounded  two  of  the  erew'  with 
their  arrows,  but  they  were  repulsed  by 
the  swivels  aud  small  arms  from  the  ship. 
The  navigation  is  intricate,  and  hazardous. 
The  natives  seem  to  be  a different  race 
from  those  of  the  Friendly  islands,  speak 
a different  language  and  seem,  by  their 
being'  often  at  wnir  with  one  another,  to 
be  under  different  chiefs.  Clubs,  spears, 
bows,  and  arrows,  are  their  weapons  of 
war. — They  are  of  good  stature,  com- 
plexion  dark,  and  their  hair  approaching  to 
■wool.  They  eat  the  flesh  of  the  enemies 
whom  they  kill,  and  even  murder  their 
prisoners  lor  that  purpose.  The  natives  of 
Tongataboo  deem  the  Fejeans  superior  to 
themselves,  as  they  are  more  warlike,  and 
are  more  ingenious  mechanics.  Intercourse 
beUveen  these  islanders  is  becoming  more 
frequent. 

Feira,  a town  in  the  province  of  Beira, 
Portugal,  10  miles  se  of  Oporto,  and  30  n 
by  w of  Aveiro. 

Feketpatakf  a town  of  Transylvania,  25 
miles  sw  of  Colosvar. 

Fekete-pator,  a towm  of  Hungary,  18 
miles  ssE  of  Gros  Wardein. 

Feldbachf  a town  in  Stiria,  14  miles  n 
of  Rakelsburg,  Germany. 

Feldkirck,  the  capital  of  a county  of  the 
same  name,  Germany,  is  well  built,  situated 
©a  the  Hi,  near  the  Rhine.  The  inhabitants 
enjoy  some  considerable  privileges;  12 
miles  s of  Bregeiia.  Lon.  9 43  e,  lat.  47 
10  N. 

Feldshiirgy  a town  and  castle  of  Austria, 
seated  on  the  Teya,  with  a fine  palace,  28 
miles  NNE  of  Vienne. 

Feld  See,  a lake  in  Carinthia. 

Felenbrunn,  Oher,  a town  of  Austria, 
three  miles  nw  of  Sonneberg. 

Felenhrunn,  Unter,  a town  of  Austria, 
eight  miles  n of  Korn  Neuburg. 

Feletino,  a town  eight  miles  n of  Alatri, 
Italy. 

Felicuda,  one  of  the  Li  pari  islands  in  the 
Mediterranean,  28  miles  w of  Lipari.  Lon. 
15  4 R,  lat.  39  32  n. 

Felipe,  Y Sant-  Yago,  a large  bay,  n side 
of  the  island  of  Espiritu  Santo.  See  Terra 
del  Espiritu  Sanio, 

Felix,  St,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  ocean, 
NEW  of  Juan  Fernandez.  Lon.  86  w,  lat. 
26  s. 

Felizan,  a town  in  the  Alexandrin,  eight 
miles  w of  Alexandriii,  Italy. 

Fellen,  a town  in  Livonia,  ceded  to 
Russia  in  1731,  Lou<  34  5 e,  lat.  58 
23  K. 


j[  Fellenherg,  a tovvn  of  the  Tyrolese,  fouf 
!i  miles  wsw  of  Innspruck. 

FeUetin,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Creuse,  France,  the  chief  trade  is  in 
cattle,  has  a manufacture  of  tapestry ; 20 
miles  ssw  of  Evaux,  and  21  sse  of  Gueret. 
Lon.  2 35  e,  lat.  45  53  n. 

Fellin,  a town  in  the  province  of  Terra 
di  I<avora,  Naples. 

Fellin,  a town  of  Livonia,  Russia,  seated 
on  the  Pernau,  63  miles  se  of  Revel. 

Felling,  the  name  of  three  towns  in 
Austria,  1,  three  miles  sse  of  Zisterzdorf, 
2,  10  miles  wkw  of  Crems;  3,  11  miles  s 
of  Vienna. 

Felsberg,  a town  in  the  territory  of 
Hesse-Cassel,  Germany,  has  an  ancient 
castle  on  a rock  ; 12  miles  s of  Cassel. 

Feltri,  the  capital  of  the  Feitrin,  Italy, 
and  a bishop^s  see.  It  is  fortified,  and 
stands^;  on  the  Asona.  It  contains  5,100 
inhabitants  and  has  a splendid  towm-hoiise 
and  broad  well  paved  streets.  The  princi- 
pal trade  is  in  iron  ; 30  miles  nw  of  Treviso, 
Lon.  1 1 55  e,  lat.  46  3 n. 

FELTRIN,  a small  country  of  Italy, 
situated  at  the  foot  of  the  Alps,  28  miles 
long,  and  10  broad.  It  is  watered  by  the 
Piave,  and  produces  corn,  fruits,  wine, 
wood,  &c.  and  abounds  in  black  cattle, 
sheep,  and  game.  It  contains  the  town  of 
Feltri,  the  only  place  of  note,  20  parishes, 
120  villages,  and  47,300  souls.  Its  moun- 
tains abound  v.dth  iron. 

Feltrino,  a river  in  the  province  of  Abruz- 
zo,  Citra,  Italy,  which  flows  into  the  Adria- 
tic, four  miles  se  of  Ortona. 

FEMERN,  a fertile  island  of  Den- 
mark, in  the  Baltic,  about  nine  leagues 
in  circumference,  a narrow  sound  of 
the  same  name,  divides  it  from  Hol- 
stein, It  contains  the  town  of  Borg, 
and  a few  villages.  Lon.  1 1 5 e,  lat.  54 
30  N. 

Femoe,  a small  island  of  Denmark.  Lon. 
11  3^lR,li\U  55  In. 

Femsio,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Smaland,  50  miles  w from  Wexico, 
Syveden. 

Fenelles  Castle,  an  ancient  and  extensive 
structure,  a mile  w of  Fettercairn,  coun- 
ty of  Kincardine,  of  which  the  founda- 
tion is  still  visible.  Here,  in  994,  Mal- 
colm III.  was  murdered  by  a lady 
named  Fenella,  which  was  no  sooner 
discovered  than  the  castle  w'as  reduced  to 
ashes. 

Fenestrange,  a town  in  the  department 
of  the  Meurte,  France,  on  the  Saarte,  40 
miles  Eby  N of  Nancy. 

Fenestrelle,  a strong  town  of  Savoy,  in  a 
valley  on  the  river  Cluson,  18  miles  w of 
Turin.  Lon.  7 25  e,  lat  45  10  n. 

Feng-Hoa,  a town  is  the  kingdom  of 
Corea,  26  miles  wsw  of  Ping-hai. 

Fenki,  a town  in  th©  kingdom  of  Corea. 
36  miles  nnw  of  Longkouaug. 


F E R 


F E R 


JFENIT,  an  island  in  the  bay  of  Tralee, 
■seven  miles  w of  Tralee,  Ireland. 

Fenwick,  a parish  and  village  of  Ayr- 
shire, about  nine  miles  long,  and  six  broad, 
containing  r^80  inhabitants.  The  soil 
which  is  various,  is  tolerably  fruitful. 
This  parish,  was  separated  from  that  of 
Kilmarnock  of  which  it  formed  a part, 
in  1642,  and  th^  famous  William  Guthrie, 
afterwards  ejected,  appointed  minister. 
The  cheese  and  veal  of  tliis  district  are  ex- 
cellent. Lime  stone  is  abundant,  and 
contains  petrified  sea  shells.  The  vil- 
lage, which  is  four  miles  and  a-half 
^’E  of  Kilmarnock  on  the  road  to  Glas- 
gow, contains  about  200  inhabitants, 
many  of  whom  are  weavers.  Here  is  a 
bleachfieid. 

Ferahad,  or  Ferabat,  a town  in  the 
province  of  Mezcinderan,  Persia.  It  con- 
tains aboiit  16,000  inhabitants,  who  are 
descendants  of  Armenians  and  Georgians, 
are  active,  and  industrious.  The  environs 
produce  sugar,  cotton,  and  silk.  Its  stands 
among  mountains,  12  miles  s of  the  Caspian 
sea,  and  280  n of  Ispahan.  Lon.  53  21  e, 
lat.  35  54  N. 

Ferchenstain,  a town  in  Stiria,  three 
miles  s of  Windisch,  Gratz. 

Fercala,  or  Forcula,  a town  in  the  coun- 
try of  Biledulgerid,  Africa,  and  chief  of  a 
district ; 50  miles  w of  Sugulmessa.  Lon. 
4 30  w,  lat  31  40  N. 

FERDINAND  NARONKA,  an  island 
on  the  N coast  of  Brazil,  S America.  Lon. 
32  43  w,  lat.  3 56  s. 

Ferdinando,  St,  a chief  town  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Caihagua,  Chili,  seated  in  a beauti- 
ful country,  was  built  in  1T42;  90  miles 
s by  w of  St.  Jago.  Lon.  70  26  w,  lat. 
40  s. 

Fere,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Aisne,  France.  It  is  famous  for  its 
powder  mill  and  school  of  artillery.  In 
the  castle  of  St.  Gobin,  in  the  vicinity, 
is  a manufacture  of  fine  plate  glass. 
Fere  stands  at  the  junction  of  the  Serre 
and  Oise,  20  miles  n of  .Soisons,  and 
76  NE  of  Paris.  Lon.  3 25  e,  lat.  49 
29  N. 

Farentino,  or  Fiorento,  a town  of  Italy, 
in  the  Campana  di  Roma,  three  miles  n of 
Alatri. 

Feret,  a town  in  the  province  of  Romania, 
36  miles  nnw  of  Gallipoli. 

Ferette,  a town  uj  the  department  of  the 
tipper  Rhine,  France,  on  the  111,  near  its 
source,  40  miles  s of  Colmar.  { 

Ftrganah,  or  Farganah,  a town  in  j 
the  kingdom  of  Samarcand,  Asia,  in  a 
mountainous  country,  which  abounds  in 
mines  of  coal,  gold,  silver,  copper,  and  { 
iron.  It  is  situated  near  the  Sihon  or  i 
laxartes,  in  a province  to  which  it  gives  I 
name.  1 

Fergus,  a broad  river  in  the  county  1 
of  Clare,  Ireland,  runs  s through  the 
county  of  Clare,  frequently  disappearing  I 


[I  under  ground,  and  again  emerging,  wash*^ 

1 1 ing  Ennis,  and  Clare,  enters  the  Shan- 
jj  non,  forming  at  its  mouth  a large 
j estuary,  studded  with  a number  of  is- 
I lands. 

I Fergus,  St,  a parish  in  the  county  of 
j Banff.  The  soil  is  -abundantly  fertile, 
j The  village  of  Inverugie  is  in  this  parish* 

I Population  is  about  1279. 

I FERMANAGH,  a county  in  the  pro- 
j vince  of  Ulster,  about  35  miles  long,  and 
27  in  its  greatest  breadth  ; is  divided  into 
two  parts  by  Lough  Erne,  besides  which 
there  are  two  other  lakes  Lough  Melvin, 
and  Macnean.  • It  contains  19  parishes ; 
the  houses  are  about  12..000  the  inhabitants 
72,000.  The  surface  is  in  some  parts 
mountainous.  The  linen  manufacture,  and 
the  raising  of  cattle  and  hemp,  are  tilts 
chief  employment  of  the  inhabitants.  It 
.sends  two  representatives  to  the  British 
parliament,  and  Enniskillen  the  principal 
sends  one ; w of  Loch  Erne,  are  quarries 
of  beautifully  variegated  brown  and  white 
marble. 

Fermoy,  a town  on  the  county  of  Cork^ 
Ireland,  on  the  Black-water,  20  miles  nne 
of  Cork. 

Fermo,  a (own  m the  marquisate  of 
Ancona,  Italy,  is  an  arehbishop^s  see,  with  a' 
harbour  on  the  gulf  of  Venice.-  It  is  IT 
miles  sE  of  Macerate,  26  sse  of  Ancona, 
and  93  nke  of  Rome.  Lon.  13  50  e,  laU 
43  6 N. 

Fern,  a parish  and  village  in  Forfar- 
shire.  The  parish  is  about  five  miles 
long,  and  two  broad,  at  the  foot  of  th@ 
Grampian  hills,  with  a light  loamy  and 
fertile  soil,  and  climate  salubrious. 
It  contains  pretty  extensive  plantations 
of  fir  and  other  timber.  The  village  is  six 
miles  w of  Brechin.  Population  is  about 
448. 

FERNAMBUCO,  a province  or  juris* 
diciimi  m the  eastern  part  of  Brazil,  lying 
between  Famariea  on  the  n,  and  Sergippy 
on  the  s.  The  principal  articles  of  trade 
are  cotton,  sugar,  cattle,  hides,  and  Brazil 
wood. 

Fernambneo,  a town  in  the  above  pro- 
vince, and  a bishop’s  see.  It  was  taken 
by  the  Dutch,  in  1630,  who  gave  it  the 
name  of  Olinda;  but  it  was  afterv/ards  re- 
taken by  the  Portuguese.  Its  harbour  is 
small  and  incommodious.  Lon.  35  20  w, 
lat.  8 13  s. 

Fernandes,  a town  in  the  province  of, 
Tra-los-monte.s,  Portugal. 

FERNANDEZ,  or  Juan  Fernandez, 
an  island  about  1 10  leagues  w of  the 
coast  of  Chili,  about  four  leagues  long, 
and  hardly  two  wide,  at  a distance  it 
has  the  appearance  of  a naked  roeh.  But 
there  are  intersecting  vallies,  and  num- 
bers of  goats  on  the  hills.  It  is  mucii 
frequented  by  European  ships  going  to 
the  S seas  j but  the  only  safe  ancho- 
rage place  on  the  island  is  on  the 


FE  R 

K coast,  'n  CumberlaDd  bay.  The  pimee- 
to  and  cabbage  triee  grow  here,  and  there 
are  great  quantities  of  water  cresses  and 
purslane,  with  excellent  wild  sorrel, 
and  a vast  profusion  of  turnips  and  Sicil- 
lian  redishes.  On  this  island,  captain 
Woods  Rogers  found  one  Alexander  Sel- 
kirk, a native  of  Frfesbire  in  Scotland,  who 
had  lived  there  alone  four  years  and  four 
months,  having  been  left  by  his  ship,  till  he 
w^as  discovered  in  1709,  and  from  hence 
Daniel  Defoe  is  thought  to  have  taken  the 
first  hint  of  his  novel,  entitled  the  adven- 
tures of  Robinson  Crusoe.  In  1766,  the 
Spaniards  made  a scttlem(*nt,  on  the  n and 
highest  part  of  the  id  and  , at  Cumberland 
hay,  which  is  protected  by  batteries.  The 
tOW^D  stands  in  a fertile  valley,  between 
two  high  hills.  Lon.  79  w,  lat.  33 
40  s. 

Fernan  Nunnez,  a town  of  Andalusia, 
Spain,  15  miles  sse  of  Cordova. 

FERNANDO  DE  NORONHA,  or  Na- 
noNKO,  a Portuguese  island  in  the  At- 
lantic, full  of  verdant  mountains.  It  is 
not  above  a league  in  length,  is  defended 
with  many  forts.  The  inhabitants  are 
supported  with  turtle  five  months,  and 
the  rest  of  the  year  wdth  provisions  from  S 
America.  Sometimes  no  rain  falls  lor 
.several  years  together.  Lon.  32  33  w,  lat. 

3 55  s. 

FERNANDO-PO,  or  FERNArcD-PAo, 
an  island  of  Africa.,  near  the  coast  of  Benin, 
about  20  leagues  in  circumference.  The 
soil  is  fertile  in  manioc,  sugar  canes,  &c. 
hut  the  inhabitants  are  uncivilized.  Lon. 
3 E,  lat.  3 6 N. 

Fernell,  a parish  in  Forfarshire,  three 
miles  s of  Brechin,  about  three  miles  long 
and  two  broad.  In  it  stands  the  ancient 
and  extensive  building  of  Kinnaird  castle  ; 
around  which  the  pleasure  grounds  and 
plantations  are  an  ornament  to  the  coun- 
try, The  soil  is  in  general  rich  and 
well  cultivated,  and  produces  excellent 
crops  of  all  kinds  of  grain.  Population 
620. 

Ferness,  a cape  and  bay  on  the  'w  coast 
of  Eda,  Orkney. 

. Ferns,  a town  in  the  county  of  Wexford, 
the  see  of  a bishop,  annexed  to  Leighliti  in 
1600.  The  cathedral  is  small,  and  serves 
for  the  parish  church.  The  towm  is  seated 
on  the  Bann,  near  its  junction  vhth  the 
i^laney ; 18  miles  n of  Wexford,  and  33  ssw’ 
of  Wickiov/. 

Ferce  Islands.  See  Fnroer. 

Ferol,  a sea  port  and  good  harbciir  of 
Peru.  Loo.  77  57  w,  lat.  9 s. 

Ferozabad,  a city  of  Farsistan,  Fer^a, 
coii':iins  a number  of  fine  bmldijvgs,  tombs 
and  gardens,  and  stands  inafcriile  country, 
60  miles  s by  w of  Shiras.  Lou.  0 e, 
lat.  28  50  N, 

Fernrra,  »a  v’^ell  fortified,  large,  hand- 
some, and  celebrated  city  of  Ital}’’,  on  a 
branch  of  the  Fm  It  is  about  lour  miles 


F E R 

in  circumference.  The  streets  are  hand* 
some ; there  are  many  magnificent  palaces 
and  a cathedral  remarkable  for  its  anti- 
quity, with  about  30,000  citizens.  Ferrara 
was  taken  by  the  French,  in  1796,  re- 
taken by  the  Austrians,  in  1799,  but  a lit- 
tle after  surrendered  to  the  French ; 25 
miles  E of  Bologna.  Lon.  1 1 36  e,  lat. 

44  51  N. 

FERRAPvA,  or  the  Ferrapesc,  a oidc- 
vant  duchy  and  province  of  Italy,  on  the 
gulf  of  Venice.  The  whole  country  is 
fertile,  but  low'  and  marshy.  It  contains 
but  few  towns,  and  is  badly  cultivated, 
and  thinly  inbabiied.  The  inhabitants 
amount  to  about  150,000.  The  principal 
places  are  Farrara  and  Comachio.  It 
had  its  own  dukes  till  1597,  when  it 
was  united  by  Clement  VIII.  to  the 
apostolic  chamber,  seized  by  the  French 
in  1797,  and  now  forms  part  of  the 
kingdom  of  Italy.  Ferrara  is  the  capi- 
tal. 

Ferre-Anah,  a town  in  the  coiiDtry  of 
Tunis;  with  considerable  ruins,  supposed  to 
be  the  ancient  Thala. 

Ferreira,  a town  iu  Granada,  six  miles 
sE  of  Guadix,  Spain. 

Ferreira,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Alentejo,  13  miles  w of  Beja,  Portugal. 

Ferrendina,  a towm  of  Basilicala,  Naples, 
near  the  river  Basianto,  25  miles  sw  of 
Matera. 

Ferret  Island,  a small  island  near  the  E 
coast  of  Labrador.  Lon.  55  40  w,  lat.  53 
40  N. 

Ferrintosh,  in  the  parish  of  Urguhart, 
Ross-shire,  long  famed  for  excellent  whisky, 
owing  to  an  exemption  from  the  duty  of 
excise,  on  that  manufacture,  granted  by 
act  of  parliament  to  Duncan  Forbes  E.sqr. 
in  1690,  on  conditions  of  paying  L22  : 4:  3 
or  400  merks  Scots  yearly.  In  1786,  thi.s 
exemption  was  abolished,  and  about  L20,000 
granted  to  the  proprietor,  as  a compensa- 
tion. 

Ferriter'S  Cove,  a bay  on  the  w coast 
of  Ireland,  between  Sybil  Head  and  Smer- 
wiek  harbour. 

FERRO,  orHiERO,  the  most  westerly  of 
the  Canary  islands.  It  is  about  six  leagues 
in  circumference,  and  contains  no  springs 
of  fresh  water,  making  use  of  w'hat  is  col- 
lected in  cisterns  and  reservoirs  during 
the  rainy  seasons.  Voyagers  speak  of  a 
fountain  tree  in  the  middle  oi  the  isUtnd, 
from  w'hose  leaves  much  water  distils  in 
the  night.  It  is  not  very  fertile,  but  the 
inhabitants  raise  corn,  sugar,  <fee.  Some 
geographers  take  their  first  meridian  from 
the  \v  extremity  of  this  island.  Lon.  17 
26  xv,  lat.  27-47  N. 

Ferrogan-Bdn.  a mountain  in  Perthshire, 
eight  miles  s of  Rlair-Athol. 

Ferrol,fi  strong  town  of ^Spain,  in  Galicia' 
in  the  bay  of  Coroima,  with  one  of  the  best 
harbours  in  Europe.  Here  the  Spani^ 
fleets  rendezvous  in  the  lime  of  war.  The 


F ET 

town  is  encompassed  on  three  sides  by  the 
sea,  and  has  strong  fortifications  on  the 
other.  In  1800,  the  English  failed  in  their 
attempt  on  this  place  ; in  1809  it  surrendered 
to  the  French.  It  is  20  miles  k of  Corunna, 
and  6S  w of  Rivados,  Lou.  6 4 w,  lat.  43 

28  N. 

Fr.rryj  a town  jn  Forfarshire,  on  the  Frith 
of  Tay,  about  three  miles  e of  Dundee.  It 
contains  nearly  500  inhabitants,  and  has 
several  good  houses. 

Fern'ijbridge,  a large  and  pleasant  village, 
W Riding  of  YorksMre,  on  the  n bank  of 
the  Aire,  has  a noble  bridge  over  that  river, 
and  is  a noted  stage  on  the  London  road  ; 
22  miles  s by  w of  York,  and  174  n of 
London. 

Ferry,  North  and  South,  See  Queens- 
ferry, 

Ferryden,  in  Forfarshire,  in  the  parish  of 
Craig.  It  has  a good  harbour,  and  a safe 
roadstead,  and  contains  about  300  inhabi- 
tants. 

Ferryland  Harbour,  a bay  on  the  e coast 
of  Newfoundland.  Lon.  52  25  w,  lat.  47 

8 N. 

Fen^y~port-on-Craig,  a parish  in  the  ne 
extremity  of  Fifeshire,  which  contains  2026 
acres  of  good  soil;  and  920  inhabitants. 
At  the  village  of  the  same  name,  which  con- 
tains 700  inhabitants,  there  is  a convenient 
ferry  over  the  Tay,  to  Braughly  castle, 
which  is  here  about  two  miles  broad  ; 40 
miles  N by  e of  Edinburgh. 

Ferrytown,  See  Creetown, 

Ferte-Aleps,  or  La  Fcrte  Alaise,  a town 
in  the  department  of  the  Seine  and  Oise, 
France,  23  miles  s of  Paris.  Lon.  2 35  e, 
lat.  48  29  N. 

, Fertre-sur- Aube,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Upper  Marne,  and  chief 
place  of  a canton,  France,  stands  on  the 
Aube,  22  miles  w by  s of  Chaumont, 
and  33  ese  of  Troyes.  Lon.  4 59  e,  lat. 
48  6 N. 

Ferte  Barnard,  La,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Sarte,  France,  on  the  Huisne, 
surrounded  with  w^alls,  and  containing  three 
suburbs;  23  miles  ne  of  Mans.  Lon.  0 
54  E,  lat.  48  12  N. 

Fessie,  a small  river  in  the  district  of 
Badeuoch,  in  Inverness-shire,  runs  n into 
the  Spey,  in  the  parish  of  Alvie. 

Featenberg,  a town  in  the  principality 
of  Oels,  Silesia;  14  miles  nw  of  Warten- 
burg.' 

Fethard,  a borough  in  the  county  of  Tip- 
perary, Ireland.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  a 
convent  -of  Augustines.  The  town  is  much 
On  the  decline.  Before  the  union  it  sent 
two  members  to  the  Irish  parliament ; nine 
miles  ESE  of  Cashel,  and  11  nne  of  Clon- 
mel. 

Feilar,  one  of  the  Shetland  islands,  three 
Smiles  s of  Yell ; about  four  miles  in  length, 
and  three  and  a-half  in  breadth,  containing 
About  800  inhabitants.  The  soil  is  a sandy 
loam,  prodaoing  barley,  oats,  iko,  abun- 


FEU 

dantly.  It  contains  bog  iron  ore,  some  vein« 
of  copper  ore ; and  it  is  supposed  plumbago 
or  black  lead.  Its  principal  exports  kxm 
fish,  butter,  and  oil,  and  the  inhabitants 
trade  with  Leith,  London,  Holland,  Hanr- 
burgh,  Bergen,  and  the  Mediterranean. 
Lon,  1 30  w,  lat.  61  0 n. 

Fetterangus,  a village  in  the  county  of 
Aberdeen,  and  parish  of  Old  Deer.  It  car- 
ries on  a small  trade  in  the  making  of  lii^eu, 
checks,  <fec.  It  contains  about  200  inhabi- 
tants. 

Fettercairn,  a parish  and  village  in  the 
southern  part  of  Kincardineshire.  The 
parish  contains  14,359  English  acres,  al- 
most all  enclosed.  The  village  of  Feter- 
cairn  is  seven  miles  n of  Brechin,,  contain- 
ing about  250  inhabitants;  has  a small 
manufacture  of  brown  linen,  and  fairs  the 
last  Tuesdays  of  April  and  November  O.  S. 
The  population  of  the  parish  is  near  1,800, 

Fetteresso,  a parish  in  Kincardineshire, 
about  10  miles  long  and  six  broad,  con- 
taining 8,000  square  acres  of  arable  land, 
and  nearly  17,000  of  moor  or  moss,  now 
covered  with  thriving  trees.  The  new  sub- 
urbs of  Stonehaven^  is  in  this  parish.  Tfia 
House  of  Fetteresso  was  the  residence  of 
the  earls  of  Marischal,  whose  estates  were 
confiscated  in  1715.  The  population  is 
about  8687. 

FETU,  or  Affetu,  a small  country  on 
the  Gold  Coast,  Africa,  to  the  e of  Com- 
mendp.  Grain,  cattle,  palm-wine,  and  pit, 
constitute  its  principal  riches.  It  is  about 
160  miles  in  length. 

Feversham,  or  Faversham,  a town  in  the 
county  of  Kent,  on  a creek  of  the  Medway, 
navigable  for  vessels  of  130  tons.  It  is  a 
branch  of  the  port  of  Dover,  and  contains 
about  600  houses,  and  5000  inhabitauts. 
Here  is  a stately  church  in  the  form  of  u 
cross,  the  remains  of  an  abbey,  founded  by 
Stephen,  who  with  Maud  his  queen  Eastace, 
and  son,  was  buried  in  it,  and  a free  gram- 
mar school  founded  by  queen  Elizabeth. 
Here  James  II.  embarked  for  France,  after 
the  first  success  of  the  prince  of  Orange,  but 
the  vessel  was  detained  by  the  people,  and 
the  king  conveyed  back  to  London.  The 
chief  manufacture  is  that  of  giin-powdor. 
Some  vessels  trade  to  Prussia,  Norway,  and 
Sweden,  for  fir  timber  and  iron  ; and  many 
others  are  employed  in  the  coasting  trade. 
The  oyster  fishery  is  also  considerable.  It 
is  famous  for  apples  and  cherries.  It  is  a 
corporation  town,  governed  by  a ma3  or, 
11  jurats,  and  24  common  council  men,  and 
has  markets  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday, 
for  fish  and  other  provisions ; nine  miles  w 
of  Canterbury,  and  47  e by  s of  Lon- 
don. 

FeugeroUes,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Rhone  and  Loire,  five  miles  s of  St.  Ku- 
enne,  France. 

Feurs,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Rhone  and  Loire,  Fr,auce,  stands  on  the 
Loire,  13  miles  ene  of  Monibrison. 

Y y 2 


¥ t Z 


F E Z 


Feijsiriz^  a town  in  Stiria,  Germanyj  with  ’ 
a castie,  seated  on  a river  oi  its  name,  17  | 
miles  NNE  0i  Cillay.  | 

FEZ,  a country  of  Africa,  formerly  a | 
kingdom  of  great  extent.  It  is  divided 
into  nine  provinces,  or  districts,  and  the 
whole  united  to  the  empire  of  Morocco. 
The  soil  is  fertile,  producing,  in  the  greatest 
abundance,  corn,  fruit,  fiax,  salt,  gurn,  wax, 
<fec.  The  Moors,  however,  are  but  bad 
farmers ; two-thirds  of  the  country  lie 
waste..  A considerable  tract  to  the  w of  i 
Old  Fez,  being  full  of  marshes,  render  the  i 
air  unwholesome.  The  oounti^  to  the  w | 
and  s is  full  of  mountains,  particularly  j 
where  mount  Atlas  lies.  The  mountains  i 
abound  with  game,  and  the  forests  with  wild  [ 
beasts.  The"  lions  are  the  most  daring  and  | 
savage  in  all  Africa  ; horses,  camels,  kine,  { 
sheep,  goats,  and  hares,  are  very  numerous. 
The  principal  exports  are  hides  and  leather 
of  all  sorts,  particularly  that  siyled  Moroc- 
co, skins,  furs,  wool,  dates,  almonds,  figs, 
raisins,  olives,  honey,  wax,  milk,  cotton, 
flax,  horses,  ostrich  feathers,  gold  dust,  c%c. 
The  imports  chiefiy  consist  in  spicery,  co- 
chineal, Vermillion,  iron,  brass,  arms,  am- 
munition, drugs,  watches,  small  looking- 
glasses,  quicksilver,  tartar,  opium,  alum,  ^ 
linen  and  woollen  cloths,  muslins,  gold-wire, 
velvets,  toys,  Guinea  cowries,  combs,  paper, 
and  a great  variety  of  earthenware.  The 
emperor  is  absolute,  and  the  crown  is  said 
to  be  hereditary.  The  religion  is  the 
Mahometan. 

Fez,  the  capital  of  the  above  kingdom, 
and  one  of  the  largest  cities  in  Africa.  It 
consists  of  two  towns,  Old  and  New  Fez, 
of  which  the  former  is  the  principal,  the 
latter  inhabited  chiefiy  by  Jews,  who  trade 
with  the  Moors.  The  inhabitants  are  es- 
timated at  380,000,  and  the  different  trades 
live  in  a separate  part  of  the  city.  Here  ! 
is  a magnificent  mosque,  called  Carubin,  one  j 
of  the  finest  edifices  in  the  empire,  and  per-  | 
iiaps  in  Africa.  This  city  was  once  famous  | 
for  learning,  wealth  and  elegance.  Some  | 
love  of  learning  is  still  preserved  at  Fez ; ^ 
the  Arabic  is  better  spoken  than  in  the  j 
other  parts  of  the  empire.  The  imperial  j 
palace  is  an  immense  pile,  surrounded  by  i 
a strong  wall  and  deep  ditch ; and  there  j 
are  700  mosques,  50  of  which  are  adorned 
with  marble  pillars  and  other  ornaments. 
The  bouses  are  built  of  brick  or  stone, 
and  adorned  with  Mosaic  work.  Every 
house  has  a court,  in  w’hich  is  a square  | 
marble  basin.  The  roofs  are  flat,  and  the  j 
inhabitants  sle<?p  on  them  in  the  summer.  1 
The  hospitals  and  public  baths  are  nume- 
rous, many  of  wiiieh  are  stately  structures. 
The  exchange,  full  of  all  sorts  of  merchan- 
dise, is  as  large  as  a small  town.  Here  are 
two<  colleges  for  stinlcnts,  elegantly  l)uilt 
of  marble,  and  ernamented  with  paintings. 
The  city  contains  some  tolerably  convenient  , 
ilms,  but  the  streets  are  ill  puvod  and  nar- 


row. The  inhabitants  are  vain,  superSlM^ 
ous,  and  intolerant,  Jews  and  Christians 
cannot  obtain  admission  without  an  or#fer 
from  the  emperor.  The  Arabic  is  more 
generally  spoken  here  than  in  other  parts 
of  the  empire,  as  the  rich  Moors  send 
their  children  to  the  schools  at  Fez,  where 
they  are  Well  taught.  Fez  is  seated  at 
the*  bottom  of  a val4<^y,  and  surrounded 
by  hill's  in  the  form  of  a funnel,  flattened 
at  the  narrow  end.  The  upper  part 
the  valley  is  divided  into  gardens,  and 
planted  with*  high  trees,  orange-groves,  and 
orchards.  The  river  Seboo  winds  along 
the  valley,  turning  by  its  declivity  a num- 
ber of  mills,  and  supplying  w^ater  in  abun- 
dance to  all  the  gardens,  and  most  of 
the  houses.  Fez  is  the  centre  of  the 
trade  of  the  empire,  and  thence  caravans^^ 
goto  Mecca,  carry  mg  ready-made  garments, 
leather,  indigo,  cochineal,  and  ostrich  fea- 
thers, for  which  they  bring  in  ireturn  siiksj, 
muslins,  and  drugs.  Other  caravans  go  tv? 
Tombactoo,  and  the  river  Niger,  one  of 
which  consists  of  20,000  men.  Their  com^ 
modities  are  salt,  cow’ries,  British  cloth,  and 
the  woollen  manufactures  of  Barbary  ; 240 
miles  E of  Morocco.^  Lon.  5 25  w,  lat.  35 
40  N. 

FEZZAN,  a kingdom  of  Africa,  lying 
between  Tripoli  on  the  n,  and  Cassina 
on  the  s : surrounded  by  mountains,  except 
on  the  w,  which  is  supposed  to  be  the 
reason  why  there  is  little  or  no  rain  ; bi^t 
the  springs  are  abundant.  Every  field 
and  garden  is  supplied  with  a well,  10  or 
15  feet  deep,  from  w^hich  the  fruits  ara 
w'atered.  Mourzouk  is  the  capital.  The 
cultivated  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Fezzaa 
is  about  300  English  miles  in  length, 
from  X to  s,  and  200  from  e to  w' ; but  the 
mountainous  region  of  Harutsch  to  the  e, 
and  other  districts  to  the  s and  w are  reck- 
oned within  its  territory.  The  climate  is 
at  no  season  temperate  or  agreeable.  It 
rains  but  seldom,  and  in  small  quantity  ; but 
violent  winds  are  frequent.  Dates  may  be 
considered  as  the  natural  and  staple  produce 
of  the  country  ; some  senna  is  also  grown  in 
the  w^estern  parts ; and  the  climate  and  soil 
suit  wheat  and  barley  ; arts  of  agriculture 
are  unknown,  or  neglected.  There  are  but 
few  horses  or  cattle  in  Fezzan  j the  domestic 
animals  are  the  cqw',  sheep,  camel,  ass,  and 
gotit ; and  a species  of  the  domestic  fowl  of 
Europe.  Camels  are  scarce.  The  wild  ani- 
mals are  the  ostrich,  and  antelopes  of  diffe- 
rent kinds.  The  country  is  infested  with 
reptiles  of  various  sorts,  tlie  air  filled  with 
musqaettoes,and  people  of  every  rank  swarm 
with  vermin.  The  heat  in  summer  w'hile 
il>e  s winds  prevail  is  scarcely  supportable  by 
the  natives  themselves.  A piercing  wind 
prevails  in  winter.  Mr.  Horneman  estimates 
the  population  of  the  country  at  70,000  oir 
75,000  souls,  and  says  it  contains  101  towus 
and  villages;  the  names  of  the  priuoipal  of 


regular. 


made  of  a coarse  linen 


::i 


F I A 

Which,  next  in  order  to  Monrzouk,  the 
capital  and  imperial  residence,  are  Sockna, 
Sibba,  Hun,  and  Wadon,  to  the  n ; Qatron 
to  the  s;  Yerma  to  the  w;  and  Zuila  to 
the  E.  The  complexion  of  the  Fezzaners 
is  a deep  brown,  their  Imir  is  black  and 
short  ; their  form  of  face  such  as  may 
be  termed 
of  a shirt  or  frock 
or  cotton,  and  coarse  woollen  cloth.  The 
middling  classes  wear  frocks  of  dyed  blue 
cloth.  The  richer  people  and  the  Mame- 
iuks  of  the  sultan,  are  clothed  in  the  Tripo- 
litan habit.  The  ornamental  distinctions 
of  dress  are  chiefly  cotifined  to  the  bead 
dress,  and  to  rings  on  the  arms  and  legs. 
The  men  are  much  addicted  to  drunken- 
ness. Their  beverage  is  the  freth  juice  of 
the  date  tree,  called  Ivtgibi,  or  a drink  cal- 
led husay  which  is  prepared  from  dates, 
and  is  very  intoxicating.  In  their  com- 
mon intercourse  ail  distinctions  of  rank 
seem  to  be  forgotten.  All  ranks  converse, 
and  eat  and  drink  together,  and  they 
are  so  hospitable,  that,  however  numerous 
unexepected  visitants  may  be,  they  must 
all  take  a share,  as  far  as  the  provisions 
may  go.  The  commerce  of  Fczsau  is 
considerable,  but  consists  merely  of  foreign 
•merchandize.  From  October  to  February, 
Mourzouk  is  the  great  market  and  place 
of  resort  for  various  caravans  from  Cairo, 
Tripoli,  Soudan,  and  companies  of  Tildroe 
and  Arab  traders.  The  caravans  from 
the  s and  w,  bring  to  .Mourzouk  slaves  of 
both  sexes,  ostrich  feathcis,  tiger  skins, 
gold,  partly  in  dust,  and  partly  in  native 
grains,  (9  be  manufactured  into  rings  and 
other  ornaments,  for  the  people  of  Interior 
Africa.  Gold  dust  is  the  chief  medium 
of  commerce,  and  its  value  is  always  ex- 
pressed by  weight..  From  Bornou,  copper 
is  imported  in  great  quantities  ; from 
Cairo,  silks  and  woollen  cloths ; and  from 
Tripoli,  fire  arms,  sabres,  knives,  Fee. 
Fezzan  is  governed  by  a sultan,  descend- 
ed from  the  family  of  shereefs.  His 
power  over  his  dominions  is  unlimited,  j 


F I F 

Fkinonay  a sea  port  town  of  Veneliai 
Istria,  with  a good  harbour,  17  miles  n oi' 
Pola. 

Fiasconey  or  Monte  Fiasco ncy  a town  of 
Italy,  in  the  patrimony  of  St  Peter,  on  a 
mountain,  near  lake  Bolsena,  12  miiea 
^ Nw  of  Vilerlm.  It  is  noted  for  its  fin« 
heir  dress  consists  li  muscadine  wine,  Lon.  .1^  12  e,  lat.  42 


N. 

Ficariy  a town  of  Corsica,  on  a river  so 
named,  22  miles  w of  Bonifacio. 

FieheruolOy  or  Ficliarulolo , a town  of 
i Italy,  stands  on  the  Po,  12  miles  w of 
Ferrara.  Lon.  12  31  e,  lat.  4<5  ti  n, 

Fiehtelherg,  a mountain  in  Franconia. 
It  is  one  of  the  bigest.  mountains  in  Ger» 
many,  its  ridge  extending  from  Beruth  to 
Eger  in  Bohemia,  a distance  of  iO  miles. 
It  is  covered  by  a great  number  of  pines, 
oaks,  beech,,  elm,  t&c. 

Fida,  a small  island,  two  miles  and  a-hali 
NW  of  North  Berwick, 

Fidavy  a . river  of  European  Turkey, 
entering  the  seuj  eight  miles  n of  Patras.  , 

Fiddicky  OT  Feddiehy  a considerable  river 
in  Banffshire,  that  fails  into  the  Spey,  not 
far  from  Aberloiir,  10  miles  s of  Fochabers 
Its  banks,  on  which  the  duke  of  Gordon, 
in  a very  romantic  situation,  has  a hunting 
seat,  are  very  pleasant,  and  exceedmgly 
fertilfi. 

Fiddriey  or  Fida,  a small  island  in  th« 
mouth  of  the  Frith  of  Forth,  opposite  to 
the  village  of  Dirlcloii,  two  miles  and  a-half 
NW  of  N Berwick. 

FidleFs  ElbaiVy  a bend  of  Wood  creek  at 
the  N end  of  Lalrc  Champlain.  The  mouth 
of  Wood  creek  lies  in  Ion.  73  15  w,  lat.  43 
33  N. 

FIELEWIEH,  an  island  of  Norway,^ 
near  the  w coast,  22  miles  iorsg,  and  lour 
wide,  with  a town'  of  the  same  name,  48 
miles  wNw  of  Drontheim.  Lon.  10  40  e, 
lai,  63.44  .N. 

Fieranziioloy  a town  of  Parma,  Italy, 
10  miles  SE  of  Piacenza.  Lon.  10  46  e,  lat. 
44A6n.  ; 

Fiezoliy  a town  raid  bishopric  of  Tuscany, 


but  he  holds  them  tributary  to  the  pasha  'i  in  the  Floreutins,  live  miles  ne  of  Florence. 


of  Tripoli.  The  throne  is  hereditary. 
The  sultaiFs  palace  or  house,  is  situat- 
ed within  the  castle  or  fortress  of  Mour- 
zouk. His  harem,  consisting  of  a sultana 
and  about  40  slaves,  is  contiguous.  The 
most  remarkable  part  of  the  sultan’s  dress, 
is  that  of  his  turban,  which  from  the  fore 
to  the  hinder  part,  extends  a full  yard,  and 
is  not  less  than  two-thirds  of  a yard  in 
lireadth.  His  revenues  .are  produced  from 
a tax  on  cultivated  lands,  duties  on  foreign 
trade,  from  royal  domains,  aud  predatoi-y. 
expeditions, 
is  the  Mahommedan.^  Justice  is  admini- 
stered, as  iu  other  Mabommedan  coun- 
tries, but  so  mildly  that  the  people  are  ur 
dently  attached  to  their  sovereign. 

Fiomoy  a town  of  itiily,  on  the  Tiber,  pa-' 
trimopy  of>St  Peter;  15  mik»  n of  Home. 


Lon.  12  20  E.,  lat.  43  36  n. 

FlFESHIliE,  a county  of  Scotland, 
about  40  miles  in  length,  and  in  sorn« 
j places  20  in  breadib.  Tov/ards  the  w it 
rises  into  hills,  from  \fhence  an  elevated 
I ridge  runs  almost  to  its  extremity  on  the 
j Ry  occupying  the  central  district.  The 
I highest  of  these  are  the  Lomond  hills,  s and 
j sw  of  Falkland  and  Sergo  I/aw.  The 

j middle  is  most  proper  for  pasture,  and 
I the  N and  s parts  are  plain  and  fertile. 
|,  The  whole  abounds  with  coal,  iron,  and 
The  relioion  of  the  Fezzaners  ij  limestone.  The  v'-j-.  hxir  of  t -wns  is  un- 
paralleled; for  the  wloie  snore  fvem  Crail 

- jj  to  Cul  oss,  aboni  oO  -riles,  is  one 

- |i  cmilinued  chain  of  vo.'.'us  and  villages, 

j it  h well  watered  r.  ■,  n c"  ..  -y  lakes  and 
I rh.crs,  the  obM  cl  v.loch  are  the 

j Lciveu  and  Cdea,  Ikth  ' Wbcundiug  with 


FIL 

salmon^  and  the  surrounding  seas  afford 
great  quantities  of  fish.  The  counly  sends 
one  member  to  parliament,  and  gives  the 
tiiie  of  earl  to  the  Duffs  of  Braco,  the 
descendants  of  the  ancient  Thanes  of  File. 

It  has  a great  share  of  borough  representa- 
ticii,  it  has  no  less  than  13  royal  boroughs. 
Besides  the  corn  find  cattle  which  are 
produced  in  great  abundance  and  per- 
teciion  in  this  country,  nianufciotures  em- 
ploy many  of  the  inhabitants.  Fishing 
and  foreign  trade  are  fruitful  sources  of 
emolument.  Fife  abounds  with  elegant 
seats  belonging  to  noblemen  and  gentlemen, 
and  ornamented  with  numerous  and  va- 
luable plantations.  It  is  divided  into 
fid  parochial  districts,  and  contains  93,743 
iahabitants,  being  nearly  196  to  the  square  j 
miie,  The  real  land  rent  is  estimated  j 
at  174,0001.  sterling.  Cupar  is  the  county  | 
town.  j 

Fifeness,  a cape  on  the  e coast  of  Fife, 
liine  miles  se  of  St  Andrews.  Lon.  2 28  w,  [ 
lat.  56  15  N, 

Figarif  a town  of  Corsica,  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  a river  of  its  name,  22  miles  wi^w 
of  Bonefacio. 

Figariiolo,  an  island  near  the  coast  of 
Venetian  Istria,  in  the  Adriatic.  Lon.  13 
47  E,  lat.  45  18  n. 

FigeaCf  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Lot,  on  the  Selle,  France,  contain- 
ing about  3,300  inhabitants.  Here  is 
a Benisdictine  Abbey,  22  miles  e of 
Cahors. 

Fighigy  a town  on  the  s side  of  the  Atlas, 
ill  the  country  of  Biledulgerid,  Africa.  | 
The  women  manufacture  woollen  cloth  of 
exquisite  fineness.  The  inhabitants  carry 
on  a great  trade  w'ith  Morocco  and  Fez, 
240  miles  ese  of  Mequinez.  Lon.  1 5 w,  j 
lat.  32  20  N. 

Fig-Tree-Batjy  on  the  sv/  side  of  the 
island  of  St  Christopher’s,  in  the  W Indies, 
secured  by  a fort  on  each  side. 

Fig- Tree- Bay y a bay  on  the  ne  coast  of 
the  island  of  Jamaica.  Lon.  76  29  w,  lat. 

18  18  N. 

Fignero-dos-vinkos,  a town  in  the  .pro- 
vince of  Estramadura,  Portugal,  near  the 
Fizere,  celebrated  lor  its  wine,  22  miles  n 
of  Thoinar. 

Figuera,  FigiieraSy  or  St.  Fernando  de 
FigueraSy  a strong  town  in  Catalonia, 
Spain,  with  a citadel  on  an  eminence,  in 
the  vicinity.  In  1791,  it  surrendered  to  the 
French,  without  making  the  smallest  re- 
sistance. In  1811,  the  French  were  driven 
out  of  it  by  the  Spaniards,  but  after  a 
severe  blockade,  were  obliged  to  yield 
it  again  to  the  French,  but  in  1813  they 
were  obliged  to  abandon  it ; 14  miles  w of 
Roses. 

FilaccianOy  a town  of  Italy,  nine  miles  s 
of  Citta  Castelland. 

Fillany  a river  rising  in  Perthshire, 
on  the  borders  of  Argylshire,  passing 
through  a valley  to  which  it  gives  the 


F IN 

name  of  Strathfillan,  and  failing  into  Lock 
Dochart. 

Filleky  a tov/n  in  the  country  of  Novi^ 
grad,  Hungary,  stands  on  the  Ipoi,  20  mile* 
WNW  of  Agria. 

FilcqvAay  a town  in  the  province  of'  Lw 
Wcidia,  46  miles  nnvv  of  Lepanto. 

Filar inoy  a town  in  the  province  of  Ma» 
cedonia,  28  miles  n of  Edessa, 

Fmtty  a river  v/hich  rises  in  the  N part 
of  Monaghan,  and  rims  into  Lough  Erne, 
about  three  miles  n of  Belturhet. 

Finaley  a town  of  Italy,  on  an  inland, 
formed  by  the  Panaro,  22  miles  nk  of 
Modena. 

Finale,  a sea  port  of  Genoa,  the  capital  of 
a marquisate,  annexe;!  to  the  duchy  of  Mi- 
lan, in  1602,  but  purchased  by  the  Genoese 
in  1713,  taken  h>  the  king  of  Sardinia  in 
1746,  and  restored  in  1748.  It  is  30 
miles  sw  of  Genoa.  Lon.  8 10  e,  lat.  44 

10  N. 

Finauy  St,  a small  and  beautiful  island^ 
in  Loch  Shiel. 

Finally  or  Finnin,  a river  in  Inverness.- 
shire,  which  gives  name  to  Glenfinnin. 

Fineastley  the  capital  of  Botetourt  coun- 
ty,  Virginia,  36  miles  sw  of  Lexington,  and 
140  w of  Richmond. 

Finhaveriy  a hill  in  the  parish  of  Oath- 
law,  Forfarshire,  15  miles  nnw  of  Forfar, 

011  its  summit  are  the  ruins  of  a castle,  414 
feet  long,  and  1 1 1 broad,  at  the  base  of  th« 
mountain  on  the  s,  is  the  appearance  of  th« 
crater  of  a volcano,  surrounded  with  matter 
resembling  lava. 

Findhorny  a river  which  rises  from  a 
fissure  in  a rock,  in  the  parish  of  Moy 
and  Dalrossie,  in  Inverness-shire,  and 
traversing  a rugged  and  mountainous 
country,  in  a n easterly  direction,  tor 
about  50  miles,  falls  into  the  Morray 
Frith,  about  four  miles  below  Forres,  at 
a small  bay  and  village  to  which  it  gives 
name.  This  river  having  few  bridges, 
and  running  with  great  rapidity,  many 
lives  are  lost  in  it.  At  its  mouth  salmoa 
and  Spaldings  are  taken  in  considerable 
quantity. 

Findochtiey  a fishing  village  in  the  parish 
of  Rathven,  Banffshire,  w of  Cullen,  con- 
taining about  170  inhabitants. 

FincMolarOy  a small  island  near  the  nb 
coast  of  the  island  of  Corsica.  Lon.  9 59  k, 
lat.  42  58  N. 

Fine,  Fort,  185  miles  wsw  of  Winnipeg 
lake.  Lon.  102  w,  lat.  49  42  n. 

Finiana,  or  Finana,  a town  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Grenada,  Spain,  seven  miles  s of 
Baca. 

Finisterruy  a town  in  the  province  of 
Galicia,  near  the  Cape  Finisterre. 

FINISTERRE,  a department  of  France, 
1 about  50  miles  from  n to  s,  and  40  to  45 
from  E to  w.  It  includes  part  of  the  lata 
province  of  Bretagne,  is  the  most  westerly 
part  of  France,  and  is  bounded  on  three 
sides  by  the  sea,  Quimper  is  the  capital , 


FIN 

the  0ther  principal  to\’tTis  are  Brest.  Qiiim  - , 
perle,  Morlaix,  Chaicaulin,  Lesnevin,  Lan- 
derneau,  Carhaix,  Pontcroix,  and  Donar- 
menez.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Aulne 
and  the  Oder. 

Finisterre,  Capcj  the  most  western  cape, 
not  only  of  Spain,  but  of  Europe.  The 
ancients,  supposing  that  there  was  no  coun- 
ty beyond  it,  gave  it  a name  in  which  in 
Ehiglish,  corresponds  to  the  Landes  End. 
Lon.  9 i7  w,  lat.  42  54  iV. 

Finke7isteiii,ix  town  in  Carinthia,  16  miles 
sw  of  Clagenfurt,  Germany. 

Finiagon,  Loch,  a lake  in  the  centre 
of  the  island  of  Isla,  about  three  miles 
in  circumference.  On  an  island  v;iih- 
in  the  lake,  are  the  ruins  of  an  ancient 
castle. 

FINLAND,  or  Finnland,  a country 
of  Europe.  The  land  is  fertile,  but  badly 
cultivated,  and  thinly  inhabited.  The 
pastures  are  good,  but  the  cattle  are 
small.  The  forests  of  firs  furnish  the 
principal  articles  of  commerce,  in  wood, 
ch'iTcoal,  timber,  and  planks.  Game  of 
various  kinds  in  abundant.  The  lakes 
and  rivers  abound  in  variety  of  fish,  and 
pearls  are  found  on  the  Coasts.  At  the 
bottom  of  the  morasses  earth  is  dug,  from 
which  iron  is  extracted.  There  are  also 
some  mines  of  lead.  Along  the  coasts 
lie  a great  number  of  small  rocky  islands. 
The  inhabitants  are  in  general  brave  and 
warlike.  Finland  is  divided  into  seven 
provinces,  Finland  Proper,  Aland,  East 
Bothnia,  Tavastia,  or  Tavastland,  Nylaud, 
Savolax.  and  Kymmenegards  Lehn.  In 
1808,  this  division  was  invaded  and  after 
various  battles  conquered  by  Russia,  and 
by  a conveuiion  given  up  to  them  by  the 
Swedes.  Next  year  180.9,  the  whole  of 
this  country^,  with  the  sea  of  Aland,  and 
all  islands  at  an  equal  distance  from  Aland 
and  Finland  w^ere,  by  a treaty  of  peace 
ceded  to  Russia,  in  lieu  of  which  Norway 
was  ceded  to  Sweden  by  convention,  in 
1813  by  Denmark.  The  final  arrange- 
mtmts  respecting  these  countries,  will  be 
settled  in  the  general  congress  of  European 
sovereigns  and  plenipotentiaries,  just  now 
sitting  at  Vienna. 

FINLAND  PROPER,  a province  of 
Sweden,  on  the  sw  part  of  Finland,  having 
the  gulf  of  Finland  on  the  s,  and  the  gulf 
of  Bothnia  on  the  w.  It  is  about  160  miles 
in  length,  and  100  in  breadth.  The  soil  is 
fertile  It  has  several  fine  lakes  and  rivers, 
v'bich  abound  in  fish  and  on  a part  of  the 
coast  is  a rich  pearl  fishery.  The  inhabi- 
tants subsist  by  agriculture,  grazing,  fishing, 
and  making  wooden  v/ave.  The  principal 
commerce  is  in  grain,  meal,  cattle,  butter, 
talc,  linen,  yarn,  stockings,  cfcc.  Abo  is 
the  capital. 

■ FINLAND,  RnssiAx.  See  Wrurnorr. 

FINMARK,  a province  of  Norway, 

0F  "Danish  Lapland,  in  the  government  of 


F I o 

Wardhus.  There  are  neither  towns  noT 
villages  in  the  country,  though  the  coast  is 
pretty  w'ell  inhabited.  The  inhabitants 
subsist  chiefly  by  fishing.  In  summer  the 
sun  continues  some  weeks  above  the  hori- 
zon. Finmark  has  a particular  governor, 
register,  and  judge.  It  is  divided  into  West 
and  East  Finmark. 

Finn,  a river  which  rises  from  a lake  of 
the  same  name  in  the  county  of  Donegal, 
and  runs  into  the  lake  Foyle.  On  the  w 
banks  of  Loch  Finn  stands  a village  called 
Fintown. 

Finnis,  Bag,  a bay  on  the  e coast  of  the 
island  of  Harris.  One  of  the  Hebrides. 
Lon.  6 42  w,  lat.  57  30  n. 

Finniestown,  a pleasant  village  of  La- 
narkshire, on  the  Clyde,  near  Clasgow^,  has 
an  extensive  manufacture  of  crystal  glass, 
and  is  noted  for  the  elegance  and  variety  of 
its  goods. 

Fino,  a small  island  in  the  Baltic.  Lon. 
16  42  E,  lat.  58  9 n. 

Finow,  a tovrn  in  Upper  Saxony,  and 
Ucker  Mark  of  Brandenburg.  Here  is^  a 
canal  that  unites  the  Oder  and  Havel,  and 
lies  28  miles  nw  of  Custrin. 

Finspang,  a town  in  East  Gothland,  15 
miles  Kw  of  Nordkioping. 

Finsterwalda,  a towm  in  Upper  Saxony^ 
two  miles  se  of  Lauenstein. 

Ftntray,  a parish  in  Aberdeenshire,  near- 
ly five  miles  in  length,  and  from  three  to 
four  in  breadth,  separated  by  the  Don 
from  Kintore.  The  surface  is  hilly,  on 
the  banks  of  the  Don,  the  soil  is  fertile. 
The  number  of  inhabitants  in  1801,  was, 
886 ; but  they  are  now  on  the  decrease. 
Part  of  their  employment  is  the  manufac- 
ture of  stockings.  A great  part  of  this 
parish  is  well  improved  and  ornamented 
with  wood. 

Finirag,  a parish  in  Stirlingshire,  five 
miles  long  and  four  broad,  which  con- 
tains 956  inhabitants.  The  general  ap- 
pearance is  hilly,  covered  with  verdure, 
and  is  more  adapted  to  pasturage  than 
tillage.  The  cultivated  parts  are  chiefly 
on  the  banks  of  the  Carron  and  Endrick, 
both  which  take  their  rise  in  the  pa- 
rish. There  is  a large  cotton  work,  with 
a handsome  village  in  this  parish.  Here 
too  the  Endrick  precipitates  itself  over 
a rook  91  feet  in  height,  which  forms 
a magnificent  cataract.  Near  the  village 
of  Fintry  is  a bill  called  Dun,  which  ex- 
hibits a striking  colonnade  of  about  79 
gigantic  basaltic  pillars  in  front ; about  12 
miles  w of  Stirling. 

Fiavarra  Point,  a cape  in  the  county  of 
Clare,  in  Galway  bay,  one  mile  and  a*ha!f 
E of  Blackhead. 

FIOLAY,  a small  island  of  the  Hebrides, 
on  the  coast  of  Argyllshire. 

Fionda,  an  ancient  and  decayed  town  in 
Natolia,  a bishop's  see,  seated  on  the  gulf  of 
Satalia  ; 28  miles  s of  Satalia, 


H 


F IS 

' a river  of  Italy,  wliich  runs  iot© 

Fea,  below  Monialto. 

Fiorc'sizo*  . 8ee  Fcrentino. 

Fioren?:o , a sea- port  of  Corsica,  seven 
miles  w of  Bastia,  defended  by  walls  and  o 
lower.  The  English  and  Corsicans  took  it 
from  the  French,  in  179d. 

Fiorlita,  a small  island  at  the  entrance 
©f  the  gulf  of  Tarento,  near  the  coast  ol 
Naples. 

. Firmoathy  a mountain  in  the  forest  ol 
Cloitanar,  parish  of  Aboyne,  Aberdeen- 
shire, near  Kincardine,  elevated  about 
2,500  feet  abore  the  level  of  the  sea. 

FirosepoiiTy  a town  in  Moultan,  Hin- 
dooftnn,  cn  the  Sotlege,  at  its  junction 
with  the  Beyah,  20  miles  w of  Debalpour, 
and  350  e by  n of  fAoultan. 

Firthy  and  Stenness,  two  united  parishes 
©I  the  Mainland  of  Orkney,  indented  on 
the  w by  the  bay  of  Frith,  in  which  are  two 
small  islands,  Da  may, 


parish, 


and  Grimbister,  be- 
exteut  of  the 


longing  to  this 
coast  of  these  parishes  is  10  miles.  The 
surface  consists  of  moors  and  hilly  ridges. 
The  shores  are  lov/,  the  soil  is  various. 
Marl  is  found  in  this  parish,  but  is  little 
used  as  a manure.  Here  are  excellent 
oysters.  In  the  parish  are  tour  annual  fairs. 
Population  is  about  1,272. 

Fuchavsen,  a town  on  the  Friseh-hafF, 
Prussia,  with  a royal  castle,  21  miles  w of 
Ivontgsfcerg. 

Fisgurdy  Flihgardy  or  Fiscard,  a sea^port 
town  in  Fembrokeshire,  Wales,  on  a bay  ot 
St.  Gecrffe’fi  chaiineB  to  which  it  gives 


nauia. 


'to' 

It 


pier, 


and 


nien, 

}>i(3Cc? 


Steep  clilf  overhangii.g  the  hnrboar,  ai 
e mouth  of  the  Gwayn,  30  miles  of 


has  a fort,  a gocu 

every  facility  for  ship  building.  The  in- 
habitants carry  on  a good  trade  in  beiriag, 
butter,  and  corn;  market  on  Thursday.  A 
gat«-way  of  a castle,  cnoe  the  residence  of 
Rb}  s-ap-GrylTyth,  princ®  of  S *fVaies  still 
remains.  In  the  vicinlij,  on  February  22, 
1797,  seme  Frenoa  lauded  about  1,200 
but  Irei  g prov  with  ficid 

. -th'’v  v/'^re  boon  obitgud  to  surreauer 
themselves  pi;h^one^>  of  war.  stands  on 
a 

fh , . 

St.  Davids,  20  n of  Pembroke,  and  25V 
w by  N of  London.  Lon.  4 5S  w,  lat.  oi 
55  N. 

Fish.  Fiver,  Great y a mver  which  separates 
CafTraria  fv  vm  the  couinry  or  the  Hottentots, 
has  its  source  in  the  unexplored  regions  of 
AiVioa,  and  falls  into  the  Indian  ocea.n,  in 
Ion.  2S  22  E,  lat.  3H  24  s. 

' FFherrow , a svibnrb  of  the  town  oi  AIus- 
selbuvgli,  whlh  winch  it  is  connected  by  a 
byidgo  (>ver  the  Ksk.  It  bas  a pretty  cxieii- 
fiveirade  with  the  Baltic,  and  with  the  coast, 
also  in  fish,  salt,  dee.  The  town  and  its  de- 
pendencies contain  about  1800  inhauitants; 
five  miles  e oi  Edinburgh. 

FISHER'S  ISLAND,  in  Long  Eland 
sound,  is  about  10  miles  long  and  two 
bread,  having  a lig’ut  soil,  and  producL\> 


FLA 

wboat  and  other  grain.  It  is  seated 
site  Stoningtoa  harbour,  in  Connecticut. 

Fishing  Bagy  in  Maryland,  lies  on  the  e 
side  of  Cfaesapeak  bay.  The  entrance  int® 
this  large  bay  lies  betw^een  Gofdsborougk, 
and  DeviPs  islands. 

Fishkilly  a post  town  in  Duchess  county, 
New  York.  The  township  oontains  5,941 
inhabitants,  of  whom  GO  I are  slaves.  It,  has 
a church  for  Episcopalians,  and  one  Low 
Dutch.  It  stands  on  a creek. of  the  sara® 
came,  06  miles  n of  New  York- 

Fishlitiy  one  of  the  smaller  Shetland, 
islands,  five  miles  s of  the  island  of  Yell. 

~ Fissato,  a sea-port  town  in  the  county  of 
Tripoli,  90  miles  kv/  of  Tripoli.  Lon.  12. 
10  B,  lat,  33  50  N.  ' » 

Fistellay  or  Fefzay  a fortified  town  Ja 
Morocco,  whose  inhabitants  are  rich,  cour-^ 
teous,  and  warlike,  and  have  a great  trad® 
in  fine  garments;  125  miles  ne  of 
rocco. 

Fishery  a town  in  the  diocese  of  Bergen^ 
Norway,  15  miles  nb  of  Stavenger. 

Fitjil  Head,  a cape  near  the  s extremity 
of  Mainland,  one  of  the  Shetland  islands. 
Lon.  2 31  w,  lat.  59  50  n. 

Fitzwilliam,  a township  im  Chester  coun-r 
ty.  New  Hampshire,  containing  1038  in 
\ habitants.  , 

Five  Island  Harhour,  a bay  on  the  w' 
coast  of  the  island  of  Antigua.  Lo.n.  61 
35  w,  lat.  17  18  n. 

Fively  a river  of  the  United  Provinces, 
giving  name  to  a small  country  on  its  banks, 
which  contains  25  small  towns  aud  villages.. 
It  falls  into  the  Emsnear  DoUzyl. 

Fimi.  See  Fayouriu 

Fiume,  or  St  Veit,  a sea-port  town  of  Is- 
trie  has  a castle  and  a number  of  handsome 
churches  and  convents  ; is  celebrated  for  iU 
wine.  fi^s,  and  other  fruits,  and  has  a mimu. 
factuve  of  wax.  The  harbour  is  formed  by 
the  Fiumara,  which  runs  into  the  bay  of, 
Eaniero,  37  miles  e of  Cape  Istria. 
Lo„.  14  12  E,  Int.  45  18  n.  - 

FiumettOy  a village  of  Italy,  near  which 
duo"  with  reddish  oil,  similar  to 
and  CasUllo  di  Mon- 


wells  aye 

those  Oi  Barnzonc, 

Fladahuna,  a small  island  seven  miles 
N of  the  isle  of  Sky.  Lon.  6 12  w,  lat.  5T 

Fladda,  a small  island, near  the  ne  coast 

of  the  isle  of  Sky.  . . • i a 

FladdOy  one  of  the  Freshanmsb  islands,  w. 

of  the  island  of  BJull.  ♦ 

Fladdah  Isles,  three  small  islands,  about 
a mile  w of  the  island  of  Sar.deia. 

Fladdayyii  Lnrge  fiat  island  in  the  district 
of  Harris, ^lear  the  isle  of  Scarp. 

Fladstrandy  a .sea-port  town  in  North 
Jiitland,  on  the  b coast,  with  a harbour  de.. 
fended  by  three  forts,  Denmark  ; 

NKE  of  AlbuTg.  Lon.  10  19  e, 


30  miles 
lat.  5T 


'^'"Fiamanvm,  a sea  port  town  in  the  dept. 


FLA 

of  the  Channel,  with  a good  harbour,  France, 
10  miles  sw  of  Cherhurg. 

Fiamboroughy  a factory  on  the  sw  side 
of  Hudson's  bay,  on  Hayes  river,  70 
miles  from  its  mouth.  Lon.  90  <5  w,  lat. 
50  8 N. 

Fkimborough  Head,  a loity  cape  or 
promontory  on  the  e coast  of  Yorkshire, 
formed  of  high  white  cliffs  which  are 
seen  far  out  at  sea,  and  are  a retreat  for 
immense  multitudes  of  sea  fowls.  In  the 
lower  parts  are  vast  caverns,  and  on  the 
top  is  a Well  known  light-house,  sw  of 
which  is  the  village  of  Flam  borough  ; five 
miles  ENE  of  Bridlington,  45  nk  of  York, 
and  21 J N of  London.  Lon.  0 11  e,  lat.  54 

8 N. 

Flamstead,  a village  in  Hertfordshire, 
king  Edward  VI.  was,  when  an  infant, 
brought  hitherto  to  nurse.  At  the  manor 
house,  a curious  bedstead  is  still  preserved, 

• said  to  be  that  on  which  he  lay ; six  miles 
NW  of  Salbans* 

FLANDERS,  a country  of  the  Nether- 
lands. Its  greatest  length  is  about  60 
miles,  and  its  breadth  about  50.  It  con- 
tained at  one  time,  30  cities  or  Walled 
towns,  a great  number  of  market^towns, 
and  1,154  villages.  Flanders  has  gene- 
rally been  divded  into  three  parts:  Flemish 
Flanders,  where  they  speak  the  language 
of  the  country ; French  Flasiders,  where 
they  speak  the  Walloon  language ; and 
Imperial  or  Austrian  Flanders,  on  account 
of  the  county  of  Alost,  being  for  a long 
time  dependent  on  the  empire.  At  pre- 
sent the  whole  has  been  conquered  by 
the  armies  of  Franco,  included  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North,  the  Scheldt,  and 
the  Lys,  except  Dutch  Flanders,  includ- 
ed in  the  kingdom  of  Holland.  By  lat  r 
arrangements,  it  is  said  to  be  ail  annex - 
^ to  Holland.  The  climate  of  Flanders 
is  temperate  and  wholesome;  the  soil, 
in  general,  is  fertile.  Flax  is  a great 
source  of  riches  to  the  country.  The 
most  beautiful  table  linen  is  manufactured  i 
in  this  country,  and  the  lace  is  superior, 
perhaps  to  all  others.  The  principal 
rivers  are  the  Scheldt,  the  Lys,  and  the 
Dender. 

FLANNAN  ISLANDS,  or  Seven  Hun- 
ters, a group  of  small  uninhabited  islands, 
about  17  miles  nw  of  the  island  of  Lewis. 
They  are  the  Moiila  Sacrae  of  Buchanan, 
and  are  celebrated  for  the  fatness  and  fecun- 
dity of  the  sheep  pastured  on  them.  Lon. 

7 30  w,  lat.  58  30  n. 

FL ASSET,  an  island  near  the  w coast 
of  Norway,  88  miles  sw  of  Drontbeim. 

Flatbmh,  the  chief  town  of  King's  coun- 
ty. Loii^  Island,  New  York,  It  is  a 
pleasant  and  healthy  town.  The  houses 
are  mostly  in  one  street,  and  many  of  them 
are  elegant.  It  contains  94 1 • inhabitants, ; 
of  whom  107  are  qualified  electors,  and  378  ^ 
are  slaves.  The  productions  are  various 
kinds  of  fruits,  vegetables,  grain,  tfec.  The  I 

n I 


F L E 

land  lies  low ; and  hi  summer  the  whole 
township  appears  like  an  extensive  garden. 
Here  in  1776,  the  British  defeated  the 
Americans. 

Flat-Head,  a cape  on  the  s coast  of  Ire- 
land, seven  miles  e of  Kinsale. 

FLATA  ISLANDS,  a cluster  of  small 
islands  near  the  se  of  North  Uist. 

Flatlands,  a small  township  in  King's 
county.  Long  Island,  containing  423  inhabi- 
tants, of  whom  44  are  qualified  lo  be  electors, 
and  137  are  slaves. 

Flattery  Cape,  on  the  w coast  of 
N America,  discovered  by  Cook,  in  1778() 
so  named  because  he  could  not  find  a 
hirbour,  lies  in  lat.  48  25  n,  Ion.  124 

57  w. 

Flavigny,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Cote  d'  Or,  Fracne.  stands  on  a moun- 
tain, near  the  river  Ozerain,  has  a bene- 
dictine  abbey,  and  is  27  miles  wxw 
Oijcn. 

Fleche,  a town  and  chief  place  of  a 
district  in  the  department  of  the  Sarte, 
containing  about  6,000  seals.  Franco, 
seated  on  the  Loire.  A noble  college, 
built  by  Henry  IV.,  is  now  converted, 
part  of  it  into  a town  house,  and  part  of 
it  into  a seminary  for  youth ; 22  miles 
ssw  of  Mans.  Lon.  6 3 w,  lot.  47 
39  N. 

Fleckeren,  or  Fleckeroe,  an  island,  near 
the  s coast  of  Norway,  with  two  ports, 
defended  by  a fortress.  Lon.  8 18  e,  laL 

58  4 tJ. 

Fleet,  a river  in  the  Sieuartry  of  Kircud- 
bright, one  branch  of  which  issues  Fom  a. 
lake  in  the  parish  of  Girthon,  cailft«i  Loefi 
Fleet,  14  miles  x of  Gate-house,  the  other 
rises  near  Cairnsmuir,  in  the  parish  of  Kirk- 
mabrech,  after  they  unite,  the  ^ leet  directs 
its  course  s through  beautiful  scenery,  arid 
falls  into  Wigton  bay,  10  miles  w of  Kirk- 
cudbright. It  is  navigable  for  small  craft 
to  Gate-house.  On  its  w side,  are  the  re- 
mains of  a camp,  a vitrified  fort,  and  a 
druidieal  circle. 

Flemington,  a.  small  post  town  in  Hunter- 
don county.  New  Jersey,  also  a village  of 
iscotland,  five  miles  se  of  Glasgow,  where 
mere  is  a cotton  manufacture. 

Flensburg,  a sea  port  town  of  Den  n .ark, 
o»-  the  eastern  coast  of  the  duchy  of  Sies- 
wick,  in  a gulf  of  the  Baltio,  eaiied 
Flenshorgervcieck,  which  extends  ./.out 
six  leagues  inland,  and  forms  a good  ftar- 
bour,  with  a strong  citadel.  It  is  cn© 
of  the  handsomest  and  most  commercial 
towns  in  the  duchy.  Lon.  9 47  e,  lat.  5,4 
53  N. 

Fleurance,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Gers,  France,  on  the  Gers,  13  miles 
N of  Auche.  Lon.  18  19  e,  Ferro,  lat.  43 
51  N. 

Fleurmont,  on  Florimant,  a town  iu  the 
department  of  ih^*  Upper  Rhine,  seven  miles 
E of  Befort,  France. 

Fleurs,  Fleurus,  Flerus,  a village  io 

Z z 


F L I 

the  department  ol’  the  Sambre  and  Meuse, 
Netherlands,  six  miies  \e  of  Charieroy. 
Here  the  aiiies  were  defeated  by  the  French, 
in  Jio90,  and  in  1704, Hlie  Austrians  were 
disconifileil  in  a general  attack  of  the 
French  polls. 

F/u'f  or  Fite,  a river,  or  channel,  which 
runs  into  the  German  ocean,  between  the 
islands  ot  Scbo.iing  and  Viielandt,  also  an 
isian  l at  the  middle  ol  the  entrance  of  the 
iZnider  Zee. 

Flinty  the  capital  of  Flintshire,  N Wales. 
United  with  several  other  places,  it  returns 
on*^  member  to  parliament.  Here  is  the 
coiimy  jdii  which  stands  in  the  church- 
yard, but  the  assizes  sit  at  Mold.  Here 
are  the  ri.ins  of  a castle,  in  which  Rich- 
ard 11.  took  refuge  in  1339,  on  arriving 
fioin  Ireland,  but  on  bis  leaving  it,  he 
fell  into  the  bands  of  his  rival,  after 
Henry  IV.,  who  made  it  his  prison.  It 
was  dismantled  by  the  parliament  in  the 
civil  WcFs.  The  Major  is  governor.  It 
stands  on  a rock  close  to  the  ea,  and 
seems  to  have  been  a place  of  great 
sircngth,  Flint,  is  .-eated  on  the  w side  of 
the  estuary  6t  the  I)ee  ; 13  iles  w by  n of 
Chester,  and  193  nw  of  London.  Lon.  3 
2 w,  lat.  53  16  N. 

Ainty  a small  riser  in  the  Genessee 
country,  New  York. 

FLINT  INLAND,  an  island  in  the  gulf 
of  St  Lawrence,  near  the  e coast  of  the 
island  of  Cape  Breion. 

Flimt  Fiver,  sl  river  of  Georgia,  has  its 
source  in  the  territory  of  Creek  Indians, 
directs  iis  course  sw,  and  uniting  with  the 
Catahouehee,  on  the  borders  of  E Florida 
forms  the  Apala.  hicola. 

. FLINTSHIRE,  a country  of  North 
Wales,  29  miles  long,  and  12  where 
broade.st,  a detached  part  lies  e of  the 
Dee,  between  < heshire  and  Shropshire. 
It  is  divided  into  five  hundreds,  a.:d  28 
parishes.  Mining  and  smelting  employ 
a great  many  hands.  It  is  famous  tor 
Imtier,  cheese,  aud  honey,  of  which  last 
the  inhabitants  make  excellent  metheg- 
lin  The  country  is  mountainous,  inter- 
mixed w^ith  valleys  : The  hills  are  gene- 
rally barren  on  the  surface,  but  abound 
with  lead  ore,  calamine,  lime-stone,  and 
coals:  the  valleys  are  fertile,  and  produce 
both  corn  u^id  hay.  It  sends  two  members 
to  parliamem.  The  principal  towns  are 
Flint,  Mold,  Holyw'eli,  and  St.  Asaph. 
The  number  of  homes  are  7779,  and  in- 
habitants 39,622.  The  chief  rivers  are 
the  Clywd,  Dee,  El  way,  Sevion,  Wheeler, 
and  Aileni 

Flisk,  a parish  in  Fifeshire,  extending 
about  three  miles  along  tpe  s bank  of  the 
Tay.  The  surface  is  generally  level;  the 
soil  is  fertile.  Population  is  about 300. 

Flisningve,  a fortress  or  small  island,  a 
little  to  the  w of  Am  hoy  no. 

FHiJCy  a town  in  Catalonia,  Spain,  strong 


F L d 

both  by  nature  and  art,  stands  on  a penin- 
sula of  the  Ebro,  is  defended  by  a castle 
and  covered  by  mountains ; 22  miles  js  of 
Tortosa. 

Flodden,  or  Flowden,  a village  in  the 
county  of  Northumberlad,  on  the  banks 
of  the  Titt,  live  miles  n of  Wooler,  famous 
for  a battle,  .September  9th  1513>  between 
the  Scots  and  English,  in  which  .James  IV-^ 
many  of  his  nobility  and  10,000  of  his 
men  were  slain,  lamented  by  the  Scottish 
bard  in  that  beautifully  piaimive  ballad, 
“ the  flowers  of  the  forest.^' 

Flohau,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Saatz, 
eight  miles  s of  Saatz,  Bohemia. 

Florae,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Lozere,  France,  1 3 miles  s ol  Mende,  and 
23  Nw  of  Alais.  Lon.  0 38  b,  lat.  44 
19  N. 

Florence,  the  capital  of  Tuscany,  Italy, 
at  the  foot  of  the  Appenines,  an  aTch-!- 
bishop^s  see,  with  a citadel,  and  an  iiniver-^ 
sity.  The  environs  are  beautiful,  rich, 
and  populous,  containing,  as  it  is  said, 
6 000  country-houses.  The  circuraterence 
of  the  city  is  about  two  leagues  : the 
fortifications  consist  only  of  a wall  and 
a ditch,  with  two  or  three  forts.  This 
city  is  next  to  Rome,  the  most  beautiful 
in  Italy.  The  buildings  are  magnificent, 
most  of  the  streets  are  clean  and  paved 
with  squiire  stones.  The  city  is  divided 
into  two  unequal  parts  by  the  river  Amc, 
over  which  are  four  handsome  bridges. 
The  population  is  supposed  to  be  above 
80,000.  The  metropolitan  church  was 
built  in  the  13th  century,  in  the  Gothic 
style  of  Architecture;  the  cupola  of  the 
metropolitan  church  has  the  form  of  an 
octago  , and  the  design  is  so  bold,  that 
Michael  Angelo  judged  it  inimitable ; it 
is  140  feet  from  one  angle  to  the  other, 
and  270  in  height.  In  the  Palazzo 
Pitti,  which  was  the  residence  of  the 
Grand  Duke,  is  a library,  containing 
about  35,000  volumes,  with  a great  nun> 
her  of  pictures  by  Raphael,  Rubens, 
Titian,  Andrea-del-Sarto,  Tintoret,  Guer- 
cino,  <fec.  The  Palazzo  Vecehio,  or  old 
palace,  contains  a room,  172  feet  long, 
and  70  wide,  for  public  entertainments. 
The  celebrated  Venus  of  Medici,  the 
standard  of  taste  in  female  beauty  and  pro» 
portion,  stood  in  a room  called  the  Tri- 
bunal ; It  is  of  white  marble,  but  w ith  other 
master-pieces  of  art,  has  been  carried  away 
to  Paris,  when  the  French  riffled  it  in  1800. 
Besides  this  there  are  the  cabinet  of  arts, 
of  natural  history,  of  astronomy,  of  medals, 
antiquities,  portraits,  aud  porcelain.  The 
medicean  library  begun  by  Julius  de  Medici, 
was'  greatly  augmented  by  duke  Cosmo  I. 
There  are  also  the  Benedictine  and  Car- 
melite libraries.  The  Florentine  acadenijr 
and  the  academia,  della  Crusca,  were  in- 
stituted to  enrich  the  literature  and  im- 
prove the  language  of  the  country.  The 


FLO 

cathedral,  churches,  and  other  public 
buildiDgs,  are  adorned  with  paintings  and 
sculptures  by  the  first  masters  in  Italy 
The  chapel  of  Lorenzo  is  perhaps  the 
most  superb  burying-place  that  ever  was 
constructed,  being  inorusted  with  preci- 
ous sione'^,  and  adorned  with  the  most 
exquisite  sculptu  e.  The  Florentines,  how- 
ever, are  remarkable  for  speaking  the 
language  ill,  and  with  a guttural  accent, 
tbougb  they  write  it  with  the  utmost 
elegance,  which  gave  rise  to  the  proverb. 
Lingua  Toscana  in  Bacca  Romana  The 
maimtactures  of  Florence  are  chiefly 
silks  and  sattins,  of  excellent  fabric.  At 
Docoia,  three  leagues  from  the  city,  is  u 
manufacture  of  porcela  n The  Floreiy 
Mnes  haye  been  long  famous  for  their 
Mosaic  work ; it  is  made  of  the  finer 
marbles,  agates,  jasj^rs,  and  other  naiurai 
bard. stones,  sawn  thin,  and  inlaid  in  form 
of  birds)  flowers,  <fec.  The  wine  of  the 
Bcighbourhood  is  excellent,  and  they  have  a 
coBsidt^rable  trade  for  it  both  in  Italy  and 
other  countries.  The  French,  who  entered 
this  place  in  1799,  were  driven  out  by  the 
iuhahitani's,  but  in  October  1800,  they  re- 
gained possession,  not  only  of  the  capital, 
but  of  ail  Tu  cany  ; 45  miles  s of  Bologna, 
and  nw  of  Rome.  Lon.  11  3 e,  iat. 
'43  4.7  N. . 

3 Florent,  St,  a town  in  the  department  ot 
Mayeune  and  Loire,  France,  has  an  abbey, 
and  stands  on  the  Loire,  20  miles  w^sw  of 
Angers, 

: ' Florentine,  St,  a town  in  the  department 
of  the  Yonne,  France,  stands  at  the  junction 
-t)f  the  Armanee  and  Armacoh,  15  miles 
KE  of  Auxere,  and  80  se  of  Paris.  Lon.  3 
50  E,  lat.  47  48  N. 

■ FLORENTINO,  one  of  the  most  fertile 
.provinces  in  Iiaiy.  Florence  was  the  capi- 
tal. It  is  well  w'atered  and  fruitful. 

FLORES,  an  island  of  the  E.«st  Indies, 
to  the  B of  that  of  Cumbava,  180  miles 
-in  length,  and  45  in  breadth,  with  a town 
named  Larantuca.  Lon.  121  6 e,  lat.  8 
-20  s. 

" FLORES,  one  of  the  Azore  islands, 
about  10  leagues  long^  and  thrfee  broad. 
It  contains  two  towns  and  some  hamlets. 
Santa  Cruz  is  the  capital  ; but  Lagens 
is  the  most  populous.  Population  of  the 
island  about  1300.  Lon.  31  0 w,  lat.  39 
34  N. 

Y Fldresztij  a town  in  Moldavia. 

. FLORIDA,  a country  of  North  Ame- 
' ripa.  The  form  of  East  Florida  is  triangu- 
lar, the  base  towards  the  n being  160  miles 
;in  breadth  from  e to  w \ near  the  southern 
extreuiity  about  40 ; and  about  350  trom 
,N  to  s.  West  Florida  is  about  320  miles 
- from  E to  w,  and  rorn  40  to  80  in  breadth, 
from  N to  s.  Augusta  is  the  capital  of 
JEast,  and  Pensaco  a that  of  West  Florida. 
The  air  in  this  country  is  exceed  ugly  hot 
m summer;  yet  in  many  places  pure  and 


FLU 

wholest3me  ; and  the  winters  generally 
temperate.  East  Florida,  t ear  the  sea, 
and  40  miles  back,  is  fiat  and  sandy  ; but 
the  worst  in  the  province  is  far  from 
being  unfruitful;  it  produces  two  crops 
ol  Indian  corn  a-yeur ; and  the  gyrdeu 
vegetables  are  in  great  perlection  ^ - he 

interior  coiint'*y,  whicu  is  high  anu  piea- 
.sant,  abounds  with  wood  of  elmosi  t^yeiy 
kind.  Tiie  cabbage  tree,  rice,  indigo, 
and  cocbine.l:  cotton,  flax,  and  heap, 
grow  in  ■ lenty.  In  various  places  are 
found  iron  ore,  copper,  quicksilver  and 
pit  coal;  and  amber  is  found^  along  the 
southern  coa.a  In  the  western  parts  are 
. uiuerous  herds  of  cattle  and  sheep  ; liogs 
abound  in  every  part,  whose  flesh  is 
supposed  to  obtain  a peculiar  excellence 
of  flavour  from  their  tood,  which  consists 
chiefly  of  acorns  and  ciiesnuts.  In  the 
iorests  and  deserts  are  found  seyeral  spe- 
cies of  wild  beasts.  Birds  are  in  variety^ 
and  are  numerous.  The  rivers  abound  in 
fish,  but  are  at  the  same  time  infested  with 
voracious  aligaiofs.  The  co  ists  furnish  el 
prodigious  number  of  oysters.  Florida 
was  discovered  in  1497,  by  Sebastian  Ca- 
bot, was  alternately  under  the  dominion  of 
the  French  and  Spaniards,  and  ceded  by 
the  latter  to  the  English,  who  retained  it 
till  1780,  when  it  was  taken  by  the  Spa- 
niards, and  ceded  to  them  at  the  peace  ol 
1783. 

Flota,  a small  island,  in  a bay  on  the 
coast  of  the  island  of  Lewis. 

Flota,  one  of  the  .small  Orkney  islands, 
between  S Ronaldsba  and  Hoy. 

Flotz,  a town  in  the  prihcipalitj^  of  An- 
halt Zerhst,  Upper  Saxony,  six  miles  nw  of 
Z(0rl3st 

Flotz,  a tovv  n of  Wallachia,  on  the  Genes^ 
sa,  near  its  junction  with  the  Danube. 

Flour,  St,  a city,  capital  of  the  department 
ofCantal,  France,  stands  on  a mountain,  and 
is  a bishop’s  .«ee.  Good  knives  are  made 
here,  and  it  has  aconsideraide  trade  in  corn, 
58  miles  s of  Clermont.  Lon.  311  K,.lat.  45 
•2  N. 

Flushing,  or  Vlesengen,  or  Flcssingue,  ^. 
sea  port  town  of  Hollands  In  is  situated  in 
the  isle  of  Walcheren,  on  the  n side  of  the  w 
arm  of  the  Scheldt.  It  defends  the  passage 
not  of  that  river  only,  but  of  ail  the  islafids 
of  Zealand,  of  which  it  is  one  of  the  most 
important  keys.  The  port  lies  between  two 
moles  that  break  the  waves  of  the  sea  .w'hicb 
enters  the  town  by  two  canals,  forming  tw'O 
basons,  so  that  loaded  vessels  may  sail  into 
the  town,  to  the  great  convenience  o>  the 
merchants.  The  stadthouse,  buiit  after  the 
model  of  that  at  Amsterdam,  is  a superb 
edifice.  Flushing  w'as  taken  by  the  Frenca 
in  1795,  and  by  tbs  English,  who  destrox^ 
;be  fort  in  1809  It  was  soom  abandon^ 
by  the  English  and  came  again  under  the 
influence  of  France,  but  has  neW  returned 
in  1814,  to  its  former  sovereign;  four  m»l«» 


F a G 

ssw;  of  iMiddleburg.  ' 3 34  e,  lat.  61 

26  N. 

. Flushing,  a town  of  N6W  York,  in 
Queen’s  county,  Long  Island,  stands  on 
the  s side  of  Hellgate,  seven  miles  b by  jc 
of  New  Yorko 

Fochabers,  a toW'P  and  burgh  of  barony, 
in  the  county  of  Banff,  on  the  £ bank  of 
the  river  Spey,  in  the  parish  of  Beliie,  four 
miles  from  the  sea.  There  is  an  elegant 
bridge  over  the  river.  It  contains  about 
1000  inhabitants;  eight  miles  e of  Elgin 
and  50  nw  of  Aberdeen*  This  town  was 
moved  some  years  ago  from  Gordon  castle, 
and  built  on  a neat  and  regular  plan,  hav- 
ing a square  in  the  centre,  and  streets  en- 
tering it  at  right  angles.  Its  manufactures 
are  linens,  stockings  <fec.  It  has  three 
annual  lairs. 

Fo-rChan,  a village  or  town  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Quang-tong,  Chioa,  reckoned  to  be 
nine  miles  in  circumference,  and  to  contain 
1^00,000  inhabitants. 

Fochia,  a sea  port  town  in  the  province 
(af^  Natoiia^  Asiatic  Turkey,  has  a castle, 
and  stands  at  the  influx  of  the  Herraus  into 
the  gulf  of  Smyrna,  Here,  in  1650,  the 
Venetians  discomfited  the  Turkish  fleet,  28 
miles  NW  of  Smyrna.  Lon.  26  39  e,  fat, 
38  44-N. 

Fodicar,  a town  of  Hungary,  on  the  Da- 
2iwbe,  opposite  Calocaa.  Lon.  19  16  e,  lat. 
38  44  N. 

; , Fodertyj  dn  extensive  parish  in  Ross-shire. 
The  soil  is;  tolerable;  bnt  improvements  in 
agri^mlture  want  encouragement.  The  po- 
pulation is  about  950,  the  greater  part  of 
whom  reside  in  a valley  named  Strathpssar. 
In  this  parish  are  several  antiscorbutic  mi- 
neral springs. 

~ Foguras,  a towm  and  castle  of  Transylva- 
nia, the  see  of;  a Greek  bishop.  Lon.  25 
25  E,  lat.  46  30  n. 

Mpggia,  ov  Fodgia,  a town  in  the  pro- 
viaoe  of  Capitiana,  Naples,  seated  on  th® 
C^orberp.  This  town  is  the  staple  for  all 
the  w^ol  in  the  country.  It  has  also  a 
trade  in  corn,  and  is  20  miles  sw  of  Manfre- 
doniaw 

Foggy  Island,  an  island  near  the  w coast 
of  America,  about  nine  leagues  in  circum- 
ferenoe.  Lon.  102  45  e,  lat.  56  10  n.  > 

Foglia-;  a river  of  Italy,  which  has  its 
source  on-  the  borders  of  Tuscany,  and  pass- 
ing through  the  duchy  of  Urbino,  falls  into 
the  gulf  of  Venice  at  Pesaro. 

Foglisso,  a town  ot  Piedmont,  five  miles 
NW  of  Chivas,  and  13  w of  Cresceutino. 

Fogo,  a small  island  near  the  coast  of 
Newfoundland.  Lon.  54  10^  w,  lat.  50 
2 N. 

Fogo.  See  Fuego. 

Fogo,  a fertile  paiisb  ili  Beiwickshire, 
(Sixtcnding  six  miles  in  length,  and  between 
three  and  tour  miles  in  breadth.  The 
whole  land  is  arable,  except  a few  acres  of 
awampy  ground.  In  this  parish  is  a small 
wjUageof  the  same  name*  Population  of 


FOL 

the  parish  about  507.  The  Black addey 
intersects  part  of  this  parish,  and  at  Chesters, 
on  the  western  extremity,  are  the  vestiges 
of  a Roman  camp.  The  monopoly  of 
farms  has  greatly  diminished  the  popula- 
lation.  The  village  is  about  four  miles  ssw 
of  Dunse.  i 

FOHR,  or  Fora,  an  island  of  Denmark, 
near  the  coast  of  Sleswick,  about  12  miles 
in  circumference,  with  a small  sea  port, 
and  a safe  road  for  ships  ; the  soil  is  fertile. 
Lon.  8 31  E,  lat.  54  44  n. 

Foissy,  a town  in  the  department  of  tho 
Yonne,  three  leagues  E of  Sens,  France. 

FOJX,  a late  province  of  France,  bor- 
dering on  the  Pyrenes,  which,  with  Couse-* 
rans,  form.s  the  department  of  the  Arriege. 
The  soil  in  general  is  fertile  in  corn,  fruit, 
and  wine.  It  contains  mines  of  iron,  silver, 
copper,  and  lead,  quarries  of  marble,  jas- 
per, &c.  and  many  medicinal  springs.  The 
principal  towns  are  Foix,  Tarascon,  Ax, 
Pamiers,  Segerdiin,  Lezar,  Mas  d’  Azil,  and 
Montaut. 

Foix,  capital  of  the  department  of  Ar^ 
riege,  seated  on  the  Arriege,  containing 
about  3,500  inhabitants,  and  defended  by  a 
castle.  It  has  copper  mills,  and  a manu- 
facture of  coarse  woollen  cloths;  42  miles 
s by  E of  Toulouse.  Lon.  1 35  b,  lat. 
43  On. 

FO-KIEN,  is  one  of  the  least  and  yet 
one  of  the  richest  provinces  of  the  empire  of 
China ; its  situation  is  commodious  for  na- 
vigation and  commerce  ; the  climate  is  hot, 
but  the  air  is  very  pure  and  healthy.  It  pro- 
duces musk,  iron,  quicksilver,  and  precious 
stone,  also  gold  and  silver,  but  the  latter  are- 
not  permitted  to  be  dug.  Great  quantities 
of  fish  are  caught,  which  are  dried  and  .salt- 
ed in  order  to  be  carried  into  the  midland 
provinces  of  the  empire.  It  contains  nine 
fou,  or  cities  of  the  first  rank,  and  60  heim, 
or  cities  of  the  third  rank.  It  has  fruitful 
plains,  and  industry  fertilizes  the  mountains, 
which  are  cut  into  terraces,  one  above 
another.  The  springs  in  the  valleys,  and 
streams  from  the  mountains,  are  conducted 
with  great  care  to  v.  aler  the  rice.  Here  by* 
means  of  bamboo  pipes,  water  is  raised  even 
to  the  tops  of  the  mountains,  and  conducted 
from  place  to  place.  It  abounds  witfi  every 
thing  that  grows  in  most  other  provinces  of 
the  empire;  the  commerce  which  the  inha- 
bitants have  with  Japan,  the  Philippine 
islands,  Formosa,  Java,  Caniboya,  Siam 
&c.  renders  it  extremely  rich.  Every  city 
has  its  particular  dialect.  The  language  of 
the  Mandarins  is  that  which  is  most  general, 
but  few  uDderstaud  it  fully  in  this  pro- 
vince. Here  ave,  however,  a great  num- 
ber of  learned  men.  Fou-tcheouis  the  capital. 

Foldereid,  a town  in  the  diocese  of  Dron- 
theim,  Norway;  114  miles  nne  of  Dron- 
tlieim. 

an  episcopal  town  of  Italy  , duchy 
of  Umbria,  celebrated  for  its  confectionary, 
paper-mills,  and  silk  manufactures  j 69  miles- 


F O N 

K of  Rome.  Lon.  12  24  e,  lat.  42 
48  N, 

Folkestone,  a town  in  the  county  of  Kent, 
a member  of  the  cinque  port  of  ttover.  It 
is  a corporation,  governed  by  a mayor,  12 
jurats,  and  24  commoners.  The  town  is 
populous,  and  many  of  the  inhabitants  are 
engaged  in  fishing,  paticulariy  mackeral  for 
the  London  market.  There  is  a good  an- 
chorage before  the  town.  Here  were  five 
churches,  four  of  which  has  been  destroyed 
by  the  encroachments  of  the  sea.  This 
place,  in  1583,  had  the  honour  of  the  birth 
of  Dr.  William  Harvey,  who  discovered  the 
circulation  of  the  blood.  It  gives  the  title  of 
viscount  to  the  family  of  Bonverie , has  a 
charity  school ; a market  on  Thursday,  and 
pn  annual  fair  June  28th*  Sandgate  castle, 
built  by  Henry  VIII.  stands  a little  to  the 
west.  The  town  stands  on  the  English  chan- 
nel, eight  miles  sw  of  Dover,  and  72  e by  s 
of  Loudon.  Lon.  I 4 e,  lat.  51  5 n. 

Folkingham,  a town  in  I incolnshire, 
with  a w’eekly  market  on  Thursday,  seated 
on  a rising  ground,  on  which  are  plenty  of 
fine  springs.  It  has  the  remains  of  an 
ancient  castle,  and  seven  annuM  fairs;  18 
miles  wsw  of  Boston,  25  s by  e of  Lincoln, 
and  106  N of  London. 

Foam-Honm-Touka,  a town  of  Chinese 
Tartary,  near  a mountain  of  the  same  name, 
seven  miles  nw  of  Tam-san. 

Fondis  a town  in  the  province  of  Lavora, 
department  of  Gariglians,  Naples,  near  a 
jake  to  which  it  gives  name.  It  stands  in  a 
fertile  plain,  42  miles  nw  of  Capua,  and  50 
SE  of  Rome. 

Fong  Tsaing,  a city  in  the  province  of 
Chen-si  China.  Its  district  contains  eight 
cities,  of  the  2d  and  3d  class  ; 560  miles 
sw  of  Pekin.  Lon.  106  57  e,  lat.  34 
36  N. 

Fong-Yang,  a city  in  the  province  of 
Kiang-naa,  China.  It  encloses  within  Hn 
walls  .'‘Cveral  fertile  little  hills,  and  its  juris- 
diction comprehends  five  cities  of  the 
second,  and  13  of  the  third  class.  It 
stands  on  a mountain,  which  impends 
•uver  the  yellow  river  ; 70  miles  ne 

of  Nan-king.  Lon.  J16  58  e,  lat.  32 
52  N. 

Fans,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Lot,  and  chief  place  of  a canton,  France, 
five  miles  xw  of  Figiac. 

Fontainbleau,  a town  in  the  department 
on.  the  Seine  and  Marne,  France.  It  is 
celebrated  for  its  magnificent  pr.lace  of 
elegant  architecture,  adorned  with  exquisite 
paintings,  by  the  greatest  masters ; the  gene- 
ral autumnal  residence  of  the  kings  of 
France.  The  forest  of  Fountain bleau, 
anciently  called  the  Forrest  oj  Bierre,  is 
said  to  contain  26,480  acres ; the  figure  is 
round,  and  the  town  and  chateau  are.  in 
the  centre.  This  town  consists  of  , one 
principal  street  of  considerable  length.  The 
uuraber  of  inhabitants  is  about  3,000,  It 


FOR 

is  35  miles  sse  of  Paris.  Lon.  2 4T 
la.  48  36  N. 

Fontaine  V Evegue,  a town  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Liege,  Netherlands,  six  rraks  w .»f 
Cbarleroy. 

Fontana,  a town  in  the  canton  of  Uri, 
Switzerland,  18  miles  n of  Altdcrf. 

Fontanamora,  a town  of  Piedmont,  1§ 
miles  ESE  of  Aosta. 

Fontanetfo,  a town  of  Piedmont,  seven 
miles  E of  Crescentino. 

Fontarabia,  a city  and  sea-port  in  the 
province  of  Biscay,  Spain,  on  tlic  fron- 
tiers of  France,  from  which  it  is  divided 
by  the  Bidossoa ; 22  miles  sw  of  Bayonne, 
and  62  E by  N of  Bilhca.  It  is  very 
strong  both  by  nature  and  art,  seated  on 
a peninsula  at  the  foot  of  the  Pyrenees, 
and  is  reckoned  the  key  of  Spaio^  on  that 
side.  In  1794  it  opened  its  gates  to 
the  French.  Lon.  1 56  w,  lat.  43 

23  N. 

Fgntello,  a towm  in  the  province  of  Beiia, 
Portugal,  six  miles  NEof  Lamego, 

Fontenay  Le  Com  te,  the  capital  of  the  (Je*- 
partmenl  of  La  Vend  e,  France,  and  coniai'tti. 
ing  about  7,000  inhabilants.  Its- 
trade  is  in  cloth,  woollen  stuffs,  and  cat- 
tie,  25  miles  ne  of  Rochelle,  and  55  w 
s of  Poictiers.  Lou.  0 54  w,  lat.  46 
30  N. 

Fontenoy,  a village  of  the  Hairault,  Neil 
therlands,  noted  for  a battle  fought  May,  1, 
7745,  between  the  French  under  marshal 
Saxe,  and  the  allies  commanded  by  the  duke 
of  Cumberland,  iu  Which-  the  latter  were 
worsted,  four  miles  se  of  Tournay.  Lon.  3 

24  E,l«t.  50  37  N. 

Fontevrai’d,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Mayenne  and  Loire,  France,  with  a fa» 
mous  abbey,  in  which  are  interred  several 
kings  and  queens  of  France  ; seven  miles  sE 
of  Saumer. 

Fora,  an  island  on  the  w coast  of  S Jut- 
land, 20  miles  in  circumference,  lying  be- 
tween those  of  Nordstrand  and  Sylt.  The 
chief  place  is  Utersen.  Lon.  8 30  e,  lat.  55 
48n. 

Footdee,  or  Footie,  a considerable  village 
near  New  Aberdeen. 

Forbes  and  Kearn,  two  united  parishes  in 
Aber:leenshire,  about  six  miles  and  a- 
half  in  length,  and  two  in  breadth,  lying 
betv/een  Bogie  and  the  Don.  The  grea- 
ter part  is  moor  and  uncultivated.  Po- 
pulation about  413,  many  of  whom  are  em- 
ployed in  spinning  flax,  and  knitting 
stockings.  About  22  miles  w of  Abei^ 
deen. 

Forcalquier,  a town  in  the  depart n^ent  of 
the  Lower  Alps,  France,  stands  on  a hill 
by  the  river  Laye,  30  miles  ne  of  Aix.  Lon. 
6 12  E,  lat.  43  57  n. 

Force,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Dordogne,  France.  The  principal  trade  of 
ihe  inhabitants  consists  in  cattle,  grain  and 
wine ; six  miles  w of  Bergerac. 


F O 11 

at  strong  town ' Ftaneom^, 
and  bishopric  of  Bamberg,  has  a fine  arse- 
aah  The  French  became  masters  of  it 
m 1T96,  but  the  Austrians  soon  after  re- 
covered it.  Seated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Kednitz  and  Wesaent  f 16  miles  sse  of 
Bamberg.  Lon.  1 1 19  jb,  iat.  49  41  n. 

Ford,  in  Mid- Lothian,  and  parish  of 
BorthW'iok,  10  miles  6E  of  Edinburgh,  on 
the  London  road,  situated  in  a pleaisant  dell, 
and  has  a bleaohieid  and  a manofaolure  of 
ploughs,  ifec.  improved  by  the  celebrated 
Mr.  Small.  : 

Fordice,  a parish  and  village  on  the  sea- 
coast  of  Banffshire.  ■ The  parish  is  of  a 
triangular  figure,  each  side  feeing  about 
seven  and  a-haif  miles  in  length.  Sea  weed 


Forelaiidy  South,  a cape  which  fofin§'tfc0 
s£  coast  of  Kent.  It  is  called  South  in  re^ 
sped  to  its  bearing  from  the  other  Foreland^ 
which  is  13  miles  to  the  n.  The  famous 
road  called  -the  Down  dies  between  these 
two  promontories.  Lorn  1 18  E,  lat  dil 
1:2  N.  • ' ^ 

Foreland,  South,  u on  the  w coast  of 
N America^  in  Cookes  riiver* ; Lon.  451? 
29  w,  lat.  60  50  N . - ai 

Forest,  Black,  or  Sehwartzwald.,  a largf? 
forest  of  Suabia,  right  side  of  the  Bhittei: 
The  name  is  principally;  confined  to-  tha4> 
part  which  is  situated  between  the  Khin^^ 
Switzeriand,  and  the  territory  of  Wurtem-t 
hurg.  f'  , ; 

Forest  Towns,  a name  given  to  foul 


is  the  pirincipal  manure.  The  village-b-^nowns  in  the  Black  Forest,  on,  the  froatiere^^ 


about -a  mife  from  the  sea,  is  a botough  of 
barony,  has  a weekly  market, annual 
fair  on  All  Hallows.  The  population  of 
the  parish  is  about  2,T4T.  The  sod  is  well 
cultivated  arid  productive.  A variety  of 
ii#h,  corals,  and  spunges  are  found  on  the 
coasL::  lu;  the  parish  are  severed  villages. 
See  Portsdy  and  Sandend. 

Fordmgbridye,.3i  town  in  Hants,  with  a 
we^ly  market  on  Saturday,  and  a fair  Sep- 
tember 9th.  The  chief  manufacture  is 
ticking.  It  is  seated  on  the  Avon,  10 
miles  s Of  Salisbury,  and  88  v/  by  s of  Lon- 
don. 

Fowdon,  a parish  in  Kincardineshire, 
about  ten  miles  long,  and  seven  broad.  The  [ 
surface  and  soil  are  various.  It  contains 
three  villages  F^rdpun,  noted  as  the  birth- 
place of  Johannes  de  Fourden,  author  of 
the  Scotiehrqnieon  ; Auchineblae,  and  Kin- 
cardine ; with  2,223  inhabitants.  The  late 
celebrated  lord  Monboddo^was  born  in  this 
parish.  This  place  is  famous  for. having 
been  the  temporary  residence,  and  (as  is 
believed)  the  burial  place  ot  Pailadius, 
whom  Pope  Celestine  sent  into  Scotland,' 
in  the  5th  century,  to  oppose  the  Pelagian 
heresy.  There  are  vestiges  of  a Roman 
camp,  near  which  an  urn,  containing  ashes, 
was  found  inclosed  within  five  fiat 
stones.  The  town  of  Fordown  has  a small 
linen  manufacture,  and  is  14  miles  w of 
Stonehaven. 

Fordsand,  a small  island  near  the  coast  of 
Sieswick.  Lon.  8 35  e,  lat.  55  I n. 

Fordwich,  a smali  town  m Kent,  a mem- 
ber of  the  cinque  port  of  SaudWiCh,  seated 
on  the  Stour,  governed  by  a mayor  and 
jurats,  and  is  noted  for  excellent  trout,  20 
mites  NE  of  Canterbury. 

Fore,  a borough  in  w Meath,  Ireland,  is 
now  a poor  place,  12  miles  n of  JMullenz- 
gar. 

Foreland,  North,  a promoiriory  on  the 
NE  extremity  of  the  lake  pf  Thanet  in  Kent, 
on  which  a sea  mark,  near  80  feet  high,  con- 
structed of  brick,  has  been  erected  by  the 
corporation  of  the  Trinity  House.  Jt  is  two 
miles  and  a-haii\sE .of  Margate,  Lon.  1 
29  E,  lat.  51  28  Ng 


of  Switzerland,  viz,  Rheinfeld,  Seehiugeo^j; 
Laufenburg,  and  Waldshut.  They  ^re: 
ancient  domains  of  the  House  -01  : Ausrv 
tria.  i. 

FORETS,  a department  of  France^  con-.' 
taining  the  duchy  of  Luxemburg.  iLuxem^i 
burg  is  the  chief  city.  - p 

FOREZ,  a province  oi  France:,  which 
now  forms  with  the  Lyonnois,  the  depart-^, 
mentof  the  Loire  The  principal  towns 
were  Montbrison  and  Roanne.  It  is  a large*^ 
and  fertile  vatley,  and  it  produces  corn,, 
hemp,  excellent  wine,  chesnuis,  and  other 
fruits.  It  is  watered  by  the  Loire  and  other 
streams.  • In  several  places  are  mines  of 
coal  and  iron,  and  medicinal  springs.' 

Forfar,  an  ancient  royal  borough  which:, 
gives  name  to  a county,  someiimes  also 
called  Angus-shire.  It  is  governed  by 
provost,  two  bailies,  and  19  counseUorsy 
annually  elected,  who  have  the  manage- 
ment of  a yearly  revenue  of  about  400Lj 
The  church  is.  elegant  and  • commodious., 
The  town-house  shewy,  but  the  prisom 
rooms  are  wretched.  The  streeis  are 
irregular,  but  many- of  the  houses  are  neat  ; 
and  well  hiiiit.  The  town  contains  about 
4,000  inhabitants,  who  have  a considera- 
ble  manufacture  o osiiaburg',  coarse  linens, 
and  shoes.  Forfar  joins  with  Penh  Dun« 
dee,  St.  Andrews,  and  Cupar-Fife,  in  .send- 
ing a men  ber  to  parliament.  Here  was 
tormerly  a casile,  the  occasional  resid  nee. 
of  royalty,  and  in  which  a parliariient^ 
met  in  1052.  The  market  is  on  Satur^. 
day,  and  it  has  six  annual  fairs.  The  man-i 
tiers  of  the  town  are  greatly  improved: 
during  the  last  30  years ; 17  miles  n by^ 
R oi  Dundee,  and  57  from  Edinburgh  in 
the  same  direction.  Lon.  2 52  w,  lat.  ^ 
37  N.  The  parish  vf  Fortar  is  about  six-, 
miles  in  length : and  five  in  breadih.  Tlie 
surface  is  in  geiieral  level  ; the  .soil  va-: 
ricus  but  productive.  Be.sides  the  lake  oi. 
Forfar  near  the  town,  there  are  other  two 
lakes  in  the  parish,  (Restenet  and  Fithie,} 
which  have  been  aln  ost  d.ained  Jor  the  ^ 
moss  and  marl  they  contain.  The  popup 
lation  of  the  parish  was  5622c  bj  the  last 
census.  On  Forfar  moor  adjommg  the 


F cnii 

Iftfce,  at©  reitiaiiis  of  a eamp  and  a nnm- 
ber  of  sepvilcbral  ston^^.  It  the  scene 
of  a battle  between  the  Piets  and  Scots 
in  830. 

Forfarshire^  or  Angws^  a.  county  of  Scot- 
land, extending  ^46  miles  from  N to  s,  and 
its  greatest  breadth  from  e to  w is  nearly 
42  nriles  Part  of  the  Grampian  moun- 
tains run  through  this  comity,  by  which  it 
is  agreeably  diversified  with  hill  and  dale. 
1^1.  some  of  the  western  districts  the  Gaelic 
language  is  spoken.  The  low  part  of  the 
eountry  is  well  cultivated,  produces  abun- 
dant crops  of  grain ; flax  is  a considerable 
article,  but  vast  quantities  of  that  article, 
and  more  of  hemp,  is  imported  to  supply 
the  manufactures,  which  all  over  this  coun- 
ty’ are  carried  on  with  much  spirit,  and  to  a 
great  extent.  The  women  are  very  great 
proficients  at  the  two  banded  wheel.  The 
cotton  manufacture  has  found  its  way  also 
into  this  county.  Limestone  is  abundant, 
but  no  coals  have  been  found.  It  contains 
lead  and  iron  in  abundance,  together  with 
quarries  of  freestone  and  slate.  The  heaths 
and  woods  abound  with  hart,  hind,  roebuck, 
and  moor-game ; the  streams  are  stocked 
with  trout  and  salmon ; the  hills  are  cover- 
ed with  flocks  of  sheep ; and  the  fields  af- 
ford plentiful  harvests  of  wheat  and  all 
sorts  of  grain.  This  county  includes  <53 
parishes,  among  which,  besides  the  county 
town,  are  four  royal  boroughs;  viz  Dun- 
dee, Montrose,  Aberbrothiok,  which  are 
sea  ports,  and  Brechin,  besid.^s  the  towns  of 
Glammis.  and  Kir-iemuir.  The  population 
about  97,127.  The  real  land  rent  is  esti- 
mated at  124  0001.  sterling.  The  principal 
rivers  are  the  Tay  and  the  N and  S Esk, 
the  lesser  ones  the  Isla,  the  Digfaty,  the 
Elliot,  all  abounding  with  salmon  end 
trout. 

Forgan,  a parish  in  Fifeshire,  on  the  s 
bank  of  the  Tay,  about  four  miles  long, 
and  two  broad.  The  soil  is  in  general  a 
light  loam.  At  Nev/port  and  Woodhaven 
are  regular  ferry-boats  to  Dundee.  Popula- 
tion above  990. 

Forgan,  Lang.  See  Longforgan, 

Forgondennyy  a parish  in  Perthshire, 
lying  chiefly  in  the  fertile  vale  of  Statherne. 
It  is  about  five  miles  long,  and  two 
broad.  The  village  of  Forgan  is  about 
half  a mile  s of  the  Erne  and  four  s of 
Perth,  containing  240  inhabitants,  is  near- 
ly built.  It  has  two  annual  fairs.  On 
the  summit  of  a conic  *1  hill,  a mile  s of 
the  village,  are  the  remains  of  a Danish 
fortification,  surrounded  with  a wail  <500 
feet  in  circumference.  It  is  called  Castle 
Law,  and  commands  an  extensive  pro- 
spect. Here  is  a tower  erected  by  the 
late  lord  Ruthven.  There  are  othir  three 
villages  in  the  parish,  viz.  Ardargie,  New- 
ton, and  Path  of  Condie.  Population 
about  1,000. 

Forges,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 


F O R 

Lower  Sebie/ France,  noted  for  its  mineral 
waters,  24  mrl^  jiit  of  Rdver. 

For  glen,  a f'arish  of  Banffshire^  about 
three  miles  and  a-half  in  length,  and  two 
and  a-half  in  brekdtb,  washed  on  the  e by 
the  Deveron,  to  which  it  has  a gentle  slope4 
The  soil  is  light  and  fertile,  and  the  greater 
part  is  under  cultivation.  Salmon  are 
cheap  and  plenty.  In  the  middle  of  a wood 
is  a druidioal  temple.  Here  too  is  the 
Forglen  House,  the  seat  of  lord  Banfl^ 
beautifully  situated  on  the  banks  of  tho 
Deveron,  seven  miles  s of  Banff*  The  po- 
licy is  laid  out  with  great  taste.  Popula- 
tion about  600. 

Forgue,  a parish  in  Aberdeenshire^  about 
nine  miles  long  and  six  broad,  watered  by 
a rivulet  of  the  same  name.  The  soil 
is  generally  a deep  rich  loam,  and  con- 
siderable plantation^  have  been  made  upon 
the  heathy  tract  towards  the  sv  It  con- 
tains 1,768  inhabitants.  The  hill  of  For- 
gue rises  about  1000  feet  above  the 
Deveron.  In  the  parish  are  several 
druidical  circles  and  vestiges  of  Roman 
w’orks. 

Forked  Head,  a cape  on  the  s coast  of 
the  island  of  Cape  Breton.  Lon.  76  4 
lat.  45  42  k. 

Forlazzo,  a town  in  the  province  of  Bari;, 
11  miles  sE  of  Teramo,  Naples. 

Forli,  an  episcopal  city  of  Romagna, 
Italy,  seated  in  a fertile  country,  hear 
Rones.  It  is  situated  near  the  site  of  the 
ancient  Foeom  Livii,  whence  it-  had  its 
name  and  first  inhabitants.  It  has  a Castle, 
10  churches,  and  many  colitenfs ; 11  rniles 
ssw  of  Ravenna,  Lon.  11  4 E,  Tat.  44 

16  N. 

Forlimpopuli,  anciently  Forum,  PompiHi, 
an  episcopal  town  of  Italy.  It  is  four 
miles  E of  Forli. 

FORMARTIN,  a diTrict  Tb  Aberdeen- 
shire, which  is  comprehended  in  the  GarioCb, 
and  part  of  Buchan,  between  the  rivers  Don 
and  Yihan. 

FORMOSA,  an  island  in  the  Chinese 
sea.  The  island  is  about  280  miles  in 
length,  from  n to  s ; and  60  from  e lo  w, 
in  its  broadest  part,  but  greatly  contracted 
at  eacti  extremity  ; discovered  by  the  Chi- 
nese so  late  as  1430.  In  1634,  the  Dutch 
built  the  fort  of  Zealand,  in  ihe  w part, 
but  were  driven  out  n 1661.  In  1682, 
the  whole  island  became  subjf-ct  to  me 
emperor  of  China.  A long  chain  of  moun- 
tains from  K to  s,  divide  it  into  fvo 
parts.  That  pari  only  which  is  situat- 
ed to  the  w of  the  mountains  belongs  to 
China:  the  eastern  part  is  but  little  known. 
The  coasts  are  rocky  and  high ; there 
is  but  one  bay  at  the  mouth  of  a river,  and 
and  this  is  so  narrow,  and  so  well  defend- 
ed by  forts  and  high  rocks  on  each  side, 
that  there  is  no  entering  it  by  surprise, 
though,  when  the  ships  are  once  got  in,  they 
are  safe.  Formosa  presefUts  extensive  and 


F O R 


FOR 


feftiire  plains,  watered  by  a great  tjumber 
of  rivuieis,  but  its  water  is  not  good,  and 
particularly  hurtiul  to  strangers.  Its  air 
is  pure  and  wholesome,  and  the  earth  prq- 
cucrs  in  abundance,  coris,  ri^e,  and  the 
greater  part  of  other  grains.  Most  of  the 
Indian  fruits  are  found  here,  and  part  oi 
fhose  in  Europe.  Tobacco,  sugar,  pepper, 
camphor,  and  cinnamon,  are  also  com- 
mon. Domestic  poultry  are  very  plenti 
fill ; and  monkeys  and  stags  wanJer  through 
the  country  in  large  flocks.  The  inhabi- 
tants of  Forirosa  rear  a great  number  of 
oxen,  which  they  use  for  riding,  for  want 
of  horses  and  mules ; there  oxen  ar>  fur- 
nished with  a bridle,  sadtUe,  and  crupper. 
The  IndiuKs  are  united  into  45  villages,  36 
of  which  lie  to  the  n,  and  nine  towards  the 
s.  The  iiorlbern  viilc^ges  are  very  popu-  | 
Ions,  and  the  houses  are  built  almost  alter 
" the  Chinese  m<  mier.  The  habitations  of 
the  southern  islanders  are  only  heaps  of 
huts,  or  cottages  of  earth.  Their  favourite 
arms  are  lances,  which  they  dart  to  the 
distance  of  66  or  80  feet.  The  e part  of 
the  island  is  mountainous,  and  inhabited  by  j 
a people  courteous  and  honest,  never  giving 
o^ence,  and  ne-’er  forgiving  an  injury. 
They  subsifi  on  cattle  and  fish.  Their 
mountains  are  stud  to  conttdn  mines  ot  gold 
and  silver.  The  capital  of  Formosa  is  | 
Tai-ouang,  a name  which  the  Chinese  give 
to  the  w^hole  island.  Between  Formossa 
and  the  continent,  are  a great  number  of 
small  islands  called  Pongkou  by  the  C hi- 
nese, and  Pi^cadores'y  by  the  Europeans  j 
tb^y  form  a small  circhipelago*  In  I7b2, 
this  fine  island  was  overwhelmed,  and  al- 
most totally  destroyed,  by  a furious  hurri- 
cane, and  dreadful  inundation  of  the  sea. 
Lon.  from  1 16  to  122  e,  lai.  from  22  6 to 
25  20N. 

Formosay  an  island  near  the  coast  of 
Africa,  about  two  leagues  long,  and  one 
wide.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  well  cover-: 
ed  wdth  trees,  Lon.  14  20  w’,  lat.  11 
29  N. 

Fornelloy  a town  in  the  province  of  Mo- 
lise, iT  miles  w of  Molise,  Naples. 

Foriiovoy  a town  in  Parma,  Italy,  in 
the  vicinity  of  which,  in  1495,  Charles 
VIII.  of  Fra  ce,  gained  a victory  over 
the  Italian  princes ; eight  miles  wsw  ol 
Parma. 

Fcroriy  le  ComptCy  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Lower  Meuse,  six  miles  from 
Maestricht,  France. 

, Forresy  a royal  borough  in  Morayshire, 
near  the  bay  of  Findhorn,  the  mouth  of 
which  is  its  port.  It  is  neatly  built,  and 
is  governed  by  a provost,  two  bailie.^,  and 
dean  of  guild,  annually  elected.  It  joins 
with  Fortrose  Nairn,  and  Inverness,  in 
sending  a member  to  parliament.  It  has 
a grammar,  an  English,  and  a boarding 
school,  all  pretty  well  endowed  ; a weekly 
market,  and  six  annual  fairs.  In  the  vici^ 
nity,  is  a pillar,  called  Sweno^s  Stone,  25 


feet  in  beigbt>  covered  with  antique  «ouIp« 
tore,  supposed  to  commemorate  a victory 
gained  over  the  Danes  by  Malcolm  II,  iu 
1008  In  a moor  near  this,  Shakespeare 
has  laid  the  scene  of  Macbeth’s  conversa- 
tion wiiii  the  witches.  The  parish  is  about 
four  miles  long,  and  two  and  a-hult  broad, 
mostly  arable  and  fertile.  By  the  lat© 
census,  the  whole  inhabitants  were  3U4, 
The  town  is  14  miles  w of  Elgin,  and  210 
N of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  3 20  w,  lat.  57 
35  N. 

Forsay  a small  island  of  Argyllshire,  ad- 
jacent to  the  island  of  Easdale.  It  abounds 
with  slate. 

Fersey  a river  in  Caithness,  which  run* 
into  the  sea,  six  miles  w of  Thurso. 

Forstay  a town  of  Lusatia.  and  a little 
island  ir.  the  river  Neisa.  The  chief  trad© 
is  the  manufacuire,  of  fine  woollen  afid 
linen  cioibs  and  carpets.  It  has  a castle, 
and  is  15  miles  ssw  of  Guben. 

Forsteiiovey  a town  in  Westphalia,  and 
bishopric  of  Osnabruck  ; 15  miles  frdrtf  Os- 
nabruck. 

Forster’s  Harbour , a bay  in  Hudson’s 
strait,  Hudson’s  bay.  Lon  73  30  w,  lat, 
62ISn. 

Fort  Augustus,  See  Augustus  Fort, 
Fort  des  AntelSy  a fort  in  the  department 
of  the  Channel.  France,  three-lourtbs  of  a 
league,  nw  of  Cliei  buig. 

Fort  Badenstehiy  a fort  belonging  to  th® 
Dutch,  on  ihe  Gold  Coast. 

Fort  Charlotte,  See  Charlotte  Fort, 

Fort  Culonge,  a lort  of  Lower  Canada, 
57  leagues  w of  Montreal. 

Fort  Jjaifpiiiny  a town  of  St.  Domingo, 
with  a spacious  harbour.  Lon.  71  48  w, 
lat.  J9  41V. 

Fort  Edward,  a fort  of  the  state  of  New 
York,  33  miles  n of  Albany, 
j Fort  Erie,  a fort  at  the  ne  extremity  of 
! Lake  Erie,  N America. 

Fort  hranklin,  a iort  in  the  v part  ot 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Allegany  river,  46 
miles  K of  Pittsburgh. 

Fort  William,  See  Maryburgh,  and 
William^  Fort, 

Fortesene  Bay,  a bay  of  South  America, 
I in  the  Straits  of  Magellan.  Lon.  73  22  w. 


lat.  53  39  s. 

FORTEVENTURA,  or  Fuerte  Vek- 
TURA,  one  of  the  Canary  islands,  about  65 
miles  in  length,  and  from  8 to  24  broad, 
cotisisting  of  two  peninsulas,  joined  by  an 
isthmus,  12  miles  broad,  ar»d  beautifulljr 
diversified  wiih  hills  and  vallies. 
island  produces,  besides  the  other  fruits 
common  to  the  Canaries,  a prodigious  abun- 
dance of  dates,  mastic,  and  olives,  with 
orchel  for  dyeing,  and  a species  oi  fig  tree 
that  yields  a medicinal  balm  as  white  as 
milk.  It  contains  an  incred  ble  number 
of  goats.  Three  towns  are  on  the  eastern 
coast,  Langala,  Tarafato,  and  Po^o 
The  w point  is  in  Ion*  14  o2  w. 


lat.  28  4 N, 


F OR 

' Porter)My  n parish  in  Peithshire^  abowt 
miles  lon^  aad  two  bFoad,  stretching 
across  the  beautiful  vale  of  Stratherne. 
kv*ersected  by  the  Erne  and  May,  and 
bK'ludinp*  sorr-e  of  tbe  highest  of  the  Ochil 
hii'is.  It  includes  the  parish  of  Muckarsie 
annexed  to  it,  the  church  of  which  is  still 
standinw-.  This  parish  is  said,  in  ancient 
to  have  been  the  residence  of  many 
pictish,  and  afterwards  of  Scottish  kings. 
Here  died  king  Kenneth,  who  finally  anni- 
hilated the  Pictish  monarchy ; and  the 
daU'^hter  of  the  miller  of  Forteviot  mill, 
which  still  exists,  who  was  mother  to  Mal- 
colm Canmore  Hungus,  king  of  the  Piets, 
founded  the  church.  Here  are  several  rude 
stone  pillars,  arid  tumuli:  at  Dronareby, 
is  a stone  cross,  with  heiroglyphic  engrav- 
ings on  it ; and  lome  remains  of  a chapel 
rit  the  Kirktown  of  Mailer.  In  this  parish 
is  a bridge  over  the  Erne.  Population 
about  786. 

Forth,  the  ancient  Bodotria,  a large  and 
important  rivet  of  Scotland,  which  rises 
on  the.  N side  of  Ben  Lomond,  and  enters 
the  carse  cf  Stirling  about  six  or  eight 
miles  above  that  town  The  windings  of 
this  river  between  Craigforth,  a little  above 
Stirling  and  Alloa^  occupy  a space  of 
26  miles,,  tbpugh  it  is  only  seven  in  a 
direct  Ifoe.  For  20  miles  above  Craigforth, 
4t  runs  very,  slow,  having  only  about  one 
foot  of  fall,  it  is  said,  in  a mile.  It  is  navi- 
gable for  vessels  of  80  tons  as  far  as  Stirling 
bridge,  and  for  ships  of  any  burden  as  far 
as  Grangemouth.  Alter,  a course  of  near 
40  miles,  it  ipeets  the  sea  near  Ailoa,  where 
it  forms  a noble  estuary,  called  the  Frith 
of  Forth.  The  direction  of  this  Frith  is 
iiearly  irona  .a  to  w,  and  its  length  from 
the  inland  of  May,  situated  at  ius  mouth, 
to  AUo%j  is  about  50  miles.  It  divides 
Fife  and  Clackmannan  on  the  n,  from 
dhCf  Loihians  and  Stirlingshire  on  the  s. 
Its  breadth  is  unequal;  at  Leith  it  is  nine 
miles  at  Queensferry  two,  but  farther 
nlaud  at  Borrowslonaess,  it  is  four.  In 
the  ASstuary  are  several  islands,  and 
many  good  harbours  and  road  steads.  A 
communication  between  this  Frith  and 
the  Clyde,  by  the  Great  Canal,  was 
happily  acoompiished  on  the  28th  of 
July,  1790.  See  Bowling  Bay,  and 
Canal, 

Fortingal,  a.  parish  in  the  itfw  part  of 
Perthshire,  including  that  of  Kilchoan,  an- 
nexed to  it,  about  37  miles  long,,  and  . 17 
broad.  It  comprehends  three  districts, 
viz.  Fortingal,  a fertile  valley,  contain- 
ing a number  of  villages,  Glen- L}  on,  and 
Rannoch.  Its  lakes  are  Loch  Kannooh, 
Loch  Eroch,  Loch  Lyon,  and  a number  of 
smaller  lochs ; the  crops,  owing  to  the 
climate  are  precarious.  A great  quantity 
"Of  fiax  is  raised  and  spun.  Veins  of  lead 
ore  appear-  ia  the  parish.  Prior  to  1748, 
the  inhabitants  subsisted  in  a great  mea- 
12 


iF  0 6 

sure  by  ^pluuder,  since  that  period  they 
are  much  improved  in  their  morals,  cir- 
cumstances, and  dress.  There  aye  four 
places  of  public  worship  in  which  the 
minister  officiates  alternately.  There  are 
four  schools,  established  by  the  society 
for  propagating  Christian  knowledge.  In 
the  church-yard  is  a yew  that  measures 
52  feet  in  girth,  many  vestiges  of  circular 
forts  and  a Roman  camp  inclosing  about 
80  acres.  Population  3875. 

Fertrose,  a royal  burgh  iu  Ross-shire, 
near  the  n side  ol  the  frith  of  Moray, 
opposite  Fort  George.  It  is  composed  of 
two  towuis,  Chanonry  and  which 

were  united  by  a charter  i-i  J444,  undei 
the  common  name  of  For-^ose,  It  unite* 
with  Forres,  Naun,  and  Inverness,  in 
ing  a member  to  parliament.  It  has  several 
annual  fairs,  and  an  ticaden<y  estaol  shed 
by  several  public  spiritea  ^^eutlemeii,  for 
the  instruction  of  youth,  in  trie  languages, 
and  principles  of  science.  Cbanonry  which, 
was  the  residence  of  the  bishop  of  Ross 
is  the  seat  of  a presbytery.  Two  small 
parts  of  the  cathedral  remain,  one  used,  .as 
a burying-place,  the  other  as  a court-house 
and  prisou  ; eight  miles  enb  of  Inverness, 
nine  ssw  of  Cromarty,  and  167  nnw  of 
Edinburgh.  It  contains  about  740  inhabit 

tants.  ^ , 1.  ^ 

Foriroyal,  capital  of  the  island  of  Gratia* 

da.  See  George,  St,  r • • 

Fortroyal,  the  capital  of  Martinico, 
stands  on  the  w side  of  the  islanu,  and  has 
one  of  the  best  harbours  in  the  W Indies, 
protected  by  a strong  citadel.  Lon.  61  9 w, 

lat.  14  36n.  r,  ^ 

Fortune  Island,  or  Good  Fortune  Island, 
a small  island  near  the  sw  of  Sumatra. 
Lon.  90  25  e,  lat.  1 36  s. 

Forza  de  Agro,  a town  of  Sicily,  20  miles 
s of  Messina. 

Fossano,  a town  of  Piedmont,  with  a 
citadel,  on  theSture,  10  miles  ne  of  Com, 
containing  about  9,000  inhabitants.  Lon. 

‘ 7 56  E,  lat.  44  45  N.  ' r .u.,, 

Fossat,  a town  in  the  department  ot  tno 

Arriege,  France.  .,  , 

Fossaway,  and  Tulliehole,  two  united 
parishes;  the  former  belonging  to  the  coun- 
ty of  Perth,  and  the  latter  to  that  ot  Kin- 
ross. They  occupy  a considerable  extent 
of  the  Ochil  hills  and  the  valley  at  their 
foot.  The  hills  are  generally  green  to  the 
top,  and  great  part  of  the  lands  are  ino  os 
Population  is  about  1,312. 

Fosse,  a town  in  Namur, 
stands  between  the  Sambre  and  ^ 
seven  miles  sw  of  Namur.  Lon.  ^ 

lat.  50  22  N»  , c*iii 

Fosse,  a noted  Roman  high-way,  ^till 

visible  in  many  places,  beginning  at  o 
ness,  runs  ne  by  Exeter,  passes  Sheptou- 
MaUet,and  Bath,  intersects  Gloucestershire, 
Warwickshire,  LeicestershirCj  and  Li^oin- 
shire,  terminates  at  Barton  on  the  Hunv'’ 
3 A 


F OU 

bet,  extending  about  280'  miles  from  se 
to  NW. 

Fossomhrone,  a town  of  Urbino,  Italy, 
with  a castle  on  a mountain  by  the  Metro, 
10  miles  se  of  Urbiuo.  Lon.  12  48  e,  lat. 
43  40  N. 

Possum,  a town  23  miles  w of  Christiana, 
Norway,  noted  for  rich  mines  of  Cobhalt ; 
35  miles  w of  Christiana. 

Fosta,,8Ltown  in  the  province  of  Smaland, 
21  miles  e of  Upsal,  Sweden. 

Fotheringay,  a town  in  Northampton- 
shire. Here  are  the  ruins  of  a castle  noted 
as  the  birth-place  of  king  Richard  III.  and 
wherein  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  was  behead* 
cd  in  1586.  In  the  church  are  buried 
two  dukes  of  York ; Edward  killed  at 
Agincourt,  in  France,  and  Richard  slain  at 
Wakefield. 

Foue.  See  Faotia, 

Foveran,  a parish  on  the  sea  coast  of 
Aberdeenshire,  on  the  s side  of  the  Ythan, 
about  four  miles  long,  and  two  broad.  The 
soil  is  rich  and  wholly  arable.  Population 
about  1,391. 

Fougeres,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Hie  and  Vilaine,  France,  with  an  old 
castle,  containing  about  4,000  inhabi- 
tants, whose  principal  trade  is  in  leather, 
it  was  taken  by  John  king  of  England, 
in  1202,  and  stands  on  the  Coesnom,  25 
miles  NE  of  Rennes,  ai«l  150  w by  s of 
Paris.  Lon.  1 1 w,  lat.  48  22  n. 

Foula,  or  Fowla.  See  Fula. 

Foul  Sound,  a strait  of  the  Atlantic,  be- 
tween the  islands  of  Inishere  and  Inismam, 
on  the  w coast  of  Ireland. 

Foulden,  a parish  and  village  in  Ber- 
wickshire, N side  of  the  Whitadder  which 
is  here  confined  by  very  steep  banks. 
The  parish  contains  about  six  square  miles 
of  well  cultivated  land.  The  village  is 
a borough  of  barony,  and  has  two  annual 
fairs,  now  very  inconsiderable.  Foulden 
castle  is  in  ruins.  Population  is  about 
393. 

FOITLI,  Fcly,  or  Pkoley,  a country 
of  Africa,  on  the  side  of  the  river  Sene- 
gal, extending  500  miles  from  e to  w'. 
The  country  is  popiiioiis,  the  soil  fertile, 
and  capable  of  furnishing  an  advanta- 
geous commerce,  if  the  inhabitants  were 
industrious.  They  are  in  general  of  a 
taw’ny  complexion.  They  are  diligent 
as  farmers  and  graziers.  As  their  chief 
wealth  is  in  their  cattle,  some  of  them 
lead  a wandering  life,  with  large  flocks 
of  cows,  sheep,  goats,  and  horses.  This 
hard  laborious  life  is  greatly  increased 
by  the  continual  necessity  they  are  under 
of  defending  themselves  and  their  cattle, 
against  the  depradations  of  those  fierce 
aftimals  with  which  the  country  abounds ; 
lions,  tygers,  and  elephants  assaulting 
them  from  the  land,  and  crocodiles  from 
the  rivers.  The  king  of  this  country  is 
called  Siratick,  and  though  he  seldom 


F O 0 

appears  with  i\ie  badges  of  raa^tyj  yet  he 
is  a prince  of  great  ahtbority  over  his 
subjects,  and  much  respected  by  his  neigh- 
bours. The  crown  is  heriditary.  The 
people  of  Fouli  are  oelebrated  by  travellers 
as  an  extremely  hospitable  nation ; not 
is  their  humanity  in  any  other  particular 
less  commendable:  for  as  soon  as  any^^ 
of  them  has  the  misfortune  to  fall  into 
slavery,  all  the  rest  join  «tock  to  redeem" 
him.  Their  arms  are  composed  of  bowa 
and  arrows,  lances,  swords,  daggers> 
and  oecasionaliy  a kind  of  small  fuseey 
all  of  hi  eh  they  use  with  dexterity 
and  address,  superior  to  most  jiegro  na- 
tions. 

Fonlis,  Easter,  a parish  in  Perthshire, 
lately  united  to  Lundie.  See  Lnndie  and 
Fonlis. 

Foalis  Wester,  a parish  and  village  in 
Perthshife,  between  Perth  and  Crieff.  Tbo 
parish  is  about  eight  miles  long  and  six 
broad,  w^atered  by  the  Almond.  The 
greater  part  is  under  pasture.  The  vil- 
lage contains  about  140  inhabitants.  Po- 
pulation of  the  parish  is  about  1,600. 
The'  village  has  three  annual  fairs ; is 
10  miles  w of  Perth.  Near  the  church 
is  still  seen  the  site  of  an  ancient  castle, 
the  residence  of.  the  earls  of  Stratherne, 
in  the  12th,  13tb,  and  14th  centuries. 

FOULNESS,  an  island,  with  a chureh 
and  village,  named  Cotesebd-,  -^porated 
by  a narrow  channel,  from  the  ^ se  part 
of  the  county  of  Essex.  It  is  about  12 
miles  in  circumference,  eight  miles  e by 
s of  Rochford.  This  island  is  much  im^ 
proved  by  draining  in  tbeDutc^h  style.  It 
has  a fair  July  lOth. 

Fouhham,  a town  in  the  county  of 
Norfolk,  with  a market  on  Tuesday'  j 
16  miles  nw  of  Norwich,  and  III  ne  cf 
London. 

Four  Cantons,  Lake  of*  See  Waldsdar^ 
ter  See. 

Fourche,  a chain  of  mountains,  in  Swit- 
zerland, in  which  the  Rhone  rises. 

Fourmile  Water,  a village  and  river  to 
the  county  of  Waterford,  Ireland.  The 
village  is  five  miles  sw  of  Clonmell,  and  22 
w of  Waterford. 

Fourneaux,  an  isle  in  the  South  Sea. 
Lon.  14.3  2 w,  lat.  !T  II  s. 

Fourno,  a town  in  the  proviuce  of  Ca- 
raraania,  Asiatic  Turkey,  10  miles  wsw  of 
Satalia. 

Fou  Tcheou,  a city  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Fo-kien,  China,  and  one 
of  the  most  considerable  in  the  province, 
on  account  of  its  trade,  the  number  of 
its  literati,  and  the  convenience  of  its 
rivers  and  harbour.  It  is  the  residence 
of  a viceroy,  and  has  under  its  jurisdic- 
tion nine  cities  of  the  third  class  ; 
360  miles  ne  of  Canton,  and  870  s 
of  Peking.  Lon.  119  4 lat.  26 
4 N, 


POX 

( FotirTchecUy  a city  of  the  first  rank,  I 
ii)  the  province  of  Kiang-si,  China,  and 
hefure  it  was  ruined  by  the  Tartars,  one 
vl  the  most  beautiful  in  China,  735 
miles  s of  Peking,  Xtom  115  56  e,  lat. 

%7  55  N. 

Fowcyy  Faweyy  or  Foy^  a sea  port  town 
Ip  the  county  of  Cornwall,  at  the  mouth 
of  a river  of  the  same  name,  with  a com- 
modious and  safe  harbour,  and  a market 
on  Saturday,  and  annual  fairs  on  May- 
day  and  September  10th.  The  town  is 
populous  and  flourishing;  besides  the  pil- 
chard. fishery,  the  inhabitants  carry  on 
some  foreign  trade.  It  is  a corporation 
and  burgh  town,  governed  by  a mayor, 
aldermen,  recorder,  &o.  sends  two  merri- 
bers  to  parliament,  elected  by  the  inhabi- 
tants, paying  scot  and  lot,  and  is  one  of 
the  feudal  teimres  of  the  duke  of  Cornwall, 
and  is  one  pf  the  coinage  towms  in  which 
tin  is  stamped.  Formerly  this  town  rank- 
ed high  among  the  sea  ports  of  England. 
Th^  harbour  is  defended  by  St  Catharine 
fort,  on  the  summit  of  a steep  pile  of 
rocks,  and  an  adjoining  battery.  The 
streets  are  so  narrow,  and  have  such  sud- 
deuf  ' turnings,  that  they  do  not  admit  wheel 
carriages.  It  stands  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Sowey,  32  miles  sw  of  Lawnceston,  and 
^39  w by  s of  London.  Lon.  4 37  w,  laU 
50  19n. 

FOWLA,  or  Fule,  one  of  the  northern 
isles  of  Scotland,  supposed  to  be  the  Ulti~ 
ma  Thule,  of  the  ancients.  It  is  about 
three  miles  long,  and  one  and  a-half  broad, 
nearly'  30  miljes  distant  westward,  of  the 
clusters  of  Orkney  and  Shetland,  to  which 
last  it  is  politically  annexed.  It  affords 
excellent  pasturage  for  sheep,  and  is  inha- 
bited by  26  or  27  families, 

FOX  ISLAXD  an-  island  on  the  w 
coast  of  Ireland,  seven  miles  e of  Sly  me 
Head. 

FOX  ISLANDS,  a group  of  islands, 
in  the  Northern  Archipelago,  betw’een  the 
coast  of  Kamtschatka,  and  the  w coast  of 
America,  between  52  and  55  n lat.  and  are 
16  in  number,  f This  is  their  general  name, 
on  account  of  the  great  number  of  black, 
grey,  and  red  foxes  with  which  they  abound. 
The  inhabitants  feed  on  the  productions 
of  the  sea,  and  generally  eat  it  raw. 
Their  dress  is  a cap^  and  a coat  of  fur 
which  reaches  down,  to  the  knees.  Their 
arms  are  bows,  arro\vs,  darts,  and  a 
wooden  shield.  They  have  no  superiors, 
no  chiefs,  neither  lav/s  nor  punishments, 
and  live  on  a footing  of  the  most  perfect 
equality.  They  live  in  families,  and  so- 
cieties of  families  termed  a race,  and  unite 
together  for  mutual  defence.  They  seem 
to  have  a good  share  of  understanding,  are 
slow  in  action,  and  appear  cold  and  phleg- 
matic, but  when  roused  become  furious 
and  revengeful.  The, Russians  called  these 
islanders  the  Ljssie  Ostravo. 

j 


FRA 

Foxford,  a town  in  the  county  o| 
Mayoh,  on  the  river  Moy,  eight  miles  n 
of  Castlebar. 

Foy,  St,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Lot  and  Garonne,  France,  on  the  Dordagne, 

38  miles  e of  Bourdeaux.  Lon.  0 5 E,  lat. 

44  49  N. 

Foyers.  See  Fyers. 

Foyle,  a river  of  Ireland  which  passes  by 
Londonderry,  and  four  miles  below,  ex- 
pands into  a large  bay,  called  Lough  Foyle, 

14  miles  long,  and  eight  broad,  which 
communicates  with  the  ocean  by  a short 
and  narrow  strait,  over  this  rivei  at  Lon- 
donderry, a wooden  bridge,  1068  feet  in 
length,  of  singular  and  excellent  structure 
was  thrown  in  1791,  by  an  ingenious  Ame- 
rican of  the  name  of  Cosee. 

FOYN'S  ISLAND,  an  island  in  thp 
Shannon,  21  miles  below  Limerick. 

Foz,  a town  in  the  province  of  Alentejo, 
Portugal,  eight  leagues  ne  of  Lisbon. 

Foz,  a town  in  the  department  of  the  Var, 
France,  four  miles  ne  of  Barjols. 

Fraga,  a town  in  Arragon,  on  the  fron^ 
tiers  of  Catalonia,  Spain,  strongly  situated 
on  a sharp  rock  near  the  Cinca,  whose  high 
banks  are  difficult  of  access.  In  its 
is  a hill  that  cannot  be  easily  approacheu 
with  cannon.  Here  in  1 134,  Alphonzo  VII. 
king  of  Arragon  was  killed  by  the  moors, 
when  he  laid  siege  to  the  town ; -63  miles 
ESE  of  Saragossa.  Lon.  0 24  e,  lat.  41  28  n. 

Fragnino,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Principato  Ultra,  Naples,  eight  miles  n of 
Eenevento. 

Fragoas,  a town  in  the  province  of  Es- 
tremadura,  Portugal,  seven  miles  nw  of 
Santareu.  ; v ; 

Frails,  rocks  on  the  s coast  of  the  county 
of  Wexford,  in  Ireland. 

Frariilingham,  a town  in  the  county 
of  Suffolk.  It  has  a spacious  market 
place,  and  a large  stately  church,  built 
entirelj'  of  black  flint,  with  a steeply 
100  feet  high.  Market  on  Saturday  ; it 
has  a good  alms  house,  and  a free  school. 
This  was  the  retreat  of  the  princess  Mar^, 
when  lady  Jane  Grej”^  was  proclaimed 
queen,  and  ^ here  she  found  that  suppopt 
which  in  a short  time  seated  her  on  the 
throne ; 30  miles  e of  Bury,  and  87  ne  of 
London. 

Frampton,  or  Frometou,  a town  in  the 
county  of  Dorset,  on  the  Frome,  five  miles 
NW  of  Dorchester. 

Francaise  Fort,  a bay  on  the  coast  of 
Brasil,  in  South  America.  Lou.  34  26  w, 
lat.  7 0s.  . 

Fraucavilla,  a town  of  Italy,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Naples,  in  Terra  de  Otranto, 
has^  a trade  in  cotton,  stockings,  oil,  and 
snuff;  15  miles  ene  of  Tarento. 

Francavilla,  a town  in  Basilicata^ 
Naples,  on  the  Siho,  20  miles  wsw  of 
“ irsi.  , 

FRANCE,  a country  of  Europe.  * This 
3 A 2 


FRA 

extensive  country,  previous  to  ihe  over^ 
throw  of  the  Roman  empire,  was  nailed 
Gallia  or  Gaul  ; but  a turbulent  and 
enterprising  nation  of  Germany,  named 
Franks  or  Freemen,  conquered  the  Gauls, 
and  seized  their  territory ; and  from  this 
people  it  received  its  present  name.  This, 
country  is  situated  between  42  deg. 
and  51  deg.  n lat.  and  between  8 deg.  e 
and  5 deg.  w Ion.  from  Paris.  Its  length 
from  north  to  south  is  540  geographi- 
cal miles  ; the  breadth  from  east  to 
west  530  ; and  the  superficial  contents 
48,840  square  miles.  From  the  reign 
of  Cloves,  in  480,  to  the  death  of 
Louis  XVI.,  in  n93,  France  was  an  abso- 
lute monarchy  governed  by  kings  ; and 
was  divided  into  provinces,  or  military 
governments ; namely  Alsace,  Angouraois, 
Anjou,  Armagnac,  Artois,  A unis,  Au- 
vergne, Barrois,  Basques,  Bearn,  Eeny, 
Bigorre,  Blasois,  Boulonnois,  Bourbon- 
Bois,  Bresse,  Bretagne,  Burgundy,  Cara- 
bresis.  Champagne,  Couferans,  Daiiphiny, 
Forez,  Foix,  Franche  Gompte,  French 
Flanders,  Gascony,  Gevaudan,  Guienne, 
French  Hainault,  Isle  of  France,  Lan- 
guedoc, Limosin,  Lorrain,  Lyonois,-  Marche, 
Maine,  Marsan,  Navarre,  Niverilois,  Nor- 
mandy, Orleanois,  Perche,Perigord,  Picardy, 
Poitou, ^Provence,  Quercy,  Rouergue,  Rou- 
sillon,  Saintonge,  Soissonnois,  Touraine, 
Velay,  and  Vermandois.  The  religion  was 
the  Roman  Catholic,  and  the  country  was 
divided  into  18  archbishoprics,  and  113 
episcopal  sees,  besides  Avignon,  Carpentras, 
Caivaiilon,  and  Vaison  which  belonged  to 
the  Pope.  In  iT89,  a revolution  took 
place  which  astonished  the  world.  The 
ancient  division  into  provinces,  or  govern- 
ments, was,  by  a solemn  decree  of  the 
nation,  changed  into  that  of  83  departments, 
of  which  the  island  of  Corsica  made  one. 
The  names  of  these  departments  are  Ain, 
Aisne,  Allier,,  Alps  Upper,  Alps  Lower, 
Ardecbe,  Ardennes,  Arriege,  Aube,  Aude, 
Aveiron,  Calvados,  Cantai,  Charente,  Cha- 
rente  Lower,  Cher,  Coneze,  Cote  d^Or, 
Cotes  du  Nord,  Crcuse,  Dordogne,  Doubs, 
Drome,  Eure,  Eure  and  Loire,.  Finisterre, 
Gard,  Garonne  Upper,  Gers,  Gironde, 
Hcrault,  Indre,  Indre  and  Loire,  Isere, 
iUe  and  Vilaine,  .lura,  Landes  Loire  and 
Cher,  Loire,  Loire  Upper,  Loire  , Lower, 
Loiret,  Lot,  Lot  and  Garonne,  Lozeie, 
Mayenue,  Mayenne  and  Loire,  Manche, 
Marne  Upper,  Meurte,  Meuse,  Morbihan, 
Moselle,  Nord,  Nievere,  Oise,  Orne,  Paris, 
Pas  de  Calais,  Puy  de  Dome,  Pyrennees 
Upper,  Pyrennees  Lower,  Pyrennees 
Eastern,  Rhine  Upper,  Rhine  Lower, 
Rhone,  Rhone  (Mouths  of  the),  Soane 
Upper,  Soane  and  Loire,  Sarte,  Seine  and 
Oise,  Seine  Loire,  Seine  and  Marne, 
Sevres  (Two)  Semme,  Tarn,  Var,  Vendee, 
Vienne,  Vicnue  Upper,  Vosges  and  Yonne. 
These  constitute  the  original  territory  of 
Firauce,  and  the  population  WJts-.^estimated 


F R A 

1 27,900,000.  The  countries  that  wer® 
added,  during . the  late  successful  eareer 
of  the  government  were  Corsica,  Savoy, 
Piedmont,  the  w part  of  the~  Milanese, 
the  duchy  of  Parma,  the  bishopric  of  Basil, 
the  countries  of  Avignon  and  Geneva, 
the  countries  of  Venaissiu  and  Niece, 
the  Netherlands,  and  all  the  German  ter- 
ritory w oi  the  Rhine,  which  countries 
formed  26  departments,  namely  Alps, 
Maritime,  Dyle,  Forets,  Goto,  Jeraappe, 
Ivrea,  Leman,  Liam^jiie  Lis,  Marengo, 
Meuse  Lower,  Mont  Blanc,  Mont  Terrible, 
Mont  Tonnere,  Ncthes,  (Two)  Ourthe, 
Po,  Rhine  and  Moselle,  JEloer,  Sambre  and 
Meuse,  Sarre,  Scheldt,  Sesia,  Stura,  Ta- 
naro,  and  Vaucluse.  This  acquisition  of 
territory  made  an  addition  of  7,000,000 
inhabitants  to  France.  Besides  the  whole 
kingdom  of  Holland  which  was  united'/to 
it,  in  1810.  The  late  sue  cesses  r:;  of  the^ 
allies,  however,  and  the  peace  of  1SJ4 
signed  at  Paris,  and  ratified  by  the  dif- 
ferent powers,  has  reduced  France  to  her 
ancient  limits ; besides  many  of  the  frontier 
towT.s  are  to  remain  in  their  possession,  and 
a large  armed  force  belonging  to  the  allies 
to  be  kept  in  France  for  a certain 
period,  for  the  protection  and  security  of 
Louis  XVIII.  and  liis  government.  The 
•French  nation  after  suffering  the  greatest 
calamities,  and  shedding  rivers  of  blood 
for  the  amelioration  of  their  govern- 
ment, have  now  the  old  dynasty  on  the 
throne,  and  some  time  must  elapse  before 
it  be  known  whether  the  return  of  the 
Capets  shall  be  a blessing  to  France,  and 
to  the  v/orid.  In  1792,  after  the  massacre 
at  the  Thuilleries  on  the  lOtb  of  Augu;?t, 
the  national  assembly  decreed  the  sus- 

' pension  of  royalty,  and  the  convocation 
of  a national  convention,  which  met  on 
the  2 1st  of  September,  and  instantly  decreed 
the  formation  of  a republic.  Louis  XVI. 
was  tried,  condemned,  and  beheaded  on 
the  2 1st  of  January  1793,  in  the  Place  de 
la  Revolution,  The  queen  shared  the  same 
fate  in  the  same  place,  in  October  foU 
lowing,  and  the  king^s  sister  was  behead- 
ed in  the  same  place,  in  May  1794.  Tho 
Dauphiue  of  disease  in  June  1795.  Now 
one  faction  and  now  another  obtained  tiro 
a?oeudency,  the  prisons  were  crow'ded 
and  the  scaffolds  streamed  with  blood, 
in  every  part  of  the  lepublic.  . They 
formed  the  year  into  decades,  in  open 
violation  of  the  divine  law,  W in  the 
end  of  1794,  a more  moderate  system  pre- 
vailed, and  the  convention  found  it  ne- 
ces.sary  to  declare  publicly  their  belief  in 
a supreme  being,  and  the  immortality  of 
the  soul,  and  to  permit  again  the  exercise 
of  religious  worship.  Before  the  conclusion 
of  1795,  the  French  were  in  possession  of 
Savoy,  and  the  Netherlands,  made  peace 
with  Prussia  and  formed  an  alliance  with 
Holland ; in  L796,  under  general  Bona- 
parte, they  subdued  Lombardy,  look  Man- 


FRA 

tua,  penetrated  the  Tyrol,  and  menaced 
Vienne,  when  the  emperor  commenced 
a negotiation  for  peace.  They  oveitiirned 
.the  government  of  Venice,  and  ai  the 
peace  of  Campo  Formio,  in  the  year  1797, 
ceded  the  city  and  great  part  of  the  ter- 
ritory to  Austria.  In  1798,  general 
Bonaparte,  with  a formidable  army,  was 
sent  into  Egypt.  Their  armies  on  the 
Rhine  met  such  severe  reverses  iu  1799, 
they  were  nearly  driven  out,  both  of  Italy, 
and  Svvisserland.  The  tide  w^as  again 
turned  by  Masseua^s  victory  over  the  Aus- 
tro-Russian  army  at  Zurich.  Bonaparte 
returned  from  Egypt,  dismissed  the  direc- 
tory, and  formed  the  consular  govern- 
ment, he  recovered  the  affairs  of  France. 
In  1801.  the  treaty  of  Luneville  was  con- 
cluded, and  the  peace  of  Amiens  signed 
•with  Britain,  in  1802.  Bonaparte  was 
appointed  consul  for  life,  on  the  20th  of 
May  .1804  he  assumed  the  title  of  emperor, 
and  was  crowned  by  the  pope.-  The  war 
again  bioke  out  in  Germany  in  1805, 
which  in  the  same  year  is.sued  in  the  peace 
of  Presburg.  In  1806  w^as  formed  the 
confederation  of  the  Rhine;  in  1807  Prus- 
sia w^as  conquered,  and  the  peace  of  Tilsit 
signed ; the  fatal  expedition  to  Moscow 
and  subsequent  disasters,  after  a series  of 
the  most  desperate  and  bloody  battles, 
led  to  the  resignation  of  the  crown  of 
France,  by  Bonaparte,  now  in  exile  at  St. 
Helena,  and  the  restoration  of  the  Bour- 
bons. By  conquest,  &e.  ths  S3  depart” 
ments  have  been  since  increased  to  108- 
But  it  is  impossible  to  state  correctly  the 
extent  of  several  divisions  of  France;  be- 
cause, ambition,  and  almost  uninterrupted 
success,  were  daily  bringing  the  addition 
of  new  territory.  There  is  no  country  of 
Europe  more  beautiful  than  that  was,  be- 
fore the  revolution,  mor«  agreeable  to 
live  in,  than  France ; the  air  in,  general, 
is  pure  and  wholesome,  and  the  change 
of  seasons  is  less  inconvenient  than  in 
almost  any  other.  In  the  southern  parts, 
the  winters  are  indeed  sharp,  but  of  short 
duration.  The  seasons  are  more  regular 
than  in  England.  The  French  are  more 
diminutive  and  slender  than  the  inhabi- 
tants of  this  country  ; but  they  have 
acted  a respectable  part,  in  every  depart- 
ment, which  required  bodily  strength. 
The  most  striking  features  of  their  nati- 
onal character,  are  politeness,  vivacity, 
gaiety,  affability,  and  ease.  Their  late 
government,  namely  that  of  the  emperor 
Napoleon,  is  confessedly  despotic ; the 
executive  power  was  lodged  entirely  in 
the  will  of  the  emperor,  w'ho  had  the 
powder  of  choosing  a successor.  The- 
code  of  civil  laws  recently  digested,  was 
remarkable  for  its  elegance  and  perspi- 
cuity.  An  astonishing  degree  o/  activity 
pervmled  every  department  of  government, 
literature  was  patronized,  and  the  internal 
improvement  of  the  country  w^as  promoted. 
Popery  was  established  by  law ; but  the 


FRA 

Galician  church,  is  strictly  speaking, 
independant  of  the  pope.  The  Protestant 
church  had  the  same  liberty  as  the  Catho- 
lic, and  where  the  people  were  unable  to 
support  their  mini.sters,  government  engaged 
to  do  it ; but  lately  they  have  experienced 
a cruel  persecution  at  Nimes  and  othe? 
places.  The  soil,  diversified  by  moun- 
tains and  plains,  is  watered  by  a great 
number  of  large  and  small  rivers,  which 
serve  at  once  to  fertilize  the  country, 
and  convey  merchandize  from  one  extre- 
mity of  the  nation  to  the  other.  The  in- 
dustry of  the  inhabitants,  joined  to  its 
natural  advantages,  render  it  one  of  the 
most  fertile  countries  in  Europe.  It 
abounds  in  corn,  legumes,  fruit  w ines,  oil, 
pasture,  hemp,  and  fiax,  sufficient  for  its 
own  inhabitants,  eind  much  to  spare.  Here 
are  mines  of  iron,  lead,  and  copper  ; there 
are  likewise  some  of  silver  and  gold,  but 
the  last  are  not  rich  enough  to  defray  the 
expence  of  working.  The  chief  produc- 
tions of  France  are  wines,  as  Champagne, 
Burgundy,  claret,  &c.  brandy,  vinegar, 
fruit,  such  as  prunes  and  prunelloes,  dried 
grapes,  pears,  apples,  oranges,  and  olives; 
corn,  salt,  hemp,  flax,  silk,  resin,  oil,  soap, 
cork,  kid-skins,  perfumes,  drugs,  <fec.  The 
manufactures,  are  silks,  such  as  lustrings, 
modes,  brocades,  velvets,  d^c.  woollen  cloth, 
linen,  coarse  and  fine  lace,  paper,  china  of 
exquisite  beauty  and  fineness,  soap, 

The  French  have  for  some  years  past  ob- 
tained the  secret  fi-om  Spain  of  making 
Castile  soap,  as  it  is  called,  and  have  very 
large  manufactures,  both  at  Marseilles  and 
Toulon.  The  principal  ri  vers  are  the  Seine, 
the  Loire,  the  Garonne,  and  Rhone.  France 

said  to  contain,  exclusive  of  the  late  ac- 
cessions, 400  cities  or  walled  towns,  and 
43,000  small  towns  or  villages.  Paris  is 
the  capital,  which  was  taken  by  the  allies 
March  3ist,  1814, 

FRANCE,  ISLE  OF,  bounded  by  tiie 
rivers  Seine,  Marne,  Oise,  Aisne,  and  Our- 
que.  It  is  divided  into  the  departments  of 
the  Oisey  Seine  and  Oise,  Seine  and  Marne, 
and  Paris. 

FRANCE,  ISLE  OF,  or  Mauritius,  an 
island  in  the  Indian  ocean,  400  miles  e of 
Madagascar,  discovered  by  the  Portuguese, 
but  first  settled  by  tfie  Dutch,  in  1598,  who 
gave  it  the  name  of  Mauritius,  in  honour  of ' 
their  stadtholder,  prince  Maurice.  When 
they  got  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  it  was  de- 
serted, till  the  French  landed  in  1720,  and 
gave  it  the  name  of  one  of  their  richest  pro- 
vinces in  France.  It  is  150  miles  in  cir- 
I cumference,  the  soil  not  very  fertile,  but  has 
I a healthy  climate.  Some  of  its  numerous 
moutitaiirS  are  so  high,  that  their  tops  are 
covered  with  snow,  but  they  produce  the  best 
ebony  in  the  world.  The  vallies  are  well 
watered.  The  chief  produce  is  indigo. 
The  town  and  harbour,  called  Fort  Louis, 
are  strongly  lortified.  In  the  hurricane 
months,  the  harbour  cannot  shelter  rpore  than 
eight  vessels.  Here  are  large  storehouses, 


inner 

are 


FRA 

and  ample  material  for  tjfe  equipment  of 
fleets.  The  island  was  taken  by  the  British 
in  1810.  Lon.  of  Fort  Louis  5T  33  e,  lat. 
20  10  s* 

F)'anc€scnsy  a tow^n  in  the  department  of 
the  Lot  and  Garonne,  France.  Loii*  0 30  e, 
lat*  44  3 N, 

Franqfort  on  the  Maine,  a fortified 
city  of  Watteravia,  Gernaany,  on  the 
borders  of  Franconia,  situated  in  a plea- 
sant, fertile,  and  healthy  coimtry,  on 
•the  river  Maine,  by  which  it  is  divided 
into  tw'o  parts ; that  on  the  north  is  pro- 
perly called  Francforf  ; the  other  on  the 
south  side  of  the  Maine  is  called  Saxen- 
hausen;  the  whole  divided  into  J4  wards, 
tw'o  only  of  which  are  situated  in  Sax- 
enhausen.  Frankfort  is  about  a league 
and  a-half  in  circumference.  The 
wall  is  lined  with  towers ; beyond 
^itciies  filled  with  w^ater,  ramparts,  bas- 
tions, &c.  Here  are  several  palaces  and 
courts.  The  principal  edifice  is  the  town- 
house,  in  which  is  preserved  the  golden  ) 
bull,  the  origin  of  the  fundamental  laws 
Of  the  empire.  The  principal  church  be- 
longs to  the  Romau  Catholics,  but  Luthe- 
ranism is  the  established  faith,  and  all 
religions  are  tolerated.  The  jew^s  are  se- 
fbrated  from  the  other  citizens,  and  live  in 
a.  long  narrow  street,  fenced  by  a high 
wall.  Here  the  king  of  the  Romans  is 
elected.^nd  crowned.  The  principal  streets 
are  handsome.  Frankfort  was  one  of 
?he  most  commercial  places  in  Europe, 
v/hich  was  greatly  assisted  by  two  celebra- 
ted annual  fairs.  The  territory  of  Frank- 
lorjt  contains  a great  number  of  country  j 
bonnes,  and  several  villages.  Frankfort  j 
was  taken  by  the  French  in  1T92,  but 
soon  after  surrendered  by  them  to  Ihe 
Prussians^  It  is  20  miles  e of  Mentz, 
and  350  wnw  of  Vienna.  Lou.  8 32  e, 
lat.  50  7 N. 

Franofort  on  the  OdeVy  a town  in  tJpper 
Saxony  and  Middle  Mark  of  Brandenburg, 
with  an  university,  a noble  academy,  a so- 
ciety for  the  promoting  of  arts  and  sciences, 
two  colleges,  two  fauxbourgs,  and  several 
churcbes.  It  has  three  great  fairs,  and  the 
exclusive  right  of  navigating  the  Oder  up 
to  Breslau.  It  is  45  miles  e by  s of  Ber- 
lin, and  72  s of  Stettin.  Lon.  14  39  e,  lat. 
52  23  N. 

FRANCHE  COMPTE,  a district  of 
France,  anciently  a part  of  the  kingdom  of 
Burgundy,  125  miles  long  and  80  broad.. 
Almost  one  half  of  the  country  is  level, 
abounding  in  grain,  wine,  pasture,  hemp,  <fec. 
The  rest  is  mountainous,  but  breeds  excel- 
lent cattle.  There  are  mines  of  copper, 
iron,  lead,  and  silver,  mineral  springs,  and 
quarries  of  alabaster  and  marble.  The 
principal  rivers  are  the  Saone,  the  Ougnon, 
and  the  Doubs.  It  is  divided  into  three  de- 
pariinents  of  Mount  Jura,  the  Doubs,  and 
Upper  Saone, 

Franchemofit,  a town  in  tho  terntory 


F R A 

of  Leige,  Netherlands.  It  is  12  miles  se  oi 
Leige. 

Francis,  St,  a large  river  of  Brazil,  which 
enters  the  Atlantic  in  lat.  11  20  s*  It  has  a 
number  of  settlements  and  towns,  chiefly  on 
its  head  waters. 

Frandkenmarky  Or  Fr^ankemark,  a town  of 
Austria,  eight  sw  of  ttoglabruck.  . , 
Francoise,  La,  a town  im  tW  departmenr 
of  the  Lot,  France.  Lon.  18  54  Ferro, 
lat.  44  7 N.  , ^ . 

FranciscoySt,  el  town,  capital  of  a. 
tory  of  its  name,  on  the  coast.of  New  AlJflbn,. 
has  a citadel  and  a fine  harbour^  a pd  i|.  the 
most  northern  settlement  of  the  Spahiaids 
on  this  continent,  Lon.  122  37  w>  hil,’ 37 
48  N.  ' . , ..  ..  _ „ 

Francois,  Cape,  a city  and  sea  pori  lb 
w part  of  Hispaniola.  It  coutaine^_8by!|. 
inhabitants,  but  w’as  greatly  depppule^efl 
1793,  w'hen  the  negroes  and  ratilatlEies.JA^Sr; 
sacred  all  the  white  people.  Jt  stands  on 
the  N side  of  the  island,  150  miles  isw  of- 
St.  Domingo.  Lon.  72  18  w,  lat.  1940 
FRANCONIA,  situated  near  the  centre, 
of  Germany,  the  form  inclining  to.  a circle 
whose  diameter  is  about  50  leagues.  : Xu.  th^, 
centre  the  land  is  fertile  in  corn,  wine,  ; 
&c. ; but  the  frontiers  are  full  of  forests  and 
mountains,  and  little  cultivated.  'J’he  prin- 
cipal river  is  the  Maine.  The  inhabitants oC 
many  of  the  towns  are  Roman  Catholics^ 
though  the  principal  part  are  Lutherans, 
The  Calvinists  have  several  churches  ; ajid . 
there  are  some  synagogues  for  Jews. 

Franks  w'ho  subdued  Franoe,  came  frp^nt  lljis 
province,  and  called  their 
France,  after  their  own  name.  Frjipconia 
was  overrun  by  the  French,  in  XTyfi>  apd 
again  in  1800.  > i _ > 

Franchonville,  El  town  10  milCf  PA- 
ris,  France.  ^ ^ 

Franeker,  a town  in  Friesland, 

It  is  wintered  by  two  canals,  navigable  for 
barges,  and  has  a castle.  , It  has  alsp 
university  of  considerable  celebrity.- 
one  of  the  neatest  towns  in  Friesland,  ahd, 
the  ordinary  residence  of  the  noblesse  pf 
country  ; nine  miles  w’^  of  Lewardin, 

5 38  E,lat.  53  U N.  . . * 

Frankenau,  di  tow  n in  the  prinoij^Iily  oI 
Upper  Hesse,  Germany,  26  miles  sw  pi 

'^Frtmkenhurp,  ^ tov!u  in  Upper  Saxony 
and  territory  of  Misnia,  has  a manufacture 
of  woollen  stuffs;  seven  miles  nne  of 
Chemnitz.  , . y 

Frankcnhaly  a town  in  the  department  oi 
Mont  Tonnere,  France,  formerly  of  Ger- 
many, situated  in  a fertile  plain,  on  a navi- 
gable canal  which  communicates  with  tne 
Rliine.  The  inhabitants  are  engaged  in. 
manufactnres  of  porcelain, cloth  serges,  silk, 
stuffs,stockings,soap,  &c.  Itwas  taken  »iy 
the  French,  in  1793,  and  retaken  by  tiie 
allies  in  the  follow  ing  year,  and  stands  two 
miles  w of  the  Rhine,  and  seven  s of  Worms. 
Hcrpthe  emperor  piiarles  V . caused, a con- 


FRA 

ference  to  be  held  with  the  Anabaptists  at 
feis  own  expence,  vhich  conference  was 
printed.  Lon.  8 29  e,  lat.  49  25  n. 

Frankenhamen,  a tov/h  in  Upper  Saxony, 
and  principality  of  Schwartzburg,  Rudol- 
stadt,  seated  on  a branch  of  the  Wipper,  26 
miles  N of  Erfurt.  It  has  rich  salt  works. 
Lon.  11  IT  E,  lat.  51  16  n. 

Frankenstein^SiXovfwm  the  principality  of 
Munsterberg,  Silesia,  on  the  river  Bautze, 

12  miles  wsw  of  Munsterberg. 

Frankenstein^  a town  of  Germany,  in 

the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  nine  miles  se 
of  KaysersTautern. 

. Frankenstein,  a town  in  the  department 
of  the  Sarte  and  Moselle,  France.  Lon.  97 
55  E,  lat.  49  18  n. 

Frankfort,  capital  of  Kentucky,  on 
the  jigiit  bank  of  Kentucky  river,  60  miles 
from  its  junction  with  the  Ohio,  in  Frank- 
lin county.  It  is  a flourishing  town,  regu- 
larly laid  out,  and  has  a number  of  hand- 
some houses,  82  miles  ssw  of  Circintiati,  and 
430  vv  by  s of  Washington.  Lon.  85  12  w, 
lat.  38  10  N. 

Frankfort,  the  capital  of  Pendleton  coun- 
ty, Virginia,  on  the  s branch  of  the  Poto- 
mac, 140  miles  nw  of  Richmond. 

F^KANKLAND  ISLANDS,  a cluster  of 
islands  on  the  ne  coast  of  New  Holland, 
Pacific  Ocean.  Lon.  146  0 e,  lat.  17 

13  s. 

FRANKLIN,  a county  of  Pennsylvania, 
also  a county  of  Georgia,  in  the  United 
States. 

Franklin,  Fort,  in  Allegany  county, 
Perjiisylvania,  on  the  Allegany,  at  its  junc- 
tion with  French  Creek.  It  was  built  in 
1787;  to  miles  N of  Pittsburg.  Lon.  80 
40  w,  lat.  41  25  N. 

Franklinmlle,  a town  in  Kentucky,  77 
miles  ssE  of  Frankfort. 

Frankstown,  a town  of  Pennsylvania,  in 
Huntingdon  county,  on  a branch  of  the 
Juiiiatta,  20  miles  w by  s of  Huntingdon. 

Franqitemont,  a town  of  Switzerland,  on 
the  Doubs,  in  the  bishopric  of  Basel,  16 
miles  X of  Neuchatel,  and  23  w of  Soleure. 

Franzhnrg,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
Hither  Pomerania,  14  miles  s of  Straisund. 
It  was  founded  in  1587,  on  the  site  of  a 
rich  abbey,  100  noblemen  engaged  to  build 
it  only  for  arts  and  manufactures,  but 
it  has  not  succeeded.  Lon.  13  10  e,  lat. 
54  9 N. 

Frascati,  an  episcopal  town  in  the  Com- 
pagna  di  Roma,  Italy,  stands  on  the  side  of 
a'  mountain,  is  a bishop’s  see,  alw^ays  pos- 
sessed by  one  of  the  six  eldest  cardinals. 
Its  neighbourhood  is  celebrated  for  a num- 
ber of  magnificent  palaces  and  country  seats. 
Frascati,  with  Frivoli  and  Albano,  is  the 
favourite  abode  of  the  landscape  painters 
who  travel  into  Italy  for  improvement. 
Nothing  can  surpass  the  admirable  assem- 
blage of  hills,  meadows,  lakes,  cascades, 
gardens,  cfec.  which  here  charm  the  eye. 
Frascati  was  the  ancient  Tusculum.  Here 


FRA 

in  the  II  lb  century  some  Greek  monki 
buili  a covent  on  the  ruins  of  Cicero-J 
Villa.  It  is  12  miles  se  of  Rome. 

Frasla,  a towm  in  the  duchy  of  Stiria, 
10  miles  w of  Cilly,  Germany. 

Fratelli,  tw'o  small  islands,  25  miles  vr 
from  the  island  of  Scarpanto,  Mediterranean. 

Fraubrunneh,  or  Frauenbrun,  a town 
and  seat  of  a bailiwick,  in  the  canton  of 
Bern,  Switzerland^  w^hich  takes  its  name 
from  a famous  monastery,  seven  miles  n 
of  Bern. 

Frauenburg,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Pil- 
sen,  five  miles  sw  of  Hayd,  Bohemia. 

F)‘auenburg,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Ermeland,  on  the  Frisch-Haff,  Prussia. 
Copernicus,  the  celebrated  astronomer,  died 
here  in  1543,  14  miles  exe  of  Elbing,  and 
38  sw  of  Konigsburg. 

Frauenkurg,  a town  of  the  duchy  of 
Courland,  20  miles  sse  of  Goldingen. 

Frauenfeld,  the  capital  of  the  Thurgau, 
Switzerland,  has  a good  castle,  and  stands 
on  an  eminence,  by  the  Murg.  The  pro- 
testants  and  Roman  catholics  have  each  a 
church  ; and  the  magistracy  is  composed  of 
the  professors  of  both  religions;  19  miles 
of  Zurich.  Lon.  8 52  e,  lat.  47  33  n. 

Frauenmarck,  a towm  of  Hungary,  si^ 
miles  NE  of  Levens. 

Frauenstein,  a city  in  Carniola,  five  miles 
N of  Ciranberg,  Germany. 

Frauenstein,  a town  in  Upper  Saxony^ 
in  Misnia,  on  the  Roberisoh,  20  miles  ssw 
of  Dresden. 

FrauenthaL  d^  io^VL  in  Stiria,  10  miles  s 
of  Voitsburg,  Germany. 

Frauheim,  a town  in  Stiria,  four  miles  N 
of  Windisch  Weistritz,  Germany. 

Frauhoffen,  a town  of  Lower  Bavaria, 
three  miles  s of  Landsbut. 

Fimmberg,  a town  in  Stiria,  seven  miles 
ESE  of  Oberw^oltz,  Germany. 

Fraustadt,  a towm  in  the  palatinate  of 
Posen,  Poland,  built  and  inhabited  by  Ger- 
mans. The  chief  commerce  is  in  cattle 
and  wool.  In  1706,  the  Swedes  obtained 
a signal  victory  over  the  Saxons,  in  this 
vicinity.  It  stands  on  •the  froiltiers  of  Si- 
lesia, 20  miles  nw  of  Glogau,  and  55  ssw  of 
Posen. 

Frazerburghy  a parish  in  Aberdeenshire, 
about  eight  miles  in  length,  and  three  in 
breadth.  The  whole  surface,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  hill  of  Mormond,  is  level,  and 
the  soil  in  general  good.  It  has  about  four 
miles  of  sea  coast,  and  commands  some 
valuable  fisheries.  Population  above  2200, 
Limestone,  ironstone,  and  granite  are  found 
in  this  parish. 

FrQzerhurgJi,  a town  the  above  parish, 
seated  on  the  German  ocean,  a little  s of 
the  point  of  Kinuara’s  Head.  The  houses' 
are  neatly  built,  and  the  streets  spacious. 
The  harbour  is  small  but  excellent.  Frazer- 
burgh  is  a burgh  cf  regality,  governed  by  a 
provost,  two  bailies,  a dean  of  ^uild,  and 
couacil.  It  is  49  miles  n of  Aberdeen,  and 


F R E 


F R E 


164  »NE  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  14Tw;  lat.[ 
57  28  N.  / , 

Fredehurg,  a town  of  Westphalia,  Ger- 
many, on  the  Wenne,  23  miles  sse  of 
Arens  berg.  t 

Ifedeland,  a.  town  of  Prussian  Pomera- 
rania,  60  miles  ssw  of  Dantsic. 

Fredenv  alde,  a town  in  Upper  Saxony,  1 1 
miles  s of  Prenslow. 

Frederica,  a town  in  Georgia,  United 
States,  in  Glynn  county,  and  on  the  w side 
of  St.  Simonas  island,  with  a safe  and  com- 
modious harbour,  64  miles  sw  of  Savanna. 
Lon.  80  56  w,  lat.  34  6 n. 

Fredericia^  a strong  sea  port  in  North 
Jutland,  and  diocese  of  Ripen.  It  is  si- 
tuated on  the  Little  Belt,  and  has  a custom 
house,  wliere  all  vessels  pay  a toll.  The 
circumference  is  extensive ; but  not  well 
filled  with  bouses  or  people.  A considera- 
ble quantity  of  tobacco  is  planted  both 
within  and  without  the  walls,  Lon,  9 44  e, 
lat.  55  37  N. 

Frcderick’^Town,  a capital  of  New  Bruns- 
wick, in  N America,  on  the  river  St.  John, 
navigable  thus  far  for  small  vessels,  90  miles 
above  the  city  of  St.  John.  Lon.  66  45 
lat.  46  3 N. 

Frederick- Town,  the  capital  of  a county 
of  the  same  name,  Maryland,  seated  near 
the  Monooacy,  and  has  a trade  with  the  back 
country;  47  miles  v;  by  n of  Baltimore. 
Lon.  77  36  w,  lat.  39  26  N. 

Frederick's  Burgh,  the  capital  of  Spot- 
sylvania county,  Virginia,  and  a place  of  ex- 
tensive trade j stands  on  the  s side  of  the 
Rappahanue,  50  miles  ssw  of  Alexandria. 
Lon.  77  40  w,lat.  38  12  n. 

Frederickenburg,  a towm  in  Upper  Sax- 
ony, one  mile  sw  of  Zerbst. 

Fredericksburg , a town  1a  Pomerania, 
formerly  called  Quarckenburg,  23  miles  n 
of  Statgard,  and  33  sv/  of  Colberg. 

Fredericksburg,  a castle  and  palace  of 
Denmark,  in  the  isle  of  Zefctland,  15  miles 
Nw  of  Copenhagen. 

Fredericksburg,  a Danish  fort  on  the 
Gold  coast  of  Guinea,  near  Cape  Three 
Points,  62  miles  wsw  of  Cape  Coast  Castle. 
Lon.  I 5 w,  lat.  4 30  n. 

Frederick shald,  a sea  port  of  Norway,  on 
the  frontiers  of  Sweden,  seated  at  the  mouth 
of  ithe  TiSte,  in  Swine  Sound  Bay,  province 
of  Aggerh\35*s.  The  town  contains  about 
3000  inhabitants.  On  the  summit  of  a 
rock  near  the  totvn,  is  the  fortress  of  Oever 
Bierget,  or  Frederickstein,  hitherto  con- 
sidered impregnable,  at  the  siege  of  which 
in  1718.  the  heroic  Charles  XII.  lost  his 
life.  The  principal  commerce  ol  this  town 
is  in  timber.  The  harbour  is  safe  and  co»p- 
naodious,  but  is  frequently  incommoded  with 
saw-dust  brought  down  from  the  difterent 
saw-mills,  31  miles  se  of  Christiania.  Lon, 
10  55  E,  lat.  59  12  n. 

Fredericksham,€iio^\\m  Carelia,  Russia. 
It  is  neatly  built,  and  the  streets  diverge 


like  Radri  from  the  centre.  It  is  seated 
near  the  gulf  of  Finland,  68  miles  w'sw  of 
Wiburg.  Here  in  1783,  an  interview  took 
place  between  the  empress  of  Russia  and 
the  king  of  Sweden.  Lon.  28  18  e,  lat. 
60  36  N. 

Frederickholm,  a fortress  of  Norway,  three 
miles  s of  Christiansand. 

Frederiesade,  a town  and  fortress  of  Rip- 
en, Denmark,  in  the  Little  Belt,  opposite 
to  Funen,  on  the  Baltic.  It  was  taken 
and  burnt  by  the  .Swedes  in  1657 ; 
miles  w of  Odensee.  Lon.  10  12  e,  lat. 
55  23  N. 

Frederick stadt,  a fortress  and  seaport 
town  of  Norway,  on  the  river  Glomme. 
The  inhabitants,  near  1,000  in  number, 
carry  on  some  trade  in  planks,  masts,  and 
timber,  26  miles  w of  Frederickshall.*  Lon. 
11  1 B,  lat.  59  2 N. 

Frederickstadt,  a towm  in  the  duchy  of 
Sleswick,  Denmark,  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Tren  and  the  Eyder.  The  inhabitants 
are  principally  employed  in  silk  and  woollen 
manufactures,  and  in  navigation  and  com- 
merce, 17  miles  sw  of  Sleswick.  Lon,  9 
10  b,  lat.  54  26  n. 

Frederickstein,  See  Frederickshall, 

Frederickswerk,  a sea  port  town  on  a 
bay  on  the  n coast  of  Zealand,  Denmark, 
i where  there  is  a cannon-foundery  and  mauu- 
! fac lures  of  military  articles,  established  in 
IT56. 

Frederics-sundy  a sea  port  towm  of  Zea- 
land, Denmark.  The  chief  trade  is  in  corn. 
Lon.  12  13  E,  lat.5550  n. 

Freehold,  or  Monmouth,  a town  in  the 
state  of  Jersey,  and  capital  of  Mon-* 
mouth  Cf>UDty,  United  States.  Here,  in 
1778,  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  on  bis  retreat 
from  Philadelphia,  w’as  attacked  by  gene- 
ral Washington,  and  lost  300  men;  20 
miles  s by  E of  Brunswick,  and  30  e of 
Trenton. 

Freeport,  a town  in  the  district  of  Main, 
Cumberland  county,  at  the  head  of  Casco 
bay,  10  miles  n e of  Portland. 

Freetown,  a sea  port  of  Guinea,  capital 
of  the  colony  of  Sierra  Leone,  has  a bar- 
hour  with  three  wharfs,  protected  by  a bat- 
tery ; seated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Sierra 
Leone.  Lon.  12  56  w^,  lat.  8 30  n.  Also, 
a town  in  Massachusetts,  35  miles  s of 
Boston.  ' 

FreewilPs  Island,  or  Joseph  Fveewuls 
Island,  an  island  in  %be  Eastern  Indian 
ocean.  Lon.  137  52  E,  lat.  050  n. 

Freezland  Peak,  a cape  on  Sandwich 
Land,  in  the  South  Pacific  ocean.  Lon. 

27  w,  lat.  59  2 s.  r i.t  u 

Fre/ic/,  a cape  in  the  department  of  Aorta 
Coasts,  18  miles  w of  St.  Male,  France, 
Lon.  2 15  w,  lat.  48  41  N. 

Frejiis,  or  Frejuls,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Var,  France,  formerly  a sea  port 
town  on  the  Alediterranean,  but  now  two 
miles  from  the  sea.  In  the  time  of  Julius 


% 


F R E 

Caesar,  was  called  Forum  Julii\  Many  mo- 
miments  of  its  antiquity  still  remain  ; such 
as  an  aqueduct,  an  amphitheatre,  statues, 
inscriptions,  (fee.  It  is  celebrated  as  the 
birth-place  of  that  great  philosopher  and  Ro- 
man general.  Agricola ; and  stand:*  on  the 
Argeos,  in  a morass,  40  miles  ne  of  Toulon. 
Lon.  6 44  e,  lat  43  26  N. 

Frenay-le^Vicomte,  a town  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Sarte,  France,  nine  miles 
sw  of  Alencon.  Lon.  0 15  e,  lat.  4S 
IT  N. 

- Frenchman’s  Bay,  a bay  in  the  district  of 
Main,  United  States.  Lon.  68  1 w,  lat.  44 

20  N. 

Frenchman’s  Rock,  3,  rock  on  the  coast  of 
the  parish  of  Bergue,  near  Kirkcudbright, 
stewarfry  of  Galloway,  on  which  a band  of 
French  pirates  were  wrecked,  sdhne  centuries 
ago,-  after  having  put  to  sea  with  the  booty 
they  had  collected. 

• Frescati.  See  Frascati. 

Fresclone,  a town  in  the  province  of  Mo- 
lise, two  miles  sw  of  Molise,  Naples. 

Freshwater,  on  the  sw  end  of  the  isle  of 
Wight,  SE  of  the  Needles,  at  the  bottom  of  ! 
a bay  to  which  it  gives  name,  and  celebrated 
as  the  birth-place  of  Dr.  Robert  Hooke,  the 
ingenious  inventor  of  the  pendulum  spring 
for  watches. 

Freshwater-gafe,  a small  creek  in  the 
centre  of  Freshwater  bay. 

Freshwater  Bay,  a bay  in  the  straits  of 
Magellan.  Lon.  72  13  w,lat  S3  27  n. 

Freshwater  Bay,  a bay  on  the  e coast 
of  Newfoundland.  Lon.  53  30  w,  let.  49 

10  N, 

Fresnillo,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Zacatecas,  Mexico ; 32  miles  nnw  of 

Zacatecas. 

Fresnoy,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Oise,  France,  seven  miles  swef  Coiiipeigne. 
Fresta,  a town  in  the  province  of  Upland, 

21  miles  se  of  Upsal,  Sweden. 

Fret  herd,  a parish  in  a curve  of  the  Se- 
vern, eight  miles  sw  of  Gloucester,  contain- 
ing a large  house,  in  which  was  born  Fair 
Rosamond,  mistress  to  Henry  IL 

Freuchie,  a village  in  Fifeshire,  parish  of 
Falkland,  containing  about  480  inhabitants, 
and  has  a manufucture  of  coarse  cloth. 

• Freudenherg,  a tovvn  of  Westphalia,  in 
the  county  of  Hoya,  and  principality  of 
Nassau  Siegen,  Germany,  13  miles  s byw 
of  Bremen. 

Freudenherg,  a town  of  Franconia,  in  the 
county  of  Wertheim,  on  the  Maine,  three 
miles  s of  Wertheim.  < 

Freudenstadt,  a iortified  town  in  Suabia, 
and  territory  of  Wurtemberg,  built  to  defend 
the  passage  into  the  Black  Forest,  was  taken 
by  the  French  in  1798 ; 23  miles  sse  of 
Baden.  Lon.  8 54  e,  lat.  48  33  n. 

Freudentkal,  a,  town  in  the  principality  of 
Troppau,  Silesia,  celebrated  for  its  breed  of 
horses,  and  manufacture  of  fine  linen.  It 
stands  near  the  Mobra,  24  miles  w of  Trop- 
paa, 

12  , 


F R E 

Freudenthal,  or  Bistra,  a village  of  Car- 
niola,  five  miles  n of  Circuitz. 

Freyherg,  or  Friedberg,  a town  in  Upper 
Saxony,  and  margraviate  of  Meissen,  with  h 
castle,  seated  on  a branch  of  the  Muidau. 
It  contains  six  churches,  and  about  2000 
houses.  In  the  environs  are  valuable  mines 
of  copper,  tin,  lead,  and  silver.  The  soil, 
tliough  mountainous,  is  fertile.  Here  is  the 
general  sepulchre  of  the  princes  of  tne  house 
of  Saxony  ; 15  miles  sw  of  Dresden.  Lon. 
13  22  E,  lat.  59  53  n. 

Freyb€}\g,' a town  in  the  circle  of  Olmutz, 
Moravia,  16  miles  sw  of  Tesciien,  and  48  e 
ot  Olmutz. 

Freyherg,  a tov/u  in  the  principaiity  oi 
Schweidnitz,  Silessia,  situated  near  the 
river  Polnitz.  It  is  seven  miles  kw  of- 
Schweidnitz. 

FREYE  AEMTER,  a country  of  Swit- 
zerland, anciently  called  the  county  of  Rori, 
or  Waggenthal.  The  inhabitants  are  Ro- 
man Catholics ; their  chief  employment  is 
the  cultivation  of  their  fields  and  vineyards; 
Tiio  country  is  about  seven  or  eight  leagues 
long,  and  three  or  four  broad.  Population 
is  about  20,000. 

Freyenstein,  a town  in  Erandenburgh, 
in  the  mark  of  Pregnitz,  on  the  frontiers  ot‘^ 
Mecklenburgb.  It  is  22  miles  ne  of  Perle- 
berg. 

Freyenthurn,  a town  in  Middle  Carniola^ 
on  the  Kiilp,  Germany,  seven  ifiiles  s of 
Rudolfs  worth.  ' ; . 

Freyenwalde,  a town  in  Upper  Saxony, 
and  Middle  Mark  of  Brandenburg,  Tha;  • 
inhabitants  carry  on  a considerable  trade  iir 
fish,  corn,  beer  linen,  medicinal  waters,  ajul 
alum.  It  is  seated  on  the  Oder,  and  is  36 
miles  XE  of.  Berlin. 

Freyheil,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Konigiii- 
gratz,  Bohemia.  Hi  the.  neighbourhood  are 
some  warm  baths  ; six  miles  nw  of  Trate-^ 
nau.  . 

FREZSINGEN,  or.  Fheisixgen,  or 
FsisiNGEN,  Bishopsic  QF,aQ  ecclesiastioal 
principality  of  Bavaria.  The  territories  in-i 
giudedhe  town  of  Freysingen,  the  county  of 
Ismahiug,  the  lordship  of  Buckrain,  and  th© 
county  of  Werdenfels. 

Freysingen,  the  capital  of  the  above  prin-* 
elpality,  seated  on  a mountain,  by  the  Iser. 
The  cathedral  and  episcopal  paiace  are  beau- 
tiful edifices  ; 20  miles  kne  of  Munich. 
Lon,  11  50  E,  lat.  48  20  n. 

Freystadi,  a town  of  Hungary,  with  &, 
castle,  opposite  Leopoidstadt. 

Freystadi,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Glogau,  Silesia,  with  an  ancient  castle.  The 
inhaj^tants  carry  on  a manufacture  of  good 
cloth;  14  miles  NE  of  Lagan. 

Frexstadt,  a town  in  the  principality' 
of  Teschen,  seated  on  the  river  Elsa,  Mo- 
ravia, with  a castle,  eight  miles  nnw  o£ 
Teschen. 

Freystatt,  or  Freustudt,  a town  of  Aus-» 

: tria,  1 7 miles  n of  Ens,  and  82  w of  Vieuiia^ 
It  has  a great  trade  in  wqr^ted, 

ill  3 B ■ 


F R I 

FreystatH,  a town  and  castle  in  the  county 
of  Noitra,  Hungary. 

Freystadty  a town  in  the  county  of 
Catzeneienbogen,  Germany,  near  the 
Rhine.  It  is  about  16  miles  wnw  of 
Darmstadt. 

Friar^s  Islandy  an  island  in  the  Atlantic, 
near  the  w coast  of  Ireland. 

Friasy  a town  in  Old  Castile,  Spain,  on  a 
bill  by  the  Ebro,  33  miles  enb  of  Burgos. 
Lon.  3 46  w,lat.  42  52  N. 

Fryburg,  or  Freyhurg  the  capital  of  the 
Austrian  Brisgaw,  Suabia.  The  streets  are 
broad  and  well  paved.  The  principal  church 
is  a superb  edifice,  and  its  steeple  the  finest 
ill  Germany.  Here  is  an  university,  several 
convents,  and  a college,  formerly  belonging 
to  the  Jesuits.  It  is  generally  provided 
with  an  Austrian  garrison.  The  pricipal 
business  carried  on  is  the  polishing  of  cry- 
stals and  precious  stones.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Triser,  and  is  34  miles  sse  of  Strasburg, 
and  53  s by  w of  Baden.  Lon.  7 58  e,  lat,. 
48  3 N. 

Friburgy  or  Freyhurg y called  Friburg  in 
IJcMandy  to  distinguish  it  from  Friburg  in 
Brisgaw,  the  capital  of  a canton  to 
W'hich  it  gives  name,  Switzerland.  The 
length  of  the  whole  canton  is  about  40 
miles,  and  the  breadth  about  20v  The 
3VW  part  produces  abundance  of  corn 
and  fruit ; the  other  parts  arc  mountain- 
ous, but  contain  good  pastures.  The 
cheese  made  in  this  canton,  particularly 
in  the  bailiwick  of  Gruyeres,  is  the  best 
produced  in  Switzerland.  In  some  places 
they  cultivate  vineyards  and  make  wine. 
There  are  several  medicinal  springs.  The 
principal  rivers  are  the  Sanen,  the  Sen- 
sen,  and  the  Broye,  or  Bruw\  The  in- 
habitants are  Roman  Catholics,  under  the 
bishop  of  Lausanne,  in  number  12,800,  who 
are  divided  into  seven  towns,  and  J03 
parishes.  The  language  spoken  in  the 
town  of  Friburg  is*  principally  German  ; 
in  the  rest  of  the  canton  partly  German 
and  partly  Patois,  which  is  a mixture  of 
German  and  French.  The  houses  of  the 
town  are  well  built,  and  some  of  them  hand- 
some, particularly  the  cathedral.  Here 
ihe  bishop  of  Lausanne  resides.  The  town 
was  taken  by  the  French  in  1198.  It  is  18 
miles  sw  of  Bern,  and  30  ne  of  Lausanne. 
Friburg.  is  surrounded  with  walls,  tow» 
ers,  and  sharp  rocks.  Lon.  1 15  e,  lat.  46 
50  N. 

Friburg,  or  Freyhurg,  a town  belonging 
to  Saxony,  in  Thuringia,  with  a castle  on  a 
mountain,  seated  on  the  Unstrut,  five  miles 
2wa:v;  of  Naumburg. 

Friburg,  an  ancient  hermitage  in  Swit- 
zerland, three  miles  from  Friburg  in  Uch- 
lacd.  It  is  cut  out  of  a rock,  and  contains 
a church  and  steeple,  a vestry,  kitchen, 
large  hall,  two  rooms  on  each  side, .two  pair 
of  stairs,  and  a cellar.  It  cost  the  hermit 
and  his  servant  25  years  labour. 


F R I 

Fricenti,  a town  in  the  province  of  Prm- 
cipato  Ultra,  Naples,  near  the  Tripaltro,  20 
miles  SE  of  Benevento, 

FridaUy  a town  in  Stiria,  Germany,  on 
the  Drave,  23  miles  esb  of  Marchburg, 
Lon.  16  31  e,  lat.  46  30  n. 

Fridecky  a town  in  the  territory  of  Culm, 
12  miles  e of  Culm,  Prussia. 

Frideek,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Teschen,  Moravia,  on  the  Oder,  12  miles  s 
by  w of  Teschen. 

Fridingen,  a town  of  Austria,  Suabia, 
situated  on  the  Danube,  20  miles  sw  of 
Ulm. 

Friedberg,  a town  in  Watteravia,  stands 
on  a mountain,  by  the  river  Usbach,  15 
miles  N by  E of  Frankfort. 

Friedberg,  a frontier  tow’n  of  Bavaria, 
has  a castle,  seated  on  the  Lechfeld,  six 
miles  E of  Augsburg,  and  30  nw  of 
Munich. 

Friedberg,  a town  in  the  principality 
of  Schweidnitz,  Silesia,  a little  n of  the 
town  the  king  of  Prussia  defeated  the 
Austrians,  in  '1145;  seven  miles  nw  of 
Schw'eidnitz. 

Friedberg,  a town  of  Stiria,  Germany, 
on  the  borders  of  Hungary,  seated  on  the 
Pink,  33  miles  ne  of  Gratz. 

Friedberg,  a town  in  Westphalia,  and 
county  of  East  Friesland,  has  a castle,  25 
miles  e of  Embden.  Lon.  1 42  e,  lat.  58 
30  N. 

FriedericksteeedydiXovew  on  the  west  coast 
of  the  island  of  Santa  Cruz.  Lon.  93  25  w, 

lat.  11  48  N. 

Friedland,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Oppelen,  Silesia,  on  the  Steina,  12  miles  e 
of  Neisse. 

Friedland,  a town  of  Prussia,  where  the 
Russians,  in  1807,  were  defeated,  in  a me- 
morable battle,  by  the  French  under  Bo- 
naparte. It  stands  on  the  Alla,  28  miles  se 
of  Konigsberg. 

Friedland,  a town  of  Lusatia,  on  a canal 
which  communicates  with  the  Spree,  eight 
miles  N of  Leiberose. 

Friedland,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Boles- 

lau,  Bohemia,  on  the  borders  of  Lusatia, 
seven  miles  ese  of  Zittau. 

Friedland,  a town  in  Lower  Saxony,  and 
duchy  of  Mecklenburg,  situated  in  a 
swampy  country,  on  the  borders  of  Pome- 
rania, 16  miles  ssw  of  Anclam. 

Friedlingen,  or  Fridlingen,  a town  and 
fort  of  Suabia,  near  the  Rhine,  between 
Huningue  and  Bale. 

FRIENDLY  ISLANDS,  a large  clus- 
ter  of  islands  in  the  South  Pacific  ocean, 
consisting  of  more  than  20,  the  principal 
of  which  are  Tongataboo,  or  Amsterdam  ; 
Eaoowe,  or  Middleburg ; Aunamooka,  or 
Rotterdam ; Hapaee,  and  Lefooga.  The 
first  which  is  the  largest,  li6s  in  74  46  w Ion. 
and  21  9 s lat.  Tasman,  a Dutch  captain, 
first  touched  here  in  1643.  Captain  Cook 
sited  the  whole  group,  and  found  them  to 


F R I 

consist  of  more  than  20  islands.  Captain 
Cook  gave  them  their  names  from  the 
friendship  which  subsisted  among  the  na- 
tives, and  their  hospitality  to  strangers. 
The  general  appearance  of  these  islands 
conveys  an  idea  of  the  most  exiiberans 
fertility.  They  are  almost  wholly  laid  out 
in  plantations,  which  contain  some  of  the 
richest  productions  of  nature,  such  as 
bread  fruit  and  cocoa-nut  trees,  plantains, 
yams,  sugar-canes,  and  fruit  like  a necta- 
rine. The  climate  is  healthy.  The  native 
stock  of  quadrupeds  is  scanty,  but  captain 
Cook  supplied  them  with  some  valuable 
additions  to  the  animal  kingdom.  Tbeir 
domestic  fowls  are  large  and  good  ; par- 
rots and  paroquetts  are  found  of  various 
kinds;  pigeons  with  plenty  of  wild  ducks 
and  other  water-fowd.  The  inhabitants  are 
hospitable  and  kind;  their  number  is  sup- 
posed to  be  about  200,000.  They  are 
active  and  industrious,  and  acquainted  with 
neither  riches,  want,  nor  oppression.  Agri- 
culture, architecture,  boat-building,  and 
fishing,  are  the  employments  of  the  men; 
to  the  women  is  confined  the  manufacture 
*of  cloth.  The  sea  coasts  abound  with  fish, 
in  catching  which  they  are  exceedingly 
expert,  and  on  their  coasts  are  found  great 
numbers  and  varieties  of  shell-fish.  Lon. 
184  46,  to  185  45  E,  lat.  19  40,^0  21 
30  s. 

Friera,  a town  in  the  province  of  Tra- 
los- Montes,  Portugal. 

Frier^s-Head,  a cape  on  the  e coast  of 
the  island  of  Antigua.  Lon.  62  21  w,  lat. 
17  11  N. 

Friesachf  a town  of  Carinthia,  Germany, 
has  a strong  castle  on  a mountain,  and 
stands  on  the  Metnitz,  17  miles  nne  of 
Clagenfurt, 

FRIESLAND,  one  of  the  states  of 
the  ci-devant  United  Netherlands,  now 
included  in  Holland.  Friesland  in  its 
air  and  soil  resembles  the  rest  of  Hol- 
land, especially  in  the  nw  parts,  which 
lie  lower  than  the  sea,  and  are  particu- 
* lariy  remarkable  for  fine  pastures,  in 
which,  besides  excellent  oxen,  cows,  and 
.-beep,  a great  number  of  large  horses  are 
bred.  In  the  more  elevated  parts  there 
IS  good  corn  land,  and  the  wheat  is  par- 
ticularly esteemed.  Peat  forms  one  of 
the  principal  articles  of  fuel ; towards 
the  s and  se  there  are  extensive  heaths 
and  woods.  The  inhabitants  are  under 
the  necessity  of  securing  themselves  from 
ihe  sea  by  means  of  dykes.  Friesland  is 
in  all  parts  intersected  with  canals,  which 
lijc  of  great  convenience.  Jn  the  whole 
province  are  11  towns,  and  336  villages, 
with  a population  of  about  140,000.  This 
country  is  famous  for  its  woollen  stuffs, 
hut  more  especially  for  its  linen,  which  is 
the  finest  in  Europe.  Lewarden  is  the 
capital. 

FRIESLAND,  EAST,  a principality  of 
Westphalia,  Germany,  so  oalled  ^rom  Vs  * 


F RI 

situation  with  respect  to  the  Dutch 
province  of  Friesland,  about  45  miles 
from  N to  s,  and  42  from  e to  w.  The 
air  is  moist  and  thick,  but  much  purified 
by  sea-breezes ; the  spring  and  harvests ' 
are  late  ; the  laud  is  flat,  and  defended  by 
strong  and  lofty  dykes  against  the  waves 
of  the  sea.  The  land  along  the  coasts  is 
rich  and  fertile.  In  the  centre  of  the 
country,  the  soil  is  for  the  most  part  sandy, 
interspersed  with  fens  and  moors.  Fowl 
and  game  are  plentiful.  One-third  of  th© 
principality  is  uncultivated.  The  prin- 
cipal river  is  the  Ems,  by  means  of  which 
the  trade  and  navigation  of  the  country 
is  very  considerable.  ^ The  exportation 
principally  consists  in  large  horses,  horned 
cattle,  cheese,  butter,  oats,  beans,  rape- 
seed,  and  fine  linen.  The  inhabitants  are 
partly  Lutherans  and  partly  Calvinists. 
High  German  and  Dutch  are  pretty  equally 
spoken.  The  principal  towns  are  Auricb, 
Norden,  and  Emden.  On  the  death  of 
prince  Edward,  in  1744,  it  came  into  the 
possession  of  the  king  of  Prussia,  but 
by  the  treaty  of  Tilsit,  it  was  ceded  and 
annexed  to  Holland.  Embden  is  the 
capital. 

Friesland,  West,  another  name  for  that 
part  of  Holland,  called  N Holland. 

Friesnitz,  a town  in  Upper  Saxony,  two 
miles  E of  Neustadt. 

Frigate  Bay,  a bay  on  the  s coast  of  th® 
island  of  St.  Christopher. 

Frigido,  a river  of  Italy,  which  falls  into 
the  gulf  of  Genoa,  near  Massa. 

Friken,  a lake  in  the  province  of  War- 
meland,  Sweden,  40  miles  in  length,  but 
narrow. 

Frinwalt,  a town  of  Brandenburg,  on 
the  Oder,  30  miles  ne  of  Berlin. 

Frio,  Cape,  a promontory  in  the  province 
of  Rio  Janeiro,  Brazil.  Lon.  41  31  w,  lat. 
22  54  s. 

Frisch  Raff,  a lake,  or  arm  of  the  sea, 
on  the  coast  of  Prussian  Pomerania,  from 
three  to  nine  miles  broad,  and  70  long.  It 
communicates  with  the  Baltic,  by  a narrow 
straight  at  Pillau. 

Frisch  Nerung,  a narrow  slip  of  land,  in 
Prussia,  which  lies  between  the  Baltic  and 
the  Frisch  Haff,  26  miles  in  length,  and 
hardly  two  wide. 

Fritzlar,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Lower  Hesse,  Germany,  is  seated  on  th« 
Eder,  and  has  two  colleges  and  Convents ; 
20  miles  sw  of  Cassel.  Lon.  8 15  e,  lat* 
50  N. 

FRJULI,  a province  of  Italy,  about  55 
miles  long,  65  broad,  and  263  in  ciroum» 
ference ; compreheudiog  four  cities,  20 
towns  and  burghs,  and  600  villages.  Its 
population,  in  1795, 365,512  souls.  Silk 
is  cultivated  to  the  extent  of  1,000  cwt. 
annually.  The  country  is  fertile  in  tim- 
ber, cattle,  wine  and  fruits.  Udina4s  th® 
capital.  ^ , 

Frivli,  or  Cividcul  di  Friuli,  a town  of 
3 B 2 


FRO 


FUE 


Friuli,  Italy,  stands  at  the  foot  of  the 
mountains  that  divide  Friuli  from  Carniola, 
on  the  Natisone.  Here  is  a collegiate 
church  and  five  convents  ; IS  miles  ne  of 
Udifia. 

Frobisher^s  Straits^  or  Forhisher^s  Straits^ 
a narrow  sea  on  the  w of  Davis^  Straits. 
Lon.  65  to  70  w,  lat.  01  50  to  63  20  n. 

Frodlingham,  a town  in  E Yorkshire, 
with  a market  on  Thursday,  36  miles  e of 
York,  and  194  n of  London. 

Frodshaniy  a town  of  Cheshire,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Weever,  near  its  infiux  into  the  estuary 
of  the  Mersey.  Here  is  a graving  dock 
and  yard  for  building  and  repairing  ves- 
sels. The  principal  trade  is  in  salt,  and 
exportation  of  cheeses  to  Liverpool.  A 
cotton  manufacture  has  lately  been  esta- 
blished. The  cinirch,  school-house,  and 
observatory,  stand  on  an  eminence  near 
the  village  of  Overton.  The  castle  of 
Frocisham,  formerly  allotted  by  king  Ed- 
w^ard  I.  to  David>  brother  to  Llewelin, 
prince  vof  Wales.  Here  on  the  I3tb  of 
March  1592,  w^as  buried  Thomas  Hough, 
aged  141,  and  next  day  Randle  Wall,  aged 
103.  It  has  fairs  May  10th  and  August 
!^lst;  11  miles  ne  of  Chester  and  192  nnw  | 
of  London.  I 

Frogy  a tovvn  in  Georgia,  six  miles  w of  j 
Tugieoo,  United  States.  | 

' Frog  Lake,  a lake  of  N America.  Lon.  | 
91  50  w,  lat.  53  15  n. 

Frohnsdorfy  a town  in  Upper  Saxony, 
seven  miles  se  of  Weisensee. 

- Fronspurgy  a town  of  Austria,  one  mile 
s of  Hardegg* 

Frome,  a river  which  rises  in  Dorsetshire, 
near  Wershot,  washes  Tranton,  and  War- 
chara,  and  discharges  itself  into  the  w creek 
of  Poole  harbour. 

Frame,  a town  in  Somersetshire,  long 
celebrated  for  its  manufactures  of  wool- 
len cloth  and  cassinieres.  It  is  also 
noted  for  an  extensive  manufacture  of 
wool-cards,  and  for  its  fine  beer.  The 
number  of  inhabitants  in  the  parish  is 
about  8,748.  It  has  a market  on  Wed- 
nesday. Part  of  its  ancient  moiiastry 
is  inhabited  by  poor  families.  It  stands 
on  a river  of  the  same  name,  which 
falls  into  the  Avon  above  Bath;  12 
miles  s of  Bath,  and  130  w by  s of 
London. 

Fromista,  a town  in  the  province  of  Leon, 
18  miles  N of  Valencia,  Spain. 

Fronsac,  a town  in  the  department 
of  tbe  Gironde,  on  the  Ille,  France, 
on  the  Dordogne,  22  miles  nb  of  Bour- 
deaux. 

Frontana,  a town  in  Catalonia,  25  miles 
SE  of  Urgel,  Spain. 

Fronteiray  a town  in  Alentejo,  Portugal, 
1.7  miles  ne  of  Estremos. 

Frontenkausen,  a town  of  Lower  Bava- 
ria, 14  miles  e of  Landshut. 

FrontiguGn,  a town  in  the  department  of 


the  Herault,  France,  celebrated  for  its 
excellent  muscadine  wine,  generally  call- 
ed Frontigniac,  and  stands  on  the  lake 
Maguleone;  12  miles  ssw  of  Montpel- 
lier. 

Fronzella,  one  of  the  17  passes  through 
tbe  mountains  of  Vicenza,  in  Italy,  com- 
mencing in  the  valley  of  Brenta. 

Froogarde,  a towm  of -Norway,  60  miles 
ssE  of  Drontheim. 

Frossascoy  a town  of  Piedmont,  13  miles 
sw  of  Turin, 

Frouquie,  a small  island  about  one 
mile  from  the  w coast  of  the  island  of 
Jersey. 

Froyen,  an  island  near  the  coast  of  Nor- 
way, about  35  miles  in  circumference,  Lon, 

9 0 E,  lat.  63  46  n. 

Frozesy  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Vienne,  five  miles  w of  Poitiers^ 
France. 

Frutingen,  a town  in  the  canton  of  Bern, 
which  gives  name  to  a bailiwick  esteemed 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  places  in  Swit- 
zerland, 30  miles  se  of  Friburg. 

Fudia,  a small  mountainous  island,  two 
miles  and  a-half  n of  Barra,  Scotland. 

FUEGO,  or  Tbrea  del  Fitego,  a large 
I island,  separated  from  the  southern  extremity 
I of  America,  by  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  so 
) called  from  the  volcanos  observed  on  it, 
i The  aspect  of  the  country  is  represented  as 
! dreary  and  uncomfortable,  consisting  of  a 
chain  of  stupendous  rooks,  continually 
covered  with  snow'.  Along  the  coast  are 
numerous  inlets  or  harbours  for  the  largest 
ships.  On  the  lower  grounds  are  found 
plants  and  trees,  and  various  kinds  of  birds. 
The  inhabitants  are  said  to  be  naturally  of 
an  olive  brown,  with  a gloss  resembling 
copper,  but  many  make  use  of  red  paint. 
Their  stature  does  not  exceed  five  feel  five 
inches,  with  a large  head,  broad  faces,  fiat 
I noses,  and  prominent  cheek  bones.  Their 
hair  is  black- and  lank,  their  eyes  brow’o 
and  small,  without  expression,  and  a few 
scattered  hairs  on  their  chin  instead  of  a 
beard.  Their  food  is  seaPs  flesh,  the  fat 
• oily  part  of  which  they  prefer.  Their  arms 
are  bows  and  arrow^s.  Those  on  the  s side 
1 are  vsaid  to  be  uncivilized  and  treacherous  ; 
i while  those  on  the  opposite  side  are  simple, 

! affable,  and  perfectly  harmless.  The  skins 
I of  seals  fastened  round  the  neck,  and  hanging 
doivn  the  middle  of  the  body,  serve  them 
, for  clothing ; and  their  tents  are  made  of 
poles  disposed  in  a conical  form  covered 
t with  skins,  or  the  bark,  or  leaves  of  trees. 
, j Inaotivitj,  indifterence,  and  stupidity  strong- 

- 1 ly  mark  their  character.  Lon.  68  46,  to  75 
I 26  w . lat.  52  30  to  55  35  s. 

s I FUEGO,  or  Fogo,  or  St.  Philip,  one  of 
1 the  Cape  Verd  islands,  belonging  to  Portu- 
, I gal,  300  miles  w of  Cape  Verd.  The 
! former  name  is  received  frofn  a volcano, 

- j which  continually  issues  from  a lofty  moun- 

tain. The  island  at  a distance  has  the  ap- 
f ! pcarance  of  a single  mountain,  bat  on  the 


F U L 


FUN 


sides  are  deep  vallies,  and  is  without  rivers;  < 
almost  without  fresh  water ; nevertheless  it 
is  fertile  in  maize,  gourds,  water-melons, 
wild  figs,  oranges,  and  apples.  A great 
number  of  goats  run  wild  upon  the  moun- 
tains. The  inhabitants  also  export  the  skins 
of  cattle,  horses,  asses,  and  hogs.  The 
island  is  about  five  leagues  in  length.  The 
greater  part  of  the  inhabitants  are  blacks,  of 
the  Romish  religion.  Lon.  24  20  w,  lat. 
14  55  N. 

Fueloe,  one  of  the  Faroe  islands. 

Fuensalida,  a town  in  New  Castile,  18 
miles  NNw  of  Toledo. 

Fuen-  Tcheou,  a city  of  the  first  rank  in 
the  province  of  Chan-si,  China,  seated  on 
the  river  Fuen,  celebrated  for  its  hot 
baths.  Its  district  contains  one  city  of  the 
second,  and  seven  of  the  third  class ; 280 
miles  sw  of  Pekin.  Lon.  Ill  20  e,  lat.  37 

20  N. 

Fuente-Dnennay  a town  in  New  Cas- 
tile, Spain , seated  on  the  Tajo,  35  mile,  se 
of  Madrid 

Fuente  Ginaldo,  a town  in  the  province 
of  Estremadura,  Spain.  It  was  taken  and  | 
plundered  by  the  Portuguese  in  1734,  and 
is  16  miles  Nwof  Coria. 

Fuente-Ooejuna,  a town  in  the  province 
pt  Andalusia,  Spain,  near  the  rise  of  the 
river  Guadiato.  It  is  34  miles  sw  of  Cor- 
dova. 

Fuente  de  la  Piedra,  a village  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Granada,  Spain,  where  there  is  a 
medicinal  spring,  whose  virtues  were  known 
to  the  ancients,  celebrated  for  curing  the 
gravel,  six  miles  from  Antequere. 

Fuerasrunuy  a town  of  Austria,  two  miles 
miles  NE  of  Haderstorf. 

Fuerte  a town  in  Cinaloa,  New  Spain, 
stands  on  the  Fuerte,  70  miles  n by  \f  of 
Cinaloa. 

Fuessen,  a town  in  Suabia,  and  bishopric 
of  Augsburg,  hiis  a castle,  and  a Benedic- 
tine abbey,  seated  on  the  river  Lech,  and 
commands  the  pass  into  Bavaria  and  the 
Tyrol.  It  is  50  miles  s of  Augsburg.  Lon. 
iO  45  E,  lat.  47  34  n. 

Fula,  Fculo,  or  Fule  the  most  western 
of  the  Shetland  islands,  18  or  20  miles  w 
of  the  main  land,  three  miles  long,  and 
has  as  much  in  breadth.  The  shores  are 
bold,  and  Ham,  on  the  e side  is  the  only 
harbour.  In  summer  it  is  crowded  with 
fishing  boats.  The  island  affords  good 
pasturage  for  sheep,  and  contains  about  140 
inhabitants,  who  are  expert  fishers.  Lon.  1 
37  w,  lat.  60  42  n. 

FULDA,  a bishopric  and  principality  of 
iiermany,  in  the  circle  of  Upper  Rhine, 
about  40  miles  in  length,  and  from  seven 
to  25  in  breadth.  The  country  is  moun- 
tainous and  woody,  with  some  rich  arable 
lands ; and  some  salt  and  medicinal 
springs. 

^ i'w/rfa,  the  capital  of  the  above  bishopric. 
1 here  are  many  fine  buildings,  particularly 
a palace,  three  churches,  a college^  a uni- 


versity, and  an  excellent  library.  It  stands 
on  the  Fuldau,  55  miles  s of  Cassel,  and 
63  ENE  of  Mentz.  Lon.  9 48  e,  lat-  50 

22  X. 

Futhaniy  in  the  county  of  Middlesex, 
seated  on  the  Thames  opposite  Putney,  w ith 
which  it  has  communication  by  a woodea 
bridge,  where  all  passengers  pay  toil.  It 
has  been  the  demesne  of  the  bishops  of 
London  ever  since  the  conquest ; here  they 
have  a palace,  and  in  the  church-yard  are. 
the  tombs  of  several  of  these  prelates.  It 
is  four  miles  w by  s of  London.  Here  are 
botanic  gardens  erected  by  bi.^hop  Grindall,. 
and  improved  by  bishop  Compton,  who  in- 
troduced many  exotics,  partcularly  from 
America.  The  church  is  both  a rectory 
and  a vicarage.  In  the  vicinity  are  many 
handsome  villas. 

Fullerton  Pointy  a cape  on  the  w coast  of 
the  island  of  Antigua.  Lou.  61  35  lat- 
17I3n. 

FULLAN,  a country  in  the  interior  part 
of  Africa,  w of  the  kingdom  of  Cashna. 
Its  boundaries  are  unknown,  as  the  country- 
has  not  been  explored.  The  dress  of  the- 
natives  resembles  the  plaid  of  the  Scottish 
Highlanders. 

Ftdneky  a town  and  castle  in  the  circle  of 
Brerau,  Moravia,  on  the  frontiers  of  Silesia, 
26  miles  eke  of  Prerau. 

Funehaly  or  Funckialy  the  capital  of  the 
island  of  Madeira,  stands  round  a bay  on 
the  gentle  ascent  of  some  hills,  in  forni  of 
an  amphitheatre.  The  harbour  is  defended 
by  several  batteries  and  an  old  castle, 
which  stands  on  the  top  of  a black  steep 
rock,  called  Lao  Rock,  surrounded  by 
the  sea  at  high  w'ater.  The  English  and 
French  Roman  Catholics  who  live  in  the 
Portuguese  manner,  are  supposed  to  exceed 
the  others  in  number  and  wealth ; besides 
these,  there  are  a vast  number  of  muiatto 
and  negro  freemen.  The  streets  of  Fun- 
chal are  drawn  by  a liite,  but  are  narrow 
i and  dirty,  though  streams  of  w^ater  run 
through  them  ; all  the  houses  neat,  and  the 
windows  sashed  with  leth-work ; only  a 
few  of  them  have  glass  windows.  The 
beams  and  roof  of  the  cathedral  are  cedar. 
A chamber  in  the  Franciscan  convent  has  its 
walls  and  ceiling  covered  with  human 
skulls  and  thigh  bones,  saiJ  to  be  the  relics 
of  holy  men  who  have  died  on  the  island. 
The  principal  trade  of  the  inhabitants  con- 
sists in  wine  and  sweet-meais.  Population 
of  the  town  about  11,000.  Lon.  17  16  w, 
lat.  32  38  N. 

Fundyy  Bay  ofy  a large  bay  of  N America, 
between  New  England  and  Novo  Scotia, 
remarkable  for  its  tides,  which  rise  from 
the  height  of  30  to  60  feet,  and  flow  with 
great  rapidity.  This  bay  stretches  about 
200  miles  in  a se  direction,  and  forms  an 
isthmus  v/ith  Verlbay,  which  takes  its  di- 
j rection  sw  from  Northu  mberland  strait, 
I which  joins  Nova  Scotia  to  New  Brunswick- 
I The  isthmus  is  only  12  nd.les  over. 


FUR 

FUNEN,  or  Fyen,  an  island  of  Den- 
mark, at  tbe  entrance  of  the  Baltic,  extend- 
from  N to  s about  35  miles;  e to  w 
about  30,  separated  from  Jutland  by  a strait 
named  the  Little  Belt,  and  by  the  Great 
Belt,  from  Zealand.  It  is  fertile  and  plea- 
sant. Most  of  the  Danish  nobility  have 
seats  here.  The  inhabitants  keep  a great 
number  of  bees,  the  honey  of  which  forms 
a considerable  article  of  trade.  There  are 
several  lakes  and  rivers  which  abound  in 
fish.  Great  quantities  of  cod,  herrings,  <fec. 
arc  caught  along  the  coast.  Barley^  oats, 
lye,  and  peas  are  exported  to  Np^way. 
Odensee  is  the  capital.  Lon.  9 40,  to  10 
50  K,  lat.  55  7,  to  55  4,2  N. 

FU/iJkirchen,  Five  ChurcheSy  an  epis- 
copal town  in  a fertile  soil,  Hungary, 
between  tbe  Danube  and  the  Drave,  85 
miiles  ssw  of  Buda.  Lon.  18  13  e,  lat,  46 

12  N. 

' FUNGENO,  or  Fungakdo,  a kingdom 
situated  between  the  rivers  Zaire  and  Co- 
anza.  It  is  subject  to  Anziko,  Africa. 

Funk  Island y a small  island  near  the  ne 
coast  of  Newfoundland.  Lon  52  15  w,  lat. 
46  12  N. 

Fuorliy  a town  in  the  province  of  Abruzzo 
Citra,  Naples,  21  miles  ese  of  Solm'ona. 

Furkenhergy  a town  in  the  duchy  of 
Mecklenburg,  Lower  Saxony,  36  miles  n of 
Spandau. 

FurneauXy  an  island  in  the  Southern  Pa- 
cific ocean.  It  is  Iqw,  and  surrounded  by  a 
coral  bank.  Lon.  143  7 w,  lat.  17  1 1 n. 

Fumes,  a town  in  ihe  department  of  the 
Lys,  Flcinders,  situated  on  the  canal  made 
from  Bruges  to  Dunkirk,  about  a league 
from  the  sea.  It  was  one  of  the  frontier 
towns,  but  the  emperor  Joseph  II.  in  1781, 
expelled  the  Dutch  garrison.  In  1793,  it 
was  taken  by  ihe  French.  It  is  12  miles  n 
cf  Dunkirk,  and  15  sw  of  Ostend. 

FURNESS,  the  northernmost  district  of 
Lancashire,  detached  from  the  body  of 
tbe  county  by  a corner  of  Westmoreland, 
25  miles  long,  and  13  broad,  of  which 
consists  the  greater  part  of  the  hundred 
of  Lonsdale,  Near  Dalton,  in  Low  Fur- 
ness, are  the  ruins  of  a magnificent  abbey, 
founded  in  1127.  Here,  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIT.  Lambert  Simnel  landed  from 
Ireland,  Several  other  monasteries  depend- 
ed upon  it,  among  which  was  Rushen  in  the 
Isle  of  Man. 

Furruckabad,  a town  in  the  circar  of 
Rohilcund,  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a small 
district  belonging  to  a prihee  of  the  Patan, 
Rohilla  tribe,  about  30  miles  in  length 
along  the  bank  of  the  Ganges.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Ganges,  70  miles  r of  Agra,  and  76 
Nw  of  Lucknow.  Lon.  79  30  e,  iat.  27 

28  N, 

Fursepy  a small  town  near  Pool  harbour, 
Dorsetshire, 

Fustenauy  dL  town  in  Westphalia,  princi- 
pality of  Osnaburg,  13  miles  sw  of  Quaken- 
burg. 


F YN 

Furstenhergy  a town  in  Suabia,  and  prin* 
cipality  of  Furstenberg,  Germany,  with  an 
ancient  castle,  seated  on  a mountain,  near 
the  Danube.  It  is  14  miles  nnw  of  Schatf- 
hausen,  and  17  s by  w of  Rothwell.  Lon. 
8 35  E,  lat.  47  53  n. 

FURSTENBERG,  a late  principality 
of  Germany,  in  Suabia,  which  has  been  par- 
titioned among  different  powers  by  the  late 
treaty  of  confederation  between  the 
states  of  the  Rhine ; situated  between  the 
Black  Forest  and  the  principality  of  Con- 
stance. The  Danube  has  its  source  in  this 
state. 

Furstenberg,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Lusatia,  on  tho  Oder.  It  is  11  miles  s by  b 
of  Franc  fort  on  the  Oder. 

Furstenberg,  a town  in  the  duchy  of 
Mecklenburg  Strelitz,  Lower  Saxony,  on 
the  Havel,  10  miles  s of  Strelitz. 

Fursteneck,  a town  and  castle  in  the  cir- 
cle of  tbe  Upper  Rhine,  and  bishopric  of 
Fulda,  13  miles  n of  Fulda. 

Furstenfeld,  a town  in  Stiria,  Germany, 
on  the  river  Auftuitz,  with  a castle,  30  miles 
s of  Gratz. 

Furstemcald,  a town  in  the  Middle 
Mark,  Brandenburg,  on  tbe  Spree,  32  miles 
ESE  of  Berlin. 

Furstenwerder,  a town  in  tbe  Ucker 
Mark,  Brandenburg,  12  miles  nw  of 
Prenzlo. 

Furth,  a town  of  Lower  Bavaria,  seated 
on  the  Cham,  Germany;  10  miles  ne  of 
Cham. 

Furth,  a town  in  Franconia,  principality 
of  Anspach,  on  the  Rednitz,  It  is  large 
and  well  inhabited;  five  miles  nw  of  Nu- 
remburg. 

Furusund,  an  island  in  the  Baltic,  Swe- 
den. Lon.  18  45  E,  lat.  59  46  n. 

Futtipour,  a town  in  Allahabad,  Hiu- 
doostan.  It  is  34  miles  ese  of  Corah,  and 
66  NW  of  Allahabad.  Lon.  77  45  e,  lat. 
27  0 N. 

FYAL,  or  Fayal,  one  of  the  Azores 
iOr  Western  islands,  of  which  the  most  con- 
siderable place  is  Villa  de  Horta.  It  is 
well  cultivated,  and  abounds  with  myrtle?, 
aspens,  chesiiuts,  and  beeches.  The  houses 
of  the  common  people  are  constructed  of 
clay,  thatched  with  straw;  are  small, 
but  cool  and  clean.  Lon.  28  36  w,  lat. 
38  32  N. 

Fyers,  a river  in  the  county  of  Inver- 
ness, which  has  its  source  a few  miles  e 
of  Fort  Augustus,  and  flows  into  Loch 
Ness.  It  is  celebrated  for  a water  fall, 
being  212  feet  in  height,  called  the  Fall 
of  Fogers,  one  of  the  highest  in  the 
world.  This  cataract,  with  the  contigious 
objects,  exhibit  a prospect  astonishingly 
grand. 

Fyne,  Loch,  in  Scotland,  an  inlet  of  the 
Atlantic  jn  Argyllshire,  nearly  40  miles  in 
length.  It  is  indented  with  hays,  and  at 
certain,  sieasons.  its  waters  are  filled  with  her- 
rings. It  receives  and  returns  a tide  on 


G A D 

each  side  of  the  isle  of  Arran,  which  is  op- 
posite its  month.  It  is  laraous  for  the  su- 
pt^rior  quality  of  its  herrings. 

. Fyviey  a parish  in  Aberdeenshire,  about 
13  mile's  long,  and  eight  broad,  intersect- 
ed by  the  river  Ythan,  and  the  road  lead- 
ing from  Aberdeen  to  Banff.  Near  the 
church  are  the  remains  of  a priory,  found- 
ed in  1179,  by  Fergus,  earl  of  Buchan, 
and  bestowed  by  Margaret  his  daughter, 
on  the  abbey  of  Arbroath.  At  Lesses,  in 
this  parish,  is  a post  office,  and  an  annual 
fair  on  Shrove  Tuesday,  O.  S.  The  sur- 
face is  uneven,  and  the  soil  various, 
but  in  general  fertile.  Population  about 
2,400. 

Fyzabadf  a town  in  the  province,  and 
once  the  capital  of  Oude,  on  the  Gogra, 
Hindoostan.  The  city  is  very  popu- 
lous, but  since  the  removal  of  Oude  to 
Lucknow,  the  people  are  of  the  lowest 
class.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  a vast  edifice, 
once  the  place  of  the  nabobs ; 76  miles 
E of  Lucknow.  Lon.  82  24  e,  lat,  26 
45  N. 


G 


/r^ABARET,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Gers,  France,  on  the  ’Gelisse,  16 
miles  w of  Condom. 

Gaharoiis  Bay,  a bay  on  the  e coast  of 
the  island  of  Cape  Breton.  Lon.  60  0 w, 
lat.  45  50  N. 

Gabel,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Boleslaw, 
Bohemia.  It  commands  the  pass  into  Lii' 
satia,  eight  miles  s of  Zittau. 

Gabes ^ or  Gabs,  See  Cabes, 

GabiaUy  a village  in  the  department  of 
HerauTt,  France^  From  a rock  in  the  vici- 
n ty  there  issues  petroleum,  or  native  tar ; 
seven  miles  nw  of  Pazenas,  and  nine  nw  of 
Beziers. 

Gahin,  a town  in  the  palatinate  of  Rava, 
40  miles  nw  of  Warsaw,  Poland.  Lon.  19 
45  w,  lat.  52  26  n. 

Gable  end  foreland,  a cape  in  the  S Pa- 
cific ocean.  Lat.  38  J5  s. 

GABON,  a territory  of  Guinea,  Africa, 
between  Majombo  on  the  n,  and  Loango  on 
the  s,  has  a river  of  its  name  which  falls 
• into  the  Atlantic  a little  to  the  n of  the 
equinoctial  line.  The  capital  is  Sette. 

Gabriel,  a mountain  in  the  county  of 
Cork,  on  the  e banks  of  DunmaiPs  bay,  12 
miles  s of  Bantray. 

GABRIEL,  St,  an  island  in  the  great 
river  La  Plata,  S America,  discovered  by 
Sebastian  Cabot,  in  1526. 

Gadebusch,  a town  in  Lower  Saxony, 
and  duchy  of  Mecklenburg.  In  its  vici- 
nity, in  1712,  the  Danes  and  Saxons  were 
defeated  by  the  Swedes;  16  miles  nnw  of 
Schwerin,  ^ 


G A I 

GADEMIS,  or  Gademir,  a country  of 
Africa,  w of  Fezzan,  said  to  contain  92 
villages ; the  capital  bears  the  same  name, 
and  is  170  miles  sw  of  Tripoli.  Lon.  10 
40  E,  lat.  30  40  n. 

Gaden,  a town,  10  miles  sw  of  Vienna. 

Gadeshill,  t'wo  miles  nw  of  Rochester, 
Kent,  on  the  London  road,  described  by 
Shakespeare,  as  the  scene  of  the  frolics 
of  Henry,  prince  of  Wales,  afterwards 
Henry  V.  Here,  one  side  of  the  sign  of  an 
inn  represents  the  prince,  and  the  other  Fal~ 
staff  and  his  companions. 

Gadie,  a small  river  in  Aberdeenshire, 
wdfich  unites  with  the  Urie,  two  or  three 
miles  N of  InVerury. 

Gaesheck,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Dyle,  France,  seven  miles  sw  of  Brussels. 

Gaeta,  anciently  Caieta,  a sea  port  tow'a 
in  the  country  of  Lavoro,  Naples,  seated 
at  the  foot  of  a mountain,  oa  the  gulf  of 
Gaeta.  The  harbour  is  defended  by  a 
strong  citadel.  In  1707,  it  was  taken  by 
the  Austrians  in  1734,  by  the  Spaniards, 
and  by  the  French  in  1806.  It  is  30 
miles  NW  of  Capua.  Lon.  13  47  e,  lat.  41 
16  N. 

Gagnef,  a town  in  the  province  of  Dale- 
carlia,  Sweden,  15  miles  sw  of  Fahlun. 

GAGO,  a kingdom  of  Africa,  c^^.tal  of 
the  same  name,  in  Negroiand,  It  is  fertile, 
and  abounds  in  corn,  rice,  raiues  of  gold, 
cfec.  The  capital  is  300  miles  sse  of  Tom- 
buctoo.  Lon.  3 20  e,  lat.  11  jO'N. 

Gaidronisa,  a small  island  in  the  Aledi- 
terranean,  near  the  s coast  of  Caudia.  Lon 
60  57  e,  lat.  34  48  N. 

Gaildorf,  a town  in  the  Lordship  of  Lim- 
burg, Franconia,  stands  near  the  Kocher, 
and  has  a castle,  13  miles  w of  Elwan- 
gen. 

Gaillac,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Tarn,  France,  seated  on  the  Tarn,  which  is 
here  navigable,  and  noted  for  its  winds.  It 
has  a considerable  trade.  Lon.  2 5 e,  lat. 
43|$4  N. 

Gaillon,  a tow'u  in  the  department  of 
Euri&  and  district  of  Louviers,  France. 
Here  the  archbishop  of  Rouen  has  a su- 
perb palace,  11  miles  ne  of  Evruex,  and 
22  SSE  of  Rouen. 

Gainford,  a village  on  the  n banks  of  the 
Tees,  Durham,  an  ancient  manor,  which 
constituted  part  of  the  jointure  of  Agues  de 
Valencia,  niece  of  king  Henry  III.,  wife 'of 
Hugh  Baliol,  ancestor  of  John,  who  was,  for 
a short  time,  king  of  Scotland. 

Gainsborough,  a town  in  the  county  of 
Lincoln,  situated  on  the  e bank  of  the 
Trent,  over  which  is  a handsome  stone 
bridge.  The  tide  brings  tolerable  sized 
vessels  up  to  the  town,  about  40  miles 
fron)  the  Humber.  It  has  a weekly  market 
on  Tue^rday,  and  is  a place  of  considerable 
trade,  several  ships  trading  hence  to  Hull, 
Newcastle,  London,  ana  other  places. 
Sweno,  a Danish  king,  was  murdefed  here, 
but  the  perpetrator  was  never  discovered, 


GAL 


GAL 


It  is  17  nw  of  Lincoln,  and  145 

N by  w of  London.  Lon.  0 36  E,  lat.  53 

28  N. 

Gmr,  Loch,  a branch  of  the  Frith  of 
Clyde,  extending  in  a northerly  direction, 
about  12  miles  in  Dumbartonshire. 

Gcdricy  a rivulet  in  Angus-shire,  rises 
two  miles  w of  Kirrieumuir,  and  after 
a beautifully  winding  course,  unites  with 
4he  Dean,  a little  to  the  e of  - Glammis 
castle. 

Gairliestown^  a small  town,  built  in  the 
form  of  a crescent,  on  a bay  of  the  same 
name,  on  the  s side  of  Wigton  bay,  and 
shire  of  Gallqyi'ay.  It  contains  about  450 
inhabitants,  and  is  well  situated  for  trade 
by  sea.  In  the  immediate  vicinity,  to  the 
s,  is  the  elegant  mansion  and  policy  of  the 
earl  of  Galloway,  whose  library  is  valuable 
and  extensive. 

Gairloch,  a parish  ou  the  w coast  of 
Ross-shire,  about  32  miles  long,  and  18 
broad,  in  which  is  an  island,  also  called 
Gairloch.  Loch  Mary  likewise  lies  in  this 
parish.  The  country  .is  hilly,  and.ohiefiy 
occupied  in  pasturing  sheep.  It  is  indented 
by  the  sea,  and  affords  good  harbours. 
.Cod  and  herrings  are  caught  herb  in  great 
abundance.  Be.sides  the  church,  the  parish 
luinister  officiates  in  three  chapels;  and 
two  catechists  labour  partly  in  this  parish. 
iPopulation  above  1430. 

Gairsuy  one  of  the  smaller  Orkney 
islands. 

Gamerrtf  a towm  in  Germany. 
Gula^?,,QidaiSy  or  GaMZy  a town  in  Bul- 
garia, in  European  Turkey. 

. Galam,  a fort  built  by  the  French,  on  the 
Senegal,  Africa. 

Galan,  or  Gallan,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Higher  Pyrenees,  France. 

Galared,  a town  in  the  province  of  Ble- 
kingen,  Sweden. 

GalarquCy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Gard,  France.  ' 

GalarSy  a lowm  of  Transylvania.  f 
Galashiels  yd,  flourishing  towm  in  the 
county  of  Selkirk,  wdtb  a consideT^bfc 
manuiacture  of  woollen  cloth.  It  is  seat- 
ed , on  the  -Gala,  A riv»*r  w'hich  rises  in 
PJid-Lothian,  and  taking  a southern  di- ! 
rectiou,'  falls  into  the  Tweed,  a little 
below  the  town.  Part  of  the  town  is  on 
the  other  side  of  the  river,  in  the  parish 
of  Melrose.  Here  is  a tannery,  a skiu- 
very,  a manvifuciure  of  implements  of 
husbaiidry,  and  a branch  of  a bank. 
This  town  is  noted  for  variety  of  religious 
opinions,  w’bich  took  their  rise  in  part 
from,  iheir  noted  pastor  Mr  Davidson,  who 
was  incumbent  there  before  the  middle  of 
last  centuTW’,  and  who,  though  he_  held  bis 
charge  in  the  establishment  till  his  death, 
veired  towards  the  independents  in  senti- 
ment: 30  miles  se  of  b^dinburgh,  35  sw 
by  w'  of  Berwick,  and  five  M2  of  Sel- 
kirk. The  parish  of  Galshiels,  is  divid- 
by.  the  Tweed,  between  the  counties 


of  Roxburgh  and  Selkirk.  It  is  of  an  ir- 
regular triangular  form,  and  not  of  great 
extent.  The  surface  i^  mountainous,  and 
forms  excellent  pasture.  Population  about 
850. 

Galaso,  a river  of  Naples,  w^hich  has  its 
source  near  Oria,.  and  falls  into  the  gulf  of 
Tarento. 

Galata,  one  of  the  Fauxbourgs  of  Con* 
stantinople.  See  Constantinople, 

Galata,  a small  island  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean. Lon.  9 30  E,  lat.  38  15  n. 

Galatola,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Otranto,  Naples,  four  miles  ese  of  Nardo. 

Galatouy  a village  in  the  parish  of  Dysart, 
Fifeshire,  containing  about  430  inhabitants, 
who  are  chiefly  nailers. 

Gulbally,  a town  in  the  county  of 
Limerick,  Ireland.  Here  are  the  ruins  of 
a monastery ; 10  miles  ssw  of  Tipperary, 
and  27  se  of  Limerick. 

Galera,  a town  in  the  province  of  Grana- 
da, Spain,  five  miles  sse  of  Huesca. 

Galera^  a.towga.ia  the  province  of  Catalo- 
nia, Spain,  five  miles  ssw  of  Tortosa. 

Galicana,  a towrrin  the  territory  of  Lucca, 
Italy,  13  miles  n of  Lucca. 

GALICIA,  a maritime  province  of 
Spain.  The  soil  m^'general  is  unequal 
and  mountainous.  There  are  some  excel- 
lent pons,  though  little  commerce.  The 
air  in  general  is  miost.  The  inhabitants 
sow  little  wheat,  but  pl'arft  rrfemy  vineyards 
and  fruit  trees,  and  cultivate  rj^  and  flax. 
The  sea  coasts  abound  with  fish.  The 
forests  supply  good  ship  timber.  In  the 
mountains  are  found  mines  of  gold,  copper, 
iron,  lead,  and  vermillioa.  It  contains  64 
cities  and  towns,  but  few  of  these  are  con- 
siderable ; 3?42  parishes,  242,264  families, 
11  cathedrals,-  34  hospitals,  14  colleges, 
79  convents  of  men,  and  24  of  women.  The 
principal  towns  are  Corunna,  Compostella, 
or  St. -Jaques  de  Coniposteila  the  capital. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Ulla,  Tambra> 
Maedeo,  and  Lours. 

GALICIA  and'  Lodomehi,  a country 
of  Europe,  composed  of  the  dismembered 
provinces  of  Poland,  so  called  when  it 
was  forcibly  seized  in  1772,  and  in  179.5', 
it:  was  incorporated  into  the  Austrian  do- 
! minions.  It  is  about  320  miles  in  lengthy 
I and  290  in  breadth.  It  is  divided  into 
1 E and  W Galicia.  East  Galicia  is  divid- 
I ed  into  18  circles,  aud  West  Galicia 
j into  12:  .fiemberg  or  Leopol  is-  the  capi- 
' lal  of  the  former,  and  Cracow  that  of 
the  latter.  The  population  of  East  Gali- 
cia is  estimated  at  2,797,119,  and  that 
of  West  Galicia,  at  1,106,178.  It  is  in 
general  a level  country,  except  towards 
the  s,  where  t}ie  Carpathian  mountains 
separate  it  from  Hungary.  The  moun- 
tainous parts  produce  fine  pasture,  tbe 
plains  are  mostly  sandy,  but  abound  irf 
forests,  and  are  fertile  in  corn.  The  princi- 
pal articles  of  traffic  are  cattle,  hides,  w^x, 
and  honey;  and  these  countries  contaia 


G A r. 

mmes  of  copper,  leatl,  iron,  anJ  salt,  the 
latter  of  which  arc  the  most  valuable.  It  is 
\^'af.or“d  by  the  Dniester,  the  San,  and  . 
several  other  rivers.  See  Poland, 

Galicia  NciVy  an  audience  in  Old  IMexico, 


Giiadalaxara  is  the  capital  city.  See  Gua^ 
dalajara. 

Galina  FoipJ,  a cape  on  the  n coast  of 
Jamaica.  Lqu.  76  41  \v,  lat.  18  26  n. 

Galipagos  Isles,  the  i.ame  of  several  iin- 
irihabited  islands  in  the  South  sea,  belong- 
ing to  Spain.  They  lie  between  Jat.  3 n 
and  .5  s,  and  between  Ion.  S3  40  and  89 
50  w.  TiiCy  abound  vvidi  birds  and  excel- 
lent tortoises,  and  affoid  fresh  water  to  ships 
on  their  voyage  Iron  America  to  Asia, 
The  centre  i-Iand  is  in  Ion.  85  50  w. 

Galislio,  a town  in  Estsamadura,  Spain, 
10  miles  nw  of  Placentia. 

Galttscli,  a town  in  the  government  of 
Kostrama,  Russia,  on  the  s side  of  a lake  of 
its  name,  50  miles  in  circumference,  56  ene 
of  Kostroma.  Lon.  22  54  e,  lat.  57  56  n. 

Gall^  Stf  or  St,  Gallia,  a flourishing  town 
in  Upper  Thurguu,  Swilzciland,  capital  of 
a new  canton  of  Switzerland  bordering  on 
the  lake  of  Constance,  betwTon  the  cantons 
of  Timrgau  and  Appe-czel.  It  has  a cele- 
brated abbey,  wdiose  abliot  formerly  posses-  i 
sed  the  sovereignty  of  the  town,  with  a fine 
library.  The  town  is  wholly  prclestant ; 
the  subjects  of  the  abbot,  whose  tenitory  is 
distinx’t,  are  mostly  catholics.  The  citizens 
are  very  industrious,  and  manufacture 
linens,  muslins,  &c.  It  has  extensive 
bleachfields,  and  stands  in  a narrow  valley 
between  two  streams.  In  the  library  are 
many  curious  manuscripts;  55  miles  e of 
Zurich.  Lon.  9 18  e,  lat.  47  21  n. 

Gallam,  a town  of  Africa,  in  Negroland, 
and  capital  of  a kingdom  of  the  same  name, 
on  the  Senegal.  Here  the  French  built  a 
fort  which  was  ceded  to  the  British  in  1765, 
during  the  war  with  America  it  was  taken 
by  the  French,  but  restored  in  1785. 
Lon.  10  0 w,  lat.  14  55  n. 

Gallan,  St,  a small  island  on  the  coast 
cf  Peru,  in  lat.  14  s. 

Gallardon,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Eure  and  Loire,  and  district  of  Chartres, 
France,  12  miles  ne  of  Chartres. 

Galle,  or  Pont  Galle,  a sea  port  town 
and  jfort  of  the  island  of  Ceylon,  situated 
on  the  sw  coast  about  hedf  a league  in  cir- 
cumference within  the  walls.  It  ranks 
next  to  Colombo  in  population  and  riches. 
Its  principal  article  of  commerce,  is  the 
exportation  of  fish  to  the  Continent.  It 
also  supplies  Enrppe  with  many  articles 
The  fortress  is  on  a tongue  of  land,  Tlie 
air  is  iiealtfiy  ; and  the. heat  of  the  climate 
moderated  by  the  land  and  sea  brecze.s.  It 
is  85  miles  s by  e of  Colunibo,  and  98  s of 
Candy.  Lon.  80  10  e,  lat.  6 0 n, 

7 


GAL 

G-Jlegos,  a town  in  the  province  of  Leom 
Spain,  24  miles  s of  Salamanca. 

Gallcmberg,  a town  in  Curniola,  Ger- 
many, 50  miles  e cf  Laubach. 

Gallbiara,  a small  island  in  the  Medl- 
terraiieaii.  Lon.  8 24  e,  lat.  41  2 n. 

Gallipclis,  a post  town  of  Olno,  United 
St.  les,  bitnateo  on  the  O.oio.  ncaidv  opf  osito 
the  junction  of  the  Great  Kanhavvc.y,*  150 
miles  e cf  Greiomui,  280  w of  Wash- 
ington. Lon.  85  9 w,  lat.  59  2 k. 

Gallipoli,  a se.a  port  towm  hi  the  prcvince 
of  Romania,  Eureperm  Turkey,  the  see  cf 
a Greek  archbishop,  and  the  residence  of 
a Pacha.  Its  only  defence  is  a mean  squ^ro 
castle.-  It  conlains  about  10,000  Turks, 
5,500  Greeks,  besides  a great  number  of 
Jews.  It  is  situated  on  a strait  cf  the- 
same  name.  It  is  80  miles  s of  Adrianople, 
and  ICO  sw  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  26 
59  E,  lat.  40  24  n. 

Gallipcllj  a sea  port  town  in  the  province  cf 
Otranto,  Kaples,  sUuated  a rock  sur- 
rounded by  the  sea,  and  attached  to  the 
land  by  a bridge,  and  protected  by  a fort. 
It  has  a manufacture  of  musIinG,  and  is  a 
great  market  for  oitve  oii.  It  is  the  see  of 
a bishop.  It  is  25  miles  w of  Otranto. 
Lon  IS  5 E,  lat,. 40  18  n. 

Gallipoli,  a strait  between  European  and 
A Jatic  Turkey,  which  forms  the  cominui'i- 
cation  between  the  Archipelago  and  the  sea 
of  Marmora.  It  is  defended  at  the  sw  en- 
trance by  the  33ardanelles.  It  is  here  two 
miles  over,  and  55  miles  long.  It  w^as  an- 
ciently called  the  Flellespont.  See  Dar- 
danelles. 

GALLO,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  ocean, 
near  the  coast  of  Peru,  It  rises  into  hills, 
and  abounds  with  wood  and  vvater ; it  was 
liie  first  place  of  which  ther  Spaniards 
possessed  themselves,  when  they  attempted 
the  conquest  of  Peru,  and  affords  commo- 
dious harbours  for  refitting  and  clearing 
vessels.  Lon.  80  0 w,  lat.  2 28  n. 

Galle,  de  Capo,  anciently  Acritas,  a pro- 
montory ot  Italy,  between  Methcne  to  the 
w,  and  Corone  to  tlie  e. 

Galloway,  an  ancient  province,  being 
the  most  southerly  ol  Scotland,  which  com- 
piehends  the  shire  or  stewartry  of  Kirkcud- 
bright,  and  the  county  of  JPigton.  It  is 
said  to  have  long  remained  a separate  king- 
dom or  principality,  independent  of  the 
Scottish  crown,  and  is  about  90  miles  long, 
and  40  whore  broadest.  The  county  is 
divided  into  Upper  and  Lower  Gakoway,  or 
into  the  Rinns  and  IMahars.  lite  former 
lies  on  the  sw,  and  the  latter  on  the  ne  of 
the  line  of  division.  It  was  famous  for  its 
breed  of  small  liorses,  to  v/hidi  it  gave  n^me^ 
and  is  still  celebrated  for  iis  breed  of  black 
cattle,  without  horns  where  pure,  wh’ch  have 
a piefevence  in  every  market.  Xo  cov.ls, 
v«ry  little  Recitonc,  have  beeu  foiuid  L lias 
3 C 


GAL 

The  inbubitants  speak  the  language  [f 
of  their  country  superior  to  most  places  in  || 
Scotland  ; and.  in  their  manners,  are  sober,  j 
polite,  and  hospitable.  Improvements  in  i 
agriculture  have  of  late  made  rapid  pro- 
gri'ss. 

' Gdllou'cy  Mull  of,  a rocky  promontory  on 
the  • oulliern  point  of  the  Rinns  of  Galloway, 
from  wl  er’ce.  in  a clear  day,  is  a distinct 
view  of  Ei’.giand,  Ireland,  and  the  Isle  of 
Man.  Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  the  ancient 
church  of  Kirkmaiden.  It  was  formerly 
noted  as  a smuggling  station,  and  is  the  most 
southern  land  in  Scotland,  Lon,  4 45  w, 
lat.  54  44  N. 

Galloway,  Newy  a royal  burgh  in  the 
county  of  Kirkcudbright,  near  the  Ken,  in 
the  parish  of  Kells,  1 5 miles  n of  Kirkcud- 
bright. The  houses  are  nest  and  regular ; 
but  its  chief  consequence  seems  to  be  derived 
from  its  post  office,  and  its  central  situation 
as  a market  for  the  different  products  of  the 
neighbouring  parishes.  It  has  four  annual 
fairs,  one  of  which  is  on  tbs  first  Wednesday 
of  April,  O.  S.  It  is  governed  by  a provost, 
two  bailies,  and  14  common  council-men  ; 
and  belongs  to  the  Wigtou  district  cf  Bo- 
^'ougbs  ; 25  miles  wnw  of  Dunrifries,  and  78 
sw  by  s of  Edinburgh.  It  contains  about 
480  inhabitants, 

Gallstadt,  a town  in  the  province  of  We.5t 
Gothland,  Sweden,  50  miles  e of  Golten- 
burgh. 

Gallyhead,  a cape  in  the  county  of  Cork, 
between  Ross  bay  and  tliat  of  Clonkilty. 
Loti.  8 54  w,  ]at.  51  52  n. 

Gahnier,  St,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Loire,  France,  has  a medicinal  spring  of  a 
vinous  taste,  18  miles  e of  Montbrison. 

Gulston,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Ayrshire, 
about  13  mrles  in  length,  and  from  4 to  5 in 
breadth.  It  is  in  general  arable.  A beau- 
tiful church  has  lately  been  erected.  In  the 
parish  are  three  flax  mills  and  a paper  mill ; 
coal,  .lime,  and  iron  ore  are  abundant.  Good 
pebbles  are  found  in  Burn  AyinCi  Patie’s 
Mill  claims  the  honour  of  having  given  ori- 
gin to  the  beautiful  song  of  that  name.  The 
village  of  Galslon  contains  about  530  inha- 
bitants, many  of  w'hom  are  silk  weavers. 
There  are  two  well  frequented  fairs  in  the 
year,  one  in  July  and  the  other  in  December. 
Eight  miles  ese  of  Kilmarnock,  and  61  wsw 
of  Edinburgh.  Population  about  2140. 

Galtees,  mountains  between  the  counties 
of  Limerick,  Tipperary,  and  Cork.  They 
vise  almost  perpendicularly  to  an  immense 
b i.flht,  and  exhibit  much  grand  and  roman- 
tic'  scenery. 

GALWAY,  a county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  Connaught,  next  to  Cork  the 
iDvist  considerable  in  point  of  size  iti  the 
kingdom,  but  the  least  populous.  It  is 
jbout  76  miles  from  k to  w*;  and  40  from  n 
to  s;  and  contains  116  parishes,  and  28 


GAM 

churches.  The  number  of  houses  is  28,2 1 2, 
and  of  inhabitants,  about  1 42  000.  The  soil 
is  wa  rn  and  fertile,  with  a limestone  bottom. 
Some  parts  are  mountainous,  with  quarries 
of  black  and  white  marble.  Great  quantities 
of  kelp  are  made  along  the  coast,  and  sea- 
w^eed  gathered  for  manure  On  the  sea  coast 
is  a large  bay,  sheltered  by  the  three  southern 
islands  of  Arran.  The  souna  between  these 
islands  is  a safe  road.  There  are  several 
other  well  sheltered  harbours  on  the  coast 
of  Gahvay.  The  principal  towns  are  Gal- 
way, Tuam,  Balllnasloe,  and  Lcughrea.  Its 
SF.  frontier  is  washed  by  the  Shannon,  which 
forms  a lake  several  miles  in  length.  Great 
numbers  of  black  cattle  are  reared  in  this 
county ; in  it  are  a greater  number  of  old 
oastles  Psanin  any  other  county  in  the  king- 
dom, This  county  sends  two  members  to 
the  parliament. 

Galway,  the  capital  of  the  above  county; 
seated  on  a bay  of  the  same  name,  in  tlie 
Atlantic  ocean.  It  is  surrounded  with  an- 
cient v/alls.  The  houses  are  well  built,  in 
number  about  950,  and  containing  about 
12,000  inhabitants.  Here  is  a considerable 
trade  in  kelp,  and  a linen  manufactory.  The 
salmon  and  herring  fisheries  are  carried  on 
also  to  considerable  extent.  It  has  a consi- 
derable trade.  The  port  is  very  commodious 
and  safe,  and  is  defended  by  a fort.  It  is 
governed  by  a mayor,  recorder,  and  sheriffs  ; 
and  is  a borough  town,  and  sends  one  mem- 
ber to  parliament.  The  parish  church,  which 
is  collegiate,  is  a venerable  pile.  The  bulk 
of  the  inhabitants,  being  Roman  catholics, 
worship  in  mass-houses  without  the  city. 
Here  are  large  barracks,  frequently  contain- 
ing two  or  three  regiments  of  soldiers.  This 
was  once  the  most  commercial  town  in  Ire- 
land, but  its  trade  is  now  much  decayed ; 
47  miles  nnw  of  Limerick,  and  120  w of 
Dublin.  Lon.  9 30  w,  lat.  55  12  n. 

Gantbare,  a district  in  the  Dogado,  w of 
Venice,  Italy.  The  soil  is  very  fertile ; but 
the  climate  is  unhealthy. 

GAMBIA,  a country  of  Africa,  ceded  ta 
the  English  by  the  peace  of  1785. 

Gambia,  a great  river  of  Africa,  supposed 
to  have  its  source  in  the  mountains  on  the 
Nw  frontiers  of  Guinea,  and  running  nw  and 
w,  falls  into  the  Atlantic  ocean,  at  cape  St 
Blary.  It  is  navigable  for  sloops  600  miles 
up  the  country.  It  annually  overflows  its 
banks  like  the  Nile. 

Gamble's  Station,  a fort  about  1 2 miles 
from  Knoxville,  in  Tennessee. 

Gambron,  Gombron,  or  Gomron,  a sea  port 
towm,  in  the  province  of  Laristan,  Persia, 
stands  on  a bay  of  the  Strait  of  Ormus,  and 
is  called  by  the  natives  Bender  Abassi.  The 
common  people  dwell  in  huts  constructed  of 
the  boughs  of  palm-trees,  and  covered  with 
leaves  ; but  the  best  houses  are  built  of  brick, 
flat  on  the  top,  with  a square  Uiiict.  .For- 


GAN 

merly  it  was  much  frequented  by  people  of 
many  nations.  The  soil  is  barren,  but  they 
are  plentifully  supplied  with  provisions  from 
other  countries  ; 160  miles  e of  Lar,  Lon. 
^6  10  E,  lat.  27  20  n. 

Gamps,  a town  which  belongs  partly  to 
Ihe  canton  of  Schweitz,  and  partly  to  Gians, 
With  a bailiwick,  Switzerland.  Here  is  a 
sulphureous  spring,  five  miles  s of  Apperzel. 

Gauiric,  a parish  in  BaniFshire,  stretching 
9 miles  and  a-haif  along  a coast  of  stupen- 
dous rocks,  and  extending  from  3 to  4 niiles 
zn  breadth.  Fopulationabout  5052,  includ- 
ing the  town  of  Macduff,  and  the  village  of 
Gardensione,  The  cape,  called  Gamrie 
Head,  is  six  miles  e of  Banff.  The  church 
w'hich  overlooks  the  sea,  has  on  its  steeple 
the  figures  1004,  by  way  of  date,  and  many 
human  skulls  sre  built  into  the  wail,  said  to 
he  those  of  the  Danes  who  fel^  in  battle  with 
the  Scots,  in  the  beginning  of  the  1 ith  cen- 
tury, on  an  adjoining  hill,  on  which  are  ves- 
tiges of  encampments. 

Gan,  the  metropolis  of  tlie  province  of 
Se-tchuen,  China. 

G ANAR  A,  a country  of  Africa,  with  a 
town  of  the  same  name.  The  country  is 
populous  and  fertile.  The  articles  of  com- 
merce are  gold  and  senna.  Lon.  16  0 e,  iat. 
J2  20  N. 

Ganatt,  a town  of  the  empire  of  Cassinia, 
280  miles  e of  Agades,  Lon.  14  SO  e,  lat. 
24  40  N. 

Gandia,  a .sea  port  town  in  the  province 
of  Valencia,  Spain,  has  a small  university, 
and  stands  on  the  Aierg,  near  its  influx  into 
the  gulf  of  Valencia,  32  miles  s by  e of  Va- 
lencia, and  48  n by  e of  Alicant. 

Gandicotta,  a town  and  fortress  of  Hin- 
^oostan,  on  the  top  of  a lofty  mountain,  near 
the  Pennar,  in  the  cii car  of  Cuddapa.  Be- 
low is  a Binall  plain,  well  watered,  in  which 
the  inhabitants  cultivate  rice  and  millet. 
Near  it  is  a diamond  mine  ; 33  miles  wnw' 
of  Cuddapa. 

Getndina,  a well  built  and  populous  town, 
zn  the  ci-devant  province  of  Bergamasco, 
Italy,  It  has  a good  trade  in  cloth  and  silk. 
It  is  situated  in  a fertile  valley,  which 
abounds  in  flocks  and  pastures,  and  contains 
12  parishes,  and  12,000  citizens,  10  miles 
yE  of  Bergamo. 

GANET  Islands,  a cluster  of  small 
islands  near  the  e coast  of  Labrador.  Lon. 
36  10  vv,  lat.  54  9 n. 

Gangapatnam,  a town  of  ihe  Carnatic, 
llindoostan,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Pen- 
nar, 94  miles  n of  Madras.  Lon.  80  12  e, 
lat.  1 4 24  N. 

Gfingea,  or  Canja,  a town  of  Erivan,  Per- 
sia, 105  miles  s by  e of  Tefllis,  Lun,  45 
50  e,  lat.  41  iO  N. 

Gangelt,  a town  in  Westphalia,  late  de- 
partment of  the  Roer,  France,  in  the  duchy 
of  Juiiers,  16  miles  xw  of  Juiiers. 


GAN 

j Ganges,  a river  of  Asia,  which  rises  by 
two  branches  from  the  mountains  of  Keii- 
I taisse,  in  the  country  of  Thibet,  which  after 
i a course  of  300  miles  in  a w direction,  v/heii 
meeting  the  ridge  of  Iliinmalck,  they  turn  s, 
and  unite  their  w'aters,  and  form  what  is 
properly  termed  the  river  Ganges,  from  the 
Hindoo  word  Ganga,  which  denotes  a river. 
This  great  body  of  water  now  forces  a passage 
through  the  ricige  of  Himmalek,  at  the  dis- 
tance of  400  miles  from  the  place  of  its  flrst 
approach,  and  rushing  through  a cavern,,  pvt;- 
cipitates  itself  into  a vast  basin  at  the  hither 
foot  of  the  mountain.  To  incurious  specta- 
tors, the  Ganges  seems  to  have  its  rise  in  this 
ridge  of  mountains.  The  mouth  of  the  ca- 
vern is  called  Gangotri,.or  the  cov/s  mouth, 
an  animal  held  in  great  veneration  by  the 
Hindoos.  Hence  it  directs  its  course  through 
the  country-  of  Sirinagur.  At  Hurd  war,  it 
leaves  this  mountainous  tract  in  which  it  has 
flowed  800  miles.  From  Hurdwar,  where 
it  gushes  through  an  opening  in  the  moim-- 
tains,  and  enters  Hindoostan,  it  flows  1 200 
miles  with  a smooth  navigable  stream,  through 
enchanting  plains  to  the  bay  of  Bengal,  w hich 
it  enters  in  lat.  21  40,  to  22  n.  Before  it 
I reaches  the  bay,  it  again  divides  into  a mul- 
j tiiude  of  branches,  called  The  Mouths  of  ike 
Ganges.  In  its  progress  through  these  plains 
it  is  augmented  by  11  rivers,  several  of  thtrm 
greater  but  none  of  them  smaller  than  the 
Thames,  besides  many  lesser  streams  The 
Ganges  rises  on  an  average  to  32  feet,  and 
annually  overflows  its  banks  to  the  distance 
of  50  miles  on  each  side ; thus  diffusing 
plenty  and  fertility  tiuough  the  country  and 
affording  an  easy  conveyance  for  its  produce. 
It  is  no  wonder,  then,  that  the  ignorant 
Hindoos  esteem  it  as  a kind  of  deity,  and 
make  pilgrimages  to  its  waters  from  the 
remotest  parts  of  Hindoostan.  They  have 
i given  it  the  name  of  Ganges,  or  The  PavEE, 

: by  way  of  pre-eminence ; and  justly  call  it 
j the  “.King  of  Rivers.” 

Ganges  Islands,  or  North  Nalunsis,  two 
small  islands  between  the  island  of  Borneo 
and  the  gulf  of  Siam.  'Lon.  106‘  45  E,  lat. 
4 45  N, 

Gangolri,  a town  in  the  country  of  Sirina- 
gur,  on  the  Ganges,  where  it  rushes  through 
a cavern  in  the  Hammelek  mountains,  170 
miles  NNW  of  Sirinagur.  Lon.  76  35  E,  lat. 
38  8 N. 

Gnngpour,  a town  in  the  country  of  Oris- 
sa, Hindoostan,  capital  of  a circar  of  the 
same  name,  50  miles  nne  ol  Sirnbulpour, 
and  160  nw'  of  Catlfxk.  Lon.  84  10  e,  lat, 
22  2 N. 

' Ga/yam,  a town  of  the  peninsula  of  Hin- 
do.  stau,  in  the  circar  of  Cicacole,  at  the 
mouth  of  a river  winch  enters  the  bay  of 
Bengal,  which  is  seldom  navigahic,  1 10  miles 
NE  oi  Cicacole,  It  is  sul  j-cr  to  the  English, 
i Lon.  20  E,  lat.  19  22 
S t . 2 


GAR 

^ Gannat,  a town  in  the  department  of  Al-  ! 
3ier,  France.  Populatioxi  5,000.  It  is  50 
rniies  s of  Moulins. 

GmaeloTf  a,  small  island  in  the  gulf  of 
St.  Lawrence,  121  lat.  48  0 n. 

Gannet  Island,  a small  island  near  the 
if  coast  of  New  Zealand. 

Gap,-i\\c  cap'-tal  of  the  department  of  the 
Higher  Alps,  France,  and  ci-devant  capital 
of  a county  called  Gapeiicois,  about  27 
miles  long,  and  18  broad.  Gap  stands  on 
the  river  Bene  at  the  foot  of  a mountain, 
and  has  a fort  named  Puymore.  Here  are 
some  mineral  waters;  47  miles  sse  of 
Grenoble.  Lon.  6 5 e,  iat.  44  54  n. 

Gapsalf  a town  in  the  government  of 
Pevei,  Russia,  on  a gulf  of  the  Baltic,  36 
miles  wsw  of  Revel. 

Garabusa,  a small  island  near  the  w coast 
of  the  island  of  Candio. 

GaraCf  a town  in  tbs  detiartment  of 
Chareiite,  France,  four  miles,  ese  of  An- 
gouleme. 

Gamlougk,  a lake  in  the  se  extremity  of 
Mayo,  three  or  four  miles  long,  20  miles  s 
of  Sligo. 

Gai'ack*  See  Uaharen. 

Garan,  a small  island  near  the  n coast 
of  Scotland,  three  miles  ese  of  Cape  Wrath. 

Garcia,  a town  in  the  province  of  Cata- 
lonia, .18  miles  N of  Tortosa,  Spain, 
t GARD,  a department  of  France,  of 
which  Nismes  is  the  capital.  It  includes 
part  of  the  late  province  of  Languedoc. 

' It  has  its  name  from  a rapid  river,  which 
has  its  source  in  the  department  of  the 
Los&rre,  runs  se  and  falls  into  the  Rhone, 
above  Beaucaire. 

Card,  Font  dn,  a Roman  aqueduct  in 
France,  nine  miles  ne  of  Nismes,  erected, 
St  is  supposed  by  Agrippa  in  the  time  of 
Augustus.  It  was  built  in  order  to  convey 
to  Nisrnes  the  \v:;ter  of  the  spring  of  Eure, 
which  rises  near  Uzes. 

Garda,  a lake  of  Italy,  betw^een  the  Ve- 
ronese and  the  Bressan,  about  50  miles 
long,  and  from  two  to  seven  broad.  Its 
banks  on  the  w are  well  cultivated.  Its  fish 
itire  famous  for  their  delicious  fiivour.  A 
Iowa  of  the  same  name  stands  on  its  e shore, 

3 7 miles  nw  of  Verona. 

Garde  La,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Var,  two  leagues  w of  Hieres,  Fruncc. 

Gardciak.  the  capital  of  Beni  Mezzub, 
Africa.  Lon.  2 50  f,  bt.  52  15  n. 

Gard:kbc')i,  or  CrardeLgen,  a town  in 
Upper  Saxony,  has  a manufacture  of  cloth, 
and  is  celebrated  for  its  beer.  It  stands  on 
tiie  Beisse,  1 5 miles  w of  Stendal. 

Crard‘^:n  Bap,  a 'bay  on  the  e coast  of 
Nen  tbundhmei.  Lon.  54  50  sv,  lat.  49 
42  V. 

■G’lrd  nutou'n,  on  the  n coast  of  Banffshire, 
‘on  the  esiiite  of  the  late  Lead  Gardenstown, 
licar  'iVou^  heiid,  si;:  inilcs  s t?f  Baiih',  It 


GAR 

contains  about  500  inhabitants,  and  has  * 
tolerable  harbour. 

Gargunnock,  a parish  and  village  in 
Stirlingshire.  The  parish  is  about  six  miles 
long  and  three  broad.  The  ground  is  in  ge- 
neral well  cultivated.  The  village  is  neat 
and  clean,  and  lies  about  six  miles  w of 
Stirling.  Near  it  stood  the  fort  or  peel  of 
Gargownnock,  wdiich  Wallace  took  by 
stratagem  from  an  English  garrison.  Po- 
pulation is  about  954. 

GarigUano,  a river  of  Naples,  has  its 
source  near  the  lake  of  Celano,  and  takiiip* 
Its  direction  by  Sora  and  Aquino,  falls  into 
the  gulf  of  Gaeta. 

GAillOCH,  a district  of  Aberdeenshire, 
comprehending  15  parishes,  and  about 
12,000  inhabitants.  The  sur.^aCe  is  moun- 
tainous and  the  district  very  healtiiy. 

Gar/uouth,  or  Garmach,  in  the  county  of 
Moray,  at  the  mouth  cf  the  Spey,  which 
here  forms  a good  harbour.  The  houses 
are  mean,-  being  mostly  constructed  of  mud,‘ 
and  the  inhabitants  amount  to  about  700, 
It  is  a burgh  of  barony,  has  iin  annual 
fair ; and  a considerable  trade  in  the  ex- 
portation of  salmon  and  wood,  the  wood  is 
fioaied  down  tlie  Spey,  from  Badenoch  and 
Strathspey,  cut  into  mast  spars  and  planks, 
by  a company  which  employs  two  saw  mills, 
which  drive  upwards  of  70  saws.  The  sal- 
mon is  exported  to  London;  12  miles  ke 
of  Elgin. 

Garn,  a town  in  the  province  of  Upland, 
12  miles  ke  from  Upsal,  Sweden. 

Garonne,  a river  wdiich  rises  in  the  Py« 
renecs,  and  joining  with  the  Dordogne, 
about  12  miles  below  Bourdeaux,  changes 
its  name  to  Gironde. 

GARONNE,  Upper,  a department  of 
France,  containiifg  part  of  the  province  of 
Lanquedor.  It  takes  its  name  from  the  Ga- 
ronne, Avhich  passes  through  it.  Toulouse 
is  the  capital. 

GARRET  DENNIS,  an  island  in  the 
E Pacific  ocean,  about  14  leagues  in  cir- 
cumference, inhabited  by  blacks.  ^Lou.  151 
25e,  Rt2  50s. 

Garrison,  a town  in  Fermanagh,  near 
Lough  Melvin,  four  miles  Nwof  Enniscilien. 
and  102  miles  from  Dublin. 

Garrp,  a lake  of  considerable  extent, 
discharging  itself  by  a river  of  the  same 
name  ; ^me  of  the  most  tinbulent  and  rapid 
rivers  in  IVrthslure,  it  falls  into  the  Tuy  near 
Lozierajt, 

Garrj/,  a lake  and  river  in  Tnverness- 
sbire,  whic'u  gives  name  to  tlie  distiirt  of 
Glengarry. 

Gaisis,  a walled  town  of  the  kingdom 
of  Fez,  and  the  bouses  luiilt  of  black  stone, 
sijmds  on  the  JMula  in  a ftolile  country,  56 
miles  SE  of  Me'iiba. 

{)(trslar{g,  a t 'wn  in  Lancashire,  large 
anU  populous,  but  meanly  built,  scaled -ou 


GAT 

tlic  V/yze  ; with  a market  on  Thursday,  and  j 
tinee  annual  fairs.  It  has  a sUitely  Gothic  | 
church,  and  is  10  miles  e by  s of  L(anc;ister, 
and  2S9  nnw  of  London. 

Gartly,  a parish  in  BanlFd'ire,  12  miles 
long  and  six  broad,  intersected  by  the  Bogie 
It  is  in  general  fertile.  Topulati  n is 
about  938. 

Gartfi.orn  Dam,  an  artificial  lake  in 
Claclnnanansliire,  which  when  full  covers  j 
128  acres,  orighially  made  for  the  use  «d' | 
the  coal  works.  The  water  drives  seven,  j 
mills  within  the  parish  of  Alloa,  besides  I 
cleaning  the  haruoar.  j 

Gart^i  a tuvva  of  Pomerania,  in  the  island 
of  Rngea, 

Ganz,  a tovrn  of  Prussian  Pomerania. 
Lon.  17  19  E,  iat.  55'  15  n. 

Garvald,  and  B.irro,  two  united  parishes 
*in  Haddiiigtoiishire,  partly  of  a rich  clay, 
and  partly  of  a light  gravelly  soil.  They 
txrend  from  e to  w about  eight  or  nine 
in  ] jg  ar.d  abotit  iciir  or  fivelroru  n to  s,  and 
contain  besides  the  village  of  Garvald,  the 
beauthui  house  of  Hopes.  Population  is 
about:  M9 

Gurccliich,  a small  island  in  Argyllshire, 
eight  mi;es  se  of  die  Isle  of  Mull, 

Garvk,  a considerable  river  in  Ross- 
sbire,  rises  near  Loch  Broom,  and  running 
ESS  Llis  into  the  n side  of  the  Beauly, 
V/  of  U.  ray. 

Grrvis,  a small  is' and  in  the  frith  of 
FomIu  fi  ve  miles  s of  jDunferailine. 

Girvock,  a parish  in  Kincardineshire, 
about  eight  miles  long,  and  four  broad  ; 
about  3r,600  a«i’es  are  arable.  Their  is  an 
annual  fair,  crdled  St.  James’  Fa;?,  hela  on 
the  25  July,  O.  S.  Population  4C3.  Gar- 
vock  was  lormer'iy  a deer  park,  and  part  of 
the  walls  are  still  visible. 

GAbCOKT,  a ci-devant  province  of 
Frante,  which,  with  Arinagnac,  now  forms 
the  department  of  Gers.  Ttie  inhabitants 
who  are  of  a lively  disposition,  are  noted 
fov  boasting  of  their  exploits,  ijeiice  the 
name  of  Gasconade  is  given  to  ail  exag- 
geiat^d  :5toiiei5. 

Gask,  a parish  in  Perthshire,  nearly  of 
a square  form,  each  side  of  which  is  two 
miles,  bounded  en  the  s by  the  Earn,  is  in- 
tersected fi orn  E to  w by  a,  Roman  highway, 
and  contains  vestiges  of  Roman  camps  It 
is  fertile  towards  tiie  s,  and  towards  the  n 
covered  with  thriving  plantations.  Free- 
stone, slate,  and  marie  are  found  in  the 
jrarish.  Population  about  GOO. 

G'j.skicrj  a small  island  of  the  Hebrides, 
frequented  by  vast  flocks  of  geese. 

Gasiei'/t,  a town  in  the  aichbishcprie  cf 
Baiizburg,  Bavari  r,  celebrated  fhr  its  warm 
.Lraths,  and  mines  of  lead,  iron,  and  gold  ; 
45  miles  s of  Salzburg. 

. Gala,  Caps,  a promontory  on  the  coast 
of  Gianaua,  Spain.  It  .consisls  tf  an  in;- 


GAT 

mense  rock  of  a singular  nature  and  ap- 
pearance, being  24  miles  in  circumference, 
L<^n.  c 22  w',  lat.  5G  43  n. 

G'ita,  a town  in  Estramadura,  cn  a river 
of  tiic  same  name,  Spain,  15  miles  nnw^  of 
Corea. 

Galchouse  of  rlecL  usually  called  Gate* 
house,  a tov>  i»  iu'Kirk-udbrightshhe- in  the  , 
parish  of  Glrtnon  ..kbightrully  r.huated  on 
the  £ banks  of  the  Fleet,  ivd  tar  from  its 
mouih,  navigable  to  the  town  oy  vessels  of 
GO  tons  burden.  It  is  em'oesomed  by  hills' 
and  mountains  in  form  of  a vast  amphi- 
theatre, which  expands  with  a. wide  opening 
to  the  s,  presenting  a full  view  cf  a fine 
bay  In  a vcfiley  a to  the  n stands  the 
remains  cf  diC  ancient  castie  of  Rir  -v'',  and 
a mde  s i.y  e of  'the  town  is  the  c egant' 
mansion  ci  Cauiy  scat  or  the  lamily  of 
Murray  cf  Broughton:  on  the  w side,  in 
a fine  exposure,  stand  the  villas  or  Ardvveil 
and  Cardoneso  Tbe  la  idscape  here  unites 
the  sublime  and  beaiiiiful  in  no  common 
degree.  The  town  is  laid  out  on  a regular 
plan,  the  streets  run  in  straight  lines  and 
cross  at  right  angles.  At  an  early  period 
of  tiiG  impiovements  in  tue  cotton  manufuC- 
ture,  an  extensive  ■'.voik  was  here  set  on 
foot,  greetly  enlarged,  embellished  and  en- 
riched the  town,  which  in  less  than  half  a 
century  rose  from  a single  Inn  to  a popu- 
lation of  about  2000.  In  1794,  it  was 
erected  into  a borough  of  barony,  is  gaverri- 
ed  by  a provost,  two  bailies,  and  four  coiui- 
sellers.  Iii  the  immediate  vicinity  is  an 
elegant  academy,  in  whica  are  taught  the 
lingmages  and  sciences,  and  also  an  episco- 
pal chapel,  the,  minister  of  w’hich  superin- 
tends the  academy.  Fiere  too  are  several 
friendly  societies  with  extensive  funds,  It  ha:.i 
four  annuai  ians,  and  a cattle  market  every 
Saturday  ; 20  miles  ssw  cf  Dumfries,  and 
50  ESE  of  Portpatrick. 

GATES  COUNTY,  in  Edenton  eastern 
district,  Nonh  Carolina.  It  contains  5,392 
inhabiLinifi,  including  2,219  slaves.  Hert- 
ford is  the  chief  town. 

Gateshead,  a town  in  the  county  of  Dur- 
ham, on  the  s s'de  of  the  Tyne.  It  is  a 
borough  by  presciipiion.  The  town  has 
been  much  improved  of  late.  The  number 
of  iniiabitaiits  by  the  l ist  census  was  8,782. 
It  has  manufactures  of  cast  and  wrought 
iron,  whiting,  &c. ; and  from  the  quarries 
in  Gateshead  Fell,  are  got  the  lamous 
•c; rind- stones,  whicli,  under  the  name  cf 
Newcastle,  are  exported  to  all  parts  cf  the 
wmrld;  15  miles  n of  Durham,  and  2G9  u 
by  w of  London. 

Gation,  an  ancient  burgh  in  Surry,  once 
a large  place,  but  now  greatly  reduced, 

! though  it  still  sends  two  members  to  par- 
liament, elected  by  the  householders,  -and 
returned  by  the  constable  annually  appoint- 
ed by  the  maiicr  court  j two  miles 


of  Ryegale,  and  19  s fiy  w cf  Lon- 
don. 

GnudenSj  St,  a populous  town  m the  de- 
piUUueiit  of  Upper  Garonne,  Prance,  seated 
on  ilie  Gaionnc,  15  miles  of  St,  Ber» 
tv^nd. 

Gcivdkovon,  a town  of  Lower  Bavaria,  20 
miles  SE  of  I.aiidbhut. 

Guvererii  or  IVavcren,  a town  of  Flanders, 
in  the  depaitrnent  of  Escaut,  on  the  Scheldt, 
tight  miles  sse  of  Ghent.  Lon.  3 41  e,  iat. 
50  4 9 N. 

Giivi,  3 town  in  the  territory  of  Genoa, 
em  the  Lerno,  19  miles  kw  of  Genoa,  for- 
merly an  important  frontier  on  the  side 
Moniferrat  and  tiie  Milanese, 

Gavintoivrii  a village  in  Berwickshire, 
about  half  a mile  from  the  site  of  the  an- 
cient village  of  Ijongtou,  vras  fewed  by  the 
late  proprietor  of  the  estate  of  Langton 
and  called  after  his  own  name,  when  he 
^ demolished  the  village  of  Langton.  To 
this  Village  the  church  was  lately  removed, 
font  the  ancient  burying  ground  is  still 
occupied;  one  mile  and  a-half  ssw  of 
Dun  sc. 

Gaukarnn^  a town  of  Canara,  Kindoos- 
<an,  of  great  celebrity  among  the  Bramins, 
for  .an  image  of  Siva,  and  antique  inscrip- 
tions on  stone.  It  is  seated  near  the 
mouth  of  a river;  has  trade,  and  the  vicinity 
is  fertile,  72  miles  nnw  of  Kundapura. 

Gatzr,  or  Zoitf,  a city  of  Ushbee  Tartary, 
chief  of  the  province  of  Gaur.  It  stands 

the  river  Zouh'and  is  120  miles  s by  w of 
Balk.  Lon.  64  e,  iat.  35  5 n, 

Ga?iraf  a town  in  the  jurisdiction  cf 
€'}aucay,  Peru,  in  a fertile  country,  wa- 
tered by  a river  of  the  same  name;  its 
chief  commerce  consists  in  salt  and  salt 
beef. 

Gaids,  stupendous  moiintaios,  stretching 
along  the  e and  w coasts  of  the  peiiiosula 
of  Hindoostan.  The  vv  ridge  reaches 
from  Cape  Camorin  to  the  river  Tapty, 
except  an  interruption  of  about  16  miles 
occupied  by  a forest.  They  rise  abruptly, 
and  support  in  the  form  of  a terrace,  an 
immense  extent  of  fertile  and  populous 
plains,  in  vrhich,  owing  to  their  elevation, 
the  air  is  cool  and  refreshing.  The  name 
which  originally  signifies  a pass  through 
mountains,  has  been  transferred  to  the 
mountains  themselves.  Tiieir  height  is 
supposed  to  be  between  5,000  and  4,000 
i*eet.  Rams  fall  on  the  windward  side  of 
thcje  rnounlftius  during  the  monsoons, 
while  it  IS  Ih'r  wea  !ier  on  the  leeward. 
iSee  Piilegnte  ZTountains. 

Ga?/~IL:ad,  a peninsula  on  ihe  island  of 
:V:ar(ha's  Vineyard,  between  tliree  and  four  ! 
miles  in  length,  and  tvim  in  breadth,  and  I 
aiaiost  separated  from  tl'.e  other  part  of  the  • 
is  .Old  by  a large  pond.  Tiie  marks  ol  i 
Ivor  or  five  cratois  of  volcanoes  are  I 


plainly  seen,  Lon.  70  50  w,  Iat.  4^ 

20  N, 

Gat.a,  a town  in  Palestine,  Syria,  fwo  miles 
from  the  Mediterranean,  with  a harbour  and 
castle,  but  much  reduced  from  its  ancient 
grandeur,  and  hardly  contains  2,000  inhabi- 
tants. The  environs  arc  exceedingly  fer- 
tile, and  produce,  without  art,  pomegranates, 
oranges,  dates,  and  dowers.  There  is,  a con- 
siderable manufacture  of  cotton  in  the  town 
and  neighbourhood,  and  a manufacture  of 
soap.  It  is  much  enriched  by  the  caravans 
lietween  Syria  and  Egypt.  It  is  the  resi- 
dence of  a Turkish  pacha ; and  is  50  miles 
3w  of  Jerusalem.  Lon.  34  45  e,  Iat.  .31  rr. 

Gazypouvy  a town  of  Allahabad,  Hindo- 
stan,  seated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Ganges, 
42  miles  ene  of  Benaris. 

G€arun„  or  Jar&on,  a town  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Farsistan,  Persia,  celebrated  for  its 
excellent  fruits,  particularly  dates,  80  miles 
s by  E of  Shiras.  Lon.  51  17  e,  lat.  28 
15  N. 

GeemsJeerskoi  NoSf  a cape  on  the  e coast 
of  Nova  Zembla.  Lon.  95  e,  Ferro,  lat. 
77  10  N. 

Gefiej  or  Giawle,  a sea-port  town  in  the 
province,  and  capital  of,  Gestricia,  Swedeny 
on  an  inlet  of  the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  which 
divides  the  town  and  forms  two  islands. 
The  town  is  ancient  and  commercial.  The 
exports  are  planks,  iron,  pitch,  and  tar. 
The  population  is  estimated  at  5500.  It  is 
I 90  miles  KNw  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  17  20 
I E,  lat.  60  40  N. 

Gegenback,  a free  imperial  city  in  Su-* 
abia.  Lon.  8 2 e,  Iat.  48  24  n. 

Gshcl,  a town  of  Chinese  Tartary,  with 
a large  palace  and  superb  temple  of  Budha. 
Here,  in  1793,  the  emperor  of  China  re- 
ceived the  British  ambassador,  136  miles  n 
of  Peking. 

Geilcsikircken,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Roer,  France,  formerly  of  Germany,  duchy 
of  Juliers,  stands  on  the  Worm,  10  miles 
wNw  of  Juliers. 

Geidingen,  an  imperial  town  of  Suabia, 
on  the  Robrach  , 12  miles  w cf  Ulm. 

Geismar,  a village  in  the  principality  of 
Hesse  Cassel,  celebrated  foriis  bone  manu- 
factures. Rothel  Bath  in  the  vicinity  is 
much  frequented,  14  miles  n of  Cassel. 

Gdsmar,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Hesse,  22  miles  w of  Ggyittingon. 

' G^^^sSf  a town  of  Germany  in  the  bi- 
shopric of  Fulda,  16  miles  ks  of  Fulda. 

GcHliayUi  a town  in  Upper  Saxony  20 
miles  ssE  of  Leipzig. 

GeldtiriamL  See  Guclderland, 

Geldres.  Sec  Guetdrjs. 

Geliy  CairHi  a mountain  in  Perthshire, 
eight  miles  k of  CrielT. 

Gelithausen^  a town  of  Germany,  with  a 
castle,  on  the  Ktiitzig,  18  miles  ke  of 
HantiU. 


GEN 

CJt'Hy  & rivGir  in  Cumberltind,  wh)cb  hsgs 
ill  Knag’s  forest  or  Gellsdale,  on  the  br.^rder.j 
of  NortJ^m-iberiand,  flows  nw  and  falls  into 
the  Irthing,  two  miles  w of  Brampton.  On 
the  face  of  a rock,  near  its  junaion  with  the 
Irthing,  is  a Roman  inscription.  Here,  as 
is  supposed,  stones  were  procured  by  the 
Romans  for  the  Bicts  wall. 

Gemangidid,  or  Delgumutu,  a town  m 
the  empire  of  Morocco.  ^ 

Gemblours,  or  Giblou,  a town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Dyle  of  Brabant,  Netherlands, 
situated  on  the  river  Orneao,  which  runs 
into  the  Sambre.  It  is  10  miles  Nw  of  Na- 
mur, and  22  se  of  Brussels. 

Gennngen,  a town  in  the  palatinate  of  the 
Rhine,  Germany,  in  the  departmen^  of 
Rhine  and  Moselle,  and  stands  on  the  Sim- 
mern,  54  miles  s of  Coblentz. 

Geminiano,  St,  a town  of  Tuscany,  situ- 
ated on  a mountain,  in  which  is  a mine  of 
vitriol,  25  miles  sw  of  Florence. 

Geimma,  an  old,  but  opulent  burgh  in 
the  district  of  Friuli,  12  miles  nnw  of  B- 
dina,  and  20  wis’w  of  Friuli. 

Gemund,  or  Gmund,  an  imperial  town  of 
Suabia,  noted  for  a manufacture  of  silver 
toys,  on  the  Roer,  24  miles  sw  of  Cologne. 
Lon.  9 55  E,  lat.  48  45  N. 

Gemu7id,  or  Gemunde.n,  a town  in  Fran- 
conia, and  bishopric  of  Wuizburg,  on  the 
Maine,  22  miles  n of  Wurtzburg. 

Gewtind,  a town  in  . Carinthia,  noted  for 
mar.ufactures  of  iron  and  steel,  16  miles  ww 
of  Villach. 

Gemuncl,  or  Gemunden,  a towm  of  Austria, 
celebrated  for  its  salt  works,  stands  at  the  n 
end  of  a lake  of  the  same  name  on  the  Fram, 
w’liich  issues  from  the  lake,  20  miles  ssw  of 

Gew-unden,  a town  famous  for  its  fairs, 
three  miles  e of  Westerburg,  Germany. 

Genap,  or  Geneppe,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Byle,  in  Brabant,  Netherlands, 
seated  on  the  Dyle,  has  an  ancient  castle, 
and  is  15  miles  se  of  Brussels. 

Genesee,  a large  tract  of  flat  land,  in  the 
state  of  New  York,  about  20  miles  long, 
and  four  broad.  The  soil  is  remarkably  rich, 
and  clear  of  trees. 

Genessee,  a river  in  the  slate  of  New  York, 
which  has  its  source  on  the  n border  of  Pen- 
sylvania,  flows  nne  through  the  state  of  New 
York,  and  fails  into  the  lake  Ontario. 

Geneva,  an  ancient,  large,  and  populous 
city,  capital  of  a republic  of  the  same  name, 
long  in  alliance  with  the  Swiss,  but  forcibly 
annexed  to  France  in  2798,  It  fiourisbed 
under  the  successors  of  Cfesar,  It  has  a 
good  arsenal,  and  an  university  founded  in 
1368.  The  houses  are  lofty.  The  citizens 
of  both  sexes  are  remarkably  w'cll  instructed, 
and,  before  their  annexation  to  France,  they 
carried  on  great  trade.  The  celebrated  John 
Calvin  arriving  accidently  at  Geneva,  to- 


GEN 

wnvds  the  clcsse  cf  the  year  1556,  was  in- 
duced to  remain  and  complete  the  ivork  of 
the  reformation  that  was  begun.  Geneva 
was  then  regarded  as  the  centre  and  assyluin 
of  the  reformed  religion,  both  by  the  French 
and  Italians ; and  by  the  retreat  of  the  per- 
secuted Protestants,  the  arts  and  commerce 
became  daily  more  flourishing,  and  popula- 
tion increased.  In  1559,  an  academy  was 
founded,  under  the  direction  of  Theodore 
Beza.  The  population  of  Geneva  (says  a 
traveller  on  the  spot,  in  1802,)  is  about 
24,000.  The  territory  of  Geneva  is  com- 
prehended in  the  Department  of  Lemmty 
which  department  contains  about  16  square 
leagues  of  land;  its  population  is  estimated 
at  609,000  persons.  It  is  divided  into  three 
cantons  or  hundreds,  the  largest  cf  whicia 
has  Geneva  for  its  capital,  and  contains 
about  75,000  souls,  of  which  10,000  are 
Genevans,  20,000  French,  and  the  remain- 
der Savoyards.”  Geneva  lies  40  miles  e of 
Chamberg,  and  135  nw  of  Turin.  Lon. 

6 0 E,  lat.  46  i 1 N. 

Geneva,  lake  of,  a large  Jake  between 
Sv/itzerland  and  Savoy,  in  a valley  which 
separates  the  Alps  and  mount  Jura.  The 
length  along  the  coast  is  13  leagues  and  a 
quarter,  (25  to  a degree,)  cn  the  side  of 
Savoy  15  leagues;  the  greatest  breadth  is 
three  leagues  and  a quarter.  From  GcMieva 
I to  the  environs' of  Lausanne,  the  country 
rises  for  a considerable  w ay  from  the  mar- 
gin of  the  lake,  and  is  enriched  with  all  the 
rarities  that  nature  can  bestow.  The  long 
ridge  of  the  Jura,  fertile  in  pasturage,  and 
varied  with  woods,  backs  this  beautiful  tract. 
Near  Lausanne,  the  banks  rise  considerably, 
forming  a charming  terrace.  Near  Geneva 
it  is  shallow  ; but  in  some  part  exceedingly 
deep,  by  some  said  to  be  unfathomable,  it 
abounds  in  fish,  remarkable  as  well  for  their 
excellence  as  size.  The  river  Rhone  passes 
through  it  from  e to  w. 

Geneva,  New,  an  elegant  built  village  In 
the  county  of  Watej'ford,  Ireland,  seated 
near  Passage,  w banks  cf  Waterford  har- 
bour, erected  by  government  in  1782,  for 
the  reception  of  those  Genevese  whom  the 
revolution  had  expelled  from  Geneva,  but 
they  gave  up  the  design  of  settling  in 
Ireland. 

Geneva,  a post  town  in  Onondago  county, 
in  the  state  of  New  York,  stands  on  the  nw 
corner  of  Seneca  Lake,  24  miles  sse  of 
Canandaqua,  and  106  w of  Coeperstown.  ^ 

Genevieve,  St,  or  Missive^  a village  in  Loui- 
siana, cn  the  w bank  of  the  Missisipp:. 

Genevois,  or  Dnekp  of  Geneva,  a ci-de- 
vant  province  of  France.  Geneva  and  its 
territory  formerly  made  a part  ot  it.  It  is 
now  included  in  the  department  of  Mont 
Blanc. 

Gengaiix,  Gengovx,  St,  ci-devant,  le  Rcynl, 
a town  in  the  deparUnent  of  Saone  and  Iioirc, 


G E N 

France,  famous  for  its  wirws,  stands  at  the  ■ 
tc<ci  of  a mouniaiii,  17  miles  svv  of  Chalous.  i 
Xion.  4 4o  E,  Jaf  -G  57  x 

Gengenhachy  a odevaiit  imperial  town  in 
Su/ibia,  ceC^d  lo  B .hen  in  seated  on 

a rivulet  oi'  the  same  name,  20  miles  n of 
Ffiburg. 

Genies f Si,  or  St.,  Geneiz,  a town  in  the 
department  of  Aveiron,  Fi-'mce.  !■  was  the 
birth-place  of  Abbe  Kaynal,  24  miles  ne  of 
IlhacViz.  Lon.  5 O e,  Lit.  44  55 

Gsnlis,  a toven  i«  the  department  of  toe 
Aisne,  and  district  of  Chaimy,  France,  12 
miles  s of  St.  Quentin. 

Genn^p,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Roer,  GeA'mcny,  in  the  duchy  of  Cleves, 
on  the  Niers.  iiine  miles  ssw  of  Cleves. 

Genoa,  or  Liguria,  an  ancient  republican 
state  of  Italy,  about  ISO  miiss  long,  but 
scarcely  in  any  par:  more  than  12  in  breadih. 
It  extends  along  that  part  af  the  Mediter- 
lanean  called  tlie  gulf  of  Genoa,  and  bor- 
ders from  wlo  E on  Piedmont,  Milan,  Par- 
ma, and  Tuscany.  The  country  is  moun- 
tainous, anti  part  of  it  covered  with  barren 
rocks,  which  serve  for  its  defence.  Some  of 
t!ie  mouiitalns  are  covered  with  wood,  others 
yield  good  pasture.  There  is  but  a small 
quantity  of  arable  land,  and  the  corn  does 
not  supply  t!ie  inhabitants.  However,  they 
carefully  cultivate  every  place  thc-y  can,  and 
throughout  rhe  year  are  supplied  with  excel- 
lent vegetallcs  for  l!;e  table.  They  make  a 
considerable  quantity  of  wine ; and  have 
abundance  of  excel  Sent  fruit,  especially  ci- 
trons, pomegranates,  cranges,  almonds,  and 
ligs.  A great  number  of  mulberry  trees 
are  raised  to  feed  siik-%vorrriS  ; and  olives  1 
grow'  in  great  plenty,  especially  round  the 
gulf  of  Spezzla.  S?.it  is  produced.  There 
are  quarries  of  marble  and  other  stone.  The 
inhaoitunts  are  mes'ly  Homan  Catholics. 
Tlio  manufactures  are  not  so  liourishing  as 
they  formerly  were.  The  most  considerable 
ale  velvet,  plush,  damask,  different  kinds  of 
silk,  gold  and  silver  stuffs,  lace,  gloves, 
stockings,  ribbons,  soap,  paper  to  imitate 
the  Indian,  &c.  Other  articles  of  com- 
merce are  oil,  fruit,  mac.arcni,  confectionary, 
Parmesan  cheese,  anchovies,  fee.  The 
banking  business  in  Genoa  is  very  consider- 
able, and  the  bankers  were  est.ernied  tlic 
richest, in' Europe.  The  govern-nent  of  the 
'republic  was  aristocratic  from  tr;e  year  1520 
till  1798,  when  the  mod'd  of  the.  French 
government  w.as  imitat^'d,  er  rc'ker  en- 
forced. The  city  of  Genoa  wojs  formerly  the 
capital  of  the  ancient  Ligurin,  as  it  was  of 
t’ae.  modern  republic  of  tllat  liUTne.  The 
whole  state  w'ns  in  1798  named  the  L/gn- 
rlan  Rcpuhlic  ; and  b.?Ing  under  the  c::n- 
iroul  of  tlie  rulers  of  France,  it  has  from  ' 
that  time  shared  in  the  warrm  e of  tUrt  cou.n- 
tjy.  It  has  been  annexed  to  ihe  doininions 
ol  the  king  of  Italy.  The  city  h ncile^ 


G E O 

in  circumrereuce,  built  like  an  amphitheatre, 
and  dcfendeil  towards  the  land  by  a double 
wall.  The  streets  are  in  general  narrow'', 
but  clean  and  paved;  two,  called  tiie 
Strada  Niiova,  and  Strad.a  Balbi,  are  fi'led 
with  rnagnifjcent  palaces,  fronted  with  mar- 
ble. Ti  is  the  see  of  an  archbishop.  The 
cathedi'^d  L’  built  in  the  Gothic  style,  and 
paved  Nvith  black  and  white  marble.  Owing 
to  its  superb  marble  palaces  and  churches,  it 
has  the  name  of  Genoa  the  Proud.  Besides 
the  catiiedral,  it  contains  52  parish  churches, 
many  of  which  are  ;nagnificent,  and  adorned 
with  sculptures  and  pictures  by  the  best  mas- 
ters. The  number  of  inhabitants  in  the  city 
is  estimated  at  80,000,  and  in  the  republic 
at  180,000,  On  one  of  the  two  . forts  by 
which  the  harbour  is  protected  is  a top  of 
strong  glass,  illuminated  at  night  by  55  large 
lamps.  The  harbour  is  also  furnished  with 
R mole  560  paces  long,  15  broad,  and  25 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  water.  In  i74G, 
Genoa  was  taken  by  the  Austrians,  who 
oppressed  the  inhabitants  so  much,  that  they 
suddenly  rose  and  expelled  their  conquerors, 
w'ho  besieged  the  city  next  year,  but  were 
obliged  to  relinquish  their  attempt.  In  1 793, 
it  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  French  ; in 
1 800,  it  w'as  besieged  by  an  Austrian  array 
and  British  fleet,  when  it  was  obliged  from 
famine  to  capitulate;  but  on  the  victory  at 
Marengo,  it  again  was  delivered  to  the 
French.  It  is  65  miles  s of  Milan,  G2  se 
of  Turin,  and  120  wnw  of  Florence.  Lon. 

8 4i  E.  lat.  44  25  n. 

Gentiah,  a towm  in  the  country  of  Assam, 
Asia,  570  miles  e of  Patna.  Lcn.  92  10  e, 
iat.  25  10  N. 

Genlillp,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Vienne,  France,  three  miles  s of  Paris. 
Here  was  the  residence  of  the  kings  of 
France,  of  the  fi.»'st  and  second  race. 

Gentlin,  ' 2l  town  in  Lower  Saxony,  and 
duchy  of  Magdeburg,  30  miles  ne  of  Mag- 
deburg. 

George- Del- Minda,  St,  a fort  on  the  Gold 
Coast,  Guinea.  Lon.  0 22  w,  lat.  5 0 n. 

George,  Fort,  a fort  in  New  York,  at  the 
s end  of  Lake  George,  42  miles  n of  Albany. 

George,  Fort,  a fortress  of  Scotland,  In- 
verness-shire,  stands  on  Lhe  point  of  a penin- 
sula which  runs  into  tlie  Murray  Frith,  and 
has  the  complete  command  of  the  entrance 
into  the  harboui'  of  Inverness,  PIcre  are 
several  handsome  streets  of  barracks.  It  is 
generally  gaj’rlsoned  by  three  companies  of 
invalids,  and  a marc’ning  regiment ; and  has 
lately  been  rendered  a great  depot  of  arms  : 

9 miics  xe  o?  Inverness,  and  164  nnvv  of 

Ediu'vjrgh.  An  adjoining  village,  to  which 
the  fort  gave  rise,  contains  about  500  inha- 
bitants. ft 

Fort  St.  See  Madras. 

Grorge,  Lake,  in  East  Florida,  is  a dila- 
tation of  the  river  St  Juau,  or  St  John, 


GEO  GEO 

and  called  also  Great  lake.  It  is  about  15  [(  George  Tovm^  a small  vl  or  rathci', 
miles  broad.  j military  baria‘''ks;  in  r'ertiishirc. 

Georg  -;.  Lake,  in  the  state  of  New  Yo/.-v,  i Georgeio-vn,  the  chief  town  cf  St  :,.-.ex 


lies  to  ttje  sw  o**  Lake  Champlain,  and  is  35 
miles  long,  but  narrow.  The  adjacent  coun- 
try is  mountainous,  with  tolerably  fertf’e  val- 
ues. At  tlje  s end  of  tlie  lake  ave  the  re- 
mains of  Fort  George,  and  at  the  n end,  at 
its  outlet  into  Lake  Champlain,  that  of  the 
fort  of  Ticonderago. 

Geo7'ge,  St,  the  capital  of  the  island  of 
Grenada,  in  the  West  Indies,  formeriy  called 
ln--t  Royal,  which  name  the  fort  still  retahis. 
It  is  situated  on  n cious  bay,  on  the  w,  or 
lee- side  of  the  is!  . , and  has  one  of  the 
safest  and  most  coc..  dious  harbours  in  the 
Biiu>h  West  Indies.  Lon.  61  45  lat. 
1 1 50  N. 

Georget  St,  a cape  and  several  islands 
nearly  opposite  the  liver  Apalachicola,  on 
the  coast  of  East  Florida.  The  cape  lies  six 
leagues  to  the  eastw'aid  of  Cape  Biaize. 
Lon.  S4  50  w',  lat.  29  38  n. 

George,  St,  an  Eland  and  division  of  the 
Bermuda  isles,  in  the  Vvest  Indies.  The 
island,  which  is  in  the  form  of  a hook,  is 
about  40  miles  long,  and  seldom  iwo  broad. 
It  contains  the  town  of  St  George,  which  is 
the  capital  of  all  the  islands.  The  toivn  is 
built  of  freestone,  and  contains  about  500 
houses.  Loii.  63  55  w',  ht,  32  45  N.  See 
Bermudas. 

Geo7'ge,  St,  one'.of  the  Azores,  is  fertile  in 
wheat.  Htre,  in  1808,  the  town  of  Ursu- 
lina,  several  iarm-bouses,  &c.  were  demo- 
lished by  a volcano.  Vellas  is  the  capital, 
Lon.  28  0 w,  lat.  38  39  n. 

George,  St,  an  island  of  the  United  States 
in  the  Strait  of  St  Mary,  which  unites  Lake 
Superior  and  Lake  Huron. 

George  Bel  Mina.  St,  a fort  on  the  Gold 
Coast,  Guinea,  and  the  principal  settlement 
of  the  D utch  in  those  parts.  Tne  town  under 
it,  called  bykhe  natives  Oddena,  is  very  lon^, 
and  pretty  broad.  The  houses  are  buii'j  of 
stone;  in  other  places  on  this  coast  they  are 
constructed  of  clay  and  wood ; 10  mnes  wsw 
of  Cape  Coast  Castle.  Lon.  0 8 w,  lat.  4 

56  N. 

George,  St,  a small  island  in  the  Gulf  of 
Venice,  to  the  s of  Venice,  to  which  it  is 
subject.  Its,  Benedictine  monastry,  has  c^ne 
of  the  finest  churches  in  Italy, 

George  s Bank,  St,  a fishmg  bgiik  in  the 
Atlantic  ocean,  Massachusetts^  extending 
from  N to.s,  between  lat.  41  H/y  42  22 
and  between  Ion.  67  50  and  68  10  w. 

George  s Kiy,  St,  a small  island  in  the  bay 
cf  Honduras,  on  the  £ coast  of  Jucatan.  It 
is  likewise  called  Cassina,  or  Cayo  Casigo, 
By  a treaty  in  1786,  the  English  logwood 
cutters  were  permitted,  under  certain  rrstric- 
trons,  to  occupy  the  island.  Lon.  55  w. 
Ht.  i7  40  N. 


county,  Dc>aware,  16  miles  ws.v  ol  ^ owes, 
and  103  s by  vf  of  Pnilaoe/*  hr’a. 

Georgetozun,  a post  in  Kent 

Maryland,  stands  on  the  Sassairas,  5 m-lcs 
ftom  iis  entrance  into  Chesapcuk  h- y,  and 
65  sw  of  Phiiadelphia. 

Georgetown,  a post  tovvii  fjnd  port,  cf  ciitry, 
in  Montgomery  county,  Maryland 

GEORGETOWN,  thedis'crictof  P^Xaine, 
Lincoln  county,  situated  on  boni  sides  of 
Kennebeck  river.  It  is  the  place  wli. ae  u q 
English  in  1607,  first  ?4ttem|jtod  to  colonize 
New  England.  It  was  inecrpc^'e.led  in  { 7 .i  6, 
and  contains  1333  inhabitants;  15  miies  s 
by  w of  Wiscasset, 

Georgetown,  a post  town  In  the  county  of 
Oglethorpe,  Georgia,  standsonthe  Ogeeche, 
24  miles  nnw  of  Louisville, 

Georgetoion-.  a town  in  the  tenitury  of 
Goiumbia,  United  States,  stands  ■ n tEe  Po- 
tomac, and  on  the  vr  side  of  Rock  Creek, 
which  separates  it  from  Waahingten  flere 
is  a college,  founded  by  the  Roman  catholics, 
for  tiie  advancement  of  general  literature  ; 
four  miles  wnw  of  the  capital,  and  46  sw'  of 
Baltimore, 

GEORGETOWN,  a large  maritime 
district,  in  the  Lower  country  ot  South  Ca-^ 
roiioa,  situated  in  the  s]2  corner  ©f  the  state. 
It  is  about  112  miles  from  n to  s,  and  63 
from  E to  w,  and  is  divided  in^o  f *ur  cousl- 
ties,  VIZ,  Vf'inyab,,  Williamsburgh,  Kingston, 
and  Liberty.  It  contains  about  22,120  in- 
habitants. It  sends  to  the  Sttu.e  Legiskture, 

J O representotives  and  3 senators. 

• Georgetown,  si  post  town,  port  of  entry, 
and  eapitai  of  the  above  d.Etri.(l:,  is  seated 
.near  the  ccniiuencc  o.f  a numher  of  rivers, 
which  here  form,  Wingaw  b.^:y.  The  puhro 
bu tidings  are  three  cliurches,  a court  In.usCj, 
and  an  academy;  12  rni*e,s  from  the  sea, 
and  55  n Py  e of  Charleston.  Lon.  79  30 
vv%  lat.  33  20  N. 

GEORGIA,  a country  of  Ask,  caOed  by 
the  Persians  Gurgk.tan,  and  by  the  I’urks 
Gurtshi,  situated  between  the  Caspian  and 
the  Eiack  seas;  but  particula.“ly,  CiLphed  to. 
a ccufitry  between  the  Caspian  seaauf*  .-."  lin- 
grelia,  anciently  knev/n  by  tiae  name  of  Ibe- 
ria. It  i«  one  of  the  seven  Caucas’O'  nat’ens) 
in  the  eoiintnoii  botweer:  the  BiiiU.  ::,ea  mal 
the  C''<  'piari,  ii  i.^  divided  into 
vhices  Of  these,  live  ib;.na  tor  at  ie  c,  un- 
mo  idy  called  the  u’agdoTn  of  tte  and 

four  tlie  kh’gunm  or  principal;.'-  c'  Imu-kfa. 
Tiie  climate  »■’.  dry,  very  wairr  m su?n-iT’'o*, 
and  very  crlu  -u  vdr  . a T-'^  bif:  are  co- 
vered vvitl:  -'I  o;  V,,  asn,  ii,  cr'--:- 

nuts,  w.i<  nUs,  an?  c rr;s.  C\  --.ws 
sponUmcojs’y,  a-  -'  r;]'  j-  arc;-  aa 

Triilt  Uccij,  ieut  >/c;,  'dioo.  i. 


i 


GEO 

ir*emp,  and  flax,  are  raised  on  the  plains. 
Thevailies  aftbrd  the  finest  p^^stipge ; the 
rivers  are  full  of  ash  ; the  mountains  abound 
in  minerals;  and  the  climate  is  healthy. 
The  rivers  of  Georgia  are  always  either  too' 
rapid  or  too  shallow  for  the  purposes  of  na- 
vigation. The  trade  by  land  is  gre&Uy  ob- 
strocted  by  tbe  high  mountains  of  Capasus, 
and  by  the  predatory  nations  which  inhabit 
those  mountains.  Tiie  Georgians  are  Ghris- 
tians,  partly  of  the  Armenian  and  partly  ot 
the  G.  eek  coipmunion.  Their  dress  neajly 
resembles  that  of  the  Cossacs,  but  men  of 
rank  frequently  wear  the  habit  of  Persia. 
They  usually  die  their  hair,  beards,  and  nads, 
with  red.  The  women  employ  the  same 
coloue-  to  stain  tue  palms  of  their  hands. 
On  their  head  thev  wear  a cap  or  fiUet; 
their  eye-browt.  are  painted  wuh  black,  and 
the  face  is  perfectly  c«>ated  with  wiiite  and 
red.  Their  native  beauty  is,  however  suffi- 
ciently celebrated  ; they  are  very  handsome, 
but  their  &ir  and  manners  are  extremely  vo- 
luptuous ; they  are  all  taught  to  read  and 
write.  Girls  are  betrothed  as  soon  as  possi- 
ble, often  at  three  or  four  years  of  age.  In 
the  street,  the  women  of  raiik  are  always 
veiled.  The  Georgians  are  famed  for  their 
skill  in  the  use  of  tbe  bow,  and  are  excellent 
soldiers,  but  courage  is  their  only  virtue : 
Fathers  sell  their  children,  and  even  their 
wives;  they  are  addicted  to  drunkenness, 
mid  fond  of  brandy  in  particular.  Ail  over 
Georgia  are  to  be  found  a mixture  of  Tar- 
tars, Ossi,  and  Armenians,  who  among  them- 
selves  speak  their  own  languages,  but  all  ol 
them  understand  and  speak  the  Georgian. 
The  Jews  who  live  in  Georgia  never  mingie 
with  the  Ossi.  There  are  only  four  conade- 
rable  towns,  Tcffils  the  capital,  Gori,  Suram, 

and  Ali.  Sec  jMcnmA. 

GEORGIA,  one  of  the  United  States  ot 

Aniciica,  is  situated  between  Ion.  80  8 and 
9 i s w and  lat.  30  57  and  35  0 n ; being 
SOO  miles  in  length,  and  on  an  a^fage 
I's.)  in  breadth.  It  w.as  formerly  divided 
into  parishes,  afterwards  into  three  districts, 
but  lately  into  two  ; viz.  Upper  and  Lower, 
which  are  subdivided  into  24  counties,  as 
follow  : In  the  Lower  district  are  Camden, 
Cdvnn,  Liberty,  Cliatiiam,  Bryan,  Mdntosh, 

j:;iiiigham,  Scriven,  and  Burke.  Thecoun- 

ties  in  the  Upper  district  are,  Montgomery, 
V/nsliin<^ton,  Hancock,  Greene,  Fiaii-yin, 

0 detborpe.  Elbert,  Wilkies  Lincoln,  War- 
ren,  Jefleison,  Jackson,  Bullock,  Columbia, 
and  Ilichmond.  The  principal  towns  are 

Augusta,  formerly  the  scat  ot  gove-nnmnt, 

Bivaunth,  tiie  lormer  capital  of  th-  sute, 
Sunbfvy,  Brunswick,  Frederica,  Vvasmiig- 
ton,  and  Louisville,  which  is  tlie  present  me- 
tropolis.  The  prinfcipal  rivers  a^  savannah, 
Ogeechee  river,  Alataraaha,  Turtle  river, 

1 m'eKtilla,  Great  Sitilla,  Crooked  Liver, 

Mwy,  aud  Atadadticola,  Tiie  C^iet  lake 


G E R 

I or  marsh  is  Ekanfanoka,  by  some  calledl 
Ouaquaphenogaw,  which  is  300  miles  iu 
circumference.  In  the  eastern  part  of  . the 
state,  is  a tract  of  country  more  than  120 
miles  from  n to  s,  and  from  50  to  80  e and 
w,  completely  level,  which  is  very  rich  and 
fertile.  It  produces  rice.,  tobacco,  indigo, 
cotton,  sago,  maize,  potatoes,  oranges,  figs, 
pomegranates,  &c  Rice  is  the  staple  com- 
modity The  winters  are  mild,  snow  is  sel- 
dom seen.  The  whole  coast  is  bordered 
with  islands,  the  princ'pal  of  v/hich  are  Skid- 
away,  WasBaw,  Ossab  iw,  St  Catherine  s, 
Sapelo,  Frederica,  Jekyh  Cumberland,  &c.> 
The  number  ofinbabita  .ts  in  i8lO,  amount- 
ed to  252,433.  The  different  religious  sects 
are  Presbyterians,  Episcopalians,  Baptists^ 
and  Methodists. 

GEORGIA.  We-st;  under  this  name  is 
included  all  that  part  ot  the  state  of  Georgia 
which  lies  west  of  the  head  waters  of  those 
rivers  which  fall  into  the  Atlantic  ocean. 
This  extensive  tract  of  country  embraces 
some  of  the  finest  land  in  the  United  States^ 
and  is  inhabited  by  three  rations  of  Indians, 
viz.  the  Muskoguige  or  Creek,  the  Chactaws, 
and  the  Chicasaws. 

GEORGIA,  or  South  Georgia,  an 
island  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  visited  by  Capt, 
Cook,  in  1775,  64  miles  long,  and  30  where 
broadest.  Its  bays  and  harbours  are,  ciuring 
the  greatest  part  of  the  year,  inaccessible  by 
ice.  On  the  n end  are  two  rocky  islands^ 
one  named  Wallis  Island,  after  the  name  of 
the  person  who  discovered  it,  the  other  Bird 
Island,  from  the  vast  quantity  of  birds  seeix 
upon  it.  Plere,  as  in  Spitzbergen,  are  per- 
pendicular ice  cliffs.  The  valleys  are  covered 
with  snow ; not  a stream  of  fresh  water  was 
seen,  and  scarcely  any  vegetation.  A pro- 
montory on  its  SE  end  was  named  Queen 
Charlotte  Cape.  Lon.  36  11  w,  lat."  54 
35  s. 

Georgia,  Gulf  of,  a gulf  situated  between 
the  continent  cf  N America,  and  Quadra 
and  Vancouver  island,  in  the  N Pacific  ocean. 
It  is  about  120  miles  long,  and  from  6 to  20 
broad.  It  contains  several  clusters  of  small 
islands,  and  divides  into  a number  of  canals 
Gera,  a town  in  Upper  Saxony,  and  coun- 
ty of  Reus,  the  Elster.^  About  a mile 
from  the  town  in  a wood,  is  a castle  called 
Osterstein.  " The  inhabitants  carry  on  a con- 
siderable manufacture  of  fine  stufls.  Its 
extensive  trade  and  elegant  houses,  has  pro- 
cured it  the  name  of  Little  Leipsic  ; 52 
miles  ssw  of  Leipsic.  Lon.  12  7 e,  lat.  50 
55  N. 

GERAU,  a small  country,  situated  near 
the  conflux  of  the  Maine  and  the  Paime. 

Darmstadt  is  tlie  capital.  . • v.*, 

G-erau  Gross,  a town  m the  principality 
of  Hesse  Darmstadt,  Germany,  10  miles 

WNW  of  Darmstadt.  - 

ft  towa  ia  the  department  «« 


G E R 


G E R 


OlsCr  and  district  of  Beauvais,  France;  12  || 
miles  Nw  of  Beauvois.  ! 

Gerhevillevy  a town  in  the  department  of  ij 
Meurthe,  and  district  of  Luneville,  France, 
seated  on  the  Agen,  five  miles  s of  Lune- 
ville, 

GerhU  an  island  on  the  coast  of  Tripoli, 
Mediterranean.  It  produces  barley,  figs, 
olives,  and  grapes,  in  great  abundance.  Lon. 
11  20  E,  lat.  oo  56  N. 

Gerbsiadtf  a town  in  Upper  Saxony,  and 
county  of  Mansfield,  seven . miles  of 
Mansfield. 

Gerdaven,  a town  in  the  province  of  Na- 
tangen,  Prussia,  has  two  castles,  and  stands 
on  the  Omet ; in  its  vicinity  is  an  extensive 
lake  ; 50  miles  se  of  Konigsberg. 

Germaiiiy  St,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Loire,  France,  celebrated  for  its  excel- 
lent wine,  18  miles  s of  Boanne. 

Germain,  St,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Seine  and  Oise,  France.  Here,  in  a 
magnificent  palace,  was  born  Louis  XFV. 
This  was  the  retreat  of  James  II.  when  he 
fled  to  France,  It  stands  on  the  Seine,  and 
has,  in  its  vicinity,  a fine  forest ; 10  miles 
W of  Paris. 

Germains,  St,  an  ancient  borough  In  Corn- 
wall. is  governed  by  a mayor,  once  the  largest 
town  in  the  county,  and  a bishop’s  see.  It 
now  consists  of  fishermen’s  cottages.  The 
parish  church  is  part  of  the  ancient  cathe- 
dral, in  the  vicinity  of  v/hicb  is  a priory.  It 
has  a free  school,  and  market  on  Fridey. 
In  the  parish,  which  is  the  largest  in  Corn- 
wail,  are  17  villages,  and  more  gentlemen’s 
seats  than  in  any  parish  in  England  ,!  Has 
fairs  May  1,  and  August  28  : 10  miles  wof 
Plymouth,  18  s of  Launceston,  and  228  w 
by  s of  London. 

German  Flats,  the  chief  township  of  Her- 
kemer  county,  taken  from  that  of  Montgo- 
mery, in  Nev/  Yoric,  situated  on  the  s side 
of  Mohawk  river  It  contains  about  4190 
inhal  itants,  of  whom  -684  are  electors ; 24 
miles  E of  Whitestown,  and  60  w of  Sche- 
nectady. 

Gennano.  St,  a town  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
Cassano,  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavora,  17 
miles  ssE  ol  Sora. 

Germano,  St,  a town  of  Piedmont,  on  the 
river  Ndviglio,  9 miles  w of  Vercelli. 

Gtrrnanton,  3Tew,  a town  in  Hunterdon  j 
county.  New  Jersey,  28  miles  nw  of  Bruns-  | 
wick. 

Germantown,  in  Columljia  county,  in  the 
State  of  New  York,  contains  about  600  in- 
habitants. 

Germantown,  in  Philadelphia  Ccuntj', 
Pennsylvania,  sifuated  seven  miles  Nof  Phi-  i 
ladeiphia  city,-  is  a corporation,  consisting  | 
cliiefly  of  High  and  Low  Dutch;  and  con-  i 
tains  about  250  houses.  Here  is  t!)e  prin-  jj 
cipai  congregation  of  the  Mennonists.  Knit  ji 
stockings,  of  cotton,  thread,  and  wovited;  arc  i 


manufactured  here  to  a great  extent.  Tith 
jd.ice,  in  17  <7,  was  the  scene  of  a battle  be- 
tween the  British  and  Americans,  in  which, 
allbough  the  latter  w^ere  compelled  to  retreat, 
the  former  suffered  severe  loss. 

Germantown,  the  capital  of  the  Stokes 
county.  North  Carolina,  stands  near  a branch, 
of  tlie  Dan,  70  miles  \v  by  n of  Hillsborough, 
Its  public  buildings  are  a court-house  and 
jail. 

Germaninm,  the  chief  town  cf  Hyde 
county.  North  Carolina, 

GERMANY,  a country  of  Europe,  600 
miles  in  length,  and  500  in  breadth,  in  an-^ 
cient  times  inhabited  by  various  nations,  who 
derived  their  origin  from  the  Celts  and  Scla*- 
vonians,  or  Vandals,  differing  in  language 
and  in  manners.  In  1275,  after  great  trou- 
bles and  disputes,  Slodolph,  Count  of  Haps- 
burgh,  from  whom  the  illustrious  House  of 
Austria  is  descended,  ivas  chosen  emperor. 
In  this  family  the  imperial  dignity  continued 
down  to  Franck,  now  emperor  of  Austria, 
Among  the  numerous  changes  which  the 
Revolution  in  France,  had  produced  in  Eu« 
rope,  the  world  beheld  with  wonder  the  old 
constitution  of  the  Germanic  body  complete- 
ly dissolved,  and  the  first  prince  of  Europse 
forced  to  abdicate  his  throne.  (See  Austria, 
and  Framce.)  Upon  the  commencement  of 
the  war  with  the  republicans,  at  the  dav^m  of 
the  revolution,  Germany  comprehended  all 
those  countries  between  the  duchy  of  Sler* 
wick  and  the  Baltic  on  the  n ; Prussia,  Po- 
ianch  Hungary,  Sclavonia,  and  Croatia,  oa 
the  E ; the  gulf  of  Venice,  Italy,  and  Swifc^ 
Zetland,  on  the  s ; and  France,  as  under  th» 
monarchy,  the  United  Provinces,  and  the 
German  ocean,  on  the  w.  The  emjiuir 
was  composed  of  a great  number  of  small 
states,  some  were  free,  others  not  so  : 
those  which  submitted  to  llie  sovereighii 
included  their  vassals  and  villains.  Ger- 
many w'as  divided  into  10  circles;  which 
had  no  determinate  rank,  but  custom 
placed  them  in  the  following  order,  viz, 
Austria,.  Burgundy,  Lower  Rhine,  Fran- 
conia, Bavaria,  Suabia,  Upper  Rhine, 
Westphalia,  Upper  Saxony,  and  Lower 
Saxony.  The  two  first  are  Catholics,  the 
two  last  Protestants,  the  other  six  a mixture 
of  both,  Bohemia,  Moravia,  Lusatia, 
Silesia,  and  some  other  countries,  w'crc  not 
comprised  in  the  10  circles.  At  -ts  origin 
the  empire  was  elective.  Before  Cuurles  V. 
the  title  was  that  of  Rf  man  emperor,  and 
they  were  crowned  at  Rome.  The  emperor 
beiore  he  was  crovv^ned,  sent  (.j  assure  the 
-pope  of  hi.s  filial  reverence.  The  emperor 
was  also  king  of  Lombardy,  and  possessed 
a number  of  fiefs,  as  the  duchies  of  Mantua, 
Milan,  Montferrat,  G.  nzao''.  Mirandobi 
tkc.  in  Italy,  which  were  ceded  to  the  late 
At.alinn  republic,  and  now  u.aning  part  of 
the  kini-dcjn  of  J^cly;  be^idw 


G E R 


G E Ri 


"'Tusirar.y,  Genoa,  &:c,  WLen  the  emperor 
disci,  'ivas  a minor,  or  absent,  be  had  for  his  sub- 
stitute the  elector  Fuletine  and  the  elector 
of  Saxony,  who  were  called  imperial  vicars. 
The  preroaadves  of  the  emperor  were  to 
rank  as  the  first  prince  of  Europe,  to.  be 
crdled  the  Advocate  and  Temporal  Chief 
of  Cimsiendom.  ilis  power  in  Germany 
was.restrained  by  the  laws  and  by  his  oath. 
He  had  a rigbJ  to  create  nobles,  raise 
countries  to  a mere  eminent  rank,  grant 
tides,  arms,  and  privileges,  In  foreign 
wars  he  might  act  upon  die  defensive.  He 
permitted  poviers  to  eriiol  themselves  in 
the  empire,  vvith  the  consent  of  the  territorial 
lords.  To  make  wai,  peace,  alliances, 
alienations,  engagements;  to  recover  lands 
belongir:g  to  the  empire,  to  convoke  the 
diets,  he  must  act  with  the  electors ; their 
consent  was  necessary.  The  consent  of 
all  the  states  had  to  be  obtained  when  any 
of  its  members  were  put  under  the  ban 
of  the,  empire.  The  states  of  the  empire 
were  formed  of  three  colieges,'  the  college 
of  electcis,  the  college  of  princes,  and  the 
college  of  imperial  towns.  The  right  of 
voice,  and  seat  at  the  diet  of  the  empire 
was  attached  to  domain,  and  not  to  pcr.son. 
The  number  of  electors  was  nine,  three  of 
which  were  ecclesiastics,  viz.  archbishops  of 
]VIen.tz,  Treves,  and  Cologn,  The -secular 
electors  were,  the  king  of  Bohemia,  the 
electors  of  Bavaria,  Saxony,  Brandenburg, 
JPalaiine,  and  Brunswick:  Luneburg,  or 
Hanover.  Next  to  the  electors  were  the 
princes  of  the  empire,  who  w'ere  partly 
ecclesiastical  and  partly  secular,  of  an 
ancient  house,  or  a new  creation.  The 
cities  of  the  empire  were  such  as  were 
governed  by  magistrates  of  their  own,  stood 
irnniediately  under  the  emperor  and  the 
empire,  and  had  a seat  and  voice  at  the 
diet,  at  w'liich  they  constituted  the  third 
and  last  college.  The  free  and  imperial 
cities  wl’ch  composed  this  college  were 
Hubec,  Hamburgh,  Bremen,  Wetzlaer, 
Frankfort,  Nuremburg,  Augsburg,  and 
Ilatisbon.  The  diet  of  the  empire  was  an 
assembly  of  the  emperor,  and  of  all  the 
states,  or  of  ail  their  -envoys  and  plenipo- 
t.cntiyries,  in  erder  to  consult  about,  and 
ceme  to  resolutions,  in  matters  which  con- 
cerned the  whole  German  empire.  This 
diet  was  summoned  by  the  empercr,  -who, 
after  consuUitipn  wdth  the’  electors,  ap- 
pointed the  time  and  place  for  it,  which 
latter  behoved 'to  be  within  the  German 
domiidons.  The  b,.d  the  power  of 

making  peace  or  wcr.  and  tex  *s  and  ’n':][,>osts 
of  t'le  empire  cm  f t caJy  IK.  . liil  on  V iih 
the  adviVc,  pr.v  ly,  end  content,  of  ibc 
electors  eod  states,  at  general  diets, 

b'.it  rh  ’ th'c;  .'i-.rs  1.  4 the  tV.rce  of  law, 

ti!i  UK*  c h:s  ccuiienl,  When  a 


obliged  to  conbibute  his  quota  of  men  and 
money,  as  valued  in  the  matriculation  roll ; 
though  as  an  elector  or  prince  he  might 
espouse  a different  side  from  that  of  the 
diet  Aithoug'i  all  the.  sovereigns  of  Ger- 
many were  ab-olute  in  their  own  dominions, 
and  determiliv  1 all  civil  causes  definitively, 
yet  an  appeal  u s^  me  cases  might  be  made 
to  the  impenal  chamber,  at  Wefzhr,  and 
the  Auiic  council  at  Vienna.  Tlie  princi- 
pal rivers  of  GGnnany  are  the  Danube, 
Rhine,  Maine,  Elbe,  Oder,  and  Weser. 
i All  its  parts  do  not  enjoy  the  same  mild* 
ness  of  climate,  nor  the  same  fertility  of 
soil;  but,  in  general,  the  air  is  wholesome, 
and  the  inhabitants  live  as  long,  or  perhaps 
longer,  than  in  the  neighbouring  countries, 
Gerniariy  was  formerly  covered  with  wood, 
and  still  contains  seme  large  f jrests,  though 
several  districts  are  in  want  of  w'ood,  and 
burn  turf,  peat,  and  coals.  The  white 
mulberry-tree  is  very  common,  olives  grow 
in  several  places,  and  chesnuts,  oaks,  beech, 
hrs,  and  fruit-trees,  such  as  apples,  pears, 
cherries,  plums,  peachs,  almonds,  walnuts, 
hlberls,  Ac.  It  yields  all  kinds  of  grain, 
such  as  wheat,  rye,  maize,  barley,  oats, 
pease,  bc£ms,  tares,  cScc.  Tlie  inhabitants' 
cukivate  hemp,  flax,  hops,  anise,  cummin, 
tobaicco,  madder,  w'oad,  saffron,  carthamus, 
or  bastard  safiiror,  Ac.  The  country  pro- 
duces wines,  which  in  the  opinion  of  many, 
surpass  the  French  and  Hungarian.  The 
number  of  horses,  oxen,  cows,  sheep,  goats, 
and  swine,  are  incredibly  great.  The  nu- 
merous rives,  brooks,  lakes,  and  ponds  in 
Germany,  abound  in  various  fine  sorts  of 
fish,  such  as  sturgeon,  shad,  salmon,  pike 
carp,  trout,  lamprey,  perch,  roach,  barbel, 
or  red  beard,  jack,  eel,  and  many  other 
species.  Germany  contains  mines  of  gold, 

' silver,  lead,  tin,  iron,  copper,  loadstone, 
ochre,  cinnabar,  quicksilver,  coals,  Ac.  with 
quarries  of  marhle,  alabaster,  and  other 
stone ; in  many  places  are  found  agates, 
cornelians,  and  even  the  more  valuable 
precious  stones,  as  diamonds,  rubies,  eme- 
ralds, amethysts,  Ac.  with  vitriol,  saltpetre, 
alum,  sulphur,  and  salt  springs  in  abundance. 
The  number  of  medicinal  springs  and  ba^hs, 
beth  warm  and  cold,  is  very  great,  This 
country,  which  had  anciently  nothing  but 
scattered  huts  thatched  with  straw,  now 
contains  more  ihan  20,500  towns,  and  about 
80,000  villages.  The  umber  of  inhabi- 
tants is  reckoned  about  50.000  000.  For* 
tifications . existed  before  towns;  and  frem 
the  'warlike  character  of  the  ancit  nt  inhabi- 
tants, all  the  eminences  in  this  country  are 
arlorr.ed  with  cast'es ; ever,  convents  were 
lonincc.  There  are  difibrent  ki  guages  in 
I Gennany,  .which  prove  Ihaf  the  people  are 
: not  all  of  one  origin,  but.  the  principal  i.s  a 
jj  dialect  of  the  Zoulouie,  which  succeeded 


WAV  GCvtiikiiicd  pruije  v.aswUat  the  Ccliic,  .The  Roman  calholic, 


G E R 

lihe  Lutheran,  and  Calvinistic  are  the  three  i 
principal  religions,  but  all  kinds  are 
tolerated ; and  there  are  multitudes  of  Jews 
in  all  the  towns.  Vienna  is  the  capital. 

Germersheim,  a town  in  the  dopartinent 
of  Mont  Tonnerre,  France,  situated  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Quiech  and  the  Rhine. 

It  is  seven  miles  ssw  of  Spires. 

GermSf  a town  of  Austria,  near  Zweil, 
2^  miles  wsw  of  Horn. 

Gernrode,  an  abbey  of  Germany,  in  Up- 
per Saxony,  founded  in  960,  and  richly 
endowed  by  Gero,  IVIargrave  of  Lusatia, 
but  bv  the  treaty  of  Westphalia  secularised 
in  favour  of  the-  house  of  Anhalt;  22  miles 
%v  of  Bern  burg,  and  30  w of  Dessau. 

Gerns'ieun,  or  Gerrensheim^  a town  si- 
tuated on  the  E bank  of  the  Rhine,  late 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  with  a castle,  10 
miles  sw  of  Darmstadt. 

Geroldstein,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Saare,  lately  of  France,  now  reverted  to 
Germany,  in  the  electorate  of  Treves; 
stands  on  the  Kill,  24  miles  n of  Treves. 

Geron  Pointy  a cape  of  Ireland,  on  the 
\v  coast  of  the  county  of  Antrim,  s of  Red 
Bay.  Lon.  £ i 5 w,  lat.  55  2 k. 

Geronaj  a city  of  Catalonia,  Spain.  It  is 
seated  on  the  side  of  hills,  defended  to- 
wards the  east  by  some  redoubts.  It  is  a 
bishop’s  see,  and  its  cathedral,  one  of  the 
finest  monuments  of  Gothic  architecture,  is 
the  only  structure  that  stands  on  a height. 
It  stands  on  the  Ter,  20  miles  from  its 
influx  into  the  IMediterrar.ean,  and  56  ne 
of  Barcelona,  after  a ieng  and  severe  siege, 
in  1 809,  it  submitted  to  the  French.  It  is 
44  miles  s of  Perpignan.  Lun.  2 40  e,  lat. 
42  5 N. 

GERS,  a department  v/hich  includes 
the  late  provinces  of  Armagnac  and  Gas- 
cony^ France.  It  is  about  55  miles  long, 
and  from  22  to  45  broad.  The  river  Gers, 
which  crosses  it  from  s to  N,  gives  it  name. 
Auche  is  the  capital. 

Gersaiif  a town  of  Switzerland,  and 
capital  of  a small  republic,  in  the  canton 
and  on  the  lake  of  Schweitz,  at  the  foot  of 
Rig?.  The  vvnole  territory  is  only  about 
two  leagues  long,  and  one  wide,  and  the 
population  about  1000  souls.  The  town 
is  composed  of  scattered  houses  and  cottages, 
and  the  inhabitants  carry  on  an  extensive 
silk  market.  It  is  12  miles  sw  of  Schweitz. 

CerlTudenburgy  or  St  Gertru^denhurg,  a 
town  in  the  department  of  the  Dommel 
and  Scheldt,  Holland.  It  has  a good  har- 
bour formed  by  the  Merwe,  and  a salmon 
fishery,  on  a large  lake,  called  Bies  Bosch. 
It  is  built  in  the  form  oi  a crescent,  with 
regular  fortifications,  good  bastions,  and 
some  forts ; there  are  also  sluices,  by  means 
^f  which  the  adjacent  country  can  be  laid 
under  water.  It  was  taken  by  the  French 
1795.  It  lies  10  irJUs  se  of  and' 


G E Z 

eight  N by  e of  Breda.  Lon.  4 52  e,  ht. 
51  44  N. 

Gcrumenha,  a town  in  Alentejo,  Portu- 
gal, with  a strong  fort,  and  stands  on  a 
hill,  near  the  Guadiaiia,  18  miles  below 
Badajoz. 

Gcsiike,  a town  in  the  late  circle  of  the 
Lower  Rhine,  and  duchy  of  Westphalia, 
Germany,  stand.s  on  tiie  Weyck,  11  miles 
wsw  of  Paderborn. 

Ges series/.  See  Sanen 

Gessigo  Point,  a cape  in  the  county  of 
Sligo,  Ireland,  w of  Sligo  bay.  Lon.  8 
32  w.  lat.  54  22  ir. 

Gesso,  a town  in  Abruzzo  Citra,  Naples, 
15  miles  ke  of  Civita  Boreila. 

GESTRICIA,  or  Gestrike,  a province 
of  Sweden,  between  tlie  gulf  of  Bothnia  on 
the  E,  and  Deiecarii  on  the  w.  It  is  lOO 
miles  long,  and  60  wide.  The  nunes, 
forges,  forests,  lakes,  and  rivers  with  which 
it  h diversified,  furnish  the  principal  riches 
and  support  of  the  inhabitants.  Gefie  is  the 
capital. 

Gethphurg,  a small  towm  in  York  county, 
Penns vivaiiia,  seated  at  the  iiead  of  Rock 
Creek,  one  of  the  sources  of  the  Monocacy, 
30  miles  w by  s ef  York. 

GEVAUDAN,  a inoiiDtaiiious  country 
of  France,  in  Laiiquedoc.  Blende  was  thf* 
capital.  It  now  forms  the  department  of 
Loz^re. 

Gear,  a town  in  the  depirrtmerc  of  Ain, 
France.  It  stands  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
St  Cloude,  between  Swisserland,  the  L-ke 
of  Geneva,  and  the  Rhone.  It  is  celebrated 
for  its  cheese  ; 10  miles,  kw  of  Geneva. 

Geyer,  a towr*  in  Upper  Saxony.  The 
inhabitants  have  large  manufactures  of 
vitriol,  sulphur,  alum,  and  Arsenic;  six 
miles  w’sw  of  Wolkenstein. 

G-y  SS,  S-  town  in  the  late  circle  of  the 
Upper  Rhine,  in  the  princ'paliry  of  Fulda, 
Germany,  is  seated  on  the  Ulster,  17  rnile^ 
NE  of  Fulda.  ■ - 

Gezari;  or  Dsjezun,  a sea  port  of  Ambia 
Felix,  wdiich  carries  on  a considcrubie 
trade  in  senna  and  coffee;  situated  on  the 
Red  sea,  90  miles  nw  of  Locheia.  jLob* 
42  15  E,  lat.  16  25  N. 

Gezira,  a town  in  ilie  province  of  Diarbe- 
kir,  Asiatic  Turkey,  capital  of  a Pachalic, 
is  seated  on  an  island  formed  by  the  Tigris. 
A1  Gezira  is  also  the  name  of  the  whole 
province  of  Diarbek.  The  town  is  70  miles 
NW  of  Mosul.  Lon.  40  50  e,  lat.  36 
36  N. 

GEZULA,  or  Gazula,  the  most  southern 
province  of  the  empire  of  Morocco.  The 
iiih.abkants  are  consirh'r  the  most  ancient 
pc;oph  of  Africa.  The  country  produces  a 
great  deal  of  barley,  and  plentirul  j.'asLure, 
There  .are  mines  of  iron  and  copper,  the,^ 
tl'icy  exchange  fev  cloth,  spices,  ho.‘'3:'s,  &c. 
If  Straojers  are  h(;i>pltubly  received,  and  every 


4 


y^sx  there  is  a good  fair  for  two  months. 
The  people  are  free,  being  rather  the  allies 
than  the  subjects  of  Morocco.  They  are  nu- 
merous, but  have  no  towns,  generally  living 
in  tents. 

GHANA,  or  Cano,  capital  of  a country 
of  the  same  name  in  Negroland,  seated  at 
the  outlet  of  an  extensive  lake,  which  di- 
vides it  into  two  parts,  and  a little  below 
falls  into  the  Niger,  which  here  has  the 
name  Neel  il  Obeed,  or  Nile  of  the  Negroes?, 
It  is  governed  by  a Sultan,  and  is  150  miles 
E by  s of  Cassina.  Lon.  18  25  e,  lat. 
13  40  N. 

Ghana,  or  Ghanara,  a strong  town,  capi- 
tal of  the  kingdom  of  Wangara,  Africa, 
stands  on  a branch  of  the  Niger,  has  a 
trade  in  gold,  senna,  and  slaves ; 280  miles 
SE  of  Cassina.  Lon.  15  40  e,  lat.  15  40  n. 

Ghede,  a well  built  town  of  Italy,  which 
gave  name  to  a republican  district,  contain- 
ing five  parishes,  and  5,000  souls,  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Mela.  The  town  contains 
about  5,200  citizens. 

Ghent,,  a city  in  department  of  the 
Scheldt,  lately  the  capital  of  Austrian  Flan- 
ders, France,  situated  on  the  conflux  of  tlie 
rivers  Scheldt,  Lis,  Moere,  and  Liege, 
wrliich,  with  a great  number  of  canals,  in- 
tersect it  in  every  direction,  dividing  it  into 
26  small  islands,  which  are  united  by  about 
500  bridges.  Odoacer,  Grand  Forrester  of 
Flanders,  surrounded  it  with  w'alls;  since 
which  it  has  been  frequently  enlarged,  par- 
ticularly in  1397,  under  Philip  the  Bold, 
the  35th  compte  of  Flanders.  Ghent  was 
erected  into  a bishopric  in  1559,  by  Pope  j 
Paul  I V.  The  cathedral  of  St  Buvon,  and 
the  abbey  of  St  Peter  are  superb  structures^ 
adorned  with  some  paintings  by  the  best 
masters.  Besides  the  cathedral  it  has  six 
parish  churches,  and  a great  many  religious 
houses.  The  streets  are  large,  and  the  mar- 
ket places  spacious.  It  has  a considerable 
trade  in  corn  ; with  cloth,  linen,  and  silk 
manufactures ; the  trade  is  greatly  assisted 
by  two  navigable  canals,  one  to  Sas  de  Ghent, 
the  other  to  Bruges,  Ostend,  &c.  John,  the 
tiiird  son  of  Edward  III,  King  of  England, 
vras  born  in  this  city,  and  thence  called  John 
of  Ghent,  Charles  V.  was  a native  of  this 
city,  and  the  citadel  which  he  built  to  over- 
awe the  citizens,  whom  he  frequently  op- 
pressed with  heavy  exactions,  preserving  in 
the  memory  of  the  inhabitants  the  tyranny  ' 
of'  his  reign,  Ghent  has  been  often  the 
scene  of  hostilities ; it  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1794,  and  retained  liy  them  till 
the  overthrow  of  Bonaparte.in  1814.  It  is 
famous  for  what  is  styled  the  pacification  of 
Ghent,  concluded,  in  1576,  the  first  com- 
mencement of  the  separation  of  seven  pro- 
vinces from  the  17,  which  then  formed  the 
Netherlands.  Here  are  met  commissioners 
from  America  and  Britaioi  to  negociatc  a 


GIA 

treaty  of  peace  between  the  two  countn€«„ 
Preliminaries  of  which  have  been  signed. 
It  is  26  miles  nw  of  Brussels,  and  50  miles 
sw^  of  Antw^erp.  Lon.  5 44  e,  lat  515  k. 

GJiergoyig,  the  capital  of  the  country  of 
Assam,  seated  on  the  Degoo,  near  it?  junc- 
tion wdih  the  Burampooier.  Here  the  rajah 
has  an  elegant  palace  surrounded  with  a 
ditch  full  of  water.  The  city  is  walled  with 
Bamboos  and  has  four  gates  built  with  stone 
and  earth  ; 400  miles  e of  Calcutta.  Lon. 
95  56  E,  lat.  26  25  n. 

Gheriah,  a sea-port  of  Hindoostan,  in 
Concan,  once  the  capital  of  Angria,  a noted 
piratical  prince,  whose  fort  was  taken,  and 
his  fleet  destroyed  by  the  British  and  Mah- 
rattas  in  1756 ; 165  miles  s by  e of  Bom- 
bay. Lon.  75  8 E,  lat.  16  45  n. 

Gheza,  See  Gizeh, 

Ghiddore,  a town  of  Bengal,  Hindoostan, 
on  the  borders  of  Bahar,  84  miles  se  of  Patna. 

GHILAN,  or  Kilan,  a province  of 
Persia,  about  200  miles  from  e to  w,  and 
150  from  n to  s,  supposed  to  be  ancient 
Hyrcania.  It  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
and  fertile  provinces  in  Persia,  producing 
silk,  olives,  rice,  tobacco,  and  most  excellent 
fruits  of  all  kinds.  Whole  forests  are  seen 
of  mulberry,  box,  and  w alnut  trees.  Every 
peasant  has  a garden  to  his  cottage,  filled 
with  orange-trees,  citrons,  figs,  and  vines* 
On  the  tops  of  the  highest  mountains  are 
tigers,  leopards,  wolves,  bears,  and  deer* 
The  inhabitants  are-  Mahometans,  brave, 
haughty,  and  industrious.  The  women  are' 
extremely  handsome.  This  province  was 
ceded  to  Russia  in  1724,  but  not  possessed 
till  1780.  Resht  is  the  capital. 

Ghilan,  St,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  North,  France,  stands  on  the  Haina,  and 
is  five  miles  w of  Mons. 

Ghinnla,  or  Giiinala,  a town  and  king- 
dom of  Africa,  on  the  river  Grande.  Lon. 
12  20  w,  lat.  10  20  N. 

Ghivira,  a tovrn  of  Italy,  50  miles  nw  of 
Milan. 

Ghizni,  or  Gazna,  a town  in  the  country 
of  Cabul,  Asia,  called  second  Medina, 
from  the  number  of  persons  of  distinction 
buried  hers.  It  was  formerly  the  capital  of 
a powerful  empire  of  its  name.  It  is  54 
miles  sof  Cabul,  and  150  e of  Candahar. 

Gkoer,  a town  in  Overyssel,  Holland,  iO 
miles  NNE  of  Bo;  keloe. 

Ghoumcl,  or  Gomel,  a towm  in  the  king- 
dom of  Fouli,  Africa,  on  the  Joto.  The  re- 
sidence of  the  king.  Lon.  11  15  w,  lat.  16 

12  N. 

Ghourbond,  a town  in  the  country  of 
Cabul,  42  miles  nw  of  Cabul.  Lon.  67 
52  E,  lat.  34  55  N. 

Giant's  Causeway.  See  Causeway, 

GianCs  Head,  a cape  on  the  e coast  of 
the  island  of  St  Christopher,  a little  to  tlit? 
s of  Ragged  Point* 


Xxiavennay  a town  of  Piedmont,  at  the 
foot  of  the  Cottiaii  Alps,  near  Sdiigon.  The 
air  is  and  the  sitnat’on  agree^-Ade, 

It  iii  surrounded  with  aa  ancient  wall,  wnb 
four  gates,  10  miles  s£  of  Susa,  and  14  w of 
Turin.  , 

GibcUo,  a town  in  the  Pallayicjn,  on  the 
Po.  iciy,  tVk'o  miles  and  a-half  ke  ot  Busseto, 
and  16  Nw  of  Parma. 

Gibrahon,  a town  in  the  country  of  Se- 
vilic;  vitha  harbour,  Sv>aH,  seated  on  the 
rive.'’  Odiei.  it  contains  aooat  1 50  houses,  53 
miles  w oi  Seville.  Ton.  2 19  lat.  37  29  n. 

Gibraltar,  a town  in  Andalusia,  Spain,  I 
belonging  to  Great  Britam.  V^festwavd  is  a 
large  bay,  to  which  it  gives  name  Behind 
it,  to  the  E is  a high  rocky  mountam,  called 
by  the  ancients  Calpe,  and  with  Abayia,  on 
the  opposite  shore,  in  their  mythological 
language,  *7ie  of  the  Pillars  of  Hercules^ 
On  this  mountain  a leaver  is  built,  in  which 
a guard  is  kept  to  give  notice  of  vessels  pas- 
sing the  straits.  The  town  is  not  large  but 
strongly  fortified : The  garrison  consists  of 
SVOOO  or  4,000  men,  with  upvrards  of  300 
pieces  of  cannon.  The  bay  h two  leagues 
across  from  e to  w,  and  three  from  n to  s. 
The  number  of  English,  besides  the  garri- 
son, is  about  2,000,  and  of  various  nations 
about  as  many.  A fortided  line  is  drawn 
by  the  Spaniards,  from  sea  to  sea,  to  cut  off 
the  communication  of  the  garrison  with  the 
rest  of  Spain.  In  1462,  Gibraltar  was 
taken  from  the  Moors,  in  1704  it  came  into 
the  possession  of  the  English.  In  the  fol- 
lowing year,  and  again  in  1727  the  Spani- 
ards attempted  to  retake  it,  but  without  suc- 
cess. It  was  again  besieged  from  J ulj^  1779 
to  1803,  but  in  September  1802,  it  may  be 
considered  as  terminated,  w'hen  the  floating 
batteries  of  Spain,  were  destroyed  by  red-hot 
•hot,  from  the  garrison.  From  the  num- 
ber and  strength  of  its  works,  it  is  deemed 
impregnable.  The  Strait  of  Gibraltar  is  24 
miles  long,  and  15  broad;  a strong  current 
always  runs  through  it  from. the  Atlantic  to 
the  Mediterranean,  60  miles  se  of  Cadiz. 
Lon.  4 53  w,  lati  36  13  N. 

Gibraltar,  a fortified  towm  in  Terra  Fir- 
ma,  and  province  of  Venezuella,  seated  on 
the  SE  coast  of  the  lake  Maracaybo.  The 
environs  rear  the  best  cocoa  of  the  province,  , 
and  an  excellent  kind  of  tobacco.  The  air  j 
is  very  unwholesome  in  the  rainy  season, 
when  the  pl.'inters  and  merchants  usually  re- 
tire to  Maracaybo,  from  which  it  is  distant 
120  miles  sse.  Lon.  70  45  w,  lat,  8 45  n. 

Gienj  a town  in  the  dapartment  of  Loirct, 
France,  on  the  Loire,  containing  about 
4,200  inhabitants,  54  miles  ese  of  Orleans.  | 
Lon.  7 31  E,  iat.  17  41  k.  i 

I Giengen,  a town  ia  Suabla,  sslted  on  the 
Brei^z,  ceded  to  the  prince  of  Wirtemberg 
«ti  1802,  18  miles  of  Ulm. 

Istt,  4o  1^7  It*  ■?r\  ■ 


Giensor,  a town  of  Barbary,  in  Tripoli,' 

10  miles  s of  Tripoli. 

Gir\  a river  of  France* 

Gidrace,  a town  in  the  province  of  Cala- 
b»-i^  Ultra,  Naples,  stands  on  a mounuiu 
pc-'^  the  sea.  Near  it  are  some  sulphureous 
bir.t!*s.  3S  miles  ene  of  Eeggio.  Lon.  16 
40  E-  lat.  oH  13  If. 

Gidronny , a town  of  Lithuania,  20  inilea 
NE  of  Lida. 

Giessen,  a fortified  town  in  Upper  Hes^, 
and  situated  in  a fertile  country  on  the  Latin. 

It  is  subfect  to  the  House  of  Darmstadt,  id 
the  seat  of  the  regency  of  Upper  Hesse,  has 
a citadel  and  university.  It  w'as  taken  by 
the  French,  in  1759,  and  again  in  1796,  but; 
was  soon  recovered  by  the  Austiians;  15 
miles  wsw  of  Marburg.  Lon.  8 45  *,  lat* 

-0  .-nr 

Gifford,  a handsome  village  in  E Lo- 
thian, containing  about  400  inhabitants. 
It  is  the  property  of  the  Marquis  of  Tweed- 
dale,  to  whose  eldest  son  it  gives  the  title 
of  earl.  The  seat  of  the  marquis  is  in  the 
vicinity ; 17  miles  e by  s of  Edinburgh. 

Giga,  or  Gigha,  an  island  of  Scotland, 
about  seven  miles  long,  and  two  and  a-half 
broad ; the  whole  is  arable,  and  the  soil  is 
fertile,  vegetation  quick,  and  the  air  salu- 
brious. The  shores  afford  shells  for  ma- 
nure, and  a fine  sand  for  the  manufacture 
of  glass.  It  is  11  miles  ESE  of  Isla.  It 
1 forms  with  the  isle  of  Cara,  one  parochi^ 
district,  which  contains  about  620  inhabi- 
tants, of  whom  a majority  are  males. 

Gisgleswick,  a village  in  Yorkshire,  one 
mile  Trom  Settle.  The  neighbourhood  a- 
bounds  with  natural  curiosities,  particularly 
a well  on  the  side  of  the  public  road,  which 
ebbs  and  flows,  frequently  thrice  in  an  hour, 
and  subsides  considerably  every  ebb  tide, 
though  30  miles  from  the  sea.  In  the  vil- 
lage is  a free  grammar  school. 

Giglio,  a small  island  in  the  Mediterrap* 
iiean,  coast  of  Tuscany,  belonging  to  Sienna,, 
has  a castle,  15  miles  , wsw  of  Oxbittello. 
Lon.  0 52  w,  let.  42  23  N. 

Gignac,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
HerauU,  France,  on  the  Herault,  14  miles 
w of  Montpellier. 

Giguluin,  a small  island  pf  the  Hebrides, 
lying  between  Gigha  and  Cara. 

Gihon,  See  Amu. 

Gijon,  a sea- port  town  in  the  province  of 
Asturia,  Spain,  has  an  ancient  castle,  and  is 
seated  on  the  bay  of  Biscay,  24  miles  ne  of 
Dviedo.  Lon.  5 56  w,  lat,  43  32  N. 

Gilbert's  Island,  an  island  near  the  sw 
coast  of  Terra  del  Fuego.  Lon.  71  7 w, 

lat.  55  15  s.  , 

Gilberts  town,  a town  m Virginia,  5Q 
miles  N of  Charlottesville. 

Gmrd,  a to'vn  ia  the  county  of  Dnvni, 
Ireland,  on  th*  Batw,  15  miles,,  froi^ 
Neury* 


Gr  I N 

0i,nem's  Boy^  a bay  on  the  s coast  of 
the  island  of  6t  Christopher,  one  mile  and 
a-half  w of  Basseterre. 

- Gilles  Stf  a town  in  the  department  of 
Vendee,  France,  on  the  Vie,  near  its  mouth, 
16  miles  nnw  of  Sables  d’Olonnc. 

Gillies  Hilit  a hill  near  St  Ninian’s, 
Stirlingshire,  believed  to  have  been  the 
retired  residence  of  Gill  Morris,  celebrated 
in  an  old  tragical  ballad  of  that  name,  G?U 
and  Morrison  are  names  common  in  Uiat 
neighbourhood  at  this  day.  . 

Giilingkamf^  a village  in  Dorsetshire, 
which  gives  name  to  a forest  about  four 
miles  long  and  one  broad,  and  to  a pari;sh 
40  miles  in  circuit.  Here  is  a large  ancient 
church,  a free  school,  two  bridges  over  the 
Stour,  and  fairs,  on  Trinity,  and  Septem- 
ber ist.  In  the  forest,  the  Danes  \Yere 
vanquished  by  Edmund  Iroiisme;  in  101 6. 
Near  the  church  are  vestiges  of  an  extensive 
palace,  which  had  been  strongly  fortihed : 
live  miles  nvv  of  Shaftsbury.  . j 

QUlsay^  a small  island  of  Scotland,  be- j 
tween  Lewis  and  North  Uist;  . . 

Giliy  Loiighi  a lake  in  the  county  of  Sli- 
go, two  miles  w from  Sligo.  It  contains 
{several  large  verdant  islands,  is  surrounded 
by  bold  hills,  w^eoded  lawns,  and  variety 
of  charming  scenery. 

Gitmerto?i,  a.  village  in  Mid- Lothian,  in 
the  parish  of  Lihbmon,  containing  800 
inhabitants. 

GILOLO,  one  of  the  Molucca  islands, 
in  tlie  E Indian  ocean,  about  70  leagues 
long,  and  2.50  in  circumference,  hut  little 
known.  The  equinoctial  line  runs  through 
the  s part  of  it.  The  Sultans  of  Ternate 
and  Tumre  share  this  island  between  them. 
The,  inhabitants  are  industrious,  particularly 
in  weaving..  Tatany,  one  of  its  chief  towns, 
w hich  stands  on  a promontary  on  the  e side, 
is  accessible  only  by  ladders.  Lon.  129  0 e, 
lat.  0 24  N. 

Gilpf  Lock,  a small  arm  of  the  sea  in 
.ArgylislMre,  ■ only,  remarkable  as  being  the 
point  from  which  the  Crinan  canal  goes 
ofi'  to  join  the  Atlantic  at  the  bay  of 
Ciinan.  . . . , , 

Gimkont,  a citadel  in  Westphalia,  which 
gives  name  to  a lordship,  united  With 
Neustadt,  has  a voice  in  the  circle,  and  is 
eight  miles  ssE  of  Wippcifiut.  . i 

Gimont,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Gers,  and  district  of  Audi,  France,  12  miles 
£ of  Audi.  « 

Gi'Hgee,  a tmvn  and  A>r.tress  in  tlie  Car- 
i»atic»  Hindoostcin,  dcfoi.dcd  by  three  castles, 
situated  on  ‘the  three  tops  of  an  elevated 
mountain.  It  W'as  t-ikea  by  tl  e French, 
in  1750,. and  ifeSS  miles  sw  of  Pondicherry, 
Lon.  79  ^6  E,  lat.  12  16  n. 

Ginger,  a small  island  in  the  W Indies, 
10  miles  ssw'  of  Virgin  iii.Gorda.  , 

GINGiPvA,  a kingdom  ot  Africa,  lying:. 


G I R 

f to  the  s of  Abyssinia,  and  w of  Machidas. 
j Lon  30  E,  lat.  5 n. 

j Gioddah,  or  Geddah,  a sea  port  on  the  e 
I coast  of  the  Red  Sea.  Being  the  port  of 
Mecca,  it  carries  on  a great  trade.  Lon.  59 
27  E,  lat.  21  30  N. 

Giorgiev,  a loWn  of  Walachia,  on  the  n 
side  of  the  Danube.  Here,  in  1771,  the 
Russians  obtained  a signal  victory  over  the 
Turks;  46  miles  w of  Bueborest. 

Gio7'gio,  Si,  in  Alga,  an  island  w of  Ve- 
nice, inhabhed  by  Carmelite  monks. 

GIORGIO,  St,  Maggicee,  a beauti- 
ful island  on  the  coaso  of  Venice,  inhabited 
by  noble  Benedictine  monks.  Its  catial 
passes  by  Chioggio  into  Italy. 

Giovenazzo,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Bari,  Naples.  It  has  high  walls  and  high 
liouses  built  of  polished  stone,  with  fiat  roofs, 
10  miles  nvv  of  Bari.  Lon.  15  50  e,  lat. 
27  30  N. 

, Giraglia,  a small  island  near  the  n coast 
of  Corsica  23  miles  n of  Bastia. 

Girdleness,  a cape  on  the  e coast  of  Scot- 
land, two  miles  E of  Aberdeen. 

Girt’sS,  a large  towm  in  Kerraan,  Persia. 
Its  trade  consists  in  wlieat  and  dates ; 100 
miles  E by  n of  Gombren.  Lon  57  55  e, 
lat.  27  50  N. 

Girge,  the  capital  of  the  Said,  and  resi- 
dence of  the  bey  of  Upper  Egypt.  It  is 
about  a league  in  circumference,  and  con- 
tains several  mosques,  basars,  and  squares ; 
is  seated  near  the  left  bank  of  the  Nile, 
130  miles  nnw  of  Esne,  and  240  s of 
Cairo.  Lon.  31  52  e,  lat.  26  30  n. 

Gzrgenti,  or  Agrigenti,  a town  of  Sicily, 
founded  near  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Argri- 
gentum,  seated  on  a hill,  near  the  river 
St  Blaise,  62  miles  s of  Palermo.  Here 
are  numerous  vestiges  of  temples  and 
other  structures.  Lon.  13  42  e,  lat.  37 

20  N. 

GIRONDE,  a department  of  France. 
It  takes  it  name  from  the  river  Gironde, 
and  contains  part  of  the  late  province  of 
Guieiir^e.  It  lies  on  . both  sides  of  the 
Garonne,  Bourdeaux  is  the  capital. 

Giro7ide,  a river  of  France,  formed  by  the 
union  of  the  Garonne  and  Dordogne,  12 
miles  N of  Bourdeaiix ; after  a course  of 
45  iniks,  it  falls  into  the  bay  of  Biscay.  At 
its  month  is  Cardouan,  a celebrated  tower 
and  light-house,  seated  on  a rock  in  the  sea, 
60  miles  nnw  of  Bourdeaux.  Lon.  1 9 w, 
lat.  45  o6  N. 

Girona,  a city  in  Catalonia,  Spain.  Lon. 
2 52  E,  lat-  42  0 N, 

Gironns,  Si.  a town  in  the  department 
('f  Arriege,  France,  stands  on  the  Satat, 
four  miles  s by  e of  St  Liz’er, 

Girtho-h,  a parish  in  the  county  of  Kirk- 
cudbright,'about  15  miles  long,  and  fretn 
three  to  five  brosd.  T.be  n and  e parts  are 
bletiky  and  hil.y,  interspersed  with  sever?A 


G I Z 

fakes,  particularly  Loch  Fleet,  from  whence 
the  river  issues.  On  its  banks  is  the  thriv- 
ing village  of  Gatehouse.  Population  above 
1,700. 

Girvariy  an  ancient  toivn  in  Ayrshire, 
seated  on  the  s side  of  the  Girvan,  at  its 
mouth,  which  at  high  water  adniits  vessels 
drawing  nine  cr  ten  feet  The  river  issues 
from  several  small  lakes  in  the  parish  of 
Dailly.  On  its  banks  are  several  gentle- 
inen*s  seats,  amid  the  most  charming  scenery. 
At  its  mouth  is  a considerable  salmon 
fishery.  Tlie  town  of  Girvan  contains  above 
1000  inhabitants,  and  has  100  looms  em- 
ployed in  the  cotton  manufacture.  It  is  a 
borough  of  regalilyi  governed  b}'  tv/o  bailies 
and  ten  counsellors.  The  parish  of  Girvan 
extends  about  nine  miles  along  the  sea 
coast,  wi(h  a breadth  of  from  two  to  six 
miles.  It  is  fertile  along  the  coast  and  on 
the  banks  of  the  river;  more  inland  it  is 
mountainous  and  best  employed  in  pasture. 
In  the  parish  arc  five  circular  c.amps.  Gir- 
van is  21  miles  ssw  of  Ayr,  and  96  sw  by 
w of  Edinburgh.  Population  2,260. 

Gisborough,  a town  in  the  N Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  It  has  a market  on  Monday, 
and  six  annual  fairs.  The  alum  mines  in 
its  neighoourhood  are  the  first  whicli  were 
wrought  in  England.  Formerly  it  was  ce- 
lebrated for  its  fine  abbey,  22  miles  w nw  of 
Wiitby,  and  247  n by  w of  London. 

Gisors,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Eure,  France,  stands  on  the  Ept,  28  miles 
SE  of  Rouen. 

Gitschin,  a town  of  Bohemia.  It  suffer- 
ed severely  during  the  long  war  of  the 
Swedes  in  Germany,  22  miles  nw  of  Ko- 
ningsgratz. 

Givetf  a fortified  town  in  the  department 
of  the  Ardennes,  France.  The  Meuse  di- 
vides it  into  Givet  Saint  Hilaire  and  Givet 
Notre  Dame.  The  former  stands  at  the 
foot  of  a mountain  near  Charlemont,  20 
miles  NE  of  Rocroy. 

Giula,  a strong  town  of  Upper  Hung.ary, 
situated  on  the  river  Keresblan,  and  frontiers 
of  Transylvania,  SO  miles  svv  of  Great  Wara- 
din.  Lon.  20  40  e,  lab  46  40  n. 

Giulia  JSTuova,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Abruzzo  Ultra,  Naples,  13  miles  n of  Atri. 

Giulianaj  a town  in  Val  di  Mazara,  seat- 
ed on  a rock,  12  miles  nne  of  Zacca. 

Giustendel,  a town  of  Macedonia,  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  seated  near  lake  Orchridn, 
60  miles  an  of  Diirazzo,  is  the  see  of  a 
Greek  arbishop.  Lon.  20  36  e,  lat.  4 1 40  n. 

Gizeht  or  Gk.eza^  a fortified  tow  n of  Egypf, 
sealed  cn  the  left  bank  of  the.  Nile,  nearly 
oppc.^.te  to  Cairo,  Here  are  a palace, 
several  mosques,  a cannon  foundery,  and 
a manufactory  of  tiles  and  earthen  pots 
-toe  largest  pyramids  in  Egypt  stand  six 
mdes  to  the  sc.  This  town  was  taken  by 
the  British  from  the  French  in  1801, 

7 


G L A 

Glaciers,  a name  given  to  some  very 
tensive  fields  of  ice  among  the  Alps  of 
Switzerland.  These  glaciers  may  be  divided 
into  two  sorts : the  first  occupying  the  d ^ep 
valleys  situated  in  the  bosom  of  the  Alps, 
is  termed  by  the  natives  vallies  of  ico.  T ic 
second,  w'hich  clothe  the  summits  and  hides 
of  the  mountains,  are  called  the  Upner  Gla- 
ciers. The  Low'er  Glaciers  are  by  far  the 
most  considerable  in  extent  and  dep'h. 

Gladbeck,  or  Giadbach,  a town  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Roer,  France,  now  of  Ger- 
niany,  in  the  duchy  of  Juiiers,  siands  on  the 
river  Ners,  has  a Benedictine  abbey,  and 
manufactures  of  fine  iinen,  16  miles  n cT 
Juliers. 

Gladenhachy  a town  in  Upper  Ilcsse, 
Germany,  12  miles  Nof  Guiessen. 

Gladsmuir,  a parish  in  E Lothian  con- 
taining about  5000  acres  of  ei^ccllent  land, 
and  1470  inhabitants.  Coal  abounds  in  the 
parisln  It  centams  D viOegeSj  with  S 9 houses 
in  each.  George  I-iGrrhat,  the  feunder  of 
the  famous  HcspTal  in  which 

bears  his  name,  was  a native  of  tb  a parish. 
The  celebrated  Dr  Rebec tson  his 

History  of  Scotland  during  iJs  incumbeacy 
in  this  parish. 

Glarnford  Briggs,  corrupt’y  Glar.dfird 
Bridge,  a town  in  the  county  of  Lincoln, 
with  a cor.piderable  trade  in  corn,  ccala,  end 
timber,  ai  d a large  mroufacture  of ' akiris  ; 
has  a market  cd  Tbursday,  and  stands  on 
the  Auchlcm,  niivigable  for  sloops  to  tha 
Humber,  25  miles  n of  Lincoln,  and  15S 
N by  w of  London. 

Giamrais,  a parish  and  town  in  Forfar- 
shire. The  p.arish  is  about  12  miles  long, 
and  from  one  to  five  broad,  watered  by  the 
river  Dean.  The  town  of  Glainmis  is 
about  four  miles  sw  of  Forfar,  and  ccn'ains 
about  650  inhabitants.  The  principal  manu- 
facture is  yarn  and  linen  cloth.  The  pv  pu- 
lation  of  the  parish  is  about  1 1 93.  Near  d’e 
church  is  an  obelisk  with  some  rude  sculp- 
ture, said  to  have  been  erected  in  niemery 
of  Malcolm  II.  who  was  assassinated  here 
in  1034.  Near  the  town,  on  the  banks  of 
the  Dean,  stands  the  castle  of  Glammis, 
the  seat  of  the  earls  of  Strathmore,  Ir 
1372,  this  castle  was  bestowed  by  Robert 
II,  on  John  Lyon,  ancestor  of  the  ebove 
mentioned  earls.  In  the  parish  also  are 
vestiges  of  Denovan  castle,  a very  ancient 
and  extensive  fortification. 

Glamorganshire,  a county  of  S Wales, 
being  about  48  miles  from  e to  w and  27 
from  N to  s.  On  the  k -'’ud  ke  si<!es  if.  is 
very  mountainous,  the  soil  of  bills  ex- 
tremely varied.  Whai  corn  grc.\7s  in  the 
county  is  principally  between  the  Gouth 
cf  the  mountain  and  the  sea,  in  a spacicus 
Vale,  or  plain,  open  to  the  latter.  Cattht- 
abound  In  all  parts.  I lie  air  on  the  north 
parts  ^ sharp,  but  on  the  sgudi  side  miid  and 
3 E 


G L A 


G L A 


temperate.  Such  is  the  profusion  of  coal  i 
iod  lime-stone,  in  this  county,  that  lime  j 
is  the  general  manure  of  it.  The  plenty  of 
coal  and  the  conveniency  of  exportation, 
have  brought  a large  copper  work  to  Swan- 
sea; iron  and  lead  are  iikeivise  found  in 
this  county.  Glamorganshire  contains  one 
city,  Landaff,  and  several  towns,  as  Cardiff, 
Caerphilly,  Neath,  Brigsnd,  Swansea,  Llan- 
trisant,  Matthyr-Tyclvi),  and  Cowbricge. 
The  assizes  are  held  at  Cowbridge. — ^Carditi 
is  the  largest  town,  Swansea  the  most  com- 
rr'icrcial.  The  principal  rivers  arc  the  Tiive, 
the  Neath,  the  Taw,  the  Osmore,  and  the 
Bumney  Glamorganshire  is  divided  into 
10  hundreds,  and  118  parishes,  which  con- 
tain about  71,525  iiihabilants.  Two  mem- 
bers are  returned  to  parliament,  viz.  one  for 
the  county,  and  one  for  the  town  of  Cardiff. 

Gland^iaghj  or  Glandaloughj  a village  in 
the  county  of  Wexford,  Ireland,  seated  on 
the  Ovacn,  surrounded  by  gloomy  moun- 
tains. it  was  once  a city,  and  is  still  ceie- 
braled  for  its  seven  churches,  and  other  mo- 
nastic remains;  11  miles  w of  Wexford 
and  about  20  s of  Dublin.  On  tlie  3d  of 
June,  the  anniversary  festival  of  its  founder 
Keivaii,  who  lived  in  the  6th  century,  it 
is  still  visited  by  great  numbers  of  Koman 
i aiholics. 

Glanu'orthy  a village  in  tlje  county  cf 
Cork,  I'/eland,  situated  on  the  Funcheon,  12 
miles  N of  Mallow,  and  23  n by  e of  Cork. 

GLARIS,  or  Glab.u.s,  a canton  of 
fSwitserland,  and  the  eighth  in  the  order  of 
the  league,  surrounded  with  lofty  mountains 
(an  all  sides,  except  towards  the  north. 
These  mountains  are  alw’ays  covered  with 
guovv.  In  the  lower  parts  fruit-trees 
iiOurish  very  well.  The  inhabitants  cult> 
vare  but  little  grain ; their  principal  riches 
arising  from  thejr  meadows  and  pastures. 
It  is  supposed  that  10,000  head  of  cattle, 
and  40CO  sheep,  may  be  fed  during  the 
summer  season  on  tne  mountains  of  this 
canton.  The  population  is  estimated  'at 
2' *^,000,  who  are  partly  protestaiits  and 
•partly  catholics;  but  live  together  in  great 
harmony.  The  govenmient  is  purely  de- 
mocratic; every  person  who  is  16  years  of 
age  has  a vote  in  the  general  aoaembly, 
which  is  held  yearly  in  the  mouth  of  May. 
This  general  assembly  has  a right  to  make 
new  laws,  levy  contributions,  make  al- 
liances, and  treat  of  war  or  peace.  The 
executive  power  is  a council  of  regency, 
composed  of  <iS  Pr.otestants  and  15  Catho- 
lics. Kvery  man,  from  the  age  of  16  to 
60  is  obliged  to  regi.ster  liirvisclf  in  the  na- 
tional militia.  The  conlriludion  cf  thi.s  canton 
dor  the  ar’'’:y  cf  the  crniVderacy  ib  400  men. 

Gl.AKI-S,  the  onpital  of  the  above  can- 
ion,  seated  on  the  ritcr  Linth,  and  sur- 
rounded by  mountains,  is  large  and  popu- 
Iciis,  Iw  is  the  scat  of  jusuccj  and  the 


assemblies  of  the  people  are  held  here  in  the 
open  air.  It  has  manufactures  of  cloth, 
and  a trade  in  horses,  cattle,  cheese,  wooden 
ware,  and  slates.  Here  in  1799,  Suwar- 
row  defeated  the  French,  but  retired  into 
the  Orisons,  in  consequence  of  the  victory 
obtained  over  general  Hoize,  near  Zurich. 

GLASGOW,  a large  and  populous  city, 
situated  in  the  Nether  "Ward  of  Lanark- 
shire, on  the  banks  cf  the  river  Clyde, 
which  b navigable  for  vessels  drawing  7 or 
8 feet  water.  From  its  extent,  beauty,  re- 
gularity, and  modern  improvements,  It  is 
certainly  the  second,  if  not  the  first  city  in 
North  Britain.  It  is  one  of  the  most  an- 
cient in  the  kingdom.  The  principal  part 
of  the  city  occupies  a plain  on  the  north 
side  of  the  river  Clyde,  andijpnsbts  of  many 
!j  streets,  laid  out  in  a regular  and  elegant 
I plan,  the  houses  of  which  have  a neat  and 
! bandsoiae  appearance.  The  main  street 
runs  in  a direction  s.  and  w,  the  lengthjjT 
the  town  ; and  at  particular  placea're^^es 
diiTerent  names.  This  great  street  is  again 
intersected  at  right  angles  by  a number  of 
others,  which  run  either  southward  to  the 
river,  or  in  the  opposite  direction.  The 
high  church,  thd  most  magnificent  Oothie 
structure  in  Scotland,  St.  Andrew’s  church, 
St.  Enoch’s  church,  the  Tron  church,  St. 
Geo"ge’s  church,  the  College,  the  InfiriTiary, 
tliG  Tonline,  the  Theatre,  Trades  Hall,  and 
New  Jail,  are  some  of  the  principal  buildings 
of  Glasgow.  The  university,  instituted  in 
1451,  is  constantly  increasing  in  repiUaiioiik. 
At  present  it  coudblsof  a chancellor,  rector, 
dean  of  faculty,  a p^rincipal,  and  16  profes- 
sors, of  which  one  is  for  law,  4 for  theology, 
5 for  the  study  of  medicine  and  subjects 
connected  therewith,  and  the  others  for  the 
faculty  of  arts.  Its  library  is  a large  and 
valuable  collection.  Its  observatory  is  fur- 
nislied  with  the  most  improved  instruments. 
The  Grammar  School  is  under  the  superin- 
tendence' four  teachers  cf  distinguished 
abilihes.  The  nutnhe?  of  y-uiils  usually 
about  400,.  Besides  the  .malomical  pre- 
parfil'cr^?,  tha  msiseum,  for  which'  an  ele- 
gan"^  b'-oiding  has  been  erect  od,  contains 
tlie  ccTrCtion  cf  sdi  Jls,  ccral.s,  iusccis,  and 
I fossil V made  by  die  ]>-  Fcihergi;!,  and 
a cabiiiet  of  and  co'iis,  ancieut  npd 

modem,  the  c.:n'piC*-e  cf  the  kml  in 

FaiTOpe.  Ibia  last  artlde  cioc'e  coat  D\\ 
Hunter  of  J^onuon  2v,b-  .hjl.  Or  charuahle 
insdtutiojis  aie  many  in  Glasgow,  of 
which  cduv''  aic  roe  Tev.u’s  Hospital, 
or  Poor's  il.iUsc,  with  an  ai  nual  income 
of  about  2,  !60l  • f Iiucbcv'O'.  ’s  Ilosplial,  ‘or 
•'  the  support  an*:  euc.jaiiun  ct  4o  poor  boys; 

I IVilsoa's  iIo*pitai.  vreU  f.ducd;  Mer- 
I chant’s  ilospiul,  with  :i  rfv<?nuc  of  above 
jl  lOCCl.  perar.sn-m,  mr  ti:e  • ; lief  of  decayed 
j,  mtinncrs,  tludr  wivlows  and  descendiuus; 
I'  the  Trades  Ilcspiial,  fur  ihfi  same  purpose 


G L A 

^ith  rather  smaller  funds ; and  Miller’s 
Hospital,  for  females.  In  1172,  Glasgow 
was  erected  into  a borough  of  barony  by 
king  William  the  lycn  ; and  into  a regality 
in  favour  of  the  bishop  in  1450.  In  1611, 
the  eity  received  a royal  chaiter  froin 
James  VI,,  and  in  liyoG,  another  from 
King  Charles  I.  woh  consIdeniLle  power 
and  privileges ; which  charters  were  con- 
firmed by  a5^s  of  parliament  in  1661  and 
2690.  Glasgow  is  said  to  have  become  a 
bishop’s  see  in  1650,  and  an  archbishopric 
in  1484.  Its  cathedral  was  dedicated  to 
St  Mungo  or  Kentigern.  The,  principal 
trade  cf  Glasgow,  formerly,  v/as  the  curing 
and  exporting  of  salmon  and  herrings.  In 
1707,  the  merchants  of  Glasgow  entered 
into  the  American  trade;  and,  in  1775, 
they  imported  upwards  of  57,000  hogsheads 
of  tobacco,  5,000  of  sugar,  upwards  of  1 10 
puncheons  of  rum,  and  500  bags  of  cottono 
They  also  began  the  linen  manufacture 
in  1725,  w'hich  vras  long  the  staple  trade 
of  Glasgow.  In  consequence  of  the  in- 
crease of  commerce  and  manufactures,  in 
1785,  a society  called  The  Chamber  of 
Coinvierce  and  Manufactures,  was  instituted, 
for  the  purpose  of  uniting  the  influence  of 
the  merchants  and  manufactiuers;  and  by 
establishing  a public  fund,  to  give  strength 
and  efficacy  to  such  measures  might  tend 
to  the  public  good.  They  obtained  a rcyai 
charter,  incorporating  them  into  a body 
politic,  managed  by  30  directors.  Of  late 
y years  the  manufacture  of  linen  has  given 
place  to  that  of  cotton,  the  value  of  which 
for  1791,  v/as  estimated  at  1,500,0001. 
At  present  there  is  as  much  business  done 
in  Glasgow,  as  in  all  North  Britain  besides. 
Tne  printing  types  cast  here  have  long 
been  distinguished  for  their,  neatnt^ss ; and 
the  glass  manufacture  has  been  very  success- 
ful. . Fcttery  wares  to  great  extent,  and 
perfection  are  made,  particularly  at  tire 
Cuedonian  potter}^,  lately  erected  in  the 
vici-iity,  on  the  great  canal.  Tanning  of 
leather,  and  refining  of  sugar,  &c.  are  car- 
ried on  with  nmch  spirit.  There  are  also 
sever  piintnelds  and  extensive  bieachfjc-lds 
Uis  district.  The  villages  within 
the  ‘.  arony  are  named  Calton  and  Bridge- 
town, Grahamston,  AnderstvOn,  Fiunicston, 
Clayslap,  Northwoodslde,  Concaddins,  Park- 
house,  Camlachie,  Parkhead,  West  Muir, 
fehettleston,  Lightburn,  &c.  The  popula- 
tion of  Glasgow,  with  its  suburbs  and  de- 
pendencies, amounted,  in  1801,  to  77,385; 
but  at  present  It  is  said  to  be  i 10  008.  Their 
public  spirit  was  recently  manifested,  in  the 
ercCion  cf  a monument,  i 45  feet  high,  to 
the  memory  of  the  gaiiant  Nelson.  Glas- 
gow was  origina'ly  cue  parish,  but  is  iipw, 
for  the  benefii  of  the  poor,  and  case  of  mini- 
sters, diviiled  intp  eight,  willi  ns  many 
dipixlies,  besides  liirae  chapth  ui  cise.  The 


G L A 

municipal  government  of  the  town  L vetted 
ill  a provost,  formerly  three,  now  five,  > 
a dean  of  guild,  a deacon,  a convener,  and  a 
treasurer,  assisted  hy  a common  council  cf 
25  mercliants  and  tradesmen.  The  le- 
venue  of  tiie  city  amounting  to  upwards 
of  8,0001.  arises  from  the  rentis  of  lands  and 
of  church  seats ; iwo' pennies  Scotch  on 
every  pint,  or  to  quarts,  of  ale  brewed  or 
sold  in  the  city,  the  village  of  Gorbals  and 
Port  Glasgow,  from  a tax  on  all  meal  and 
grain  brought  into  the  city,  and  from  era- 
niige  at  the  quaj’’,  S!.c^  This  flourishing 
chv  enjoys  all  the  advantages  of  on  inland 
and  sea  pert  town.  By  the  Clyde  it  has 
ready  communication  with  tlie  Western 
Seas,  with  Paisley  .by  a canal,  and  wifiv 
the  Eastern  by  the  great  canal  and  the 
Forth.  Market  on  Wednesday,  and  six  an- 
nual fairs.  It  is  44  miles  w by  s of  Edin- 
burgh. Lon.  4 15  w',  lat.  55  52  n, 

Glasgow  Port,  or  Neiu  Pori-  Glasgoiv,  a 
town  and  parish  of  Scotland,  in  Uenfrevv- 
shire,  lying  on  tlie  s side  of  the  Clydo- 
about  four  miles  above  Greenock.  dbt' 
parish  is  about  an  English  mile  gquP.rc, 
and  \vas  formerly  a small  barony  ea!h;d 
Newark,  but  the  magistrates  of  Gla-gov/ 
having,  in  1668,  fued  a piece  cf  ground 
for  forming  a harbour  for  their  shipping, 
got  it  erected  into  a separate  parish  in  169:% 
and  w^as  erected  into  a borough  of  barony, 
ill  1.775,  v/ilh  13  persons  as  trustees  fer 
regulating  the  police  of  the  town ; and 
from  them  tw'o  bailies  are  elected,  one 
tbs  towm  council  cf  Glasgow,  and  the  other 
by  themselves,  for  administering  justice,  8cc, 
The  harbour  is  excellent;  and  the  Glasgow 
merchants  have  extensive  warehouses  on  the 
quay.  It  is  a port  of  the  custom-house; 
and,  in  1791,  had  125  vessels,  measuring 
12,760  tons,  belonging  to  it,  The  popuN-" 
lation  was  3865,  in  180i,  and  in  1811, 
5116.  It  is  20  miles  w by  s of  Glasgow, 
and  62  from  Edinburgh  in  the  same  direc- 
tion. Lon.  4 47  w,  lat  55  51  n. 

GLASGOW,  a new  counly  in  New- 
bern  district,  N Carolina,  taken  from  L>cbb=f 
county. 

Glass,  a parish  lying  partly  in  A’ver- 
deen,  and  partly  in  BanOAure,  about  five 
miles  long,  and  nearly  the  sau)c  hi  breahth, 

1 intersected  by  the  Deveron.  4'he  surhice 
is  v.aried.  Population  about  800. 

Glass  Loch,  a lake  in  the  jiarish  of 
Kiitrcan,  iloss-shire,  about  five  rniiijii  long, 
and  one  broad. 

Glassarp,  a parisli  in  Argyllshire,  about 
22  miles  long,  and  12  broad,  w side  of 
Lochfine,  the  surface  is  rugged,  the  cliinale 
moist,  and  soil  various.  There  are  two 
nlaces  in  the  parish,  besides  the  church, 
where  the  minister  occ'^sionally  officiates. 
There  are  six  burial  pbiccs,  and  three  forts. 
Population  a!.-vul  ihiCO. 

3E2 


G L A 


G L E 


(Reassert ofit  a parish  in  the  county  of 
Vvh^ton,  about  seven  miles  and  a-balf  long, 
and  from  one  to  two  and  a* half  broad.  The 
naiuriil  aspect  of  the  country  is  rugged, 
unequal  and  hilly,  but  well  cultivated  and 
prodnedve*  Populationj860. 

Glassfordf  a parish  in  the  county  of 
Lfiiiark,  about  cighc  miles  long,  and  two 
broad.  The  surface  is  generally  preduc- 
tive,  and  this  parish,  like  that  of  Evandale, 
h famous  for  its  veal.  The  cotton  manu- 
facture is  prosecuted.  Population  about 
950, 

Glastonbury i a town  in  the  county  of 
Somerset,  with  the  ruins  of  a celebrated 
abbey,  said  to  owe  its  foundation  to  Joseph 
cf  Arimathea,  who  planted  his  staffs  that  is, 
t(<ok  up  his  abode  kere^  and  built  an  ora- 
tory in  honour  of  the  Virgin  Mary, 
liichord  Whitting,  the  last  abbot,  obstinately 
refusing  to  surrender  his  abbey  to  Hen- 
ry VIII.,  was  tried  in  a summary  and 
arbitrary  manner,  condemned,  and  executed 
as  a traitor  on  Tourhill,  in  the  vicinity. 
Here  were  interred  Edgar  and  some  other 
Saxon  kings,  also  the  celebrated  king 
Arthur.  On  the  top  of  this  hill  is  a tower, 
which  serves  as  a sea  mark.  It  has  two 
churches,  and  a manufacture  of  worsted 
stockings.  The  George  Inn  was  formerly 
an  hospital  for  pilgrims  who  came  to  the 
abbey,  and  to  see  the  Glastonbury  thorn, 
which  it  was  pretended  was  planted  by 
Joseph  of  Arimathea,  and  blossomed  on 
Christmas  Eve.  It  is  seated  on  the  Brue, 
&Ix  miles  sw  of  Wells,  and  124  w by  s of 
Eoiidon. 

GLATZ,  a principality,  lying  between 
Silesia,  Bohemia,  and  Moravia,  surrounded 
cn  all  sides  by  mountains,  40  miles  long, 
and  25  broad.  It  is  extremely  mountain- 
ous. The  country  forms  only  one  circle, 
divided  into  six  districts.  It  has  fine  springs 

mineral  waters,  mines  of  copper,  iron, 
a::d  coal,  and  quarries  of  marble  and  stone, 
la  1742,  it  was  ceded  by  the  Queen  of 
Hungary  to  the  King  of  Prussia’,  and  now 
tbrms  a part  of  Silesia. 

Glaiz,  capital  of  a principality  of  the 
s'imc  liamC,  Silesia,  seated  on  a hill  by  the 
Neisse,  has  on  ancient  castle  and  a new 
citadJ.  In  i?42,  it  submitted  to  the 
Prussians,  was  stormed  by  the  Austrians  in 
in  1760,  but  restored  in  1765.  It  is  a 
place  of  considerable  trade ; and  is  25  miles 
w of  Neicse,  48  sss  of  Breslau,  and  82 
jiNY,  of  Prague.  'Lon.  16  52  e,  lat.  50 
13  K. 


Oiauchait,  a town  in  Upper  Saxony, 
t.Vi’ids  on  the  Muldau.  The  inhabitants 
rv  0 evigaged  in  the  manufacture  of  stuiTsj 


I 


mil. '5  N of  Zv/ickau. 


Glfiuchc,  a town  in  Lower  Saxony.  Here 
schoois,  or  seminaries,'  in  which 
i;:c  Lngu.  gcsj  theohagy,  inalhcinatics^  music, 


&c,  arc  taught  by  120  preceptors.  It  is  St 
fauxbu rg  of  Halle. 

GleiwitZf  or  Gliwice^  a town  of  Silesia, 
noted  for  hops  and  cloth;  34  miles  se  of 
Oppelen. 

Glen  Almondf  a highly  picturesque  vale 
and  hill  in  Perthshire,  eight  miles  n of 
Crieff.  Here  are  several  caves,  particularly 
one  called  the  eagle’s  nest,  inaccessible  ex- 
cept by  one  narrow  path, ' yet  it  is  capable 
of  containing  60  men  in  arms. 

GlenanUt  a town  in  the  county  of  Antrim, 
Ireland,  at  the  mouth  of  a river,  and  on  a 
bay  of  its  name,  w'ith  a castle ; 20  miles 
NNw  of  Carrickfergus. 

Glenhervy^  a parish  of  Scotland  in  Kin- 
cardineshire, near  Fordin,  six  miles  and 
a-half  long,  and  five  broad,  containing  1200 
inhabitants.  In  the  church  are  an  erect 
stone  and  a stone  chest,  on  both  of  which 
are  ancient  funeral  inscriptions  in  Latin. 
The  celebrated  lord  Monboddo,  who  was  a 
proprietor  in.  this  parish,  let  his  lands  on 
leases  of  a lifcy  \9  years,  and  a life.  The 
soil  is  in  general  fertile  and  well  cul- 
tivated. 

Glenhucket,  a parish  in  Aberdeenshire, 
about  four  miles  long  and  one  broad.  The 
soil  is  generally  a light  fertile  loam.  Po- 
pulation about  420,  and  the  males  at  the 
time  of  the  last  census,  most  numerous  by 
nine.  Badenyon,  which  gives  title  to  an 
Old  Long,  is  situated  in  Glenbuckot. 

Glencairn,  a parish  in  Dumfries- shire, 
about  1 1 miles  long,  and  from  three  to  five 
broad.  The  soil  is  various,  but  generally 
fertile;  and  the  population  above  1,-300. 
Near  the  church  is  a large  oblong  mound, 
with  a turret  at  each  end.  The  family  of 
Cunningham,  to  which  this  parish  gave 
title  of  earl,  now  dormant,  have  had  no 
land  in  the  parish  for  ages,  except  a little 
hill  or  knowe  near  Maxwelton. 

Glencoe,  a vabc  in  Argyllshire,  near  Loch 
Leven,  parish  of  Appin,  noted  for  the  cruel 
massacre  in  1691,  by  a party  of  king 
William’s  troops,  contrar^’^  to  the  faith  of 
a royal  proclamation.  At  Larrock  in  this 
valley  is  a slate  quarry  that  employs  74 
families;  50  miles  n of  Inverary. 

Glencross,  a parish  in  Mid- Lothian, 
about  seven  miles  sw  of  Edinburgh.  It 
forms  a square  of  about  three  miles,  com- 
prehending part  of  the  Pentland  hills,  and 
is  chiefly  adapted  to  pasture.  Population 
near  400.  It  is  believed  to  be  the  scene 
which  Allan  Ramsay  had  in  his  eye,  when 
be  composed  the  Gentle  Shepherd.  House 
of  Muir  in  this  parish  is,  during  summer, 
a famous  mart  for  sheep  and  lambs. 

Giendovan,  a parish  in  Perihshire,  lying 
near  the  centre  of  the  Ochil  hills.  It  is 
about  six  miles  long,  .and  four  and  a-half 
broad,  wiih  a hilly  surface,  aflurding  excel- 
lent pasture,  Population  about  150. 


G L E 

Gleneigt  a parish  on  the  w coast  of  In- 
verness-shire, which  comprehends  three 
districts,  viz.  Gleneig,  Kncwdart,  and  North 
Mcrrar,  separated  from  each  other  by  these 
arms  of  the  sea  called  Lochurn  and  Loch- 
iieavis,  extending  altogether  about  20  miles 
every  way.  I'opnlation  is  about  2;8t54  ^ a 
great  proportion  of  whein  are  Homan  Ca- 
tholics. A piotestant  missionary,  and  a 
society  school- master  are  stationed  in  Know- 
dart.  At  Bernera,  in  this  parish,  is  a small 
garrison  coi.sisting  of  a sergeant,  and  a few 
private  soidieis, 

Glenholni,  a parish  in  Peebleshirc,  between 
three  and  four  miles  long,  and  near  two 
broao,  ir.tersected  by  the  Ttveed  and  the 
road  leading  from  Dumfries  to  Edinburgh. 
The  surface  being  bili^  , is  mostly  devoted  to 
pasture.  Populaition  about  240 ; about  12 
miles  w of  Peebles. 

Glenislay  a parish  in  Forfarshire,  about 
18  miles  long  VAid  two  broad.  The  soil  in 
some  places  is  light  and  stony,  in  others  a 
strongj:loam.  Population  about  1,000. 

Gienluce,  a handsome  small  town  and 
parish  in  Wigtonshire,  stands  abcut  a mile 
from  the  bottom  of  the  bay  of  I.uice  and 
near  a river  of  the  same  name,  at  the  mouth 
of  winch  is  a good  salmon  fishery.  The 
great  post  road  from  Portpatrick  to  London, 
which  intersects  the  parish  passes  through 
the  town;  10  miles  ne  of  Stranraer,  16 
from  Pertpatrick  in  the  same  direction, 
and  114  swof  Edinburgh.  The  parish  of 
Gienluce  or  Old  Luce  as  it  is  sometimes 
called,  is  about  10  miles  long,  and  eight  or 
nine  broad.  The  soil  in  this  parish  along 
the  bay  of  Luce  is  light,  fit  for  turnip 
husbandry,  and  yields  early  crops.  The 
northern  part  of  the  parish  is  more  adapted 
to  pasturage.  In  the  s corner  of  the  parish 
rabbits  abound  among  sand  hills  on  the 
bay ; and  spout  hsh  are  taken  in  the  sands 
near  low  water.  On  the  n banks  of  the 
river  Luce,  about  a mile  vv  from  the  town, 
are  the  ruins  of  a nionastry  called  Gienluce 
abbey,  founded  in  1190,  for  monks  of  the 
Cisterlian  order.  At  the  abbey  is  the 
minister’s  manse  and  a large  glebe  of  excel- 
lent land. 

Gienluce  Baij.  or  the  Bay  of  Luce,  an 
extensive  bay  of  Scotland  on  the  se  coast 
of  Wigtonshire,  bounded  on  the  ne  by 
Whithorn,  on  the  s,  by  Kirkmaiden,  and 
on  the  w by  the  paiishes  of  Stone}  kirk  aiid 
Gienluce.  It  stretches  12  or  14  miles 
inland.  The  tide  ebbs  and  flows  on  its  w 
shore  about  a mile.  This  bay  docs  not 
afford  good  anchorage  for  large  ships.. 

GLenmuik,  Tulloc.h,  and  Glcngttirn,  three 
united  parishes  in  Aberdeen:,). oe,  cjitending 
about  18  miles  in  length,  ana  lo  in  breadth. 
The  low  grounds  are  wei!  cultivated,  and 
many  of  the  hills  are  covered  with  wood 
to  the  very  summit.  Population  about 


G L O 

1,900;^  a considerable  number  are  Rcmatt 
Catholics. 

Glmorchy  and  Inishail,  two  united 
parishes  in  Argyllshire,  about  24  miles  in 
length,  but  of  unequal  breadth.  The  whola 
district  is  mountainous  excepting  the  vale 
of  Glenorchy.  Ti  e hills  and  moors  affoi  d 
pasturage  to  numerous  flocks  of  sheep.  Po- 
puladon  about  1,850. 

Gle.isliae,  (Spitted  of, J a stage  on  the 
military  read  to  Port  George.  22  miles  k of 
Cupar-  Angus. 

Glensheill,  a parish  in  Ross-shire,  16 
mi-es  long,  and  from  one  and  a- half  to  four 
broad,  containing  710  Inhabitants. 

Glenirathon,  or  Lintralhon,  a parish  in 
Forfai.dolre,  about  eight  miles  in  length', 
and  fcjr  in  breadth  It  is  composed  of 
lu  untains,  hills,  and  vallies,  watered  by 
.he.  Isla.  It  is  mostly  laid  out  in  pasturage.. 
Population  9i9. 

Glims  Holm,  one  of  the  small  Orkney 
islands,  one  mile  and  a-half  s of  Pomona. 

Giltness,  one  of  the  smalier  Shetiaz.d 
islands,  1 1 miles  n of  Lerwick. 

GLOGAU,  a principality  of  Silesia.  It 
produces  corn  and  wine  in  abundance,  it  h 
divided  into  six  circles.  Great  Glogau  is 
the  capital.  * 

Glogau,  Great,  a towm  of  Silesia,  and 
capital  of  the  principality  of  Glogau.  It  b 
well  fortified,  and  once  stood  upon  the  Oder, 
which,  by  altering  its  course,  now'  -Sows 
about  a mile  from  it.  In  1741,  it  wai. 
taken  by  the  king  of  Prussia.  It ‘is  toe 
seat  of  the  governor  of  Silesia,  and  in  it 
held  the  supreme  court  of  justice.  It  con- 
tains tw^o  Catholic  churches,  three  convents^ 
a Lutheran  church,  and  a chapei  for  Calvi- 
nists; .50  miles  kw  of  Breslau.  Lon.  16 
14  E,  iat  5?  58  IV. 

Glogau,  Little,  a town  in  the  principality 
of  0]  p)es,  Silesia,  bes  a collegiate  church 
and  Minorite  convent;  23  miles  s of 
Oppelen. 

Glomme,  a river  of  Norway,  in  the  pro- 
vince. of  Aggerhuys.  It  receives  the  river 
Wornie,  which  has  its  source  in  the  lake 
Mios.  Its  navigation  is  in  many  places 
completely  interrupted  by  frequent  shoals, 
and  cataracts.  About  50,000  trees  are 
annually  floated  by  this  river  to  Fredc- 
ricstadt. 

Gloucester,  " a capital  of  the  county 
which  it  gives  name,  and  a county  of  itsoH’, 
situated  on  the  e side  of  the  Severn.  lu 
1541,  Gloucester  was  erected  into  a bisho- 
pric, by  Henry  VIII,  and  the  abbey  church 
became  a .cathedral.  Gloucester  now  con- 
tains five  churches  and  a catn-dral,  but 
formerly  contained  II,  and  several  dissent'uog 
meeting  houses.  In  the  cathedral  is  a hirgc 
cloister,  a whispering  gallery,  ar:d  the  to i. Vi >3 
of  Robert  duke  of  Nonnanay  mnl  r,,!- 
•ward  II,  It  has  five  hcspivr.lo  two  iVsc- 


G L O 

pxboolff,  and  a large  county  gaol.  Its  for- 
tifications were  demolished  by  Charles  11. 
after  the  restoration,  on  account  of  its  ob- 
stinate resistance  to  Charles  I.  in  the  civil 
wars.  The  city  is  composed  of  four  princi- 
pal streets,  besides  several  smaller,  well 
paved,  and  in  general  well  built.  It  con- 
tains, with  the  suburbs,  near  9,000  inhabi- 
tants. It  was  erected  into  a burgh  by 
king  John,  and  a charter  of  corporation 
granted  by  Ileniy  III.  The  trade  is  con- 
rdderable  on  account  of  its  vicinity  to  the 
Severn,  by  which  ships  come  up  to  the 
bridge,  but  the  navigation  being  circuitous 
and  dilTerent,  a canal  is  mads  hencs  to 
Berkeley,  at  the  head  of  which  is  a basin 
fit  for  the  reception  of  100  vessels.  The 
chief  manufacture  is  making  of  pins.  Two 
markets  are  held  weekly,  Wednesday,  and 
Saturday;  and  it.  has  four  annual  fairs. 
The  town  sends  two  members  to  parliament. 
The  corporation  consists  cf  .a  mayor,  high- 
steward,  recorder,  12  aldermen,  town-clerk, 
and  two  sheriffs,  &,c,  Gloucester  ilea  34 
miles  of  Bristol,  and  104  w by  n of 
London.  Lon.  2 16  w,  lat.  51  50  it. 

GLOUCESTER,  a county  of  England. 
It  is  divided  into  23  hundreds,  which  con- 
tain two  cities,  25  market- towns,.  2S0 
parishes,  46,457  houses,  and  250,809  in- 
habitants. The  lengdi  from  us  to  sw  is 
about  65  miles,  and  the  breadth  from  20 
to  30.  The  soil  and  cullivation  of  this 
county  arc  various.  The  farms  in  general 
are  large.  Vfhat  is  called  the  V&Ie  of 
Berkelc^^  is  an  extensive  and  fertile  plain, 
lying  on  both  sides  of  the  Severn,  in  the 
cw  part  of 'the  county,  which  is  celebrated 
for  iv3  line  pasturage,  and  excellent  cheese. 
The  w'ooilsa  manufacture  is  carried  on  to 
a great  extent  in  this  county,  panicuiarly 
at  Dorsley,  Stroud,  Wotton-Underege, 
Painsvyick,  Mhichia-HuinpcGn,  and  their 
neighbourhood.  Mines  of  coal  abound  in 
Kingsweed,  and  tiio  neighbourhood  of 
Bristol,  and  mines  cf  iixu  in  the  forest  of 
'Oean.  Great  quantiues  o’  cyder  arc  m ule 
in  the  villages  on  the  banks  of  tlie  Severn. 
Besides  the  city  of  Gloucester,  the  prliici- 
pai  towns  are  . Cirencester,  Tewkesbury, 
Borkeicy,  C.^mden,  Kewnham,  Darsley, 
iMcrshdeld,  Doan,  Fainswicb,  Tetbnry, 
Ghcltouham,  Hampton,  or  Minching- 
IIcmptCD,  Fairford,  Sddbur3%  Wotton- 
'tJndere';L’j  Lcchiade,  Wickware,  Wincii- 
C')mbe,  Streud,  Coiibrd,  Newent,  Stow*  on 
Kic  \\  I'id,  Mortan,  Northlcacb,  Thornbury, 
and  n.ii.-y.  K'ght  members  are  returned 
‘o  p.'okLincnt,  v.x  for  the  county,  Glouces- 
Ur.  (>’iCuoc''!cr,  and  Tewkesbury,  two  cneh.. 
The  priiicjyal  ? Ivors  are,  the  Severn,  \v  ar- 
xviek  h.ire.  Avon,  Lower  Avon,  Wye, 
Tl....'’.-C:r:,  Cvd.n,  aiivi  Lech. 

63 'S'cc-.iXv,  or  C'pc  Aun^  a h-wnsliip  in  , 
LUiiUiy,  Maisucbusctis.  'ike  harbour  ■] 


G L Y 

18  accessible  for  large  ships,  and  defended 
by  a battery  and  citadel.  It  is  one  of  the 
most  considerable  fishing  towns  in  the 
United  States.  It  contains  5517  inhabi- 
tants, and  is  divided  into  five  parishes  : 16 
miles  NE  of  Salem.  Lon.  70  40  w,  lat.  42 
56  N. 

Gloucester^  the  most  western  and  the 
largest  tov^^nship  in  the  North  cf  Providence 
county,  Rhode  island,  contains  4025  inha- 
bitants. 

GLOUCESTER  COUNTY,  in  New 
Jersey.  Its  length  on  the  Delaware  is 
about  SO  miles,  and  on  the  sea,  the  line  is 
about  22  miles.  It  is  divided  into  10 
townships,  via.  Woodbury,  Waterford,  New- 
ton,  Gloucester  township,  Gloucester  town, 
Deptford,  Greenwich,  Woolwich,  Egghar- 
bcur,  and  Galloway.  The  chief  town  is 
V/oodbury. 

Gloucester^  a post  town  in  Virginia,  in  the 
county  of  its  own  name,  stands  on  a point 
of  land,  on  the  n side  of  the  mouth  of  York 
river,  17  miles  ns  of  York  town,  and  70  m. 
by  s of  Richmond. 

Gloucester  County-^  in  Virginia,  is  fertile 
and  well  cultivated.  It  is  about  55  miles  in 
length,  and  30  in  breadth,  and  contains 
13,498  inhabitants,  including  7065  slaves. 

Gloucester  Houses  in  the  territory  of  Hud- 
son’s bay  Company.  Lon.  86  59  w,  lat. 
51  24  N. 

Gloucester  House,  belonging  to  the  Hud- 
son’s bay  Company,  is  situated  in  New  S. 
V/ales.  Lon.  87  30  xv,  lat,  54  0 k. 

GloucssteA s Island,  Duke  of,  in  the  South 
Pacific  ocean,  about  6 miles  long,  and  one 
broad,  surrounded  with  rocks.  It  is  inha- 
bited. Lon.  140  4 w,  lat.  19  15  s. 

Gloucester  two  islands  in  the 

South  Pacific  ocean.  One  is  in  Ion.  116 
0 w,  Lit.  20  33  s.  The  other  in  Ion.  146 
15  w,  lat.  20  34  s. 

Gloucester,  New,  a town  in  Cumberland 
county,  district  of  Maine,  27  miles  jr  of 
Portland. 

Gliicksburg,  a town  with  a fortress,  in 
the  duchy  of  Sleswick,  Demnaik,  9 miles  s 
of  Flensburg. 

Gliukstadt,  a sea-port  in  Lower  Ssxonr, 
and  ducl.>y  of  Holstein,  belonging  to  Den- 
mark, stands  on  the  Elbe,  near  its  mouth, 
has  a strong  castle,  aud  an  extensive  foreign 
trade,  a chief  branch  of  which  is  the  whale 
fishery.  It  is  regular  and  well  built.  The 
town  is  the  seat  of  th«  king’s  regency;  2’8 
miles  KW  of  Hamburg.  Lon.  9 28  e,  lat. 
55  54  N. 

Glurcntz,  or  Clarens,  a town  in  the 
county  of  'rjiol,  Germany,  on  the  Adige, 
24  rniies  w by  n of  Meran. 

Giymi  County,  in  the  Lower  district  of 
Gnoigia.  It  contains  413  inhabitams,  in- 
cluding 215.  slaves.  Chief  town,  Bruns- 
wick. 


Gvesen,  cr  Oncsnce,  a to^'n  of  Poland, 
and  capHal  of  Grtat  Poland,  whose  arch- 
bishop was  priimate  of  Poland.  The  cathe- 
dral contains  costly  vessels  nnd  vestments 
to  O’  vast  amount;  and  its  gates,  of  Corin- 
thian brass  curiously  wrought,  pertained 
formerly  to  a Greek  monastry  in  Taiirica 
Chersonesus*  This  was  the  first  town 
built  in  the  kingdom,  and  once  more  con- 
siderahle  than  at  present,  90  miles  iS  by  k cf 
Breslau,  mid  125  w by  k of  Vvarsavv.  Lon. 
17  40  E,  and  let  52  2S  N. 

GOA,  an  island  near  the  coast  cC  ITIn- 
doost.an,  at  the  mouth  of  a river  coded  Men- 
(leva.  It  is  about  eight  leagues  in  circum- 
ference; the  soil  is  ftrtde,  ei,pcc?i’liy  ni  the 
▼alleys;  the  trees  are  ever- green,  and  abun- 
dance of  springs  issue  from  the  moiictarns, 

Go«,  the  capital  of  the  Portuguese  settle- 
in^^nts  in  India.  The  port  of  Goa  is  repre- 
Srcnted  as  one  of  the  best  in  the  Indies.  The 
channel  runs  many  miles  up  the  country, 
dividing  it  into  several  fruitful  islands  and 
peninsulas,  from  which  the  city  cf  Goa,  S 
miles  from  its  mouth,  is  plentifully  furnished 
with  necessaries.  At  the  s entrance  into  the 
channel,  a little  beyond  the  forts  on  the  right 
hand,  are  seen  the  remains  of  old  Goa,  and 
from  thence  to  the  new  city  there  is  a com- 
modious road,  finely  shaded  with  fruit  trees. 
The  houses  are  large,  and  make  a fine  ap- 
pearance,  but  are  poorly  furnished.  The 
market  place  takes  up  an  acre  cf  ground  ; 
and  in  the  shops  which  surrouiid  it,  moy  be 
bad  the  produce  cf  Europe,  China,  Bengal, 
and  other  countries.  The  viceroy’s  palace 
is  an  elegant  edifice,  eA.  a small  distance  from 
the  river.  A run:,'  er  of  handsome  churches 
and  convents,  -v  'h.  an  hi  spital,  adorn  the 
city.  Their  religion  is  the  Roman  catholic, 
the  clergy  are  numerous  and  illiterate ; only 
one  cf  the  d' arches  is  furnished  v;ith  glass 
wii-dows.  For  the'r  windows  the  inhabitants  j 
make  use  of  clear  oyster  shells  instead  of  i 
glass.  The  numher  of  inhabitants  is  said  to  I 
be  only  about  20, COO.  It  isgenerally  agreed, 
that  the  men  are  for  the  most  part  preud, 
indolent,  jealous,  revengeful,  and  indigr/mt; 
the  women  lasy,  and  designingly  wicked  ; 
fruits,  greens,  and  roots,  w'ir.h  bread,  rice,  and 
fi-sh,  form  their  diet,  though  they  have  hogs 
and  fowls  in  abundance.  Their  principal 
trade  is  in  arrack,  distilled  from  the  sap  of 
the  cocoa  nut  tree.  It  is  250  mules  s by  e 
of  Bombay.  Lon.  75  50  e,  lat  15  51  n. 

. Goafpara,  a town  of  Bengal,  Ilindoostan. 
Here  European  factors  carry  on  a great 
trade  with  Assam,  Boctan,  Tibet,  &c.  It 
stands  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Burrampooter, 
S8  miles  e of  Rangamatty. 

Goa?',  St,  or  St  Oever,  a town  of  Germany, 
lately  in  the  department  of  the  Rhine  and 
Moselle,  capital  of  the  lower  county  of  Cat- 
xenellenbogen.  It  stands  on  the  Rhine, 
under  the  stunenducus  rpek  and  casile  of 


liheinfcls.  It  surrendered  to  the  French? 
in  J7S4.  It  has  a conbiderahle  trade  id 
wine,  hides,  and  fruits;  17  miles  sx  of  Cob- 
lents.  Lon.  7 32  e,  lat.  50  10  n. 

Gaoj-'shausen,  a town  of  Germany,  two 
ml’es  E of  St  Goar,-  in  tlic  circle  of  Upper 
VJ'Aiie,  and  lower  county  of  Caf.'zenelienho- 
gen,  on  the  Rhine,  opposite  llheinfels,  10 
u'dks  sw  cf  Kassaii.  In  its  vicinity,  on  a 
mounUiin,  stands  ihe  strong  castle  of  Catze, 

Goat  hland,  a small  islet  in  the  state  of 
Rhode  Island. 

Goat's  Island,  the  southermost  of  th® 
Eashee  i;d.ands.  Lon.  121  0 i,  lat.  20  6 k. 

Goavs,  Grand,  a town  cf  Hispaniola,  10 
miles  ssw  of  Leogaiie.  Cotton,  indigo,  sugar, 
and  cefTee,  grow  in  the  adjacent  country. 

Goave,  Petit,  a town  of  Hispaniola,  with 
an  excellent  harbour.  The  environs  contain 
plantations  cf  sugar,  coffee,  indigo,  and  cot- 
ton. To  this  port  the  traders  in  Grand 
Gcave,  and  other  places,  send  their  commo- 
dities. Lon.  53  3 w,  Ferro,  lat.  18  50  n. 

GOBBI,  a country  of  Africa',  on  the  coast 
cf  the  Atlantic.  The  chief  town  is  situated 
about  a day’s  journey  from  the  sea.  Tht; 
principal  trade  consists  in  elephants  and 
ivory. 

Gobin.  See  Mere. 

Goch,  a town  in  the  dUchy  of  Cleves, 
Gennany,  on  the  Niers.  It  is  eight  iniies 
s of  Cleves, 

Gochsheun,  or  Gocken,  a town  of  Suabia, 
duchy  of  Wirtemberg,  ceded  to  Bavaria  ht 
1 802  ; 16  miles  s of  Heidelberg. 

Cocinno,  a towxi  and  county  cf  Sardinia, 
has  a castle,  and  stands  on  the  Thurso ; 25 
miles  E of  Aigeri... 

Godaiming,  cr  Godalmin,  a town  in  the 
c:-urP-'f  c.f  Surry.  It  has  considerable  niiuui- 
I cf  stockings,  fleecy  hos’ery,  blankets, 

j 8cc.  with  a weekly  market  on  Saturday;  It 
stands  cn  the  Wey,  where  it  separates  into 
several  streams ; four  miles  sv/  of  Guilthfcrd,  ■ 
and  54  of  London.  In  1759,  above  500 
persons  died  of  the  small- pox,  being  fully 
I one-third  cf  the  inhabitents, 

Godavtvy,  Gnnga,  or  Godur?j,  a river  of 
Hindoostan.  This  river  is  esteeired  s.acred 
by  the  Hindlcos,  who  coil  it  Gonga,  a general 
term,  for  a river.  It  has  its  source  in  the 
Sukhien  mountains,  70  miles  he  of  Bombay, 
After  a course  from  w to  e through  Uowla- 
tabad  and  Gclconda,  it  turns  se,  receives  the 
Bain,  90  miles  from  the  sea,  and  divides 
into  two  channels  at  R^jnmandry,  whnh 
again  subdivide  and  form  several  iiarbours  in 
the  bay  of  Bengal,  after  a course  of  700 
miles.  Teak  timber  grows  in  abundance  on 
its  banks. 

GoderviUe,  a towm  in  the  department  of 
the  Lower  Seine,  France,  nine  riL)ile3  he  of 
Mcntevilliers. 

Godheab,  or  Good  Hope,  a settlement  of 
j West  Greenland,  Lon;  50  10  w,  lat.  64'2jrif, 


GOG 

• Coding,  a to’«vn  of  Moravia,  on  a branch 
of  the  iMarcIio,  has  a castle,  58  miles  se  of 
Uraiin. 

Godmanchester,  a corporate  town  in  the 
couniy  of  Huntingdon,  parted  from  Hun- 
tingdon hy  the  river  Ouse,  situated  in  a fer- 
tile soil,  which  produces  ab'undance  of  corn. 
When  Janies  I,  passed  through  it  from  Scot- 
land, the  inhabitants  met  him  with  70  new 
ploughs,  drawn  by  ns  many  teams  of  horses, 
for  which  novel  sight  he  granted  them  a 
charter.  Here  is  a school  called  the  Free 
grammar  school  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  It 
has  a fair  on  Easter  Tuesday;  59  miles  n 
by  of  London. 

Godolpkin^  a hill  in  Cornwall,  e of  Mount’s 
Bay,  famous  for  its  mines. 

GocirOf  the  capital  of  a circar  of  the  same 
name,  in  the  county  of  Guzerat,  Hindoostan, 
55  miles  e of  Amedabad.  Lon.  75  40  e 
iut.  22  50  N. 

Goeds  Mercif,  Islands  of,  tliree  or  four 
small  islands,  at  the  nw  extremity  of  Hud- 
son’s strmts. 

Godstou\  a village  on  an  island  of  the  Isis, 
If  of  OxL'id,  has  a considerable  hsherv.  It 
is  noted  for  the  ruins  of  the  nunnery  from 
which  Fair  Rosamond  w^as  allured  by  Henry 
II  She  v/as  buried  near  the  altar  of  the 
church,  but  was  afterwards  removed.  The 
wall  of  the  chapel  s'dll  bears  an  inscription 
relating  to  her. 

Godwin  s Sands,  sand  banks  off  the  coast 
of  Kent,  beiv/een  the  n and  s Foreland. 
They  run  paraiici  with  the  coast  for  three 
leagues,  about  tw^o  leagues  and  a- half  distant 
from  it,  adding  greatly  to  the  security  of  the 
spacious  roads,  the  Downs.  The  space  oc- 
cupied by  these  sands  was  formerly  a tract 
cf  dry  land,  belonging  to  Godwin,  earl  of 
Kent,  and  father  of  king  Harold.  After- 
wards they  were  bestowed  en  the  monastery 
of  St  Agustin,  al  Canterbury,  and  the  wall 
that  defended  them  not  being  repaired,  the 
whole  w'as  covered  by  the  sea  in  ihe  year 
1100. 

Goes,  or  Ter-  Goes,  a strong  town  in  Zea- 
land, Holland,  capital  of  the  island  of  S 
Bevel  and.  It  carries  on  a considerable  trade, 
particularly  in  salt  a2?d  grain.  In  1648,  its 
great  church  was  burnt  and  another  built, 
which  is  an  elegant,  structure.  By  a canal 
it  coiumunicates  wltli  the  Scheldt.  It  is  10 
nii’es  E of  Flushing,  and  20  e of  Middie- 
burg.  Lon.  5 50  E,  hit,  5 ] 55  k. 

Gogard,  a tow-n  of  Sw*.  d.'^n,  E Gothland, 
25  mUes  NNwef  Li rk’ oping. 

Gotland,  a small  isiana  in  the  gulf  of 
F:r.;  lud,  80  miier  w cf  Petersburg, 

G''go,  a tow'n  in  the  country  of  Guzerat, 
Hh:  loos* an,  stands  at  the  mouth  of  a river, 
in  the  ga.lf  of  Cam'-.ay,  has  a good  harbour, 
and  is  100  mile.?  s w of  Aincclabad,  Lon. 
71  55  e,  la:.  21  ' it  ?v- 

Gogra.  See  j 


G O L 

Goliud,  the  capital  of  the  circar  of  the 
.same  name,  in  the  country  of  Agra,  Hindoo- 
stan, 65  miles  sse  of  Agra.  Lon.  78  44  e, 
lat.  26  24  N. 

GOJAM,  a country  in  Abyssinia,  about 
25  leagues  long  and  i4  broad.  It  is  gene- 
rally fiat  and  in  pasture.  It  is  almost  sur- 
rounded by  the  Nile, 

Goilo,  a town  of  Italy,  betw^een  the  lakes 
of  Mantua  and  Garda,  stands  on  the  Miiicio, 
15  mUei  NW  of  Mantua. 

GOLCONDA,  a country  pf  Hindoostan, 
in  the  Deccan,  having  the  lov  er  parts  of  the 
rivers  Kistna  and  Godavery  on  one  side,  and 
the  principal  part  of  Dow  latabad  on  the  ether. 
Its  former  name  was  Teilingana  or  Tilling, 
The  kings  had  vast  revenues,  uri  dng  from 
the  properties  of  lands,  customs  of  merchan- 
dises and  provisions,  but  cliiefiy  from  the 
diamond  mines ; for  Golconda  may  be  called 
the  country  of  diamonds.  Winter  begins 
here  in  June  with  rain  and  thunder.  The 
thunder  is  of  short  continuance ; but  the 
rains  pour  down  with  furiou?  storms  of  wind, 
till  the  middle  of  July,  with  some  intervals 
of  fine  weather.  These  rains  render  the  land 
exceedingly  fertile,  especially  in  fruits.  Vines 
are  in  great  plenty.  They  have  yearly  two 
crops  of  rice,  and  several  other  kinds  of 
grain.  Mines  of  salt,  curious  calicoes, 
chintzes,  and  fine  iron,  add  to  the  vrealth  of 
this  country.  Hydrabad  is  the  capital. 

Golconda,  a fortress,  formerly  the  resi- 
dence of  the  kings  of  Golconda.  This  for- 
tress for  extent  might  be  called  a city.  It 
stands  on  the  summit  of  a conical  hill,  and 
is  deemed  impregnable.  In  1687,  it  fell 
into  tha  hands  of  Aurungzebe  by  treachery, 
after  he  had  conquered  the  kingdom.  It  is 
six  miles  wnw  of  Hydrabad,  and  communi- 
cates vvith  that  city  by  a wail. 

GOLD  COAST,  a name  given  to  a 
country  of  Africa,  near  the  Atlantic,  about 
1 20  leagues  in  length  from  e to  w,  between 
the  rivers  Ancobar  and  Volta.  It  received 
its  name  from  the  immense  quantity  of  gold 
which  it  produces.  Several  of  the  European 
nations  have  settlements  here.  The  climate 
is  exceedingly  hot  from  October  to  March ; 
the  rest  of  the  months  are  tolerable.  The 
domestic  animals  are  bulls,  cow%  sheep,  and 
goats.  The  principal  wild  animals  are  ele- 
phants, tygers,  buffaloes,  jackalls,  wild  boars, 
&c.  Among  the  birds  are  pheasants,  parrots, 
maccaws,  turtle  doves,  &c.  The  reptiles  are 
numerous,  as  snakes,  serpents,  vipers,  &c» 
The  coasts,  lakes,  and  rivers,  abound  with 
fi.sh,  and  likew  ise  with  alligators,  and  guanas, 
an  amphibious  animal,  which  resembles  the 
crocodile,  but  only  four  feet  in  length. 
Among  the  trees  are  the  palm,  the  cccoa 
nut,  the  papay,  and  the  banana.  Most  of 
the  inhabitants  go  naked,  and  those  who  are 
lUiircss,  have  only  some  y^irds  of  stuff  wrap- 
ed  about  their  middle.  The  inhabitants  ex- 


G O L 

fihange  rice,  which  grows  here  in  immense .) 
quantities,  for  maize,  palm  oil,  yams,  and 
potatoes.  The  principal  rivers  on  the  Gold 
Coast  are  Ancobar,  Axem,  Anta,  Commen- 
da,  Fetu,  Sabo,  Adorn,  Agouna,  Acra, 
Acambou,  Labadde,  Fantin,  Incassan,  Nin- 
go,  Sabu,  and  Soko. 

Goldappf  a towm  of  Prussian  Lithuania, 

08  miles  ese  of  Koiiigsberg. 

Goldberg,  a towm  of  Silesia,  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Ligniiz,  seated  on  the  Katzbach, 

1 1 miles  sw  of  Lignitz.  It  receives  its 
name  from  a gold  mine  near  it.  The  in- 
habitants are  engaged  in  the  woollen  and 
linen  manufactures. 

GOLDEN  ISLAND,  an  island  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  or  gulf  of  Darien.  Flere, 
in  1698,  the  Scots  attempted  to  form  a set- 
.tiemeht.  Lon.  77  10  w,  lat.  9 0 n. 

Goldivgen,  a town  of  the  duchy  of 
Courland  ; stands  on  the  Windau,  has  a 
cestle,  and  was  formerly  the  residence  of 
the  dukes ; 60  miles  w of  Mattau.  Lon. 

21  E,  lat.  56  4S  n. 

Goldsborough,  a post-town  in  Hancock 
county,  district  of  Maine,  stands  on  an  arm 
of  the  sea,  47  miles  e of  Castine,  Lon,  68 
20  w,lat.  44  28  n. 

Golez,  a town  of  Poland. 

GolefiOf  an  island  at  the  entrance  of  the 
bay  of  Tunis,  Africa ; and  a fortress,  on  a 
narrow  channel,’  between  the  lake  af  Tunis 
and  the  sea.  In  1536,  it  v^as  taken  by 
Charles  V,  and  retained  by  the  Spaniards 
till  1574,  when  it  was  taken  from  them  by 
Selim  II  ; 25  miles  n of  Tunis, 

Golling,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Salzburg, 
Germany;  14  miles  sse  of  Salzburg. 

Golnow,  a town  of  Hithei*,  Pomerania,  on 
the  Ilna,  11  miles  ke  of  Stettin. 

GOLD,  a new  dept,  of  France,  including 
the  K part  of  Corsica.  It  takes  its  name 
from  a river  which  rises  in  the  centre  of 
the  iVrand,  and  falls  into  the  sea,  12  miles 
s'  of  the  chief  town,  which  is  Bastia. 

Gologrizzo,  a town  of  Istria,  6 miles  s of 
Ped  ena, 

Golphington,  the  chief  town  of  Washing- 
ton county,  Georgia.  Seated  near  the  head 
of  the  Ogeechee,  37  miles  wsw  of  Augusta, 
and  50  nnw  of  Louisville. 

Golsp^,  a parish,  river,  and  village,  on  the 
SE  coast  of  the  county  of  Sutherland.  The 
parish  extends  along  the  coast  about  10 
miles,  with  a breadth  of  nearly  2,  divided  by 
the  river,  at  the  mouth  of  which  the  village 
is  situated,  containing  nearly  300  inhabitants. 

A great  part  of  the  parish  is  billy;  the  re- 
maining part  is  tolerably  fertile ; and  the 
shores  abound  with  fish.  Near  Dunrobin 
are  the  vestiges  of  a Pictish  castle.  In 
1746,  the  Sutherland  militia  defeated  a party 
of  the  rebels  near  the  village,  which  is  6 | 
mil^s  KE  of  Dunioch.  Population  about  [ 
1600,  ' ‘ ^ I 


G O N 

Gohih,  a town  and  castlo  of  W PrtlSsi^ 
in  the  district  of  Culm,  on  the  Dribenz, 
miles  NE  of  Thorn. 

Gombron.  See  Gamhron. 

GOMERA,  or  Gomara,  one  of  the 
Canary  islands,  about  20  miles  long,  and 
10  wide,  with  a capital  of  the  same  name. 

It  is  well  cultivated  and  fertile,  has  corn  for 
the  support  of  the  inhabitants,  abundance  ot 
fruits  and  wine,  and  a sugar  work.  The 
town  of  the  same  name,  is  cn  the  e coast, 
and  has  a good  harbour.  Here  the  Spanish 
ships  are  often  supplied  with  fresh  pro- 
visions, It  is  six  leagues  sw  of  Tenerifie, 
Lon.  16  35  w,  lat.  28  8 et. 

Gometra,  a small  basaltic  island,  between 
Mull  and  Staffa,  Argyleshire. 

Gommern,  a town  and  castle,  in  Upper 
Saxony,  near  the  river  Elbe,  eight  miles  ss 
of  Magdeburg. 

GomSi  a town  of  Switzerland,  in  the 
Valais,  33  miles  e of  Sion, 

Gonaives,  a town  of  Ilispanicia,  with  an 
excellent  harbour,  ^cn  a bay  of  the  saine 
name.  It  has  a medicinal  spring,  with 
baths  for  the  accommodation  of  those  who 
frequent  it.  SO  miles  se  of  St.  .Nicholas. 
Lon.  72  26  w,  lat.  19  36  k. 

GONAVE,  an  island  in  the  bay  of 
Leogane,  in  the  W'estern  part  of  Hispaniola. 

It  is  fourteen  leagues  and  three  quarters 
long,  and  about  three  bread.  At  Us  se  cor- 
ner, separated  by  a channel  three  miles 
wide,  is  Little  Gonave,  an  isle  about  two 
miles  each  way.  Lon.  72  45  w,  lat.  18  14  n. 

GONDAR,  the  capital  of  Abyssima, 
stands  on  a hill.  The  king’s  palace,  flanked 
with  towers,  is  at  the  w end.  It  is  said  to 
contain  about  10,000  families,  and  40,000 
inhabitants.  The  houses  are  chiefly  of  clay, 
the  roofs  thatched  in  the  form  of  cones, 
w’hich  is  alw'ays  the  construction  within  th« 
tropical  rains.  Their  goods  are  exposed  to 
sale  in  a large  square;  gold  and  rock-salt avp 
the  only  medium  of  exchange  ; each  bar  of 
salt  is  12  inches  long,  and  they  cut  off  as 
much  as  is  equivalent  to  the  purchase  made. 
Here  are  about  100  churches,  and  the 
patriarch  is  subordinate  to  that  of  Alexandria, 
lao  miles  se  of  Sennar.  Lon.  37  58  e, 
lat.  12  34  N. 

Gondegama,  or  Gondlacomma,  a river  of 
Flindoostan,  has  its  sourse  near  Gomban,  is 
the  northern  boundary  hf  the  carnatic,  and 
falls  into  the-bay  of  Bengal  at  MootapiUy. 

Gondrecourt,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Meuse,  France,  on  the  Orney,  20  miles 
s of  St  Michael. 

Gondreville,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  McnrJhe,  France,  seated  cn  a hill  by  the.' 
Moselle,  with  a castle,  and  superb  hospital. 

, Goncssc,  a town  in  the  depnrini'  nt  of 
Seine  and  Pise,  France,  on  the  Crculd, 
miles  EE  of  Paris. 

Qonfooda,  See  Gunfud^., 

5 if 


n town  of  Romania,  Em*cp:#an 
5^':  i 1 k f y , stands  ik'h r tli e se a o f M Ai  m ora 
$7  m’fics  KE  cf  Gaillpolc.  Lon.  37  31  e, 
40  53  y. 

GO^^JAH,  a klns^dom  of  Africa,  be- 
the  coGst  of  Guinea  on  the  s,  anu 
'iVinbuctho  on  the  y.  It  has  a capital  of 
the  same  name,  STCnViksw  by  s of  Cassina. 
Lon  6 10  iat.  13  20  n. 

GarizagOf  a market  town  and  fine  castle 
of  Italy,  ’6  males  s of  Mar-tna. 

GOOCHLAND,  a county  in  Virginia, 
It  is  about  40  miles  long,  and  14  broad,  and 
contains  9Cd3  ini  cbif ants, 

GOOD  FORT  LINE,  or  PoaA,  an 
island  in  the  Eastern  sea,  w coast  of 
Simiatra,  54  miles  long,  and  from  nine 
to  12  broGd.  Lon.  98  30  e,  lat.  1 iO  s. 

GOOD  HOPE,  Cape  of,  the  southern 
extremity  of  Africa,  discovered  by ; the 
Fortu,-;ueie  ravigatcr,  Barihoioniew  Diaz, 
in  1493,  an  l bic^me  a Dutch  settlement 
111  16^60.  The  Portuguese,  however,  made 
no  se-tlernerit  on  the  coast,  ucarer  than  llio 
Infante,  nov/  ' Great  Fish  Iliver^  This 
serdVment  includes  an  extent  cf  about 
550  mUes  in  iengtli  from  Cape  Towm  Ea&t- 
'u'avd,  ai.’d  about  315  miks  fi'om  s to  n, 
between  thirty  and  thirty-four  degrees  and 
a- half  s lat,  and  eighteen  and  'twenty- 
elghr  degrees  E Ion.;  and  is  divided  into 
■ r d isti-i cts  : Cape  di-strict,  that  of  Sk den- 
Tc  ^chancl  Drakenstecn,  that  of  ZwHkndam, 
and  that  of  Grauf  RcyiTft.  Two  chains  of 
moiuilains,  called  the  Zvmrte  JBcrg,  or  Black 
IMountain,  and  the  2\^euveldf  Gcbeigte,  in- 
close together  the  great  Karroo,  or  dry 
desart,  extending  nearly  300  miles  in  length, 
and  30  in  breadth,  without  a hur-ian  inhabi- 
tant. Behind  Cape  Town  are  the  moun- 
tains called  Table  Mountain,  Devil’s  Moun- 
&oin,  the  Fionas  .Hc^.d,  and  Lion’s  Back, 
^hese  mountains  descend  several 
Vviiich  fall  into  the  Table  Bay,  False 
'fey,  &o. ; hut  th.e  principal  livers  of  the 
Ciiiilony  arc  the  Berg  or  Mountain  river,'  the 
,Oreede  or  Broad  river,  called  also  the 
Orange  nver,  the  Sunday  river,  and  the 
'Gve.u  Fish-Lver,  which  is  the  boundary  of 
ir  e cc-kny  to  rhe  c -it.  The  clirncite  of  the 
.Cape  oj’cc-irs  a he  in  general  free  from 
the  ex‘"cn!cs  or  jicrt  ‘.’r  coid.  The  two  most 
puwcriul  vvinc.s  are  the  ne'  and  sw.  , The 
kind  of  earn  goi'icrdly  cultivated  in  this 
country  is  v;he*at,  ’barley  aad  136.  “The 
3i3>'::r;ii -product ions  of  tl.e  Cape  are  perhaps 
g;iore  i.Lmcvci.s,  varied,  and  e^igriCt,  than 
cn  any  oO.cr  srot  cf  equal  csteut  in  the 
v.hoie  ct  ot'.’  1.  . I'.fyct  cf  ti.e  European,  and 
sL/eie:  of  the  tr . { :cal  frijits  have.  bt\n  io- 
ti'ovmec]  (o;'o  the  cb!o?iy,  and  cultiv'’atcd 
vrnb  Si  jrtss.  On  some  farms  a.e  -.o'o- 
yardo  also  of  C ja-Jden ble  extent;  *jrj;uucij)g, 
;hc  .suppiy  of  the  inu.k'ct  wiih  grveii 
vi^  J and  prepyr^'d  r^ikias,  about 


7^0  Isaguers  or  pipes  of  wine  a year,  eack 
containing  154  gallons.  The  principal 
w'iid  animals  to  be  met  with  near  the  Cape, 
are  wolves,  hyaenas,  and  various  kinds  of 
antelopes,  among  which  are  those  called  by 
the  Dutch  the  ipringboke,  the  gemsbeke, 
an(f  the  griesbeke.  Mere  inland,  are  lions, 
tyger.s,  buffaloes,  elephants,  and  in  tlie  rivers 
hippopotami,  called  by  the  Dutch  sea-cow 3> 
The  heavy  draught  work  of  the  colony  is 
dnefly  performed  by  oxen.  The  larger 
kind  cf  birds  which  hover  reiind  Table 
mountain,  are  eagles,  vultures,  kites,  and 
crovvs.  Cape  Town,  the  capital  of  this 
celony,  and/  indeed,  the  only  town  in  it, 
is  pleasantly  sitiiaved  at  the  head  of  Table- 
bay.  The  town  consisting  of  about  1,1  CO 
houses,  built  wdth  regularity,  and  kept  in 
nfeat  order,  is  disposed  into  straight  and 
parallel  streets,  intersecting  each  other  at 
right  angles.  Many  of  the  streets  are  opea 
and  airj’-,  with  canals  of  water  running 
through  tliem ; others  are  narrow  and  ili- 
paved  : three  or  four  squares  give  an  open- 
ness to.  the  towm.  Tlie  castle  fiffords 
barracks,  for  1.000  men,  and  lodgings  for 
all  the  officers  of  one  regiment;  magazines 
for  artillery,  stores  and  ammunition ; and 
most  of  the  public  offices  of  government 
are  within  its  walls.  The  other  public 
buildings  are  a Calvirist  and  a Lutheran, 
church,  a guard-house,  in  which  the 
'burgher-  senate,  or  the  council  of  burghers, 
meet  for  transacting  business.  The  pppula- 
latioii  of  the  -town  is  estimated  at  about 

6.000  whftes,  inclusive  of  the  military,'  and 
12jOCp  slaves  ; besides  which,  the  popula- 
tion of  the  colony  is  , estimated  at  onl'y 

15.000  w'bites.  The  government  Of  the 
Cape  is  administered  by  a Dutch  governor 
and  lieutenant  governor,  assisted  by  a coun- 
cil. The  general  character  of  the  Dutch, 
at  the  Cape  is  a phlegmatic  dullness,  and 
an  eager  desire  of  gain.  The  raincls  of 
every  class  seem  to  be  wholly  set  on  trade* 
There  are  no  beggars  in  the  whole  colony, 
and  but  a few  are  the  objects  of  public 
charity.  The  ladies  of  the  Cape,  are  pretty, 
lively,  good  humoured,  and  given  to  hospi- 
tality. Most  of  the  work  is  performed  by 
oxen,  w'hich  are  remarkable  for  their  do- 

I ciiit5%  they  draw  the  covered  waggons  gene- 
rally used  for  travelling ; some  have  coaches 
j drawn  by  horses.  Some  vineyards  to  the 
SE  of  Cape  Town,  yield  the  famous  wine 
called  Constantia.  The  slr.ves,  a few  Hot- 
tentots excepted,  were  all  originally  brought 
from  the  E Indies,  and  chiefiy  from  Ma- 
lacca. The  Cape  of  Good  Hope  surrender- 
ed to  the  Brithsh,  in  1795,  was  restored  at 
the  peace  of  Amiens,  in  1802,  and  again 
came  info  the  possession  cf  the  Bridsb, 
in  1806.  Cape- Town  w side  of  Table  ba}> 
is  in  icii.  18  25  e,  Iftt.  53  5ti  s,  See 


ROOD  HOPE,  a Danish  colony  in  W 

Greenland.  Lat.  64  N.  ^ 

Gitc.mty,  a river  of  Hindoostan,  has  its 
source  in  the  Roiiilia  country,  run^  se  by 
XiUcknow  and  Joinpour,  and  unites  by  the 
Ganges,  a little  below  Benares. 

Gooracpour,  a town  in  the  coiratiy  of 
Oude,  Hii.doastan,  6^  miles  s of  Fezzabad, 
Lon.  83  25  e,  lat.  t’:  45  N. 

Gooseberry  Islands,  small  islands  eight 
leagues  k\v  of  C:^pe  Bonavisia. 

Gooty,  or  Gitlli,  a town  and  strong  for- 
tress in  the  peninsula  of  FLndoostan,  on 
the  N side  of  ihe  Pennar,  and  capital  of  a 
district  of  tiie  same  name.  It  was  ur der 
the  jn.ris.hct!on  of  the  regent  cf  iviysore, 
till  17;,  t when  it  was  ceded  to  the  Nizam 
«f  the  miles  ssvv  of  Canoul. 

Lon.  77  lat.  15  15  n. 

Gopplr.^cn,  a tov^n  in  the  duchy  of  Wir- 
tcmbci  g,  Suahia,  with  a castle,  on  the  ri- 
vulet Vi!s.  Here  are  considerable  woollen 
raanufac.ures,  and  a famous  mineral  springs 
22  miles  se  of  Stutgard. 

Gcragot,  a town  of  Bengal,  Hindoostan, 
94  miles  ne  of  Moreshedabad.  Lon.  89 
22  E,  lat.  25  14  N. 

Gbrbals,  of  Glasgow,  a village  and  parish 
of  Scotland,  lying  on  the  s bank  of  the 
Ciyde,  opposite  to  Glasgow,  connected  with 
it  by  two  elegant  bridges.  It  is  a barony, 
of  which  the  magisirates  of  Glasgow  are 
superiors;  it  has  the  same  manufactures  as 
tliosel  of  that  city.  It  has  several  collieries  ; 
SE  of  the  bridge  is  a place  called  the  Lepers 
church-yard,  where  stood  a house  built  by  a 
lady  of  the  name  of  Campbell,  in  155G,  for 
the  accommcdation  of  Lepers. 

Gorcum,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Delft,  S Holland,  it  was  anciently  callad 
Gorichem,  It  stands  on  tire  Linghe,  at  its 
confluence  with  ttte  Wahal,  has  a trade  in 
corn,  butter,  and  cheese.  It  is  12  miles  r 
of  Don,  and  58  s of  Amsterdam. 

Gordon,  a parLh  .of  tlcctland,  in  Berwick^ 
shire,  about  seven  miles  in  length,  and  from 
two  to  four  broad.  The  surface  is  irregu- 
lar; partly  moor  and  moss.  The  arable 
land  yields  eiicellcnt  crops,  is  in  a high  state 
of  cultivation,  and  produces  turnip  equal  to 
any  in  the^  county.  The  farms  are  large, 
and  the  farmers  intelligent,  active,  and 
wealthy.  At  castles,  where  are  svill  seme 
ruins,  resided  as  is  believed,  the  ancestors  of 
the  present  dul;e  of  Gordon  and  Hunily- 
wood,  the  name  of  a farm  in  the  pant-ui 
seems  to  claim  the  honour  of  having  given 
title  to  his  eldest  son.  It  is  watered  by  the 
Ed':n.  Population  above  800,  The  village 
of  W Gordon  contains  about  500  inhabi- 
tants ; and  is  25  miles  sw  of  Berwick,  and 
53  SE  of  Edinburgh,  the  great  road,  from 
ypbich  to  Kelso,  passes  tnrough  this  village. 

Gordon  Castle,  the  superb  mansion  of  the 
duke  of  Gordon,  me?.&uri.ns  568  feet  in 


front,  Is  seated  on  the  Spey,  four  m3le‘i  N“ 
from  the  sea,  and  one  n of  Fochabers,  lu 
Elginshire.  The  landscape  here  present  -.I 
to  the  eye,  is  seldom  to  be  equalled. 

GORE,  a barren  and  uninhabited  islapd^ 
in  the  sea  of  Kanisciiatka,  discovered  au.i 
thus  named  by  Captain  Cook,  in  1778,  it 
is  50  miles  long.  Cape 
tremity  is  in  Ion.  172  50  vv,  lat.  GO  50  n. 

GO  REE,  or  Goeree,  an  islaul  in  the 
German  ocean,  near  the  southern  mouth  ci 
the  Meuse,  about  10  miles  h\  circuni{er«2.co. 

It  has  a town  cf  tlie  same  name,  at  the 
southern  mouth  of  the  Meuse,  12  rrhics  ssw 
0/  Briel.  Lon.  4 20  e,  lat  51  41  K. 

GOIIEE,  a small  island  of  Africa,  about 
two  miles  in  circumference,  near  Cape  ths 
Verd.  It  is  defended  by  two  forts,  and  is 
of  great  importance  on  account  of  its  trade* 
The  British  took  it,  in  1 800  ; the  I rcnch 
retook  it,  in  1804,  but  were  soon  forced  to 
surrender  it  again.  Lon.  17  25  w,  iat.  14 
40  N. 

‘r 

Gorey.  See  Newhorough, 

GORGON  A,  a small  island  of  Italy, 
in  the  Mediterranean,  celebrated  for  the 
anchovy  fishery  on  its  coasts;  16  miles  from 
the  coast  of  Tu-scany.  Lcn.  iO  0 e,  lat, 
45  22  1V.  ' ^ 

GORGONA,  an  island  in  the  Pacific 
ocean,  18  miles  from  the  coast  of  Popay.aii. 
Its  land  is  high  and  covered  with  wood,  (C> 
miles  in  circumference.  Lon.  77  52  w, 
lat  5 6 N. 

GORGORA,  an  island  of  Abys$ipiu» 

It  is  15  miles  nw  of  Gondar. 

Gorham,  a lowmship  in  Cumberland 
county,  United  States.  It  wus  incorpo- 
rated in  i7u4,  and  contains  about  2,3gO 
inhabitants. 

Goritz,  or  Gorilla,  a town  of  Carn3oh\^ 
and  circle  of  Austria,  Geiiitviny,  capital  ot 
a county  of  the  same  rui.ne,  with  a castle. 
It  is  divided  into  Upper  ard  i ov.er  Town, 
Besides  the  old  metropolitan  church,  it  has 
seven  convents,  nine  cliapels,  an.d  a college. 
The  adjacent  country  produces  corn,  wjoe, 
fruit,  and  silk,  it  has  manufactures  of  leather, 
and  stands  on  the  Lisanso,  on  the  borders 
of  Friuli ; it  was  taken  by  the  Frenrb,  in 
1797  : and  lies  i 2 miles  ne  of  Palma,  ami 
40  w of  Laubach.  Lon.  13  38  e,  iat.  4G 
5 >r. 

■Gorilz,  a town  in  the  New  Mark,  Bran- 
denburg, on  the  Oder,  eight  miles  s of 
Ciistrin. 

Gorkah,  a town  of  Asia,  in  a country  of 
the  same  name,  to  the  w of  Napaul,  an^  t* 
of  Oude,  stands  on  the  Durru  aiilee,  55  miles 
w'NW'  of  Calmandu,  and  160  ne  of  lyzabauj 
Lon.  84  56  e,  lat.  28  25  n. 

Gorlilz,  a town  of  Upper  Lusatla,  seated 
on  the  Ncissa,  with  a tainous  academy.  It 
j contains  six  churches  : the  inhabitants 
! amount  to  about  12,000.  The'  priucip  d 


i: 


* 

V ||‘‘ 


|!''4 

i:*': 

m 

5®' 


if' 


ilf 

Mi;' 


G a s 

trade  is  brewing,  with  manufactures 
woollen  and  linen  cloth ;.  58  miles  e by  n 
of  Dresden.  Lon.  11  5S  e,  lat.  51  9 n. 

Gorontano,  or  Gorontello,  a town  on  the 
island  of  Celebes,  and  a Dutch  settlement, 
in  the  bay  of  Tammine  in  the  ke  part  of 
the  island,  with  a fortress,  and  three  batteries 
at  the  mouth  of  the  harbour.  The  Dutch 
vested  this  settlement  in  the  Sultan,  who 
surrendered  it  to  the  British,  in  1810. 

Gort,  a town  in  the  county  of  Galway, 
Ireland.  Near  this  town  are  a number  of 
sw'allows,  or  caverns,  by  %vhich  almost 
every  river  and  stream  is  ingulfed  and  re- 
tained a considerable  v/ay  under  ground ; 
20  miles  sse  of  Galway,  56  wsw  of  Cion- 
fert,  and  90  in  the  same  direction,  from 
Dublin. 

Gorta,  SL  Maria  Lq^  a small  island  in 
the  Pacidc  ocean.  Lon.  1 55  w,  lat.  26  55  n. 

Gorze^  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Moselle,  France,  on  a hiii,  eight  miles  sw 
of  Metz. 

Gorzkef  a towm  in  Lower  Saxony,  duchy 
of  Magdeburg,  24  miles  e by  n of  Magde- 
burg. 

GoschutZy  a town  and  castle  of  Silesia, 
14  miles  n of  Oels. 

Gos/ieuy  a town  in  Litchfield  county,  Con- 
necticut, United  States,  celebrated  for  ex- 
cellent cheese ; seven  miles  nnw  of  Lich- 
field. 

Gosheiiy  the  most  considerable  town  in 
Oraiige  county,  New  York.  The  township 
contains  2,448  inhabitants,  of  whom  516 
are  electors  j 56  miles  n of  the  city  of 
New"  York. 

Gosporty  a fortified  tow-n  of  Hampshire, 
situated  on  the  w side  of  the  entrance  into 
Portsmouth  harbour,  over  which  is  a ferry. 
The  town  is  large,  and  a place  of  great 
trade ; market  on.  Saturday,  and  fairs  May 
4th,  and  October  10th.  There  are  several 
docks  for  repairing  merchants  ships,  arsd  a 
little  to  the  s of  the  town  is  the  noble 
hospital  of  Haslar,  for  the  reception  of  sick 
and  wounded  seamen  in  the  service  of  the 
r*av3%  It  has  an  extensive  iron  foundery, 
several  brev/eries,  and  a free-school.  it 
is  one  mile  from  Portsmouth.  Population 
is  about  t],2S5  ; 15  mdes  se  of  Scuthamp- 
lon,  and  75  sw  of  Lor.daii. 

G:  s!ary  a free  and  late  imperial  toxvn  in 
lA>w"er  Saxony,  seated  on  the  river  Gosc, 
i-  t the  foot  of  a mountain,  c.tlled  Kammel- 
bc  g.  There  are  four  parish  churches,  two 
ci.apters,  and  two  Lulhtran  convents.  The 
pihici^.al  commerce  arises  fruni  the  mines 
rf  ito.i  ar.d  iecd  in  the  MJighbmnhocvd. 

'i  'ijre  are  also  maiuifactures  of  copper,  and 
1 -•  .;e  brtwericc.  Here  it  is  said  the  art  of 
in^iEing  f.'iiLipowder  was  discovered  by  a 
it  was  ceded  to  Prussia,  in  1802; 

roiles  s of  Bruii&vvlck.  Lon  10  51  e. 

k‘t,  ,j\  i ij  'v. 


G O T 

Gosstvsinsteiny  or  Gossmanstein,  a towji  fas 
Franconia,  principality  of  Bamberg,  seated 
on  the  Putlach,  20  miles  ese  of  Bamberg.  / 
Gostyn'eny  or  Gostaviriy  a town  in 
palatine  of  Kara,  Poland,  has  a castle  on 
a rock,  and  is  56  miles  ne  of  Rava.  Lon. 
20  40e,  lat.  51  54  N. 

GOTHA,  a principality  in  Upper 
Saxony;  the  country  abounds  in  grain 
and  fruit.  The  whole  duchy  contains  12 
towns,  and  more  than  200  churches.  The 
state  consists  of  three  classes,  that  is,  of  the 
counts,  the  nobility,  and  some  towns  which 
are  convoked  by  the  prince.  The  duke 
maintains  a guard  of  160  men.  The 
principal  rivers  are  the  Leine  and  the 
Niesse. 

Gothay  capital  of  the  principality  of  the 
same  name,  seated  on  a rising  ground  near 
the  Leine.  It  is  one  of  the  handsomest 
towns  in  Thuringia.  Here  resides  the 
duke  of  Saxe-  Gotha,  in  wdiose  palace  is  a 
valuable  library,  and  a rich  cabinet  of  coins. 
In  the  vicinity  is  the  ducal  observatory  of 
Seeberge,  tlie  most  elegant  and  useful  in 
Germany.  The  inhabitants  derive  not  their 
subsistence  from  the  residence  of  the  court, 
but  carry  on  a considerable  trade  in  the 
porcelain  and  woollen  manufactures,  as 
also  in  wood  and  beer.  Gotha  suffered 
greatly  by  fire,  in  1207,  1545,  16i2,  1646, 
1665  ; but  the  houses  destroyed  here  in  the 
last  of  these  years  have  been  all  rebuilt  of 
stone,  and  of  the  same  height;  16  miles 
w by  s of  Erfurt.  Lon.  10  48  e,  lat.  50 
51  N. 

Gtthay  a river  in  W Gothland,  Sweden, 
which  has  its  source  in  the  sw  extremity  of 
Lake  Wenner,  and  directing  its  course  by 
Irolhatta,  and  Bahus,  enters  the  Categat, 
at  Gotheburg. 

Gothardy  St,  a mountain  of  Switzerland, 
in  the  canton  of  Uri.  It  is  9,075  high, 
and  22  miles  s of  Altorf.  It  is  reckoned 
the  principal  summit  of  the  Helvetian  Alps. 
FIcre  the  Tessino,  Aar,  Reuss,  and  Rhine 
have  their  sources,  and  flow  hence  in  various 
directions. 

Gotheburg,  or  Gothenburg,  a town  in  the 
province  of  West  Gothland,  situated  near 
tlie  sea,  at  the  nrouth  of  the  Gotha.  It  is 
about  three  miles  in  circumference,  and 
regularly  fortified.  The  harbour  is  between 
two  chains  of  rocks,  about  two  furlongs 
wide.  Besides  an  extensive  herring  fishery, 
it  has  a great  trade  in  fir  planks  and  salt. 
The  Swedsih  E India  ships  take  their  depar- 
ture from  this  port.  The  interior  of  the  towo, 
like  those  of  Holland,  has  canals  with  rows 
of  trees.  In  1802,  nearly  a fourth  part  of  it 
was  destroyed  by  fire,  its  environs  are  one 
conliiiued  scene  of  raked  rock.  I’opulatior: 
estimated  at  25,000.  Jt,  is  <10  miles  s of 
Uddevalla,  and  ISO  sw  of  Orebro.  Lon. 


11  59  I'y  Ut.  57,42  N, 


GOT 

t50THLAND,  one  of  the  five  general  i 
divisions  of  Sweden,  it  is  a pleasant  and  fer-  | 
tile  country,  consisting  of  good  arable  and  i 
pasture  land.  It  abounds  in  lakes  and  j 
yivers  i and  contains  48  towns.  It  is  divid-  j 
ed  into  East,  West,  and  South  Gothland. 
This  country  is  inhabited  by  a nation  which 
had  its  origin  from  tne  Getae,  or  Tartars  of 
the  Crimea,  and  had  kings  of  their  own,  till 
1132,  when  they  were  united  to  Sweden. 
It  includes  nine  provinces,  and  the  islands 
of  Gothland  and  Oeland. 

GOTHLAND,  East,  a province  of 
Sweden,  between  the  Bailie  on  the  e,  and 
Lake  Wetter  on  the  w,  about  80  miles  in 
length,  and  70  in  breadth.  It  produces 
wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats,  pease,  &c.  in  abun- 
dance, It  has  also  many  fine  orchards,  rich 
meadows  and  pastures,  lakes  and  rivers 
abounding  with  fish,  extensive  forests,  pro- 
fitable iron  mines  and  founderies,  quarries 
of  stone  and  alium,  and  marble  fiauing 
mills,  and  other  machines  for  the  improve- 
ment of  manufactures.  The  principal  towns 
are  Nordkiopping,  Soderkioping,  Linkiep- 
ing,  and  Wudstena. 

GOTHLAND,  South,  a country  of 
Sweden,  divided  into  three  provinces,  Scho- 
uen,  Haliand,  and  Bleiking.  The  soil  and 
produce  is  similar  to  East  Gothland. 

GOTHLAND,  West,  a province  of 
Sweden,  between  the  Lake  Wetter  and  Wen- 
ner,  about  130  miles  in  length,  and  25  to  70 
in  breadtii.  The  soil  produces  corn,  vegeta- 
bles, li  uits  and  excellent  pastures.  The  rivers, 
lakes,  and  sea*  coast,  abound  wdth  fish.  Iron 
works,  alum  works,  and  paper  mills,  are 
erected  in  several  places.  The  chief  towns 
are  Gotheburg,  Wennesburg,  Lidkioping, 
and  Falkiopping. 

GOTHLAND,  or  Gottland,  an  island 
of  Sweden,  in  the  Baltic,  about  70  miles 
in  length,  and  25  in  its  greatest  breadth. 
From  its  convenient  situation  it  has  justly 
acquired  the  name  of  The  Eye  of  the  Baltic* 
The  soil  is  fertile;  and  there  are  woods  of 
oaks  and  pines,  good  pastures,  and  profit- 
able fisheries ; as  well  as  large  quarries  of 
s':one,  particularly  the  famous  Gottland 
stone.  Limestones,  tar,  deal-boards,  beamis, 
turnips,  and  an  excellent  breed  of  sheep, 
are  the  usual  exports  from  this  island.  The 
inhabitants  subsist  by  agriculture,  grazing, 
fishing,  mining,  navigation,  and  manufac- 
tuies.  W’^hisby  is  the  capital.  Lon.  18  6, 
to  1 9 6 K,  lat.  56  54,  to  57  56  n. 

Gottelshrunn,  a town  of  Austria,  three 
miles  N of  Brugg. 

Gnttern,  a town  in  Upper  Saxony, 

GoUesburg,  a town  of  Silesia.  Near  it 
is  a mine  of  gold,  and  another  of  coals  ; 
great  quantities  of  worsted  stockings  are 
knit  by  the  inhabitants;  16  miles  sw  of 
Schweidnit*. 

Gitiingen,  or  Goettingen)  St  town  of 


GOV 

Lower  Saxony.  It  contains  about  l,0Cai 
houses,  and  8,000  souls;  the  streets  arc 
large  and  convenient,  and  paved  on  each 
side.  The  town  is  governed  by  a provost 
named  by  the  sovereign,  burgomasters,  and 
a syndic  chosen  by  the  regency,  assisted  by 
a council.  The  principal  ornament  and 
advantage  of  Gottingen  is  the  university; 
founded  in  1734,  by  George  II  king  of 
England.  The  library,  if  considered  with 
regard  to  the  number,  excellence,  and  value 
of  its  books,  is  one  of  ihe  first  in  Europe* 
There  are  also  many  other  library  institiv 
tions,  and  a coramandery  of  the  Teutonic 
order.  The  territory  belonging  to  the  town 
is  very  considerable;  but  its  inhabitants 
principally  subsist  by  the  woollen  manufac- 
tures; 58  miles  s of  Hanover.  Lon.  9 
53  E,  lat.  51  24  N. 

Gotiingeny  NeiVy  a tow  n of  the  state  of 
Georgia,  in  Burke  county,  w bank  of  the 
Savanna,  18  miles  e of  W'aynesborcugh. 

Gotlleube,  a towm  in  Upper  Saxony,  and 
margraviate  of  Pdeissen,  stands  on  a river  of 
the  same  name,  1 8 miles  sse  of  Dresden. 

. Gottliebeny  a town  of  Switzerland,  w’herc 
John  Huss  was  confined,  in  1415;  three 
miles  from  Constance. 

GottolengOy  a town  and  district  of 
Italy,  containing  some  sea  ports  and  2,50p 
citizens. 

Goitorp,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Sles- 
wick,  Denmark,  stands  at  the  extremity  of 
an  arm  of  the  sea,  named  the  Sley.  Her« 
is  an  old  palace,  formerly  the  ducal  resi- 
dence, two  miles  W'sw  of  Sleswick,  to  wFic-k 
it  is  united  by  a row  of  trees. 

Gotlsckeey  a town  in  Middle  Carniola, 
Germany,  with  a castle,  17  miles  nne  cf 
Fill  me. 

Gotzendorffy  a town  of  Austria,  five  mile* 
s of  Aigen. 

GOVARDO,  a districtof  Italy, ‘contain- 
ing 8,000  souls ; 2,000  of  whom  inhabk 
the  town  of  Govardo,  Lon.  10  9 e,  lat.  45 
40  N. 

Gouda,  or  Tergouw,  a strong  town  of 
S Holland,  seated  on  the  Issel  at  tlie 
junction  of  the  Gour,  celebrated  for  its  su- 
perb church  w ith  painted  window^s,  supposed 
to  be  the  finest  in  Europe.  The  situaiion 
of  the  place  is  very  advantageous,  on  ac- 
count of  the  sluices  and  canals,  which  arc 
running  streams ; it  has  also  a convenient 
port  on  the  Issel,  and  five  gates.  Its  prin- 
cipal trade  consists  in  cordage,  cheese,  and 
tobacco  pipes.  It  is  10  miles  ne  of  Rotter- 
dam, and  22  s of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  4 
57  E,  lat.  52  1 N. 

Goudhurst,  a town  in  the  county  of  Kent, 
with  a w’cekly  market,  and  a fair  August 
26th;  12  miles  s of  Maidstone,  and  44  ss 
of  London. 

Givernolo*  the  arciciit  Ambiiletum,  a 
town  of  in  the  Mantuan,  on  the 


G O Z 

Mncfo,  12  miles  se  of  Pi^Tantua,  Lon.  10 
56  E,  I at*.  51  8 N. 

Gouldie,  a village  in  the  parish  of 
Monilvie,  Forfarshire.  Population  170. 

Gouhisboroughf  Harbour,  a harbour  of 
the  United  States.  Lon.  67  55  w,  lat.  44 
tiio  N. 

Goran,  a parish  about  five  miles  Ion.<?, 
and  between  three  luui  four  broad,  iying  on 
the  borders  of  Lanark  and  Jienfrcwsiiires, 
and  divided  nearly  into  two  equal  parts  by 
the  river  Clyde,  which  is  here  navigc?/ole  for 
vessels.  Bleaching  of  cottons  employs  many 
of  the  inhabitants.  The  village  of  Govan 
stands  on  the  s side  cf  the  river,  2 miles  w 
of  Glasgow  ; and  is  inhabited  by  about  250 
families  and  more  than  1000  inhabitants. 
Population  of  the  parish,  about  2500.  The 
soil  is  in  a high  state  of  cultivation,  and 
very  productive,  and  ornamented  wuth  hand- 
same  villas  and  plantations.  Here  is  a 
eonicai  tminsnee,  i 50  feet  diameter  at  the 
base,  102  at  the  top,  and  17  feethigli,  called 
Hoamsterbiii. 

Goura,  or  Gura,  a town  of  Poland,  the 
palatinate  of  Massovia,  seated  on  the  Vistula, 
14  miles  se  of  Warsaw. 

GoitraincQurt,  a town  in  the  department 
of  the  Meuse,  France,  15  miles  ke  of  Ver- 
dun. 

Goormj,  a cape  on  the  e coast  of  the  island 
of  Jersey,  4 miles  e from  St.  Helier, 

■ Gouvdoru  a town  in  the  dent,  of  the  Lot, 
Fra  uce,  25  miles  n of  Cahors.  j 

- Gourjiay,  a £own  cf  the  Lower  Seine, 
France,  oa  the  Lpie,  24  miles  e of  Rouen. 

Gourock,  a town  in  the  county  of  Ren- 
frew, in  the  parish  of  Innerskip,  on  the  s 
banks  of  the  Clyde,  two  miles  and  a half  \v 
of  Greenock.  It  is  seated  on  a fine  bay,  and 
is  much  frequented  by  soa  bathers.  Few 
places  are  better  adapted  to  this  purpose,  or 
a greater  variety  of  pleasing  objects  ; 
in  parlicular  the  busy  commerce  of  the 
Clyde,  near  which  is  a copper  mine 

Goioran,  town  in  the  county  of  Kilken- 
rry.  it  is  governed  by  a Portreve,  record- 
er, and  town  Clerk,  and  sent  two  members, 
fothe  Irisii  parliament,  in  the.v'cinity  are 
toe  ruins  of  Baiiinabola  Castle,  9 miles  s 
by  s of  Kilkenny. 

Goivrie,  a district  in  Perthshire,  extend- 
ing from  Forth  along  the  n bank  of  the 
Tuy  to  Invergowrie,  That  part  of  it  called 
the  Carse  of  Gowrie,  lying  between  the  s 
side  of  the  hijis  and  the  river,  from  two  to 
fvmr  miles  in  breadth,  is  almost  one  con- 
tinued pi-iiii  of  the  richest  and  best  cultivated 
land  in  Sc.;tiand. 

Gouuve,  a own  on  the  w coast  of  Gre- 
nada. ihon.  61  51  w,  liit.  12  15.  n. 

GOZi.  or  Gozes  an  island  in  the  Medi- 
tcranean,  die  Ari.:.ent  C'diida,  of  which 
Paul  m ikes  laentioii  in  Ids  voyage  to  Rome,  { 
itisdistuiit  iroiii  the  sw  coast  of  Cundia^  j 


G R A 

24  miles.  Here  vessels  arc  often  supplki 
with  water  and  provisions  Lon,  25  46  e/ 
lat.  34  50  N,  7 

GOZO,  the  ancient  island  of  Gali/pso^ 
celebrated  by  Homer,  is  separated  from 
ta  by  a channel  four  miles  and  a half  broad, 
and  belonging  to  tlie  Knights  of  Malta.  Ifc 
is  24  miles  in  circumferei.ce,  and  surround- 
ed with  high  rocks,  yet  it  is  very  fertile  in 
the  middle,  five  miles  nw  of  Malta. 

Qraboiv,  a town  and  castle  in  Lower 
Saxony,  Duchy  of  Mecklenburg  situated  on 
the  Elaa,  24  miles  s by  e of  Schwerin, 

Gracias  a Bios,  a town  belonging  to  the 
province  of  Honduras,  Mexico,  100  miles 
w by  s of  Valladolid,  Lon  88  40  w,  lat.  14 
50  N. 

Graciasa,  one  of  the  Azores,  10  miles  in 
length  and  eight  in  breadth,  produces  corn, 
wine  butter,  and  Cheese.  The  capital  is 
Plata,  Lon.  27  58  w,  lat.  59  2 n. 

Gradhca  or  Gradis  a town  of  Sdavonia, 
seated  on  the  Save.  It  Kthe  Scivilium  of  the 
Romans,  well  peopled  and  fortified.  A regi- 
ment of  infantry,  appointed  to  defend  the 
frontiers,  takes  its  name,  152  milefw  of  Bel- 
grade, and  170  s of  Vienna.  Lon.  18  12  e, 
lat.  45  56  N. 

Gradisca,  a strong  town  of  Friuli,  on  the 
borders  of  Carinthia,  capital  of  a county 
united  with  Gorits,  seated  on  the  Li.sowzo, 
a bibiicps  seo  6 miles  sw  of  Goritz.  Lon,  15 
14  E,  lat.  46  6 X. 

Grado,  a smalHsland  in  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
on  the  coast  of  Friuli,  with  a strong  town  of 
the  same  name  name,  containing  5000  souls  ; 
50  miles  e by  n of  Venice,  Lon.  15  iO  e, 
lat  .45  44  N. 

Grcenisap,  one  of  the  Orkney  islands,  one 
mile  and  a-half  long,  and  one  broad,  con- 
taining about  180  inhabitants.  It  is  mostly 
arable,  and  the  coasts  afford  great  quantities 
of  kelp. 

Grafton,  in  Northamptonshire,  gives  the 
title  of  Duke  to  the  family  o:  Fitzroy  of  royal 
extraction,  five  miles  ne  of  the  E tiering. 

Grafton  county,  in  New  Hampshire.  It 
is  divided  into  50  townships,  and  17  loca- 
tions, and  coiUains  15,472  inhabirants,  of 
whonfi  21  are  slaves.  Plymouth  is  the  chief 
town. 

GR.A.FTON  ISLAND,  the  most  nor- 
therly of  the  Bashe  islands.  Lon.  159  w, 
lat.  2 i 4 N. 

GraharCs  Dyke,  the  name  given  by  the 
people  in  iis  neighhourliood  to  Antoninus’s 
Wall,  the  ancient  boundery  of  the  Roman 
territories  in  Nc.itli  Britain,  of  which  relics, 
are  still  visible.  It  reached  from  Carriden 
on  the  Frith  of  Forth,  to  Old  Kilpatrick  on 
the  Clyde. 

‘Grahanis  Moor,  three  milcA  e of  Falkirk, 
SUiiingshiie,  the  place  where  the  valikut 
Sir  Wiiiiani  Wallace  fought  "hK 
through  the  Eiiglisii  in  1298. 


G R A 

. CrcihaTiUtony  Accounted  a suburb  of 
Glasgow,  being  connected  to  it  by  several 
streets. 

GRAIN  COAST,  Malaguetta,  or  Pep- 
TER  Coast,  a country  of  Guinea,  extending 
along  tbe  At]antic  about  500  miles,  between 
Ivory  Coast  on  tbe  e,  and  the  Sierra  Leone 
country  on  the  w.  The  climate  is  said  to 
be  unwhcLsorne,  especially  to  Europeans. 
The  pred  iciior.s  are  lemons,  oranges,  &c. 
and  a kind  cf  nut  with  a very  thick  shell  and 
most  delicious  fiuit,  for  which  neither  Euro- 
peans nor  natives  have  a name,  ilhe  prdm 
wine  and  daces  are  in  the  greatest  esteem. 
Cows,  hogs,  sheep,  and  gaats,  are  also  in 
great  plenty;  but  that  which  constitutes  the 
chief  wealth  of  the  Grain  Coast  is  the  abun- 
dance of  Guinea  pepper,  or  grains  of  para- 
dise, which  it  produces,  called  Malaguetta, 
by  the  Pertuguese.  The  natives  are  very 
moderate  in  tlieir  living.  Their  kirxg  exerts 
an  arbitrary  po'wer  and  despotic  authority 
ever  his  subjects.  They  believe  in  a future 
state,  but  are  much  attached  to  Paganism. 
The  sole  employment  of  many  of  the  negroes 
is  fishing.  Formerly  the  Portuguese  . had 
the  whole  commerce  on  this  coast,  but  it  has 
been  long  in  the  Imnds  of  the  Dutch  and 
English.  - 

Graiiney^^  parish  in  Dumfries- shire,  ex- 
tending about  six  miles  along  tbs  Solway, 
which  separates  it  from  Cumberland  on  the 
s,  as  tbe  Sark  does  on  the  e,  I'he  surface 
is  in  general  level,  and  well  cultivated.  It 
has  several  harbours  on  Solway  Frith,  parti- 
cularly at  the  small  village  of  Sarkfoot, 
Hiedkirkpoint,  Brewse,  &c.  Black  cattle, 
calves,  swine,  butter,  cheese,,  potatoes,  corn, 
and  hay,  are  exported  to  a great  amount  an- 
nually. At  Graitney  Mains  are  the  vestiges 
of  a Druidical  temple,  and  in  the  parish  a 
number  of  square  tow’ers.  Tiic  population 
is  about  1800. 

Graitney,  or  Gretna- Green,  a village  in 
the  above  parish,  tbe  first  stage  on  the  road  | 
from  England  to  Portpairick,  by  Dummies, 
and  by  Meffat,  to  Edinburgh.  It  has  been 
long  famous  fer  the  clandestine  marriages  of 
fugitive  lovers  from  England ; nine  miles  ! 
E of  Annan,  and  three  v/  of  Longtown. 

Graitz,  or  Greitz,  a town  cf  Upper  Sax- 
ony, in  Voigtiand,  with  two  castles,  stands  j 
on  the  Elster,  between  mountains  and  woods. 
It  has  manufactures  cf  stuffs,  and  is  10  miles 
y of  Plauen. 

Gramat,  a town  in  t]’<e  department  of  tbe 
Lot,' France,  22  miles  ^ of  Calio.  s. 

Grdmatciy  a ^3<.v?r  of  European  Turkey,  j 
24  miles  s of  Va'sona. 

Gnimmen,  a town  of  France,  five  miles 
nw  of  Dei  use. 

^ Grammonl,  or-  Geershergke.  a town  in  tbe 
d^j^grtrnent  of  the  Scheldt,  Flanders,  stands 
on  both  sides  of  the  Dender,  18  miles  of 
Tournay,  Lot,  5 59  lat,  *0  17 


G R A 

Crcimpian  Hills,  mountains  which  exteii^, 
from  the  banks  of  Loch  Lomond  in  Dun- 
bartonshire, through  the  counties  of  Pertlr^, 
Angus,  Mearns,  and  Aberdeen,  and  tljcnce 
in  a Nw  direction,  through  the  counties  of 
Aberdeen,  Banff,  and  Murray  to  the  borders 
of  Inverness.  They  take  their  name  from 
a single  hill,  the  Mans  Grampius  of  Tacitus, 
where  Galgacus  waited  the  approach  of 
Agricola,  and  where  the  battle  was  foughfc 
so  fatal  to  the  brave  Caledonians.  Tha 
height  of  the  Grampian  mountains  varies 
flora  1400  to  3500  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea,  and  several  of  them  are  elevated  still 
higher.  The  minerals ,of  which  these  moun- 
tains arc  composed,  arc  too  various  for  eiiu-. 
meration. 

Grampound,  a borough  in  Cornwall,  v/i\h  . 
a weekly  market  on  Saturday,  seated  on  the 
Fal,  supposed  to  be  the  Voluba  of  the  an- 
cients ; containing  about  £*'0  families.  J% 
is  governed  by  a mayor,  eight  hlierrnen,.  a 
recorder,  and  a town  clerk;  and  sends  two 
members  to  parliaraen’.  It  w.^s  made  m 
bmoiigh  by  king  Edwrrd  III,  who  enabled 
it  to  hold  a market  and.  fairs,  and  exempted- 
its  burgesses  from  paying  40118  through  tbs 
county ; privileges  still  erjoyed,  tn\d  held  of 
tbe  ducliy  of  Cornwall  for  the  yearly  rent  of 
12  guineas;  four  miles  sw  of  Laur.cesicn, 
and  244  w by  s of  London. 

Gran,  the  capital  of  a county  of  the  same 
name,  Lov/er  Hungary,  seated  near  the 
junction  of  tbe  Gran  and  Danube^  is  an 
archbishop’s  see,  50  miles  ese  of  Presburg, 
Lon.  IS  16  E,  iat.  47  46  N. 

Gran,  a sea  port  in  the  province  cf  Bahrin, 
Arabia,  on  the  frontiers  of  Irac  Arabi,  and 
NW  end  of  the  gulf  of  Persia  ; 40  miles  s of 
Bassora.  Lon.  47  45  e,  lat.  29  56  w. 

Granada.  See  Grenada. 

Granadillas,  or  Granudines,  a knot  of 
dangerous  islands  and  rocks  near  the  Lee- 
ward islands,  dependent  on  Granada,  and 
lying  between  that  island  and  St  Vincent. 
The  most  of  them  i'ertile,  and  capable  of 
yielding  cotton,  indigo,  sugar,  and  ccfxbe. 
They  are  above  20  in  number;  and 
largest  is  Carinaccu. 

Granal,  a town  in  the  province  of 
23  miles  se  of  Leon,  Spain. 

Granard,  a borough  in  the  county  of 
Longford,  Ireland.  It  sent  two  members. 
to  the  Irish  parliament,  and  gives  title  cf 
earl  to  the  family  of  Forbes,  On  an  anifi- 
cial  mound  adjoining  the  town,  is  a Danish, 
fort,  from  which  there  is  an  extensive  pru-‘ 
spect.  Here  annual  prizes  are  given  to  the 
best  performers  on  the  Irish  harp  ; 16  miics 
ene  of  Longford,  and  upwards  of  50  kw  of 
Dublin. 

Granatan,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  12 
miles  NE  of  Freybir.  g. 

Granby i a small  town  in  S Carolina,  pp-' 
pewits  to  ?>ealpd  oii  the 


G R A 

€>Ter  which  is  a bridge,  whose  centre  arch  is 
100  feei  wide,  for  the  passage  of  rafts  and 
large  trees  which  are  floated  down  the  river. 

6Von^y,  a village  in  Nottinghamshire, 
whose  market  is  long  since  discontinued, 
but  has  3 fair  Nov.  1st;  and  gives  title  of 
Marquis,  to  Manners,  duke  of  Rutland ; 
tliree  miles  s of  Bingham,  and  12  e of  Not- 
tingham. 

Granby  Bay,  a bay  on  the  k coast  of  Do- 
minica. Lon.  61  25  w,  lat.  15  42  n. 

Grand  Island,  at  the  mouth  of  Lake  On- 
tario, is  wdthin  the  British  territories.  It  is 
20  miles  long,  and  4 broad. 

Grand  Island,  in  Niagara  river,  N Ame- 
Fica,  about  six  miks  long  and  three  broad. 

Grand  Isles,  two  large  islands  in  Lake 
Champlain,  N America,  and  forming  a town- 
skip  belonging  to  Vermont, 

Grand  Lake,  in  the  province  of  New 
Brunswick.  It  is  50  miles  in  length,  8 or 
10  in  breadth. 

Grand  Manan  Island,  lies  six  miles  s by 
ss  of  Campo- Bello  island. 

Grandcourt,  a town  in  the  canton  of  Bern, 
iSwitzerland,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  lake  Neu- 
chatel,  seven  miles  nw  of  Friburg. 

Grandment,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Upper  Vienne,  France.  Its  celebrated 
abbey  was  suppressed  in  1769,  after  the  de- 
cease of  the  then  professed  members;  15 
miles  NNE  cf  Limoges. 

Grandpre,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Ardennes,  France,  stands  on  the  Ayre, 
52  miles  e of  Rheims. 

GrandvUle,  or  Granville,  h sea  port  town 
in  the  department  of  the  Channel,  France, 
stands  partly  on  a rock,  and  partly  on  a plain. 
The  harbour  is  small ; the  town  contains 
about  2500  inhabitants  ; 15  miles  s by  w of 
Coutances.  Lon.  1 52  w,  lat.  48  50  n. 

Grange,  a parish  in  Banffshire,  about  six 
miles  long,  and  about  Rve  broad.  It  was 
once  a forest,  and  formerly  belonged  to  the 
abbey  of  Kinross,  the  abbot  of  which  had  a 
castle  in  it,  and  erected  a chapel  to  the  Vir- 
gin Mary  : the  district  having  been  a part 
of  the  parish  of  Keith,  till  1618.  The 
church  is  4 miles  e of  Keith,  and  16  sw  of 
Banlf.  The  surface  is  very  unequal.  The 
low  grounds  are  in  general  well  cultivated, 
and  fertile.  There  are  vast  quantities  of 
limestone,  linen  yarn,  and  coarse  linens,  ma- 
nufactured to  considerable  extent.  Popula- 
tion above  1500. 

Grange,  a town  in  the  province  of  Dale- 
carlia,  Sweden,  surrounded  by  great  and 
curious  mines,  40  miles  sw  of  F.ihlun. 

Gra7igemouth,  a village  in  Stirlingshire, 
erected  at  the  junction  of  the  gi*cat  canal 
with  the  river  Carron,  a few  miles  from  the 
Forth.  Grangemouth  contains  about  500 
inhabitants.  Buildings  began  here  only  in 
1777.  Here  40,000  tons,  belonging  either 
to  th«  foreign  or  coastipg  tml«,  arc  annually  1 


G R A 

entered ; three  miles  nnk  of  Falkirk,  and  24 
WNW  of  Edinburgh. 

Gran  hull,  a town  in  Smaland,  Sweden,' 
35  miles  nvv  of  Cal  mar. 

Granic,  or  Granicus,  a small  river  of  Na  - 
tolia.  On  its  banks  were  fought  the  cele- 
brated battle  ’of  Arbela,  in  which  Alexan- 
der the  Great,  with  30,000  Macedonians, 
defeated  Darius  and  600,000  Persians* 

Gransee,  a town  in  the  Middle  Mark, 
Brandenburg,  30  miles  wnw  of  Berlin. 

Granson,  a town  in  the  county  of  Neiif- 
chatel,  Switzerland,  capital  of  a bailiwic* 
of  the  same  name,  seated  on  the  lake  of 
Neuchatel,  with  a castle,  16  miles  wsw  of 
Neuchatel 

Grantham,  a borough  in  Linconlshirc 
situated  on  the  river  Witham,  on  the  road 
from  London  to  York,  wuth  a market  oil 
Saturday.  It  sends  two  members  to  par- 
liament, and  contains  about  7,000  inhabi- 
tants. The  steeple  of  the  church  is  300 
feet  high,  A navigable  canal  was  lately 
opened  from  this  town  to  the  Trent  at 
Nottingham.  It  is  governed  by  an  aider- 
man,  12  justices  of  the  peace,  &c.  has  two 
charity  schools,  and  a free  school.  Here 
the  great  Sir  Isaac  Newton  received  the  first 
rudiments  of  his  education  ; 20  miles  s by 
w of  Lincoln,  and  110  n by  w of  Londbrii 
Lon.  0 36  w,  lat.  52  59  n. 

Grantoivn,  a village  in  the  county  of 
Moray,  and  parish  of  Cromdale ; 20  miles 
s of  Inverness,  w as  founded  on  a rugged 
barren  heath  about  the  year  1770 ; but 
now  under  the  auspices  of  the  family  of 
Grant,  contains  about  400  inhabitants;  haS 
two  well  endowed  schools,  a well  supplied 
market,  a handsome  town  house,  and  a good 
brewery, 

Granville,  See  GrandvUle, 
GRANVILLE  COUNTY,  in  Hills- 
borough district,  North  Carolina.  It  con- 
tains 10,982  inhabitants.  Williamsburg  is 
the  chief  town. 

Graslitz,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Saas, 
Bohemia,  famous  for  its  manufactures  of 
brass  ; 15  miles  nw  of  Elbogen. 

Grasmese  Water,  a small  lake  Westmore- 
land, w of  Ambleside,  surrounded  by  moun- 
tains, some  of  them  beautifully  verdant, 
some  of  them  rugged,  which  half  conceal 
and  vary  the  figure  of  the  lake.  A low 
pYomontory  projects  far  into  the  water,  and 
on  it  stands  a w'hite  village,  three  miles 
from  Ambleside,  and  148  from  Keswick, 
on  the  road  to  Kendal.  The  celebrated 
tourist,  Hutchison,  calls  the  vale  surround- 
ing this  lake,  “ The  Vale  of  Peace!** 

GRASON,  an  island  in  the  gulf  of 
Bothnia,  coast  of  Sweden,  15  miles  long,' 
and  two  wide.  Low.  18  20  e,  lat.  60 

12  N. 

G?'asse,  a town  and  principal  place  of 
a distrret  m the  department  df  the  Yar, 


GRA 

'France,  Th«  principal  trade  of  tlic  inliabi- 
tants  is  in  dry  fruit,  olives,  oil,  perfumes, 
and  tanned  leather;  14  miles  wsw  of  An- 
tibes, and  21  w by  s of  Nice. 

Grasse,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Aude,  France,  at  the  foot  of  a mountain 
on  the  Othieu,  18  miles  ss  of  Carcassc  'oe. 

Grassena,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Aosta, 
Piedmont,  and  late  republican  department 
of  Sesia,  18  miles  e of  Aosta. 

GliATIOSA,  one  of  the  Azores  islands, 
about  10  miles  long,  and  eight  broad.  It 
is  well  peopled ; and  has  a number  of  vil- 
lages. The  principal  place  is  La  Plata. 
Lon.  26  10  w,  lat.  S9  6 n. 

Gratz,  or  Gra%,  the  capital  of  Lower 
Stiria,  Germany,  seated  on  the  w side  of 
the  Muer,  over  which  is  a bridge  to  an  ex- 
tensive suburb.  It  contains  several  churches 
and  convents,  an  arsenal,  a strong  castle, 
and  an  university.  The  population  is 
estimated  at  35,000.  It  was  taken  by  the 
French,  in  1797.  It  is  88  miles  ssw  of 
Vienna.  Lon.  15  26  e,  lat.  47  4 n. 

Graudenz,  a town  in  the  territoiy  of 
Culm,  W Prussia,  with  a citadel,  on  the 
Vistula,  15  miles  n by  s of  Culm. 

Grave,  a strong  town  !n  the  department 
of  the  Domnel  and  Scheldt,  Holland,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Maese,  it  has  been  often 
taken,  the  last  time  by  the  French,  in  1794. 
It  is  eight  miles  ssw  of  Nlmigueii,  and 
20  E of  Bois-le-Duc. 

Grave  Creek,  on  the  Ohio. 

Gravedena,  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mi- 
lanese, on  the  Nw  side  of  the  lake  Como, 
42  miles  n of  Milan, 

Gravelines,  a sea  port  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  North,  France,  stands  on 
the  month  of  the  Aa.  It  is  not  large,  but 
well  fortified,  v/Ith  bastions,  half  moons,  and 
horn- work.  It  is  nine  miles  wsw  of  Dun- 
kirk, and  12  a of  Calais.  Lan.  2 3 s,  iat. 
50  59  H. 

Gravenau,  a town  of  Lower  Bavaria, 
priiicipality  of  Passau,  on  the  Sag,  16  miles 
jf  of  Passau. 

Gravenkorst,  a town  in  Westphalia,  Ger- 
many, four  miles  ne  of  Rheme. 

Gravenmacheren,  or  Grevenmackeren,  a 
town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Luxemburg, 
on  the  Moselie,  in  a country  producing  ex- 
cellent wine,  It  is  14  miles  ene  of  Luxem* 
burg. 

Gravenwert,  a town  of  Lower  Bavaria, 
Upper  Palatinate,  17  miles  n of  Amberg. 

Gravesande,  a town  of  S Holland,  four 
miles  from  the  sea,  and  six  w by  s of 
Delft. 

Gravesend,  a town  in  the  county  of 
Kent,  on  the  s side  of  the  Themes,  and  is 
the  common  landing  place  for  seamen  and 
strangers  in  their  passage  to  London,  to 
which  the  fare  is  nine-pence  each  passenger, 
ihie'bo'^its  are  large  aj.d  cornmodibus, 


G R E 

are  obliged  to  depart  on  the  ringing  of  a 
bell  within  a quarter  of  an  hour.  They  go 
to  London  with  every  flood,  and  return 
from  Billingsgate  on  the  like  signal,  with 
every  ebb.  Henry  VIII.  raised  a platform 
of  guns  to  the  e of  the  town,  and  erected  k 
fort  directly  opposite  at  Tilbury,  on  the 
Essex  shore,  which  is  S regular  fcrtiflcatioii, 
has  a battery  commanding  the  river,  and 
mounted  with  above  100  pieces  of  cannon, 
Gravesend  is  a corporation  town,  and  to- 
gether with  Milton,  governed  by  a mayor, 
jurats,  and  common- council  men.  There 
are  two  weekly  markets,  on  Wednesday, 
and  Saturday,  and  a fish  market  every  Sun- 
day morming.  All  outward  bounded  ships 
are  obliged  to  cast  anchor  before  the  town, 
till  they  have  been  examined  by,  and  obtain-  - 
ed  proper  clearances  from,  searchers  frond 
the  custom-house,  appointed  for  that  pur- 
pose. A centinel  is  also  stationed  at  the 
block-house,  below  the  town,  to  give  notice, 
by  the  firing  of  a musket,  when  ships  ar® 
coming  up  the  river,  w'ho  are  obliged  to 
receive  on  board  officers  from  the  customs, 
Richard  II.  granted  these  towns  the  ex- 
clusive privilege  of  conveying  passengers 
to  London  in  boats.  They  held  their  char- 
ter of  incorporation  from  queen  Elisabeth. 
Spinning  of  hemp  for  ropes  and  nets  gives 
employment  to  a nunlber  of  the  inhabitants. 
Gravesend  is  celebrated  for  asparagus,  Ifc 
is  22  miles  and  a-ha!f  ese  of  London, 

Gravesend,  a small  village  in  King's 
county,  Long- Island,  New  York. 

Gravina,  a town  in  the  province  of  Bari, 
Naples,  32  miles  sw  of  Bari. 

Graulxet,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Tarn,  France,  12  miles  Nw  of  Castres. 

Gra^f  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Upper  Saoile,  France,  situated  on  the  Saone, 
and  has  a trade  in  iron,  25  miles  ne  of 
Dijon. 

Gray,  a post  town  in  Cumberland  county. 
It  contains  about  600  inhabitants ; 15  miles 
If  by  w of  Portland. 

Grays  Thurrock,  a town  in  the  county 
of  Essex,  stands  on  the  Thames;  with  » 
weekly  market  on  Thursday,  It  is  24  miles 
E of  London. 

Great  Famine,  a river  in  New  York. 

GREAT  ISLAND,  an  island  situated 
in  the  rirer  Lee,  in  Cork  harbour,  Ireland,, 
five,  miles  long,  and  from  one  to  three 
broad,  shout  six  miles  e of  the  city  ; on  it  is 
the  village  of  Cove. 

Great  Maris  Ba,y,  a bay  of  Ireland,  six 
miles  N from  the  South  Arran  islands.  It 
separates  the  islands  of  Garornna  and 
Littermore  from  the  continert  On  ei’ch 
side  of  the  bay  are  dangerous  rocks.  The 
entrance  is  in  Lon.  9 35  lat.  53  10  n. 

Grtbenstein,  a town  in  the  ]3rincipality  of 
Lower  He^se,  seated  on  the  iO  milds 

II  of  C'.i^:sel. 

5 Q 


G RE 

Vi  llLEGE,  an  ancient  country  of  Eu- 
y:.j;e,  now  subject  to  the  Turks,  and  in- 
cluded under  the  appellation  of  European 
Turkey.  It  contains  Macedonia,  Albania, 

J Jvadia,  the  Morea,  the  Archipelago,  and 
Candia, — which  see. 

Greeny  a pe  st  town  in  Lincoln  county, 
district  of  IM^rinc,  on  the  Androscoggin,  39 
¥1  of  Portland. 

Green,  a river  of  Kentucky,  has  its 
source  in  Mercer  county,  and  flow’s  w and 
x into  the  Ohio.  It  is  navigable  150  miles 
and  near  it  are  a number  of  salt  springs, 
and  three  poiinjds  Uf  bitumen.  In  the  cave  on 
its  banks  are  found  great  quantities  of 
nitre,  which  enables  the  settlers  to  manufac- 
ture guupow'der. 

GREEN  BRIAR,  a large  and  fertile 
county  of  Virginia.  It  is  about  10  miles 
long,  and  45  broad ; aiid  together  with 
Kanhaw’ay  county,  which  was  forasierly  a 
part  of  it,  contains  6,015  inhabitants, 

GREENE,  a county  in  the  Upper  dis- 
trict of  Georgia,  containing  about  5500. 
inhabitants.  Chief  town,  Greenaborougb. 

GreejiJield  Abbey,  an  ancient  morsastery 
in  Flintshire,  sealed  on  the  Dee  near  Holy° 
well,  founded  in  the  12  century;  one  or 
more  of  its  Abbots  sat  in  pariiamsnt.  • Its 
remains  shew  it  to  have  been  a stately  edi- 
fice, the  fable  of  St.  Winefred  was  invented 
fey  its  Monks. 

Greenjield,  a handsome  flourishing  tow  n 
in  Hampshire  county,  Massaebusets.  Popu- 
lation about  1500  ; 4 miles  N of  Deerfield, 
and  1 H w by  of  Boston. 

Greenhohn,  one  of  the  smaller  Orkney 
islands,  one  mile  and  a Iplf  sw  of  Eda. 

Greenhohn,  one  of  the  smaller  Shetland 
islands,  10  miles  NNEof  Lerwick. 

GRF.ENLAND,  a country  situated 
between  (he  straits  of  Davis  and  Frobi- 
sher. On  the  sw  it  terminates  in  the  point 
called  Cape  Farewei  l.  It  is  said  to  be 
inhabited  as  far  as  76  n.  It  is  divided  into 
East  and  West  Greenland.  East  or  Old 
Greenland,  was  first  discovered  in  the  9th 
ceniiiry  by  seme  Icelanders  who  planted  a 
colony  on  th.e  eastern  coast.  The  last 
bishop  sent  thither  from  Norway  w^as'one 
Andress,  wim  sailed  for  Greenland  in  1406  ; 
and  from  that  time  till  the  beginning  of  the 
18th  century  ai:  knowledge  of  Greenland 
seems  in  a great  degree  to  have  been  lost. 
About  the  year  1721,  how’ever,  Hans  Ege- 
‘ e,  minister  of  Vingen  in  Norway,  conceiv- 
ed the  idea  cf  going  in  search  of  the  ancient 


G R E 

about  the  same,  time  a pension  of  20061 
rixdollars  a-year  to  the  missionaries.  AbouU 
1760,  the  Moravians  began  vtbeir  settlement 
in  sw  part  of  the  country ; and  from  Mr 
Crantx,  the  A^oravian  missionary.  We 
have  the  latest  and  best  accounts  of  Green- 
land. The  climate  is  extremely  severe, 
the  greater  part  cf  the  country  being 
almost  continually  covered  with  ice  and 
snow ; yet  in  the  longest  summer  days  it 
is  so  hot,  .from  the  long  continuance  of 
the  sun’s  rays,  that  the  inhabitants  some- 
times throw  off  their  summer  garments. 
Among  the  vegetables  of  this  cold  country 
are  sorrel,  angelica,  wild  tansey,  and  scurvey 
grass.  A species  of  dogs  resembling  wolves 
are  the  only  tame  animals ; the  wildar 
white  hares,  foxes,  rein-deer,  and  white 
bears,  which  are  fierce  and  mischievous. 
The  settled  inhabitants,  it  is  said  do  not 
amount  to  above  960,  but  Mr.  Cranta 
thinks  the  roving  southlanders  of  Green- 
land, may  amount  to  about  7000.  In 
their  aspect,  manners,  and  dress,  there 
is  a great  resemblance  to  the  Esquimaux 
Americans,  with  whom  they  have  son^e 
intercourse,  and  from  whom  they  naturally 
differ  but  little,  notwithstanding  the  zeal 
of  inlssionarie.9  to  convert  and  civilize 
them.  They  elk  low  of  stature,  feW’ 
exceeding  five  feet  in  height,  and  the 
generality  are  not  so  tall.  They  are 
not  very  lively  in  their  tempers,  but  they 
are  good  humoured  and  friendly.  Their 
most  agreeable  food  is  the  flesh  of 
the  rein  deer ; but  that  being  now  scarce 
among  them,  their  best  provisions  are 
fish,  seals,  and  sea  fowl.  The  men  hunt 
and  fish,  in  which  they  are  very  dexterous, 
particularly  in  catching  and  killing  seals  ; 
but  when  they  have  towed  their  booty 
to  land,  they  trouble  themselves  no  farther 
about  it.  The  women  are  the  butchers 
and  cooks,  and  also  the  curriers  to  dreSs 
the  pelts  and  make  clothes,  shoes,  and 
boots,  out  of  them.  They  likewise  build 
and  repair  the  houses  and  tents.  There 
is  very  little  difference  in  the  dress  of  the 
two  sexes.  They  have  two  sorts  of  habi- 
tations, one  of  which  serves  for  the  winter, 
and  the  other  .fi  r the  summer  season. 
They  have  no  traffic  among  one  another, 
and  the  commerce  with  foreigners  is  very 
ineonsiderable.  Thciir  chief  commodities 
are  blubber  and  wh.alcbone,  the  sea  uni- 
i|  corn’s  horn,  the  skins  of  deer,  foxes,  and 
the  dog'Shh,  winch  they  exchange  for 
necessaries  in  clothing,  and  all  kinds  of 
ordinary  domestic  utensils.  The  Green- 
land trade  i s carried  cn  by  the  Copenhagen 


company, 


w])o  send  hither  o or  4 ships 


colony,  if  ary  existed  ; he  went  to  Green- 
land where  be  continued  about  15  years, 
prcachixig  the  gospel  to  th.e  natives,  and 
making  many  converts.  His  example  was 
follow’cd  hy  several  missionaries ; and  in 
1733,  about  3 years  before  Mr.  Egede  re- 
turned to  Norway,  (he  Greenland  trade  was 
:;intvvcd  w ith  great  vigour,  the  king  granting,  I!  a great  number  cf  vessels  are  also  sent 


j every  ^'ar;  but  the  whale  fi::bery  cn  the 
I coasts  to  be  the  principal  object 

i|  worth  attending  to ; for  which  purpose 


G R E 

iut  every  year,  from  the  ports  of  Great 
Britain,  and  other  European  states.  Cape 
Farewell  is  in  Lon.  42  42  w,  lat.  59  38  n. 

GREENLAW,  the  capital  of  Berv/ick- 
shire,  Scotland  seated  on  the  Blackadder, 
on  the  great  road  from  London  to  Edin- 
burgh, by  Coldstream.  It  is  a borough,  of 
barony,  contains  about  670  inhabitants, 
and  has  2 annual  fairs  May  22d  and  last 
Thursday  of  October.  After  Berwick  was 
taken  by  the  English,  the  sheriff  and  county 
Courts  were  held  first  at  Old  Greenlaw,  one 
miletothes,  where  there  now  remain  no  vesti- 
ges of  a town.  These  courts  w ere  removed  to 
Greenlaw^  where  they  have  been  held  ever 
since,  except  for  a short  time  during  the 
turbulent  reign  of  Charles  I.  when  they 
sat  at  Dunse.  The  goal  and  court-house 
are  in  the  churchyard.  'Weaving  employs 
a number  of  the  inhabitants.  Cabinet  w'ork 
is  executed  in  an  elegant  and  suostantial 
manner.  A carding  machine  attached  to 
the  waulk-miil  is  well  employed.  Mill- 
wrights, who  have  attached  to  their  work 
a brass  foundery,  on  a small  scale,  are  much 
and  deservedly  employed.  The  parish  is 
about  seven  or  eight  miles  long,  and  from 
two  to  five  bread.  In  the  parish  were  tw'o 
religious  houses,  w'hich  belonged  to  the 
priory  of  Kelso.  The  soil  is  in  general 
adapted  to  the  turnip  husbandry,  and  is  well 
cultivated  and  productive.  The  nw  part 
of  the  parish,  which  is  partly  muirs,  affords 
- sound  sheep  walks.  On  the  farm  of  Green- 
landean  is  a camp  in  a strong  position. 
Tn  this  parish,  N of  the  town  is  still  visible 
part  of  Harit’s  Dike,  which  according^ 
tradition,  reached  from  Berwick  westward 
as  far  as  Boonbill,  in  the  parish  of  Leger- 
wood.  The  town  is  seven  miles  and  a- half 
^ of  Diiiise,  nine  and  a-half  N of  Kelso,  JO 
w ,of  Coldstream,  and  36  se  of  Edinburgh. 
Population  of  the  parish  including  the 
town,  in  1801,  1270,  in  1811,  in  the  town 
661  ; towm  and  parish  1260. 

Greenock^  a sea  port  town  in  Renfrew- 
shire, at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Clyde.  It 
is  considerably  large,  and  the  houses  in 
general  well  built,  but  the  streets  are  not 
very  regular.  It  is  a borough  of  barony, 
erected  in  1757,  and  is  governed  by  a 
council  of  nine  feuers,  two  of  whom  are 
annually  elected  bailies.  The  merchants  of 
Greenock  are  the  principal  shipholders,  and 
carry  on  an  extensive  trade,  not  only  with 
the  towns  on  the  eastern  coast  of  the  king- 
dom, through  the  great  canal,  but  wdlh  Ame- 
rica, and  ail  Europe.  The  fisheries,  of 
herring  in  particular,  have  been  long  pro- 
secuted by  the  inhabitants  of  Greenock. 
The  Newfoundland  and  Nova  Scotia 
fisheries  are  also  carried  on  to  such  extent, 
that  upwards  of  45,000  barrels  have  been 
cured  in  one  season.  Ship -building  ir, 
much  . attended  to.  There  is  also  a sugar 


G R E 

hnuse,  a rope,  and  sail  manufactory^  TLs 
harbour  is  very  commodious.  Within  two 
semicircular  quays  are  inclosed  upwards  of 
10  acres,  wdjere  merchant  vessels  of  the 
greatest  burden  have  sufTicient  deptli  of 
water.  Adjoining  to  it  are  several  dry 
docks.  The  village  of  Crawford’s  Dyke  which 
now  joins  Greenock,  is  a borough  of  bniony, 
and  a much  older  jurisdiction  than  the 
latter ; together  they  extend  along  the  shore 
more  than  a mile,  In  1755,  the  united 
population  wns  only  3,858,  but  by  the 
census  in  1811,  amounted  to  19,052. 
Greenock  has  a fair  on  the  first  Thursday 
of  July.  It  is  22  miles  w of  Glasgow, 
and  66  from  Edinburgh  in  the  sam/s? 
direction.  Lon.  4 47  w,  lat.  55  54  k. 

Greenocky  Old  and  New  parishes  of.- 
The  old  parish  of  Greenock  extends  about 
four  miles  and  a-half  along  the  s side  of  the 
I frith  of  Clyde,  and  includes  the  ah  7ve  town, 
which,  with  the  adjoining  village  of  Craw- 
ford’s Dyke,  was  erected  into  a new  parish 
about  1745  ; since  which  the  neighbouring 
country  has  been' called  the  old  parish  Tlio 
surface  is  rugged  and  hilly,  but  affords  ex- 
tensive and  variegated  prospects. 

Greensboroughy  a post  town  and  chief 
town  of  Greene  county,  Georgia  ; 60  miles 
NNw  of  Louisville.  Lon,  82  35  w,  lat.  33 
15  N. 

Greenshiirgy  a post  town,  and  the  capital 
of  Westmoreland  county,  Pennsylvania, 
seated  on  a hill,  and  has  a trade  in  Hour, 
30  miles  s by  s of  Pittsby rg.  Lon.  79 
45  w,  lat.  40  8 n. 

Greenstedy  a village  in  Essex,  one  mile  w 
of  Ongar,  remarkable  for  its  ancient  church, 
built  before  the  conquest ; the  w’alls  of 
which  are  formed  of  the  solid  trunks  of 
trees. 

GREENSVILLE,  a county  of  Virginia. 
It  is  about  24  miles  long,  and  20  broad, 
and  contains  6362  inhabitants. 

GREENVILLE,  a county  in  Washing- 
ton dibtr.’ct,  S Carolina.  It  contains  about 
7000  inhabitants, 

Greemilley  a post  towm  of  South  Carolina, 
in  Darlington  county,  capital  of  the  district 
of  Cheraw,  stands  on  the  w side  of  great 
Pedee  river,  and  85  miles  ke  of  Columbia. 
Lon,  79  55  w,Tat.  34  50  N. 

Greenvilley  a post  town,  and  chief  of  Pitt 
county,  N Carolina,  seated  on  the  Tar,  and 
i !*as  a seminary  called  Pitt  academy;  25 
i miles  SE  of  Tarborough,  and  75  e by  s of 
Ralegh. 

Greenvilley  a small  post  town  in  Greene 
county,  Tennesse#.,  stands  on  the  Nola- 
chucky,  five  miles  s by  w is  Greenville 
college,  65  miles  e of  Knoxville. 

GreenvillCy  a fert  and  settlement  of  the 
state  of  Ohio.  The  fort  will  accommo- 
date 2000  and  was  built  in  1793,  by 

Genefal  W<Jvne,  who  here  concluded  a 
3 G 2 


G R E 

fifeajty  of  peace  with  the  Indian  nations,  in 
i ‘I95.  It  stands  on  the  v\v  branch  of  the 
great  Miami ; 70  miles  n by  w of  Cincinnati. 
Lon.  85  5 w,  lat.  39  38  n. 

Greenwicht  a town  in  the  county  of  Kent, 
siitua^ed  on  the  banks  of  the  Thames,  ancient- 
ly called  East  Green'vvich,  Greenwich  is 
made  the  meridian  of  longitude  by  most 
Encjlish  navigators.  Here  is  a celebrated 
liospitai,  supposed  to  be  the  first  edrhee  of 
the  kind  in  the  world.  The  first  vring  of 
which  was  erected  by  king  Charles  II. 
William  III.  erected  another  wing,  who 
adopted  the  plan  of  applying  it  to  the  use 
of  English  seamen,  incapable  of  service 
cither  through  age  or  infirmity  ; but  the 
whole  was  not  finished  till  the  reign  of 
George  II.  Besides  the  seamen  who  are 
provided  for,  140  boys,  the  sons  of  seamen, 
are  instructed  in  navigation,  and  bred  up  for 
the  service  of  the  royal  navy.  Each  of  the 
mariners  has  a weekly  allowance  of  seven 
loaves,  weighing  16  ounces  each;  three 
pounds  of  beef,  txvo  of  mutton,  one  pint  of 
peas,  one  and  a- quarter  pounds  of  cheese, 
two  ounces  of  butter,  14  quarts  of  beer, 
and  one  shilling  a-week  tobacco  money; 
besides  which,  each  common  pensioner 
receives  once  in  two  years  a suit  of  blue 
clothes,  a hat,  three  pair  of  stockings,  two 
pair  of  shoes,  five  neckcloths,  three  shirts, 

. ^nd  two  night-caps.  Towards  the  support 
6f  which,  every  seamen  pays  six-pence  per 
month,  both  in  the  royal  navy  and  mer- 
chant’s service ; and  are  admitted  when 
disabled  and  unfit  for  service.  On  Flam- 
stead.  hill,  go  called  after  the  celebrated 
astronomer  of  that  name,,  Charles  II.  built 
an  observatory  for  thq  benefit  of  Fiamstcad, 
who  w’as  the  first  astronomer  royal.  In  a 
royal  palace  which  once  stood  here,  died 
Edward  VI.,  and  queen  Mary  and  queen 
Elisabeth  were  bern.  Here,  in  the  duke  of 
Korfoik's  college,  are  maintained  20  decayed 
housekeepers.  There  is  another  called  queen 
Elisabeth’s  college  ; also  a royal  naval 
ytylum  for  1000  children.  In  1779, 
Greenwich  hospital  suffered  greatly  by  fire, 
hut  w'ss  soon  rebuilt,  Greenwich  is  said 
to  contain  1 3 “0  houses,  and  in  1811,  16,9‘18 
inhahita  Us.  x'he  Thames  is  here  very 
b'X'ud,  and  the  channel  deep.  Greenwich 
has  two  mrrrkcts  weekly,  on  Wedncfday 
tnd  Sat-aiJay  ; and  is  five  miles  S£  of  Lon- 
don. Lon.  O,  lat.  51  29  N. 

Gi'eenivich,  a town  in  Cumberland  coun- 
ty, Kew  Jerrry,  stands  on  the  kw  bank  of 
C han.y  Creek,  three  miles  from  its  inliiix 
f uo  Dt.  ware  bay,  and  15  ss  of  Snlem. 

Greenwich,  a sea  port  of  Lhode  Island, 
the  cliief  town  in  Kent  county,  stands  on 
t ic  Kw  pra  t cf  Narraganset  bay,  trades  with 
the  W indies,  is  engaged  in  the  fisheries, 
i -ul  is  famous  for  hs  cider ; 16  miles  s of 
’ hoviu'cnce.  Lcn.  71  20  w,  lat.  4J  35  N,  « 


G RE. 

Gteiffen,  a town  on  a small  lake  cf 
name,  Swisserland,  nine  miles  ese  . of 
Zurich. 

Grsiffenberg,  a town  in  the  principality 
of  Jauer,  Silesia,  celebrated  for  its  linen 
manufactures,  stands  on  the  Queis,  has  a 
fortress  on  a mountain ; 28  miles  wsw  of 
Lignitz. 

Greiffmherg,  a town  of  Brandenburgs 
Upper  Sixony,  on  the  Sernifz,  13  miles  ese 
©f  Prenzlo,  and  48  nne  of  Berlin. 

Gre?ffenberg,  a town  of  Further  Pome- 
rania, Upper  Saxony,  seated  on  the  Rega, 
16  miles  e of  Camiii. 

Grtiff^nhagen,  a town  of  Further  Po- 
merarya,  Upper  Saxony,  on  the  Oder,  12 
miles  s of  Stettin. 

Greiffensiein,  a town  in  the  late  circle  of 
the  Upper  Rhine,  34  miles  n of  Mentz. 

Greifswalde,  or  Grijrswald,  a sea  port 
in  Upper  Saxony,  and  Swedish  Pomerania, 
wdth  an  university,  and  a good  harbour, 
seated  on  the  Rik,  which  is  navigable  to 
the  Baltic.  It  is  14  miles  w of  Wolgast, 
and  15  se  of  Stralsund.  Lon.  13  38  e,  lat, 
54  4 N. 

Grein,  a tcv/n  on  the  n side  of  tha 
Danube,  Austria,  28  miles  e of  Lintx. 

Greitz.  See  G^'aitz, 

GRENADA,  or  Gxanaba,  sometimes 
called  Upper  Andalusia,  a province  of 
Spain,  about  175  miles  in  length,  and  from 
20  to  90  in  breadth.  The  province  is  one 
of  the  most  healthy  and  temperate  in  Spain, 
and  very  fertile.  It  produces  corn,  wine, 
oil,  sugar,  flax,  and  hemp.  The  mountains 
and  the  plains  produce  great  variety  of  ex- 
cellent fruit,  as  pomegranates,  citrons, 
oranges,  oUvts,  capers,  figs,  and  almonds; 
mulberry-trees  grow  in  abundance,  so  that 
great  quantities  of  silk  are  produced.  The 
f^orests  produce  oaks,  palm-trees,  and  gall- 
nuts.  Honey  and  wax  are  abundant.  In 
the  mountains  near  Antequera,  a great 
deal  of  excellent  salt  is  made.  In  several 
places  there  are  quariies  of  excellent  stone 
lor  bitiiaing,  and  in  some  places  hyacinths, 
and  other  precious  stones  are  fouud.  The 
inhabitants  of  the  country  are  the  most 
kboricus  in  the  southern  parts  of  Spain, 
They  are  fond  of  commerce  and  agriculture. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Xenil  and  the 
Giiacelentin. 

Crenada,  or  Granada,  capital  of  the  above 
province,  is  situated  at  the  foot  cf  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  or  Snowy  Moantains,  on  two  hills, 
and  stands  on  both  sides  of  tlie  Darro,  at 
the  influx  of  the  Xenii.  It  is  divided  into 
four  quarters,  of  v'hich  the  principal  beais 
the  name  of  Grenada,  .and  is  inhabited  by 
the  nobility,  clergy,,  and  tlie,  richest  of  the 
citizens,  and  contains  many  public  buildings, 
In  the  cathedral  are  interred  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella,  who,  in  1492,  took  this  place  from 
the  Moors,  The  second  quarter  is  that  of. 


G RE 


G R 1 


is  about  SO  leagues 
length 


IS 


AHiambra,  which  is  inhabited  by  descend- 
ants from  the  ancient  Moors.  Here  is  an 
ancient  palace  of  the  Moorish  kings,  and 
one  built  by  Charles  V.  The  third  quarter 
is  called  Albaycin,  in  which  is  the  univer- 
sity. All  the  public  edifices  are  superb. 
The  fourth  is  called  Antequeruela,  chiefly 
inhabited  by  people  from  Autequera,  who 
are  almost  wholly  employed  in  the  different 
manufactures  of  silk,  which  constitutes  the 
principal  commerce  of  the  place.  The 
streets  of  GrenpAB,  are  narrow,  irregular, 
and  badly  paved.  It  is  the  see  of  an  arch- 
bishop, and  contains  24  parish  churches, 
13  hospitals,  an  university  and  amphithea- 
tre, a tribunal  of  inquisition,  and  about 
80,000  souls,  and  the  half  of  them  are  law- 
yers, ecclesiastics,  and  mendicants.  Gre- 
nada had  formerly  20  gates,  12  of  which 
only  now  remain.  It  is  183  miles  s of 
Madrid,  and  70  miles  sse  of  Cordova. 
Lon.  3 38  w,  lat.  37  17  n. 

GREI^ADA,  or  GaANAnA,  the  most 
southerly  of  the  Caribbee  islands,  in  the 
West  Indies,  situated  between  Lon.  61  20 
and  6 1 35  vr,  and  between  lat.  11  58 
and  12  60  w.  It 
Kw,  of  Tab.^go.  Its  extreme 
about  28  miles,  and  its  breadth  13.  It 
contains  about  80.000  acres  of  land.  The 
island  is  divided  into  6 parishes,  Sc. 
George,  St.  David,  St.  Andrew^  St.  Patrick, 
St.  Mark,  and  St,  John ; its  chief  depen- 
dency, Caricou  island,  forms  a 7th  parish. 
The  air  is  good,  and  the  soil  fruitful.  It 
was  taken  from  the  French  in  1762,  con- 
firmed to  the  British  in  1763,  taken  by  the 
French  in  1770,  and  restored  to  the  British 
in  1783.  In  1795,  the  French  landed 
some  troops,  end  caused  an  insurrection, 
which  was  net  finally  suppressed  till  June 
1796.  The  capital  is  St  George. 

Grenada,  a city  of  Nicaragua,  and  audi- 
ence of  GuatimaJa,  in  South  America.  It 
is  situated  70  miles  from  the  sea,  on  the 
lake  of  Nicaragua,  by  means  of  which  the 
inhabitants  carry  on  a great  trade ; 60 

miles  ss  of  Leon  de  Nicaragua.  Lon.  86 
36  w,  lat.  1 2 5 N. 

GRENADA,  NEW,  an  extensive 
country  of  Terra  Firma,  South  America; 
called  by  the  Spaniards  the  New  Kingdom 
of  Grenada.  It  was  conquered  by  them 
in  1586.  Owing  to  its  elevation  above  the 
level  of  the  sea,  the  cUmi4e  is  remarka- 
bly temperate,  and  the  soil  fertile.  The 
h gher  grounds  contain  mines  of  gold,  cop- 
per, and  iron.  Its  towns  are  populous  and 
flourishing,  Santa  Fe  de  Bagota  is  the 
capital. 

Grenade,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Upper  Garonne  France.  17  miles 
of  Toulouse, 

Q^renoble,  capital  of  the  department  of 
the  Isere,  France,  has  a fonifisd  castle,  and 


[ xs  a bishop’s  see.  The  leather  and 
made  in  this  city  are  in  high  estimation- 
It  is  situated  on  the  Isere,  over  which  ars 
two  bridges,  connecting  it  with  a large 
street  on  the  side  orthe  river,  called  Per- 
riere,  27  miles  s of  Chamberry,  and  13 
posts  and  a- half  se  of  Lyons.  Lon,  5 44 
iat.  45.  12  N. 

Grejypin,  a towm  of  Upper  Saxony,  2 
miles  KNw  of  Bitterfeld. 

I GRES  HOLM,  a small  island  of  Den- 
mark, 4 miles  ne  of  Lessee 

Gresten,  town  9 miles  ne  of  Bavarian 
Waidl  ofen,  Austria. 

Gretrim.  See  Graitncy, 

GrevenbrGich,  a toxvn  in  the  department 
of  the  Roer,  Germany  Duchy  of  Juliers, 
on  the  Erst,  10  miles  ene  of  Juliers. 

Grevenmacheren*  ^See  Gravenmacheren* 

Greussen,  a towm  in  the  county  of 
> Schwartzburg,  Upper  Saxony,  on  the  Kei- 
be,  15  miles  n of  Erfurt. 

Grimaiid,  a towm  in  the  department  of 
the  Var,  France,  12  miles  sw  of  Fregus. 

Grimbergen,  a town  of  Brabant,  Nether- 
lands, has  a castle  and  an  abbey,  6 miles  n 
of  Brussels. 

GRIMBUSTERHOLM,  one  of  the 
smaller  Orkney  islands,  near  the  coast  of 
Pomona,  or  Mainland. 

Grimma,  a town  in  Upper  Saxony,  seated 
on  the  Mulda.  Its  chief  trade  is  in  wood> 
Kuen,  ti'read,  beer,  and  flannels;  14  miles 
£E  of  Leipsic, 

Grimmen,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Anterior  Pomerania,  14  miles  s of  Streku, nd. 

Grimperg,  a towm  in  the  Electorate  of 
Treves,  Germany,  17  miles  se  of  Treves. 

GRIM  SAY,  one  of  the  smaller  Western 
islands,  situatedbetween  n Uist  and  Benbe- 
cala. 

Grimsby,  a town  in  Lin  coin. shire,  on 
the  Humber,  with  a large  church,  and  a 
market  on  Wednesday.  The  road  before  it 
is  considered  as  a good  station  for  ships  that 
wait  for  wind.  It  is  a very  ancient  corpora- 
tion, and  a burgh  town,  sending  2 members 
to  parliament.  The  principal  trade  is  in 
coals  and  salt ; 35  miles  miles  me  of  Lin- 
coln, and  168  n of  London 

Grinaw,  a town  in  the  canton  cf  Claris- 
Swisseriand,  stands  at  fbe  entrance  of  tho 
Linth  into  the  lake  Zurich,  14  miles  NNtr 
of  Giaris. 

GRINADIL,  one  of  ihe  smaller  Wes- 
tern islands,  near  the  e coast  of  Benbecula. 

Grind,  a town,  20  miles  nnw  of  Coblentz, 
Fran  i;e. 

Chindemvald,  a town  in  the  canton  of 
Bern,  Switxpiland,  stands  among  mountains^, 
25  miles  se  of  Thun. 

Grindon  Rigg,  in  Northumberland,  9 
miles  N of  Woolicr,  cciebraied  for  a victory 
over  the  Scots,  by  the  English  under  the 
! Earl  of  NorthuaibLiiand,  iu  1558.  Four 


G R O 

c^ne  pillars  stand  near  the  field  of  battle, 
and  serve  as  funeral  monuments  of  some  of 
tile  heroes  who  were  slain. 

Grinsiedi  East^  a town  in  Sussex,  with  a 
weekly  market  on  Thursday.  It  is  a burgh 
fcy  prescription,  governed  by  a baililf,  and 
sends  2 inembexs  to  parliament.  Here  in 
1616’,  the  Duke  of  Dorset  erected  a large 
building,  called  Sackvilie  college,  for  the 
support  of  24  aged  persons  of  both  sexes. 
20  miles  n of  Lewis,  and  29  s of  London. 

Gvip^holm,  a strong  sea-port  town,  in  the 
province  of  Suderrnanland,  Sweden.  Here 
Is  an  ancient  royal  castle,  ornamented 
with  numerous  portraits  of  emperors,  kings, 
at.nd  sovereign  princes.  In  the  vicinity  is 
a cannon  foundery,  and  a brandy  destillery. 
It  stands  near  the  lake  Biaeler,  28  miles  w 
by  s of  Stockholm. 

Gripswald'.  See  Greifswalde* 

GRiSON,  one  of  the  smaller  Granadillas, 
between  Diamond  and  Cariacou. 

GRISQNS,  a people  in  alliance  with  the 
Swiss.  Their  whole  country  was  known  to 
the  ancients  by  the  name  of  Rhcelia.  On 
tile  iOlh  of  April,  1799,  the  Grisons  were 
united  to  the  Helvetic  republic.  The  coun- 
t^.y  is  in  general  very  elevated  and  moun- 
tainous. It,  however,  contains  several  val- 
leys. The  inhabitants  cultivate  some  grain 
ia  Oie  valley s,Rnd  the  less  steep  hills;  their 
obj-.ct,  as  farmers,  is  the  care  of 
jb  'T  - v'p  and  cattle,  from  which  they  ob- 

f io  excekeut  butter  and  cheese.  The  prin- 
c’pui  part  of  thg  niountaais  abound  in  me- 
tals., niheVals,*  fosdb,  and. mineral  springs. 
§ At.  i'H  obtained  from  Tyrol.  Bloat  of  the 
GAson  peasants  wear  woollen  and  linen 
cloths  cf  their  own  m^iniiracture.  Thenum- 
ber  of  inhabitants  is  estimated  at  25,0000 
souls,  partly  Cr.lvinists  and  partly  Catholics, 
but  the  for  ncr  are  most  numerous.  The 
pcasan  s speak  a corrupt  Italian,  but  the 
German  language  is  chiefly  made  use  of  in 
the  towns,  and  public  acts.  The 

capital  is  Coirc. 

Grita,  a town  in  the  province  of  Vene- 
iuela,  Terra  Firma,  50  miles  ssw  of  Bieri- 
da. 

G ROIX,  a small  island  mar  the  w coast 
af  France,  about  4 miles  long,  and  one  and 
2-half  wide. 

Great's  JLmse,  John  0\  a place  at  the 
noi  theni  extremity  of  Scotland,  near  Dungis- 
b^y^head.  The  buildiiig  named  from  the 
original  p.  opiictors,  John  o’  Groat’s  House, 
is  eutiiciy  demoliblfcd  except  the  Lunda- 

>n.s.  d:>hn  was  one  of  eight  of  the  name 
Ck?  De  Gro  t , descended  from  three  brothers 
who  came  Torii  the  Netherlands,  anil  set- 
tl-jd  in  Caithness,  in  the  reign  of  James  IV. 

(yrobbendone::,  a town  of  France,  10 
iit'Ts  t:  of  Aiitvverp. 

Grodno,  a town  in  the  palatinate  of  VVih 


G R O 

na,  Lithuatna.  It  is  now  subject  to  Russia; 
The  houses  are  for  the  most  part  little  bet- 
ter than  cottages.  A few  habitations  are  in 
good  repair.  It  exhibits  several  remains  of 
its  ancient  splendor.  In  the  new  palace 
built  by  Augustus  III.  The  diets  were 
sometimes  held,  the  last  of  which,  in  1793, 
was  compelicd  to  assent  to  the  second  parti- 
tion  of  Poland.  In  the  same  place,  in  1 795, 
Stanislaus  III.  resigned  his  crowm.  Here 
is  a college  and  physic  garden.  The  num- 
ber of  inhal  itants  is  estimated  ?it  7000, 
many  of  whom  are  employed  in  manufac- 
tures of  linen,  woollen,  cotton,  and  silk. 
The  town  stands  partly  on  a mountain  and 
partly  in  a plain,  on  the  Niemen,  125  miles 
NE  of  Warsaw,  Lon.  24  15  e,  iat.  53  28  ir, 

Groeiidakt  a town  of  France,  6 miles  ss 
of  Brussels. 

Gi'ohndc,  a town  in  Lower  Saxony, 
Duchy  of  Brunswick.  A stone  monument 
erected  in  the  vicinity,  commemorates  a bat- 
tle fought  here  in  1421.  It  stands  on  th€ 
Weser,  9 miles  s of  Hamelin. 

Groll,  a town  of  Holland,  23  miles  e by  s 
of  Zutphen,  and  19  ssw  of  Oidcnseel.  AR 
mercLandise  passing  through  this  town  for 
Germany  pays  duty.  It  stands  on  the 
Sienglia. 

GRONINGEN,  one  of  the  states  of 
Holland;  is  divided  into  Groningen  and 
Amciands.  A number  of  fine  horses  are  fed 
in  its  rich  pastures. 

Groningen,  the  capital  of  the  above  state; 
seated  on  the  rivers  Aa  and  Hunes ; is  large, 
rich,  stro::g,  well  peopled,  and  adorned  with 
many  excellent  buijdings.  Its  port  is  very 
commodious,  into  which  ships  enter  with 
great  ease  by  means  of  a canal,  about  3 
leagues  from  the  sea.  An  university  was 
established  hero  in  1614.  Ubbo  Einmius, 
the  celebrated  historiographer  of  Friesland, 
was  the  first  rector.  Population  about 
20,000,  90  miles  ne  of  Amsterdam.  Lon. 
6 55  E,  lat.  53  12  N. 

GROSS  A an  island  in  the  Adriatic,  25 
miles  long,  and  2 broad.  Lon.  15  7 E,  Jat. 
44  1 8 X. 

Grosseljingen,  a town  of  Suabia,  7 miles 
E of  Hohen  Zollern. 

I Grosseto,  a town  in  the  Siannesa,  Tus- 
j cany,  seated  near  the  sea,  with  a castle, 
30  miles  s'.v  of  Sienna. 

Grosshapn,  or  Hapn,  a town  of  Upper 
Saxon)%  seated  on  the  Roder.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  cotton  and  woollen  cloths,  8 miles 
N of  Bieissen. 

Groton,  a township  of  New  London  coun- 
ty, Co'ineclicut.  O£)posite  tlie  cit^  on  the 
banks  of  the  Thames,  Stands  fort  Gresw  ald, 
stormed  by  Benedict  Arnold,  in  1781,  after 
he  had  over  to  the  British.  Tiie  town 

, reduced  to  asiies  at  the  same  time. 

; 3 miles  w of  New  London  citv. 


G U A"  G IT'A 


Ctrotiaiu,  a town  of  Servfa.  Here,  in 
1739,  (he  Germans  were  defeated  by  the 
Turks  ; 15  miles  s of  Belgrade. 

Grotta  St.  Loruiy  a town  of  Naples,  12 
miles  w of  Manfredonia. 

Grotgau,  the  capital  of  a circle  of  its 
name,  in  the  principality  of  Neisse,  Selesia 
The  forests  around  this  town  are  the  com- 
mon property  of  the  inhabitants;  19  miles 
KNW  of  Neisse.  Lon.  17  28  e,  lat  50  38  n. 

GROUPE  ISLANDS,  two  clusters  of 
islands,  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  extend- 
ing for  the  space  of  nine  leagues.  The  in- 
habitants are  well-proportioned.  Lon. 
142  45  to  142  54  w,  lat.  17  58  to  18  s. 

Grubenhagerii  a town  and  castle  of  Lower 
Saxony,  in  a principality  of  the  same  name, 
in  the  duchy  of  Brunswick.  The  castle  is 
now  in  ruins;  7 miles  ssw  of  Einbeck,  the 
capita!. 

Grullenherg  a town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
four  miles  s of  Sangershausen. 

Grunbergf  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Upper  Hesse,  Germany.  Here  was  held 
the  court  of  the  Merovirgian  race  ; 10  miles 
s of  Giessen. 

Grunbergf  a town  of  Selesia,  surrounded 
vith  vineyards.  It  has  a manufacture  of 
cloth,  and  a great  trade  in  vinegar  and  dried 
fruits ; SO  miles  nvv  of  Glogau. 

Grundcy  a town  of  Lower  Saxony,  duchy 
of  Brunswick,  amid  the  Karts  mountains; 
four  miles  w of  Glausthal, 

Griinhayuy  a town  of  Mionia,  Upper 
Saxony,  has  a trade  in  lead  and  .cor  ner ; 
16  miles  s by  w of  Chemnitz,  and  46  wsw 
of  Dresden. 

Gruningertf  a town  and  bailiwic  of  Swit- 
zerland, in  the  caiitcn  of  Zurich,  has  a cas- 
tle on  a lofty  reck  ; 10  miles  se  of  Zurich. 

Grunin  gen,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Halberstadt,  Lower  Saxony,  on  the  Bade  ; 
75  miles  e>.e  of  Halberstadt. 

Grunstadt,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Mont  Tonnere,  lately  of  France,  now  of 
Germany,  circle  of  the  Upper  Rhine,  22 
miles  UNw  of  Spire,  and  28  sof  Ments. 

Grutlin,  a plain  of  Switzerland,  remarkable 
for  being  the  place  w'here  the  three  first  esn- 
tono  made  a league  for  the  defence  of  their 
liberty,  in  1307. 

Gruyiers,  a town  in  the*  canton  of  Fri- 
bing,  Switzerland,  with  a castle  on  a hill; 
15  miles  sw  of  Friburg. 

Gryfe,  a river  of  Scotland,  which  has  its 
source  in  the  sw  angle  of  Renfrewshire  ; 
after  a precipitous  course  into  the  low 
country,  it  unites  with  the  Black  and 
V/hite  Cart,  and  falls  into  the  Clyde,  a mile 
below  Renfrew 

Grysingarde,  a town  of  Norway,  76  miles 
SE  of  Drontheim. 

Guadalajara,  a.  town  in  New  Castile, 
Spain,  seated  on  the  Henares.  Contain- 
ing about  3000  inhabitstats,  and  has  a royal 


manufacture  of  woollen  stuffs,  particularly 
superfine  cloth  ; SO  miles  ne  of  Madrid, 

Guadalajara,  or  JVew  Galicia,  one  of  tl  ® 
three  audiences  of  Mexico.  The  audience 
extends  800  miles  in  length,  and  500  i^t 
breadth,  divided  into  various  provinces,  one 
of  which  is  of  the  same  name.  It  is  celebra^ 
ted  for  its  fertility  and  the  richness  of  ?<«; 
silver  mines.  The  great  lake  Chapala, 
from  which  issues  the  river  St.  Jago,  lies 
towards  the  s.  The  northern  pails  are 
mountainous.  The  capital  has  its  iiam® 
from  the  Audience,  is  archbisliop"^s  see, 
contains  eight  squares,  two  colleges,  some 
convents,  and  19,500  inhabitants,  is  seated 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  St.  Jago ; 220 
miles  WNW  of  Mexico.  Lon.  103  3 w, 
lat.  21  9 N. 

Guadalaviar/ a river  of  Spain,  has  iti3 
source  on  the  borders  of  Aragon,  passes 
through  Valencia,  below  which  it  falls  into 
the  Mediterranean. 

Guadalcanal,  a town  in  Estremadura^ 
Spain,  on  the  borders  of  Andalusia,  and 
foot  of  the  Morena  mountains,  10  miles  ss 
of  Lerena. 

Guadelete,  a river  of  Spain,  which  has  its 
source  in  the  frontiers  of  Granada,  and 
after  flowing  by  Arcot  through  Andalusia, 
falls  by  two  mouths,  into  the  bay  of  Cadis, 
one  at  Port  St,  Mary,  and  the  other  to  ths 
N of  Porto  Real, 

GUADALOUFE,  one  of  the  Carribbee 
islands,  in  the  Vf  Indies,  situated  between.. 
Dominica  and  Antigua,  is  divided  by  a 
strait  called  Salt  River.  It  is  45  miles  long 
and  38  bread.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  well 
watered  by  rivulets  which  descend  from  th« 
mountains.  Here  is  a burning  mountain, 
which  abounds  with  sulphur,  on  the  e side 
are  tw^o  mouths,  by  which  the  negroes  de-» 
scend  into  a pit  from  whiclrtbey  fetch  sul- 
phur for  sale.  The,  French  settled  on  this 
island  in  1752.  The  British  took  it  iu 
1759,  1794,  and  1801.  Basseterre  is  the 
capital. 

Guadaloupe,  a town  in  Estramadura, 
Spain,  situated  in  a rich  valley,  and  stands 
on  a rivulet  of  its  name,  and  is  noted  for  its 
convent;  34  miles  e by  n of  Truxillo. 

Guadalquiver,'  a river  of  Spain,  which 
takes  its  rise  in  Afancha,  and  passing  An- 
dujar,  Cordova  and  Seville,  fails  into  th® 
bay  of  Cadiz. 

Guadarama,  a town  in  Castile,  Spain, 
celebrated  for  its  cheese,  on  the  Guadarama, 
25  miles  nw  of  Madrid. 

Guadiana.  a river  of  Spain,  which  issues 
from  some  lakes  of  Mancha  n of  Alcarez, 

I sinks  under  ground,  and  re-issues  by  several 
ij  openings  called  the  eyes  of  Guciiana;  it 
j runs  \v  by  Calatrava,  Merida,  and  Badajcz, 

I into  Portugal,  where  it  turns  e,  and  divid- 
I irig  AlgTu  ve  from  Andalusia,  falls  into  the 
' bay  of  Gad.’J, 


G U A 

Cuadvc,  a town  in  the  province  of  Gre- 
nada, Spain,  is  a bishop’s  see,  contains  th'r^e 
parishes  and  six  convents,  stands  on  a river 
of  its  name,  in  a fertile  countr5%  ^6  miles 
SNE  of  Granada.  Lon.  Z 0 lat  57  28  kT. 

Guadramiro,  a town  of  Spain,  in  Leon, 
33  miles  wsw  of  Salamanca, 

Gualdo,  a town  of  Ancona,  Italy,  wrhich 
tvas  nearly  destroyed  by  an  earthquake,  in 
1751 ; eight  miles  nw  of  Nocara. 

- chief  ot‘ t!ie  province  of  Pucba- 

cay,  Chili,  stands  on  the  n bank  of  the 
Biobis,  12  miles  s2  of  Conception,  Lon. 
72  5 vv,  lat.  56  50  s. 

GuaUeirii  or  Gualteroy  a town  of  Italy, 
13  miles  n of  Reggio. 

Gwajjt,  the  chief  of  the  Ladrone  islands 
in  the  E Indian  sea,  about  50  leagues  in 
circumference.  It  is  fertile,  with  several 
good  harbours,  and  a great  number  of  small 
fresh  w'ater  rivers.  The  number  of  inhabi- 
tants is  estimated  at  30,000,  chiefly  natives. 
The  capital  is  Umata.  Lon.  143  15  e,  lat. 
13  10  N. 

Guamanga,  a city  of  Peru,  capital  of  a 
small  province  of  the  same  name,  is  a bi- 
shop’s see,  and  has  an  university.  The  air 
is  wholesome  and  temperate.  It  has  mines 
of  gold,  silver,  iron,  lead>  copper,  and  sul- 
phur; 180  miles  ese  of  Lima.  Lon.  74  5 w, 
lat.  15  20  s. 

Guanahami,  or  Cat  Islandy  oue  of  the 
Bahama  islands : the  first  land  in  America 
discovered  by  Columbus,  in  H9I,  to  which 
he  gave  the  name  of  St  Salvador.  Lon.  75 
5 w.  lat.  24  20  n. 

Gaanaxuto,  a city  of  Mechoachan,  capital 
of  the  most  fertile  and  populous  territory  in 
New  Spain.  It  rose  to  the  rank  of  a city 
in  1741  ; is  next  to  Mexico;  population 
70,000 ; has  many  superb  buildings,  and 
rich  mines  in  its  neighbourhood ; 280  miles 
Kw  of  Mexico.  Lon.  100  55  w,  lat.  21  0 n. 

Guanarey  a town  in  Venezuela,  Terra 
Firma,  40  miles  se  of  Truxillo. 

Guanufo,  the  capital  of  its  jurisdiction  in 
Peru,  here  are  made  several  kinds  of  jellies 
and  sw'eatmeatp,  for  the  supply  of  other  pro- 
vinces; 172  miles  NNE  of  Lima,  ^ Lcn.  75 
25  w,  lat.  9 55  s, 

Guanxai/eUcay  a town  in  the  audience  of 
Lima.  Its  vicinity  abounds  in  mines  of 
quicksilver ; 36  miles  uw  of  Guamanga,  and 
150  ESE  of  Lima. 

Guar  a,,  a town  in  Peni,  near  which  are 
many  remains  of  the  edifices  of  the  Incas; 
stands  near  the  Guara,  100  miles  nnw  cf 
Lima.  Lon.  77  0 w,  lat,  10  53  s. 

Guarcho,  See  Cagnefe. 

Guarda,  a city  of  Portugal,  in  Beira,  It 
Is  a bishop’s  see,  and  contains  2r00  inhabi- 
tants. It  has  a magnificent  cathedral,  and 
is  strongly  defended  both  by  nature  and  art; 

1 83  miles  nic  of  Lisbon.  Lou,  6 37  w,  lat. 
40  22  jjr.  . 


G U A 

f Cuardafui,  a cape  of  Africa,  at  the 
I trance  of  the  Strait  of  Babel  Mandel.  LoU. 
52  5 E,  lat.  1 1 46  N. 

Giiardamafy  a sea  port  town  of  Valencia, 
Spain,  stands  at  the  mouth  of  the  Seguare. 
Salt  made  in  the  vicinity  constitutes  its  chief 
trade ; 21  miles  ssw  of  Alicant.  Lon.  0 3S 
w,  iat.  38  7 y. 

Guardiay  La,  a town  in  Biscay,  16  mils^ 
SSE  of  Vittoria,  Spain. 

Guardia  Aiferes,  a town  of  Naples,  in  the 
Molise,  22  miles  ne  of  Molise. 

Guardia  Girando,  a town  of  Naples,  22 
miles  NW  of  Molise. 

Guard iaghele,  a town  of  Naples,  10  miles 
SSE  of  Civita  di  Chieto. 

Guarmoy'y  a maritime  town  of  Peru,  1 70 
miles  NNw  of  Lima.  Lon.  77  4S  w,  lat.  l6 
15  3. 

Guastallg,y  a fortified  town  of  Italy,  with 
an  ancient  castle,  chief  of  a small  duchy  in- 
cluded in  that  of  Parma,  on  the  Po ; 14  mileis 
i;e  of  Parma. 

Guasteca,  See  Fanuco» 

GuastOy  or  VastOy  a town  of  Naples,  on 
the  gulf  of  Venice,  15  miles  se  of  Lanciano, 

GUATIMALA,  Audience,  and  Pro- 
vince OP,  ill  New  Spain,  is  about  750  miles 
in  length,  and  450  in  breadth.  It  abounds 
in  chocolate.  It  has  six  provinces  under  if, 
viz.  Guatimala  Proper,  Vera  Paz,  Honduras, 
Nicaragua,  Costa  Rica,  and  Veragua.  It  fs 
w^ell  inhabited,  and  carries  on  a' great  trader. 
The  indigo  of  this  country,  cultivated  to 
great  extent,  is  superior  to  any  in  America; 

Gnatimalay  the  capital  of  tlie  above  pro- 
vince, has  an  university,  is  a bishop’s  sc^, 
and  is  seated  near  the  place  where  stood  St 
Jago  de  Guatimala,  the  ancient  capital,  m 
which  perished  80,000  persons,  when,  in 
1773,  it  was  destroyed  by  an  eartiiquakep 
600  miles  sw  of  Mexico.  Lon.  92  22  w, 
lut.  13  40  N. 

GUAXACA,  a province  in  the  audience 
of  Mexico,  in  New  Spain,  N America,  ft 
extends  nearly  95  leagues  along  the  S sea, 
50  along  the  bay  of  Mexico,  and,  some  say, 
near  120  along  the  confines  of  TIasca-a,  but 
not  above  50  on  those  of  Chiapa.  It  con- 
tains mines  of  gold,  silver,  and  cbryctal,  av  d 
abounds  in  wneat,  maize,  cochineal,  and 
cassia. 

Gud'saca,  the  capital  of  the  above  pro vince. 
It  lies  230  miles  s of  the  city  of  Mexico.  ’ 
According  to  some,  the  proper  name'  of 
Guasaca  is  Antiqiiera  : but  this  last,  others 
make  a separate  town  about  80  miles  to  dih 
ss.  It  is  seated  on  the  leb  bank  of  the  Ki6 
i Verde,  trades  in  chocoli%te,  wood,  and  per- 
fumes; has  a magnificent  cathedral,  irnd  se- 
veral rich  cunveius ; 90  miles  iVoni  the  Pa- 
cific ocean,  and  156  sse  of  Puebla.  Lui:  . 
97  12  w,  lat.  16  52  n.  , 

Gua^tarnas,  a town  in  Sonora,  New  Sprufi. 
loathe  gulf  of  California,  at  the  mouth  oV 


CUE 


G U I 


'fee  Sonora,  260  miles  sw  of  Arispe,  Lon. 
li  l 44  w,  lat.  27  42  N, 

Giuii/ana,  a town  in  the  province  of  Paria, 
in  Terra  Finna,  S America,  about  175  miles 
BE  by  E of  C^labeza. 

Guayaquil,  a city,  bay,  harbour,  snd  river 
in  Peru,  S America,  capital  of  a territory  of  | 
the  same  name,  in  the  audience  of  Quito.  I 
Tiie  former  is  situated  near  the  mouth  of  [ 
pile  river  of  its  name,  about  1 40  miles  ssw  of  | 
Quito,  ill  Ion.  79  17  w,  lat.  2 0 s.  It  is  | 
about  two  miles  in  extent,  and  is  defended 
by  three  forts.  It  contains  about  20,000 
yibabitants.  The  Turbine,  a shell-  hsh  about 
the  size  of  a nut,  which  produces  a purple, 
said  to  be  superior  to  all  others  in  the  world, 

26  found  here, 

Gaoyra^  a sea-port  town  of  S America, 

In  Terra  Firma,  at  the  port  of  Leon  de  Ca- 
racas. It  has  a considerable  trade,  though 
the  harbour  be  not  very  secure,  12  miles  k { 
of  Leon  de  Caracas.  Lon.  65  7 lat.  10 
23  N. 

Gubi,  a town  of  Mysore,  Hindoostan. 

It  fci>grosses  the  trade  of  the  country  for 
i30  miles  and  is  an  intermediate 

market  for  the  goods  passing  through  the 
f-eninsula,  38  miles  sse  of  Sera,  and  40  w | 
by.  N cf  jBangalore,  , j 

GuhiOf  or  Eugxiblmi  and  anciently  Ingu-  | 
tTvium,  II  town  of  the  Duchy  of  Urbino,  Italy.  || 
It  is  32  miles  s of  Urbino.  ' j 

Guben^  a town  of  Lusatia,  capital  of  a | 
circle  of  its  name,  which  abounds  in  red  | 
vyine  of  exceljent  quality,  and  stands  on  the  j 
Lubbe,  near  its  junction  with  the  Neissa.  j 
It  is  22  miles  s of  Frauefort  on  the  Oder,  J 
and  24  ne  of  Cotbus.  Lon.  14  52  e,  iat. 
51  8 N,  ' 

Gudsnsberg,  a tov/n  of  Goimany,  in  the 
priucipality  of  Kesse  Cassei;  10  miles  sw 
vf  Cascel. 

Guelder  land.  See  GeJderland.- - I 

Giieldres,  See  Gelders* 

Giierande,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Lovver  Loire,  France,  has  a trade  in 
suit,  and  is  three  miles  from  the  Atlantic, 
and  36  w by  n of  Nantes.  • 

Guerche^  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  liie  and  Vilaine,  France,  10  miles  and 
a-half  s of  Vitre,  and  20  ese  of  Rennes. 

Giierchet  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Cher,  France,  seven  miles  n of  San- 
cohrs. 

Gueret, . capital  of  the  department  of  the 
Creuse,  France.  It  is  situated  near  the 
source  of  the  Gartempe,  and  contains  about 
15,000  inhabitants  ; 35  miles  2,s  of  Limoges, 
and  17Q  s of  Paris.  Lon.  1 56  e,  lat.  46 

20  IT.  - * 

Quergela,  a town  in  the  country  of  Bile- 
dulgend,  Africa,  100  miles  ssw  of  Tuggiirt 
Lon.  4 50  E,  lat.  31  15  N. 

GUERNSEY,  an  island  in  the  English  1 
^i/annel,  about  30  mile#  in  circuraferehce.  !’ 


subject  to  the  English.  The  French  lan^ 
guige  is  almost  universally  made  use  oi; 
The  air  is  pure,  and  the  soil  fertile ; cattle 
are  bred  in  great  quantities.  The  island  is 
defended  by  a ridge  of  rocks,  rugged  and 
steep.  Coals  are  imported  from  England, 
It  is  divided  into  10  parishes,  with  only 
eight  churches.  The  island  was  formerly 
a part  of  Normandy,  and  is  still  goveri.ed 
by  Norman  la  vs.  The  j-taple  manufacture 
is  knit  Stockings.  Population  a;;out  15.000. 
Fort  St.  Pierre  is  the  chief  town,  included 
in  the  diocese  of  Winchester.  Lou.  2 56  \y, 
lat.  40  30  N. 

Guetaf  or  Huetay  a town  in  New  Castile, 
Spain,  containing  10  parishes.  It  is  52 
miles  K by  s of  Madrid.  Lon.  2 54  w,  iat, 
40  20  N. 

Gu^lingen,  a town  in  Wirtemberg,  Swabia 
cn  the  Zaber,  18  miles  n of  Stutgard,  and 
22  SSE  of  Hiedieberg. 

Guhr,  a town  in  the  principality  of  Oels, 
Silesia,  five  miles  ne  of  Militsqh 

GUIANA,  a very  extensive  country  of 
S America.  It  is  1100  miles  in  leiigth 
from  E to  vv,  and  from  300  to  600  iu 
breadth,  from  n to  s.  It  is  divid-d  inta 
Dutch,  French,  Spanish,  and  IVatuguese, 
Guiana.  Dutch  Guiana  contains  the  set- 
tlements of  Surinam,  Berhice.  Essequibo, 
and  Demerary.  French  Guiana  is  called 
Cayenne,  from  the  island  of  that  name, 
Portuguese  Guiana  is  united  tu  the  govern- 
ment of  the  Brasils.  The  greaierst  beat  is 
from  October  to  March,  from  March  till 
June  incessant  rain,  followed  by  suhty  heat 
till  July,  which  is  again  succeeded  by  un- 
interrupted rain  to  October.  During  the 
rains  Dutch  Guiana  is  covered  usually  with 
water  two  feet  deep,  which  leaves  a slratuxn 
of  the  richest  manure  about  a foot  deep. 
The  inland  part  of  Guiana  is  but  littls 
known.  So  fertile  is  some  parts  of  this 
country,  tliat  on  the  banks  of  the  Tssequibo, 
30  crops  of  rattan  canes  have  been  raised 
successively , Tiie  interior  part^  of  the  coun- 
try are  inhabited  by  negroes  who  have  dif- 
ferent languages  i^nd  customs,  and  who 
sometimes  build  their  houses  on  trees,  to 
secure  them  from  the  inundation  of  the 
rivers. 

GUIENNE,  a late  province  of  France, 
about  160  miles  in  length,  and  S5  iu 
breadth,  of  whicii  BourdeaiiX  was  the  capital. 
It  now  forms  the  twm  departments  of  Gi- 
ronde, and  Lot  and  Garoniie. 

GuddJord\he  county  town  of  Surry,  situ- 
ated on  the  side  of  a hill  near  .tlie  river 
Wye,  wdiich  is  navigable  fc  r barges  tj)  ll.e 
Thames;  and  had  a palace  and  castle,  now 
in  ruins.’  It  is  a corporation,  governed 
by , a mayor  and  aldiomen,  and  .sends  tw-a 
members  to  pariiaineht;  nud  ihe  town  is 
Well  built,  contains  two  churches,  a pufeli  j 
; grammar  school,  and  an  hospilCil  for  i'un 
3 rl 


GUI, 

of  aged  single  men  and  ;[ 

The  summcfi  jissTses  are  held  alternately  at 


_ _ G U ■ 

de^^^ur  stfalts.  is  Bext  in  size  to  Kcw 
Holland,  extendiog  se  frpm  the  equator^ 
to  12  s lat,  and  from  131  to  153  b lon^ 


Gnilford  and  Croydon,  but  the  election  of 
members  for  the  conn<y  is  ahrsys  held  here. 
‘There  is  a weekly  market  911  Saturday,  and 
a cpnsidcrabJe  trade  in  corn  and  limber. 
It  gives  title  of  earl  to  the  family  of  North. 
This  town  is  ,23  miles  wsw  of  Croydon,  and 
29  sw  of  loiidon.  Lon.  0 S29  \v,  lat.  5J 

15  N.  ' ' . 

GuUdfo'i'd,  a town  in  Newhaven  county, 
Connecticut,  neated  on  a hay  in  Long  Island 
Sound,  15  miles  e by  s of  Newhaven. 

Guilloiii,  St,  a tov/n  in  tlie  department  of 
Gemappps.  France,  six  miles  from  Mons. 

GuUlesire,  a towm  and  castle  in  the  de- 
par  tmep4  of  the  Higher  Alps,  France,  nine 
miles  NE  of  Emhrun, 

GuitTitaraens,  a towm  in  the  province  of 
Entre-Duerc-9-IV'j[i.nho,  Portugal,  divided 
into  the  Old  and  New  Town.  The  New 
Town  contains  six  churches,  four  hospitals, 
and  six  convents.  The  public  edifices  are 
magniftepnt,  and  the  collegiate  church  is 
said  to  have  been  erected  an  the  ruins  of 
a temple  of  Ceres,  Guimaraens  contains 
Is  squares,  .57  streets,  eight  gates,  four 
bridges,  and  6,000  inhabitants,  There  is  a 
manufacture  of  linen  in  high  estimation.  It 
-is  10  miles  sa  of  Braga.  Lon.  S 27  w,  lat 
41  25  N.  ' ’ 

GUINEA,  an  extensive  tract  of  country, 
lying  on  the  W coast  of  Africa,  divided 
into  .Upper  and  Lower  Guinea,  Upper 
Guinea  ex  lends  from  12  deg.  w to  8 deg.  e 
Ion.,  nearly  in  the  parallel  of  6 deg.  k lat., 
and  corcpre!) ends  the  Grain  Coast,  the  Ivory  ! 
Coast,  the  Gold  Coast,  the  Slave  Coast,  j 
(which  includes  Wliidal)  and  Abdrah,  now  j 
subject  to  Dahomy,)  apd  Benin.  Benin  j 
extends  Irom  9 deg.  n to  1 deg. slat.  Low'er 
Guinea,,  or  Coi^go,  as  it  is  Acquendy  called, 
from  the  southern  boundaries  of 
T^euiu  to  18  deg,  s laU  and  includes  the 
kingdoms  of  Loango,  Congo,  Angola,  and 
Benguela.  The  chief  commodities  pur-  j 
chased  hoie  by  Europeans  are  grain  upon  j 
the  Grain  Coast ; elephants’  teeth  upon  the  j 
Ivory  Coast;  the  greatest  quantity  of  gold 
upon  the  Gold  Coast  ; and  most  of  them 
furnish  slaves.  A tradic  begun  in  1517, 
but  abandoned  by  the  English,  in  1807. 
The  petty  states  are  often  at  war,  and  the 
prisoners  taken  on  hotii  sides,  are  sold  for 
slaves ; nor  is  it  uncommon  for  the  nearest 
relatives  to  sell  each  other.  The  greater 
|*avt  of  the  natives  go  almost  naked,  re- 
bgjon  and  honesty  aie  rsire  among  them. 
The  climate  is  very  unhealthy  for  Eu- 
ropeaus.  The  English,.  Dutch,.. French, 
Danes,  and  other  nations,  have  factories  j 
upc,n  the  coast. 

GUINEA,  NEW,  an  island  in  Uie  Pa- 
riSc  cccau,  situated  on  the  N of  New  Hol- 
land, f.cin  which  .it  is  separated  by  ’En-! 


upwards  of  1200  miles  in  length,  and  300, 
at  a medium,  in  breadih.  It  wvas  discovered 
by  the  Spaniard?,'  in  1528,  when  they  were 
in  quest  of  the  Spice  islands,  The  coasis 
are  in  general  bold,  and,  in  the  inferior, 
mountain  over- tops  rnounfain,  but  the 
luxuriance  of  herbage  and  wood  is  incon- 
ceivable. The  bread  fruit,  plantane,  (ppcoii 
and  sage  trees  abound ; and  the  country,  ia 
every  respect,  is  extremely  fertile.  Here,  i’ii 
the  w^et  monsoon,  the  birds  of  paradiob 
breed,  and,  in  the  dry,  migrate  to  Aroo,  and 
other  small  islands  on  the  w.  The  in- 
habitants make  much  the  same  appearance 
as  those  of  New  Holland ; the  women  seeAi 
most  industridu55,  while  the  men  are  in- 
dolent, or  engage  in  the  chase.  On  this  ex- 
tensive territory  there  is  no  European  settle- 
ment ; their  principal  commerce  is  with  tha 
Chinese,  who  receive  ambergris,  toHoise 
shell,  pearls,  birds  of  paradise,  ^c.  for  in- 
struments and  various  utensils,  i5ibme  slav^£ 
too  are  exported,  ’ ' 

Gumgamp,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  North  Coasts,  France,  on  the  TrieU| 
13  miles  s of  Trigiiier. 

GUIOMEKE,  a kingobm  or  canntry 
of  Africa,  on  the  Ivory  Coast,  It  is  popu- 
lous, rich,  and  celebrated  for  its  cpxnmerce 
in  gold,  ivory,  and  slaves. 

GUIPUSCOA,  a province  of  JSpain^ 
It  is  25  niiles  long  from  k to  s,  and  frata 
15  to  20  broad  from  e to  w.  The  couiitry 
is  rnountainous  and  woody.  Tbs  phtef 
towns  are  Tolosa,,  St.  Sebastian,  and  Fon- 
tarabia. 

Gmse^  a town  in  the  department  of  t^e 
Aisne,  France,  stands  on  the  Oise,  and  has 
a castH  20  miiles  n of  Laon,  23  E of 
St.  Quinten,  and  95  of  i^ea'is. 

Gidslahif  Sit  a town  of  Ilainault,  Nether- 
lands^ surrounded  vyith  marshes  on^  the 
Haine,  six  miles  w*  of  Mohs. 

Ouitives,  or  Si  Cruz  de  ‘ MayOt  a town,  of 
Sonora,  New  J^pain,  gulf  of  California,  at 
the  influx  of  the  MayO,  90  miles  ke  of 
Loretto, ’90  nw  of  Cinaloa,  and  270  ssw  of 
Arispe..  Lon.  110  34  w,  lat.  26  8 y. 

Gujunat,  a town  of  Lahore,  Hindoostan;, 
60  miles  n by  w of  Lahore. 

Guivetlan,  See  Soconusco*  ' 

Gulpaigmit  a town  of  Irak,  A^emi,  Per- 
sia, 45  miles  w by  s of  Cachan. 

Gumbinnen  a.  town  of  Prussia,  capital  of 
Lithuania,  seated  on  the  Pissa,  and  has  clgtli 
ruanufacturcs,  containing  300  inhabitants* 
It  is  75  miles  e by  s of  Konigsberg.  I4)n. 
*42  40  E,  lat.  54  34'k. 

Giindeijingen,  a town  in  the  principality 
ofNeiiburg,  Bavaria,  near  t^ie  Danube,^!  7 
miles  wsw  of  Donawert,  and  19  ne  of  Unn. 

CunfudU}  cr.  oS^oodit)  » sea  port  on  ih^ 


Jiz.',  ?e2,  Arabia.  .Here  anchor  all  vessels 
4'aviying  cobee  to  *Tudda)  and  paj  a.  duty  j 
J50  niilss  s by  s cf Mecca.  Hon.  -40  50  je,  „ 
19  7 N. 

Gi^'Ucysberg,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony.  52 
miios  v/^^w  of  Dessau. 

O^i:ito0n  a circaiv  of  Hindoostan,  extend- 
along  the  coast  of  the.  bay  of  Bengal, 
a;irut  40  miles.  It  was  lately  ceded  to  the 
Tvitish;  It  is  called  also  the  circar  cf 
Condavir,  and  Id'ojit  zanag^r.  The  sea 
coast  is  Hat,  but  there  are  several  fcf tresses 
and  strong  towns  in  the  interior  part.  It  is 
subject  to  the  /Nizam  of  the  Deccan,  and 
has  its  name  ii'om  a strong  fortreis,  13>  miles 
'i;  of  Condayir,  the  capital. 

(^unfZi  or  jLessfg,  a town  of  Hungary.  It 
Is*  40  miles  s of  Vienna, 

^ Qiinizelstorfj  a town  of  Austria,  five  miles 
SE  of  feaden. 

] r .GtintzkircIieUy  & town  of  Austria,  four 
miles  w of  Wells. 

GunzbMrgi  a town  in  .SuaMa,  ivith  a castle, 
capital  of  the  Margravate  oi  Eurgau,  seated 
oji  the  river  Gunlz,  near  its  junction  with 
the  Danube.  It  is  six  miles  w of  Burgau, 
iind  14  E of  Uirn,  Lon.  18  14  e,  lat.  48 
B4n. 


Giinzenhmsen,  a town  of  Franconia 
priueipality  of  Anspach,  on  the  river  Altmiii. 
It  is  10  miles  ssE  of  Anspach. 

CuruUra  town  in  the  principality  of  Glo- 
g;.\u,  Silesia,  wdth  good  cloth  manufactures, 
and  a great  trade  in  cci  n.  It  stands  on  an 
eminence  near  the  Bartch,  was  burnt  by  the 
B-ussIans,  in  1759,  and  is  19  miles  e of 
Qlogau. 

, Gurckf  a town  in  Carinthia,  Germany, 
lately  a bishop’s  see,  situated  on  the  river 
Gurck,  20  miles  k by  w of  Ciagenfurt,  and 


120  sw  of  Vienna. 


Gurdjeldy  a town  in  Lower  Carniola, 
Gsrmar  y,  stands  on  a hill,  has  a castle,  on 


the  Save,  10  . miles  se  of  Ciiley. 

Gurgistan.  See  Georgia, 

Giirief,  a town  in  the  government  of 


Astracan,  Ilassia,  stands  betw’een  the  mouths 
of  the  Ural,  near  the  Caspian  sea,  has  a 
safe  harbour,  and  is  2i0  miles  e by  k of 
Astracan.  Lon.  51  56  k,  lat,  47  S7  n. 

Gurktum,  a towm  of  the  Carnatic,  Hin- 
doostan,  seated  on  both  sides  the  Carmun- 
dala,  which  falls  into  the  Paliar.  Four 
miles  to  the  w is  Stagbadam,  cr  the  seven 
castles,  where  the  Nabob  has  an  extensive 
garden,  cclel rated  for  the  best  oranges  in 
the  Carnatic  ; S3  miles  w by  n of  rcot. 

: Ozr/  uriJt,  a town  of  Prussicn  Lithuania, 
four  miles  s of  Gumbinnen. 

.Gurevkaf  a town  in  the  government  cf 
Ebaterinoslav,  Russia,  7b  miles  wsw  cf 
EjCftterinoslay. 

jaurrahy  capital  of  a circar  called  Gurrah 
jiunUellai  Hindoostan,  situated  on  both 
sid^s  cf  the  .Nexbiidda  river.  It  h 153 


miles  ssw  of  Allahabad.  Lon.  80  23  e,  lut. 
23  9 F,  ■ 

GURRAH  MUNDELLA,  a district, 
or  circar  of  Hindoosxan,  170  miles  in 
length,  and  ffoni  ^JO  to  80  in  breadth,  be- 
tween the  countribs  of  Allahabad  and  Be- 
re?,  Tire  prindpul  towns  are  Gurrah  and 
MUndel'a. 

Gurra'fricovda,  a town  in  the  Mysore 
couUtrv,  HinciooStan^  allotted  to  the  Nizam 
of  the  Dcccaii;  after  the  conquest  of  Tippoo, 

1799.  It  lies  73  miles  inE  of  Bungalore, 
and  112  nfW  of  Madras.  Lon.  78  36  e, 
lat.  13  .47  F- 

Gurschdorf^  a town  in  the  principality  cf 
Nisse,  Silesia,  two  miles  and  a-haif  fw  of 
Ziegenhals. 

Gustow,  a town  in  Anterior- Pomerania, 
12  miles  sw  of  Bergen. 

Gustrow,  a town  in  Lew'er  Saxony,  duchy 
of  Mecklenburg  Schwu  rin,  with  an  elegant 
ducal  palace.  Here  are  held  the  ciiieC 
courts  of  judicature  fur  the  duchy,  it  is 
seated  on  \he  Kebel,  and  is  iG  miles  s of 
Rostock,  and  35  efe  of  Schwerin.  Lon* 
12  13  e,  laf.  53  47  N. 

Gusum,  h.  town  in  E Gothland,  Sw’cdeni 
22  miles  sse  of  Nordkinping.  • 

Guta,  or  Gutta,  a town  of  Hungary,  seal- 
ed on  the  Danube,  in  the  island  of  Sobut, 
10  rnilesnof  Comoi  n,  and  25  n of  Pres- 
burg. 

GulerMi  a town  in  the  valley  of  Mazara, 
Sicily,  20  miles  n of  Girgenti.  ^ 

GiUhrie^  a parish  in  Forfarshire,  contaui- 
ing  about  2700  acres.  It  is  complete'^ 
intersected ‘’by  the  paf'bhes  of  DuniuchcD. 
Eerkidem^'and  Roscoble,  Iii  the  Northern 
division,  which  is  the  most  populous,  mu 
the  church  and  school.  In  the  s part  are 
vestiges  of  an  extensive  Roman  camp* 
Guthrie  Castle,  which  is  yet  entire,  and 
whose  walls  are  CO  feet  high,  and  10  feet 
thick,  W'as  built  by  Sir  Alexander  Guthrie, 
who  fell  at  Floddeu,  in  151^,  and  is  still 
the  property  of  his  descendants,  Populatiou 
about  500. 

Guttstadt,  a ttwn  in  tlie  provir.ee  of 
Ermeland,  Prussia,  44  miles  s of  Konigr.  ^ 
berg. 

Giitzkow,  a town  in  Anterior- Pomeranij,, 
in  a county  of  the  same  name,  standee  dw, 
the  Peene,  nine  miles  ssw  of  Gripswald,  24 
miles  s of  Stralsund. 

I Gufs  Cliffy  a large  rock,  n of  Warwick, 
w banks  of  the  Avon,  the  retreat,  as  is  said 
of  the  celebrated  Guy  earl  of  Warw'jck, 
after  the  bustle  of  public  life.  Here  he 
enjoyed  the  company  of  a hermit,  who 
resided  in  a hermitage  built  by  the  Saxons, 
j and  which  existed  till  the  reign  ot  Hemy- Vi. 
in  the  vicinily  are  medicinal  springs.  ■ This 
elih  eornmends  an  extensive  view 

GUZEKAT,  a country  of  Hindooslatr, 
in  form  of  a peninsula,  Ivtw'cen  The 
5 li  2 


Afohhn  and  the  gnlfs  of  Cutdi  and 
Cambay,  about  200  miles  in  length,  and 
140  in  breadth.  This  is  one  of  the  richest 
provinces  in  the  Mogul  empire,  abounding 
in  rice,  cotton,  corn,  sugar,  and  fruits  of 
various  kinds,  with  plenty  of  cattle  and 
game,  rtie  province  contains  a great  num- 
ber of  considerable  towns,  with  flourishing 
ijaanufrictures.  It  is  chiefly  possessed  by 
the  Poonab  Mahrattas,  The  inhabitants 
are  Hindoos,  Moguls,  Arabians,  Persians, 
Armenians,  and  Europeans.  Amedabad  is 
the  capital. 

Gwalior,  a strong  forti*€SS  of  Hindoo- 
stan,  in  the  circar  of  Gohud^  situated  on  a 
vast  rock,  the  height  from  the  plain  below  is 
200  or  300  feet  almost  perpendicular.  The 
area  within  is  full  of  noble  buildings,  re- 
servoirs  of  water,  wells,  and  cultivated 
land  ; so  that  it  is  a little  district  within  it- 
self This  fortress  is  considered  as  the 
Oibmltar  of  tlie  east.  But  major  Popbam, 
in  1780,  took  it  by  an  unexpected  escalade 
an  the  night.  The  towm  is  situ^lted  at  the 
foot  of  the  mountain,  large  and  well  built 
It  IS  80  miles  s of  Agra.  Lon.  78  28  e, 
lat.26  15N. 

G-yf/ioni,  a town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
duchy  of  Luneberg,  stands  at  the  confluence 
cf  the  Isser  and  Aller,  12  miles  n of  Bruns- 
wick. 

Gyarmath,  a town  of  Hungary,  20  miles 
2«’i:  of  Levens. 

See  Gijon, 

Cyssens,  a tpwn  of  the  island  of  Borneo. 

117  O E,  lat.  1 o N, 

- Gut/wtv,  or  Jel/iow,  a small  island,  be- 
the  island  cf  Guernsey.-^  and  the 
Greater  Sark, 


JJAA  a small  island  in  the  N sea,  ei^Iit 
miles  and  a-half  se  of  Far-out- Head. 
^ang,  capital  of  a county  of  the  same 
name,  Bavaria,  Stands  on  a hill,  25  miles  e 
by  K of  Munich.  Lon.  12  15  z,  lat.  48 
7 N. 

Habdschwerd,  a town  in  the  county  of 
Glaiz,  Silesia,  formerly  called  Bystrice 
stands  on  tlie  Neisse,  nine  miles  s of  Glatz.  ^ 
^ Ilacha,  a sea  port  town  on  the  n coast  of 
-lerra  lirma,  South  America,  on  the  pre- 
»jnce  of  Venezuela,  situated  at  the  mouth  of 
a river  of  the  same  name.  It  is  ICO  miles 
of  St.  Martha,  and  210  ENEof  Cartha^^'ena 
Lon.  72  54  w,  iat.  1 1 30  n.  ' ’ j 

^ Ilachenburg,  a town  in  the  county  of 
/-ayn,  Westphalia,  with  a castle,  18  miles  I 
«>j  CcbleiUz.  I! 

^ llavkiinbo,  a town  in  the  province  of  Up-  I 
.d ' Sweden,  28  miles  n of  Upsal.  I 

town  i'H  the  coiirJy  cf  \ 


HAD 

CarW,  in  the  , vicinity  stands  the  ruiacui* 
castje  of  Cianmore,  surrounded  by  trees,  \G 
miles  E of  Carlow,  and  30  ssw  of  Dublin. 

^ Hac/cetsiown,  a town  in  Susses  county- 
New  Jersey,  on  the  Musconecunk,  2,2  miles 
w by  N of  Morristown. 

HacMnsac,  the  capital  of  ^Bergen  county. 
New  Jersey,  stands  on  a river  of  the  same 
name,  has  a Dutch,  and -an  Episcopal 
church  ; 20  miles  nw  of  Ifew  York. 

a considerable  village  of  Middle-^ 

sex,  nearlyjoined  to  London,  toyvards  the 
ne,  contains  many  elegant  villas.  It  has  aii 
ancient  Gothic,  and  a fine  modern  church, 
a free  school,  a charity  school,  and  a n^mbe£‘ 
of  boarding  schools.  Here  formerly  stood 
many  stately  mansions  of  the  nobility  and 
gentry.  One  belonged  tp  Sir  Koberj;  Vi- 

nor,  ths  intimate  companion  of  Cliari^s  IL 

The  coaches  first  let  for  hire  in  London 
being  frequently  required  for  jaunts  to 
Hackney,  soon  get  the  appellation  of 
Hackney  coaches,  an  epithet  that  has  been 
applied  to  all  coaches,  horses,  and  chairs, 
let  for  short  journies  in  all  Britain  ^nd 
Ireland. 

Iledagia,  a town  in  the  kingdom  of  Fe^s, 
Africa,  70  miles  ssw  of  Mellila. 

Badamary  a town  in  Watteravia,  Ger- 
many, near  the  EIss.  It  is  22  miles  nw  of 
Mentz. 

Haddam,  a town  of  Connecticut,  in 
Midulesex  county,  seated  on  the  w.  side  of 
the  Connecticut,  18  niUcs  n by  e of  .^ay-, 
brock. 

Haddington^  capital  of  a county  to  which 
it  gives  name,  situated  on  the  river  Tyne^ 
It  is  a burgh  of  great  antiquity,  and  is 
governed  by  a provost,  merchant  bailies, 
dean  of  guild,  &q.  ond  has  an  annual  re- 
venue of  about  4001.  It  unites  with  Jed-, 
bui’gh,  Lauder,  l^orth  Berwick,  and  Dun- 
bar, in  sending  a member  to  parliament. 
The  town  consists  of  four  streets,  intersect- 
ing each  ether  nearly  at  right  angles.  The 
only  public  buildings  of  any.  consequence, 
are  the  town  house,  shambles,  and  school 
house.  There  is  a weekly  market  on  Fri- 
day, reckoned  the  greatest  in  Scotland  for 
all  kinds  of  grain,  and  two  annual  fairs, 
July  2d  Tuesday,  and  October  2d  Thurs- 
day. A considerable  quantity  of  coarse 
j vveoilen  cloth  is  manufactured  in  this  town 
I and  suburbs.  The  number  of  inliabitant^ 
including  ths  suburbs  of  and 

Niingate,  is  about  3COO.  ' It  is  the  seat  of  a . ; 
Presbytery,  and  gives  title  of  earl  to  the. , 
family  of  Hamilton.  John  Knox,  the  ; 
famous  reformer,  w^as  a native  of  < 

and  the  house  in  w’hich  he  was,  born,  is  said,: 
to  be  still  standing,  in  GilTordgatc..  Here»^ 
in  i 173,  Ada,  mother  of  Williaru  the  Lyon, 
king  of  Scotland,  fopuded  a Franciscan 
monastery,  the  remains  of  which  are  still 
vLiblc.  lu  this  abbey,  in  1518,  parhameai 


I-IAD 

gave' eonsent  to  C^ueeri  Mary’s 

marriage  v^ith ‘the  Daliphm  I'  tv  mpora.- 
iities,'  were  b'estoxv od  ail  Jdl  0 M Jtiaj»d 
inastci*  of  Lauderdale,  ;it  the  it'iWjnr  tiou. 
Isi- the  church,  which  t)eioTigcd  ip  ;ii^  con 
vent,  several  of  that  tamiiy  are  bioied,  pav 
ticuISriy  John  Maitland  Laron  Thhiaione, 
chancellor  of  Scotland,  iri-  ihe  j-el^n 'or 
JatneS'  VL  That  prince  eoinpnsed  an 
epitapil  for  his  mofrument-  It  is  37  mues 
jiw  Ot'  B er vvi ck,  and  1 6 E of  E ti n = i r > , 
The’  parish  of  Haddin^oa  is  aooui  six  nii;t\s 
long  iVorn  n to  s,  and  neariy  the  s-iioe 
brodd ; witti  a smJi  excepdou,  is 

all  arabie,  inclosed,  and  well  culdvssted. 
Pdpnfation  altogether  is  about  4570 
IHADDINGTON^SHIRE,  or  Ea.t 
Lothia’n',  is  bounded  on  the  w by  Eaui 
bui^4^shire,  on  the  N by  the  frith  of  bVth, 
onr  the  E by  the  German  ocean,  and  bn  the  s 
by  Berwickshire.  I t is  about  25  inJks  lo 
leUgtli,  and  20  in  breadth ; and  is  one  of  lue 
mbst  fruitfr.i  counties  in  Scotland.  Tne 
county  also  abounds  in  excellent  coal  mines. 
Tlk‘  southern  part  is  TTiOuntainous,  compre- 
hending the  K side  of  Lammeimnir  hids, 
which  feed  ' innumerable  flocks  of  sheep 
The  county  sends  one  member  to  parliament. 
Tire  chief  towns  ijre  Dunbar,  Haddington, 
and  North  Beirw'fck.  liie  principal  rivet  is 
the  Tyne-  Toe  whole  county  is  divided  in- 


H A I 

This  province  contains  several  largo, townt 
j tt.id  .sea  p^iFts*  Sbihbam  IS  tlie  capital. 

JUcemus^^  a chain  »?f  rnountains  in  Einv- 
jj  oean  turkey-  funning  between  Setvia  and 
j!  and'  are  in  some  pans  r,o  ioftv, 

(j  dial  jt  IS  said  the  AdtitUicand  tlie  Black  sea 
m y oe  s.  et)  a\  i iit*  -ume  time,  > 
ll  or  Hu'dmiy  i-  large,  rich,  and 

p>.pu  .^ux.cny  of  iiotiand,  sitimted  about  a 
|,  ifdgue  tii4.n  the  se?,  on  the  river  Spai'en. 
ij  It  IS  memo^^Ue  i\>r  the  severe  &iegb  it  sus- 
; tir.ned  in  1572,  against  Frederick,  son  of  the 
!j  Duke  of  4 foi  ten  m niths  before  k capi- 
«,ut,.ted  i lie  church  of  St  Bevo'n  k one  of 
[.  the  largest  in  the  Theovgijn  is  cue  of 

I iusi  fiuco  in  Europe,  it  contdn-,  SOOO  pip^ 

I -ai  68  sti/ps,  ot  M’inch  vox  Imnldka  is 
ij  muen  eckbreted.  ^le  stad^-house  grrmd 
(j  r^unaiiig,,  situated  at  one  end  of  the  market- 
jj  pl  ’cr-.  Xne  number  of  iuhabirants  is^tbout 
I 40,000.  I'fiere  are  4 Dutch  churches,  I 
i c.«.ncu,  J Lutheran,  1 Anmaian,  and  4 
Anax  .ipiist,  besides  chapels  for  Ifoihah  Ca- 
thui<c3.  Its  iiioaoHarits  carry  on  edhsidef- 
ubla  manufactuies,  in  velvets,  linen,  damask^ 
riubons,  tapes.  Sec.  It  is  j2  miles  w ©f  Am® 
sterdam.  Lon.  4 57  e,  iat-  52  22  n. 

Hu^enj  a town  in  Westphalia,  it  hassomflt 
manuLctures  of  cioth.  It  standjr  dn  VoL  ' 
me..  6*  Diues  nw  of  Altena,  and  13  s of 
Dortmutid.  , , ■ 


to  24  parochial  districts,  containing  about  I 
29f^8G  inhabitants.  The  real  rent  is  eati-  ■ 
mated  at  about  66,9601.  Slerling.  { 

Haderslebeiii  a sea-port  town,  situated  on  I 
a sirmll  xslaud,  in  a bay  of  the  Baltic*  in  ihe  I 
duchy  of  Skswick,  Denmark.  It  is  25  I 
miles  E of  Ripen.  I 

ffadttf  or  JETadidCf  a town  of  Syria,  on  the  j 
Euphrates^  150  miles  w of  Bagdad.  j 

Hadley,  a town  in  Massachussets,  Ilamp-  * 
6bire  county,  e side  of  the  Connecticut,  97 
miles  w of  Boston. 

Hidley,  a town  id  Suffolk,  situated  on  the 
Brelj  with  a market  on  Monday.  It  con- 
tains about  3000  inhabitants,  governed  by  a 
mayor.  Large  quantitie*s  of  yarn  are  spun  i| 
here  for  the  Norwich  manufacturers,  . It  is  i| 
20  rndessE^'of  bBury,  and  64  of  Loudon,  il 
^ Hadley,  k vilUge  in  Essex,  near  the  n 
ohore  of  the 'Hiames,  5 miles' sw  of  Roch- 
5ord;  Here,  on  the  brow^  of  a hill  command- 
ing  an  extensive  view,  are  the  guns  of  an  an  | 
cient  castle,  of  an  oval  form,  with  wails  9 [ 
leet  thick;  The  village  has  a fair,  June; 
24th,  . 

a town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
20  miles  sW  of  Magdeburg 

II ADRAMAUT,  a province  of  Arabia 
FeliXj  on  the  coast  between  Yemen  on  the 
■w,  and  Oman  on  the  e.  Some  parts  are  diy  j 
and  d¥sert ; others  extremely  fertile,  and  in-  : 
tersected  with  well  watered  valleys.  The  ! 
principal  ptoductions  are  frankincense,  gum-  ! 
arabicj^  dragons-bicod,  myrrh  and  akes. ! 


Hugenau,  a tmvn  in  Low’er  Sax6ny,25f  ' 
miK  s of  Schw'erin. 

, Hu^enhack,  -A  tov/n  in  the  dept,  of  tha 
L wer  Rhine,  France,  1 2 miles  sse  of  Lan- 

tC:U. 

Hagenburgy^A  towm  of.  Westphalia,  Coun»- 
ly  ui  Schauenburg,  15  miles  vv  by  if  of  Ha*  ' 
nover. 

Hagia,  a town  of  Arabia,  Deserta,  8f 
inilcs  N f iVIed ira.  Lon;59'25  e,  lat  25  30  ir. 

Hague,  a town  of  S llolland,  supposed  to 
contain  56,000  inhabitants.  It  may  be  com- 
pared with  the  handsomest  cities  in  Europe* 
p lor  the  beauties  of  it.„palaees,  it4  streets,  the  ' 
pleasantness  of  its  situation,  and  politeness 
ol  its  inhabitants.  It  stand-s  2 miles  from 
toe  sea,  and  has  a paved  road  over  the  sand 
oiils  to  Scheveimg  on  the  sea  sho/e.  Here 
the  ancient  Counts  of  Holland  resided,  and 
held  their  court.  In  1795,  the  Kj/ojo  wxis 
j taken  by  the  French,  and  was  abandoned  by  ' - 
I them  in  1814.  It  is  10  mile-s  sw  of  Rotter- 
diOTi,  anti  30  sw  of  Amsterdam,  Lon,  4 17  e*  ' 
lat.  52  4 N.  - 

Jlag^  cnau,  a foitificd  town  in  the  dept.  ‘ 
of  the  Lovver  Rhine,  France.  -Stands  on  die  • 

M ?tter,  has  a citadel,  and  is  15  miles  K of 
Stiasbuig.  , 

Hailsham,  a town  in  Sussex,  with  a wfG:- 
ly  market  on  Wednesday,  12  miles  e of  ■ 
Lewis,  a.-itl  59  s by  e of  London.  ’ 

Haimburg,  a town  of  Austria,  has  a c2St1e 
on  a mountain,  star  ds  near  the  Da^iUbe,  and- ' 
is  27  miles  e by  s el  Vkams, 


H A I* 

Euiitn.  alown  of  D^mulgOr  seated  on 
^ l iver  and  bay  of  the  iime  name.  On  the  i: 
tide -of  bay  is^  a forf-^  and  iand  crabf  of 
iars^e.  si^e  abound,  12;  miles  sw  of  St  D#- 

H AIN  AN,  an  island  beloitging  tp  Ciii- 
about  12  miles  s of  the  province  of 
Q.udngf.qii.  , It  is  4<jO  miles  in  cj.rcntnfer- 
cnce.  The  natives  are  very  deforrhed,  of  a 
email  stature,'  and  <;;appteveoloui',  and  of  sa- 
:vage  disixr'.ition  and  niajaners.  The}’  paint  ! 
their  faces  like  other  savages,  and  are  clpthad  j 
only  from  tlie;  waist,  downwards.  Besides  ! 
rich  mines  of  gold  and  lapis* lazuli,  it  pro-  | 
duces  various  kinck  of  curious  and  valuable  | 
wood.  The  fruits  are  the  samp  as  in  China,  | 
besides  sugar,  tobacco,  cotton,  and  indigo.  } 
Two  crops' of  rice  are  produced  in  the  ye&r. 
The  capital  is  Kiuntcheou. 

H AINAULT,  a province  of  the  Nether-  | 
Iraids,  annexed  to  .France,  It  was  formerly  | 
divided  into  Austrian  and  French  Hainauit. 
The  latter  was  included  in  the  department  of 
the  Nord,  the  former  constituted  that  of  Je- 
.mappe.  The  air  is  good,,  the  soli  fertile.  It  I 
contains  mines  of  coal  andiron. 

Hcdna^itf  a forest  in  the  sw  of  Essex, 
about  12  miles  se  of  London,  celebrated  for 
an  oak  of  very  grelt  antiquity,  36  feet  in 
circumference  round  the  stem,  and  brsnch- 
ing  in^o  il  vast  arms.  Under  its  shade,  a 
wcli  f'eq*:cntcd  fair  is  held,  July  2d.  1,110 

Hr  hiault  foresters  also  rendesyoiiz  here. 

Bcdnbur^y  a town  of  Bavaria,  20  miles 
wsw  of  Amberg. 

Hatigc-iiy  a town  in  Suabia,  seated  on  the 
siyulet  Lautcr,  12  miles  n of  Buchan. 

■HL'tjj/p.ouTt  a town  of  Bahar,  Hindoostan, 
eppcsiie  Fatra,  seated  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Ganges. 

, ' ' Hakctsaify  one  of  the  smaller  Hebrides, 

. belweyen.  Barry  and  South  Uist. 

Halbei'stadty  the  capital  of  a principality  of 
thd  same  name,  formerly  a bishop’s  see.  Be- 
sides a superb  Cathedral,  here  are  three  regu- 
lar abbies/  and  two  nunneries.  The  other 
buildings  are  old  fashioned  and  irregular. 

. The  Jews  are  tolerated  and  engage  exten- 
sively ill  trade.  Famous  beer  is  brew^ed 
litre.  The  inhabitants  do  not  much  exceed 
1,300.  It  stands  on  the  Otheim,  32  miles 
$£  of  Brunswick.  Lon.  11  17  n,  lat.  51  56  N. 

Ilaldjmleheni  a tow  n in  Lower  Saxony, 
duchy  cf  Magdeburg,  on  the  Ochra,  12 
miles  N of  Magdoburg. 

HaLltnitei/iy  town  of  the  Grkons,  Swis- 
scrland,  near  the  Khine,  \ miles  if  of  Goirc, 

Halerif  a town  in  the  dept,  of  Dyle,  Ne 
flicrhmds,  in  Brabant,  on  the  Gcet,  17  inik’S 


H All 

l^fileUwenpsL  town  In  Shropshire*  j with  t 
manufacture  of  nails,  and  a weekly  market,. 
The  poor  Sheustoiie  was  born  and  buried 
here,  and  riear  it  is  the  admired  seat  ofLea^ 
sotyes,  in  the  decoration  of  wdiich  he  speu$ 
his  whole  fortune,  10  miles  ne  of  Kidder^ 
misister,  and  124  nw  of  London.  ^ 

Mgles'portJiy  a town  of  Suffolk,  with  a mar-f 
ket  on  Tuesday^  stands  near  the  Blythe,  and 
has  a canal  to  SouthwolA  It  has  a consi- 
oerahle  manufacture  of  linen  yarn  and  ^ail 
cloth,  and  an  iron  foundery,  28  miles  ne  of 
Ipswich,  and  101  of  London.  On  JViill 
hill  near  the  town,  is  a spring  used  for  dis- 
orders of  the  eyes. 

Half~Gruner  Island^  one  of  the  small 
Sheiland  Islands,  one  mile  and  a-lialf  s of 
the  island  of  Unst 

IIALiBUT  ISLAND,  near  the  cx>asl 
of  Nortii  America.  It  is  7 leagues  in  cir- 
cumfeyerce,  and  very  low  and  barren.  Capr 
tairi  Cook  gave  it  this  name  on  account  of 
the  great  number  of  fish  of  that  name  taken 
there.  Lon.  164  15  w,  lat.  54  48  x. 

Ilalfifar,  a town  in  Vf  Yorkshire,  seated 
in  a hilly  country  near  the  Calder,  has,  a 
market  on  Saturday,  The  principal  manu- 
factures are  shalloons,  temmies,  caiUniancoes, 
everlastings,  sey,  narrow  and  broad  cloths, 
&c.  The  parish  is  esteemed  the  largest  in 
England,  containi  ng  12  chapels  of  ease.  The 
church  which  contains  many  ancient  monu- 
ments, is  a venerable  building.  It  has  a 
market  house  called,  the  Piece  Hall,  where 
the  shalloons  and  other stufrs  are  exhibitedun- 
finisbed  every  Saturday  betvveen  thekoar3.-of 
IG  and  12  forenoon.  Halifax  gave  birth 
to  John  of  Halifax,  or  de  sacra  bascoy  tfie 
chief  malhematiciau.  of  bis  age  ; to  the  late 
archbishop  Tillotson,  and  to  Dr.  David 
Hartley,  author  of  the  celebrated  work,  en- 
titled “ Observations  cn  Man.”  Near  Har- 
ley Green,  about  a mile  nk  of  the  town,  is 
one  of  the  strongest  chalybeate  springs  th§it 
is  known.  The  population  of  the  parish  is 
said  to  amount  to  60,000,  of  whom  the 
contains  about  9,159,  40  miles  ws^y  of 
York,  and  177  n by  vy  of  London,  Lon. 

1 45  w,  lat.  53  45  N. 

Halifax t the  capital  of  Npva  Scotia,  on 
the  w side  of  Chebueto  bay.  It  was  found- 
ed ill  1747,  and  gives  name  to  a,  county. 
The  harbour  is  large  and  safe.  At  the  K 
extremity  is  the  kings  yard,  su;)p’iicd,  vyith 
stores  of  every  kuid  for  th^  royal  navy.  The 
town  is  defended  Uy  an  cnticuchment,  and 
suiiic  ferts  of  timber.  Populaiiop  said  ^ 
amount  to  55,000.  It  is  780  .miles  ne  of 
New  Yolk;'  Lon.  62  SO  , w,  lat  44 


* Louvain. 

Ilnhs,  a village  in  Gloucestershire,  fn- 
mous  for  the  rerniiins  of  its  abbey,  which 
once  was  very  iT:.gniriccnt,  and  had  great 
privileges.  Nothing  of  it -uoiiv  remains  but 
iu»  clcuiCr,  2 iuiles  i^E  of  Winchtciui?, 


45  N.  • 

Halifax^  a town  and  chief  of  a county;  cf 
its  name  in  Virginia  ; 25  miles  w of  Mtck; 
lenbutg.  Lon.  79  17  'v,  lat.  56  43  n. 

H ALI F4?C»  an  inland  district  in  ^ Ga- 
,i  rwliua,  compreheiidijog  the  counties  of 


HAE  HAM 


^^ortlianipton,  Hnlifa?:,  Martin,  ' 

Warren,  Fratil^lui,  and  Nash. 

' Halifax,  a town,  the  capital  of  the  dis- 
trict of  the  sanie  narne,  N CarcHna.  Stands 
on  the  RiTanoke,  in  a rich  country,  70  miles 
ys  of  Ralegh. 

Halit::,  a town  in  the  palatinate  of  Lcm- 
|:?erg,  Poland,  has  a castle  seated  on  the 
Dniester,  60  miles  sss  of  Lemberg.  Lon.  j 
25  1 9 n,  lat.  49  20  n. 

Hdlkets,  a town  in  New  Jersey,  IS  miles 
w of  Morristown. 

Halkin,  a village  in  Flintshire,  Wales. 
Here,  on  the  top  of  a hill,  is  a strong  fortress, 
surrounded  by  a great  foss  and  dyke,  4 miles 
ISE  of  Holywell. 

Hatkitk,  a village  and  parish  in  Caithf  ess- 
shire,  The  parish  extends  24  miles  in  length, 
■and  the  breadth  from  7 to  12.  The  soil  is 
in  i^neral  good.  Population  about  2540, 
of  whom  the  majority  are  males  ! This  dis- 
trict contains  24  lakes,  frequented  by  water- 
fowl,  and  abounding  with  trout,  <kx.  In  the 
parish  are  IQ  chapels,  and  a buryi/ig- ground 
adjoining  to  each.  Both  GceKc  and  Eog- . 
lish  are  spoken,  but  whli  a mixir.?e  o>f  Norse 
•r  Danish  ; from  the  latter  most  of  the  names 
of  places  are  derived. 

Hal^,  or  Halk,  a town  in  Soabia,  sur- 
rounded with  mountMus,  w^hich  abound  in 
salt  springs,  it  is  lioted  for  the  celebrated 
pretestani  league,  concluded  here  in  1610. 
It  stands  on  the  Koch er,  1^7  niiles  w£  cf 
Stutga^'d. 

■ HA'LLAND,  a province  of  Sweden,  on 
the  w coast-  of  GothLr  ^d,  It 'extends  along 
the  coast, about  60  miles,  but  is  not  above 
16  in  bread  :Ii.  It  Is  meuntamous;  and  has 
extensive  woods  of  ofJu  and  birch.  The 
country  is  in  general  mountainous.  The 
irdisbitants  are  ch'ciiy  employed  In  grazing 
f.nd  Ashing,  Halmstadt  is  the  capital. 

Hallatmi,  a toV'ii  in  Leicestershire,  has 
» market  en  Thursday,  a charity  school,  and 
fairs:  12  miles  ese  of  Leicester,  aii^  91  N 
by  E of  London. 

Hulh,  a town  in  the  Tyrol,  Germany, 
seated  oit  the  Inn,  and  famous  for  its  salt 
mine,  six  miles  enz  of  Inspriick. 

Halle,  a town  in  Lower  Saxony,  seeded 
on  the  Saale  It  has  a celebrated  university, 
consecrated  in  1694,  It  has  large  salt  works, 
"and  manufactures  of  cloth.  &c.  ; 18  miles 
UNW  of  Leipsic,  and,  46  sse  of  Magdeburg. 
"Lon.  12  15  E,  lah  51  32  n. 

Halle,  a town  of  Hainault,  Netherlands, 
ie^ted  on  the  river  Senne,  eight  miles  ssw 
of  Brussels. 

Hallein,  a town  of  Bavaria,  celebi'ated 
for  salt  springs,  in  the  adjacent  mountains, 
seated  on  the  Salaa,  eight  miles  s by  e of 
Balzburg. 

Hallerspring,  a town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
^ th?  prindpallty  of  Caleubcrg,  seated  at 


the  sonfce  #f  the  Haller,  1 4 niilcs  ssir  cT 
Hanover. 

JIalmstadt,  a sea  port,  and  capitnl  of  Hal- 
land,  Sweden,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Nissa,  on  a bay  of  the  Categat.  Tlie  inh:i- 
bitants  have  very  Nourishing  woollen  marvi- 
factures,  and  a rich  salmon  tisbery  ; ."0  milc% 
ESE  of  Gothburg.  Lon.  12  48  ic,  lat,  5'J 
59 

Mai  steady  ix  town  of  Essex,  with  a niarkefe 
on  Friday,  and  a manufacture  of  haise  au-4 
stays.  ItTtahds  on  the  side  of  a hill,  ont 
the  banks  of  the  Colne,  has  a collegia 
church,  and  fairs,  May  G,  a ud  October  29; 
16  miles  h of ‘CiieLmsford,  and  4'6  ne  of 
London.  ' 

IlaUeren,  a town  In  Westphalia,  princlp 
lity  of  Munster,  on  the  Liope,  25  miles  ;i\f 
of  Monster, 

Halton-,  a town  of  Cheshi-re,  on  a navig.^- 
ble  canal,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Mersey,  whh 
a market  on  Saturday.  Of  its  ancient  cas- 
tle, which  once  had  an  extensive  jurisdictioi> 
round  it,  called  Halton  Fee,  all  that  now 
I remains  is  a prison  ; 15  miles  ne  of  Chesiesa 
I and  195  nnw  of  London,  . ^ 

Haltvjhistle,  a town  of  North umbcrlaudi, 
near  the  Tyne,  wldi  a manufacture  of 
aed  a:  market  on  Thursday.  It  is. seated  on 
a h'll,  on  the  road  between  Carlisle  and 
Newcastle,  has  fairs,  Alay  14,  and  Nov.  22'^; 

: 22  inHes  E of  Carlisle,  55  w of  Nswc:isth> 
and:  285  N by  w of  London, 

Halva ^ R town  in.  the  kiogdem  of  Fsz;  ora 
the  Cliebu,  8 miles  s of  Fez. 

Hnm^  a strong  town  In  the  department  cf 
Somme,  France,  with  a castle,  seated  on  the 
Somme,  48  miles  k of  Fans.  Lon,  8 6 
I lat.  49  45  IT. 

Ham,  the  capital  cf  the  county  of  Mark, 
Westphalia,  has  extensive  bierching  giroUnds, 
and  a good  trade.  In  its  vicinity,  in  1761, 
the  troops  of  Brunswick  defeated  the  French, 
j It  stands  on  the  Lippe,  20  miles  w of  Lip* 
stadt.  Lon.  7 57  e,  lat.  51  40  n. 

Hamah,  a town  in  Syria.  It  is  the  resi- 
dence of  the  scheik,  who  has  the  title  of 
Emir.  It  stands  among  hills.  The  castle, 
mosques,  and  best  houses,  are  constructed  of 
black  .and  white  stones.  The  river  Assi, 
anciently  the  Orontes,  washes  the  walls  of  the 
castle,  arid  Nils  its  ditches,  v/hich  are  cut  deep 
into  the  solid  rock.  The  geographer  AbuL 
feda,  was  prince  of  Hamah,  from  the  year 
1542  to  1545.  The  inhabitants  trade  in 
linen  of  their  own  manufacture;  78  miles 
sw  of  Aleppo.  Lon.  54  55  s,  lat.  56  15 

Haraamei,  a town  of  Tunis,  stands  on  «, 
gulf  of  its  name, ,37  miles  ^ cf  Tunis.  Lon. 
40  15  E,  lat.  56  15  n. 

Humors^  a town  in  the  department  of  Cal- 
vadoes,  France,  13  miles  ssw  of  Caen. 

llambach,  a town  in  tlie  department  of 
the  Roer,  France^  now  remted  to  Gtrmimy, 


H A M 

tlie  duchy  of  Juliers,  stands  on  the  Rtir, 


Lon.  6 4]  E,  lat. 


fveiiiiles  se  of  Juliers, 
oO  57  N. 

Uamhiedon,  a town  in  the  co  unty  of  Hants, 
vlth  a weekly  market  on  Monday  . It  stands 
s^n  the  edge  oi'  JCas:  Be  e h re:  t,  and  has 
fairs,  Feb.  first  Tuesday  in  May,  and 
Oct,  2;  15  miles  se  of  Winchester,  and  64 
WS’w  of  Lnadon. 

Hamburgh,  a city  of  Lower  Saxony,  si- 
tuated in  Kols'.ein,  conaisting  of  the  Old 
end  New  Town,  seated  on  the  ETe  and 
Alster;  the  latter,  before  it  enters  th;  rown 
by  sluices,  forms'  a fine  basin,  ‘j’he  Ei  re, 
xvhich,  including  the  little  hibrds,  is  not  less 
than  a Germ  .n  mi-e  in  breadth  at  the  cit}^ 
besides  forming  two  spacious  riarbvours,  ruos 
through  ra  jst  parts  of  ihe  cit>  in  canai;, 
tvhich,  'being  generally  pretty  broad  and 
deep,  are  of  great  convenience  to  the  mer- 
chants. These  can-is  are  crossed  by  84  , 
bridges  many  or  them  paved  like  the  streets,  * 
with  wliidh  they  are  generally  on  a level,  j 
The  nuhiher  of  itd^a.hitantp,  exclusive  of  ’ 
Jews,  is  estimatpd  at  100,000.  Hemburgh  I 
is  strongly  and  on  its  ramparts  are  j 

elegant  walks,  p^^nted  with  rpws  oftrees,  to  j 
which  all  the  inhabitants  have  access.  Here  ( 
is  a .celcbralfid  c ^lege,  a hank  an  exchange,  I 
a librar\h^  ,a  Geriiichi  theatre,  a foundling  I 
ahu  an  ?n*senal.  The  city  has  four 
capital  gates,  two  smaller,  and  two  water  ■ 
gates,  caiLcd  the  Upper  and  Lower  Baum,  j. 
Through  the  latter  passes  all  ships  g^>*ng  to,  ij 
cr  coming  from  sea.  The  magistracy  oi  L 
^iamhurgh  is  comp/>sed  of  four  burgher-  - 
' inestcrs,  four  syndics,  24  aldemien,  and  four 
I'eerctarics.  Lutlieranism  is  the  efi^abihlied 
religion,  r’td  no  other  is  tolerated,  except 
i;v3  I ngl'jli,  who  have  divine  service  per- 
formed  in  a chapel  of  their  own.  At  Alto- 

",  adjoiningthe  harbour,  other 

rdfgions  are  tolerated,  except  the  Jews,  v.’ho 
Ivive  no  synagogue.  . There  are  five  princi- 
pal churches,  and  1 1 smaller  ones.  The  ca- 
thedral of  our  lady  is  a tine  edifice.  On  the 
tower  of  the  church  of  St  Michael,  Mditcii  is 
r^O  feet  high,  many  astroiiomical  and  phy- 
.sjcal  exporufients  have  been  made.  From 
, its  Siln?ii:ion,  liamburgh  lias  every  possible 
,‘!d\Ar.:iage  both  for  foreign  and  domestic 
;cjde,  particularly  from  its  commimication 
l>y  the  Elbe  witl^  some  of  the  principai  na* 
vigaitle  rivers  of  Goimany.  If  consequently 
hecame  cue  of  the  chief  commercial  cities  in 
the  N of  Europe.  To  judge  of  the  extent  of 
its  commercial  concerns,  it  is  oiJy  necessary 
to  look  at  the  slate  of  its  imports  in  1798 
In  the  article  of  colFee  alone,  tiiere  were  ik 
L js  tlian  46.000,0001').  and  in  that  of  seum* 
i.'5;000,000.  The  numl)er  of  vessels  wliicb 
t •.ilered  (he  port  of  ILiml>i;.*-gh  wa.s  2Ti8 
1..0  m.'inuhicUucs  of  the  city  were  also  in 
mast  Nourishing  condition  But  a com  sc 
oi  cviaU.i  Were  rapidly  a'vovir.pilshiug  which 

# • 


H A M 

were  to  overturn  this  flourisliing  state 
things,  and  to  reduce  die  city  to  ruin  and 
d spair.  Bormparte  w;>s  aware,  diat  throug?^ 
tms  channel.  British  m.erdiandise  had  W 
omaniea  a most  ext?  jJve  circulation  on  the 
continent,  fie  accordingly  proceeded  in  the 
j nrst  ola^e  vioUe  tbe'^ neutrality  of  the 
[ City  t)y  fidiiig  It  with  hm  troop.s ; the  inhabi- 
I tarns  were  not  only  forced  to  furnish  him 
I with  loans,  nut  an  order  was  ksued  o i the 
ii5rh  December  1806,  for  the  seizure  of  all 
.Brivsh  merchandise  in  ihecity,  which  form- 
ed  me  greniest  part  of  th  ?>*r  stores,  and  for 
i‘5  immed?.;ie  transmission  to  France.  Se-  ' 
ver-il  of  the  me.f  rcspe  u>d,le  houses  were 
reduced  to  bankruptcy  ; and  so^fiiiTngwaa 
me  rotate  of  the  eify  ‘that  a deputation  was 
sent  to  remenstrat?  wifh  };r>ri3paf^e  on  the 
mea.su  e : but  it  was  in  vain,  he  was  iac'm** 

^ rab.e , and  they  left  him  firm  in  his  resolu- 
\ nun,  which  has  been  iully  csiTred  into  effect 
j so  that  all  intetcours^i  with  England 
j Suspended,  and  the  whole  coTiinvelce  of  ihe 
City  almost  at  a staud.  Jn  J 814;  this  city 
was,  like  the  rest  of  Germany, liberated  from 

bis  cruel  dyrahny.  - The  ^n>ura  ohservctl 
here  is  the  same  with  that  of  Lubeck.  It  is 
55  males  ke  of  Bremen,  and  53  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Elbe,  in  the  German  oceiiHa 
Lrn.  10  ! E,  lat.',55  40  n. 

I{a)iihurgky  a town  in  Burke  county, 
Pennsyiviu.bi,  oft  tire  e side  of  the  Sebu^i- 
kill,  To  'iT:ik'.s  nnw”  qf  Philadelphia.  ' 

JIamburjf  a to»vn  in  Sussex  county.  New 
Jersey,  20  miles  NE  of  Newtown,  and  60  ^'vr 
of  Newa  k: 

Hamden,  a town  in  Connecticut,  lYmilea 
sw  of  Middleton. 

B'avnslburg,  a town  in  the  principality  cj 
I Fulo.a,  seated  on  the  Saale,  15  miles  w'NW 
I of,  Schweinfurt;  ‘ ' ' 

! Hnmeiin,  c fortified  town  of  Germany,  iii 
I*  Lt)wei'  Saxony,  and  capital  of  a quarter  ia 
I the  principality  of  Calenberg,  to  which  i£ 
gives  name,  5jit'.jc<ied  on  the  Weser,  In  the 
town  there  are  about  600  houses  of  mer- 
chants and  tradesmen,  with  50  er^esiastical 
and  other  splendid  buildings.  'iSe  magis-' 
trates  are  possessed  of  the  civil  and  criminal 
jurisdiction.  It  has  manufactures  of  sitks, 
stufiV.,  and  stockings.  In' 1806,  the  fortress 
surrendered  to  the  French,  but  they  wera 
♦ixpeiled  in  1814.  It  is  25  miles  sw  cf 
Flanover.  Lon.  9 28  e,  lat.  52  JO  if. 

HA  MI.  a country  of  Chine;  e Tirtary, 
which  contains  only  one  city,  and  a few  vil- 
lages, situated  in  tlie  desert  of  Cobi.  It  is 
accounted  one  of  the  most  delighlful  coun-  ' 
ti'ics  in  tile  world.  Its  melons,  dried  raisins, 
rice,  and  fruits,  are  in  high  esteem  in  China, 
to  which  it  is  tributary.  The  capital  is  of 
the  same  name.  The  inhabitants  are  Maho- 
metan.s ; J040  miles  w by  n of  Peking. 
Lon.  95  44  e,  lat.  42  55  s. 
liamiUQHt  a town  in  the  county  of  jUa» 


HAM 

HJirV,  11  ipu(^  SE  of  Glasgow,  13^  NKW^of 
jLanark,  and  58  vvsw'of  Edinburgh.  Tiie 
town  is.  bandsoiijs,  though,  irregul.^rly  built, 
and  cjutained  in  ]81i,  6i55  inhahiiants  ; 
many  of  v^liom  are  weavers.  It  has  also 
iria..afactures,  of  leather,  saddles,  shoes,  la,ce, 
thread,  and  cdoinet-work,  which  last  is,  e^e* 
Cu'jed  in  a .very  masterly  manner.  The  town 
is  a borough  of  regality,  dependent  on  the 
duke  of  Ha.au’lkni,  whose  elegant  residence 
is  a tj.  -ring  to  it.  Its  elegant  church,  which 
is  colkgiaw,  stands  on  a fisitig  ground  above 
the  town.  The  surrounding  scenery  is  en- 
chanting. The  town  is  the  seat  ot  a presby- 
tery. The  parish  of  Hamilton  is  oheut  s'x 
miles  long,  and  nearly  the  same  brpacl  wa- 
tered by  the  Clyde  and  Avon.  The  lands 
are  all  arable,  and  highly  cultivated.  In  the 
parisri  are  found  coal,  limestone,  potter’s  and 
fuller’s  earth,  and  yellow  ochre. 

IIA?.IILTON,  a district  of  Tennesse, 
Comprehending  the  counties  of  Hawkins, 
Knox,  Jefferson,  Sevier,  and  Eloiint.  The 
chief  town  is  Knoxville,  the  capital  of  the 
state. 

Hamiilony  a town  in  Albany  county,  New 
York,  w ith  a manufacture  of  glass,  10  mlies 
WNw  of  Albany. 

Hamilton,  a town  in  a county  of 
name,  in  the  state  of  Ohio,  seated  oh  i-he 
Great  Miami,  has  a good  trade  wltli  the  set- 
tlors of  the  back  country  ; 30  miles  n of 
Cincinnati. 

Haniin,  a town  of  Arabia  Felix,  140  miles 
KdE  of  Kassek. 

Hamma,  a tovrn  in  the  kingdom  of  Tunis, 
Africa, . famous  for  its  baths,  12  miles  of 
Cahfes. 

Hammam,  a to'wn  in  the  kingdom  of  Tu- 
nis, Africa,  stands  near  a mountain  rich  'in 
lead  ore,  has  a celebrated  hot  bath,  and  is  16 
miles  s of  Tunis. 

Hammer,  a town  of  Norway,  government 
of  Aggcrhuysl  60  miles  kne  of  Christiania: 

Havimev  Island,  a an^aii  island  in  the  Bal- 
tic, Sweden,  four  mile^  e of  Carlscron. 

Hammersmith,  a ikrge  village  in  Midlle- 
eex,  on  the  Thames  four  miles  w of  Lon 
don.  Here  is  a boon3ing  tcnool  for  catholic 
young  ■ ladie%  which  being  in  part  under 
inonasiic  government,  is  calked  the  Nun 
uery.  One  maii-Mn,  npv/  occupied  as  an  ! 

smy,  v; us  for  some  yea^s  the- residence 
of  queer.  Cf.tberinLS,  ividuw  of  Charles  II. 
Jt  iv  adonied  wl  h,  many  clegsmt  * se?.is  and 
Villa?,. 

Hahiafifstmi,  o fortress  in  tlio  electorate 
of  German^,  on  the  Bkine>  o|>por.ite 

CpblerUz, 

Ilan.oazg,  a creek  in  the  English  chan- 
nel, connteting  the  Ta-nar  wish.  Plymouth 
£cur.-u.  It  is  capable  of  containing  siear  100 
la  deep  w'f* tor. 

hi  Jencrtrac’:'.  rfthe  Lower. 

'7  ... 


H A M 

Meuse,  Netlterlands,  15  milc^  w by  n'  o£ 
Riiremond,  and  06  N of  Liege. 

KAMPSFITRE.  otherwise  called  The 
Hants  shire,  and  SoLithamptou  shire.  Thir. 
is  one  of  the  n^ost  populous  and  rj^hest 
CQunSies  in  Epgimid  Tiv^  air  is  'jcutr’uy, 
and  the  s{»d  In  geaeval  fertile,  but  various% 
The  principal  productions  are.corn,  tiiubev, 
and  vvock  The  airinhcr  <-l’  sijeep  in  the 
county  is  estimated  at  350,000.  The  riant- 
ing  of  hops  has  of  lute  years  g-  e.  tiy  in- 
creased. Tjie  principal  rivers  are  the  fr  von, 
Test,  Itchen,,  and  Stour.  Tbv  c ojuty  is 
60  miles- in  Isogth,  30  lii  hfeudih,  .-.  W I v^O 
in  circumference,  divided  iofo  59  h .drej.s, 
and  253  parishes,  which  couiaiu  one  city., 
Winchester,  20  market  tpwos.  1062  v llages, 
38,345  houses,  and  219,656  iiibubitanh:.. 
The  towms  are  Southamp^>r:,  Parts  non tb,. 
Andover,  Christchurch,  Smckbiidge,  Lyr 
mington,  Pelc-rsfield,  Whilchurcli,  Gespoit, 
Basingstoke,  Alresfovd.  Alton,  Fa/ehmii, 
Plavant,  Kingsclere,  Odiham,  Wi^liham* 
Foi’dingbridge,  Roinsey,  and  Rliigwopd* 
without  reckoning  those  of  th^J  isle  o€ 
Wight;  the  first  eight,  with  Winebester, 
send  members  to  parliament,  to  whick 
adding  the  three  burghs  iu  the  isle  of  Wight;, 
and  two  for  the  qouniy,  26  menihs:.’'s  are  re- 
turned to  parliarnenU  Sain.IjAvam -n  is 
deemed  the,ccuoiy  .own,  out  the  ass'ses 
are  held  at  Vv  io.rhercer..  See  . Forest  and 

night  ^ 

■HAAtFSHIRE,  - NEW,  one  of  the 
United  Sutes;  being  about  .168  miles  ill 
lengih  from  n to  s,  and  from  10  to  90  ill 
bieadth.  The  legislative  . pevver  is  vested 
in  a senate  and  house  of  vepies&ntstiveST^ 
and  the  supreme  executive  authority  reside^) 
in  a govenor,  and-council  of  five  mwaibers. 
The  laud  near  the  sea  is  gt  ercvl ly  dar,  buS 
inland  niljly.  The  air  is  heal  hy  <nd  serene- 
The  soil. is  vaiious.  The  uncultivated  lands 
arc  covered,  wiib  extensive  /ore.sts  of  oaks, 
wahiuts,  cedar,  pine,  firs,  Slc  The  chief 
commodities  which  constitute  the  trade  of 
New  Hauipshive  are  timber,  masts,  yardv, 
spars, dumber,  provisions,  fish,  cattle,  pot  and 
pearl  ashes,  and  flax  seed.  Ships  are  bufit 
in.  viU  the  tav/ns  situalcd  on  the  river  iks- 
caiaquit*  'The,  bank  of  New  HLimpshM^ 
was  established  in^  1792,  withAa  capital: 
<'<f  60,000  dollars.  Eew  , Hampshire  "fs  • 
divided  into  five  count'es,  Cheshire,  Orditc^^ 
Hillbborct.gn,  Rockingham,  and  Staflur*?# 
The  irnmber  of  inhabitants  amount  to  about 
183.858.  The  cliiei  .towns  are  Portsnu>utii 
the  capital,  Exeter,  Concord,  Dover,  Du^  ^ 
Aiam,  Keen,  Charlestown,  Amherst,  Ilavef- 
hail,  'Hid  Plymouth^  T'i>e  river  Cornce-. 
ticut  foiuns  the  fine  of  separation  bela^evu 
-bis  state  and  that  of  Yer:<!ont. 

J{arizpste{F.,  a i...'ge  and  p'-.pulous  vi].'6|^ 

, in  M:ddl28€:sq  fcL-r  miles,  Niiw  cf  • 

' I.,-  . 

* '' 


HAN 

. ‘.nrjJs  on  the  side  of  a hill,  on  tvhose  top  is 
a line  heath,  conimanding  a delightful  pros- 
pect. In  the  vicinity  are  many  charming 
vdias.  It  was  once  celebrated  for  its  medi- 
cin^rl  waters. 

Hampsteadf  a town  of  New  Y^rk,  in 
Q,aeen*s  county,  Long  Island,  stands  in  a 
large  plain,  25?  miles  s by  s of  New  York, 

Hampton,  a village  in  Biiddlesex,  famous 
for  the  palace  called  Hampton  Court,  origi- 
nally built  in  great  magnificence  b}^  cardinal 
Wolsey,  who  gave  it  to  Henry  Vi  1 1.  The 
princigai  part  cf  the  old  palace  was  taken 
down  in  1690,  and  the  present  one  built  by 
William  III.  The  buildings,  gardens,  and 
parks,  are  four  miles  in  circumference. 

I/aifpion,  or  Minching  Ilamplon,  a town 
in  Gloucestershire,  with  a market  on  Tues- 
day, and  extensive  cloth  manufactures,  near 
the  Stroud  Canal ; 1 4 miles  s of  Gloucester, 
and  99  w of  London. 

Hampton,  a sea  port  town  of  Virginia,  in 
"Elisabetb.  county,  near  the  mouth  of  James 
nver,  24  miles  se  of  Williamsburg.  Lon. 
76  58  w,  lat.  57  5 N. 

Hampton,  a sea  port  of  New  Hampshire, 
on  a river  of  its  own  name,  in  Rockingham 
county,  stands  near  the  sea,  and  has  a canal 
to  Merrimac,  at  Salisbury,  14  miles  s by  w 
of  Portsmouth.  Lon.  *79  45  w,  lat.  42  55  n. 

Hanau,  a strong  town  in  Watteravia,  a 
fertile  country  in  Germany,  45  miles  in 
length,  and  15  wide.  It  is  divided  into  the 
Old  and  New  Town,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Kentzig,  near  its  junction  with  the  Maine. 
There  are  extensive  manufactures  cf  silk, 
wopllerjj  cotton,  porcelain,  &c.  but  the  great- 
est article  of  trade  consists  in  timber  brought 
down  the  Maine,  rough  and  cast  iron,  meal 
and  corn,  ^kvery  person  has  free  liberty  to 
trade  as  he  pleases  • 16  miles  ne  of  Darm- 
‘Stadt.  Lcn.  8 58  z,  lat.  50  10  n. 

Ilancoch,  a town  in  Washington  county, 
Maryland,  on  the  Potomac,  90  miles  NNvy 
Washington. 

llanda,  a small  inhpdnted  island  on  the  w 
coast  of  the  county  of  Sutherland,  sqjarafed 
from  the  mainland  by  a narrow  sound.  It 
is  a mile  square,  aifording  excellent  pasture 
for  a few  sheep.  Tiie  surface  aiccuds  gra- 
dually tow.nrds  the  x,  w’here  a perj)endtcular 
rock  of  Bo  or  ICO  Rthoms,  presents  its  face 
to  the  sea.  It  is  famous  for  the  immense 
number  and  great  variety  of  sea-fowl  that 
frernient  it  in  summer., 

Hang'  l^cJu'ou,  the  capital  of  tlie  province 
of  Tche-kiaog,  one  of  tim  richest  and  largest 
cities  of  China,  called  by  the  Cldm  .e.  the 
TcrreslriaL  Faradise,  and  said  to  cc  e. 
ird-Ilion  o»’ souls.  It  siands  b.ciiveen  a Icige 
basin,  that  forms  the  s excremity  of  the  giarji;i 
canal,  and  a small  lake,  culled  See-ima  ; I.;.s 
extensive  shops  and  wa.  ebou-ses,  aiul  an  ex- 
it us- vo  trade  in  silks,  died  cottons,  nankeens, 
i-'ce,  ern-d  ctLci^  g:■au^^  it  is. the  gtueul  em- 


H A N 

nomim  of  all  the  articles  that  lie  betweesa 
the  northern  and  southern  provinces;  700 
miles  s by  E of  Peking.  Lon.  220  20  z, 
lat.  50  20  N. 

Ha?ig  Tchong,  a city  of  the  first  rank  in 
the  province  of  Chen-si,  China,  on  the  river 
Han,  in  a fertile  country,  surrounced  by 
mountains  and  forests  Honey,  w'ax,  musk, 
and  cinnabar,  form  tfie  chief  articles  of  trade; 
625  miles  sw  of  Peking.  Lon.  106  35  e, 
lat.  32  58  N, 

Hanover,  a fortified  city  in  Lower  Saxony, 
capital  of  the  electorate  of  its  name.  The 
palace  and  elegant  gardens  of  Plerenhausen 
are  in  its  vicinity.  It  contains  about  1200 
houses,  among  which  are  several  very  large 
and  handsome  buildings.  The  inbabitanti 
are  estimated  at  upwards  of  15,000,  and  ma- 
nufacture lace,  studs,  stockings,  ribbons,  (Sec, 
Tne  French  took  it  in  1757,  but  w'ere  soon 
expelled.  They  took  it  again,  in  1803,  and 
retained  it  till  the  overthrow  of  Bonaparte^l 
in  1814.  It  stands  on  both  sides  of  the 
Leine,  38  miles  w by  n of  Brunswick.  Lon, 
9 48  E,  lat.  52  22  n. 

HANOVER,  an  electorate  of  Germany, 
coritaining  the  duchies  of  Zell,  Saxe-Lai>en- 
I burg,  Bremen,  Luneburg,  the  principalities 
of  Calenbe/g,  Verden,  Grubenhagen,  Diep- 
holz,  Hoya,  and  Obervval.  George  I.  cf 
Great  Britain,  was  the  first  who  obtained 
possession  of  all  these  states  w'hich  lie  mostly 
between  the  rivers  Weser  and  Elbe,  and  ex- 
tend 200  miles  in  length,  the  breadth  is  va- 
rious, being  in  some  places  150,  and  in 
others  but  50  miles.  The  chief  produce  of 
the  country  is  timber,  cattle,  hogs,  mum, 
beer,  and  bacon,  a iieile  silver,  copper,  lead, 
iren,  vitriol,  limestonei  quicksilver,  and  cop- 
peras. All  these  territories  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  French  in  1 SC3,  but  at  the 
peace  of  Paris,  in  1814,  reverted  to  king 
George  III.  cf  Great  Britain. 

Hanover,  a town  in  York  county,  Penn- 
sylvania, 14  miles  sw  of  York,  and  106  w by 
s of  Philadelphia. 

. Hanover,  a town  and  county  in  Virginia, 
on  the  Pamiink)',  the  s branch  of  York  river, 
22  miles  hke  of  Richmond. 

Hanover,  a town  of  New  Hampshire,  ii| 
Grattan  county,  E.bank  of  tlie  Connecticut 
Dartmouth  cc.Iege,  one  of  the*  most  cele- 
brated seminaries  in  tlie  United  Slates,  stands 
three  miles  to  the  s;  32  miles  n of  Charles- 
town, and  ICO  kw  cf  Portsmoalh.  Lon. 
72  25  w,  lat.  43  46  n. 

HANOVER,  New,  a large  island  in  the 
PaciiV  ocean,  oppo'iic  to  the  kw  extremity 
of  New  Irelacd.  Thedand  is  elevated,  and 
covered  with  fine  plantations. 

Hansnn.  See  Turon, 

Hansbacli,  a town  of  Bohemia,  in 
circle  of  Leiiraeritz,  with  maniifaciurcs  of 
coitoij,  thivad,  aud  paper;  iS.wiiefi  w cl* 
Kumnitz. 


H A R 

TTansfildeUf  a town  ki  Stiria,  Germany, 
eight  miles  nnw  of  Judanburg. 

Hanuyc,  a town  of  Erabact,  Netherlands, 
on  the  borders  of  Leige  and  Namur,  25 
miles  NNE  of  the  latter. 

Han-  Yang,  a city  of  the  first  rank,  In  the 
province  of  Hoii-qiiang,  China,  stands  at  the 
'Junction  of  the  Xian  and  XCianku,  587  miles 
w of  I’ekin.  Eon.  44  e,  lat.  oO  36  n. 

HAPAEE,  four  of  the  Friendly  islands, 
in  the  S l^acrfic  ocean.  They  are  of  similar 
height  and  appearance,  fertile  and  well  cul- 
liva"ted,  and  the  inhabitants  hospitable.  These 
islands  extend  from  N to  s about  19  miles. 

HapsaU  a town  in  the  government  of  Re- 
vel, Russia,  on  the  Baltic,  opposite  Dago, 
five  miles  sw  of  Revel. 

Hapshurg^  an  ancient  castle,  seated  on  a 
lofty  eminence,  near  Schintznach,  Swisser- 
land.  This  castle  was  the  residence  of  the 
ancestors  of  the  house  of  Austria.  In  the 
beginning  of  the  13th  century,  Rodolph 
count  of  ITapsburg,  was  elevated  to  the  em- 
pire of  Germany,  and  archduchy  of  Austria. 
The  remains  of  this  castle  now  accommodate 
the  family  ^if  a peasant. 

Harany  or  Charany  a town  in  Diarbeck, 
Asiatic  Turkey,  the  ancient  Laban  of  scrip- 
ture. Thither  Crassus  retired  after  his  de- 
feat by  the  Parthians,  and  not  far  from  it  he 
was  killed  ,*  25  miles  it:  by  s of  Orfa. 

HarhoUley  a castle  now  in  ruins,  seated  on 
a manor  of  its  name,  Northumberland,  once 
a strong  fortress,  and  for  a time,  the  residence 
of  queen  Margaret,  dov/ager  of  James  V.  of 
Scotland 

Harboroughy  a town  of  Leicestershire, 
with  a weekly'  market  on  Tuesday,  seated 
on  the  Welland.  The  inhabitants  manufac- 
ture tammies  and  lastings.  It  gives  title  of 
earl  to  the  family  of  Sherard.  Ils  fairs  are 
April  20th,  and  Octr.  19th,  and  have  been 
long  famous  for  excellent  horses  and  colts. 
It  has  a heat  market-house,  a chapel,  and  a 
free-schocl.  It  is  15  miles  s of  Leicester, 
•nd  83  N by  w of  London. 

Harburgy  a town  of  Lower  Sr.zony,  duchy 
of  Luneburg,  has  a strong  castle,  and  manu- 
factures of  silks,  stockings,  wax,  and  tobac- 
co, also  an  extensive  trade  in  timber  with 
Holland,  In  1757,  it  was  taken  by  the 
French,  but  retaken  the  same  year  by  the 
Hanoverians.  It  stands  on  the  Seeve  at  its 
influx  into  the  Elbe,  opposite  Hamburg,  37 
miles  Nw  of  Luneburg.  Lon.  10  2 e,  lat, 
53.  28  N. 

Harcourty  a town  in  the  departmer^t  of 
Calvados,  France,  12  miles  s by  w'  of  Caen. 

Harcourty  a town  in  the  department  of 
Eure,  France,  15  miles  wnw'  of  Evreux. 

Hardbergy  a town  in  Stiria,  Germany,  12 
nliies  ssw  of  Friedburg. 

Hardegseiiy  a town  in  Lower  Saxony, 
'ftdth  a 'considerable  manufacture  of  9 
iO  milss  Kw  of  GoilIng?ni 


H A R 

I Hai^dehauseuy  a town  in  IVcstphalia,  five 
miles  NVf  of  Warburg. 

Hardenbergy  a town  of  Westphalia,  duchy 
of  Berg,  13  miles  ene  of  Dusseldorp. 

Hardenhurgy  a town  in  Overissel,  Hol- 
land, on  the  Vecht,  IG  miles  sw  of  Covoer- 
den. 

Harderiiiyck,  a fortified  town  in  Guelder- 
land,  Holland,  has  an  university,  and  a trade 
in  wcod  and  corn ; stands  on  the  Zuydec 
Zee,  24  miles  kne  of  Arnheim.  Lon.  S 
39  E,  lat.  52  22  n. 

Harduleheny  a town  in  Upper  Saxony,  two 
miles  N of  Buttstadt. 

Hardwick,  a town  in  Georgia,  United 
States,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ogeeche,  18 
miles  ssw  of  Savanna. 

Hare,  an  island  near  the  coast  of  Norw^ay, 
20  miles  in  circumference.  Lon.  6 33  1^/ 
lat.  62  20  N. 

Harewoody  a handsome  village  in  W York- 
shire, seated  on  the  wharf,  over  which  it 
a costly  stone  bridge  of  1 1 arches,  five  milcfS 
w of  Wetherby,  and  eight  n of  Leeds.  Hera 
are  the  remains  of  an  ancient  castle,  and  in 
the  church  is  the  monument  of  lord  chief 
justice  Gascoign,  wdio  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
IV.  committed  Henry  prince  of  Wales  to 
prison  for  striking  him  on  the  bench,  while 
he  sat  administering  justice.  Near  it  is 
Hare  wood  House,  the  elegant  seat  of  lord 
Harewood. 

Harfleur,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Lower  Seine,  France,  seated  on  a small  river 
near  the  mouih  of  the  Seine.  Its  harbour 
is  nearly  choked  up,  and  its  fortifications 
have  been  long  demolished.  It  is  36  miles 
Nvv  ohRoue.0,  Lon.  0 19  e,  lat.  49  32  n. 

Harford,  a town  of  Maryland,  in  a county 
of  the  same  name,  on  Bush  river,  25  miles 
ENE  of  Baltimore. 

Harihara,  a town  of  Mysore,  Hindoostr.n, 
seated  on  the  e side  dP'the-:  Tonga- bhadroj 
which  is  hero  the  boundary  betiyeeh  Mysore 
and  the  Mahrattas.  In  the  f»rt  is  a cele- 
brated temple.  Cotton  thread  is  manufac- 
factured  in  the  vicinity  ; 64  miles  ne  of  NaJ 
gara 

HARJEDALEN,  a province  of  Sweden, 
100  miles  in  length,  and  fr;>m  40  to  50  ia 
breadth.  It  abounds  in  mines  and  woods. 
Its  pastures  are  excellent.  Its  rivers  and 
lakes  abound  with  fish. 

HarlebecJc,  a town  of  Flanders,  on  the 
Lis,  three  miles  ne  of  Courtray. 

Harlech,  or  Harleich,  a town  in  Merion- 
ethshire, Wales,  w’ith  a market  on  S^turdriy. , 
Its  castle,  built  by  Edward  1.  on  a rock  pro- 
jecthig  into  St  George’s  channel,  is  almost 
entire.  In  1647,  this  castie  held  out  for  the' 
king  after  every  other  place  in  Wales  had 
submitted.  The  town  is  governed  by  a mayor, 
&c.  26  miles  se  of  Carnarvon,  avA  231 
of  London.  I. on.  4 6 w,  lat.  52  y4  N, 

' v-v*  Haerle?ny 

I 2 

. 


H AU 


H A R 


ITarleston,  a town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
Iharket -i  Wednesday,  stands,  on  the  Wave- 
itay,.  >‘6  vaiies  s of  Norwich,  and  99  ne  of 
XiOndv.^-  ' • 

■ liarling.  a town-  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
ttiai.  -ton  Tacvday,  chiefiy  for  linen,  and 
linen  yarn  ; 1^4  miles  sw  of  Norwich,  end 
8^9  NE  of  X^ondon. 

‘ Harlingen,  a iorti*ieS  sea  port  town  in 
Boilar.d,  next  to  Lewarden  in 
cjxUnt  and  p.>pula<iori.  The  chief  trade 
consists  in  making  sails,  m irapdrting  and 
c^xpoitiag  cbyn,.  pitch,  tar.  fir  trees,  tind 
deals;  and  a mtni  f efure  of  paper.  It 
stands  oil  ‘ th6  Zuidt^f  2ee,  and  is  Id  miles 
\v  of  I^ewardeii.  Lon.  5 23  e,  iat,  53 
11  N> 

Harlow^  a town  in  Essex.  On  a com- 
mon, tw:,  miles  from  the  tewm,  a famous 
anii.iaV  edr  is  bpld  on  the  9th  of  Septeriirie;- 
called  Bci/low'  Bush  Fair,  much  frequented 
by  viQ  neighbouring  <i,cmry ; seven  miles 
Ifw  Gi  Or  gar,  and  23  Nj?  of  London. 

Harmony^  a foWn  of  Pennsylvania,  Unit- 
ed States,  Lucerne  comity,  stands  on  the  n 
side  ef  StaruCca  Creek,  a water  of  the  e 
braiich  of  the  Susqnehenna ; 150  miles 
'jkw  of  New  York,  and  140  n by  w of  Phi- 
ladelphia. 

Haroy  a town  in  Old  Castile,  Spain,  on 
the  Ebio,  in  a fertile  country ; 23  miles  ne 
of  Burges. 

Harper Hjieldy  a town  of  New  York,  in 
Olseg:  county ; 32  miles  ne  of  Coopers- 
town,  and  62  w of  Hudson. 

' Harponellp,  the  capital  of  a district  of  | 
the  iunie  name,  in  the  Mysore  country, 
allolted  to  thn  Mahrattas,  upon  the  con- 
quest of  Tippoo  Suib  in  1799  It  is  76 
ihiies  nne  of  Nagara.  Lon.  75  28  e,  lat. 
34  40  N.  * 

’’  H o rnp,  a parish  of  Poipona,  in  Orkney, 
united  to  the  parish  r.f  Blrsay,  containing  .i 
*^out  90  squi.e  rhiles.  The  soil  is  various. 
See  Hirst  ip  I 

* H^rringfon,  a village  Imd*'  sea  port  of  i 
Cum.-erland,  on  a creek  of  the  Irish  sea,  > 
vessels  of  120  tons  burden  can  coihc  up  ta  ;j 
the  houses.  Coal  lime.'  iron-stone,  and  fire  ■! 
day,  are  exported  to  Srdtland  and  Ireland ; 
dx  (i  i?»  N of  V/bio  iviven,  and  eight  wsw  i 
Cif  C-  keriiiruth. 

Harrington,  a totrn  of  the  district  of 
M.:i(  e,-  in  Linco-n  county,  on  t ■ e \v  s'de  of  jj 
Ko'  "'t;  ec  liver,  which  Wiii  here  admit  ' 
V ease’s  .jf  iOO  tons  The-  coi  ..y  couiLs  i 
rre  held 'altematciy  i.ere,  and  at  V/iocasscl.  ! 
It  uinics  on  a foisk  trade  with  the  back  j! 
cou'"h-y,  and  is  30  miles  n by  w or  vYis-  i 
itsset.  j 

H rrwrponr,  a toW  n fn  Orissa,  Hindoos-  j 
t’.ii,  capital  of  Molmrbunge,  108  miles  nne  | 
Catux’;,  and  120  wsw' of  Calcutta.  Lon.  j 
G6  46  E,  IrtL'y*! n.  • j 

IiarnorpQur^  a town  of  Napairi,  • in  n' 


tomtory  of  Mocaumpeur,  on  the  Bogmutty^ 
27  mdes  ese  of  Mccaumpour. 

Harris^  c r HarHes,  a peninsula  of  Scot- 
land, joined  to  the  island  of  Lewis  by  a 
narrow  isthmus,  Ixs  extreme  length  is 
about  25  or*  26  miles,  is  extremely  various; 
the  country  being  intersected  by  severe 
arras  of  -the  sea,  but  it  generally  extends 
frem  six  to  eight  mile&  The  country  is 
wild,  and  in  general  uncultivated.  The  in- 
hab»tanls  with  difficulty  cultivate  a few  oats, 
barley,  and  potatoes.  The  two  fc  rmer  they 
grind  in  hand  mills  or  querns.  The  horses, 
black  cattle,  sheep,  ana  goats  aio  small. 
There  is  plenty  of  game,  and  the  lochs  and 
bays  on  tbe^cr-ast  abound  with  fish,  Tho 
vail  es  contain  tolerable  pasturage.  Tiiii 
pe.rittsula  gives  name  to  a district  of  the 
Hebrides,  comprehending  the  southern  part 
ot  Lewis,  and  ihe  small  islands  which  sur- 
round it,  of  wj?ich  Bernersay,  Calligray, 
Ensay,  Pabbay,  Taransay,  Scalpay,  and 
Scarp,  only  are  inhabited,  besides  a vast 
number  of  pasture  and  keep  isles,  holms, 
and  high  rocks,  which  are  also  distinguished 
by  particular  names.  There  are  seven 
places  of  v^orship  in  occasional  use,  a paro- 
chial. and  a society  school.  The  language 
is  Gaelic  wdtbout  any  mixture  of  Danish. 
Fopiilation  of  Harris  and  its  islands  is 
about  2996 


Harris  Sound,  a mavigable  channel,  be- 
tween the  islands  of  Harriis  and  North  Uist; 
nine  miles  in  length,  and  as  many  in 
brcadih.  It  is  ihe  only  passage  for  vessels 
of  burden  passing  from  tlie  e to  the  w sicie 
of  that  long  cluster  of' islands  called  the 
Long  Island. 

Harrisioten,  a borough  of  Ireland,  seated 
in  a district  of  King’s  county,  insiilated  by 
that  of  Kildare.  Though  it  now  consists 
of  one  solitary  house,  beh^re  ibe  late  union, 
it  sent  two  members  to  the  Irish  parliament  ; 
12  miles  E by  s of  Kildare. 

^Hc.rrishurgh,  the  capital  of  Dsuphin 


■Cvun^y,  Pennsylvania^  st.'^mds  on  the  e bank, 
o'f  the  Susquoh-iniia,  86  miles  w by  n of 
Poiladeh  Ida.  Lon.  76  55  w,  lat.  40  15  N. 

Harr(KlsbHrgJi,  a town  ir^  Kentucky, 
Mercer  county,  iicad  of  Salt  river,  SO  miles 
s by  w of  Frankfort. 


Harrow,  a fine  village  in  Middleseex, 
buiil  on  the  highest  bill  in  the  county. 
Ileie  IS  a celebraied  free  school,  founded  in 


the  reign  ofqueerr  Eiisal.t'th,  by  John  Lyon, 
of  this  paiisi).  The  scholars  shoot  for  £> 
silver  arrow  annually  on  the  fourth  of 
Ar.gust.  'The  hill  is  adorned  with  elegant 
villas  and  seats.  One  mansion  is  said  to 
have’  been  in  possession  of  the  family  cf 
Pflire,  since  1544.  It  is  10  miles  wnw  of 
Londf-'U.  ' 


Horroingate,  a village  in  West  Yorkshire, 
disut.guislitd  Into  High  and  Low,  and  ce- 
lebrated for . its  medicinal  springe,  one  of 


H A R 

which  h the  strongest  sulphur  wate^  in 
Great  Britain.  Here  are  several  extensive 
buiidings,  and  a theatre,  &c.  for  the  erccm' 
inodaiion  and  amusement  of  those  who  re- 
sort to  thii.  pkce  for  the  benefit  of  the 
water ; two  miles  w of  Naresborough,  and 
Sll  N by  w of  London. 

Ilarso,  a small  island  in  the  Baltic.  Lon. 
17  16  E lat.  58  44  n. 

Harten  stein,  a town  in  Upper  Sax  cry. 
end  lordship  of  Schonbnrg,  Germany,  with 
s castle,  six  miles  ss  of  Zwickau. 

Harijeh  a mountain  in  the  parish  of 
Moffat,  on  the  top  of  which  is  a spacious 
plain,  2,532  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea, 
and  noted  for  the  mineral  spring  called 
Hartfel  Spaw,  which  is  a sovereign  lemedy 
in  complaints  of  the  stomach  to  d bor/els, 
in  diseases  peculiar  to  the  fair  sex,  and  for 
ulcers  and  cutaneous  eruptions. 

Harifordf  in  Connecticut,  the  chief  town 
of  a county  of  the  same  name,  seated  on  the 
w side  of  the  Connecticut,  50  miles  from 
the  sea.  Here  is  held  the  halt  yearly  as- 
sembly in  May.  The  iiihaLritavits  eagerly 
engage  iHrnifKnufactr, res. 

Hartjbrd,  East,  is  on  the  e side  of  the 
Connecticut,  opposite  to  the  preceding  town. 
It  has  some  considerable  iron  and  glass 
works.  The  city  is  divided  by  a small 
stream,  v/ith  sleep  banks,  over  which  is  a 
bridge,  and  the  streets  cross  each  otlier  at 
right  angles;  SO  ihiles  nne  of  Newhaven. 
Lon.  72  55  w,  lat.  41  50  n. 

Hartford,- New,  a town  in  Lichfield  coun- 
Connecticut,  J4  miles,  me  of  Lichfield. 

Hartland,  a town  in  Devonshire.  It 
gives  name  to  the  hundred,  and  has  a 
market  on  Saturday  ; stands  near  the 
Biistoi  Channel,  and  a promontory  called 
Hartland  Point,  in  the  vicinity  is  Hart- 
land  abt';ey.  Hartland  is  14  miles  w of 
Liddeford,  2S  wsvr  of  Barnstaple,  and  214 
\v  by  s (it  London.  , 

EartHpool,  a town  on  the  k coast  of  Dur- 
ham, with  a good  harbour.  It  is  situated 
en  a promontory  almost  surrounde.!  by  the 
Overman  ocean.  It  is  a.  considerable  fishing 
tovvu.  Coal  and  lime  are  the  principal  ex- 
ports. It  is  a corporation  town,  governed 
by  a iuaycr  and  aldermen.  It  has  a weekly 
niark<::t  on  Suturday,  It  is  12  miles  mne  of 
Blcclaon,  ] 6 lii  of  Durham,  and  258  k by 
w of  London.  Lon.  0 54  w.  lat.  54  41  n. 

Hartley,  a sea  port  on  the'  e coksI  of 
Northumberlard,  a little  mw  of  Tynemouth. 
A canal  is  cut  through  a solid  rock  to  the 
harbour;  abundance  of  coal  is  exported, 
and  here  are  large  salt,  coperas,  and  glass 
works.  It  is  12  miles  me  of  Newcastle 
upon  Tybe. 

Hartz^etode,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
«hd  principality  of  Anhalt  Bernburg,  situ- 
• ated  near  the  Hartz  mountains,  which  coU- 
lasia  iidi  ntiae*  of  aiiver,  capper,  lead,  {Kid  • 


HAS 

] iron.  , It  has  a castle  and  a mine  office  5 
I 25  miles  sw  of  Bernberg.  Lon.  11  22  e, 
lat  51  46  N. 

I HARVEY’S  ISLAND,  atvisland  in  the 
S Pacific  ocean,  comixised  of  three  or  four 
j small  islands,  the  whole  about  20  miles  in 
circumference.  Lon.  158  48  w,  lat.  19  18  s, 

Harwich,  a sea  port  and  borough  in 
Essex,  situated  ?it  the  confiux  of  the  Stour 
and  Orwell.  It  is  nor  i.^;  ge,  but  populous  ; 
and  beirg  the  clnef  port  for  packets  to 
i I-]ol];o:d,  is  a piace  of  co  nsiderable  trade. 

! many  vessejs  are  employed  in  the  N sea 
!j  fisbeiy  The  harbour,  independent  of  the 
I bay,  is  safe  and  •'oi;veiiie>' t and  is  defended 
by  Languard  fert  and  biutery.  There  is 
very  good  deck- yard  tor  huiloing  shifi^s.  ft 
sends  two  members  to  parliament;  and  is 
I governed  by  a mayor  and  aldermen.  Thm. 

1 are  two  markets  weekly,  on  Tuesday  and 
i Friday.  It  is  4 -:  miles  e by  n of  Cheims- 
I lord,  and  72  ene  of  London.  Lon  1 18 
I lat.  52  1 1 N. 

Harwich,  a town  of  Massachusetts,  Barn- 
staple county,  on  the  m side  of  the  peninsula 
of  Cape  Code  The  fishery  is  the  principal 
ina^'itime  trade;  12  miles  me  of  Barnstaple, 

Haruington,  a town  of  Connecticut, 
Lichfield  county,  eight  miles  e of  Lich- 
field. 

Has,  a town  in  the  province  of  Yemeni 
Arabia  Felix,  40  miles  m of  Mocha, 

Haseloe,  a small  island  of  Denmark,  ia 
the  Cattegate.  Lon.  1 i 45  e,  lat  56  11  M. 

Hasina,  a fert  and  towm  in  Mysore, 
j Hindoostan,  with  a central  battery ; 47 
1 miles  MW  of  Senngapatam. 

I ' Ha  si  emere,  a small  but  ancieht  towm  in 
! Surrey.  It  is  a burgh,  and  sends  two 
members  to  parliament.  It  has  a weekly 
market  on  Tuesday,  and  twm  annual  fairs 
May  12th,  and  September  25tb.  It  in  said 
once  to  have  had  seven  churches,  aitjiougli 
it  has  no\v  only  one.  It  lies  12  nriiles  sw 
of  Guildford,  and  42  of  London; 
j HasUngden,  a town  in  Lancashire,  with  a 
I market  on  Wednesday.  It  has  400  inha- 
bitants, who  have  some  manufactures  of 
woollen  and  cotton.  The  town  is  16  miles 
N by  w of  Manchester,  ajid  204  mmw'  of 
London. 

j JIaiselt,  a town  in  the  dipa?tment  of 
I Ourte,  in  the  territory  of  Liege,  Ncther- 
! Ismds,  st.'inds  on  the  Demsr.  it  .*3  1 4 mika 
MW  of  Moestneht. 

Ilaeseli,  a fortified  tpwm  in  the  late  re- 
publican depanmentj'of  Yces^:,  Ilolla.nd,  o» 
•the  Veebt,  six  miles  n of  a. id  iO  e of 

Campen. 

Hassfurt,  a town  of  Fiunccida,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Wurfzhurgh,  on  the  river 
Maine,  8 miles  e of  ochweltifus  'V 

Ilasslach,  a town  of  Suabia,  in  the  BrL-  ' 
gaii,  cri  the  iivCr  KUyLxig,  i 4 iniitis  SSE  iof 
j Gerxgenback,  - 


HAT 

j^aslenhecf:,  a town  in  Loir^ir  Saxony," 
Duchy  of  Eruapwici:.  Here,  in  1757,  the 
duke  of  Cumberland  was  defeated  by  the 
FrvencU.  It  is  5 miles  se  of  Hamel n. 

Hastings,  a town  of  Sussex,  and  the  first 
of  those  called  the  Cinque  Forts.  Stands 
between  a high  c-'lr  towards  the  sea.  and  a 
high  hill  on  the  laud  side,  with  a castle  in 
I'uins.  The  harbour,  formerly  of  consider- 
able cchsequence,  is  now  an  indifibrent  road 
for  small  vesae’s.  H -swings  contains  2 pa» 
ndies,  but  only  two  churches.  The  numbe:; 
of  inhabitants,  is  about  ;400O.  This  part  re- 
cjeived  charters  from  Edward  the  Ccafcsuor, 
William  L Ci-.arles  II.  and  several  other  of 
cur  kings,  and  has  sCr.t  members  to  parlia- 
ment ever  since  the  reign  of  Edward  III. 
There  is  a considerable  fishery  carried  on 
here.  Hastings  is  much  resorted  to  for  eea- 
balijing,  and  it  has  markets  ^rcekly,  on  khed- 
resday  and  Saturday.  It  is  /.yoverned  by  a 
mayor,  and  1 2 jurats,  %vba  v/idi  the  freemen 
resident,  eEct  2 Tnembers  of  parl'ament. 
Ha'siii'i’gs  is  fhmous  as  the  scene  of  a bloody 
laaul.e  fought,  in  I0G6,  herween  William 
Duke  pf  Normandy,  and  Harold  II.  of  Eog- 
land,  ill  whidi  the  latter  after  GO'OOO  of  his 
troops  had  fallen,  lost  b's  hfe,  when  all  Seg- 
iand  'submitted  to  Vfihiam,  vrho  had  ever 
aVtcrwards  the  name  of  the  Conqueror,  was 
GOon  after  crowned  king  of  England,  and 
introduced  a new  era  into  the  annals  of  the 
country.  It  is  24  miles  e of  Lewis,  40  e of 
JBrightlfGlnistone,  and  64  se  of  London. 

Hatfield,  Or  Bishop's  Hatfield,  a town  in 
the  county  of  Herts.  It.  takes  the  latter 
liame  from  having  once  belonged  to  the  bi- 
thops  of  Ely,  v/ho  had  a palace  here,  which, 
with  the  manor,  became  alienated  to  the 
crowm  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  wIjo 
occasionally  resided  here,  and  w'as  conducted 
hence  to  be  crowned  at  London.  Hatfield 
house,  built  by  Sir  Robert  Cecil,  afterw^ards 
Earl  of  Salisbury,  still  belongs  to  that  fa- 
mily. A v/eeldy  mmket  is  held  on  Thurs- 
day. It  is  situated  on  the  liver  Lea,  20 
miles  NNvv  of  London. 

Hatfield,  a town  in  Massachussets,  Hamp- 
shire caun-}',  w side  of  ihe  Connecticut,  be- 
tween  V.  hitit  and  Hadley  tliere  is  a ferry,  4 
miles  s X) to  livid,  and  5 x of  N.,nh.ampton. 

HafirUl  Broad  OB:,  or  King's  Ha  field,  a 
town  in  E*' sex,  has  a niavket  oa  SaUirday, 
and  a fair,  August  5th.  It  is  29  miUs  kne 
oi  Lon.l  ;ii 

Hatherkj, ..  cerporato  tbw'n  ia  P vensHre, 
seated  near  che  riv-.r  Oko,  with  a consider 
able  w^i.okcu  manuiacta.a'.  it  has  - markets 
weekly,  on  Ta.. ;A:ay  and  Eriday.  It  is  26 
iniles  Nav  of  Excicr,  and  201  w by  s ol'  Lou- 
don. 

Hailcm,  a f.owv',  fn  tjie  l.nie  ropubliv’aii 
department,  of  V >1,  \ 'l  '.  Lad.  It  is  situ- 
ated on  f.he  > ew  cf  Ew'cll  and 

15  N of  Ecveiitwr. 


H A t 

&t£ems,  a cape  on  the  coast  of  h Ams* 
rica.  It  extends  far  into  the  oceatq  from 
the  coast  of  n Carolina,  in  lat  35  15  n. 

Hatiingen,  a town  in  Westphalia,  in  the 
county  of  Mark,  seated  on  the  Rocr,  17 
railes  ENE  of  Dusseldorp. 

Hatvan,  a town  and  fort  of  Upper  Hun- 
gary, on  a mountain,  20  miles  ene  of  Bada, 

Hv.tfieUl,  a town  and  castle  in  theprinci- 
paltry  of  Upper  Hesse,  Germany,  capital  of 
a county  of  its  name,  situated  on  the  Eder, 
17  miles,  enw  of  Marburg,  and  56  swof 
Cass  el  0 

licwannak,  a city  and  sea-port  of  the  H- 
land  of  Cuba,  2 miles  in  circumference,  and 
capital  o?  the  island.,  silu.ated  on  the  n coast, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Lagidu.  Ti.e  har- 
bour is  capable  cf  conianiing,  commodmusly^ 
iOGO  ships,  'ihe  entrance  into  a.'c  h.ivbour 
IS,  how’ever,  extremely  narrow,  ?iT.id  difficult 
of  access;  it  is  fortified  stron gry  wuh  plat- 
forin?..  v'orks,  anr?  artillery,  and  2 funs  called^ 
the  ivloro  and  fefie  FunUiL  In  the  harbour 
of  tiie  llavannah,  the  Spanish  galleons  and 
ilma,  contaia.sng  ail  rbeir  American  trsa-- 
sure?,,  acevanble,  and  saillram  thence  to  Eu» 
rope.  Tlie  Havannah  ceiitcins  i I churches-' 
and  monasteries:  'Tha  juvisdiction  of  the 
town  cxiends  to  half  the^  island;  the  other 
half  beloiigs  to  St  Jago  T/iis  city  was  taken- 
by  the  Eugiisb  in  1762,  and  restored- to  the 
Spaniards  next  year’'*  In  181 0,  it  suffered 
severely  by  a huiTicane  succeeded  by  an 
earthquake.  Lon.  S2  18  w,  lat  23  12  n. 

Havant,  a to’wii  in  Kants,  containing 
about  500  houses,  market  on  Saturday.  Ik 
13  7 miles  ne  of  Portsmouth,  and  66  w by  s 
of  London. 

Havelberg-,  a town  in  Upper  Saxony,  and 
Mark  of  Fregnitz,  situated  on  the  Havel, 
wiiich  sLirrcimds  and  forms  i:  into  an  island. 
Many  vessels  for  the  navigation  of  the  Elbe 
are  built  here,  and  great  quantities,  of  wood 
are  sent  from  hence  to  Hamburgh.  It  is  1 Q 
miles  KNB  of  Stendal,  and  57  ^«w  of  Bran- 
denburg. 

Havenslein,  a towm  in  Suabia,  capital  of  Q 
country  to  which  it  gives  name.  The  coun- 
try contains  rich  mines  of  iron,  and  is  di-  ■ 
vided  into  8 communities.  The  town  is  si- 
tuated near  the  Rhine,  13  milt's  nw  of  Bol- 
den. 

Haverford,  VA'sf,  a burgh  of  S Wales, " 
in  Pornbr:  keshire  situaled  on  the  rive^ 
Dc.Ujr^letiy,  which  soon  after  rn-ers  a creek ^ 
of  Mcifoi  dhaven.  It  is  a county  of  itself,  ' 
and  is  governed  by  a niaym*,  common  coun- 
cil, sheriff,  dc.  and  scirds  one  member  to 
pcrliairicpt.  It  lies  on  toe  side  of  a hill,  and 
consists  of  29  streets.  Toe  houses  are  allof 
s'ojue,  and  the  inhabitants  are  computed  at  ^ 
about  5500.  It  has  5 parish  churches,  and 
cons  derabic  trade.  The  county  gaol  and 
as  izw'S'  are  kept  here.  Its  ancient  wall  and  . 
castle  are  now  demolished,  Xhewer  is 


>igable  for  ships  of  burden  ; and  there  is  a | 
ccinmodious  quay  for  landing  goods,  and  a ; 
custom-house ; two  markets  weekly,  on 
Tuesday  and  Saturday,  are  well  supplied 
with  provisions,  it  is  15  miles  ese  of  St 
David.  52  w of  Caermarthaii,  and  255  w by 
N of  London.  Lou.  5 0 w,  lat.  51  5p  n. 

Haverhflly  a pest  town  in  Bqw  rlamp- 
sbire,  and  capital  of  Grafton  county,  situated 
on  the  E side  of  Connecticut  river.  It  is  32 
miles  N by  e of  Hanover,  and  iiO  wnw  of 
Portland. 

a handsome  post- town  in  Essex 
county,  Massach assets,  situated  on  |;he  k side 
of  Hfcirimack  river,  across  which  is  an  ele- 
gant bridge,  connecting  this  town  v;iih  Brcd- 
ferd.  Some  vessels  are  built  here,  and  It  has 
a inanufaciuie  of  Canvass.  It  is  about  12 
miles  from  Newbury  Port,  and  52  ww  of 
Boston. 

Ilaverili  a town  situated  partly  In  Suf- 
folk, aud  partly  in  Essex,  with,  a rnaiket  on 
Wednesday,  aud  a maivuracture  of  checks, 
coUons,  and  fustisns.  it  is  16  iHles  sv/  of 
Buiy,  and  59  ne  of  London. 

Jlaversa-^r  a small  island  near  the  vr  coast 
of  tlie  island  of  Skye. 

Hdvra  ds  Grace^:  a sea-port  in  tlie  depart- 
ment cf  the  Lower  Seine,  France,  with  a 
strong  citadel,  a good  arsenal,  end  store- 
houses. It  is  situated  at  tlie  mouth  of  the 
Seine.  The  barboiir  has  peculiar  advan- 
tages over  all  the  rest  on  the  coast ; the  wa- 
ter does  not  begin  to  ebb  here  tills  hours 
after  the  full  tide.  It  co.ntaib's  2 churclies, 
an  hospital,  and  tewn-heuse.  It  is  defended 
by  lofty  walls,  and  large  ditches  filled  with 
water.  The  town  was  bombarded  by  the 
English  in  1691,  and  1759.  It  is  45  miles 
w of  Roven,  and  i 12  kw  of  Paris.  Lon. 
0 16  s,  lat.  49  29  N. 

Havre  de  Grace,  a post- town  and' port  cf 
entry  in  Hartford  county,  Maryland,  on  the 
w side  of  Susqiiehannah  river,  at  its  mouth 
in  Chesapeak  bay,  37  miles  ke  of  Balti- 
more. 

Housen,  a lordship  and  town  in  Suabia, 
belonging  to  the  princes  of  Forstcrlv  erg,  i i 
SchwartEwaide,  on  the  Ku.tzig,  16  irhies  ke 
of  Friburg. 

Haute  liivf,  a town  in  the  department 
.Garonne,  France,  on  the  Ariicge,  10  miles 
s of  Toulouse. 

Hauiviiliersy  a town  in  the  departmerd:  of 
il^Hrne,  France,  stands  on  the  OO-irne,  has 
a rich  abbey,  and  is  16  Riilcs  s i;y  e of 
Rhehns. 

Hawarden,  a town  in  Flintshi  e,  Wiles  ; 
market  on  Saturday.  It  has  a consider,  lac 
manufacture  of  earthen  v.are,  und  foundeiy 
of  cannon.  On  an  epijinecce  tovvaid'^  .tic; 
Dee,  are  the  ruins  t-f  .-ui  o.;d  c? she,  10  miles 

of  Flint,  aud  196  nw  oi  London. 

Hawes,  a,  town  in  L.c  N Riding  of  Yoik- 


and  fail’s  on  Whitsunday  Tuesday  and  SepL 
'28tb.  It  lies  about  8 miles  w of  Askrig. 

Haivick,  a considerable  to'wn  in  iiox- 
burghshire,  on  the  river  Tiviot,  miles  sw 
of  Berwick,  and  47  se  by  s of  EJiniurgh, 
It  is  a free  burgh' of  barony,  the  burgesses- 
elect  their  magistrates  annushy;  2 balJes,, 
and  2 representatives  of  each  01  the  7 iricor- 
porations,  which  with  15  standing  counsel-; 
lors,  elected  for  life,  manage  the  tiFairs  of 
the  town.  A considerable  trade  is  cari  ltd  oix 
in  the  manufacture  of  woollen  cloth,  carpets, 
inkles,  and  stockings.  There  is  a weekly 
raarket,  and  4 annual  fairs.  Tiie  parish  of" 
Hawick  is  about  16  miks  long,  and  4 and  a- 
half  broad.  The  surface  is  irregular, ' but 
affords  excellent  pasture.  Near  the  town  iii 
an  extensive  nursery  of  plants, ^shrubs,  arxd 
flowers,  both  iiidegenous  and  cxodc.  In  the 
parish  are  a number  of  encampments.,  parti- 
cularly at  Catraii,  and  w of  the  t-owm.  an  artN 
ficial  mound  or  moat,  Gauvin  Douglassp, 
afterwards,  bishop  of  Donkeld,  was  inducted 
rector  of  Hawick,  in  1496.  Population  is 
about  3,68S. 

Hawke  Island,  a small  island,  near  the  .k 
coast  of  Labrador.  Lon.- 55  30  w,  iat.  55- 
iO  w. 

Ilawleshimj,  a town  of  New  S Wales, 
witli  a chapel  and  a free  sebooJ,  stands  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  which  annually  in- 
undates the  adjacent  country,  30  miles  wNvr 
of  Sydney. 

IlawkesheMd,  a town  in  Lancashire,  w 
banks  of  Winandermere  lake.  It  has  an  ex- 
cellent free  school,  and  a market  on  Mon- 
day, with  4 annual  fairs.  It  is  24  miles 
irNw  of  Lancaster,  and  273  jtnw  of  London* 

. Ilaivthornden,  a venerable  mansion  on  a 
romantic  site,  on  the  banks  of  the  N Esk, 
6 miles  se  cf  Edinburgh,  celebrated  us  having; 
been  the  residence  of  Whiliam  Drummond^, 
the  poet  and  historian. 

Haw's  Water,  a lake  of  Westmoreland  S 
of  Penrith,  8 miles  long, and  half  a mile  over 
in  some  places;  it  is  almost  divided  in  the 
middie  i)y  a promontory,  so  that  it  consists 
of  two  sheets  cf  water, 

JF/ay,  a town  of  South  Wales,  in  Breck- 
nockrfdre,  wiih  aUi'^rke?  on  Saturday.  About 
_ u.i.is  below  the  vowo  .?re  the  ruins  of  the 
once  famous  C:.ift'o/d  Gaslle,  where  fair  Rc- 
sainond  w ;s  born.  Day  appears  to  have 
been  weil  known  to  the  Rom  an  .s.  It  is  si- 
tuated between  the  Wye  and  Dul  is,  15 
miros  NE  of  Brecknock,  and  156  w by  s of 
London. 

lixiydon,  a Allege  of  Northumberland, 
iviih  a bridge  of  5 arc  her,  over  the  Tyne. 
Heiearethe  verierabie  remains  of  a castle, 
seared  on  thebrii  k of  a rorinidable  precipice, 
?-nd  appears  to  leave  been  of  great  magni- 
tude and  st.-engih.  . 

a town  In  (he  department  01.^, 
Ir;:.u5  and  Loux-,  France, . seated 


H E B 


Creusd,  flife  birth-place  of  Des  Cartes^  25 
miles  s of  Tours, 

“ Hnyn^  See  Gro^ishayn. 

Hayti.  See  Domingo^  St»  j 

• Hazebroucky  a town  in  the  department  of  j 
the  North,  France,  1 8 miles  w of  Lillie,  and  j 
19  s of  Dunkirk.- 

Head  ford,  a town  in  Galway  county,  Ire- 
land, 12  miles  N of  Galway. 

Headon,  or  Hey  don,  a small  pleasant  well 
built  town  of  Yorkshire,  with  a market  on  | 
Thursday,  and  four  annual  fairs  It  is  a | 
burgh,  and  sei'ids  2 members  to  parliament,  | 
who  are  elected  by  about  1 40  freemen.  It  ! 
rs  6 miles  E of  Hull,  and  ! 82  nw  of  London, 

Hean,  a town  in  the  kingdom  of  Toii- 
quin,  Asia,  on  the  Hoti,  20  miles  se  of  Co- 
chao,  and  GO  nw  of  the  gulf  of  Tonquin. 

HEBRIDES,  or  Western  Islat^ds,  a 
jiame  given  to  about  500  islands,  great  and  | 
small,  inhabited  and  uninhabited  on  the  ‘W’  j 
coast  of  S-j  Jtiartd,  extendmg‘from  the  north- 
ern extrerr^ity  of  Lewis,  in  lat.  58  55  to  the 
island  of  S mda,  on  the  be  cOast  of  Cantyre, 
in  lat.  55  18  Tliey  form  25  large  parishes, 
Containing  about  55,000  inhabitants,  a great  j 
part  of  whom  are  Roman  CutheU  'Si,  Gselic  ] 
is  the  prevailing  language.  Druidical  cir- 
cles, Danish  forts,  and  old  churciies  or  cha- 
pels abound  almost  everywhere  The  prin- 
cipal of  them  arc  Skye,  St  Kilda,  Lewis, 
Tirce  Barra  Harris,  North  and  Sotit  i Uist, 
Staffi,  Cannay,  Mull,  Islay,  Juray  Seuhe-  j 
b'ula,  &c  T^y  were  long  possessed  by  the 
jMacdonaldr,  ir?dependent  of  the  kings  of  [ 
Scotland.  l^ieir  chiel'  residence  was  the  j 
castls  of  Dunivcg,  upon  the  site  of  which 
now  stands  one  of  the  churches  of  Campbel- 
ton, 

HEBRIDES,  New,  a cluster  of  islands 
in  the  S Pacific  ocean,  first  discovered  by  . 
'Quiros.  in  1606,  wdio  supposed  tlrem  to  have 
been  the  S continent,  and  called  them  Tie^'m 
'Australia  del  Espirito  Santo.  M.  Bougain- 
ville landed  on  ore  of  them  in  1768 ; but  ' 
they  were  not  discovered  to  bo  a group  of  i 
islands  till  Captain  Cook  explored  them  in 
1774.  Tiie  principal  islands  are  Tierra  del 
Espiritu  Santo,  snq  Mailicollo,  besides  seve- 
ral of  less  note,  some  of  which  arc  from  1 3 
to  25  leagues  in  circuit.  They  are  in  ge- 
neral mimntainons.  and  abound  with  wmed 
and  water.  Their  princip'd  productions  are 
bread-fruit,  cocoa-nut.^,  piaTitains*  yams,  and 
sugar-canes  The  inhabitants  have  not  all 
the  s ime  appearance  in  theditFerent  islnnd.s; 
most  of  them  have  a slender  make}  swarthy 
colour,  and  frizzled  hair,  Apfeat  civil  and 
hospiuhle,  but  have  .'carceiy  ^finy  ^nmufac- 
d.uros.  even  for  clothing,  except  for  arni'^ur. 
They  are  hospitable,  and  good  r.aturei.  cX' 
tept  when  rendered  jealous  by  the  Ens^i- 
peans.  Lon.  166^  40,  to  170  2i  e,  lat  J 4 
50,  to  20  5 s.  ' " ^ ' 

Hib-ron,  » in  Syii.i, 


Tlie  Ghflstiass  have  n church  here, 
they  say  contain-s  the  tombs  of  Abraham  and 
Sarah,  to  which  the  Mahometans,  as  well  as 
Christians,  come  on  pilgrimage*  Constan- 
tine  built  a church  bore,  the  walls  of  xvhich 
are  still  standing.  It  is  25  miles  sw  of 
Jerusalem.  , . . 

Hechingen,  a town  in^Suabia,  which  is 
the  residence  of  tlie  prince,  has  a castJe.  anfi 
gives^  name  to  a branch  of  the  family  of 
HohaRsoliern.  .1 1 situated  »n  the  Stary el. 
four  miles  n of  Kohenzollern,  and  52  esz  of 
Strasburg. 

Hechosoa,  a town  of  Sonora,  Nev/. Spain, 
stands  on  the  Hiaqui,  25  miles  from  its 
mouth  in  the  gulf  of  Califorai?,  a,:d  41  nw 
of  Guitivis. 

Hecla,  Mount.  See  Iceland. 

HsdemoTMy  9 comaierci?*.!  tovvn  in  Dalecar« 
lia,  Sweden.  It  has  a large  inanafacture- 
of  gun  powder,  and  is  situated  ©n  the  Dahl. 
It  is  50  miles  sse  of  Fahlun,  and  55  nw  ai 
Upsal. 

HE  Die,  a small  island  in  the  .Atlantic, 
about  15  miles  from  the  roast  cf  F/^ce, 
cMefy  mhabited  by  fishermm.  Lon.,  2 
38  w,  lat.  47  25  N. 

■Hedon.  See  Headon. 

HesremeAn.,  a town  of  Friesland,  Hoi* 
larbi,  17  miles  s hy  e of  Lewarden. 

Hdddbergy  a town  of  Ger ms ny,  in,  th- 
circle  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  and  capital  of 
the  Palatinate,  ceded  to  Baden,  ia  180y?. 
It  is  situated  on  the  s side  of  the  N^kar, 
4ind  surrounded  vyith  walls.  At  present,  ic 
is  small,  though  v/ell  built.  It  l>as  an  uni- 
versity, founded  in  1386>  composed  of  20 
profie'jBors.  It  has  three  churches,  upwards 
of  20  fountains,  and  six  gates.  It  .is  much 
celebrated  for  a nGuignlficent  cask,  called  the 
tun  of  Heidelkergy  which  holds  800  iK*gs- 
heads  Of  good  Rhenish  wine,,  The  inhabi- 
tants manufacture  wotllen  stuffs,  silk  stock- 
ings, carpets,  velvets,  and  soap.  In  1695, 
the  protestmife  electorate  Jipuae  becametex- 
tinct,  and  a destructive  war  ensued,  in  .which 
the  oasde  was  ruined,  and  the  Elisctor  re- 
moved to  Manheim.  It  xvas  taken  by  the 
French,  in  1 800.  ..  Heidelberg : 44  miles 
siE  of  Menu,  and  528  of  Frankfort.  X*on. 
8 58  latv  ^O  2i  if. 

Heidelberg,  a bandsome  town  in  Dauphins 
county,  Fonnsyivania,  with  two  German 
churches ; 74  miles  wnw  of  Philadelphia. 

Heica,  fi,  town  of  Prussian  Potnerelia, 
at  lihe  m©ulh  of  the  Vistula,  c.o  n headland 
that,  projects  into  the  Baltic,  26  miles  ^ne  of 
•D  ntaic.'  * > ^ 

Heitbron,  a town  in  Saabia,  . ceded  to 
the  Prince  of  Wirtemberg  in  d.^02.  It  is 
'.vtll  built,  ar.d  contauis  kbree  churches,  a 
;j3minary,  and  public  baths.  . It  is  seated  in 
’ coinit'y  yielding  g<.  od  wine,  stands  on  the 
Neckar,  25  miles.N  of  StuUg'su'd,  and  26  sk 
. of  Htidolberg.  Loa.  9 26^,  M AS, 40 


lieillqenleH,  a town  of  t!ia  province  of 
Natail^en,  seated  on  a sinaVl  river  vvhicb 
so  in  after  falls  into  the  Fristh-IIiiff.  aOcUs  ^ 
celebrated  for  white  bread  and  line  beer, 
iijiles  sw  of  Konigsbtjrg, 

ildlf^enbc7%  a Suabb.,  prinejpa- 

ilty  of  Farstenburg,  a»id  capital  of  a coliiity, 

1 miles  NNZ  of  Const'ir.ce. 

jlcW^nhofen,  a sea  port  town  in  lioK 
Mem,  on  the'  Baltic,  epposbe  the  island  of 
Fcmeren.  It  is  do  miles  n of  Lubcc. 

liaifgcnstadt,  the  capital  of  the  tcrritosy 
of  Eidisfeld,  Germany,  slands  ut  the  jane 
t:or  of  the  Geisiand,  and  Leina,  has  * ^ - 
lego  and  a castle ; and  is  17  miles  se  of 
Gottmgen.  Lon.  10  10  e,  lat.  51  id  n. 

IL  vsbci'g.  a town  of  Prussia,  in  the  pro* 
viitc  of  ErineliUid,  Here,  in  1 /05, 
CHiailes  XTl  of  Sweden,  hxed  his  iicad 
qipiMcrs.  It  stands  on  the  Alla,  d5  iiiiscs 
i\  of  Kouigsberg.  Lon.  20  30  e,  lai.  54 
4 ir. 

Holder,  a town  of  Holland,  with  a strong 
fort  which  deferids  the  entrance  of  tlie  rcKCi. 
The  foit  was  taken  by  the  Brhirih,  in  1799, 
and  the  jwboVe  Dutch  ileet  lyh'.g  in  ihe 
T»n:ci  liurrendered  to  them,  for  ceutOt  cl 
the  p‘iriCe  of  Orange.  They  soon  a.tciWcrft  | 
rclrnqiiished  the  fort,  v;hic='.  st  inns  opposite 
the  w end  of  Texel  island,  24  cf 

Alemac^.  Lon.  4 34  e,  lat.  53  O n. 

HEIiENA,  St,  an  is! -.nd  in  the  Atlantic 
ocean,  belonging  io  too  English  East  iinha 
Company.'  It  lies  bctwocd  the  continents 
of  S America  and  Africa,  about  1 2 nules  w 
of  the  iattei-  and  ]-€00  e of  the  L rmer,  in 
Ion.  5 49  w,  lat.  15  55  s.  Its  circumference 
is -about  27  miles.  It  is  in  general  rocky 
and  mountainous,  but  generally  piea^ant  and 
fertile.  Populati.on,  2,000.  nie  t jwn  called 
Jamestown,  situated  at  the  bottom  oi  a bay, 
on  the  s side  of  the  island,  between  two 
steep  mountains,  is  small,  but  well  defended; 
t'  o bididings  are  plain,  but  neat.  Although 
H e ibiand  be  subject  to  want  of  rain,  the 
Idl’s  and*vallics  are  covered  with  verdure, 
j-.mi  interspci.  (d  with  plantations,  gardens, 
fc'vd  orcli&rds,  and  the  pastures  are  covered 
v/iih  cattle,  sheep  and  goats.  Poultry  is 
abr.ridsnt. 

Helen,  St,  a village  in  Hampshire,  e end 
of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  it  has  a hay  an  i road 
of  conridei^abie  note.  Here,  outward  boutid 
slops,  that  are  detained  by  tvesterly  w inds, 
u:  uaily  rendezvous,  two  rniles  ne  of'BradIng, 
and  filu.ut  seven  s of  Portsraoulh.  • Lon.  1 
J w,  lat.  50  44  N. 

Helens^  St,  a village  in  Lancuohirc,  three 
niiics  of  Pjescot.  Not  long  since  tiiis 
v% a sjY»fvU  village,  but  isTiOw  an  elegant, 
ia'go  .and  populous  market  and  manufac- 
ttiiing  town,  .Here  is  the-  British  plate* 
oLss  m/niufactory,  the  buildings  of  w'hicli 
cover  .50  acies,  and  the  work  employs  about 
men.  A st’iam  online  er'-^cb-'i 


15  years  ago,  perfirms  die  tverk  of 
men. in  grindi.rg  and  pc'  dring  the  platasa,. 
Gere  is  also  a copper  >vk  H^re  the 
Sankey  canal,  which  by  .*  circ^cteip  course 
j T=:c  Mersey,  Ldew  Werringten,  takes 

a vi-lage  in  the  paidfi  of 
Uo'w,  f-e-v  i .y  sc.eed  on  -he  n hr.nk  vftbe 
tlydr,  hi  Don -.anon,  hui,  mecU  frequ'-nted 
by  siu  (eahtit’s. 

ilefflrd,  A s.eudl  fishing  fowm  of  Carnvvall, 
three  Miles  sw  of  Fhmouth. 

Hdier,  St.  the  cc,  IvA  (.d.  Jersey,  c-  iiic 
bay  of  St.  AuLie.  w;hi  a ’:arh:.^ur  and  etrong 
pid?  Pi^yulatieo  2.000.  It  has-  reanu- 
ihetares  of  wculien  gteebings  ana  cape.  \ At 
Old  top  of  the  market  niace  is  a-  suh-ur  of 
George  II.,  raid  ir;  the  caiyc’-, 

; ers  a"e  read  altern&te-y  m pieu'-o  i^nd 
Enghs'r,  is  a monumcit  o.u  me  ■ c-'.  '’y  cd 
M2ij.-r  Pkrson,  who  0 5 here  in  ihi  moment 
pef  victviy.  L n,  2 ’O  w.  lat  49  e. 

liditr,  St,  a simdl  isiatnl  fiF-av  fh:  -ov-ii 
of  ihe  same  iiiujc  in  t^/e  hay  cf  Ss,  \iain, 
on  me  s ‘^ice  of  Jersey.  It  had  its  Aamo 
from  iGcilus,  -i*  U litov,  a icbpiqus  man 
who  ih’Ci  xij  HiiO  wii  s>  -i  by 

the  Noriaius  In  meu,my  cC  !iim  ja  c..-ble 
abbey  was  uumclrd,  5..n  the  si^e  o v^oicli 
Ersabeth  Casiic,  t.m  renfei-cer  i^he  n 
and  g.iyyjson,  of  Jersey  noiv  . i;ds.  A^  -ow 
water  there  is  a pss-  age  to  ‘lie  U vva  ot 
St.  Hclipr.  ' 

HELIGOLAND,  an  Hand  in  the 
North  sea,  nearh^  oppoide  the  niOUtos  o£ 
the  Eyder,  Elbe>  and  '^eser,  belonging  to 
Denmark,  seized  by  the  Brit»s|i,  ui  L o/. 
It  is'  about  nine  miles  in  c.rou.'iaCTencG, 
with  a light* house.  Ecu.  8 25  e,  lut,  54 

£2  N. 

' Heliopolis,  a town  of  Egypt. 
the  Village  of  Materca,  colelrated  for  a 
spring  of  fiCah  water,  said  to  be  ibo  only 
one  in  Egypt,  and  accovFng  to  trauitiov^, 
the  holy  Emily  carhe  here,  v'  lien  tn2y  5 I 
from  Herod,  and  hdh^d  the  chh  : Jems  in 
this  fount:iin,  i:i  IcOO,  t*  e i ieucn 

gained  a decisive  vLlory  over  dig  huiks. 

Hell's  CkugJh  a hiu  of  Srvtbud,  iu  the 
paridi  of  Kir':<iiid,  in  Pcehlss- shire,  2,IuS 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  seu. 

HJl  Gate,  a celebrated,  st-  dt  ne  .r  the  v/  , 
.end  of  Ldng  Isbpud  sound,  cry  ■'die  fa 
HaerleiTi,  in  Fork  i 'laird,  ar  i al:-  * t <-ignt 
miles  E of  Now  York- 

Ilell's  Skerries,  a cmsisr  of  smed  e hulls, 
10  miles  w cf  il-um-rsiand. 

HcUhh,  a of  A vi  ^ic  Yuik.  y,  r-«  ‘he 
Arabian  Irak,  ..a  the  Eiv  ic s ,..-  ' v-ed 
to  stand  Oil  .he  site  ol  'iie  avu-u  r-t  > a. 
The  b jrroiwah  :g  . , ,rdens  . hlied  wi  ' -uh 

tree ’..'.rii't; i- ' • lUv'  a>'i,  ..cvo  i..--  r'  -''T** 

I aiico  H a 7 . nrues  sir  oi  17 

Ij  Lon.  5 E,  U t N. 

d :{de'^‘r.e:^i2isrh ‘far  < in  'h-  -g-.F;  d •/ 
5 K 


iiessc-r  C^ssei  German^^,  on  the  Dlemer, 
ir/ile^  w ot  Goftingcn. 

Hahnstadt,  a town  in  Lower  Saxony,  and 
pnncipaixty  of  Wolfenbuttel,  has  an.  uni- 
versity, and  is  22  miles  ne  of  Brunswick. 

Melmonti  a town  or  Dutch  Brabant,  on 
the  n.n,  has. a strong  eastlcy  and  is  17  miles 
EE  of  Eois-ie- Due. 

Helm sd ale y a river  of  Scotland,  which 
descends  from  the  mountains  bordering  on 
Caithness' shire,  and  roiling  over  its  rocky 
bottom  toward  the  Ord  of  Caithness.  At 
Its  mqiitli,  in-  the  German  ocean,  is  a PXicd 
sairnou  fishery, 

Helmsle^,  a,  town  in  the  N Riding  of 
Yorkshire.  It  has  a considerable  manu- 
facture of  cotton  and  linen ; market  on 
Saturday  ; seated  on  the  Rye,  20  miles  k of 
York,  and  2 J 8 N by  w of  London, 

..  Helsingburgy  a sea  port  in  the  province  of 
^hoiicn,  Sweden,  on  the  sound,  opposite 
Llsinore.  It  has  manufactures  of  ribbands, 
ha.iS,  and  boots.  There  is  a ferry  hence 
across  the  Sound  to  Denmark,  five  miles 
of  Elsinore.  Lon.  12  40  e,  lat.  56 

^ X. 

Hel&ingJhrSt  a fortified  town  and  chief 
m the  province  of  Nyland,  Sweden.  The 
i^rbour  which  is  large  ami  commodious, 
is  in  the  guif  of  Finland.  Here  is  the  im- 
litense  fortress  of  Svveaborg,  built  on  seven 
small  islands,  three  ot  which  communicate 
by  bridges ; 1 1 0 miles  KSE  of  Abo.  Lon. 
25  d E,  hit.  60  10  sr. 

^ iiELSINGL  AND,  a province  in  Nord- 
tand,  ^w'eden,  about  210  miles  in  length, 
find  from  50  to  80  in  breadth ; with  large 
mtQsts  and  a number  of  iron  mines,  situated 
between  Deleparlia  and  the  gulf  of  Bothnia. 
^Ihc  pi*oporiion,  of  arable  land  is  small,  but 
icrtije.  1 he  chief  articles  of  commerce  are 
Tvon,  linen,  tallow,,  butfer,  tar,  deals, 

timber,  &c.  Ihe  principal  towii  is  Hud•^ 
dick^walk. 

Heisingocr,  a town  of  Denmark,  on  the 
coast  of  iJcalimd,  near  the  Bound.  It  is 
the  richest  and  most  beautiful  town  of  the 
island,  except  Copenhagen.  All  merchant 
jwessels  passing  through  the  Sound,  pay  a 
duty  at  this  place  ; on  vrhich  account  every 
nation  that  trades  to  the  Baltic  has  its  consul  I 
bsre.  It  is  20  miles  n of  Copenhagen,, 
X»on.  12  57  E,  lat.  56  2 n. 

iiTg/silon,  a borough  in  Corn vvall,  governed 

by  a mayor,  With  a market  on  Monday, 
seated  on  the  Lee',  near  its  entrance  into 
mount  bay.  It  is  one  of  the  Sunnaries  or  ( 
towns  in  which  tin  is  stamped.  It  has  a 
large  market  house  and  guild  halL  Ihe 
sUr‘ple  and  spire  of  the  church  ate  90  feet 
high,  it  is  large  and  populous,  and,  lias  a 
>roovI  trade.  It  sends  two  membwsto  pa.- 
1 icr.t.  A lil  le  Ic-Jovv  is  a harbpur,  I I 
sw  1.1  l-7'l  wvby  s vf 

LcCt  5 id  Tf, L/i,  £;.■  b ju.  , 


LIELYiETf^e  REir<jBJ.ic,  one  of  the 
modern  democratic  states  of  Europe  formed 
j by  the  French- out  of  the  ei.devant  cantons 
, of  Swii3erland.,ir.Soe  Switz^rlaki).  The 
j country  of  the  Orisons,- ^^eiccepting  the  Val- 
teline,  ClVi&veimas  and  was  united 

to  dlls  republic  oiv  the  lOth  April,  1 799, 

Helvoetsluys,  a strong  sea  port  town  on 
the  island  of  :Voom,  S Holland.  It  is  the 
wdmary  port  for  English  packets  fxom 
Harwich.  Here  some  of  the  Dutch  men 
ot  war  are  laid  up  in  ordinary,  it  was 
taken  by  the  French,  in  1795;  and  is  seven 
miles  w by  s of  Briel.  Lon  4 0$,  lat.  5i 

h&mmendorfy  a town  in  Lower  Saxon% 
and  principality  of  Calenberg,  situated  on 
the  Saale,  12  miles  e of  Hameln. 

Hempstead;  or  Hemel- He^npstead,  a cor- 
porate town  in  Hertfordshire,  stands  among 
liilis  on  the  Gade,  with  a large  corn  marked, 
on  Thursday.  It  is  18  miles  w of  Hert- 
ford, and  25  nw  of  London.  i 

Hems,  a city  of  Syria,  surrounded  by 
walls  three  miles  in  circuit,  but  at  present 
only  about  a fourth  part  of  the  area  Tn  the 
N quarter  is  inhabited.  On  a high  round 
mount,  to  the  s of  the  town,  v is  a castle 
ill  Jiiins  faced  with  slate.  It  stands  on  . d 
sm.rfi  river,  which  falls  into  the  Orantiii 
and  is  95  miles  of  S Aleppo.  Lon.  ©T 
20  E,  lat.  54  25  N.  , . , 

Heng-  Teheoii,  a city  of  the  lii*st  ranks,  . in 
I the  province  of  Houquang,  China,  seatedorl 
the  Heng;  the  principal  manufacture , vk 
paper;  840  miles  ssw  of  Peking.  . Lorn,  ill 
40  .R,  lat.  26  56  N. 

Henley,  a town  in  Oxfordshire,  ;govemed 
by  a mayor,  seated  on  the  Thames,  oi*er 
which  is  a stone  bridge.  There  is  a lai^ 
weekly  market  on  AVednesday,  Friday,  and 
Saturday.  The  church  is  ancient,  but  . the 
houses  are  modern,  and  the  streets  spacious^ 

1 he  chief  trade  is  in  beach- wood, . corn, 
flour,  and  malt.  . It  has  four  annual  fairs; 
24  miles  se  of  Oxford,  and  55  w of  Xoa- 
dou. 

Hi^nley  In  Arden,  a town  lof  WtH  wick* 
sbire,  witir  a market  on  Tuesday^  stands  oa 
the , Alne,  15  miles  s by  E.of  Birmingham^ 
and  101  w'lfw  of  Loudon. 

HENNEJBERG,  a county  and  princtr 
pality  ill  Franconia.  It  is  about  24  miles 
from  N ,to  s,  and  22  ilrom  e to  w.  It  con-j 
tains  some  .extensive  forests  and  mouutaihs 
with  mines  pf  copper,  silver,  iroii,  ami  steeU 
several  medicinal  springs  and  salt-works:. 

It  has  15  towns.  Capital  is  of  the  same 
Hjamc.  In  it  are  still  seen  some  vestiges  of 
the  castle  of  its  ancient  counts,  four  miles 
ssw  of  Meinungem  , , . . i , 

Ilcnvebfin,,  in  the  department jpf 

rjarbihau,.  Francei  on  the  Biavetj 

22  miles,  inv  of-Vaunet.  It  contaks  abmu 


tshle  {rede  in  coni,  iron,  honey,  Lon.  5 

3 w,  iat.  4T  4S  N.  . o 

Mtmisrsdorf,  a town  in  Upper  Saxony, 
formally,  in  the  Middie  Mark  orBrauden-. 
two  miles  se  of  Teltow, 

Mdiiricbevimitj  a town  in  the  department 
of  Cher,  Brance,  stands  on  the  Saudre,  15 
miieo  NNE  of  Boorges. 

Henry,  Cape,  the  S Cape  of  Virginia,  at 
iha  entrance  of  the  Chesapeak  bay.  Lon.  7 6 
5 w,  lat.  SQ  56  k. 

HepiKuheimy  a town  in  the  circle  of  the 
Lower  Rhine,  Germany,  12  miles  e of 
Heidelberg. 

Heppinlieim,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Mont  Tonnerro,  France,  four  miles  sw  of 
Worms. 

Herahlu  See  Erekli* 

; Heraty  a city,  formerly  the  capital  of 
{IJhorasan,  Persia.  The  vicinity  abounds 
with  excellent  fruit,  and  roses  are  so  nu- 
merous that  it  is  called  The  City  of  Roses, 
ifa  their  language  Surgultzar.  It  stands  on 
ai  fiver  of  the  same  name,  160  miles  ss  of 
Mesched*  Lon.  61  30  s,  lat.  54  50  n. 

HER  AULT,  a department  of  France, 
which  bus  its  name  from  a river  which  falls 
into-the  gulf  of  Lyon,  it  includes  part  of 
Languedoc.  It  is  one  of  the  richest  conn- 
tries  in  France,  producing  corn,  v,ine,  oil, 
fine  wool,  and  silk,  i IT  great  abundance. 
Montpellier  is  the  capital. 

Herbemont,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Forests,  Netherlands,  sltuMed  on  a moun- 
tain near  the  Semoy,  20  miles  w of  Arion. 

M&rbarn,  a town  in  Westphalia,  and  prin- 
cipality of  Nassau  Dillenburg,  seated  on  the 
Pilie,  has  a famous  Calvinistic  academy. 
The  chief  trade  is  forging  and  manufac- 
turing iron ; eight  miles  sse  of  Dillenburgh, 
Lon.  8 54  E,  lat.  50  34  n. 

Hi^rculaneunty  an  ancient  city  of  Naples, 
totally  overwhelmed  by  an  eruption  of 
Mount  Vesuvius,  in  the  beginning  of  the 
reign  of  the  emperor  Titus.  Something  of 
this  city  was  discovered,  in  1689,  and  1711. 
In  the  researches  that  have  been  frequently 
made  by  digging  among  the  ruins,  since 
1718,  a great  number  ot  statues,  busts, 
paintings,  manuscripts,  &c.  have  been  found. 
The  village  of  Fortiei  now  stands  on  its 
seat. 

Hei'dickey  or  Marten  Herdicke,  a town 
in  Westphalia,  situated  on  the  Ruhr,  con- 
taining three  churches  for  different  religions, 
and  a noble  secular  abbey,  for  both  Roman 
catholic  and  protestant  ladies.  It  is  lour 
miles  sw  of  Schwerte. 

Hereford,  a city,  situated  on  the  V/ye, 
near  the  Centre  of  the  county,  of  which  it  is 
tlic  capital,  and  to  which  it  gives  name.  It 
contains  about  6,828  inhabitants,  and  is  a 
bishop’s  see.  The  government  is  rested  in 
a mayor  and  aldermen,  i-*art  cf  the 

three  of  the  six  gate% 


with  the  castle,  sre  demolished.  Besiues 
the  cathedral,  it  has  four  churches,  several 
dissenting  meeting  houses,  and  a free  school 
witli  several  exhibitions  at  each  of  the  tmi- 
vejsities.  There  are  three  markets  weekly, 
on  Wednesday,  Friday,  and  Saturday.  Its 
principal  manufacture  is  gloves.  Hhe  as- 
sizes for  the  county  and  the  quarter  sessions 
for  the  county  are  held  here.  This  city  has 
suffered  much  by  the  hostile  armies,  from 
the  time  of  the  Saxons  and  Britons  down  to 
the  civil  wars,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  1. 
Devereux,  Viscount  Hereford  is  the  Fromier 
Viscount  in  Eagiand;  24  miles  wsw  of 
Worcester,  and  155  wnw  of  London.  Lon. 

2 55  w,  lat.  52  4 N. 

HEREFORDSHIRE,  a county  of 
England.  The  mean  length  is  about  57 
miles,  and  the  breadth  58.  It  is  divided 
into  1 1 hundreds,  which  centain  one  city, 
Hereford,  six  market  towns,  221  parishes, 
about  17,000  houses,  and  89,1 91  inltabitants. 
j The  market  towns  are  Leominster,  Weobf*)’, 
Ledbury,  Kington,  Ross,  and  Bromyard  5 
the  two  first,  the  city  of-  Hereford,  and  ih‘* 
county,  return  each  two  members  to  par- 
liament. The  principal  rivers’are  the  Wye, 
and  the  Munnow,  or  Myoow.  ThecMmate 
is  mild,  and  the  land  generally  fertile, 
ducing  excellent  corn,  hops,  and  fruit,  as  is 
evident  from  the  Leominster  bread,  ^'/eobly 
j ale,  and  Herefordshire  cider.  Apples  of  which 
the  latter  is  made  are  more  abundant,  and 
of  better  quality  here,  dianfn  any  othe2’ coun- 
ty in  England;  they  are  foimd  in  plenty  in 
the  hedge  row's*  llie  (kco  cf  the  coimtiry 
is  rich,  beautirm,  and  picturesque.  une 
sheep  of  this  country  are  generally  smrtlU 
but  afford  a fleece  little  inferior  to  tbo 
Spanish  w'ook  The  cattle  are  deemed  the 
best  in  England. 

Hcrencia,  a town  of  New  Castile,  Spain, 
48  miles  SE  of  Toledo* 

Herenlhals,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  two  Nelbes,  in  Brabant,  on  the  Ncthe, 
20  miles  >’E  of  Louvain.  Lon.  4 54  e,  lat. 
51  13  N. 

Herford,  or  Herverdeuy  a town  in  West- 
phalia, in  the  county  of  Ravensberg,  on  the 
Vferra  and  Aa,  which  divide  it  inta three 
parts.  It  conUins  about  800  houses,  and  a 
nunnery  belonging  to  the  protestants  of  the 
Augsburg  confession.  The  town  has  som^ 
trade  in  ale  and  linen  ; is  10  miles  ne  Oi 
Ravensburg,  and  20  sw  of  Minden. 

TIergrundst,  a town  of  Hungary,  lamous 
for  its  rich  mines  of  copper.  The  miners 
have  built  a subtenaiujous  town,  xvi.ich  is 
very  populous  ; 71  luiles  N of  Buna.  Lon* 
19  56  E,  ittt.  48  56  N. 

HEFvI,  an  idand  in  the  Indian  occa*^ 
not  more  Ilian  two  miles  in  cucuit, 
fertile  snd  populous;  two  miles  k>'vv  of 
|i  T’ornate. 

‘ a n cf  France-  iu  the 

S K 2 


HE  R 


HER 


3 1 "f 


.Lure 

hE^47^;lK„ 

a psrj  Kuinbupglir/tare,  about 
ur  ’c'tJgth,  and  ; six  .iu  brjeadth, 

^ getif^al  appearance 'Js  Jiiilv,  but  it 
Pp^'ii'c.  ;.jPopiilatipfi  is  about 
of  I^riot  is,  about  16  i 
a.  ^lnearj 

th's  y;..:gc  is  a tircre  of  stones  70  or  6.0 
:f'^  ond  0^;^%  a stone. on  | 

w.itdi  A ^c>‘Uan,  ipaiued.;  ^Glbb  was! 

burnt  ior  w I .engraft. / . ' . . ' i 

the  canloiiorAppen-  (, 


z. 


a,  .t;iwn.  in  , the  cjepaftmenfc  of 
biijhopric  of  Giege, 
\Vi  li  1 cpsrae,  situated  pii  the  Maese,  three 
Liege.  ■ . 

e of  . the,  uVIyscre,  Hin- 

s,taxids  oa^.tUe  Veda  wall,  26  miles 
ocra* 

,,  A town  in  the  territory  of  Liegy^ 

cl  river  of  the  same  name, 
;K-.r  «„  j.,nrLum  will.  Ti^e  Demer,  20  rmles 

iX  ?V'  .-1/7’  r.'.n-.  town  f.'f  a cxjur.ty  of  the 
Y:-ih.  N sMeo"  .i\iohawk. 

W!: »»;  ciSU'lV'n . ilS'Ci  60 


, i ■' . < s'  I 

f ■ i , .:>cvv  Y: 

K\  !■  f-^V.r;/;;!:.;  OE..  of 
>>  O:.  u'i:  ' ■ -'f. 

Ii-ii>‘',h‘itiStiidL  capit.-e  yi  iraiisyjvxiD/:; 


tl.at  s,cet,  from  wlaid.  they  vrere  ili  nominated 

rlerniiutr.ers. 

HeMnick  a town  in  Franconia,  Gcr- 
inasiy,  , in.  tile,  terri(n>-y  ,of : Nurambera, 
seated  <»  the  Piegniiafis  colsb,ated  iorho^ 
and olrong^ beer ; je  miWat  <,f  .JJu^fetber^ 

MertJ§rd,  a borougn  and  the  capital  ojf 
the  (;punty  to  whiplv  it  giv^s-  name,  cn  th^ 
iver  Lea,,  which  is  navigable  for  baruKS; 
ile^e,  m S79,  the  Banes  e*:ec^ted  two  iTxi^ 
lor  security  pf  their  ship^pg,/  Mtt 

.^flTed,  turning  the  course  of^he  river,  ieft 
their  vessels  on  dry  ground.  A castle. bulb; 
here  oy  .c^dward,  Alfred’s  eldest  son,- has 
oUep  been  a royal  residence.  Once  there 
were  five,  but  now  only  two  churches,  it 
ha^  a superb  spire  hall,  a large  county  gaoh 
and  ar4  eiegunt  hospital  belonging  to 
Cnrists  nospital.  in  London.  Chad  well 
basi.^,  the  liead  of  the  New  river,  is  about 
10  miles  to  the  e.  The  ni-igistracy  is  vested 
m a mayor  and  aldermen,  burgesses,  Xcc 
It  contains  about, 3,300  inhabitants.  There 
are  t\vo  markets  weekly,  pn  Thursday  and 
Saturday  ; the  chi.T  commo^iitias  arc  wheat, 
malt,  and  wool.  It  returns  two  mernbera 
to  parliament  It  is  21  miles  n of  Londoni 
Lou.  0 / E,  lat.  5i  50  N. 

^ Ileryiird,  a post-town  in  Ecknton  dist.dcty 
JN  Catulina,  and  capibat  <-i  Gates  count. yj, 


conuj 


It 


.nd 

..,.,^0  .i'ecl  f,be  Gc/;cn.  Tlie 
i'',.ar.,e  e.  one  gre;f  square  is  in 
ug  4,..my.y  good  paiiit- 
e is  a l.'Tge  cUi.uch  built  hv 


w Si  .e  of  Pc-qaimons,  a waiter  ol  AfbeT 
' npiric  Sound,  18  mdes  NKEjof  Edeiiton,  and 

/ 


IS 


ilQj] 


.£3  E>iE  of  I 


L'-‘-g'7idc,  and  IJO-j  se  of  "Vienna.  Lon.  24 
56  £.  .ott  46  15  N. 

^yerrnkach,  a town  in  the  depari men t of 
Jvoyr,  Gciiuuiiy.  duchy  of  Juliers,  17  miles 
s.oi"  Juli^rsi  . 


, Her)'\stf:dt, 

^iuc.  r „ V 4 


town  of,  Silesia,  in  tl 


, . :ie 

Wplaii,  Gil  the  Bartch,  10 
■jniiv.'  N'-‘*  c:  Tt'nchen.^jcrg. 

..  /XfmosfiHd  a sea  port  town  cf  Anger- 
ipauia,  S'  c-..  eu,  on  an  island  br  the  gulf  o.f 
Bbthuiii,  which  is  joined  to  foe  coiKurcnt  by 
a britige,  auci  h a b;.t.vup’s  see.  The  har-  , 
boar,  is,  good.  It  has  a oonsldci-abie  tr..de,  {i 

^pecLIly  in  nmeu  ; 240  n>i:es  by  w of  ll  anmciai  one  cu.eu  me  j\ew  litviy%.  'lYu, 
J.y  5..:  .k,  f;^  62  38  x.  [,  ceunly  is  the  principal:  fieat  of  the  manuf»«- 

, a ...-vn  m E/sneoui.!,.  fo  |;  ture^of  drc.  fi’om  straw, 
the  tcrri..(}i  / r;  Nm^-mbcig,  seven  nilTs 

of 

Zu  ;hv/,.7i.  a town  /of  Franacnia,  in.  tlie^ 


:8  ESE  o-"'  Wvii  oru 

HLit  1 1' O UOSiII  RE,  or  Berts  ^ 
'coauty  oi  En^hmd,  measuring  27  ijiiles  froni 
to.  s,  ,3n  1 36  1 om  e !o  w.  It  isdivided  into 
S^tiiuiare-J;>,  vviuch  pmmla  19  ^iaiket  town^ 
i /O  panshes,  mid  97577  inhabitants.  The  air 
i - t icipci  vie,  the  land,, thougn  not  natU'^ 
rally  fci  tile,  produces  great  quantities  of 
porn,  /ispcciuiiy  wheat  and  bancy..  The 
tovvos.-n  e Ifoaford,  St  Alban’s  Ware,  Roys* 
ton,  |i  '-rl  ol  whicih  is  in  Gambridgeshirc, 
Barnet,  part  of  which  is  in  Middlesex,  Hit- 
ch >,  Biblicps  Stortford,  Hemmdhenistcd, 
S:-uidon,  B.y-kham^teaci,  Boldock,  HaffieJd, 

liukinanswortlr, 
L "ng,  WaHo.d,  Siui  HsdJjefoci?.  Six  nieia- 
bt.’s  are  retunied  lo  ih^  British  parliament, 
vb.  for  dm  county,  a..nd  the  towns  of  .Hcrt- 
4 0«<.i,  auCt  cjc  Ah  £-cs,  2 each.  The  ehief  jN 
Lea,  Slcrt,  and.  Coin,  and  the 
artificial  ouo  c v-Ied  the  New  River,. 


lush  ^,iic  o.',  Aicnstcdi,  s tua.cdx.u  toe  Ait- 
liio.-i,  h Vv;  .mdc-s  su' v>r  A,..sparh. 

ii.rYHhuth,  -ir  2L:r:di.it!i,  a 
L.r..itia,  fuuudf-.d  i.i  i7  j;.',  f.: 

v‘  . . uUoc^'uHc.,  tfer«;  i i Lnfis 


tow 
■’  ' '*6:: 


to  Cy 


\r  hti 


.u  hCr'iV,y.'dA)  be- 


y 

j:  tUiC/of  nais, 

. c tovv'n  qf.S.^xony,  stands  on 

tuc  li,i:  <;er*  with  a trade  in.  saltpetre,  w’’col,, 
a?i€»  c,o>th.  Jt  is  1 4, miles  kxe  ofToiqm,  - 
a:ui  b J SE  of  AVirtenherg.. 

a forge  town  in  theci  ofiiy  ofLiim^ 

; iy,  iNcLiicriaud*,  9 mtics  wxw.  of  Lini-? 

O > . 4 ■’ 

a town  in  Lower  SaxesLy,  Ger-< 
n'iw;^y,  stands  -ncwU*  tna  Karu  naiiuistah^ 


SEX 

fn-IficlpaHty  of  Grubenhag<?n,  with  manuTac- ] 
iur€3  of  arais  ami  iron  tools.  It  is  17  ^niies  i 
ssw  of  Gnshir. 

H.  r^igovina,  a fortified  town  of  Turkish 
Daliuaihi,  which  gives  name  to  a dueh^  of 
which  it  is  the  cajhial,  and  fhe-te^Iderice  Of 
a Turkish  governor,  80  miies  ssw  of  Boi 
grade. 

Bgsdzit,  a town  and  seat  of  a tribunal,  in 
the  depaiUnent  of  the  Straits  of  Calais, 
Brance,  stands  on  the  Garche,  miles  se  of 
3iontreuiL  Bon,  2 16  e lat.  50  22  n. 

Hesse,-  a |)riucipality  of  Germany,  in  the 
cb'cle  of  the  upper  Rhine.  The  landgraviate 
of  Heisse,  considered  in  itself,  is  rather  more 
than  80  miles  in  length  ; the  breadth  is  very 
unequal.  The  air  is  wholesome  ; the  land 
B^oo^iitmucns  and  woody,  interspersed  with 
fileasant  vaheys  and  plainsj  which  are  fertile 
in  corn  and  riastiire,  which  feed  multitudes 
of  cattle ; the  sides  of  the  hills  are  covered 
with  vines.  77iere  is  plenty  of  honey,  and 
all 'sorts  of  fruit.  V/ine  is  made  from  the 
sap  of  birch  trees,  Hops  too.  are  cultivated. 
Near  Frankenhcrg  is  a gold  mine.  It  pro- 
duces alto,  silver,  copper,  lead,  and  iron, 
coal-,  &C,  pipe- day,  marble  and  alabaster, 
v,iJi  sevemL  salt  springs,  mineral  waters,  and 
medicinr.l  baths.  JTesse  is  divided  into  up- 
.pcr  and  lower.  Tire  latter  or  the  northern 
part,  which  is  subject  to  Hesse- Cassel,  lies 
mi  the  Wetra,  Fulda,  Sehwalni,  Diemei,  and 
hVtier,  The  former  lies  on  the  Lahn.  and 
belongs  to  Hesse- Darmstadt.  The  princi- 
pal town  of  Lower  Hesse  is  Cassel ; TyLir- 
burg  is  the  capital  of  Upper  Hesse. 

Ihukelnm^  or  Iloekelun,  a town  of  S Hol- 
land, sbands  on  the  Linghe,  5 miles  ke  of 
Gorcuno.  ^ 

Ilcusden,  a fisriilled  town  of  Holland, 
with  a ci  5lie.  It  is  built  in  the  nrhdst  of 
xiiarG;>ses,  and  nearly  fiiirrounded  by  a ‘branch 
of  tlie  Meuse.  In  1795,  it  was  taken  by 
the  French,  and  abandoned  ir*  1811.  It  is 
8 raiics  Kw  of  Boiole  Due.  Lon.  5 5 e, 
l2tt.  51  4S  h:, 

atov/n  of  Norlhiunber’aiH,  silu- 
a'ed  near  toe  junction  of  the  S and  N Tyne, 
and  IS  gore;  i.ed  by  a bailiff  chosen  annually. 
It  DOW  gives  name  to  a large  tract  of  coun- 
try, called  Hi'xItOryarJiire,  which  is  annexed  to 
Northumbei'bnd,  and  subjected  to  the  same 
judicature  ; hut  in  ecciesiastIcrJ  juri.sdictfon, 


it  beiong.s  to  the  archbishop  of 


.crk. 


The 


town  is  tolerably  well  b.ailt.  The  market- 
piacj,  which  is  a large  handsome  square, 
stands  in  the  middle,  with  a market- house, 
built  on  piazzas,  on  the  s side.  On  the  w side 
of  the  market  place  are  the  remains  of  the 
much  famed  Priory  church,  or  old  cathe- 
dral, said  to  have  exceeded  every  other 
building  in  E.Jgland  in  elegance-  and  beauty. 
Two  markets  are  held  weekly,  on  Tuesday 
and  Saturday,  and  fairs,  August  5lh,  and 
Nofcmbcr  Stb.  Tltc  number  of  inhabitantJi 


H I G 

i^  abMit  2000.  The  chief  luaYiuractiJ/^s  me 
tanned  leather,  shoes,  and  ghves.  The  vi- 
ciauu  of  Hexham  adbids  I'.  jch  scope  ibr  tha 
antiquum n.  It  is  27  miles  w of  Nevvcastif*, 
and  2S5  nnw  of  London.  In  ld6  5,  in  the 
vicinity,  a battle  was  fought  bei.vren  tl  s 
houses"  of  York  and  luaneastcrj  in  which  the 
latter  was  defeated,  when  a great  number  of 
nobi  :i|y  'who  had  escaped  the  sword,  fell  by 
the  oxe. 

Heydenheimj  a town  cf  tl:c  dueby  of  Wir- 
temberg,  Swabia,  has  a cr.sfhe  stands  on 
the  Brewz,  16  miles  nne  of  Ulm, 

Rtydingsfielcl,  a town  m Franconia,  situ-* 
ated  on  the  Main,  3 miles  s of  Vv^urzburg. 

Heyniersten,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Rhine,  and  Mossele,  Germany,  in  the 
Electorate  of  Cologne,  situated  on  the  Erst, 
5 miles  w cf  Bonn,  and  1 1 s of  Cologne. 

Hcyteshurij.  a borough  town  in  Wiltshire, 
sealed  on  the  Wilts,  and  sends  two  members 
to  parliament,  is  a borough  by  prescription, 
and  governed  by  a bailiff  and  burgesses.  It 
gives  title  of  Earl^  and  Baron,  to  the  family 
of  Blastings.  It  is  in  an  impro%dng  state, 
having  a large  woollen  manufacture.  It  is  20 
miles  wNW  of  Salicbury,  and  92  w by  s cf 
London. 

Jliamen,  See  JEmotnj. 

H IBRAHIM,  or  St  Mart,  an  island 
near  Madagascar,  50  inlies  long,  and  14 
broad.  . 

KID  ISLAND,  is  situated  in  the  kw 
territoiy,  in  Piein  river,  the  riortlvern  head 
w'atcr  of  the  Illinois, 

Hidelsheim,  a town  in  the  elrctoratc  cf 
Treves,  Germany,  seated  on  the  EiHel,  w'Uh 
a forti^ed  caslls  and  convent,  38  miles  n of 
Treves. 

Hiehnar,  a lake  of  Siindermanland,  Swe- 
den, 30  miles  lovig,  'and  from  2 to  7 broad, 
60  miles  w of  Stookholm. 

Hm'eSr  a town  in  the  department  of  Vrr, 
France.  Ifc  was  formerly  a sea-  port  on  ihs 
Mediterranean,  but  the  sea  has  now  rctirvd 
to  a considerable  distan^'c  frcin  the  town. 
Near  it  are  large  salt-works.  It  is  12  miles 
E of  Toulon. 

Hiercs  Islands,  a cluster  of  stnall  island.*; 
near  the  coast  cf  Fmnce,  oppcr  ;'<e  tho  tor  n 
of  Hi«res,  in  the  Mechlsrrsneaii,  ‘ Tl;e  four 
principal  ones  are  called,  Forquerohe.^,  Por- 
leros,  Bagiie:-ii,  and  Titan,  which  last  tb'ft' 
largest  Between  these  and  the  c-mtieent-, 
lies  the  crpaeious  and  cxceiient  road  cf 
Hieres,  defendecl  by  tnyoe  ferfs. 

Hicro.  See  Ferr^), 

Jliesmes,  a town  in  the  dey^rimenf.  of 
Orne,  France,  stauds  c*?,  a baircn  mountain, 
1 0 miles  from  Seez,  raid  SO  w of  Paris. 

Hkham  Ferrars,  a town  in  Norfhampr 
toriTiire,  seated  on  an  ascent  on  the  Nen^ 
irives  the  title  of  Eeri  Ferrars,  to  a family  of 
the  name  of  T hi,  ley  who  formerly  resided  m 

its  v-Me,  no#i  t rciiiiS.  It  is  governed  by 


f.nd  aldermei1>  V7hd  sen4  6he  raeni- 
b^r  to  parliament.  It  hos  a mj^kel  bn  Sa- 
tterdvly,  and  7 annuai  feifs,  and  it  is  S5  miles 
s^Kw  of  Lfdndon.  r.j 

• p^ipiilous  of  Middle- 

»#y,  staif^da  Qi\  n bill  4 milt%N  by  \t  cf  J^h- 
cion.  Idfek^  in  a scboof 

tw/'  Cirolinordeirj  wivicb 

an-d'57e,  t^as'  c\ddrgGd’  by  Sandysf  bi&bop'bf- 
liOndon,  ■ ■'  ■■  - - - > . ;(  , 

- H'IQ-H-TiAN’I>Si':on€  of  die  gU 

visions  oi'  (>r c tkiid,  applied  to  tbe  ntioim^ain- 
oiis  part  of  tbe  coiintry  to  the  v a?!#  mv  in 

conU'SL^fii^isiCtion  to  the  'licwlands*  nvhich  I 

ooocipy  thi  tt'aiKlsE  distri-t.  Trie  Highlands  | 
a’^e*  gisneraliy'  sufedivided  into  parts  ; . the1 
West  Highkuds  and  the  Kanh  H'ghkBds  ; 
?.be  former  of  which  contains  the  di ires  of 
Divm!?£?ton,  Bute,  p^rfc  of  Ferth,  €iid  A?> 
gyii,  tvith  ’th©'  islaiBiis  belonging  to  theiu^ 
ui-iid  the  latter  cotepfehending  die  counties  of 
Inverness,  Ross,  Sutherland,  the  districts  of 
Athol, -Ritnncch,  and  the  isles  of  Sky,  Le- 
and  others,  belonging  to  InverneGsand 
H^ss;  BrMdalbin,  -Marr,  'and  Monteith, 
forming  third  or  central  division.  Thees- 
t^nt  oftbis  great  district,  from  Dymbartoii 
to  "the  borders  of  Caithness,  is  upwards  of 
200  miles,  and  its  breadth  varies  from  80  to 


hait  thaay  si^erstitfohv  wfiidij 
I ever,  are  fast  Wearing  aw£^  Witli  their  an“ 
cient  rnanhei^.  Tl>e  cottages  are  generally 
miserable  habitations.'  Tlieir  food  is  as** 
simple  as  therir  manners,  lihing  . chiefly^ oat^ 
meal,  milk,  &c;  tvdtii  a sheep;  or  a quantity 
of  beef  for  a mart  at  Cliristmas,  which  the  ■ 
poorest  'Tdtta^r  always  endeavours  to  pro- 
cure. Cattle  is  the  siaple  eomrfjodky  of  the 
country  ; but  it  produces  gltTh  su^ciehV 
for  the  inhabitants,  eveii  idid wing  for  >^16 
immense  quantity  lisedpia  the  mdWafeture' 

of  widsky,  of  t^hicli  spii4t  they  are  raitber  too 
fond.  The  generd  char? cter  «f  the  Highw* 
laiiders  is  etcelifenti  l^;cy  are  generally  of 
the  rhiadle  site,  nuis^ubr,  and  w^ell  madi 


100.  The  general  appearance  of  the  dk 
trict  iswildyrirgged,  and  mountaincus  in  the 
highest  degree.  Here  the  principal  ri  vers  of 
eiie  country  have  their  rise,  descending  to  the 
eusean  wnth  great  rapid ' v.  Uniil  the  be- 
gtiining  of  the  last  century,  no  regular  roads 
aiid  bridges  had  been  made  in  the  High- 
lands. The  Highlanders,  or  as  they  are 
termed  by  tiidr  ancient  authors,  the  Caledo- 
nians, were  always  a brave,  warlike,  and 
liavdy  race  of  people,  and,  in  the  remotest 
times,  eeem  to  have  possessed  a degree  of 
refinement  in  sentiments  and  manners,  then 
vnltnown  to  the  surrounding  nationsi  Jus- 
tice, hosprlality,  generosity,  benevolence,  and 
rViendship  are  no  where  more  cultivated  than 
zn  the  Highlar^ds  of  Scotland.  The  Cale- 
donians have  always  been  addicted  to  poetry 
and  music ; and  the  poems  of  Ossian  are  a 
strong  proof  of  their  proficiency  in  the  poeti- 
t ai  art.  The  genius  and  characler  of  the 
Caclic  poetry  is  weli  5-niow'n  ; tendeiv  beauti- 
fol,  sublinfie,  and  wild  as  the  scenes  which  it 
c.’»Icbrat?d.  The  language  cf  the  Highland 
ders  h still  the  Gaelic.  The  dress  of  the 
:Hi.ghknd.'.u*s  brirs  a great  res  mbinnee.  lo 
tbut  cf  the  anc'LOr.t  Rom&ns.  Their  ancient 
aBtus  were  the  broad  sword  and  target, 
.Loib:d:cr  nx;-s,  (now  only  used  by  the  town- 
^'Zuiird  of  Edhit  iirgh.)  and  a dirk,  (short 
dagger,)  to  whi  Ji,  tHfore  the  act  of  parlia- 
imuat  for  disa.mii.g  ti'e  Kighianders,  in 
W4S,  the  pistol  stuck  into  the  girdle  has 
been  added.  Tiie  amuoanient  of 
• inuers  me  of  & maiuy  nalitre,  evei^ 

g:d:.e J ly  ^ats  c:  orstr^i^gth, 


The  Highianders  are  only  begin uing  to 
avail  thetuselves  of  their  mines,  their  woodd; 
tber.’ vvcol,  and  their  fisheries.  ^ 

^ Ilighworth,  a'town  in  Wiltshire, governed 
by  a mayor  and  an  alderman,  seated  on  » 
hill,  which  stands  in  a rich  plain.  It  has^a 
market  on  W’^ednesday,  and  fairs  Aug.  12, 
and  Oct  10.  It  is  56  miles  n of  Salisbury, 
and  77  w of  London. 

Biguey,  a city  in  the  be  part  of  Hispan^j^ 
la,  celebrated  for  the  fertility  of  the  adjaedhe^ 
territory.  It  has  a rich  churchj  ^CT teles  * 
by  N of  St  Demingo.  ■ r 

^ Bilhui^ghaiisen,  the  capital  of  a pri2icr|mif' 
h'ty,  called  Sase-Hilfeurghausen,  Upper  Sax^' 
cny,  seated  on  the  WTrra,  with  a palace  be- 
longing to  the  duke  of  Ssse-Hilburghausen« 
It  is  32  miles  s of  Erfurt,  and  28  n cf  Bain- 
berg.  ■ 

HILDESHEIM,  a bishopne 

of  Germany  ; its  utmost  extent  from  e to  w- 
is  about  40'  miles,  and  52  from  n to  s.  The 
greatest  part  consists  of  good  land.  The  a- 
part  is  hilly,  but  for  the  most  part  covered 
with  timber,  cak^  beech>  ash,  and  birch,  and 
some  of  the  mountains  contain  mines  of  iron 
ore.  In  ihis  part  there  are  also  some  salt^ 
works.  The  diocese-contains  12  towns  hnd 
248  villages.  The  principal  towns  are  Hil- 
desheim  and  Pcina.  . < 

MJd^sheim,  a city  in  I.ower  Sajronyv  hn.d 

capital  of  a bishopric  die  same  name, 
winch  contains  12  mwns  and  2-in  vilhvges-; 
situated  no -.rthe  IrnescO*  -Iris  p/etty  large, 
hut  irregular  : ^t  consists -of  Hhe  Old  and 
New  Town.*  It  is  17  miles  s.-je  i'iaooverj 
and  72  w of  M^debin  g.  Lou.  50  3 e,  lab 
52  9 N. 

Hthberonghy  a town  in  tiie  ccimty  of 
Down.  It  h:;s  an  elsga.nt  church,  n ihiu- 
rishing  manufacture  of  mustier.,  atid  sent 
two  members  to  the  Irislf  parliament  ;-isi 
famous  for  an  eiege.ut  scat  of  the  marquia- 
of  Dowi  Ghire,  to  whom,  it  gives  tho  title  of* 
eurl.  It  is  12  miles  s of  Belfast,  34  NNE'of 
Nexvf3-,  and  74  n of  Dubun. 

IiilsBd'f'unrhf  a snSull  island  near  the  b- 
cerrt  of  Labrador. 

BiliboTGiTif  » toTO-'in  Orang®^  edUfety-T 


K Caroluia,  capital  of  a district  of  its  najai^rlf 
situated  GO'  tUs  side  of  the  which  | 

unites  with  the  Little  and  Flat  river,  and  !! 
forms  the  Neus  below  the.  to, ^yn  5 55  pules  |j 
Nw  of  Ralegh.  Loo.  79>1G  w,  lat,  oG:  ? 

mUon,  a parish  in  Berwickshire,  united  j 
to  Whitsom.  I 

HtUown,  ia  Rpss-sliir.e,.  in  the  parish  of 
Foam.  It  is  a good  fishing  station,  and 
contains  upwards  of  100  inhabitants. 

mountains  of  Asia,  which  se- 
parate  the  countries  of  Cashmere  and  Cash- 
from  Thibet.  These  mountains  were 
known  to  the  ancients  under  the  name  of 
J^mus,  or  Himaus,  and  the  Indian  Caucasus^ 
and  arc  at  present  called  by  the  natives  Ilin- 
dooko,  i.  e.  tiie  Indian  mountains,  as  well  as 
Himmaleh,  i.  e.  snowy,  its  summit  being 
covered  with  snow. 

, MincJianhrook  Hand,  one  of  the  New 
IJebrides  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  a little  to  the 
H •!  Sandwich,  about  six  miles  in  circumfe- 
TAHce,  Lon.  168.58  u,  lat.  17  ,25  s. 

Mlndcle^,  a town  of  Leicestershire,  go- 
verned by  a mayor,  seated  on  an  eminence, 
with  a good  market  on  Monday,  and  a con- 
siderable stocking  manufacture.  It  formerly 
]^d  vyads  and  a castle,  some  traces  of  which 
are  still  visible.  Its  large  church  has  a lofty 
^re.  It  is  no"ed  for  fine  ale ; 12  miles  -sw 
of  Leicester,  and  99  nnw’  of  London, 

, Muidelopeni  a sea-port  town  in  Friesland, 
Holland,  seated  ObD  theZnidsrZee,  21  miles 
S|>w  of  I^uwardcn. 

Hinditty  the  capital  of  a district  of  the 
same  ,^Qam^,  in  the  Candcish,  Pecc.m  of 
plindcostan,  Stands  on  the  Kerbudda,  90 
mile's  KK3  of  Burhanpour,  Lo».  77  10  e, 
lat.  22  55 

IZmdent  a town  of  Wiltshhe,  with 
a market  cn’Xhursday,  and  fairs,  Monday 
before  Whit,  Spnday,  and  October  29*  It 
is  a burgh,  end  sends  two  members  to  par- 
iiament ; 20  miles  v/  of  Salisbury,  and  97 
w by  s cf  London, 

Ilindoeko,  See  Himniateh. 

PIINDOOSTAN,  or  India,  a country 
of  Asia.  The  extent  of  Hinfioostan  Proper, 
in  the  opinion  of  Major  Ecnnel,  is  a’pout 
equal  to  France,  Germr.ny,  Bohemia,  Hun- 
gary, Switzerland,  Italy,  and  the  Nether- 
lands, collectively ; while  the  Deccan  and 
the  peninsula  are  about  equal  to  the  British 
islands,  Spain,  and  European  Turkey.  Hir.- 
doostan  is  inhabited  by  people  cf  fiifTerent 
kinds,  as  the  Hindocs,  the  ov  A/g- 

ha^  the  Baluchis,  tl:e  Parnl?,  r.ud  the,  Mo- 
guls or  Tartars,  besides  farclgnerr-, 
l^rly  Jey.'s  and  Christians.  . The  Hindocs 
are  the  ancient  occupants,  and  d:;(}.,:gh  sn'a- 
ject  to.  tbe  Moguls,  sidl  nre  erv  .'  the  i ipe- 
riority  in  number.  Tiic  ITtv  ai-e  tbc>(h:s~ 
cqndanta  of  the  ancient  vvho  wor- 

sliipped  the  fire.  The  wr-:-  ''  thf.-  o 


The  BaltJchi  are  another 
are  spread  over,  all  the  large  province  of 
Meeran  and  the  neighbouring  pms.  They 
are  a barbarous  people,  addicted,  to  rapine. 
The  Moguls  or  Jagatays,  are  the  descendants 
.of  the  army  of  Timur  Beg,  .wdio  have  held 
chief  rule  in  India  since  1593.  The  inha- 
bitanis  of  Hindoostan  are  computed  at  about 
10,000,000  Mahometans,  and  i00>000,00(;» 
Hindoos.  The  British  are  in  the  po.ssessioa 
of  Bengal,,  the  greater  part  of  Balur,  with 
part  of  Allahabad,  and  part  of  Orissa,  tlis 
iicrthern  circars,  tbs  whole  civil  and  militarf 
government  of  tlie  Carnatic,  Barameliab 
i>in<^igul,  some  considerable  coiiiuries  to  tho 
N and  s of  Calicut,  on  the  coast  of  Malabar, 
the  island  and  tervitciy  of  Bombay,  the  My- 
sore provinces  of  Canarit,  Coimbetore,  and 
Baraporam,  with  all  the  teriitory  betweeu 
the  Carnatic,  and  their  possessions  in  Blala- 
bar,  tbs  forts  and  ports  forming  the  head  of 
the  several  p.i>sses  of  ihe  Ghaut  mountain.^ 
on  the  Table  and  the  fort  and  city  of 

Seringapatam.  Oude  is  governed  by  a na- 
bob, in  alliance  with  Grest  Britain,  as  like- 
wise the  eastern  part  of  Delhi.  Ailahabad, 
Malwa,  Dowlatabad,  part  of  Guzenat,  Orissa  , 
Berar,  Agra,  Agimere,  and  Visiapour,  are 
governed  by  Mahratta  princes,  in  smaller 
states,  chiefly  under  the  name  of  rajahs  .; 
Golconda,  Aurungabad,  Beder,  part  of  Be- 
rar,  &c.  are  subject  to  the  soubab  of  the 
Deccan.  Lahore,  MouUan,  and  the  westersa 
parts  of  Delhi,  are  subject  to  the  Seiks.. 
The  sales  of  the  British  Company,  according 
to  some  of  the  latest  estimates,  amounts  to  , 
7,600,0001.  besides  those  of  private  indivi- 
duals,  which  amount  to  2,3S2jOOQ  mere. 
There  is  also  a eonriderabie  /oreign  trade 
which  is  not  included  in  either.  No  foreigr? 
manufactures,  however,  are  exchanged  iu*? 
the  BriUsh  possessions ; the  only  medium  of 
trafiic  is  silver*  The  natural  bistqrvv  and 
commercial  pfeductions  of  thisf fertile  region 
will  be  found  under  its  Aiiferent  provinces^ 
cities,  towns,  mountains,  rivers,  &c.  specified 
in  the  course  of  this, work.  See  Inbia. 

Urnghtitn,  ^.  town  of  Noi^olk,  with  a mar- 
ket on  Saturday,  and  fairs  on  March 
Whit.  Tuesday,  and  Oct.  2.  12  miles  sw  of 
Norwich,  and  99  n.e  of  London. 

Hingham,  a toyvn  in  Sulfblk  county,  Mas-’- 
s£chnsetts,  seated  on. 'a  small  bay,  with  two 
church  .;r,  19.  mile.",  r.::  of  B.'.>stoin 

Iling-Mon,  a city  of  fha  fisfst  rark,  in  tb* 
pi'ovinco  of.Fc-kIcn„  Coma,  slandsca  arbay,. 
cpposlte  ilm  N part  of  the  inland  of  Formessw 
TtiOv  coun^i'y  forjila  es  abjndaiice  of  neev 
ilcbi,  yicd  sf’*'.  It  h 460  yii/.es  s of  Nau- 
hii  g,  and  99 f s of  Fi  kM.  Loa.  119  50  k, 
513  ■:<.  . ■ . 

e h'wTofLeon,  Sp«in,  52  mile*- 
\v  by  s , -if  Salamarici?,,  ;-7,  , * . 

. Il’n-ynay  a town  in  And§ly>ia; 

of  CordowiH  ko.-  ; ^ ■■ 


m 


!* 


I-;.' 


i i 


H I T ' 

a town  of  Estremadura,  Spain, 
3 2 xnnei  s ly  f of  MerMa, 

Hintnv'^frsdQrff  a town  h^  M>T5sina,  Upper 
S-i^'ony,  eight  i-niies  e of  Fieyburg.  • 
Minziian,  See  Joanna. 

I-Ih,  a tow'n  in  W OrcblaRd,  Sweden, 
stands  on  the  lake  Wetter,  M5  miles  sw  of 
iStO  'kholna.  Lon.  14  0 e,  lat.  57  .55  n. 

liioiTingt  S.  tow’n  of  Denmark,  in  North 
Jutland,  27  rniles  nnw  of  Aalborg. 

^ Ilirschberg,  a town  of  Boliemia,  in  the 
circle  of  Balesiau,  12  miles  kw  of  Juii^ 
Bimtzel. 

Ilirschberg,  a fOM'n  of  Silesia,  in  the  piin- 
Cipriiity  of  Jaaer,  and  next  to  Breslau,  the 
most  considerable  trading  town  in  Silesia 


HOC 


famous  for  its  mineral  baths,  is  sealed  on 
the  Bober.  In  its  vicinity  are  extensive 
bleaching  grounds.  It  is  20  miles  sw  of 
Jaaer,  and  22  sse  of  Bmitzlau.  Lon.  15 
14  E,  lat  50  48  5t 

Hirschjeld,  a town  in  Low’er  Hesse,  capi- 
tel  ot  a principality  of  the  same  name,  de- 
pendipg  on  a famous  abbey,  w-hich  was  se- 
cularized in  favour  cf  the  iiouse  of  Hesse 
Casscl.  It  Is  situated  on  the  Fulda,  55 
miles  s by  e of  Cassel.  Lon.  0 42  e,  lat. 
50  50  N. 

Ilirschorn,  a town  in  the  circle  of  the 
Lower  Rhine,  seated  on  the  Neckar,  has  a 
castle,  eight  miles  e of  Heidelberg. 

Hirschwlm,  a towm  of  Denmark,  in  the 
island  of  Zealand,  with  a castle,  1 2 miles  n 
of  Copenhagen. 

Hirzholmen.  or  Hertxhtlm^  three  small 
islands  of  Denmark,  lying  in  the  Categate, 
inhabited  by  fishermen,  four  miles  nne  cf 
FI  aadstrand.^ 

^ Ilisingeji,  a small  island  in  the  North  sea, 
situated  near  the  coast  of  Sw^eden,  about  16 
indes  long,  and  6 broad;  containing  sevkn 
parishes.  The  towm  of  Gotheberg  w-as  first 
built  on  this  isLnid.  Lon.  1 1 48  e,  lat.  57 
45  K, 

HISPANIOLA.  See  Domingo,  St. 

IliSSitry  the  capital  of  a dist.ict  in  Hiii- 
doostah,  to  which  it  gives  name  in  the  coun- 
try of  Delhi,  stands  near  the  Surscory,  1 1 2 
miies  v.Nw  01  Delhi.  Lcn.  75  40  e,  lab 
.29  5 N. 

F/iV,  a town  of  Syria,  seated  on  a river  of 
tb.a  v.ame iiame,  which  a little  l>eiuw  u utes 
•wi‘h  the  Euphrates.  I ? x'  is  a 

cf  Bitumen  and  N • ? 
whFs  of  BflgdaJ. 


iliiif  ICO  miies 


popu’  IT-?  and  w’ell  built  town 
ii  wrtrcrdshire.  Mah-making  is  the  } t m- 
busine  ss.  It  is  governed  by  a 


■ViT  cmistables.  Las  a fre.:  -.cbv,»ob  and 
^ V • houses.  The  town  i.'  div  hleJ  .nto 
, 0 V t.  rr.;.  It  has  a market  on  l'uc;  d.  V, 
i on  Easter- Taes.  ar.d  Whh-Tv.uo. 
ir  J 5 r;.tles  lov  oi  Ilcrtfoid,  and  54  nvv 

it -.'IS,  cr  town  in  Kcnh  which 


IS  cue  of  the  Cinque  ports;  is  govenved  by 
a mayt'r,  with  a market  on  Saturday.  It 
formiily  coxisioicd  of  four  parislxes,  but  ia 
now  one.  I'he  harbour  is  now  ne'^riy  click- 
ed up,  and  has  iittie  trade.  Hero  are  two 
hospitals,  and  a charity  school.  In  the  vi* 
cinity  sre  the  remains  of'  Saltwood  castle, 
now  convex  ted  into  a farm-house,  barns, 

It  sends  two  membe.  s to'parliamont ; nnd  is 
10  miles  w'sw  of  Dover,  and  68  se  of  Lon- 
don. 

Honi  Jang,  a towm  of  the  first  rank  in  (he 
[irovince  of  Honon,  China ; 520  miles  ssw 
of  Pekiq.  Lon.  1 1 2 54  e,  lat  55  6 n. 

HitaUngan,  a city  of  the  first  rank  in  the 
pioviiice  of  Kiaug-nan,  China,  in  a marshy 
I soil,  and  inclosed  with  a triple  wall,  Tiie 
I suburbs  extend  to  tlie  distance  of  a Icrarua 
j on  each  side  of  an  adjacent  canal,  and  foVhi 
at  ibeir  extremity,  a kind  of  port  cn  the 
I Hoangho.  It  is  415  miles  s>e  of  rekia. 
Lon.  118  47  E,  Idt.  55  50  n.  ‘ 

llocuigho,  or  Yellow  invert  a river  .which 
has  its  source  in  two  lakes,  situate  in  Ko- 
konor,  l^riary,  in  nearly  55  n lit.,  runs  ine 
to  about  42  n lat.,  and  after  ruirning  due  c, 
it  suddenly  turns  s and  then  e,  lili  it  fiuia 
into  the  Eastern  sea,  100  miles  k of  tho  . 
mouth  r f Kianku.  Its  course  is  sa'd  to  be 
2,000  miles.  It  is  broad  and  rapid,  but  n?  t 
deep.  It  often  overflows  its  braiks,  so  that 
it  has  been  found  necessary  to  raise  djkcs 
in  many  places  on  its  banks,  and  even 
round  many  towns  in  the  province  of 
Ho'iian. 

Hoang- Tclieou,  a city  of  the  first  rank, 
in  the  province  of  Homquang,  China,  on 
the  Kian-ku,  585  miles  s of  Pekin.  Lon. 
114  27  Ej  lat.  58  50  n. 

HobJeirk^  a parish  in  Roxburghshire,  about 
12  miles  in  length,  and  three  in  breadth. 
The  surface  and  soil  is  various.  It  is 
watered  by  the  river  Rule,  the  banks  cf 
wliich  are  righ  and'^fertiio.  Freestone  and 
lim  otone  abound.  PopulatioiT,  760.  The 
Icte  gallant  lord  Heath  field  was  a native*  of 
ibh  parish. 

Ixochbrrgy  an  ancient  csstle  ir^  Brisgair, 

S /vabia,  g ves  iiama  to  a margrisate,  aiinei- 
ed  to  Bj.de  Durlach,  and  stands  on  a 
mountain,  two  miles  ne  of  Emmendingcn, 
IIoQlisty  a town  in  the  electorate  of  Mentz, 
Germany,  on  the  Maine,  six  miles  iv  of 
Frankfort,  and  14  e of  IvIeiUz. 

Ilochstat,  a town  in  the  principality  cf 
Neuburg,  Bavaria,  on  the  Dar.i.be.  Nc/ir. 
it  was  Rughi  tlic  celebrated' hauh?  of  Bleu., 
u im;  culled  by  the  English,  from  a 


Vjlj.igc  thr^ 


It 

of 


thive  mijen  sw  of  ih.s  place. 

I i } - 9 r.illcii  Nw  of  Arigsburg,  and  25  w 
NcU!)urg.  ■ ■ * 

JlochsUit;  a town  and  castle  of  Frtineonia, 
in  too  pnneipaJiiy  of  Bainoorg,  oi>  the 
Aisch,  11  miles  k\v  of  Erk-mg,  aca  hi.  -^  0- 
vf  Bum  berg. 


H O H 


H O L 


Hoddam,eL  parish  io  Dumfries-sliire, about 
fiv  ‘ miles  long,  and  two  and  a-half  broad, 
watered  by  several  rivers.  It  is  composed 
of  the  united  parishes  of  Hoddam,  Line,  and 
Eoclesfechan  ; and  is  generally  fertile  and 
well  cnltivated  ; wheat,  barley,  oatmeal, 
and  pork.  <feo  are  annually  exported  to  a 
considerable  amount.  The  village  of 
Hoddam  is  10  miles  e of  Dumfries; 
and  that  of  Ecclesfocban  is  noted  for  j 
its  well  attendred  fairs.  Population  about 

Hoddesdon,  a town  in  Hertfordshire,  with 
a weekly  market  on  Thursday,  stands  near 
the  sea.  It  is  four  miles  s of  Hertford,  and 
IT  \ by  E of  London. 

Hodtida^  a sea-port  town  of  Arabia,  in  | 
Yemen,  on  the  Red  sea,  has  a port  for  small  ! 
vessels,  90  miles  nnw  of  Mocha.  Lon.  43  ; 
30  E,  lat.  14  10  N.  I 

Hocdic,  a small  French  island,  about  nine  ' 
miles  E from  Eelleisle,  and  12  se  from  the  ; 
peninsula  of  Quib'rou.  ‘It  has  a town  or  I 
vi.lage  of  the  same  name,  and  a fort.  I 

I loti  Tchecu,  a city  of  the  first  rank,  in  ! 
the  province  of  Kiaiig  nan,  China.  This  is 
one  of  the  richest  and  most  commercial 
cities  in  the  province.  The  air  is  mild  and  i 
healthy.  There  are  some  mines  of  gold, 
silver,  and  copper,  in  the  neighbouring  ! 
mountains:  the  best  tea  grows  in  the  envi- 
rons ; and  the  japanned  work  of  this  town 
is  reckoned  equal,  or  superior  to  any  other. 
It  is  625  miles  s of  Pekin.  Lon.  118  5 e, 
lat.  29  5T  X. 

Hoeit-ChcoUj  a city  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Quang-tong,  China,  1,010  I 
miles  s of  Pekin.  Lon.  113  58  e,  lat.  23  ! 

i X. 

Hoekelun.  See  Heukelmn. 

Hoff,  a town  in  the  principality  of  Bay-  | 
reuth,  Franconia,  on  the  Saale,  which  di-  | 
vides  it  into  Old  and  New  Town  In  the  I 
environs  are  found  quarries  of  marble,  and  | 
it  has  manufactures  of  linen,  cotton,  and  | 
fine  paper.  It  is  32  miles  nxe  of  Bayreuth,  | 
and  46  xe  of  Bamberg.  I 

Hoff,  a town,  in  the  circle  of  Olmutz  | 
Moravia,  has  extensive  commerce  in  wool,  i 
and  is  28  miles  xe  of  Oimutz.  | 

Hogue,  Cape  La,  a cape  and  a town  in  i 
the  department  of  the  Channel,  five  miles 
s ol  B-trfieur,  France,  near  w'hich  thir- 
teen French  men  of  War  were  burnt  by 
Admiral  Rcoke,  in  1692.  Lou.  I 53  w, 
lat.  49  45  X. 

HOHENBRRG,  a county  and  princi- 
pality in  Suabia,  situated  between  Wur- 
temberg  and  the  Austrian  Krtsgaw.  It 
is  divided  into  Upper  and  Lower.  The 
principal  towns  are  Rotenburg,  Ehingen, 
Hord,  and  Schramberg.  It  has  an  an- 
cient cattle  of  its  name,  seated  near  the 
source  of  the  Nechar,  10  miles  se  of 
BothvieU. 

Hohenlinden,  a towm  of  Bavaria,  in  the  ) 
vicinity  of  which  the  French  obtained  a sig-  ; 


I nal  victory  over  the  Austrians,  in  1800.  It 
is  22  miles  e of  Munich. 

HOHENLOHE,  or  Holach,  a county 
and  principality  in  Franconia,  w of  the 
margravate  of  Aas|;ach,  about  26  miles 
from  X to  s,  and  23  from  E to  w.  The 
country  is  agreably  diversified  with  moun- 
tains, valleys,  and  plains,  and  abounds  in 
corn,  cattle,  wine,  and  wood.  Close  by  the 
village  of  Holach,  near  Uffenheim,  stood 
the  ancient  castle  of  its  courts.  The  inha- 
bitants are  chiefly  Lutherans;  there  are 
some  Roman  Catholics.  The  chief  town  is 
Ohringen. 

Ihhenmaut,  a towui  of  Bohemia,  in  the 
circle  of  Chrudim ; with  a small  territory 
annexed  on  the  river  Meyta.  It  is  13  miles 
E of  Clirudim. 

HOHENZOLLERN,  a principality  of 
Siiabia,  divided  into  two  branches,  Hohen- 
zollern  Heckingen,  and  Hohenzollern 
Sigma  ringen.  A town  of  the  same 
name,  situated  on  a branch  of  the  Neckar, 
the  seat  of  its  ancient  courts  ; 16  miles  s 
by  w of  Tubingen.  Lon.  9 8 e,  lat.  48 

28  N. 

HOHENSTEIN,  a county  in  Thuringia. 
The  castle  which  gives  name  to  the  county, 
is  situated  on  a mountain,  at  the  foot  of 
which  is  the  village  of  Neustadt,  five  miles 
xxE  of  Nordhciusen. 

Ilohentaeil,  a fortress  of  Suabia,  seated 
on  a mountain.  In  1800,  its  fortifications 
were  demolished  by  the  Fr.ench,  nine  miles 
EXE  of  Schaffhausen. 

Hohnsteia,  a tovsm  of  Misnia,  Upper 
Saxony,  on  the  Mulda,  1 1 miles  ne  of 
Zwikau. 

Ho  Kien,  a city  of  the  first  rank,  in  the 
province  of  Pe-tche-li,  China,  stands  be- 
tW'Cen  tw^o  rivers,  85  miles  s of  Pekin. 
Lon.  1 16  23  e,  lat.  38  40. 

Hold,  a town  of  Iceland,  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  a river,  on  the  x coast.  Lon.  19 
20  w,  lat.  65  40  N. 

Holbeach,  a town  in  the  se  part  of  Lin- 
colnshire, with  a market  on  Thursday,  and 
tw'o  annual  fairs.  Here  is  a noble  Gothic 
church,  with  a lofty  tower  and  spire.  It 
is  eight  miles  exe  of  Spalding,  and  109  N 
of  London. 

Holbeck,  a town  of  Zealand,  Denmark, 
situated  on  the  gulf  of  Isefiord,  W’ith  a good 
harbour,  from  which  great  quantities  of 
corn  ^.re  exported.  It  is  30  miles  w of 
Copenhagen.  Lon.  1 1 44  w',  lat.  55  42  x. 

HOLDERNESS,  a district  of  E York- 
shire, forming  a promontory  betw’een  the 
Humber  and  the  German  ocean.  It  is  a 
strong  rich  soil,  and  famous  for  its  large 
breeds  of  horses  and  neat  cattle. 

Holdsworthy,  a town  in  Devonshire, 
stands  between  two  branches  of  the  Ta- 
mar. It  contains  above  1,000  inhabitant^, 
and  has  a market  on  Saturday.  It  is  4,3 
miles  w by  x of  Exeter,  and  2t4  W’  by  s ui 
London. 

3 L 


H O L 

HOLLfiND,  or  Dutch  NfiTKisitii^Krs,  i 
a celebrated  state  of  Europe,  extending  1 50 
miles  from  n to  s,  and  100  from  w to  b. 
It  consists  of  seven  provinces,  namely  Hol- 
land, Guelderland,  Zealand,  Utrecht,  Fries- 
land, Overyssel,  and  Croningen,  and  what 
was  styled  the  land  of  generality,  or  Dutch 
Brabant.  It  is  generally  called  Hoi-  , 
land  from  the  name  of  the  principal  pro- 
vince, which  signifies  a low  country.  The 
principal  rivers  are  the  Rhine,  Meuse,  Dom- 
mel,  Weal,  Yssel,  Scheldt,  and  Vecht. 
This  wonderful  seat  of  industry  and  wealth 
was  formed  into  the  Batavian  Republic, 
under  the  influence  of  the  French,  in  1795, 
and  into  the  Kingdom  of  Holland,  for 
Louis  Bonaparte,  under  the  influence  of  his 
brother,  emperor  of  the  French,  in  1806, 
who  on  the  third  of  July  1810,  abdicated 
his  crown , and  on  the  9th  by  a decree  of 
Napoleon  it  became  a department  of  France, 
and  in  1814,  reverted  to  its  former  sovereign 
the  Stadtholder,  now  styled  sovereign 
prince  of  the  Netherlands.  In  1299,  the 
county  of  Holland  devolved  to  the  counts 
of  Hainault ; and,  in  1436,  it  fell  to  Philip 
the  Good,  duke  of  Burgundy  ; and  after- 
wards to  the  emperor  Maxinulian,  whose 
descendant,  Philip  II,  of  Spain,  was  the  last 
count  of  Holland.  His  tyranny  had  so 
exasperated  the  Hollanders,  as  well  as  the 
inhabitants  of  other  provinces  in  the  Nether- 
lands, that  an  extensive  insurrectioa  took 
place,  which,  after  a long  struggle,  ter- 
minated in  their  establishment  as  a free 
and  independent  state,  homologated  by  the 
acknowledgment  of  Spain  itself,  and  all  the 
other  courts  of  Europe.  • In  Holland,  we 
behold  a striking  proof,  that  unwearied 
and  preserving  industry  is  capable  of  con- 
quering almost  every  disadvantage  of  cli- 
mate and  situation.  Its  air  and  water 
are  equally  bad ; the  soil  produces  naturally 
scarce  any  thing  but  turf ; and  the  pos- 
session of  this  very  soil  is  disputed  by  the 
ocean,  which  rising  considerably  above 
the  level  of  the  land,  is  prevented  from 
overflowing  it  only  by  strong  and  expen- 
sive dykes.  Yet  the  labours  of  the  patient 
Dutchman  have  rendered  this  small  and 
seemingly  insignificant  territory  one  of 
the  richest  spots  in  Europe,  with  respect 
to  population  and  property.  It  was  long 
the  general  depot  of  the  merchandise  of 
every  quarter  of  the  globe.  These  have, 
however,  experienced  a woeful  decline 
since  the  late  connection  of  this  country 
with . France,  involved  as  it  has  been  in 
its  quarrel  and  its  commercial  ruin.  Among 
the  most,  valuable  natural  productions, 
may  be  reckoned  tbeir  excellent  cattle ; 
and  the  large  quantities  of  madder  which 
are  exported.  The  most  considerable  re- 
venue arose  from  the  fisheries ; but  these 
are  not  so  considerable  as  formerly.  The 
uuniber  of  manufactures  established  in  the 
United  Provinces  is  astonishing  ; the  chief  of 


H o L 

which  are  linen,  pottery, painted  tiles,  tobac- 
co pipes,  refined  salt,  snuff,  leather,  wax,  oil, 
sugar,  starch,  paper,  and  some  silk,  wool- 
len, and  cotton.  Saardam,  a village  in 
North  Holland  contains,  for  instance,  about 
900  wind  mills,  partly  corn  mills,  partly 
saw  and  paper  mills  and  mills  for  making 
white  lead,  &c.  But  the  Dutch  trade  is  no 
longer  in  its  ancient  flourishing  state ; 
their  ancient  freedom,  however  being  now 
restored,  their  commercial  spirit  which 
was  depressed  by  tyranny,  may  again  re- 
vive. The  Calvinistic  religion  is  the  most 
prevalent,  but  all  others  are  tolerated. 
The  capital  of  all  Holland  is  Amster- 
dam. 

HOLLAND,  one  of  the  principal  of  the 
United  Provinces,  is  divided  in  North  and 
South.  North  Holland,  called  also  w 
Friesland,  to  distinguish  it  from  Friesland 
on  the  E side  of  the  Zuider  Zee,  includes  all 
to  the  N of  Amsterdam.  South  Holland 
extends  from  the  state  of  Zealand  and 
Brabant  to  the  river  Ye.  The  length  of 
the  whole,  including  the  island  of  Texel, 
and  the  islands  in  the  Meuse,  is  about 
90  miles;  the  breadth  is  various,  from  15 
to  48.  It  contains  29  walled  towns,  with 
many  others  that  enjoy  municipal  pri- 
vileges, and  above  400  villages.  The 
number  of  inhabitants  is  estimated  at 
800,000.  The  soil  of  the  country  is  so 
soft  and  marshy,  that  were  it  not  for  the 
constant  care  in  forming  ditches  and 
canals,  it  wbuld  be  hardly  capable  of  cul- 
tivation ; some  part  of  it  lies  even  lower 
than  the  sea,  from  which  it  is  secured  by 
dykes  or  dams.  The  meadow  grounds  are 
rich  ; and  great  numbers  of  milk  cows  are 
kept  by  the  farmers,  the  making  of  butter 
and  cheese  being  one  of  their  principal  oc- 
cupations. The  rivers  abound  with  fish. 
There  are  numerous  docks  for  building 
and  repairing  ships : and  considerable  linen 
and  woollen  manufactures.  The  Hollanders 
are  affable,  industrious,  laborious,  absorbed 
in  trade,  are  excellent  sailors,  and  good 
politicians.  A free  exercise  of  religion  was 
allowed  to  all  persuasions,  but  Calvinism  is 
the  most  prevailing.  The  French,  in  1795, 
by  the  aid  of  a severe  frost,  accomplished 
the  entire  conquest  of  this  province  : but,  in 
1814,  were  driven  out  of  it.  Amsterdam  is 
the  capital. 

HOLLAND,  a district  of  England  si- 
tuated in  the  se  part  of  the  county  of  Lin- 
coln, divided  into  Upper  and  Lower,,  both 
of  which  consist  of  fens,  bogs,  and  marshes, 
drained  and  intersected  in  various  ways  by 
ditches  and  canals.  The  air  is  unwhole- 
some, but  considerably  ameliorated  in  parts 
which  are  well  drained  ; the  water  is  uni- 
versally brakish,  so  that  in  most  places  rain 
water  is  preserved  in  reservoirs  for  family 
use.  The  land,  after  being  drained,  forms 
good  pasture  and  meadow  land,  and,  if  cul- 
tivated, produces  good  crops  of  corn.  Large 


H O L 

ftooks  of  geese  are  bred  and  form  a const-  i 
durable  article  of  commerce ; there  are  also 
many  large  decoys  for  wild  ducks,  widgeons, 
&c.  This  district  gives  the  title  of  earl  to 
a branch  of  the  family  of  Fox.  The  prin- 
cipal towns  are  Boston,  Spalding,  Crowiand, 
and  Hoi  beach, 

Holland,  a fortified  town  of  Prussia,  in 
the  province  of  Oberlaud,  stands  near  the 
Weeske.  It  is  14  miles  ssb  of  Elbing,  and 
«52  sw  of  Konigsberg. 

HOLLAND,  NEW,  the  largest  island 
in  the  world.  It  lies  in  the  Indian  ocean, 
between  10  degrees  30  min.  and  39  degrees 
s lat.  and  1 10  degrees  153  degrees  30  min. 

E Ion.;  equalling  in  dimensions  the  whole 
habitable  part  of  Europe,  the  eastern 
coast  running  not  less  than  2730  miles 
from  w to  E,  and  196  from  n to  s.  Dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  country  have  received 
diflferent  names  from  their  respective  dis- 
coverers. Van  Diemen  Land,  supposed 
the  s extremity  by  Tasman,  who  dicovered 
it  in  1642,  was  found  in  1798  to  be  an 
island,  separated  from  New  Holland  by  a 
channel  40  leagues  wide.  The  eastern 
coast  was  first  discovered  by  Captain 
Cook,  in  1770,  who  called  it  Nev^  South 
Wales.  It  now  forms  a part  of  the  Bri- 
tish dominions,  a colony  having  been  es- 
tablished there  chiefly  composed  of  cou- 
victs  sentenced  to  transportation.  The 
principal  settlement  and  seat  of  the  gover- 
nor is  called  Sydney  Cove,  formerly  Port 
Jackson.  See  these  articles.  The  cli- 
mate at  Sydney  Cove  is  considered,  on 
the  whole,  as  equal  to  the  finest  in  Eu- 
rope. The  soil  is  full  as  good  as  is  usually 
found  so  uear  the  sea  side.  The  sea  coast, 
however,  of  the  country  in  general,  on 
which  alone  auy  inhabitants  have  been 
discovered,  appears  to  be  sandy  and  bar- 
ren ; and  as  for  the  inland  parts,  which 
might  be  reasonably  supposed  more  fertile, 
they  are  now  thought  to  be  wholly  inun- 
habited.  See  Wales,  New  South,  and 
Bass  Strait, 

Hollodale,  a river  which  rises  in  the 
mountains  on  the  borders  of  Caithness,  runs 
K into  a bay  of  the  N sea,  between  Suther- 
land and  Caithness,  five  miles  ss  from 
Strathy  Head. 

Holm,  or  Ahhey  Holm,  from  an  abbey 
that  stood  theve,  a town  of  Cumberland, 
with  a market  on  Saturday,  seated  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Waver,  12  miles  n of  Cocker- 
mouth,  27  Nw  of  Penrith,  and  310  nnw  of 
London. 

Holme,  a parish  in  Orkney,  on  the  e skle 
of  Pomona,  about  nine  miles  in  length  and 
from  tW0  to  eight  in  breadth,  containing 
871  inhabitants.  The  soil  produces  tole- 
rable good  crops  of  oats  and  barley,  turnips, 
cabbages  and  flax  ; a good  deal  of  the  latter 
is  made  into  cloth  in  the  parish.  Kelp  is 
manufactured  on  the  coast. 

Holme  Sound,  a beautiful  frith  in  the 


H o L 

Orkneys,  lying  opposite  to  the  parish  of 
Htflme,  leading  from  the  German  ocean  to 
Stromness,  It  affords  tolerable  anchorage ; 
and  on  the  Nw  coast  there  is  a small 
pier. 

Holms,  two  small  contiguous  islands  in 
the  Bristol  channel,  about  midway  between 
Glamorganshire  and  Somersetshire.  One 
of  them,  called  Flat  Holm,  is  about  16 
leagues  sw  of  the  mouth  of  the  Avon.  Lon. 
2 15  w,  lat,  51  22  n.  Steep  Holm  is  about 
a league  to  the  southward. 

Holstebroe,  a town  in  North  Jutland, 
Denmark,  stands  on  a shallow  river  which 
runs  into  the  North  sea.  The  principal 
trade  of  the  inhabitants  is  in  corn,  oxen,  and 
horses.  It  is  68  miles  n of  Ripen,  and  24 
w of  Wiborg. 

HOLSTEIN,  DtTCHY  of,  a country  in 
Lower  Saxony,  including  the  lordship  of 
Pinneberg,  subject  to  the  &ug  of  Denmark. 
It  is  about  100  miles  in  length  from  e to  w, 
and  50  in  breadth  from  n to  s.  The  coun- 
try, in  general,  is  exceedingly  fertile,  and 
well  situated  for  trade.  The  duchy  is 
divided  into  four  provinces,  namely  Hol- 
stein Proper,  Stormar,  Ditmarsen,  and 
Wagria.  The  three  first  of  these  were 
formerly  called  Nordalbiagia,  or  Saxony 
beyond  the  Elbe.  The  principal  trading 
towns  are  Altona,  Gluckstadt,  and  Kiel.- 
The  harbours  of  greatest  note  are  Ham- 
burg, Lubec,  and  Kiel.  The  exports  of 
Holstein  are  wheat,  barley,  malt,  starch, 
buck  wheat,  peas,  beans,  rape-seed,  horned 
cattle,  sheep,  rams,  swine,  horses,  poultry, 
butter,  cheese,  venison,  and  fish.  From 
the  port  of  Kiel  there  is  a canal  to  the  El- 
der, at  Rensburg,  by  which  there  is  a free 
navigation  from  the  Baltic  to  the  German 
ocean.  The  religion  of  the  whole  country 
is  Lutheran. 

Hohton,  a river  of  N America,  the  lar- 
gest branch  of  the  Tenesse  river,  has 
its  source  in  the  Allegany  mountains, 
in  Virenna,  flows  ssw  into  the  state  of 
Tennessee,  where,  taking  a more  westerly 
course,  it  passes  by  Knoxville,  and  35 
miles  below  that  town,  it  unites  with  the 
Clinch,  and  both  take  the  name  of  Tenne- 
see.  Its  course  is  about  200  miles,  and 
is  navigable  for  boats  of  25  tons,  upwards 
of  100  miles.  On  its  banks  are  iron-works, 
and  in  the  adjacent  country  some  lead 
mines. 

Holt,  a town  in  Norfolk,  situated  on  an 
eminence,  in  a fine  healthy  country,  which 
abounds  in  rich  picturesque  scenery,  and 
which  may  be  considered  as  the  garden  of 
Norfolk.  It  contains  about  1024  inhabi- 
tants ; has  an  excellent  free  school,  founded 
by  Sir  John  Gresham,  with  a market  on  Sa- 
turday, and  fairs  April  25,  and  Nov.  25.  It 
is  two  miles  wnw  of  Norwich,  and  119  ne 
of  London. 

Holt,  a town  in  Denbighshire,  Wales, 
goverwed  by  a mayor  and  aldermen.  Its 
3'L  2 


H O L 

bridge  of  10  arches,  over  the  Dee,  was  built 
in  1345.  The  castle,  which  stood  on  a rock, 
defended  on  three  sides  by  a foss  40  or  50 
yards  wide,  is  said  to  have  been  an  out-post 
to  the  Roman  station  Deva.  It  was  demo- 
lished during  the  civil  wars  in  1645;  six 
miles  EXE  of  Wrexham,  and  eight  se  of 
Chester. 

Holten,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Cleve, 
Westphalia,  1.1  miles  ssr  of  Wesel. 

Hol^  Cross i a small  town  in  the  county  of 
Tipperary,  Ireland,  stands  on  the  Suir.  I 
Here  are  the  extensive  ruins  of  an  abbey,  | 

1 1 miles  N of  Cashel.  | 

Holyhead j a sea  port  town  of  North  i 
Wales,  situated  on  the  w extremity  of  An-  j 
glesey,  whence  packets  with  the  mail  to 
Dublin,  about  W leagues  distant,  sail 
regularly  every  day,  except  Tuesday,  the 
passage  is  generally  performed  in  about  12  i 
hours.  On  Salt  island,  which  forms  one 
side  of  the  harbour,  is  a light-house,  and  on 
the  isle  of  Sherries,  nine  miles  to  the  n, 
is  another.  The  church  is  built  on  the 
site  of  a very  ancient  monastery,  within 
a quadrangular  Roman  fortification.  In 
the  viciriiy  is  a large  vein  of  yellow 
fuller’s  earth,  and  another  of  white.  A 
weekly  market  is  held  here  on  Saturday. 

It  is  88  miles  w by  n of  Chester  and  276 
Nw  ‘of  London.  Lon.  4 40  w,  lat.  53 
23  N. 

Holy  Island,  an  island  near  the  e coast 
of  England,  in  the  detached  part  of  Dur- 
ham, called  Islandshire,  about  10  miles 
SE  from  Berwick-upon-Tweed ; eight 
miles  in  circumference.  On  the  IS  coast 
is  a conveniei  t bay  ; on  one  .side  of  it  is 
ii  small  town,  Keylo,  defended  by  a fort,) 
and  on  the  opposite  side  there  is  a castle,  j 
accessible  only  by  a narrow  passage  on  i 
its  s side.  Holy  island  has  its  name  from  i 
an  ancient  extensive  monastery,  now  in  | 
ruins,  called  Lindersfern,  of  w’hich  the  ce-  | 
lebrated  St  Cuthbert  was  prior  12  years. 

It  was  a bishop’s  see,  removed  with  the  ! 
body  of  St  Cuthbert,  first  to  Chester-le- 
Btreet,  and  afterwards  to  Durham.  On  I 
this  island  is  an  eminence  called  Bible  hill,  j 
ao  called  because,  as  is  said,  the  holy  scrip-  j 
tures  were  landed  here  on  their  first  arrival  ) 
in  Britain.  I 

Holywell,  a town  in  the  county  of  Flint.  ! 
The  town,  from  its  vicinity  to  the  mines,  I 
has  increased  rapidly  of  late  years ; it  con-  i 
tains  about  2000  inhabitants,  and  is  well  j 
built.  It  takes  its  name  from  the  cele-  ( 
brated  well  of  St  Winifred,  which  is  a cu-  j 
pious  stream,  bursting  out  of  the  ground  | 
with  great  impetuosity,  at  the  fool  of  a j 
bill.  At  its  head  is  one  of  the  finest  and  i| 
most  elegant  cold  baths  in  the  kingdom.  ; 
In  its  course  to  the  Dee  it  turns  a number  | 
of  mills  employed  in  various  works.  A j 
■weekly  market  is  held  on  Friday.  It  is  52 
miles  NNE  of  Shrewsbury,  and  212  xw  of 
London, 


HON 

Holywood,  a parish  in  Dumfries-shire, 
about  10  miles  long  and  one  and  a-half 
in  breadth.  It  bad  its  name  from  a grove 
of  oaks  that  grew  near  a monastery  now  in 
ruins,  on  the  .-ite  of  the  pre  ent  church.  It 
is  situated  on  the  sw  side  of  the  Nitb,  a few 
miles  NW  of  Dumfries.  It  is  mostly 
arable  and  fertile.  The  population  is  above 
800. 

Holzapfcl,  the  capital  of  a county  of 
the  same  name,  Wesiphaiia,  on  the  lake,  at 
the  foot  of  a mountain,  on  which  is  the 
tower  of  a castle,  the  original  seat  of  the 
princes  of  Nassau.  It  is  four  miles  ne  of 
Nassau. 

Holzmunden,  a town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
in  the  duchy  ol  Wollenhultle,  at  the  junction 
of  the  Hoiz  and  Weser,  28  miles  xw  of 
Gottingen. 

Homburg,  a town  in  Franconia,  three 
miles  N of  Carolstadt,  and  16  nnw  ol  Wonz- 
burg. 

Homburg,  a town  of  Westphalia,  24  miles 
SE  of  Cologn. 

Homburg,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Hesse  Cassel,  Germany.  It  contains  an 
iron  forge,  and  a glass  manufacture,  and  is 
20  miles  s of  Cassel. 

Hamburg,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Deux 
Fonts,  Germany,  lately  in  the  department  of 
Mont  Tonnere,  stands  on  a mountain,  five 
miles  N of  Deux  Fonts. 

Homerton,  a village  in  the  county  of 
Middlesex.  Here  is  an  academy  lor  Pro- 
testant dissenters,  chiefly  those  of  the  Cal- 
viuistic  persuasion. 

Ilona aera,  or  Oncre,  a town  of  Canara, 
Hindoostan,on  a salt  lake  containing  many 
islands.  It  was  demolished  by  Tippoo  after 
the  treaty  of  Mangalore.  It  has  still  a cus- 
tom house  and  a few  shops.  Its  trade  con- 
sists principally  in  rice,  pepper,  cocoa,  and 
betel  nut,  50  miles  n by  w of  Kundapura, 
and  84  sse  of  Goa. 

KO-NAN,  a province  in  China.  The 
Chinese  call  it  Tong-hoa,  which  signifies 
the  middle  flower,  being  situated  in  the  cen- 
tre of  China.  It  contains  eight  cities  of  the 
1st  rank,  and  102  of  the  2d  and  3d.  The 
whole  province  is  plain,  except  towards  the 
w,  where  it  is  mountainous.  The  air  is  tem- 
perate and  healthy.  It  proJuces  corn,  rice, 
and  fruit,  in  great  abundance.  Cai-long  is 
the  capital. 

Ho-nan,  a city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  the  province  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
360  miles  sw  of  Pekin.  Lon.  112  9 E,  lat, 
34  44  N. 

Ilondtschoote,  a tovvn  in  the  department 
of  the  North,  France,  and  district  of  Ber- 
gues,  seven  miles  and  u-hab  se  of  Dunkirk, 
and  15  NW  of  Ypres. 

HONDURAS,  a province  of  Mexico, 
in  North  America.  It  is  490  miles  Iroui 
E to  w,  and  50  from  n to  s.  The  country 
consists  of  mountains,  valleys,  and  plains, 
watered  by  a great  number  of  rivers.  It  'vas 


H O O 

formerly  one  of  the  most  populous  countries  j| 
of  America  ; at  present,  though  exceedingly 
fertile,  almost  a desert.  The  soil  in  many 
parts  bears  Indian  corn  three  times  a-year. 
Other  productions  are  wheat,  pease,  cotton, 
and  wool,  with  excellent  pastures,  honey, 
wax,  and  provisions  of  all  kinds.  Among 
other  vegetables  are  large  gourds,  which 
the  Indians  call  hibueras  ; the  vineyards 
bear  thrice  a-year.  This  province,  how- 
ever, dues  not  derive  its  value  from  the 
fertility  of  the  soil;  but  from  producing,  in 
greater  abundance  than  any  part  of  Ame- 
rica, the  logwood  tree,  which  has  become 
an  article  in  commerce  of  great  value. 
For  a long  period  the  Spaniards  were  in 
quiet  possession  of  this  province,  but  by 
a definitive  treaty  in  1783,  the  British 
obtained  a toleration  under  certain  restric- 
tions to  cut  logwood  ; and  in  1786  to  oc- 
cupy the  small  island  of  Casina,  or  St 
George's  Quay,  where  it  is  supposed 
there  are  1500  logwood  cutters,  besides  ser- 
vants, and  also  a liberty  to  cut  all  kinds  of 
wood.  The  bay  is  situated  w^  of  the  Carrib- 
beau  sea,  between  Cape  Catoche  and  Cape 
Honduras.^  There  are  several  small  islands. 
The  principal  towns  are  Valladolid,  the 
capital,  Trnxilio,  Gracias  a-dios,  and  St 
Jago. 

Honjleury  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Calvados,  France,  with  a spacious  harbour 
at  the  mouth  of^  the  Seine,  eight  miles  n of 
Pont  PEveque,  and  IIOkwoI  Paris.  Lon. 

0 15  E,  lat.  49  24  n.  Its  principal  trade  is 
in  lace. 

Honitoriy  a town  in  Devonshire,  situated 
in  a delightful  vale,  on  the  s side  of  the 
river  Otter.  It  is  an  ancient  borough,  con- 
sisting chiefly  of  one  broad  street  running 
from  E to  w,  and  another  crossing  it  at  right  ! 
angles.  The  church  stands  about  half  a 
mile  from  the  town,  and  there  is  a chapel 
within  it.  It  has  considerable  manufactures 
of  broad  lace  and  edgings.  It  sends  two 
members  to  parliament,  and  has  a market 
on  Saturday,  and  a fair  first  Wednesday 
after  July  19.  In  1747  about  three-fourths 
of  the  tow’n  was  consumed  by  fire,  and  in 
1765,  another  fire  destroyed  about  180 
houses.  Population  about  2377.  It  is  16 
miles  E of  Exeter,  and  15  w by  s of 
London. 

Hooglijy  an  ancient  city  of  Hindoostan, 
in  the  country  of  Bengal,  on  the  w side  of  a 
river  of  the  same  name.  It  was  the  great 
mart  of  the  export  trade  of  Bengal  to  Eu- 
rope in  the  beginning  of  the  18th  century, 
but  now  nearly  in  nuns.  It  lies  25  miles  n 
of  Calcutta. 

Hooglyy  a river  formed  by  the  two 
westernmost  branches  of  the  Ganges,  called 
the  Cossimbazer  and  Jellinghy,  which  join 
at  Nuddea.  After  passing  by  Hoogly, 
Chiusura,  Chaudernagore,  and  Calcutta,  it 
falls  into  the  bay  of  Bengal,  and  is  the 
only  branch  of  the  Ganges  commonly  navi- 
gated by  ships. 


H O R 

Hoogstratariy  a town  in  Brabant,  Nether- 
lands, lately  department  of  Dyle.  It  is  15 
miles  N of  Herentals. 

HoorUydi  sea  port  town  of  Holland,  with 
a good  harbour,  situated  on  the  Ziiyder  Zee. 

It  holds  the  second  rank  among  the  cities  of 
North  Holland,  and  its  deputies  hold  the 
seventh  p4aee  among  the  small  cities  at  the 
assembly  of  the  states.  The  town  is  for- 
tified, has  five  gates,  and  some  handsome 
buildings,  churches,  and  hospitals.  The 
land  adjacent  is  exceedingly  rich,  and  fattens 
great  numbers  of  cattle  ; has  a trade  in 
cattle,  butter,  and  cheese.  Here  are  built 
ships  of  war  and  merchant  vessels.  In  1799, 
it  w^as,  for  a short  time,  in  possession  of  the 
tlnglish.  It  is  11  miles  e of  Alcmaer,  and 
ZO  NNE  of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  4 50  e,  lat. 
52  38  N. 

Hoppenlieim,  a bailiwick  of  Germany,  in 
the  electorate  of  Mentz,  ceded  to  Hesse 
Darmstadt,  in  1802. 

Horaidan,  a towui  in  the  province  of 
Farsistau,  Persia.  It  is  76  miles  nw  of 
Shiras. 

Horby  a town  of  Suabia,  Germany,  situ- 
ated on  the  river  Neckar.  It  has  a consi- 
derable trade  in  woollen  goods,  and  is  10 
miles  sw  of  Rottenburg,  and  21  wsw  of 
Tubingen. 

Hereby  a mountain  of  Arabia  Petrea, 
westward  of  Mount  Sinai,  or  rather,  anothetf 
eminence  belonging  to  the  same  mountain 
On  this  mount  God  appeared  to  Moses  in 
j the  burning  bush,  and  at  its  foot  Moses 
I struck  the  rock  to  afford  drink  to  the  people. 

^ There  are  two  or  three  fine  springs,  and 
abundance  of  fruit  trees  on  the  top  of  Horeb, 
but  none  in  Sinai.  At  the  footoi  the  moun- 
tain is  a monastery,  where  a bishop  of  the 
Greek  church  resides. 

Horn  Capey  the  most  southern  extremity 
of  Terra-del- Fuego,  S America,  it  forms 
part  of  Hermite  Island.  Lon.  66  0 w,  lat, 
55  42  s. 

Horny  or  Hooreny  a town  of  Austria,  ce- 
lebrated for  its  beer,  made  of  oats.  It  is  si- 
tuated near  the  TitTer,  48  miles  wnw  of 
Vienna. 

HorUy  a town  in  the  territory  of  Liege^ 
Netherlands,  three  miles  wnw  of  Rure^ 
monde. 

HomachoSyEitown  in  Estremadiira,  Spain, 
near  the  Malachel,  20  miles  n of  Llerena, 
and  30  ssE  of  Merida. 

Hornbachy  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Deux 
Pouts,  Germany,  on  the  river  Horn,  five 
miles  s of  Deux  Pouts. 

Hornbtrg,  a town  in  the  Black  Forest, 
Suabia,  situated  on  the  Guiash,  with  a 
fortress  on  a mountain,  12  miles  nw  of 
Rotlr-^eil,  and  17  ne  of  Frey  burg. 

Hornbi'rg,  a tow’u  in  Lower  Saxony, 
Germany,  in  the  principality  of  Halber- 
stadt,  on  the  Isle.  It  is  10  miles  ne  of 
Goslar. 

Hornshjy  a town  in  Lancashire,  situated 
on  the  river  Loyne,  on  the  borders  of  West- 


H O R 

moreland.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly 
employed  in  the  cotton  manufacture,  and  it 
has  a market  for  cattle  every  alternate 
Tuesday.  It  is  10  miles  me  of  Lancaster. 

Horncastle,  a town  iu  Lincolnshire,  situ- 
ated on  the  river  Bane.  The  town  is  well 
built,  and  has  a considerable  trade  in  the 
manufacturing  of  hides.  It  has  a market 
on  Saturday,  and  fairs  June  22,  August  1st, 
and  October  29,  which  have  been  famed 
for  horses.  It  is  20  miles  e of  Lincoln,  and 
130  N of  Loudon. 

Horndon  on  the  Hill,  a town  in  Essex, 
with  a market  on  Saturday.  It  is  16 
miles  s by  w of  Chelmsford,  and  19  £ of 
Londou. 

Hornsea,  or  Hornsey,  a town  in  the  East 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  almost  surrounded  by 
an  arm  of  the  sea.  On  the  sw  side  of  the 
town  is  a pool  of  fresh  water,  called  Hornsey 
Aleer,  well  stored  with  pikes,  eels,  and  perch. 
ITornse  has  a market  on  Monday,  and  fairs 
August  12,  and  December  17.  It  is  15 
miles  Nof  Hull,  40  E of  York,  and  190  n of 
London. 

Horse  Island,  a small  island  near  the  sw 
coast  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of  Kerry, 
three  miles  |§of  Hog’s  Head, 

Horsem,  a sea  port  town,  situated  on  the 
Baltic,  in  N Jutland,  in  the  diocese  of 
Athuus,  Denmark,  seated  on  a bay  which 
opens  into  the  Categat.  It  is  a place  of 
considerable  trade,  has  manufactures  of 
flannel  and  other  woollen  stuffs,  and  con- 
tains two  churches.  It  is  19  miles  ssw  of 
Arhusen.  Lon.  9 40  e,  lat.  55  57  n. 

Horsham,  a town  in  l^ssex,  seated  on  the 
Arun.  The  spring  assizes  are  held  here, 
and  it  has  a good  gaol  for  the  use  of  the 
county.  For  trade  and  population,  it  is  one 
of  the  most  considerable  towns  in  the  county. 
It  is  governed  by  a steward,  two  bailiffs,  <fec. 
and  sends  two  members  to  parliament.  It 
has  a weekly  market  on  Saturday,  which 
supplies  the  London  market  with  great 
quantities  of  poultry,  and  a monthly  market 
on  the  last  Tuesday  for  cattle.  It  is  govern- 
ed by  two  bailiffs  annually  chosen.  It  lies 
SG  miles  s by  w of  London.  Lon.  0 12  w, 
iat.  51  8 N. 

Horstmar,  a town  of  Germany,  in  West- 
phalia, and  bishopric  of  Munster,  with  a 
castle,  and  collegiate  church,  and  is  seated 
on  an  eminence.  It  is  15  miles  kw  of 
Munster. 

Horszczyk,  a town  of  Poland,  in  the  pa- 
latinate of  Volhynia,  48  miles  n of  Zyto- 
miers. 

Morta,  a town  of  Portugal,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Eeira,  four  miles  and  a-haif  s of 
Si  Joan  da  Fesquiera. 

Hortes,  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Marne,  nine  miles  e of 
Langres. 

Hortobagy,  a town  of  Hungary,  on  a 
Tiver  of  the  same  name,  17  miles  ssw  of 
Nanas. 


HOT 

Hostimuri,3itown  in  Sonora,  New  Spain. 
In  the  vicinity  are  considerable  mines  ; 130 
miles  s by  w of  Arispe. 

HOTTENTOTS,  Country  op  the, 
a large  territory  in  the  S extremity  of 
Africa,  extending  n by  w from  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  beyond  the  mouth  of 
Orange  river,  and  from  that  cape  in  an 
ENE  directiou,  to  the  mouth  of  the  great 
Fish  River,  which  parts  it  from  Caffraria. 
It  lies  between  the  tropic  of  Capricorn, 
and  35  s lat.,  and  is  bounded  on  the  w,  s, 
and  E by  the  Atlantic,  Southern,  and  In- 
dian oceans,  and  on  the  n by  regions 
very  little,  if  at  ail  explored.  The  coast 
is  mountainous,  and  abounds  in  bays  and 
capes.  There  are  no  considerable  king- 
doms throughout  this  large  extent  of  coun  - 
try,  the  whole  being  inhabited  by  different 
nations,  or  tribes  of  Hottentots  governed 
by  different  honquers,  or  chiefs,  who  have 
no  fixed  residence,  living  like  the  Arabs, 
in  huts  or  portable  houses,  and  removing 
their  kraals,  or  villages,  when  the  pasture 
becomes  too  bare  for  the  subsistance  of 
their  cattle,  and  upon  the  natural  or  vio- 
lent death  of  an  inhabitant.  The  known 
nations  are  the  Kochaquan,  Suffaquan, 
Odiquan,  Chirigriquan.  Greater  and  Les. 
ser  Namaquan,  Attaquau,  Hessaquan,  Sou- 
quan,  Dunquan,  Damaquan,  Guaros,  or 
Gouriquan  Houteniquan,  Chamtover,  and 
Heikon.  They  no  longer  compose,  as 
formerly,  one  nation  uniform  in  their  man- 
ners, customs,  and  pursuits.  Among  the 
different  tribes  of  Hottentots,  the  women 
wear  two  or  three  coverings  formed  of 
skins,  and  fastened  about  their  bodies 
like  an  apron.  The  garment  usually 
worn  is  a sheep  skin,  w'ith  the  wool  out- 
ward in  summer,  and  inward  during  win- 
ter. The  garments  used  by  the  w'omen 
differ  from  those  used  by  the  men  in  only 
one  respect,  namely,  that  the  women  have 
a peak  to  their  karosses.  The  men,  in 
general,  wear  no  peculiar  covering  on 
their  heads.  The  women  frequently  go 
bareheaded ; when  they  cover  their  heads, 
it  is  with  a cap  in  the  form  of  a short 
truncated  cone,  without  any  seam,  made 
of  some  auimal^s  stomach,  and  is  as  black 
as  soot  mixed  up  with  fat  can  make  it. 
The  necks  of  the  men  are  bare ; but  those 
of  the  women  are  decorated  with  a strip 
of  undressed  leather,  upon  which  are  strung 
eight  or  10  shells.  Another  ornament  in 
use  with  both  sexes,  is  rings  on  their  arms 
and  legs.  They  seldom  wear  any  shoes. 
The  Hottentots  who  live  within  the  boun- 
daries of  the  Dutch  colonies,  seldom  make 
use  of  any  weapons.  Their  habitations 
are  as  simple  as  their  dress,  and  equally 
adapted  to  the  wandering  pastoral  life 
they  lead.  Every  hut  is  of  a circular  form, 
resembling  a round  behive  or  vault.  The 
ground  plot  is  from  18  to  24  feet  in  dia- 
meter. The  highest  of  them  are  so  low 


HOT 

that  a middle  sized  man  can  scarcely  stand  i 
upright.  From  the  fire-place  being  in  | 
the  centre,  the  Hottentots  have  this  ad- 
vantage, that  when  they  sit  or  lie  in  a 
circle  round  the  fire,  the  whole  company 
equally  enjoy  the  benefit  of  its  warmth ; 
but  the  door  is  the  only  place  that  lets 
in  the  day -light ; and  the  only  outlet  for 
the  smoke.  The  aperture  which  is  left 
for  the  door,  is  closed,  whenever  there 
is  occasion  for  it,  with  a skin  fitted  to 
it,  or  a piece  of  matting.  The  order  of 
these  huts  is  usually  in  the  form  of  a 
circle,  with  the  doors  inward,  so  that  a 
kind  of  court  is  thus  formed,  where  the 
cattle  are  kept  at  night.  There  is  some- 
thing peculiar  in  the  features  of  the  Hot- 
tentot, which,  in  a certain  degree  separates 
him  from  the  generality  of  mankind.  The 
characteristic  mark  of  the  Hottentot  is, 
the  smallness  of  his  hands  and  feet  com- 
pared with  other  parts  of  his  body.  His 
cheek-bones  are  exceedingly  prominent, 
so  that  his  face,  being  very  broad  in 
that  part,  and  the  jaw-bones,  on  the  con- 
trary, extremely  narrow,  his  visage  con- 
tinues still  decreasing  even  to  the  point  of 
the  chin ; his  lips  are  not  so  thick  as 
those  of  the  Caffres,  the  Mosambiques, 
and  Negroes.  His  flat  nose  rise  scarcely 
half  an  inch  at  its  highest  elevation,  and 
his  nostrils,  which  are  excessively  wide, 
often  exceed  in  height  the  ridge  of  his 
nose.  His  mouth  is  large,  and  furnished 
with  small  teeth,  well  enamelled,  and 
perfectly  white:  his  eyes,  very  beautiful 
and  open,  incline  a little  towards  the  nose, 
like  those  of  the  Chinese,  and  to  the  sight  ' 
and  touch  his  hair  has.  the  resemblance  | 
of  wool ; it  is  very  short,  curls  naturally, 
and  in  colour  is  as  black  as  ebony.  Though 
he  has  no  beard  but  upon  the  upper  lip, 
below  the  nose,  and  at  the  extremity  of 
the  chin,  he  never  fails  to  pluck  it  out 
as  soon  as  it  appears  ; the  colour  of  his 
skin  is  a yellowish  brown,  resembling  a 
European  who  has  the  jaundice  in  a high 
degree.  With  regard  to  proportion  of  body, 
a Hottentot  is  as  perfect  as  if  cast  in  a 
mould.  His  gait  is  graceful  and  agile ; 
and  all  his  motions,  which  are  easy,  seem 
very  different  from  those  of  the  American 
savages.  The  women,  with  more  delica- 
cy of  features,  exhibit  the  same  character- 
istic marks  in  their  figure  ; they  are 
equally  well  made.  A profound  indiffer- 
ence to  the  affairs  of  life,  inclines  them 
very  much  to  inactivity  and  indolence:  i 
the  keeping  of  their  flocks,  and  the  care  1 
of  procuring  subsistence,  are  the  only  sub- 
jects that  occupy  their  thoughts.  They 
are,  however,  the  best,  the  kindest,  and 
the  most  hospitable  of  people.  Before 
the  arrival  of  the  Europeans  at  the  Cape, 
the  Hottentots  were  not  acquainted  with 
commerce,  and,  perhaps,  they  had  no  idea, 
even  of  barter;  but,  on  the  appearance  of 


HO  u 

tobacco  and  toys,  they  were  soon  initiated 
into  a part  of  the  mercantile  mysterias. 
The  Hottentots  are  generally  represented 
as  a poor  and  miserable  nation.  A Hot- 
tentot is  neither  poor  nor  miserable.  He 
is  not  poor,  because  his  desires  never 
exceeding  his  knowledge,  which  is  very 
limited,  he  never  feels  the  spur  of  necessi- 
ty. With  respect  to  religion,  none  of 
them  seem  to  have  any,  nor  do  they  appear 
willing  to  receive  instruction.  All  of 
them,  hov^ver,  have  the  firmest  opinion 
of  the  power  of  magic,  whence  it  might 
be  inferred,  that  they  believe  in  an  evil 
being,  but  they  pay  no  religious  worship 
to  him,  though  from  this  source  they 
derive  all  the  evils  that  happen,  and  among 
these  they  reckon  cold,  rain,  and  thunder. 
They  seem  to  have  some  notion  of  a 
future  state,  as  they  reproach  their  friends, 
for  leaving  them  so  soon,  and  admonish 
them  to  behave  henceforth  more  proper- 
ly. The  language,  notwithstanding  its 
singularity,  and  the  difficulty  of  pro- 
nouncing it,  may  be  acquired  by  an  Eu- 
ropean. There  is  a species  of  Hottentots, 
who  have  got  the  name  of  Bosjesmans, 
from  dwelling  in  woody  or  mountainous 
places.  They  subsist  by  hunting  and  plun- 
der, and  never  keep  any  animal  alive  for 
the  space  of.  one  night.  The  animals  of 
this  country  are  nearly  similar  to  those  in 
other  parts  of  Africa.  Among  the  quad- 
rupeds are  the  lion,  elephant,  hippopota- 
mus, buffalo,  double-homed  rhinoceros, 
panther,  giraffe,  or  Camelopardalis,  elk, 
antelope,  springbok,  and  gazel.  Among 
the  birds  are  vultures,  ostriches,  whose 
eggs  are  excellent  food,  and  the  loxia, 
a specious  of  gregarious  bird.  Among 
the  insects  are  termites  or  white  ants, 
which  do  no  injury  to  the  wood  as  in  the 
E Indies,  but,  by  raising  a number  of 
hills,  they  impede  the  progress  of  vege- 
tation. The  black,  or  rock  scorpion, 
is  nearly  as  venemous  here  as  any  of  the 
serpent  tribe,  of  which  there  are  numerous 
kinds.  Lon.  32  to  48  e,  Ferro,  lat.  24  to 
3(5  s. 

Hou,  or  How,  a town  in  the  left  bank  of 
the  Nile,  Egypt,  situated  on  an  eminence. 
It  is  said  to  have  been  built  by  the  patriarch 
Joseph.  It  is  28  miles  s of  Girge.  Lon,  41^ 
13  E,  Ferro,  lat.  20  2 n. 

HOUAT,  an  island  in  the  English 
Channel,  near  the  coast  of  Morbihan, 
France,  defended  by  a fort,  about  10 
miles  in  circumference.  It  is  seven  miie-> 
NE  of  Belleisle.  Lon.  3 IQ  w,  lat.  47 
26  N. 

HOTJAL,  or  Ouaeo,  a kingdom  of 
Africa,  situated  on  the  banks  of  the  rive: 
Senegal,  and  on  the  coast  of  the  Atlantic, 
90  miles  from  e to  w,  and  18  from  n 
to  s.  The  soil  is  rich  and  fertile,  pro- 
ducing in  the  greatest  abundance  rnaizo, 
rice,  legumes,  indigo,  tobacco, ■ and  coi^ 


HOW 


H O U 

ton  ; the  meadows  feed  great  numbers  of 
large  and  small  cattle ; game  and  other 
birds  abound  in  the  greatest  variety  and 
plenty ; and  the  forests  are  stocked  with 
palm-trees.  The  king  of  Houal  takes  the 
title  of  brak,  or  emperor.  At  certain 
periods  he  assembles  bis  courtiers,  travels 
with  them  through  the  villages  of  his  king- 
flom,  eats  what  provisions  he  finds,  drives 
away  the  cattle,  and  exposes  the  owners  to 
public  sale. 

Houangt-Cheou,  sl  city  of  the  first  rank, 
in  the  province  of  Tche-kiang,  China,  150 
miles  ssE  of  Peking,  Lon.  187  0 e,  lat.  30 
SZ  N. 

Houdan,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Seine  and  Oise,  France,  21  miles  w of 
Versailles, 

Houdain,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Calais,  France,  six  miles  s of  Bethune. 

Hounay  a cape  on  the  x’  coast  of  Caith- 
ness, Scotland,  two  miles  w of  Dungis- 
bay  Head.  Lon.  0 25  e,  Edinburgh,  lat. 
58  33  N. 

Hounamy  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Rox- 
burghshire, about  nin^  miles  and  a-half  in 
length,  and  six  in  breadth  ; s of  .Jedburgh, 
on  the  borders  of  Northumberland,  and 
intersected  by  a Roman  Highway,  called 
Wattling-Street.  The  surface  is  moun- 
tainous, and  chiefly  under  sheep  walks. 
The  farms  are  large.  Population  372.  On 
the  top  of  several  mountains  are  encamp- 
ments. 

HounslotVy  a town  in  Middlesex,  on  the 
great  Western  road,  with  a weekly  market 
on  Thursday,  and  fairs  Trinity  Monday,  and 
Monday  after  September  29th ; 10  miles  w 
by  s of  London.  Barrack's  for  400  men 
were  erected  on  the  n side  of  this  heath,  in 
1793;  sw  of  the  town  is  an  extensive  heath 
celebrated  for  its  powder  mills,  horse  races, 
and  robberies. 

Houndowy  a small  village  in  the  parish 
of  Westrutfaer,  Berwickshire,  30  miles  se 
by  N of  Edinburgh.  It  contains  about  80  | 
inhabitants. 

HOU-QUANG,  a province  of  China,  | 
which  occupies  nearly  the  centre  of  the 
empire,  and  is  divided  into  two  parts, 

N and  s by  the  river  Kian-ku.  It  extetids 
about  480  miles  from  n to  s,  and  350 
from  R to  w,  comprehending  15  cities 
of  the  first  rank,  and  114  of  the  second 
and  third.  The  greatest  part  of  it  is  a 
flat  open  country,  watered  every  where 
by  brooks,  lakes,  and  rivers  ; the  flocks 
of  cattle  and  wild  fowd  are  innumerable. 
The  land  produces  all  sorts  of  grain  and 
fruit,  especially  oranges  and  citrous  ; the 
mountains  abound  in  medicinal  plants, 
and  mines  of  iron,  tin,  toutenague,  <fec ; 
and  gold  is  found  in  the  sands  of  the 
rivers  and  brooks  which  descend  from  the 
mountains;  in  the  fields  are  great  numbers 
of  insects,  which  yield  wax,  as  well  as 
bees  whicli  produce  honey.  In  a word, 


I there  is  such  a plenty  of  all  sorts  of  com- 
modities, that  it  is  commonly  called  the 
I Magazine  of  the  Empire.  Vou-tchang  is 
the  capital. 

Hourn,  or  Urn  Lochy  an  extensive  arm  of 
the  sea,  on  the  western  coast  of  Scotland, 
extending  20  miles  inland  from  the  Sound 
of  Sky,  Inverness-shire. 

HOUSE,  one  of  the  Shetland  islands, 
about  three  miles  long,  and  one  broad, 
united  by  a bridge  to  Barra.  It  contains 
about  150  inhabitants.  Lou.  1 37  e,  Edin- 
burgh, lat.  00  5 N. 

Housstty  a town  and  capital  of  a territory 
of  the  same  name,  in  Negroland,  stretching 
along  the  n side  of  the  Nigar,  200  miles 
E of  Tomhuctoo.  Lon.  4 20  e,  lat.  10 

10  N. 

Honstany  and'  KiUalinny  two  iminxi 
parishes  in  Renfrewshire,  \w  of  Paisley, 
about  six  miles  long,  and  three  broad.  The 
surface  is^  considerably  broken  with  rochy 
eminences,  but  the  low  grounds,  a moss 
of  some  hundred  acres  in  the  wesiren  disini  t 
excepted,  are  in  general  fertile.  Liniesicne 
abounds,  and  there  are  some  quarries  of 
excellent  freestone.  There  is  a considerable 
extent  of  oak  wood,  both  natural  and  plant- 
ed. In  the  aisle  of  the  church  are  many 
elegant  sejailchral  monuments  to  the  memo- 
ry Os  individuals  of  the  family  ot  Houston, 
In  the  vicinity  of  the  house  of  Barochaii, 
stands  an  ancient  stone  cross  of  neat  work- 
manship. Besides  the  castle  of  Hous- 
ton, an  ancient  fortification,  there  tire 
many  remains  of  antiquity.  Nrw-Hocs- 
TON',  or  Neus’ston,  is  a neat  modern  vil- 
lage, built  near  the  site  of  the  old  village 
of  that  name.  It  contains  about  300  in-, 
habitants,  chiefly  employed  in  the  cotton 
manulaciure ; and  in  its  neighbourhood  is 
an  extensive  bleach-field.  Population  is 
about  1900. 

Hon-tcheoUy  a city  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Tchekiang,  China,  situated 
i near  a large  lake  called  Tai.  This  is  the 
chief  place  in  China  for  making  writing 
pencils  ; the  silk  manufacture  is  also  car- 
ried on  to  a vast  extent.  It  is  liO  miles  sk 
of  Nanking,  and  587  sse  of  Pekin.'  Lon. 
120  15  E,  lat.  30  32  x. 

Honton  Holms,  a small  pasture  island  of 
the  Orkneys,  about  two  miles  s of  Pomona 
island. 

HOW  ISLAND,  an  island  in  the  S 
Pacific  ocean.  It  is  composed  of  several 
smaller  islands.  Lon.  J54  7 w,  lat.  1,5 
46  s. 

HOW’S  ISLAND,  or  Lord  Howe’s 
Island,  In  the  S Pacific  ocean.  Lon.  139 
4 w,  lat.  3J  36  s. 

liowan  Sound,  a strait  of  the  sea  betw  een 
the  islands  of  Egilsha  and  Rowsa,  two  of 
the  Orkney  islands, 

Howden,  a tow'u  in  the  E Riding  of 
Yorkshire.  It  gives  name  to  a small  dis- 
trict called  Howdensbire.  The  bishops  of 


HOY  HUD 


liuTham  had  formerly  a palace  here,  the  re- 
mains of  which  is  uow  occupied  as  a farm 
house,  situated  about  one  mile  from  the  N 
bank  of  the  Ouse,  where,  at  Howdenuyke, 
there  is  a small  harbour  for  boats,  and  a 
ferry  over  the  river.  The  market  place  is 
a large  building  called  Moot  Hall,  where 
courts  are  held  at  Lady  day  and  Michael- 
mas, tfec.  It  has  a market  on  Saturday,  and 
four  annual  fairs.  It  is  20  miles  sse  of 
York,  and  179  N by  w of  London. 

Howe  Cape,  a promontory  at  the  sr  end 
of  New  Holland.  Lon.  130  2 e,  lat.  37 
32  s. 

Howe,  The,  a small  island  near  the  Nw 
coast  of  the  island  of  Guernsey. 

//a/efcA’,  a village  of  Northumberland,  has 
an  ancient  Tower  still  kept  in  good  re- 
pair, the  seat  of  the  family  of  Grey,  the  re- 
presentative of  which,  in  1801,  was  created 
Peer  of  the  realm,  by  the  title  of  Baron 
Grey  de  Howie.  It  is  three  miles  ne  of 
Alnwick, 

Hoivth,  a village  in  the  county  of  Dub- 
lin, Ireland,  seated  on  a peninsula,  which 
forms  the  n point  of  Dublin  bay  ; on  a pro- 
montory here  is  a light-house.  It  is  nine 
miles  E by  N of  Dublin. 

Hoxter,  a town  of  Westphalia,  belonging 
to  the  abbey  of  Corvey.  It  is  situated  on 
the  Weser,  three  miles  nw  of  Corvey,  and 
23  E by  N of  Paderborn. 

Hoxton,  a large  village  in  Middlesex  ad- 
joining Moorfields,  London,  has  an  alms 
House  and  Charitj'  School. 

Hoy  and  Grtemsay,  a parish  of  Scotland, 
in  Orkney,  comprehending  the  island  so 
named,  and  containing  about  400  inhabi- 
tants. The  surface  is  rocky  and  moan- 
tanous,  with  some  very  romantic  valleys. 
In  this  parish  is  a stone  called,  the  Dwarf 
Stone,  32  feet  long,  16  and  a-half  broad, 
and  near  six  high,  hollow  in  the  middle, 
and  divided  into  three  compartments : one 
is  a chimney  cut  in  a stone,  another  seems 
to  have  been  a bed.  There  are  neither 
parochial  nor  society  schools  in  this  parish. 

HOY,  one  of  the  largest  Orkney  islands, 
about  iO  miles  long,  and  rather  more  than 
three  broad,  separated  from  Pomona  by  a 
channel  about  a mile  and  a-half  wide.  A 
very  rich  ore  of  lead  was  discovered  here 
some  time  ago.  The  principal  places  are 
Hoy  and  Southwalls.  The  number  of  in- 
habitants is  about  250.  Round  the  coast 
are  several  bays,  and  good  fishing.  Here 
is  a stupendous  rock,  called  the  Beary. 
A Cape  on  its  w coast  is  called  Hoy  head, 
which  is  a sea  mark.  Lon.  3 9 w,  lat.  56 
51  N. 

Hoya,  a county  and  principality  of  Ger- 
many, in  Westphalia.  It  is  about  32  miles 
in  length,  and  29  in  breadth.  The  soil 
is  mostly  sandy  ; but  there  are  some  good 
arable  lands,  producing  rye,  wheat,  barley, 
oats,  flax,  and  buck-wheat.  The  principal 
rivers  are  the  Weser  and  the  Aller.  The  in- 
ikwbitants  apply  partly  to  agriculture,  and 
15 


! partly  fo  the  linen  and  woollen  manufac-* 
tures.  The  whole  county  contains  54 
parishes,  all  professing  the  doctrines  of  Lu- 
ther. Besides  Hoya,  it  contains  17  small 
towns. 

Hoya,  the  capital  of  the  above  county,  is 
situated  on  the  Weser.  It  is  24  miles  sss 
of  Bremen,  and  37  nw  of  Hanover.  Lon. 
9 20  E,  lat.  52  47  n. 

Hoyer,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Sleswick, 
Denmark,  with  a harbour  for  small  vessels, 
celebrated  for  its  Oyster  fishery.  It  is  four 
miles  w of  Touderen. 

Hoyerswerda,  a town  of  Lusatia,  on  the 
river  Elster,  two  miles  n of  Whitoheiiau, 
and  17  nnw^  of  Bautzen. 

Hoyerswerda,  a castle  in  Lusatia,  seated 
on  the  river  Elster,  17  miles  nnw  of  Baut- 
zen. ^ 

Hoym,  a town  and  castle  in  the  principal 
lity  of  Anhalt,  in  Upper  Saxony,  stands  on 
the  Godel  at  its  conflux  with  the  Seike,  16 
miles  w of  Bernburgb. 

Hradiseli,  a town  of  Moravia,  and  capi- 
tal of  a circle  of  the  same  name,  situated 
on  an  island  in  the  river  Moraw.  It  js  a 
frontier  fortress  towards  Hungary ; and 
lies  30  miles  se  of  Olmutz,  Lon,  19  30 
lat.  49  17  N. 

HUAHETNE,  one  of  the  islands, 

in  the  Southern  Pacific  ocean,  30  ;>  - ..'■es 
from  Otaheite  and  eight  leagues  in  circum- 
ference. The  harbour  of  Owharre,  ou  the 
I w coa-f,  has  good  anchorage.  Lon.  151 
j 8 w,  lat.  16  44  s, 

I ihiberf,  St,  a town  of  Luxemburgh,  Ne- 
I theriands,  stands  on  the  rivulet  Homme,  in 
the  forest  of  Ardennes,  with  a celebrated 
abbey,  14  miles  w of  Bastogne,  and  20  ns 
of  Bouillon. 

Hubertsberg,  a town  of  Misnia,  Upper 
Saxony.  Here  is  a suburb  hunting-seat, 
built  by  the  electoral  prince,  Augustus  III. 
A peace  w^as  negociated  here  between  the 
kings  of  Poland  and  Prussia,  and  the  em- 
press queen.  It  is  three  miles  ne  of  Mut- 
chen,  and  22  e of  Leipsic. 

Huddersfield,  a town  in  the  W Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  seated  on  the  Colne,  with  a 
canal  to  the  river  Calder,  about  three  miles 
I distant.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  mnnu'acture 
of  narrow  and  broad  cloths,  serges,  kersey- 
meres, &c.  wdiich  are  weekly  exposed  to 
sale,  in  a large  circular  hall  erected  for  tha 
purpose.  The  only  magistrates  are  a con- 
stable and  his  deputy,  chosen  at  the  court 
leet  of  the  lord  of  the  manor.  Most  of  the 
property  in  the  town  is  held  of  Sir  John 
Ramsdeh,  by  short  but  renewable  leases, 
and  of  late  years  has  greatly  improved  in 
buildings,  population,  and  trade.  Tha 
number  of  inhabitants  in  1811,  9671.  The 
market  day  is  Tuesday ; and  it  has  three 
annual  fairs.  It  is  25  miles  nk  of  Man- 
chester, 42  sw  of  York,  and  189  nnw  of 
London. 

iLaf/iricA;5ii-flW,a  flourishing  sra  port  town, 
the  capital  of  the  province  of  HeUingUiid, 
3 M 


Sweden,  with  a good  harbour  on  the  gulf  of  I 
Bothnia.  The  inhabitants  carry  on  an  ad- 
vantagcou'ii  trade  in  timber,  wooden-chairs, 
fiax,  linen,  butter,  fish,  &c.  Ttis  185  miles  y 
by  w of  Stockholm.  Lon.  17  46  e,  iat.  6‘4  6. 

Hud. son f a towm  in  Columbia  county, 
Now  York.  This  town  was  only  begin: 
in  1783,  and  is  now  become  a flourishing 
place.  It  is  laid  out  in  squares,  formed 
by  spacious  streets,  crossing  each  other  at 
right  angles.  The  houses  are  supplied  with 
water  brought  in  pipes  from  a spring  two 
miles  distant.  The  trade  of  the  city  is  con- 
siderable, and  vessels  of  the  largest  size  can 
unload,  and  vessels  of  considerable  size  are  , 
built  here.  It  is  situated  on  the  e side  of 
Hudson  river,  on  an  eminence,  30  miles 
s of  Albany,  and  120  miles  n of  New  York. 
Lon.  73  56  w,  lat.  42  10  n. 

Hudson’s  Bay,  a large  bay  of  N Ame- 
rica, N of  Canada,  discovered  by  captain 
Henry  Hudson,  in  1610.  It  reaches  in 
its  whole  extent  from  Ion.  78  to  95  w,  and 
from  lat.  51  to  69  n,  in  which  are  included 
different  gulls  and  bays,  such  as  James  bay, 
Welcome  sea,  &c.  The  entrance  of  this 
bay  from  the  ocean  is  between  Resolution 
Isles,  on  the  n and  Button^  isles,  on  the 
Labrador  coast  to  the  s,  forming  the  e ex- 
tremity of  the  strait,  distinguished  by  the 
name  of  its  great  discoverer.  This  bay 
communicates  on  the  n by  two  straits  with 
BafFin^s  bay.  In  1670,  a charter  was 
granted  to  a company  which  does  not  con- 
sist of  above  10  persons,  for  the  exclusive 
trade  to  this  bay.  This  company  is  in  the 
possession  of  three  forts  on  the  s coast  of 
James  bay,  by  which  the  S termination  of 
Hudson^  bay  is  distinguished ; these  facto- 
ries are  called  Rupert,  Moose,  and  Albany. 
On  the  w side  of  Hiidson^s  bay,  up  Hayes 
river,  is  a factory  called  Flamborough,  and 
to  the  N of  this  is  York  fort,  and  prince  of 
Wales  fort.  In  December  1770,  Mr. 
Hearne,  in  the  service  of  the  Hudson^s  bay 
Company,  set  oat  from  Prince  of  Wales 
fort,  to  explore  a river  which  the  Esqui- 
maux, who  came  to  the  Company’s  factories 
to  trade,  had  brought  to  their  knowledge  ; 
and  which,  on  account  of  much  copper 
being  found  near  it,  had  obtained  the  name 
of  Copper-mine  river.  Under  the  convoy 
of  these  Indians,  he  arrived  at  this  river 
in  June  1771,  and  traced  it  till  he  came 
in  sight  of  the  Pacific  ocean,  finding  it  en- 
cumbered w ith  shoals  and  falls  to  its  mouth, 
which  is  in  lat.  72  n,  and  Ion.  119  w\ 
In  1789,  Mr  Mackenzie,  another  officer 
of  the  company,  explored  the  country  still 
more  to  the  westward;  aud,  entering  a 
river,  now^  called  after  his  name,  w^hich  is 
the  outlet  of  the  Slave  lake,  he  traced  it 
to  its  mouth  in  the  Artie  ocean,  where  it 
forms  a wide  estuary,  in  Ion.  135  w,  lat. 
71  N.  Its  course  is  780  miles  nnw  from 
the  lake,  in' which  receives  many  large 
rivers.  No  discoveries  w of  this  river  have 
been  made  by  laud. 


Hudson’s  Straits,  ox  ForbisJier’s  Mistake^ 
Strait,  the  narrow  sea,  between  the  At- 
lantic ocean  and  Hudson’s  bay  n of  La- 
brador. 

Hudson’s  River,  one  of  the  finest  rivers 
of  the  United  States,  which  rises  in  a moun- 
tainous country,  between  the  lakes  Ontario 
and  Champlain  ; ne  part  of  the  slate  of 
New  York,  and  taking  a se  course  passes 
within  seven  miles  of  lake  George  ; then 
flowing  s by  Lausenburg,  Albany,  and 
Hudson,  after  a course  of  250  miles,  falls 
into  the  sea,  10  miles  s of  New  York.  It 
is  navigable  for  ships  to  Hudson,  and  for 
sloops  of  70  or  80  tons  to  Albany. 

Hue,  or  Huefo,  the  capital  of  Cochin- 
China,  has  a royal  palace,  is  seated  in  a 
beautiful  plain,  and  divided  into  two  parts 
by  a large  river,  30  miles  from  its  mouth 
in  the  Chinese  sea.  The  inhabitants 
blacken  their  teeth,  thinking  it  a shame 
to  have  them  white,  like  dogs.  Lon.  107 
25  E,  lat.  16  25  n. 

Huelva,  a town  in  the  province  of  An- 
dalusia, Spain,  situated  on  the  coast  ©f  the 
Atlantic,  between  the  mouths  of  the  Odiel 
and  Tinto,  three  miles  w of  Moguer,  and  53 
w of  Seville. 

HUEN,  an  island  in  the  Baltic,  three 
miles  from  the  Swedish  coast,  and  nine  ssb 
of  Elsinore.  In  1G58,  it  was  ceded  by  the 
Danes  to  the  Swedes.  It  is  six  miles  in 
circumference,  and  has  one  scattered  vil- 
lage, where  was  the  Observatory  of  the 
famous  Tycho  Brahe,  See  Vranihurg, 

Huesca,  a town  in  the  province  of  Arra- 
gon,  Spain,  on  the  Isuela.  It  contains  four 
parishes,  is  a bishop’s  see,  with  an  universi- 
ty ^ and  is  35  miles  ne  of  Saragossa.  Lon. 

8 25  w,  lat.  42  8 n. 

Huescar,  a town  of  Granada,  Spain,  has 
a castle,  and  is  42  miles  ne  of  Guadix. 

Huessen,  a town  of  Guelderland,  Holland, 
stands  on  the  Rhine,  seven- miles  ne  of  Ni- 
miguen. 

Hueta,  See  Guefa, 

Huetinhurg,  a town  of  Cariuthia,  Ger- 
many, 20  miles  nne  of  Clagenfurt. 

Hvffingen,  a town  in  Suabia,  belonging 
to  the  prince  of  Furstenburg,  four  miles 
NNW  of  Furstenburg. 

Hughesburg,  See  Cataivessy. 

HUIDINGS,  a small  island  in  the  n 
sea,  near  the  w coast  of  Norway,  10  miles 
w of  Stavanger. 

HUILQUILEMU,  an  inland  province 
of  Chili,  between  Puchacay  and  the  Andes, 
produces  an  excellent  muscadel  wine,  and 
is  rich  in  gold  dust.  Estanzia  del  Rei  is 
the  capital. 

Hultschin,  a town  of  Silesia,  near  the 
Oppa,  13  miles  e of  Troppau. 

Hull,  a river  of  Yorkshire,  which  runs 
into  the  Humber  at  Hull. 

Hull,  or  Kingston  upon  Hull,  a borough 
and' sea- port  town  of  E Yorkshire,  situated 
on  the  N ^ide  of  the  river  Humber,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Hull,  from  whiah  it  takes^ 


its  name.  It  was  built  by  Edward  I.  who 
called  it  Kinpton,  and  was  formerly  de- 
fended by  a strong  wall,  ditches,  ramparts, 
and  half-moons,  which  have  of  late  gone  to 
decay.  It  is  a county  of  itself,  governed  by 
a mayor,  a sheritf,  a recorder,  and  12  aider- 
men.  It  was  the  first  town  that  shut  its 
gates  against  Charles  I.  Hull  is  situated 
low,  and  w as  formerly  subject  to  great  inun- 
dations. Its  commerce  has  for  some  time 
increased  so  rsiuch,  that  it  is  now  deemed 
the  fourth  port  for  business  in  the  king- 
dom. Its  situation  is  extremly  advanta- 
geous. Besides  its  communication  with 
the  Yorkshire  rivers  and  canals,  it  has 
access,  by  means  of  the  Humber  to  the 
Trent,  and  all  its  branches  and  communi- 
cations. It  has  the  import  and  export  trade 
of  the  Northern  and  midland  counties.  The 
foreign  trade  is  chiefly  to  the  Baltic  ; but 
it  has  also  regular  traffic  with  the  southern 
parts  of  Eufcpe,  and  with  America.  More 
ships  are  sent  from  hence  to  Greenland  than 
any  other  port,  except  London.  The  coast- 
ing trade  forf  coals,  corn,  wool,  manulac- 
tnred  goods,  &o,  is  also  very  extensive. 
A new  dock  has  lately  been  constructed, 
in  which  80  ships  may  ride  safely.  The 
principal  public  buildings  are  two  churches, 
an  exchange,  infirmary,  and  a trinity-house. 
The  bridge  over  the  Hull  is  deemed  one  of 
the  most  elegant  in  the  kingdom.  The 
town  is  defended  by.  three  forts,  garrisoned 
by  soldiers.  It  is  the  seat  of  a governor, 
lieutnant-governor,  and  other^fficers.  The 
mayor  has  a sword  borne  before  him,  a 
cap  of  maintenance  and  a lignum  vilde  oar  ; 
the  latter  is  expressive  of  his  jurisdiction  as 
Admiral,  within  the  limits  of  the  Humber, 
the  legal,  pecuniar  allowance,  to  members 
of  parliameut,  was  paid  by  Hull  later  than 
by  any  other  town  in  England,  to  that  in- 
corruptible patriot  Andrew  Marvel,  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  16th  Century.  It  sends 
two  members  to  parliament,  has  markets  on 
Tuesday  and  Saturday.  The  number  of 
inhabitants  was  about  27,616,  in  1811, 
29,944,  including  the  suburb  of  Sc'ulcoates. 
It  is  97  nules  e of  Manchester,  and  170 
N of  London.  Lon.  0 18  w,  lat.  S3  SO  n. 

Hulmayy  a small  island  of  Scotland,  on 
the  w coast  of  Lewis. 

Hulmitrayy  one  of  the  smaller  Hebrides, 
near  Harris. 

Hulledypuray  a town  of  Canara,  Hindoo- 
stan,  situated  in  a plain  of  rice  ground,  e of 
a considerable  Creek,  which  runs  n from 
the  entrance  into  Honawera  lake,  S4  miles 
K by  w of-Kundapura. 

Hulperiy  a town  of  Brabant,  Netherlands, 
10  miles  sb  of  Brussels. 

Hills,  a town  of  Germany  in  the  ci-devaat 
archbishopric  of  Cologne,  now  annexed  to 
France.  It  is  two  miles  sb  of  Kempen, 
and  3S  nw  of  Cologne. 

Ilulst,  a town  of  Holland,  in  the  late 
Dutch  Flanders,  situated  on  a canal,  which 
eommuaicates  with  the  Scheldt.  It  is 


small  but  ancient  and  very  strong,  by  its 
situation  among  marshes,  and  its  fortifica- 
tions. It  wa&  shameftilly  surrendered  to  the 
French,  in  1747,  and  taken  by  them  in 
1794,  It  is  15  miles  wnw  of  Antwerp,  and 
16  NNB  of  Ghent.  Lon.  4 8 e,  lat.  51  15 

Humar,  a small  island  of  Arabia,  in  the 
Red  sea,  one  league  kw'  of  Loheia. 

Humber,  a river  of  England  formed  by 
the  union  of  the  Ouse  and  the  Trent,  which 
divides  the  counties  of  Lincoln  and  York, 
and  runs  into  the  German  sea,  at  Spurn 
Head,  in  Lon.  0 24  e,  lat.  53  55  n. 

Humble,  a parish  in  the  county  of  Had- 
dington, sw  of  the  town  of  that  name  which 
presents  nearly  the  form  of  a square  six 
miles  though  intersected  by  the  parishes  of 
Fala  and  Soutra.  It  is  mostly  under  pas- 
turage. In  this  parish  is  an  extensive  tract 
of  wood : has  an  antiscorbutic  spring,  ap- 
pearance of  iron  ore,  and  an  excellent  breed 
of  sheep.  Here  are  vestiges  of  a circular 
camp,  containing  an  acre  of  land,  formerly 
surrounded  by  three  walls  16  feet  thick, 
and  15  asunder,  in  the  area  of  which  Roman 
antiquities  have  been  found.  Population 
about  785. 

Hume,  a village  in  the  united  parishes  of 
Stitchel  and  Hume,  in  the  county  of  Ber- 
wick. In  it  is  the  ancient  castle  of  Hume, 
or  Home  once  a place  of  great  strength  and 
; defence  in  the  border  wars,  and  frequently 
besieged  by  the  English.  The  castle  is 
seated  on  a rock,  and  is  of  such  elevation  as 
to  command  one  of  the  richest  and  mo.st 
extensive  prospects  on  the  s of  Scotland  is  a 
sea  mark  for  mariners  on  the  passage  from 
London  to  the  Frith  of  forth,  and  was  one 
of  the  signal  stations  in  the  late  war.  It 
was  long  the  property  and  residence  of  the 
Earls  of  Home,  whose  buriaT  place  is  in 
the  church  yard  here,  but  now  belongs  to 
the  proprietor  of  the  estate  of  Marchmont. 
The  town  of  Hume,  it  is  said,  could  once 
muster  between  three  and  400  men,  who 
could  bear  arms  ; but  is  now  reduced  to 
a small  village.  The  casile  was  taken 
and  partly  demolished  by  Oliver  Cromwell, 
The  inhabitants  were  not  well  affected  to 
MTllie  Wastel  who  had  the  command  of 
it  at  that  time : the  answer  which  he  re- 
turned to  the  summons  to  surrender,  was  :-^- 

‘a,  Willie  Wastel, 

Stand  firm  in  my  castle ; 

And  all  the  dogs  of  our  town, 

Canno,t  bring  Willie  Wa.stel  down.^' 

Population  of  parish  and  village,  is  about 
408  ; about  three  miles  ssw  of  Greenlaw,  and 
36  sE  of  Edinburgh. 

Hummdstown,  a town  in  Daupliin  coun- 
ty Pensyivania,  stands  on  tljc  s side  of  tie 
Swetera,  which  falls  into  the  Sustiarhaiia, 
10  miles  e by  n of  Harrisburg,  and  76  wnw 
of  Philadelphia. 

Hummet,  The,  a small  island  in  the 
English  channel,  near  tbr.  ns,  coast  of  the 
! island  of  Guernsey. 


HUN 

Hutnfnoch,  a small  island  in  the  Eastern 
Indian  sea,  five  leagues  s of  Mindanao, 
about  six  miles  long.  Here  is  a rajah,  sup- 
ported in  his  authority  by  the  Dutch  East 
Indian  company.  The  island  is  exceed- 
ingly fertile,  and  produces  most  of  the 
trophical  fruits,  but  the  principal  articles  of 
trade  with  the  Dutch  are  bees  wax  and 
honey.  It  lies  in  Lon.  125  12  E,  lat.  5 
37  N, 

Hunary,  two  small  islands,  near  the  w 
coast  of  Hiiidoostan,  15  miles  s of  Bombay. 
Lou.  72  38  B,lat.  18  47  n. 

Hunsmarcky  a town  in  Stiria,  on  the 
Muehr,  17  miles  w by  s of  Judenburg,  and 
18  ENE  of  Muhrau. 

HUNSRUCK,  or  Hunds-Ruck,  a dis- 
trict in  the  late  circle  of  the  Upper  Rhine. 
Great  part  of  it  is  now  annexed  to  France, 
and  included  in  the  departments  of  the  Rhine, 
and  the  Sarre. 

Hunefeldy  a town  in  the  late  circle  of  the 
Upper  Rhine,  and  bi.shoprio  of  Fulda,  10 
miles  N of  Fulda,  and  26  sw  of  Eisenach. 

HUNGARY,  a kingdom  of  Europe,  di- 
vided into  Lower  and  Upper.  To  these 
may  be  added  the  Bannat  of  Temeswar. 
incorporated  into  this  kingdom  in  1778. 
Hungary  formerly  included  Transylvania, 
Sclavonia,  Dalmatia,  Servia,  and  Walachia. 
The  country,  towards  the  north,  is  moun- 
tainous and  barren ; the  air  is  cold,  but 
healthy.  Near  the  Danube  the  soil  is  level 
and  sandy,  the  climate  temperate,  but  moist. 
Farther  to  the  s are  extensive  plains,  exceed- 
ingly fertile;  the  climate  hot,  and  the  air 
moist,  and  very  unwholesome.  The  level 
country,  however,  produces  corn  of  every 
kind,  excellent  fruit,  wines  celebrated  for 
their  strength  and  goodness,  especially  that 
called  Tocay,  legumes,  hemp,  asparagus, 
melons,  saffron,  tobacco,  <fec.  The  forests 
are  beautiful  and  the  meadows  feed  nume- 
rous herds  of  cattle,  of  which  the  inhabi- 
tants yearly  export  more  than  100,000  head,. 
Horses,  buffaloes,  asses,  mules,  sheep,  goats, 
and  swine  are  bred,  and  form  objects  of 
commerce  ; chamois  and  deer  are  found  in 
the  forests  and  mountains,  and  in  some 
]places  bears.  The  rivers  and  ponds  are 
well  supplied  with  fish,  and  the  woods  with 
game.  The  mountains  contain  gold,  silver, 
iron,  lead,  quicksilver,  antimony,  orpiment, 
sulphur,  vitriol,  marcasite,  saltpetre,  load- 
stone, different  kinds  of  marble,  alabaster 
and  preciotis,  stones,  and  opal,  a metal, 
found  at  Czevweniza,  called  by  the  natives, 
Zinnopel,  which  gem  is  peculiar  to  this 
country.  No  country  in  world  is  bet- 
ter siipplied  with  mineral  vvaters  and  baths, 
and  those  of  Biida,  wlitm  the  Turks  were  in 
posses.vion  of  it,  weie  reckoned  the  finest 
in  Europe.  The  principal  mountains  are 
the  Carpathian  and  Crapack.  The  chiel 
rivers  are  the  Daini'  e,  .Save,  Waag,  Graaii; 
Tresse,  Teiue.'^.  Drave,  ilaab,  and  Leitlia. 
This  kingd(u:i,  lon-e;  wasleil  by  war,  js  be- 
gmniug  tc  be  nopuknas  k u has  icsv  1. 'g' 


HUN 

town?,  all  ate  ill  built,  and  filled  with  rulns^ 
The  inhabitants  are  of  various  origin,  Jazi- 
gians,  Bohemians,  Croats,  Rascians,  Rus- 
sians, Walachians, fVandals,  Greeks,  Jews^ 
and  Turks.  Hungarians  and  Sclavonians, 
are  considered  as  the  only  native  inhabi- 
tants. The  nobility  are  numerous,  well  in- 
formed, and  warlike.  Hungary  is  govern- 
ed by  the  king  who  is  of  the  bouse  of  Aus- 
I tria,  and  states,  which  are  divided  into  four 
classes ; viz  1 . prelates ; 2.  great  barons, 
wayw^odes,  bans,  or  viceroys;  3,  gentry; 
and  4.  the  royal  free  cities.  The  kingdom 
of  Hungary  can  easily  raise  an  army  of 
100,000  men,  of  which  50,000  are  in  pay, 
and  a like  number  is  alike  furnished  by  the 
provinces.  The  infantry  are  called  hey- 
ducks, and  the  cavalry  hussars,  almost  all 
the  towns^of  Hungary  have  two  names,  the 
one  German  and  the  other  Hungarian  ; and 
the  language  is  a dialect  of  the  Sclawoniau. 
The  established  religion  is  popery,  though 
there  are  a great  number  of  protest  ants. 
The  number  of  inhabitants,  including  Tran- 
sylvania, estimated  at  8,000,000.  Pres  burg, 
is  the  capital  of  Upper,  and  Buda  of  Lower 
Hungary. 

Hungeuy  a town  in  Wateravia,  and  county 
of  Solms  Braunfels,  Germany,  19  miles  ese 
of  Brunfels,  and  14  se  of  Weizlar. 

Hungerfordy  a town  of  Berkshire,  on  the 
river  Kennet,  which  separates  it  from  Wilt- 
shire, with  a weekly  market  on  W’^ednesday, 
a fair  August  10th  and  a good  trade  by  its 
canal  navigation,  John  of  Gaunt,  duke  of 
Lancanster  granted  it  a charter  by  the  gift 
of  a brass  bugle  horn,  which  is  blown  an- 
nually for  the  inhabitants  to  elect  the  Consta- 
ble who  is  the  chief  officer,  nine  miles  w 
of  Newbury,  22  ssw  of  Abington,  and  64  w 
of  London.  Ion.  1 26  w,  lat.  51  26  n. 

Hunninguen,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Upper  Rhine,  France,  si  mated  on  the 
Rhine,  and  regularly  fortified,  two  miles  n 
of  Bale,  and  14  e of  Altkirch. 

Hanmanbyy  a town  of  England,  in  the  E 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  with  a market  on 
Tuesday,  11  miles  s of  Scarborough,  34  nb 
of  York,  and  209  Nof  London. 

Hunslety  a town  in  W Yorkshire,  in  the 
liberty  of  Leeds,  in  1811  the  inhabitants 
were  6393. 

HUNTERDON,  a county  of  New  Jer- 
sey, in  the  United  States.  It  is  about  40 
miles  long,  and  32  broad,  is  divided  into 
10  townships,  and  contains  20,253  inhabi- 
tants, including  1301  slaves.  Trenton  is 
the  ciiief  town. 

HUNTING  ISLANDS,  a cluster  of 
small  islands  in  the  Atlantic  ocean,  near 
Port  Royal,  in  South  Carolina. 

IhmtingdoTif  capital  oi  the  country  to 
which  it  gives  name,  situated  on  a rising 
ground,  on  the  river  Ouse,  over  which  a 
.^^one  bridge  at  Goodmanchester.  It  is  said 
tormerly  to  have  had  15  churches,  all  which 
were  destrox'^ed  in  Speed time,  except  three. 
Here  Oliver  Cromwell  was  born.  Tiiert 


HUN 

air^i  iiow  only  two  churches,  and  the  cemc- 
trios  or  other  two  parishes,  in  one  of  which 
is  an  ancient  steeple.  Near  the  town,  on 
an  eminence,  is  a castle  built  by  Edward 
the  Elder.  It  was  first  incorporated  by 
king  John ; but  the  magistrates,  w^ho  con- 
sist of  a mayor,  alderman,  recorder,  <fec. 
act  under  the  charter  of  Charles  I,  Hun- 
tingdon is  a burgh,  and  sends  two  members 
to  parliament.  The  assizes  for  the  county 
are  held  here.  The  market  is  on  Satur- 
day, and  it  has  a great  trade  in  corn ; the 
annual  fair  is  on  Ladyday.  The  number  of 
inhabitants  in  1811,  was  2397.  It  is  10 
miles  WNW  of  Cambridge,  and  39  n by  w of 
London. 

HUNTINGDON,  an  extensive  and 
mountainous  county  of  the  United  States, 
in  Pennsylvania.  It  is  about  73  miles  long 
and  39  broad,  and  contains  1,432,960  acres 
of  land,  divided  into  seven  townships  which 
contain  7363  inhabitants.  Limestone, 
iron  ore,  and  lead  are  found  here.  A fur- 
nace and  two  forges  manufacture  consider- 
able (Quantities  of  pig  and  bar  iron  ; there  is 
also  a manufacture  of  lead.  It  has  a capital 
of  the  same  name,  seated  on  the  Juniatta, 
at  the  influx  of  Standing-stone  creek,  23 
miles  wsw  of  Lewistown.  Lon.  7.8  15  w, 
lat.  40  22  N. 

Huntingdon^  a post  town  situated  on  the 
N side  of  Long-Island,  Suftblk  county.  New 
York,  23  miles  e by  n of  New  York  city. 

It  contains  3260  inhabitants. 

Huntingdon,  a small  island  near  the  e 
coast  of  Labrador.  Lon.  37  13  w,  lat. 
54  N. 

HUNTINGDONSHIRE,  a connty  of 
England,  bounded  on  the  n and  w by 
Northamptonshire,  on  the  e by  Cambridge- 
shire, and  on  the  s by  Cambridgeshire,  and 
Bedfordshire.  The  form  is  an  irregular  j 
sciuare,  about  25  miles  from  n to  s,  and  20  | 
from  E to  w.  It  is  divided  into  four  hun-  j 
dreds,  w'hich  contain  six  market  towns,  186 
parishes,  and  according  to  a late  enumeration 
8220  houses,  and  in  1811  42,203  inhabi- 
tants. In  the  NE  part  is  a lake  called  Whit- 
tlesey-Meer,  six  miles  long  and  three  broad; 
the  water  is  clear,  but  in  the  calmest  weather 
agitated  as  if  by  a tempest.  Huntingdon- 
shire returns  four  members  to  parliament, 
viz.  two  for  the  county,  and  two  for  Hun- 
tingdon, Great  part  of  the  e and  ne  part  of 
the  county  consists  of  moors  and  fens  ; but 
these  are  drained  so  as  to  aff  ord  rich  pastur- 
age, and  even  large  crops  of  corn.  As 
Cambridgeshire  and  Ely  are  under  the  ) 
same  administration  with  it  the  sherilT  is 
chosen  alternately  out  of  these  several  places. 
The  principal  rivers  are  theNcui  and  the  Ouse. 
The  SE  part  consists  of  beautiful  meadows. 
The  middle  and  western  parts  are  fertile  in 
corn,  and  adorned  with  woods ; the  upland 
part  was  anciently  a forest,  peculiarly  adapt- 
ed for  hunting.  The  principal  commodities 
are  corn,  malt,  and  cheese,  and  it  fattens 
abundance  of  cattle. 


H u R 

Hunting-tower,  an  ancient  edifice  w of 
Perth,  formerly  the  residence  of  xhe  P»,uth- 
vens,  earls  of  Gowrie,  whose  catastrophe  iu 
the  reign  of  James  VI.  was  so  singular,  and 
mysterious.  After  the  forfeiture  of  that 
very  ancient  family,  the  castle  and  manor 
were  bestowed  on  the  Murrays  ; the  build- 
ing has  latterly  been  occupied  by  calico 
printers. 

Huntly,  a flourishing  town  and  parish 
in  Abercieenshire.  The  town-  is  pleasant- 
ly situated  on  a point  of  land  formed  by 
the  confluence  of  the  Bogie  with  the  De- 
veron,  over  each  of  which  is  a handsome 
bridge.  It  consists  of  two  well  built 
streets,  which  cross  each  other  at  right 
angles,  and  form  a spacious  square  or  mar- 
ket place.  It  is  the  seat  of  a presbytery, 

I and  a post  town.  In  buildings  and  trade 
it  has  increased  much  of  late  years,  chiefly 
owing  to  the  introduction  of  the  linen 
manufacturei  Near  the  bridge  over  the 
Deveroo  stands  the  venerable  remains  of 
Huntly  Castle,  which  yet  exhibits  many 
marks  of  -its  former  magnificence.  The 
parish  is  about  six  miles  long  and  four 
broad,  formed  by  the  union  of  the  parishes 
of  Dumbenan  and  Kinore.  The  surface  is 
very  unequal.  Near  the  town  stands  Hunt- 
ly Lodge,  the  elegant  seat  of  the  heroio 
Marquis  of  Huntly,  whose  title  is  said  to 
have  been  originally  derived  from  Huntly, 
in  the  parish  of  West  Gordon,  Berwickshire, 
(as  the  duke  had  his  tide  from  Gordon,)  and 
was  out  of  compliment  to  the  marquis, 
bestowed  on  this  town,  and  the  united 
parishes,  whose  ancient  names  are  lost  in 
that  of  Huntly.  Huntly  is  about  33  miles 
Nw  of  Aberdeen,  and  139  n by  e of  Edin- 
burgh. 

Hwntspil,  a village  in  Somersetshire,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Parret,  in  Bridgewater 
bay,  has  a fair  June  29th.  It  is  seven 
miles  N of  Bridgewater,  and  148  w by  s of 
London, 

Huntsville,  a post  town  of  North  Carolina, 
on  Yadkin  river,  30  miles  n of  Salisbury, 
and  90  w of  Hillsborough. 

Hurdwar,  a town  in  the  province  of  Del- 
hi, Hindoostan,  where  the  Ganges  first  enters 
the  country.  It  is  ICO  miles  n by  e of  Del- 
hi. Loo.  78  23  E,  lat.  29  53  n. 

Huron  Lake,  a vast  lake  of  Canada,  in 
N America,  situated  between  ion.  80  10  and 
84  30  w,  and  between  lat.  42  and  46  10  n. 
Its  shape  is  nearly  triangular,  and  its  cir- 
cumference about  1000  miles.  On  the  n 
side  is  a chain  of  islands  109  miles  long, 
called  Manitow^lin,  by  the  Indians,  who 
J consider  them  as  sacred ; on  the  sw  side  is 
j Saguina  bay,  running  43  miles  into  the  ter- 
1 ritory  of  thtt  Uiiited  States.  This  lakecom- 
I municates  with  lake  Michigan  to  the  w by 
} the  strait  of  Mlchilimakinac  ; with  lake 
j Superior  to  the  nw  by  the  strait  of  St  Mary, 
and  with  lake  Erie  to  the  s,  by  the  strait  of 
Detroit.  At  the  entrance  of  the  strait  of  .Si 
Mary  is  the  island  of  St  Joseph,  73  railet? 


HUT 


H Y T 


in  circuit,  on  the  s extremity  of  which  is  a 
handsome  fort  belonging  to  the  British 
government,  and  on  the  sw  side  is  a Thun- 
der bay,  so  called  from  the  frequent 
thunder  that  is  heard  there.  The  Chippenay 
Indians  live  scattered  around  this  lake, 
and  on  its  banks  are  found  great  quanti- 
ties of  sand  cherries.  Its  abounds  in  fish, 
the  principal  of  which  ate  trout  and  stur- 
geon. 

Hurst  Castley  a castle  of  England,  in 
Hampshire,  four  miles  s of  Lymington,  on 
a neck  of  land,  two  miles  from  the  Isle  of 
Wight.  Here  king  Charles  I.  was  impri- 
soned previous  to  his  trial.  In  this  castle 
is  always  a garrison.  It  has  a governor. 
Lon.  i 33  w,  lat.  50  42  n. 

Hus,  or  Hussu,  a tow^n  in  Moldavia,  Eu- 
ropean Turkey,  the  see  of  a Greek  bishop. 
Here  Pet^T  the  Great  made  peace  with  the 
Turks.  It  IS  siiuated  on  the  Pruth,  70 
miles  sw  of  Bender.  Lon.  28  34  e,  lat.*  46 
35  N . 

Hussingahad,  a town  in  the  province  of  } 
Malwa,  but  on  the  s side  of  the  ^Nerbudda,  I 
and  the  frontiers  of  Nagpour,  the  eastern  i 
division  of  the  Mahratta  empire,  Hindoostan.  i 
It  is  120  miles  ke  of  Burhampour,  and  j 
140  Kw  of  Nagpour.  Lon.  77  54  e,  lat.  |! 
22  42n. 

Husiim,  a sea  port  on  the  w coast  of  the 
duchy  of  gieswick,  Denmark,  opposite  to  the  i 
island  of  Nordstrand,  has  a strong  citadel, 
seated  on  the  river  Ow,  near  the  German  | 
Ocean.  The  trade  chiefly  consists  in  beer,  | 
cattle,  and  horses.  There  are  also  some 
manufactures  of  cotton,  linen,  and  leather.  ! 
It  is  20  miles  w of  Sleswick.  Lon.  9 20  e,  ! 
lat.  54  36  X. 

Hutcheson’s  Toum,  a suburb  of  Glasgow, 
s of  the  Clyde,  in  the  parish  of  Gorbals, 
adjoining  to  the  other  suburb  of  that  name 
eastward.  i By  an  elegant  new  wooden 
bridge,  the  walk  from  the  centre  of  Glasgow 
to  this  village,  is  rendered  both  short  and 
commodious. 

Ruttanyy  a town  in  the  country  of  Visia- 
pour,  Hindoostan,  30  miles  ssw  of  Visiapour. 
Lon.  75  6 k,  lat.  17  5 x. 

Hutton,  a parish  in  Berwickshire,  about 
four  miles  long,  and  three  broad,  lying  on 
the  N bank  of  the  Tw’eed,  and  s bank  of  the 
Whittader,  and  containing  about  5200  acres 
of  land.  The  late  Mr  Philip  Redpath, 
translater  of  Boethius,  w^as  minister  of  this 
parish.  In  1791,  the  schoolmaster  at  the 
age  of  25  years,  had  attained  in  height  seven 
feet  four  inches.  The  village  of  Hutton  in 
this  parish  is  six  miles  w of  Lerwick.  Po- 
pulation is  about  1030. 

Huiton, 'dwd.  Conk,  two  united  parishes 
in  Diimiries-shire,  about  12  miles  in  length, 
and  of  unequal  breadth,  chiefly  uuder  pastu- 
rage, and  containing  640  inhabitants.  It  is 
watered  by  the  Milk,  the  Dryfe,  and  the 
Corrie.  In  this  parish  are  the  remains  of 
several  camps,  and  of  tlie  tower  of  Gillespie, 
to  which  place  a president  of  the  Court  of 


Session,  soon  after  the  erection  of  that 
court,  was  conveyed  blindfold,  and  confined 
same  time  to  obstruct  the  course  or  justice ; 
a strong  proof  of  the  lawlessness  of  that 
period. 

Huttwiely  a town  in  the  canton  of  Bern, 
Switzerland,  on  the  frontier  of  Lucerne.  It 
is  16  miles  ne  of  Bern. 

Huy,  a town  in  the  Netherlands,  terri- 
tory of  Liege,  situated  on  the  Meuse,  w^hich 
divides  it  into  two  parts.  There  are 
many  paper  mills,  and  iron  founderies.  In 
1706,  it  was  reduced  by  the  confederates, 
and  the  Dutch  retained  it  till  1718, 
when  they  demolished  the  fortifications, 
and  surrendered  it  to  the  bishop.  It  is  12 
miles  wsw  of  Liege.  Lon.  5 30  e,  lat.  50 
32  N. 

Hydra,  a small  island  in  the  Grecian 
Archipelago,  15  miles  long  and  three 
broad,  situated  berween  the  gulf  of  Napoli 
and  the  island  of  Thermia.  Though  moun- 
tainous, and  without  a stream  of  water, 
is  occupied  by  a numerous  colony  of  Greeks, 
under  the  government  of  one  of  their 
own  number,  who  pay  a fixed  annual  tri- 
bute to  the  Porte.  Their  trade  extends 
from  Odessa,  on  the  Black  sea  to  every 
part  of  the  Mediterranean  and  even  America, 
by  means  of  which  they  are  more  polished 
than  their  neighbours.  The  chief  town,  of 
the  same  name,  is  one  of  the  most  consi- 
derable in  the  Archipelago.  It  has  a good 
harbour  on  the  nw  coast.  Lon  23  55  e, 
lat  37  21  N. 

Hydrahad,  a city  of  Hindoostan,  the 
capital  of  Golconda,  and  metropolis  of  the 
Deccan.  It  is  very  large,  surrounded 
with  walls,  and  defended  with  tow  ers,  and 
is  supposed  to  contain  upw^ards  of  100,000 
inhabitants.  It  is  situated  in  a plain,  on 
a river  that  falls  into  the  Kisna.  Its 
extensive  suburbs  are  occupied  by  merchants 
and  tradesmen,  690  miles  s of  Delhi,  and 
310  XNw  of  Madras.  Lon.  78  52  e,  lat.  17 
17  N. 

Hydrahad,  a city  of  Hindoostan,  capital 
of  the  province  of  Sindy.  It  is  situated  on 
Fulolee  branch  of  the  Indus,  and  surround- 
ed  by  a high  brick  wall,  flanked  with  round 
tow'ers.  On  the  x side  is  a ditch,  hewn  out 
of  the  rock,  over  which  is  a bridge  opposite 
the  gate.  At  this  place  is  the  suburb,  which 
together  with  the  city,  contain  about  15,000 
inhabitants,  among,  whom  are  numerous 
and  skilful  artizans,  particularly  the  ar- 
mourers, 100  miles  xe  of  Tata,  and  340  ssw 
of  Moulten.  Lon,  68  46  e,  lat.  25  29  x. 

Hypolite,  St,  a town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Douhs,OH  the  Doubs,  40  miles 
E by  N of  Besancon. 

Hypolite,  St,  a town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Gard,  stands  on  the  Vidourle, 
near  its  source.  It  is  is  12  miles  s of 
Alais. 

Hys,  a town  in  the  Arabian  Irak,  Asiatic 
Turkey,  120  miles  s of  Bagdad. 

Hythe,  See  Hithe, 


J A F 


I J. 


JABLUNKAU,  a town  of  Moravia,  in 
the  principality  of  Tescben,  with  a 
fort  near  it,  w^hich  defends  a defile  towards 
Hungary,  stands  on  the  Elsa,  between 
high  mountains.  It  is  12  miles  sse  of 
Teschea,  and  16  and  a-half  ese  of  Erie- 
deck. 

JACATRA,  a country  in  the  w part  of 
Java,  formerly  a kingdom,  with  a town 
and  fortress  of  the  same  name,  near  to  Ba- 
tavia, which  is  now  the  capital ; it  was 
formerly  called  Jacatra.  The  produce  is 
principally  sugar,  cotTee,  pepper,  and  rice ; 
likewise  indigo,  cotton  yarn,  arrack,  tur- 
meric, and  cadjang  or  lentiles,  from  which 
last  oil  is  pressed. 

Jacca,  an  ancient  city  in  Arragon,  Spain, 
situated  at  the  foot  of  the  Pyrenees,  has  a 
fort,  and  is  a bishop^s  see,  It  stands  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  among  the  moun- 
tains of  Jaca.  It  is  5Z  miles  n of  Saragos- 
sa, and  85  e of  Sanguesa.  Lon.  5 34  lat. 
42  28  N. 

a town  on  the  e coast  of  Sicily, 
in  Val  di  Demona,  formerly  called  Acis 
Aquileia,  and  known  from  the  story  of 
Acis  and  Galatia.  Hence  are  exported  I 
large  quantities  of  wine  and  fruit.  It  is 
seated  near  the  raouth  .of  the  Freddo,  13 
miles  NNE  of  Catania,  and  14  ssw  of 
Taormina. 

Jacksonsborough,  a town  of  S Carolina,  e 
side  of  the  Edisto,  32  miles  w of  Charles- 
ton. 

Jaeriy  a city  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  and 
a bishop’s  see,  seated  in  a country  abounding 
with  excellent  fruit,  and  which  produces 
very  fine  silk,  at  the  foot  of  a mountain,  on 
the  river  Guadalbulloa.  It  is  surrounded 
with  walls,  and  defended  by  some  ramparts, 
towers,  and  a castle.  It  is  36  miles  n of 
Grenada,  and  60  e by  s of  Cordova.  Lon. 

3 37  w,  lat.  37  38  M. 

Jaffa,  a town  in  Palestine,  Syria,  near 
the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  seated  on  an 
eminence  in  the  form  of  a sugar  loaf,  on 
the  summit  of  which  is  a small  citadel. 
It  is  surrounded  by  gardens  which  produce 
lemons,  oranges,  melons,  and-  citrons  of  a 
prodigious  size.  It  was  formerly  a celebrat- 
ed city,  called  in  the  scriptures  Joppa.  The 
bouses  are  small  and  surrounded  with  the 
ruins  of  the  ancient  w'alls  and  towers.  The 
road  is  protected  by  a castle  built  on  a 
rock  ; the  harbour  is,  however,  not  good. 
The  principal  commerce  is  in  grain,  par- 
ticularly in  rice  from  Egypt.  It  was  taken 
by  the  French  under  general  Bonai)arte,  in 
1799,  with  some  difficulty  and  a great  loss 
of  lives,  but  he  kept  possession  only  forty 
days.  According  to  Sir  Richard  Wilson, 


JAG 

! the  conquest  was  followed  by  the  massacre 
I of  3,800  prisoners,  and  that  580  French 
soldiers  sick  in  the  hospital,  were  poisoned 
with  opium  by  the  command  of  their  gene- 
ral. It  is  21  miles  nw  of  Gaza,  33  w of 
Jerusalem,  and  35  ssw  of  AcrC.  Lon.  35 
10  E,  lat.  32  5 N. 

Jaffierahad,  a town  in  the  country  of 
Berar,  Hindoostan,  40  miles  nnb  of  Aurun- 
gabad,  and  60  s of  Bur  ham  pour. 

Jaffrabad,  a town  of  Guzserat,  Hindoo- 
tan,  stands  near  the  mouth  of  a river,  cele- 
brated for  large  oysters ; 37  miles  eke  of 
Diu. 

Jaffnapatam,  a fortified  and  sea  port 
town  of  Ceylon.  It  was  anciently  the  ca- 
pital of  an  independent  kingdom.  The  land 
is  low,  the  soil  fertile,  and  planted  with 
beautiful  trees;  the  country  is  so  populous 
that  they  reckon  160  towns  in  a district  of 
12  leagues  in  length,  and  eight  in  breadth. 
Hence  are  exported  great  quantities  of 
tobacco,  and  some  elephants,  and  reckoned 
the  most  docile  in  the  world.  In  1658,  tb© 
Dutch  took  it  from  the  Portuguese,  who 
were  supplanted  by  the  British  in  1795.  It 
is  seated  at  the  n end  of  the  island,  100 
miles  N of  Candy.  Lon.  80  12  e,  lat.  9 
45  N. 

Jagarnaut,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Orissa,  Hindoostan,  seated  on  the  bay  of 
Bengal.  Here  is  a famous  Pagoda,  one  of 
the  first  objects  of  Hindoo  veneration.  It 
i forms  an  excellent  sea  mark/fpr  vessels  sail- 
ing in  the  bay  of  Bengal.  It  is  situated  a 
few  miles  to  the  e of  Chilka  lake,  27  miles 
E of  Rajaraiindry,  and  48  s of  Cattack. 
Lon.  86  6 e,  lat.  19  50  n. 

Jagerndorf,  a town  and  castle  of  Silesia, 
the  capital  of  a province  of  the  same  name, 
stands  on  the  Oppa,  13  miles  nw  of  Troppau, 
and  20  w of  Ratibor.  Lon.  17  44  e,  lat* 
50  0 N. 

Jagcrsburg,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
I Hesse  Darmstadt,  Germany,  13  miles  ssw  of 
Darmstadt. 

Jaghire,  of  the  Carnatic,  a tract  of  land 
. in  Hindoostan,  subject  to  the  English  E 
India  ^ Company.  It  comprehends  2,440 
square  miles,  extending  108  miles  along 
the  coast  from  Alemparve  on  the  s,to  lake 
Pullicate  on  the  North,  and  is  47  miles 
inland  where  broadest.  Its  revenue  is 
about  150,000  per  annum.  Madras  is  the 
I chief  place. 

1 Jago  de  Cuba,  a town  on  the  southern 
I coast  of  Cuba,  with  a good  harbour,  at  the 
bottom  of  a bay,  on  the  river  cf  the  same 
name  ; and  is  a bishop’s  see.  It  was  near- 
ly swallowed  up  by  an  earthquake,  in  1810. 
It  is  12  or  13  leagues  w of  Cumberland 
harbour,  and  41  ssw  of  the  e end  Jamaica. 
Lon.  76  3 w,  lat.  20  1 n. 

Jago  de  la  Vega  or  Spanish  Town,  the 
capital  of  Jamaica.  It  is  situated  in  Mid- 
dlesex county,  on  the  banks  of  the  river 
Cobre,  about'  six  miles  from  the  sea,  and 
contains  between  500  and  6G0  houses,  and 


JAG 

about  5,000  inhabitants,  inclu^^ing  people 
of  colour.  It  is  the  residence  of  the  gover- 
nor or  commander  in  chief,  who  is  accom- 
modated with  a superb  palace,  16  miles 
WNW  of  Kingston.  Lou.  76  49  w,  lat. 

18  6 N. 

Jago  de  Nexapa^  St,  a town  in  Guaxaca, 
Kew  Spain,  seated  in  the  valley  of  Nexapa, 
65  miles  ese  of  Guaxaca. 

Jago  de  Compestella,  See  St  ComposteUa, 

Jago  de  los  Cavalleros,  St,  a city  of  St  Do- 
mingo, next  in  extent  to  the  capital,  con- 
taining 20,000  inhabitants,  seated  in  a fer- 
tile soil,  on  the  river  of  its  name,  70  miles  I 
from  its  mouth,  and  90  nnw  of  St  Domin-  ! 
go.  Lon.  70  38  w,  lat.  19  22  n. 

Jago  de  los  Valles,  St,  a.  town  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Panuco,  New  Spain,  on  the  river 
Panuco,  170  miles  n by  e of  Mexico.  Loh. 
99  56  w.  lat.  22  30  N. 

Jago  del  Estero,  St,  a town  of  S America, 
one  of  the  most  considerable  of  Tucuman, 
situated  on  the  Dolce,  which  is  here  navi- 
gable for  vessels  of  burden,  is  a bishop’s  see. 
In  the  vicinity  are  produced  plenty  of 
W’heat,  rice,  barley,  fruit  of  all  sorts,  par- 
ticula.rly  figs  and  raisins.  It  is  120  miles 
sw  of  St  Michael.  Lon.  63  40  w,  iat. 
28  0 s.  I 

JAGO,  St,  the  largest  and  most  fertile  | 
of  the  Cape  de  Verd  islands,  13  miles  "W  of 
the  isle  ©f  May,  10  miles  long,  and  five 
broad.  It  abounds  with  high  barren  moun- 
tains, and  the  air  in  the  rainy  season  is  un- 
wholesome to  strangers.  It  contains  many 
animals,  fowls  and  birds  of  almost  all  sons, 
and  abundance  of  fruit  trees.  There  are 
also  som.e  cedar  trees  and  plenty  of  cotton. 
Rihlieira  Grande  is  the  capital,  but  the 
governor  resides  at  Porto  Praya. 

Jago,  St,  the  capital  of  Chili,  S America, 
W’ith  a good  harbour,  a bishop’s  see,  and  a | 
royal  audience.  It  is  situated  on  a large, 
beautiful  plain,  at  the  foot  of  the  Cordilleras, 
on  the  s side  of  the  Topocalma,  over  which 
is  a bridge  that  connects  the  city  with  the 
suburbs.  Besides  the  cathedral,  here  are 
four  parish  churches,  .10  monasteries,  and 
seven  nunneries.  The  streets  are  36  feet 
wide,  and  cross  at  right  angles.  The  great 
square  is  450  feet  on  each  side.  The  palace 
of  the  president  and  the  tribunal  of  audience 
occupy  the  n front ; on  the  w are  the  ca-  ^ 
thedral  and  the  bishop’s  palace ; and  in  the 
middle  is  a magnificient  fountain.  The  in- 
habitants are  native  Americans  and  Spa- 
niards ; they  amout  to  46,000,  and  carry 
on  a considerable  trade  with  Buenos  Ayres, 
by  land,  354  leagues  distant.  There  are 
several  canals  in  the  city,  by  means  of  which 
they  water  the  gardens  and  cool  the  streets. 
Lon.  71  5 w',  lat.  33  26  s. 

Jago,  St,  capital  of  Veragua,  New  Spain, 
with  an  elegant  hospital,  stands  in  a fertile 
country  abounding  with  cattle,  and  produces 
maize,  plantains,  <fec. ; 130  miles  sw  of 
Porto  Bello.  Lon.  81  24  \v,  lat.  8 28  n. 

Jago  St,  a river  of  Guadalaxura,  New 


JAM 

Spain,  which  flows  from  the  ne  part  of  lake 
Chapala,  washes  the  city  of  Guadalaxara, 
and  falls  into  the  Pacific  ocean  at  St  Bias. 

Jago  St,  a river  of  St  Domingo,  which 
Colimtbus  called  the  gold  river,  has  its 
source  near  the  centre  of  the  island,  and 
after  passing  through  extensive  plains,  falls 
into  the  sea  on  the  borders  of  Monte  Christo. 

Jagodina,  a town  of  Servia,  European 
Turkey,  stands  on  the  Moravia,  70  miles 
ssE  of  Belgrade. 

Jaieca,  a town  in  Bosnia,  European 
Turkey,  26  miles  s of  Banjaluka,  and  50  ne 
of  Serai,  has  a strong  citadel,  and  stands  on 
the  Plena. 

Jakutskoi.  See  Yakutsk, 

Jalalabad,  a town  of  Cabul,  Hindoo.stan, 
on  the  river  Kameh,  60  miles  ese  of  Cabul. 

Jallindar,  the  capital  of  a district  of  tha 
same  name,  in  the  country  of  Lahore, 
Hindoostan,  80  miles  e by  s of  Lahore, 
and  224  nnw  of  Delhi.  Lon.  74  10  e,  lat. 
30  50  N. 

Jalonitza,  a town  in  Walachia,  European 
Turkey,  on  a river  of  the  same  name,  95 
miles  sw  of  Ismail,  and  240  n of  Con- 
stantinople. 

Jalour,  a town  in  the  country  of  Agimere, 
Hindoostan,  seated  on  a steep  mountain,  85 
miles  w^NY/  of  Cheitore. 

Jamagorod,  a town  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  St  Petersburgh,  with  a strong 
fort,  .seated  on  the  Jama,  12  miles  ne  of 
Narva.  Lon.  28  3 e,  lat.  59  25  n. 

Jamaica,  a chief  town  of  Queen’s  county. 
New  York,  in  the  w part  of  Long  island. 
It  is  12  miles  e by  s of  New  York  city. 
Here  are  three  churches,  and  an  academy. 
The  whole  township  contains  1,675  inhabi- 
tants of  whoipi  237  are  electors,  and  222 
slaves. 

JAMAICA,  an  island  situated  in  the 
Atlantic  ocean,  about  4,000  miles  sw  of 
Great  Britain,  and  forming  one  of  the 
most  valuable  appendages  to  that  crown. 
It  wuis  discovered  in  1494,  by  Columbus, 
lies  30  leagues  w of  Hispaniola,  nearly  the 
same  s of  Cuba,  and  is  of  an  oval  figure. 
The  centre  of  Jamaica  lies  in  about  18  or  12 
N lat.  and  about  76  45  w Ion.  It  is  170 
miles  in  length,  and  on  a medium  about  60 
miles  in  breadth.  This  island  is  intersected 
w ith  a ridge  of  steep^  rocks,  from  w hich  issue 
a vast  number  of  small  rivers  of  pure  whole- 
some w-ater.  Black  river  is  the  deepest,  and 
is  navigable  for  flat  bottom  boats  and  ca- 
noes 30  nules.  Sugar  is  the  greatest  and 
most  valuable  production  of  this  island.  It 
produces  also  cocoa,  ginger,  pimento,  or  Ja- 
maica pepper,  wild  cinnamon,  the  machi- 
neel,  <fec.  The  year  is  distinguished  into 
tw'o  seasons,  the  wet  and  dry,  but  the  rains 
are  not  so  frequent  as  formerly,  owing  it 
is  supposed  to  the  cutting  down  of  the  w'oods. 
About  nine  in  the  morning  it  is  intolerably 
hot,  but  an  easterly  breeze  soon  arises  to  cool 
the  air.  The  months  of  July,  August,  Sep- 
tember, are  called  the  iiurricaue  months,  b©- 


JAM 

cause  tJien  they  are  the  most  frequent,  and 
there  is  lightning  almost  every  night. 
The  best  houses  are  generally  built  low,  on 
account  of  the  hurricanes  and  earthquakes. 
The  common  drink  is  Madeira  wine,  or 
rum  punch.  The  common  bread,  or  that 
which  serves  for  it,  is  plantains,  yams,  and 
cassava  roots.  In  the  year  1793,  a great 
cumber  of  the  bread  fruit  trees  were  brought 
to  this  island  from  Otaheite,  and  introduced 
into  the  ditfereat  plantations.  Hogs  and 
sheep  are  plentiful,  bat  the  servants  generally 
feed  upon  Irish  salt  beef,  and  the  negroes 
have  herrings  and  salt  fish.  Jamaica  is  di- 
vided into  three  counties,  Middlesex,  Surry, 
and  Cornwall ; and  is  subdivided  into  20 
parishes.  Presentations  to  livings  are  made 
by  the  commander-in-chief.  The  number 
of  white  inhabitants,  in  1787,  was  30,000  ; 
freed  negroes,  10,000;  maroons,  1,400; 
and  slaves,  250,000 ; in  all  304,000.  The, 
value  of  tMs  island,  as  British  property,  is 
estimated  at  39  millions.  The  government 
of  the  island  is  one  of  the  richest  places, 
next  to  that  of  Ireland,  in  the  disposal  of 
the  crown.  The  salary  is  25001.  and 
the  assembly  commonly  vote  as  much 
more  to  the  governor,  which,  with  other 
perquisites,  make  it  amount  to  nearly 
10,0001.  per  annum.  In  June  1785,  the 
maroons,  or  original  natives,  who  inhabit 
the  mountains,  rose  against  the  English, 
and  were  not  quelled  till  March  1796, 
partly  by  means  of  Spanish  blood  hounds 
brought  from  Cuba.  St  Jago  de  la  Vega 
is  the  seat  of  government,  but  Kingston  is 
the  capital. 

Jamalabad,  a town  of  Canara,  Hindoos- 
fan,  has  a fort  on  the  top  of  an  immense 
rock,  to  which  there  is  access  by  only  one 
narrow  path.  The  town  is  seated  on  the 
bank  of  a river.  It  is  30  miles  ene  of 
Mangalore. 

Jumamay  or  Imaniy  a town  of  Arabia  Fe- 
lix, in  tbe  province  of  Nedsjed,  capital  of  a 
district  of  the  same  name,  lying  w of  the 
province  of  Bahrin,  on  the  river  Astan,  330 
miles  ssw  of  Bassora,  and  420  ene  of  Mecca, 
ton.  46  8 E,  lat.  25  5 n. 

Jamhiy  ihQ  capital  of  a kingdom  of  the 
same  name,  on  the  b coast  of  the  island  of 
Sumatra,  noted  for  its  excellent  pepper. 
The  town  is  large,  and  situated  inland  on  a 
river  navigable  for  boats.  The  Dutch  have 
a fort  here,  but  the  air  is  unwholesome.  It 
is  160  miles  n by  e of  Bencoolen.  Lon. 
102  45  E,  lat,  I 22  s. 

JambOy  a town  of  Arabia  Deserta,  in  the 
province  of  Hedjas,  with  a good  harbour,  on 
the  Red  sea,  85  miles  ssw  of  Medina.  Lon. 
37  20  E,  lat.  24  5 n. 

JamdrOy  or  PaltOy  a lake  of  Asia,  in  Thi- 
bet. Its  circumference  is  150  British  miles. 
In  the  middle  of  it  there  is  a large  island,  in 
which  is  the  seat  of  the  Hamissu  Tarcepamo, 
or  the  Great  RegeneratCy  in  whom  the  Thi- 
betians  think  that  a divine  spirit  is  regeue- 
12 


JAM 

rated,  as  in  the  Great  Lama.  It  is  150 
miles  NNE  of  Tassasudon,  and  24  s of 
Lassa. 

Jamesy  a river  of  Virginia,  has  its  source 
on  the  w side  of  the  blue  ridge  of  the 
Allegany  mountains,  where  it  is  formed 
by  the  junction  of  the  Carpenter  and  the 
Jackson  rivers,  then  directing  its  course 
E through  the  state,  it  falls  into  Chesa- 
peak  bay,  near  Hampton. 

James^  Bay,  the  eastern  part  of  the  south 
division  of  that  great  body  of  water  called 
Hudson^s  bay,  about  150  miles  across.  Lon. 
58  30  to  82  45  w,  lat.  51  10  to  55  10  N.  See 
Hudson\s  Bay, 

JAMES  CITY,  a county  of  Virginia, 
30  miles  long  and  12  broad,  lying  be- 
tween Chickahominy,  and  James'  rivers. 
It  contains  4,070  inhabitants,  including 
2405  slaves. 

JAMES  ISLAND,  an  island  of  Africa, 
about  30  miles  up  the  river  Gambia,  and 
three  from  its  nearest  shore,  where  the  Eng- 
lish have  a fort  and  factory.  Lon.  16  0 w, 
lat.  13  15  N. 

JAMES  ISLAND,  lies  on  the  s side  of 
Charleston  harbour,  in  South  Carolina,  op- 
posite to  Charleston. 

JameSy  Sty  a town  of  South  Carolina, 
seated  on  the  s side  of  the  Santee,  24 
miles  from  its  mouth,  and  44  nne  of  Char- 
leston. 

James  Tovmy  formerly  the  metropolis  of 
Virginia,  and  county  town  of  James  city 
county,  stands  on  a peninsula,  on  the  n side 
of  James  river.  It  is  the  oldest  town  in 
the  settlements  formed  by  the  English  in 
North  America,  eight  miles  ssw  of  Willi 
amsburgh. 

James  Towny  a borough  in  the  county  of 
Leitrim,  Ireland,  seated  on  the  Shannon, 
five  miles  s by  b of  Carrick,  and  84  wnw  of 
Dublin. 

James’  Towny  in  the  parish  of  Wester- 
kirk,  Dumiries-shire ; principally  inhabited 
by  miners. 

JametSy  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Meuse,  Fiance.  It  is  12  miles  s of 
Steney. 

JamsiOy  a town  of  Sweden,  in  Blekingen^ 
32  miles  w of  Carlscrona. 

JAMTLAND,  a province  of  Sweden, 
bordering  on  Norway,  about  70  miles  in 
length,  arid  60  in  breadth.  It  is  in  general 
mountainous.  The  eastern  part  is  a cham- 
paign country,  watered  with  several  lakes 
and  rivers,  which  abound  with  fish.  The 
country  produces  excellent  oats,  and  abounds 
in  good  turnips.  Many  of  the  inhabitants 
are  employed  in  extracting  iron  from  small 
ferruginous  stones,  which  are  collected  in 
fenny  places.  There  are  also  allum  quar- 
ries, the  lapis  ollarius,  fine  rock  chrysials, 
lead  ore,  tv/o  new-built  copper-works,  and 
a place  where  salt  petre  is  refined.  The 
province  is  but  thinly  peopled.  It  does 
not  contain  so  much  as  one  town.  Ev^y 
3 N 


JAP 

peasant  is  obliged  to  contribute  towards  tbe  ! 
subsistence  of  tbe  soldiery. 

Janeiro.  See  Rio  Janeiro. 

JannOy  or  Jannina,  a town  of  European 
Turkey,  capital  of  Albania,  with  a castle, 
and  is  a bishop\s  see,  seated  in  a billy  coun- 
try, sw  side  of  the  lake  Acherusia.  Tbe 
province,  by  tbe  Turks,  is  called  Janna, 
from  this  town.  On  a peninsula  which 
stretches  fnto  the  lake,  is  tbe  seraglio,  or 
palace  of  tbe  Pacha,  which  is  fortified 
and  detached  from  the  town.  Many  rich 
Greek  merchants  of  extensive  commerce  are 
among  the  inhabitants,  who  are  computed  at 
40,000.  Spun  cotton,  from  tbe  adjoining 
province  of  Thessaly,  is  the  chief  of  their 
exports.  It  is  40  miles  w of  Larisa,  and 
340  E of  Constantinople. 

Junowitz,  a town  of  Bohemia,  in  tbe 
circle  of  Pilsen,  seated  on  the  Bradawke. 
It  is  28  miles  ssw  of  Pilsen,  and  48  se  of 
Prague. 

Janmlle,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Eure  and  Loire,  France,  20  miles  se  of 
Chartres. 

Jao-Tcheouy  a city  in  the  province  of  Ki- 
ang-si,  China,  on  tbe  river  Po,  near  its  en- 
trance into  the  lake  Poyang,  40  miles  ke  of 
Nau-cbang. 

JAPAN,  a large  and  powerful  empire  of 
Asia,  called  by  the  natives  Nipbon,  and  Hi- 
phon,  from  the  largest  of  tbe  islands  of  which 
it  is  composed.  It  extends  from  longitude 
131  to  142  E,  and  from  lat.  30  to  41  n.  It 
is  situated  on  the  eastern  verge  of  Asia, 
consisting  of  three  large  and  a number  of 
smaller  islands,  which,  together,  are  compu- 
ted to  be  about  600  leagues  in  compass,  or 
.200  in  length,  and  of  proportionable  breadth, 
exclusive  of  their  various  windings,  and  of 
sundry  remote  islands  which  are  subject  to 
that  empire.  The  w'hole  empire  is  divided 
into  seven  principal  districts,  which  are  sub- 
divided into  70  provinces,  and  the  population 
in  proportion  to  its  extent,  is  deemed  equal 
to  that  of  China.  All  the  coasts  of  this 
empire  are  composed  of  craggy,  high,  and 
inaccessible  mountains,  and  surrounded 
by  shallow  boisterous  seas,  and  their 
creeks  and  bays  are  fpr  the  most  part 
choaked  up  with  rocks,  shelves,  sands, 
and  whirlpools.  Tbe  country  is  no  less 
pleasant  and  inviting  within,  than  its  ave- 
nues are  discouraging  and  frightful.  Its 
situation  is  such,  that  it  would  be  many 
degrees  hotter  than  England,  were  not  the 
air  refreshed  by  the  winds  which  continually 
blow'  Irom  thp  sea,  and  to  which  those  is- 
landers are  much  exposed  by  the  height  of 
their  situation.  It  nuist,  however,  be  own- 
ed, that  this  situation  makes  their  winters 
excessively  cold.  The  surface  is  naturally 
niountainous,  and  the  ancient  relations  de- 
scribe it  as  very  barren  ; nevertheless  the 
industry  of  the  inhabitants  have  made  it 
sufficiently  fertile  to  supply  their  own 
wanes,  aiid  eyep  to  furnish  other  countries 


JAP 

with  tbe  finest  and  whitest  of  rice  and  cor», 
w'hich  are  exported  by  the  natives  and 
Dutch  in  vast  quantities  They  have  five 
different  sorts  of  grain  ; besides  Indian 
wheat,  millet,  <fec.  in  great  abundance.  The 
rocks  and  most  barren  places  produce  a 
variety  of  fruits,  plants,  and  roots.  Their 
seas,  as  well  as  lakes  and  rivers,  furnish 
them  with  plenty  and  variety  of  fish.  The 
country  abounds  with  rivers,  lakes,  and 
yjrings  of  various  kinds,  as  w^ell  as  medici- 
I nal  waters.  The  forests  abound  with  all 
i sorts  of  wild  beasts,  of  tbe  furs  of  which 
they  make  considerable  traffic,  as  well  as 
of  elephants  teeth.  Their  seas,  besides  fish, 
furnish  them  with  great  quantities  of  amber- 
i grease  and  w^hite  coral,  and  some  pearls  of 
; great  price,  besides  a variety  of  sea  plants 
j and  shells.  But  the  great  riches  of  this 
I empire  consists  in  the  variety  and  fineness 
I of  its  metals  and  minerals.  Mines  of  gold, 
i as  well  as  gold  dust, are  to  be  found  in  many 
i of  their  provinces,  particularly  in  the  great 
I island  of  Niphon.  Silver  rnines  although 
j not  so  numerous,  are  some  of  them  very 
rich  ; but  the  most  plentiful  of  all  metals  is 
j their  cojyper,  of  which  they  have  great  va- 
riety; some  kinds  exquisitely  tine,  and 
I others  ver)^  coarse  and  cheap.  All  agree 
I in  observing  the  five  following  precepts : 
not  to*  kill  or  to  eat  any  thing  that  is  killed  ; 

I not  to  steal ; not  to  defile  another  man’s 
j bed;  not  to  lie;  and  not  to  drink  wine, 
i The  government  of  Japan  is,  and  has  been 
I for  many  centuries,  altogether  despotic. 

1 The  emperors  originally  bad  the  title  of 
j dairos;  their  persons  and  dignity  w’ere 
I held  so  sacred,  that  not  only  every  rebellion 
I against  them,  hut  even  every  contravention 
of  their  decrees,  whether  in  civil  or  religious 
matters,  was  detested  as  a crime  against 
heaven  itself.  His  army  consists  of  100,000 
foot,  and  20,000  horse,  including  his  garri- 
sons, all  w^ell  disciplined,  and,  in  general 
I stout  men,  but  as  they  inhabit  islands,  are 
seldom  at  W’.ar  with  their  neighbours.  Their 
arms  are  muskets,  bows,  aud  arrows,  the 
scymitar,  and  dagger;  all  of  the  best  metal. 
The  Japanese  are  generally  very  acute,  aud 
: of  a quick  apprehension,  good  understanding, 
modest,  patient,  and  courteous,  and  excel- 
I ling  all  the  orientals  in  docility.  They  are 
j so  just  in  their  dealings,  that  one  may  wbso- 
* lutely  depend  on  their  word  ; and  contrary 
I to  the  Chinese,  disdain  to  take  advantage  of 
1 those  they  deal  with.  They  are  commonly 
j very  ingenious  at  handicraft  trad'‘s,^nd  excel 
even  the  Chinese  in  several  of  their  manu- 
factures, particularly  in  the  beauty,  goodness, 
and  variety  of  silks,  cotton,  and  other  stuffs, 
aud  in  their  japan  and  porcelain  works,  on 
w'bich  account  they  are  esteemed  all  over 
the  east,  as  well  as  in  Europe.  They  wOiild 
have  a much  greater  demand  for  all  their 
merchandise,  notwithsianding  their  high 
price,  if  the  emperors  did  not  restrain  their 
subjects  so  much  from  trading  into  foreiga 


JAP 

countries.  They  are  allowed  to  trade  with 
none  but  the  Chinese,  Coreans,  the  coun- 
try of  Jedso,  and  with  the  Dutch,  and 
with  them  only  at  the  port  of  Nangtisaki. 
The  commodities  exported  from  thence 
are  rice,  silk  and  cotton  wrought,  fine 
porcelain  and  japan  works ; gold  and 
silver,  copper,  iron,  steel,  and  other  base 
and  artificial  metals;  variety  of  rich  furs, 
tea  of  all  sorts,  a great  variety  of  medicinal 
herbs,  roots,  woods,  and  gums;  to  these 
we  may  add  diamonds,  and  other  precious 
stones,  pearls  of  exquisite  beauty,  coral, 
great  quantities  and  variety  of  fine  sea 
shells,  and  ambergrise,  &c,  <fec.  The 
Japanese  are  as  fabulous  as  the  Chinese 
in  the  antiquity  of  their  empire;  but  the 
certain  period  begins  with  the  hereditary 
succession  of  the  ecclesiastical  emperors, 
from  the  year  660  before  the  Christian  era. 
In  the  minority  of  one  of  their  emperors,  in 
3150,  when  they  had  civil  wars,  one  of  the 
competitors  for  the  crown,  assumed  the 
ecclesiastical  government,  retaining  the 
title  of  dairo,  whiite  the  other  who  ruled  in 
civil  affairs,  was  styled  Cubo.  From  that 
time  the  dairo  had  only  been  at  the  head  of 
religious  matters,  while  the  Cubo,  or 
secular  emperor,  bears  an  absolute  domi- 
nion over  all  civil  and  military  affairs. 
The  former  still  lives  in  great  state  and 
grandeur  at  Miaco;  and  the  latter  pays 
him  a kind  of  homage,  as  if  he  acted 
only  as  his  deputy  or  viceroy;  but  in 
reality,  the  Cubo  U now  the  real  monarch 
of  Japan,  and  the  dairo  only  his  high  priest. 
The  religion  of  the  country  is  paganism, 
but  there  are  two  different  sects.  All  the  j 
Christians  were  extirpated  by  the  perse-  i 
cutioQS  which  arose  in  1638.  The  Japa- 
nese are  of  a yellowish  complexion, 
their  heads  large,  their  necks  short,  their 
hair  black,  ej^es  small,  and  their  noses 
though  not  flat,  are  thick  and  short. 
Their  houses  are  of  wood  coloured  white, 
and  never  exceed  two  stories  in  height; 
their  partitions  are  moveable  in  sliding 
grooves,  and  can  be  shifted  at  pleasure. 
They  have  neither  tables,  beds,  nor  chairs ; 
but  sit  and  lie  on  carpets  and  mats,  the 
meal  being  served  apart  to  each  in  a 
basin  of  porcelain,  or  on  a square  salver 
of  Japanned  wood.  Their  language  is 
peculiar  as  it  is  understood  by  no  nation 
but  themselves.  The  sciences  are  highly 
esteemed  among  them,  and  they  have 
several  seminaries,  in  different  places,  in 
which  are  taught  arithmetic,  rhetoric, 
poetry,  history,  and  astronomy.  Tht^y 
treat  the  women  with  severity,  and  punish 
adultery  with  death;  yet  a man  may  take 
as  many  wives  as  he  picases.  The  capital 
of  the  empire  is  Jedo. 

Japaru,  a sea  port  town  of  the  island 
of  Java,  situated  on  a peninsula  on  the 
N coast.  The  ' harbour  is  formed  by  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  and  is  capable 
of  receiving  a number  of  ships. 


j A V 

It  was  the  capital  of  a kingdom  till 
the  Dutch  made  themselves  masters  of 
it.  The  inhabitants  are  Mahometans, 
and  detest  the  Dutch.  It  is  Z6S  miles 
fi  by  s of  Batavia,  Lon.  110  45  e,  lat. 

6 20  s. 

Jaguemetf  a town  on  the  s coast  ©f  St. 
Domingo,  on  a bay  of  its  name,  32  miles 
ssw  of  Port-au-Prince. 

JargeaUf  a town  in  the  department  of 
Loiret  ori  the  Loire,  France,  containing 
about  1300  inhabitants.  It  was  taken  by 
the  English  in  1438,  and  retaken  by  Joan 
of  Arc  the  year  following ; 10  miles  ese  of 
Orleans. 

Jarisberg,  the  capital  of  a district, 
abounding  in  mines,  in  the  diocese  of 
Aggerhuys,  Norway,  five  miles  N of  Tons- 
burg. 

JarnaCy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Charente,  France,  stands  on  the  Charente. 
Population  is  about  1400.  In  the  vi- 
cinity, the  duke  of  Anjou,  afterward 
Henry  III.,  in  the  year  1569,  obtained 
a victory  over  the  Huguenots.  It  is  six 
miles  £.  of  Cognac,  and  20  w of  Angon- 
lesme. 

JaTomitz,  a towm  in  the  circle  of  Koni- 
gingratz,  Bohemia,  seated  on  the  Elbe,  nine 
miles  N of  Konigingratz,  and  61  miles  enr 
of  Prague. 

Jarouy  a town  of  Farsistan,  Persia,  fa- 
mous for  its  palm  trees,  and  their  excellent 
fruit,  95  miles  s by  £ of  Shims.  Lon.  53 
10  E,  lat.  28  15  N. 

Jaroslaul,  or  Voroslov,  a town  of  Russia, 
and  capital  of  a government  to  which  it 
gives  name.  It  is  large  and  commercial, 
with  numerous  manufactures,  seated  on  the 
Wolga.  It  is  145  miles  nne  of  Moscow^ 
Lon.  39  50  E,lat.  57  35  n. 

Jaroslawy  a town  of  Poland,  in  Red  Rus- 
sia, seated  on  the  Saine,  In  1656,  the 
Swedes,  after  a severe  battle,  took  the  town,. 
It  has,  from  the  year  1773,  belonged  to  the 
emperor,  and  is  included  in  the  New  king- 
dom of  Galicia.  It  is  55  miles  wnw  of 
Lemburg. 

JasenitZy  a town  of  Prussian  Pomerania, 
on  the  w side  of  the  Oder,  eight  miles  n of 
Settin. 

JasquBy  a town  on  the  gulf  of  Ormus,  in 
the  province  of  Mercan  Persia,  which  gives 
name  to  a cape  in  the  gulf  of  Ormus.  Lon. 
57  4 E,lat.  25  40  N. 

Jassify  capital  of  Moldavia,  European 
Turkey,  seated  on  the  Pruih;  it  has  a cita- 
del and  some  fortifications.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  chiefly  Greeks,  and  it  is  the  see  of 
an  archbishop:  in  1758,  it  was  destroyed 
by  Are.  It  has  been  several  limes  taken 
and  retaken  in  the  wars  between  the  TurUs 
and  the  Russians  or  Austrians.  It  is  170 
miles  NNE  of  Buchorest,  200  E of  Otohakoy, 
and  370  E of  Constantinople.  Lon.  27  30  E# 
lat.  47  ION. 

JAVA,  a large  island  in  the  Easieru 
Indian  sea,  separated  fryn  Humana  by  ft 
N 2 


narrow  sea,  called  the  Straits  of  Sunda,  580 
miles  long  from  e to  w and  100  in  breadth 
from  N to  s extending  from  105  to  114  e 
Lon.  and  6 to  8 s lat.  It  is  sometimes 
called  Great  Java,  to  distinguish  it  ^m 
Bali,  by  some  named  Little  Java.  The 
centre  of  the  island  is  mountainous,  but  on 
the  coasts  it  is  low  and  marshy,  which 
renders  the  air  exceedingly  unhealthy  in 
these  places,  especially  to  new  comers. 
Along  the  coast  there  are  a great  many  com- 
modious creeks,  bays,  harbours,  and  towns, 
with  several  little  islands  near  the  shore. 
Little  of  the  internal  country  is  known.  In 
former  times  Java  had  as  many  kings  as  it 
had  large  towns,  but  now  only  five  states  or 
kingdoms ; these  are  Bantam,  Jacatra, 
Cheribon,  the  Empire  of  the  Soesoehoenan, 
and  that  of  the  Sultan,  which  in  all  contain 
123  provinces  or  governments.  The  Java- 
nese live  in  mean  huts  of  bamboo,  plastered 
with  clay  and  covered  with  leaves,  and  their 
food  consists  of  boiled  rice,  fruits,  vegetables, 
and  water.  The  men  have  two  or  three 
wives  or  .concubines,  according  to  their  cir- 
cumstances. The  climate  in  general  is  as 
temperate  and  healthy  as  in  any  part  of  the 
E Indies.  Java  has  a river  which  rises  in 
the  mountains,  and  dividing  itself  into  many 
branches,  waters  the  circumjacent  country  ; 
these  afterwards  reunite  and  pass  through 
Batavia,  dividing  it  into  two  parts.  The 
serene  season  is  from  May  till  November, 
and  then  the  rains  begin,  which  inundate 
the  low  grounds,  destroy  the  insects,  and 
continue  till  May.  In  March  they  begin 
to  sow,  and  in  July  the  rice  and  sugar  be- 
gin to  ripen,  but  September  and  October  are 
the  best  months  for  all  sorts  of  fruits.  The 
productions  are  various,  and  valuable  for 
commerce.  Pepper  grows  in  such  quanti- 1 
ties,  that  it  is  said  the  kingdom  of  Bantam 
alone  can  annually  furnish  10,000  tons. 
There  are  also  mines  of  gold,  silver,  and 
precious  stones.  The  principal  quadrupeds 
are  the  rhinoceros,  elephant,  tiger,  wild 
boar,  horse,  cow,  deer,  ape,  buffaloe,  sheep, 
civet-cat,  <fec.  with  several  animals  unknown 
in  Europe;  among  the  birds  are  pigeons, 
beautiful  paroquets,  peafowls  of  an  extraor- 
dinary size,  Bantam  fowls,  cfec.  In  the  ve- 
getable world  are  a great  number  of  fiower- 
ing  trees  and  shrubs,  remarkable  for  the 
•legance  and  perfumery  of  their  flowers; 
fruit  trees  and  timber  trees,  cassia,  myrobo- 
lans,  galangal,  red  saunders  wood,,  gum, 
benzoin,  tamarinds,  cocoa-nuts,  coffee,  and 
rice,  are  among  the  other  productions  of 
Java.  No  Europeans  have  formed  any 
establishments  here  except  the  Dutch,  who 
Lave  several  on  the  coasts,  the  principal  of 
which  are  Batavia  and  Bantam.  In  1740, 
the  Dutch  pretended  that  the  Chinese  were 
going  to  make  an  insurrection,  and  upon' 
that  account  disarmed  them,  and  in  this  de- 
fenceless state  massacred  20,000  men,  wo- 
men, and  children,  and  seized  their  elTects. 
Th«  natives  are  said  lo  be  descended  from 


the  Chinese.  They  are  of  a dark  comples- 
ion,  with  flat  faces,  thin  short  black  hair, 
large  eye-brows  and  cheeks,  and  black  teeth. 
The  men  are  stout  made,  and  are  clothed 
with  calico,  wrapped  round  them  two  or 
three  times,  as  the  women  are  likewise  from 
the  knees  to  the  arm-pits.  They  are  repre- 
sented as  a barbarious,  proud,  and  fierce  peo- 
ple. Near  the  coast  they  are  Mahometans, 
in  the  interior  parts  Pagans,  abstaining 
from  flesh  of  all  kinds.  In  1811,  a British 
force  effected  a landing  in  this  island,  w ith- 
in 16  miles  of  Batavia,  which  surrendered 
on  the  approach  of  the  army,  and  the  garri- 
son, who  were  French  retired  to  a neigh- 
bouring fort,  which  was  immediately  taken 
by  storm,  but  the  French  general,  with  the 
greater  part  of  tbe  cavalry  escaped ; but 
having  been  pursued  and  defeated  in  a bat- 
tle near  Jattacalle,  the  French  general  ac- 
cepted of  terms,  and  delivered  up  all  the 
Dutch  possessions  to  tbe  British.  The  Ca- 
pital is  Batavia. 

Javat,  a town  of  Schirvan,  Persia  stands 
on  the  river  Kur,  opposite  its  junction  with 
the  Aras.  It  is  45  miles  s of  the  Schama- 
chie. 

JAUER,  a principality  of  Silesia.  The 
whole  principality  is  mountainous,  and  co- 
vered with  wood.  It  yields  pit-coal  and 
mill-stones.  The  mountains  contain  va- 
rious ores,  with  numerous  mines  of  iron  and 
copper,  which  are  worked.  There  are  12 
towns  in  this  principality  and  some  villages 
four  miles  in  length.  Some  of  these  con- 
tain about  200  families.  The  princi- 
pal towns  are  Jauer,  Hirschberg,  Lowen- 
berg,  and  Bonzlaw,  all  of  which  gave  name 
to  districts. 

Jaur,  the  capital  of  the  above  princi- 
pality, with  a citadel  and  large  square  sur- 
rounded with  piazzas.  In  the  vicinity  of 
this  place  the  allies,  in  I8J 3,  obtained  a sig- 
nal victory  over  the  French.  It  stands  in  a 
fine  country  on  tbe  rivulet  Jauer,  12  miles 
N of  Frey  burg,  and  35  w by  s of  Breslaw. 
Lon.  16  23  e,  lat.  5 2 n. 

JaulnaiSy  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Vienne,  six  miles  n of  Poi- 
tiers. 

Jaxthergy  a town  and  castle  of  Franconia, 
in  the  bishopric  of  Wursburg,  on  the  river 
Jaxt,  31  miles  s of  Wurzburg,  and  six  se  of 
Mejgentheini. 

Jayna,  a canton,  parish  and  river,  on  the 
s side  of  Hispaniola.  The  rivers  Nigua 
and  Jayna  are  about  four  leagues  a- part ; 
and  between  them  lies  an  extensive  and  fer- 
tile plain,  which  was  originally  an  abundant 
source  of  riches  to  ,tbe  colonists.  The 
quantity  of  pure  gold  that  was  dug  from  its 
cavities,  its  sugar,  cocoa,  indigo,  and  other 
plantations,  paid  duties  to  a greater  amount 
than  those  now  paid  by  all  the  Spanish 
part  of  tbe  island  put  togetjier.  The  settle- 
ments of  Gamboa,  Guayabal,  Bonavenlura, 
and  Caguabola,  which  last  was  formerly 
called  the  Whale,  are  very  inconsideiuble, 


ICE 


I C E 


Indigo  grows  wild  here.  The  river  Jayna 
is  not  fordable  ; it  is  crossed  in  canoes  and 
skins  at  260  fathoms  from  its  mouth.  To- 
wards the  source  of  this  river  were  the  cele- 
brated gold  mines  of  St  Christopher^s,  near 
which  Columbus  erected  the  fort  of  that 
liame.  There  are  also  rich  silver  mines  on 
this  river.  The  parish  contains  2000  per- 
sons, for  the  most  part  people  of  colour,  free, 
and  slaves. 

Ibila,  a town  of  Albania,  European 
Turkey,  on  the  Drino.  It  is  65  miles  e of 
Scutari. 

Iburg,  a town  in  the  bishopric  of  Osna- 
bruck,  Westphalia,  13  miles  s by  b of  Osna- 
bruck. 

ICA  PISCO  and  NASCA,  a province 
in  the  audience  of  Lima,  Peru,  so  called 
from  the  three  principal  towns.  It  com- 
prehends about  1 40  miles  along  the  coast 
of  the  Pacific  ocean,  intersected  with  sandy 
deserts.  Olives  and  vines  are  cultivated  ; 
and  both  the  soil  and  the  wine  are  esteemed 
excellent.  The  inhabitants  near  the  coast 
are  chiefly  employed  in  catching  fish.  Its 
commerce  consists  in  wine  brandy,  glass, 
<fec. 

ICELAND,  an  island  in  the  North  sea, 
about  260  miles  in  length,  and  180  in 
breadth,  lying  between  Ion.  16  deg.  and  25 
deg.  w,  and  between  lat.  63  deg.  and  67 
deg.  N.  Naddoc>  a noted  pirate,  who  was 
driven  here  by  a tempest,  in  861,  while 
pursuing  his  voyage  to  the  Feroe  islands, 
was  the  earliest  discoverer  of  Iceland 
on  record.  The  first  settler  was  Ingulf, 
a wealthy  Norwegian,  who  dreading  the 
tyranny  of  his  king,  emigrated  in  874. 
His  example  was  followed  by  such  num- 
bers, that  in  the  course  of  sixty  years, 
the  whole  coast,  and  most  of  the  habita* 
ble  parts,  are  said  to  have  been  occupied. 
The  chiefs  of  the  different  colonies,  not- 
withstanding intestine  broils,  continued 
as  a republic  till  1260,  when  they  became 
subjects  of  Norway,  and  subsequently  of 
Denmark  in  1387,  to  the  present  time. 
From  its  situation,  and  the  quantities  of 
ice  that  come  from  the  polar  seas,  its 
climate  is  cold  and  inhospitable.  For  two 
months  together  the  sun  never  sets,  and 
in  winter  it  never  rises  for  the  same  space, 
at  least  not  entirely.  It  consists  of  a pro- 
digious range  of  mountains  running  from 
E to  w ; on  the  declivities  of  which,  and 
in  the  vallies  lying  between  tbem,  the 
inhabitants  live.  The  highest  mountains, 
covered  with  perpetual  slow,  are  called 
Yokuls  ; and  of  the  Snaefell,  a promon- 
tory on  the  w coast,  is  the  highest,  being 
computed  at  4500  feet.  Mount  Hecla,  the 
noted  volcano,  18  miles  from  the  s coast, 
about  4000  feet  in  height.  Near  the  coast, 
there  are  plains,  covered  with  verdure,  of 
several  miles  in  extent,  which  produce  fine 
grass.  Though  Iceland  is  for  the  most 
“part,  a mountainous  country,  yet  there  are 


roads  for  horses  in  every  part  of  the  is* 
land.  Earthquakes  are  frequent  in  Ice- 
land, especially  in  the  s parts ; and  the 
eruptions  of  its  volcanoes,  particularly  of 
Kecla,  contribute  more  to  render  it  an 
uncomfortable  habitation  for  man,  than 
even  its  climate.  Here,  in  1783,  the  most 
tremendous  eruption  on  record  took  place. 
On  Scaptaa  Yokul,  40  miles  ne  of  Hecla, 
three  fire  spouts  broke  out  in  the  nw 
part,  which,  after  rising  to  a considerable 
height  in  the  air,  united  into  a torrent  of 
lava,  which  flowed  for  six  weeks,  and 
ran  a distance  of  60  miles  to  the  sea,  and 
in  breadth  about  12  miles.  By  this  cala- 
mity 12  rivers  w^ere  dried  up,  21  village 
overwhelmed  by  fire  or  water,  and  34  ma- 
terially injured  : of  the  inhabitants,  220 
perished  by  fire,  21  by  water,  8700  by  fa- 
mine; all  vegetation,  the  support  of  their 
cattle,  being  destroyed,  and  the  fish  driven 
from  the  coast.  Springs  naturally  Avarm, 
and  even  hot,  are  frequently  met  with. 
About  Mount  Hecla  are  several  small  basons 
of  warm  water.  Near  these  are  found  tw'o 
kinds  of  agate,  which  when  lighted  burn 
like  a candle.  Salt  springs  are  not  known 
here  ; salt  has,  how^ever,  been  found  at 
the  foot  of  the  volcanoes.  Hera  and  there 
a coppice,  or  small  wood,  is  to  be  seen. 
A great  quantity  of  shrubs,  on  which 
grow/  all  sorts  of  berries,  are  burnt  every 
year  for  charcoal.  The  common  fuel 
is  turf.  Very  good  grass  grows  in  the 
valleys  betwixt  the  mountains,  and  some*- 
times  even  on  the  summits  of  the  latter. 
The  finest  pastures  are  in  the  northern 
parts  of  the  island.  There  is  also  a va- 
riety of  medicinal  herbs,  w itb  a kind  of 
odoriferous  moss,  called  Berg  Gra^s, 
which  is  very  nourishing.  Bread  is  but 
little  know'u  here  among  the  commona- 
lity ; the  price  being  adapted  only  to  the 
more  wealthy.  Tne  horses  are  small, 
but  strong  and  full  of  metal.  There  are 
great  numbers  of  sheep.  There  are  plenty 
of  swans,  wild  geese,  and  ducks,  snipes, 
W'Oodcocks,  <fec.  The  birds  of  prey  are 
the  eagle,  hawk,  raven,  and  falcon.  The 
rivers,  lakes,  and  bays,  with  the  other  parts 
of  the  sea,  supply  the  Icelanders  with  vast 
quantities  of  various  kinds  of  fish.  The 
Icelanders  are  naturally  of  a robust  and 
vigorous  constitution,  but  are  soon  worn 
out  by  the  continual  fatigues  and  hardships 
they  undergo  at  sea  in  their  fisheries ; few 
arriving  at  an  advanced  age.  The  usual 
food  of  the  inhabitants  is  fresh  and  dried 
fish,  milk,  oatmeal,  and  flesh ; but  they 
chiefly  live  on  dried  fish  dressed  with  but- 
ter. They  eat  ail  their  provisions  without 
salt.  The  exports  are  chiefly  dried  fish, 
salted  mutton  ; a good  deal  of  beef,  butter, 
and  train  oil ; a great  quantity  of  tallow  ; 
coarse  and  fine  jackets  of  wadmal,  woollen 
stockings  and  gloves,  red  wool,  sheepskins, 
fox  tails  of  several  colours,  leathers,  aivd 


I c o 


JE  A 


ijuills.  The  imports  are  chiefly  iron,  horse, 
shoes,  timber,  meal,  bread,  brandy,  wine,  j 
tobacco,  coarse  linen,  a few  silk  stuffs,  and 
domestic  utensils.  The  Iceland  dialect  iS' 
the  same  with  the  old  Norwegian  or 
Teutonic  language.  The  island  once  a- 
bounded  iu  learning  and  science,  at  a time 
when  great  part  of  Europe  was  involved 
iu  darkness.  The  religion  of  the  first 
inhabitants  was  Pagan,  in  1794  the  Roman 
Catholic  was  introduced,  and  in  1540  the 
Lutheran,  which  in  a few  years  became 
the  established  religion.  The  number  of 
inhabitants  in  Iceland  is,  according  to  an 
authentic  computation,  about  60,000. 
There  are  no  towns  properly  so  called, 
except  Reikiavik  ; the  houses  of  the  Ice- 
land company  at  the  22  ports,  and  of  which 
there  are  three  or  four  at  each  harbour, 
are,  however,  dignified  with  the  appellation 
of  towns,  though  they  are  only  trading 
places.  Iceland  consists  of  four  quarters, 
or  commercial  districts,  Reikiavik,  Eskefi- 
ord,  Eyafiord,  and  Isafiord,  so  named  from 
the  chief  ports.  Reikiavik,  which  consists 
of  about  70  wooden  houses,  with  straggling 
huts  in  the  outskirts,  is  the  residence  of 
the  governor  and  bishop.  Here  is  a church 
built  of  stone,  and  covered  with  tiles. 
It  is  the  principal  place  of  traffic,  anff  is 
seated  on  a bay  of  its  name,  in  the  sw  part 
of  the  island.  The  n quarter  constitutes 
the  diocese  of  Hoolum,  which  contains 
140  churches.  The  e,  s,  and  w quarters 
are  included  iu  the  diocese  of  Skaaiboit,  to 
which  belong  163  churches.  Lon.  21  52  w, 
lat.  64  8 N. 

IchterhausuTif  a town  in  the  principality, 
of  Gotha,  Upper  Saxony,  12  miles  ese  of 
Gotha. 

ICOLMKILL,  or  Jona,  an  island  near 
the  w coast  of  Scotland,  one  of  the  He- 
brides, about  three  miles  long  and  one 
broad.  The  land  is  flat  and  level  towards 
the  E ; towards  the  v/,  rough  and  rocky  ; the 
soil  is  generally  fertile.  It  contains  the 
ruins  of  a celebrated  abbey  and  cathedral 
church,  founded  by  St  Columba,  about  the 
year  735,  where  61  kings  of  Scotla^id,  Ire- 
land, Norway,  and  Man,  were  interred. 
Previous  to  the  foundation  of  its  monastery, 
it  had  a settlement  of  Culdees,  and  before 
the  Christian  era,  it  had  beeu  celebrated  as 
a place  of  Druidical  worship,  as  the  names 
of  some  places  in  the  island  yet  testify.  In 
a small  chapel  dedicated  to  St  Oran,  are 
many  marble  tomb  stones  ot  the  great 
Lords  of  the  Isles.  It  w'as  “once  the  lu- 
minary of  the  Caledonian  regions,’^  as 
Dr  Johnson  expresses  it,  whence  savage 
clans  and  barbarians  iTerived  the  benefits  ol 
knowledge,  and  the  blessings  ol  religion. 
During  the  Gothic  ignorance  which  per 
vaded  Europe  after  the  overthrow  of  the 
Koiuau  empire,  it  was  the  seminary  from  - 
whi’noe  issued  those  pious  monks  and  lay- 
men, who  again  revived  learning,  and  pro- 


jf  pagated  Christianity  through  mUny  king* 
I doms  of  Europe.  The  population  of  this 
small  island  is  about  336.  It  is  about  two 
miles  w from  the  s end  of  the  island  of 
Mull.  This  place  once  so  celebrated  for 
religion,  has  now  divine  service  performed 
in  it  only  four  times  in  the  year  1 Sodor 
is  the  only  village.  Lon.  6 20  w,  lat.  50 
23  N, 

Jdtty  a lofty  and  pointed  mountain  in  the 
middle  of  the  island  of  Candia,  16  miles  w 
of  Candia,  famous  in  ancient  fable,  as 
i being  the  place  on  which  Jupiter  was 
I brought  up,  and  where  there  was  a temple 
j dedicated  to  Cybele. 

Ida,  a mountain  of  Natolia,  Asiatic  Tur- 
j key,  celebrated  in  antiquity  for  the  judg- 
ment of  Paris,  and  for  being  the  resort  of 
the  gods  during  the  Trojan  war  ; 140  miles 
to  the  w of  Olympus. 

Jdanha,  a Neuva,  a town  in  the  province 
of  Beira,  Portugal,  four  miles  sw  of  Idanha 
a Vella. 

Idanha  a Vella,  a town  in  the  province 
of  Beira,  Portugal,  near  Spanish  Estre- 
raadura.  In  1704,  the  French  took  it  by 
assault.  It  stands  on  the  Ponsul,  and  is  25 
miles  E of  Castel  Branco.  Lon.  6 14  e, 
lat.  39  50  N. 

Idria,  a town  iu  the  country  of  Goritz, 
Germany,  stands  amid  mountains,  on  the 
river  Idria,  celebrated  for  its  mines  of  quick- 
silver. It  is  20  miles  ene  of  Goritz. 

Idstein,  a town  in  Wetteravia,  and  princi- 
pality of  Nassau,  Weiburg,  Germany,  with 
a castle,  the  residence  of  a branch  of  the 
house  of  Nassau,  12  miles  n of  Mentz,  and 
22ssw  of  Weizlar. 

Jean,  St,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Moselle,  France,  on  the  Sare,  12  miles  w of 
Deux  Fonts. 

Jean  d^Angely,  St,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Lower  Cbaraute,  France,  has 
a fine  Benedictine  abbey.  It  was  taken  from 
the  Hugonots  in  1621,  by  Louis  XIII., 
who  demolished  the  fortifications.  It  is 
famed  for  brandy,  and  has  two  powder  mills 
on  the  Bontonne,  15  miles  ne  of  Sanies, 
and  32  SE  of  Rochelle.  Lon.  0 20  w,  lat. 
45  59  N. 

Jean  de  Losne,  St,  a towm  iu  the  depart- 
ment oi  Cote  d'Or,  France,  seated  ou 
the  river  Saone.  It  is  about  15  miles  se  of 
Dijon. 

Jean  de  Ltiz,  St,  a tow'D  iu  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Pyrenees,  France,  the  Iasi 
next  Spain,  with  a harbour,  seated  ou  a 
small  river  near  the  bay  of  Biscay,  aud 
owes  its  wealth  to  the  cod  and  whale  fishery, 
12  miles  sw  of  Bayonne.  Lon.  1 40  w, 
43  25  N. 

Jean  de  Maurienne,St,  a town  of  Savoy, 
capital  of  the  county  of  Maurienne,  seated 
ou  the  Arc,  is  a bishop^s  see,  2 1 miles  se  of 
Chamberry,  and  25  ene  ot  Grenoble.  Lon. 
6 20  E,lat.  45  17  n. 

Jean  Pitd  de  Port,  St,  a town  in  the 


JED 

department  of  the  Lower  Pyrenees,  France, 
situated  on  the  river  Nive  on  the  borders  ot 
Spain,  wiia  a fort  on  a rock,  20  miles  sse 
of  Bayonne,  It  stands  at  the  entrance  of 
those  defiles,  or  passes,  in  the  Pyrenees, 
V’hich  here  are  called  ports. 

Jean  Rabely  a town  on  the  x coast  of  the 
X peninsula  of  St  Domingo,  with  a fort,  10 
miles  NE  of  St  Nicholas. 

Jedy  a river  of  Scotland,  which  rises  in 
the  parish  of  Solithdean,  n side  of  Carter^s 
Fell,  on  the  borders  of  EngUind,  and  after  a 
course  of  near  30  miles,  in  which  its  banks 
exhibit  much  romantic  scenery,  and  several 
caverns  which  were  the  hiding  places  of 
ancient  Border  warriors.  The  Jed  is  fa- 
mous for  an  uncommonly  delicate  red  trout. 
It  joins  the  Teviot,  two  miles  n of  Jed- 
burgh . 

Jedburg,  a royal  borough,  capital  of  Rox- 
burghshire, pleasantly  situated  on  a decli- 
vity on  the  banks  of  the  Jed,  and  completely 
surrounded  with  hills.  It  is  a very  ancient 
borough,  and  seems  to  have  been  a place  of 
note  before  the  erection  of  the  abbey  and 
monastery  of  Jedburg,  by  William  the  Lion, 
king  of  Scotland,  in  IJ65,  from  whom  it 
then  obtained  a charter.  The  ruins  of  the 
monastery  are  still  pretty  entire,  and  part 
of  it  is  used  as  the  parish  church.  Here  is 
the  parent  congregation  of  the  church  of  re* 
lief,  in  which  Mr  Boston,  son  of  the  cele- 
brated Thomas  Boston  of  Ettrick,  was  first 
incumbent.  It  is  connected  with  Lauder, 
Haddington,  N Berwick,  and  Dunbar,  in 
electing  a member  of  Parliament.  It  is 
the  county  town,  the  seat  of  the  circuit  courts, 
and  of  a presbytery.  It  has  a good  weekly 
market  for  corn  and  cattle,  and  several  fairs 
much  resorted  to.  The  magistrates  of  Jed- 
burgh ride  officially  through  St  James’s  fair, 
which  is  held  annually  bn  the  5th  of  August, 
on  the  s banks  of  the  Tweed  opposite  to 
Kelso,  near  the  site  of  Roxburgh  castle,  and 
the  ancient  town  of  that  name  which  gave 
name  to  the  county,  and  was  the  capital,  be- 
fore it  was  burnt  by  the  English.  They 
also  draw  the  custom  of  the  fair.  There  is 
not  now  one  house  on  the  spot.  Those  who 
attend  the  fair  are  accomodated  in  tents 
erected  by  publicans  from  all  the  circumja- 
cent towns.  The  parish  is  about  13  miles 
long  and  seven  broad.  The  neighbourhood 
of  the  town  is  noted  for  fruitful  orchards; 
but  the  greater  part  of  the  parish  being 
billy,  is  appropriated  to  sheep  pasture.  It 
has  a w’oollen  manufactory.  Population 
of  the  town  and  parish  in  1811,  4454. 
Jedburgh  is  4 3 miles  se  of  Edinburgh,  and 
32  ssw’  of  Berwick  upon  Tweed,  and  10 
from  Kelso  in  the  same  direction.  Lon.  2 
25  w’,  lat.  55  30  x. 

JedOy  the  capital  of  the  empire  of  Japan, 
situate  on  the  sk  side  of  Niphon,  the  largest 
of  the  Japanese  islands.  It  is  open  on  all 
sides,  having  neither  walls  nor  ramparts  : 
and  the  houses  are  built  of  earth,  and  board- 
ed on  the  outside,  to  prevent  the  rain  from 


J EM 

destroying  the  walls.  In  every  street  there 
is  an  iron  gate,  which  is  shut  up  during  the 
night,  and  a kind  of  custom-house,  or  ma- 
gazine for  merchandise.  It  is  nine  miles  io 
length,  six  in  breadth,  and  contains  1,000,000 
inhabitants.  The  imperial  palace  is  in  the 
middle  of  tl^e  tow^n,  and  is  defended  by 
ditches,  walls,  towers,  and  bastions  form- 
ing of  itself  a considerable  town  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  city.  Where  the  emperor  resides 
are  three  towers,  nine  stories  high,  each 
covered  with  plates  of  gold ; and  the  hall 
of  aiidiance  is  supported  by  pillars  of  massy 
gold.  The  empress  has  a palace  of  her 
own,  and  there  are  20  small  ones  for  the 
concubines.  Besides,  all  the  vassal  kings 
have  each  a palace  in  the  city,  with  hand- 
some gardens,  and  stables  for  2000  horses. 
The  houses  of  the  common  class  have  no- 
thing but  a ground  floor,  and  the  rooms  are 
parted  by  folding  screens : so  that  they  can 
be  made  larger  or  smaller  at  pleasure,  a 
fire  happened  here,  in  1658,  which,  in  the 
space  of  48  hours,  burnt  down,  the  emperor’s 
palace  and  100,000  houses,  but  the  whole 
have  since  been  rebuilt.  Jedo  is  situated 
in  a plain  at  the  bottom  of  a fine  bay  ; and 
the  river  which  crosses  it,  is  divided  into 
several  canals.  Len.  130  30  e,  lat.  36 
10  X. 

JeguHy  a town  in  the  department  of  Gers, 
France,  eight  miles  xxw  of  Auch,  and  13  s 
of  Condom, 

Jehud,  or  Joudy  mountains  in  the  xw  part 
of  Hindoostan,  stretching  eastward  from 
Attocfa  to  Behnbur ; they  are  pari  of  the 
territory  of  the  mountainers  called  Gichers, 
Gehkers,  or  Kakares. 

Jekyly  a small  island  of  the  Atlantic,  near 
the  coast  of  Georgia,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Alatamaha,  s of  the  island  of  St.  Simen. 
Lon.  31  40  w,lat.  31  7 n. 

Jellesorey  a town  of  Bengal,  Hindoostan, 
on  the  Subanrecha,  42  miles  s by  w of  Mid- 
napour. 

Jellinghgy  a towui  of  Bengal,  Hindoostan, 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ganges,  where  a 
branch  separates  from  the  main  stream,  and 
is  called'the  Jellinghy  river  ; 25  miles  e by 
s of  Moorshedabad. 

Jemappee,  a new  department  of  France, 
including  Austrian  Hainault  and  a small 
part  of  Flanders.  It  has  its  name  from  a 
village,  three  miles  w by  s of  Mons,  where 
the  French  under  Dumourier,  in  1792,  ob- 
tained a complete  victory  over  the  Aus- 
strians.  Mons  is  the  capital. 

Jemptiay  or  Jemptlandy  an  inland  pro- 
vince in  Nordland,  Sweden,  120  miles 
long  and  75  broad.  The  w part,  on  the 
frontiers  of  Norway,  is  mountainous  and 
rocky  ; but  the  e part  is  a level  country, 
watered  by  lakes  and  rivers.  It  contains 
1 1 parishes,  but  not  one  town.  Agricul- 
'tore,  grasing,  hunting  and  fishing,  are  the 
principal  sources  of  subsistance  for  the  in^ 
habitants.  They  likewise  supply  the  Nor^ 
wegians  with  iron  ware,  steel  and  leather, 


J E R 

of  the  latter  they  make  jackets,  boots,  and 
shotjs,  that  are  water-proof. 

Jena,  a town  in  Upper  Saxony,  in  the 
principality  of  Eisenach,  near  the  Saale, 
10  miles  ssE  of  Weimar,  and  49  « of  Eise- 
nach. It  has  an  university,  founded  in 
1583.  Near  this  place,  in  1806,  the  French 
obtained  a signal  victory  over  the  Prussians, 
who  sustained  an  immense  loss.  Lon.  1 1 
34  E,lat.  50  55  K. 

Jenisa.  See  Yenesei. 

JenUkoi.  See  Yeniseisk. 

JenitZy  a town  in  the  principality  of  An- 
halt, Dessau,  Upper  Saxony,  on  the  Mulda, 
two  miles  of  Dessau. 

Jenitza,  a town  of  Macedonia,  European 
Turkey,  on  a lake  which  has  communica- 
tion by  a canal  with  Salonichiy  24  miles 
WKw  of  Salonichi. 

JenOy  or  Geno,  a town  of  Upper  Hungary, 
20  miles  s of  Great  Vfaradin. 

Jcremi€y  a town  and  cape  on  the  ^ side 
of  the  island  of  Hispaniola,  situated  on  an 
eminence,  in  a pure  and  fertile  soil,  particu- 
larly for  the  cultivation  of  coffee:  live 
miles  w of  St.  Domingo,  and  130  w of  Por- 
tau  Prima. 

Jericho,  a town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  a 
district  of  its  name  in  the  duchy  of  Magde- 
burg, situated  on  the  Elbe,  32  miles  mne  of 
Magdeberg. 

Jericho y an  anciept  town  of  Asia,  in  Pa- 
lestine, formerly  celebrated  for  the  number 
of  palm  trees  growing  near  it,  and  on  that  j 
account  called  The  City  of  Palms ; the 
town  is  now  only  a square  tower,  surrounded 
with  some  wretched  huts  or  tents,  of  the 
Arabians,  about  five  miles  w of  the  river 
Jordan,  and  20  e by  n of  Jerusalem,  It' 
is  called  Heruhi  by  the  Arabs. 

Jerim^  a town  in  the  province  of  Yemen, 
Arabia,  the  seat  of  a Dola,  containing  about 
2000  houses,  80  miles  ne  of  Mocha.  Lon. 
44  22  E,  lat.  14  17  N. 

Jermahy  a town  in  Fezzan,  Africa,  re 
markable  for  its  majestic  ruins  and  ancient 
inscriptions,  but  now  consists  only  of  clay- 
built  cottages  around  which  numerous  flocks 
of  sheep  and  goats  feed  ; 60  miles  se  of 
Mourzook.  Lon.  17  17  f,  lat.  27  5 n. 

JERSEY,  an  island  in  the  English  chan- 
pel,  about  18  miles  from  the  French  coast, 
and  84  s of  Portland  in  Dorsetshire,  12 
miles  long,  and  six  broad.  It  has  eight 
churches.  The  air  is  healthy,  and  the  soil 
fertile,  and  the  vallies  watered  by  brooks 
and'  abounding  with  cattle  and  sheep; 
though  the  cultivation  of  apple  trees  for  cy- 
der has  occasioned  a deficiency  of  arable 
land.  It  produces  excellent  butter,  and 
honey.  The  coasts  abound  with  excellent 
fish.  The  number  of  inhabitants  is  com- 
puted at  rather  less  than  20,000,  of  whom 
3000  are  able  to  bear'arms,  and  are  formed 
into  tw’o  regiments.  Though  subjects  of 
England,  they  are  still  governed  by  the 
Norman  laws,  and  their  language  is  French. 
The  civil  govcrumeut  is  entrusted  to  a bailiff, 


J E R 

I and  12  ,-jurats,  under  a governor  appointed 
by  the  crown.  The  island  is  surrounded 
with  rocks,  which  render  the  navigation 
dangerous  in  stormy  weather,  but  round  it 
are  good  roads,  with  anchorage  all  along 
“the  N side,  in  10  and  11  fathoms  water. 
Pvound  towers,  with  embrasures  on  the  top 
lor  small  cannon,  and  loopholes  on  their 
sides  for  small  arms,  have  been  built  on 
this  island,  at  all  the  accessible  places  on 
the  coast,  since  J78I,  when  it  was  surprised 
by  a body  of  French  under  the  baronde 
Rullecourt,  who  made  the  lieutenant  gover- 
nor prisoner,  and  compelled  him  to  sign  a 
capitulation,  but  major  Pierson  the  com- 
mander of  the  English  troops  refusing  to 
abide  by  this  forced  capitulation  attacked 
the  French  and  compelled  them  to  surrender 
prisoners  of  war  ; but  he  was  killed  in  the 
moment  of  victory.  The  entrance  {to  these 
towers  is  by  a door,  so  high  up  in  the  wall 
as  to  be  out  of  the  reach  of  man,  and  has 
to  be  ascended  by  a ladder,  to  be  drawn  up 
when  the  defendants  are  got  safely  within 
the  buildings.  In  many  places  are  pieces 
of  large  cannon  mounted,  with  store- houses 
near  them  for  powder  and  ball.  It  has  a 
fort  called  the  tower,  and,  on  a lofty  hill, 
the  building  of  a citadel  is  now  far  advan- 
ced. The  poor  people,  from  the  scarcity 
of  fuel,  burn  sea-weed.  The  principal 
places  are  St  Helier  and  St  Aubin. 
latter  stands  at  the  w end  of  the  bay,  of  St. 
Aubin  and  is  inhabited  principally  by  mer- 
chants and  mariners,  but  it  is  not  half  the 
size  of  that  of  St.  Helier,  which  is  also  seat- 
ed on  the  same  bay,  See  Helier,  SU  Lon; 

2 1 1 w,  lat.  49  7 n. 

JERSEY,  NEW,  one  of  the  United 
States  in  North  America.  It  is  about  160 
miles  in  length,  from  n to  s,  and  60  in 
breadth  from  e to  w.  It  is  divided  into  two 
districts.  East  to  West ; the  former  subdi- 
vided into  five  counties,  viz.  Middlesex 
Monmouth,  Essex,  Somerset,  and  Bergan  ; 
and  the  latter  into  eight  counties,  viz.  Bur- 
lington, Gloucester,  Salem,  Cumberland, 
Cape  May,  Hunterdon,  Morris,  and  Sussex. 
The  chief  towns  in  the  former  are,  Perth 
Amboy,  New  Brunswick,  and  Elizabeth 
Town  ; and  those  on  the  latter  are  Burling- 
ton and  Trenton.  Trenton  is  the  Metropo- 
lis of  the  state ; where  the  legislature  sta- 
tedly meet,  and  the  snpreme  courts  are  held. 
The  government  is  vested  in  a governor,  le- 
gislative council,  and  general  assembly. 
The  population  of  this  state,  in  1801,  was 
211,149,  and  in  1810,  245,562.  The 
principal  rivers  besides  the  Delaware,  Ma- 
hakkamac,  and  Hudson,  w’hich  bound  this 
Slate,  are  the  Hackinsao  Passaic,  and  Rari- 
ton.  The  climate  is  temperate ; the  soil  va- 
rious. It  produces  wheat,  barley,  rye,  In- 
dian corn,  <fec.  with  plenty  of  all  kinds  of 
fruit  suited  to  the  climate.  The  chief  ma- 
nufactures are  those  of  iron  and  leather. 
Although  this  state  has  several  good  ports 
of  its  own,  its  trade  is  principally  carried 


J E R 

^ through  the  two  great  commercial  cities, 
New  York  on  the  one  side,  and  Philadel 
phia  on  the  other.  The  most  unlimite. 
religious  toleration  is  allowed  by  the  pr^ 
sent  constitution  of  this  province,  Trenton" 
is  the  capital. 

Jervenland,  a small  canton  of  Livonia, 
subject  to  the  Russians.  The  castle  of  Wit- 
tenstein,  and  the  town  of  Oberbalen,  are 
the  principal  places. 

Jerusalem f an  ancient  and  famous  town 
of  Asia,  formerly  capital  of  Judea,  after  Da- 
vid had  conquered  the  Jebusites.  It  was 
taken  by  Nebuchadnezzar  in  the  11th  year 
of  Zedekiah,  when  the  Jew’s  were  led  cap- 
tive to  Babylon.  It  w^as  afterwards  taken 
by  the  Romans,  and  destroyed  together  with 
the  temple,  70  years  after  the  birth  of 
Christ,  after  sustaining  one  of  the  most  re- 
markable sieges  iu  history.  The  emperor 
Adrian  built  a new  city  near  its  ruins.  It 
was  taken  by  the  Persians  in  614,  and  by 
the  Saracens  iu  636.  In  1099,  it  w^as 
retaken  by  the  Crusaders,  who  founded  a 
new  kingdom,  which  lasted  88  years,  under 
nine  kings.  Saladin,  king  of  Egypt  and 
Syria,  got  possession  of  it  in  1187.  The 
Turks,  who  drove  away  the  Saracens  in'  1 2 1 7 
have  kept  possession  of  it  ever  since,  and 
call  it  Heleods,  that  is,  the  Holy  City.  It 
is  now  inhabited  by  Turks,  Arabs,  Jew^s, 
and  Christians.  It  stands  on  a high  rock, 
with  steep  ascents  on  every  side  except  to 
the  N.  It  is  almost  surrounded  w’itb  valleys 
encompassed  with  mountains,  so  that  it 
seems  to  stand  in  the  middle  of  an  amphi- 
theatre. It  is  about  three  miles  in  circum- 
ference, and  includes  Mount  Calvary,  which 
was  formerly  without  the  walls.  On  this 
hill  is  erected  a large  structure,  with  a round 
nave,  which  has  not  light,  but  what  comes 
through  the  top,  like  the  pantheon  at  Rome. 
This  is  called,  the  church  of  the-  sepulchre  ; 
the  chapel  is  cut  out  of  the  rock,  and 
lamps  are  kept  constantly  burning  in  it. 
The  whole  of  this  building  was  destroyed  by 
fire  in  1810.  The  mosque  of  Omar  built 
in  the  seventh  century,  is  the  most  superb 
piece  of  architecture  in  the  Turkish  em- 
pire. Considerable  funds  are  appropriated 
lor  the  support  of  pilgrims  by  the  monastery 
of  St  Salvador,  and  the  Armenian  monas- 
try,  the  largest  in  the  city,  is  supported  w'ith 
a degree  of  oriental  splendour.  The  Chris- 
tian pilgrims  flock  here  fiom  various  parts, 
and  the  inhabitants  accommodate  them  with 
lodging  and  provisions,  which  is  their  chief 
business ; and  a bashaw,  with  a guard  ot 
Janisaries  alw’ciys  reside  here,  to  protect 
them  from  the  insults  of  the  Arabs.  In  the 
middle  of  the  Holy  Sepulchr®,  which  is 
placed  in  a small  chapel,  at  the  entrance  of 
which  OH  the  right  hand  is  that  place  where 
the  body  of  onr  Saviour  was  laid  : in  the 
foof  are  three  holes  to  emit  the  smoke  of 
the  lamps.  Jerusalem  was  taken  by  the  ! 
French,  under  Bonoparte,  in  Fehruarv  1799.  i 
iS  ' ' " 


J ID 

It  is  112  miles  sw  of  Damascus,  175  ne  of 
Suez,  and  45  from  the  Mediterranean  sea. 
Lon.  3,5  20  e,  lat.  31  50  n, 

Jessdrnerey  a town  of  Hindoostan  in  the 
province  of  Agiraere,  and  circar  of  Bicka- 
neer,  70  miles  w by  n of  Bickaneer,  and  95 
.VNW  of  .Tooapour. 

JE30,  Jedso,  or  Yedso,  a group  of  is- 
I lands  lying  between  those  of  Japan  and  the 
1 Kuriles.  The  southerniost  called  Matmai, 
ties  N of  Niphon.  It  is  governed  by  a tri- 
butary prince,  dependant  on  the  empire  of 
Japan,  and  fortified  on  the  side  toward  the 
continent.  It  is  full  of  w oods,  and  the  in- 
iiabitants,  who  live  by  fishing  and  hunting, 
are  strong,  robust,  savage,  and  slovenly, 
when  compared  to  the  Japanese.  The  tAvo 
islands  to  the  ne  of  Matmasi,  Kuna-hir, 
and  Zellany,  and  likewise  the,  three  stUl . 
farther  to  the  ne,  called  the  Three  Sisters, 
are  perfectly  independant,  ffhe  .Japanese 
give  the  name  of  Jeso  to  the  whole  chain 
of  islands  between  Japan  and  Kamtschatka. 
Th6  SE  point  of  Jeso  is  in  Ion.  142  30  £, 
lat.  40  50  N,  See  Kuriles. 

Jesi,  a town  of  Italy,  in  Ancona,  seaied 
on  a mountain,  near  the  river  Fiiimesius. 
It  contains  three  churches  and  10  convents, 
and  lies  23  miles  ne  of  Loretta,  and  16  wsw 
of  Ancona. 

JESUS  ISLAND,  an  island  in  the  ri- 
ver St  LawTence,  near  the  island  of  Mon- 
treal, about  24  miles  long,  and  six  wide. 

J Esus,  Isle  De,  a small  island  lying  eight 
deg.  due  n of  the  New  Hebrides  islands, 
inhabited  by  a copper  coloured  race  of  men. 
Lon.  165  E Paris,  lat.  6 50  s. 

Jems  of  Coulema,  the  chief  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Itata,  in  Chili,  stands  near  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Itata,  and  is  famous  for 
excellent  wine.  It  is  50  miles  x of  Con- 
ception. Lon.  72  20  w,  lat.  36  2 s. 

Jever,  a town  of  Westphalia,  in  e Fries- 
land, the  capital  of  Jeverland,  28  miles  ne 
of  Emden. 

If,  a small  island  in  the  Mediterranean, 
near  the  coast  of  France,  the  most  easterly 
> of  three,  at  the  entrance  of  the  port  of  Mar- 
seilles, well  fortified,  and  furnished  with  a 
garrison. 

Iglau,  a town  of  Moravia,  and  capital  of 
a circle  of  the  same  name,  which  contains 
21  towns,  284  villages,  and  6433  houses 
seated  ou  the  Igla,  The  town  is  well  buiit, 
fortified,  and  populous.  It  contains  li96 
houses,  tw’o  convents  and  a college.  Some 
good  cloth  is  manufactured  in  the  tow’n  j 
the  eonmierce  in  corn  and  hemp  is  also  con- 
siderable. It  is  62  miles  se  of  Prague,  and 
122  SE  of  Dresden.  Lon.  15  32  e,  lat.  49 

28  N. 

Iglesias,  a town  in  the  s part  of  the  island 
of  Sardinia,  a Bishopfs  see,  37  miles  wsw 
of  Cagliari.  Lon.  8 39  e,  lat,  39  18  N. 

Jhcr.  See  Yohore. 

Jidda,  a sea-port  of  Arabia  Felix,  on  the 
Red  sea,  in  the  sheriffate  of  Mecca,  It  is 
30 


I L A 


I L H 


situated  in  a barren,  sandy  district,  and  is 
without  water.  The  Turkish  sultan  sends 
a pacha  to  this  city,  but  he  is  not  absolute 
sovereign.  The  supreme  authority  is  shared 
between  the  sheriff  and  the  Turkish  gover- 
nor. The  revenue  arising  from  the  customs, 
is  shcired  beiween  the  sultan  and  the  she- 
riff*. The  dues  are  about  12  or  15  per 
cent.  The  British  however,  pay  only  eight 
per  cent,  and  are  suffered  to  discharge 
in  goods,  whereas  all  others  must  produce 
money.  The  ships  from  Suez  seldom  pro- 
ceed farther  than  this  port;  and  those  from 
India  are  not  suffered  to  advance  to  Suez, 
The  circumjacent  country  affords  nothing 
but  Taif  almonds  for  an  object  of  traffic. 
Balm  of  Mecca  is  also  brought  hither  from 
the  neighbourhood  of  Medina,  as  an  article 
of  exportation.  Large  quantities  of  corn, 
rice,  lentiles,  sugar,  oil,  &c.  are  imported 
from  Egypt.  It  is  34  miles  wsw  of  Mecca,  ! 
and  170  s of  Medina.  Lon.  39  22  e,  lat. 
21  29  N, 

Jinhalay  a town  and  capital  of  an  island 
of  its  name,  Negroland,  formed  by  two 
branches  of  the  Niger,  which  seperate  at 
leaving  the  lake  Dibbie,  and  unite  again 
about  15  miles  from  Tombuctoo.  It  is  a 
proper  resting  place  for  travellers  between 
the  latter  place  and  the  Western  Territory. 
It  is  seated  on  the  w branch  of  the  Niger, 
80  miles  sw  of  Tombuctoo.  Lon.  0 160  e, 
lat.  16  4 N, 

JIONPOUR,a  city  of  Hindoostan,  ca- 
pital of  a circar  of  the  same  name,  in  Alla- 
habad, seated  on  the  Goomiy,  48  miles  x w, 
of  Benares.  This  place  was,  at  one  time, 
the  seat  of  an  empire ; and  sultan  Shirk! 
built  the  great  Mausoleum  which  is  still 
remaining.  The  stone  bridge  over  the 
Goomty  consists  of  16  pointed  arches ; and 
on  the  top  of  it  are  many  little  shops  on 
both  sides.  It  was  built  in  1567  and  had 
hitherto  resisted  the  stream.  The  inunda- 
tions have  frequently  been  known  to  rise 
over  the  bridge,  in  so  much,  that  in  1774, 
a brigade  of  the  British  army  passed  over 
it  in  boats.  Lon.  82  55  e,  lat.  25  46  n. 

Ikery,  a town  of  Mysore,  Hindoostan, 
once  capital  of  a principality.  Lest  Tippoo 
. should  compel  him  to  become  a Mooselmin, 
the  last  rajah  fled,  in  1789,  and  soon  after 
engaged  a friendly  Nair  to  shoot  him  dead. 
Tnis  place  was  very  extensive,  encircled 
by  there  concentric  walls,  but  it  w’as  forsa- 
ken by  the  inhabitants,  when  the  court  le- 
moved  to  Nagara.  A large  temple  in  good 
repair  and  ruins  are  all  that  remain  ; 24 
miles  N of  Nagara. 

Ilaantrtrachy  a small  island,  near  the 
w coast  of  Scotland,  a little  to  the  e,  of 
Oronsay. 

Ilaanraany  a small  island  near  the  w 
coast  of  Scotland,  a little  to  the  s of  Oron- 
say. 

Ilaky  or  Jaluky  a town  in  Nubia,  Africa, 
on  the  Nile,  .supposed  to  be  the  ancient 
Mcroe.  Lon.  34  4p  e,  lat.  18  46 


JlanmoYe,  a small  island  in  Clew  bay,  oa 
the  w coast  of  Ireland. 

Jla  ; see  Isla. 

Ilamnore,  a small  island  of  Scotlauff, 
about  half  a mile  x of  the  Isle  of  Coll. 

IlanZy  a town  of  the  Grisons,  Swisser-* 
land  and  capital  of  the  Grey  league,  situa- 
ted near  the  Rhine,  and  partly  surrounded 
by  w^alls,  23^  miles  sw  of  Coire. 

Ilchester,  or  Ivelcheatery  a town  in  Somer- 
setshire, .seated  on  the  Ivel.  The  town 
is  of  great  antiquity,  and  had  once  16  chur- 
ches, but  now^  only  one,  at  the  w end  of 
which  is  an  Octagonal  tow^er,  supposed  to 
be  built  v/ith  Roman  materials,  othe’r  relics 
of  monastic  antiquity  are  still  to  be  seen. 
On  the  bridge  over  the  Ivel  two  antique 
towers  still  remain.  It  is  governed  by  a 
bailiff  and  12  capital  burgesses,  and  sends 
two  members  to  pariiament.  Here  is  the 
county  goal  and  the  election  of  the  county 
members.  It  is  the  birth-place  of  the  (’eie- 
brated  Roger  Bacon,  and  gives  the  title  cf 
Earl  to  a branch  of  the  family  of  Fcx.  A-t 
present  the  town  consists  of  four  streets.  It 
has  a manufacture  of  thread,  lace  and  silk  ; 
a market  o.n  Wednesday,  and  fairs  April 
18,  and  September  16.  It  is  16  miles  s by 
w of  Wells,  and  123  w by  s of  London* 
Lon.  237  w,  lat.  50  56  n. 

Ildefomo,  a.  town  in  New  Castile,  Spain, 
famous  for  a magnificent  palace  built  by 
Philip  V,  and  for  an  extensive  maiiufacfure 
of  glass  belonging  to  the  Crown;  It  is 
seated  on  the  Cogolludo,  five  miles  x of 
Uzeda. 

IldefonsOy  Sty  a town  of  New  Spain,  ia 
the  province  of  Guaxaca,  stands  on  a moun- 
I tain  ; 70  miles  e.ne  of  Guazaca,  Lon.  97 
30  Wy  lat.  17  5 N. 

I Ilderfony  a village  of  England,  in  Nor- 
I thurnberland,  four  miles  s of  Wooler,  near 
I which  is  a semi-circular  encampment  de- 
I fended  by  two  high  ramparts  of  earth, and 
I a deep  fosse,  with  an  inner  circle  of  stones, 

1 which  appear  uncemented,  containing  many 
i remains  of  buildings ; the  area  is  nearly  100 
yards  diameter. 

Ufracombey  a sea-port  of  Devonshire, 
governed  by  a mayor,  and  has  a market  on 
Saturday ; wuth  a spacious  bason,  formed 
by  a good  pier  projecting  into  the  Bristol 
I channel.  This  port  employs  a number  of 
brigs  and  sloops,  chiefly  in  taking  ore  from 
Cornwall,  coal  from  Wales,  and  corn  from 
Bristol ; also  a number  of  skiffs,  which  take 
turbots,  soles,  A’C.  for  the  Bristol  market. 
It  is  almost  opposite  to  Swansea,  in  Gla- 
morganshire ; and  is  49  miles  xn\v  of  Exe- 
ter, and  202  w of  Loudon.  Lon.  4 5 w,  lat. 
51  14  N. 

ILHEOS,  a province  of  the  hay  of 
All  Saints,  in  the  middle  division  of  Bre- 
zil.  The  chief  town  of  the  same  name, 
stands  about  30  leagues  ne  of  Porto  Sega- 
ra,  and  as  far  sw’  of  the  bay  of  All  Saints. 
It  is  watered  by  a river  of  the  same  name, 
and  contains  about  200  families,  1 30  miles 


I L M 

S5W  of  St  Salvador.  Lon.  40  15  w,  lat.  14 
^5  s. 

ILKUCH,  a town  in  the  palatinate  ot 
Cracow,  Poland,  temarkable  for  its  silver 
and  lead  mines,  stands  in  a barren  oouniry, 
at  the  foot  of  several  mountains.  It  is  15 
miles  NW  of  Cracow.  Lon,  19  40  E,lat.  50 

20  N.  r 1.  T. 

TUe,  a town  in  the  department  of  the  Eas- 
tern Pyrenees,  France,  10  miles  se  of  Per- 
pignan. 

ILLE  and  VILAINE,  a department  of 
France,  containing  part  of  the  ci-devant 
province  of  Bretagne.  It  has  its  name 
from  two  rivers  which  meet  at  Rennes  the 
capital. 

Illescasy  a town  in  New  Castile,  Spam, 
between  Madrid  and  Toledo,  15  miles  from 
each. 

liter,  a river  of  Germany,  which  has  its 
source  in  the  Tyrol,  flows  n through  Swa- 
bia, by  Kempten,  Memmingen,  and  Kirch- 
berg,  and  unites  with  the  Danube  near 
TJlrn.  ^ ^ 

Illiuois,  a large  navigable  river  of  the 
United  States,  in  the  nw  territory,  formed  by 
the  confluence  of  the  rivers  Chicago  and 
Theakiki  near  the  s end  of  lake  Michigan, 
in  lat.  41  48  N,  and  in  Ion.  88  42  w.  This 
noble  branch  of  the  Mississippi,  after  run- 
ning a serpentine  sw  course,  through  an  ex- 
tensive country  of  rich  fertile  land,  and  re- 
ceiving a vast  number  of  rivers  from  20  to 
1 00  yards  wide,  which  are  navigable  for 
boats  from  15  to  180  miles,  approaches 
within  five  miles  of  the  Mississippi  j from. 
thence  running  eastv/ard  about  12  miles,  it 
pays  its  tribute  by  a mouth  400  yards  wide 
in  lat.  38  49  n,  and  Ion.  92  12  vv.  The  Illi- 
nois furnishes  a communication  with  lake 
Michigan,  by  the  Chicago. 

Illinois,  a large  territory, of  the  United 
States,  N America,  bounded  on  the  n by 
Upper  Canada,  on  the  s by  Indiana,  on  the 
E by  the  territory  of  Michigan,  and  on  the 
w by  Louisania.  It  is  but  little  known,  and 
the  white  population  small.  In  1810  it  was 
12,282. 

lllock,  a strong  town  of  Sclavonia,  on  the 
Danube,  15  miles  w of  Peterwaradin,  and 
55  xw  of  Belgrade. 

Ilm,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  upper 
county  of  Schwartzburg,  on  the  Ilm,  14  i 
miles  s by  E of  Elftirt.  Lou.  12  20  e,  lat. 
50  37  N. 

Ilmen,  a lake  of  Novogorod,  in  Russia, 
48  miles  long  and  from  12  to  18  broad,  com-  j 
municating  by  the  river  Voltehof,  v/ith  that 
of  Ladoga,  and  to  the  s by  the  Msta,  the 
Woloczok  canal,  and  the  Teverza,  it  com- 
municates with  the  Volga. 

Ilmeuau,  a town  iu  Upper  Saxony,  coun- 
ty of  Heuneburg ; near  it  is  a copper  and 
silver  mine,  also  a mineral  spring,  seated 
near  the  source  of  the  Ilm,  IT  miles  ese  of 
Schmalkalden. 

Jlminster,  a town  of  Somersetshire,  situat- 


I M E 

ed  near  the  rive?  Hie,  among  hills.  Here  is 
a handsome  church,  with  a gicized  tower,  and 
a free-school  founded  by  Edward  VI.  In 
the  church  is  the  monument  of  the  founder 
ot  Wadijam  college,  Oxford.  It  consists  of 
about  300  houses.  The  inhabitants,  about 
1400  in  number,  have  some  manufactures, 
particularly  of  narrow  cloth.  The  market 
is  on  Saturday.  It  is  26  miles  sw  of  Vv^eils, 
and  137  w by  s of  London. 

I Itsey,  a towm  in  Berkshire,  in  a pleasant 
valley,  with  a market  on  Wednesday.  It 
is  14  miles  nw  of  Reading,  and  53  w of 
London. 

list,  a town  in  West  Friesland,  Holland, 
seated  on  the  Weymar,  12  miles  ne  of  Sta- 
veren,  and  12  s of  Le warden. 

Ilstrop,  a.  town  in  West  Gothland,  Swe- 
jt  den,  27  miles  sse  of  Gotheborg.  Lon.  1 1 
! 57  e,'uu.5T  23  N. 

Ilten,  a town  iu  the  principality  of 
Luneburg,  Lower  Saxony,  16  miles  ssw  of 
Zell. 

Iltzhofen,  a town  in  the  territory  of 
Halle,  Suabia.  It  is  eight  miles  ne  of 
Halle. 

IMBRO,  an  island  in  the  Grecian 
Archipelago,  about  20  miles  in  circum- 
ference. It  is  mountainous  and  woody, 
with  plenty  of  game.  Lon.  25  44  e,  lat.  40 
10  N. 

IMERITIA,  or  Imerethi,  a country  of 
Asia,  between  the  Black  sea  and  the 
Caspian,  which  wuth  Mingrelia,  compre- 
hends the  ancient  Colchis.  The  late  so- 
vereign, the  Czar  Solomon,  having  forbid- 
den the  scandalous  traffic  of  the  noblemen 
in  their  peasants,  oflended  the  Turks  so 
much,  that  he  was  driven  from  his  throne, 
and  compelled  to  live  like  a w'ild  man,  for 
1 6 years,  in  the  woods  and  caverns  of  the 
mountains,  till  the  Russians  reinstated  him 
in  his  dominions.  The  revenues  arise  from 
a contribution  of  the  peasants  in  wine, 
grain,  and  cattle,  and  from  the  tribute  of 
the  neighbourii^  princes,  and  among  the 
extraordinary  sources  of  revenue  confisca- 
tions have  a considerable  share.  The  court 
of  Imeritia  is  not  remarkable  for  splen- 
dour, nor  is  the  prince’s  table  sumptaoasly 
served.  He  is  distinguished  from  Ins  sub- 
jects by  riding  upon  an  ass,  perhap ' ihe  only 
one  in  Imeritia,  and  by  wearing  boots. 
His  civil  ordinances  are  issued  on  the 
weekly  market  day,  by  one  of  his  servants, 
who  ascends  a tree,  and  with  a loud  voice 
proclaims  the  edict.  The  inhabitants,  es#* 
mated  at  20,000  families,  are  not  col- 
lected into  towns  or  villages,  but  scattered 
over  the  country  into  small  hamlets.  They 
are  less  mixed  with  foreigners,  and  are  ac- 
counted handsomer  than  the  other  Georgians. 
They  are  likewise  more  industrious  ; but 
they  are  without  maiiufaeiures,  very  poor 
and  miserable,  and  cruelly  oppressed  by 
their  landlords.  The  Imeritians  are  of  the 
Greek  religion.  Their  churches  ttre  di«- 
30  2 


I N C 

tiDguished  from  common  cotiagc.^,  by  a 
pr  )-»*r  cross  over  the  principal  door,  and  some 
pi  intings  of  the  virgin  and  the  saints. 
Cut  US  is  the  capital  of  the  present  prince, 
the  czar  David. 

In>menhausetiy  a town  of  Hesse  Cassei, 
Germany.  It  is  about  eight  miles  xnw  of 
Cassei. 

Immenstadt,  a town  in  the  county  of 
Konigsftgg,  Suabia,  stand  on  a small  river, 
which  soon  after  falls  into  the  Her,  Vi  miles 
s of  Kempten. 

Jmolay  a populous  town  of  Romagna, 
in  Italy,  with  a strong  citadel.  It  is  sur- 
rounded with  walls,  towers,  and  ditches, 
contains  16  churches  and  17  convents,  and 
is  situated  on  the  river  Santerno.  It  is  4S 
miles  NNE  of  Florence.  Lon.  11  45  e,  lat. 
44  28  N. 

hnperialy  a city  of  Chili,  in  S America, 
six  leagues  from  the  South  sea,  hpving  the 
river  Cauten  to  the  s,  and  another  river  to 
the  w’,  both  navigable.  It  was  formerly  a 
fine  city,  but  w^as  destroyed  by  the  Indians  ; 
60  miles  n of  Valdivia. 

Ineay  a town  of  Majorca,  seated  amidst 
almond  trees  and  vineyards,  21  miles  ne  of 
Palma. 

Inch^  a parish  in  Inverness-shire,  united  to 
^at  of  Kingussie,  which  see. 

Inch,  a parish  in  the  county  of  Wigton, 
occupying  a great  part  of  the  isthmus,  form- 
ed by  the  aporoximation  of  the  bays  of 
Luce  and  Ryan,  about  10  miles  long  and 
nearly  as  much  in  breadth  where  broadest, 
The  surface  and  soil  are  various.  More 
than  half  of  this  parish  is  level  and  arable. 
On  the  M it  is  mountainous,  and  more 
adapted  for  stock.  Culhorn,  the  seat  of 
the  earl  of  Stair,  is  in  this  parish,  and  the 
charming  pleasure  ground  of  Castleken- 
nedy  visited  and  admired  by  all  travellers. 
On  ihe  s of  the  great  road  from  London 
to  Portpatrick,  which  passes  through  the 
parish,  is  a beautiful  deer  park  stocked 
with  deer,  some  sheep,  and  black  cattle. 
The  late  patriotic  earl  of  Stair,  introduced 
and  carried  on  with  spirit,  modern  agricul- 
tural improvements  on  this  parish.  In 
this  parish  are  no  fewer  than  IS  lakes 
stored  with  fish,  and  some  medicinal 
springs.  It  is  watered  by  the  river  Luce, 
its  boundary  on  the  n,  and  Piltanton  on 
the  SE.  Locb-r>an  adds  greatly  to  the 
beauty  of  the  scenery,  otherwise  highly 
picturesque.  The  Cairn  w^liere  there  is 
^fe  mooring  for  ships  of  any  size  at  all 
seasons,  is  the  only  village  in  this  parish. 
In  the  N part  of  the  parish  are  many 
druidicul  or  sepulchral  heaps  of  stones. 
The  church  once  stood  on  a small  island,  in 
one  of  the  lakes  adjoining  its  present  site. 
There  is  a burying  ground  at  Saultseat, 
about  a mile  nnd  a-haif  s of  the  church. 
Here  is  the  manse,  nearly  surrounded  by  a 
large  lake.  The  pasture  lands  are  exteri- 
fiive,  and  is  estimated  that  upwards  of  2500 


I N C 

I black  cattle,  and  5000  sheep,  are  rearet? 
i in  the  parish.  The  population  is  about 
1577. 

Inch-Abevy  a small  island  in  Loch  Lo- 
mond, Dumbartonshire,  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Endrick. 

Inch-Affrey,  or  hich-Effrey,  an  abbey 
of  Scotland,  e of  Crieff,  on  an  eminence 
which  appears  to  have  been  once  an 
island  in  the  river  Fow',  founded  in  j 200, 
by  Gilbert  earl  of  Strathern,  and  bis  coun- 
tess Matilda.  The  earl  of  Kinnoul  as  pro- 
prietor of  its  ruins,  is  patron  of  1 2 churches, 
which  w^ere  formerly  in  the  gift  of  the 
abbey. 

Inch-Brayocky  a small  island  at  the 
mouth  of  the  South  Esk,  in  Forfarshire, 
near  Montrose.  It  is  lately  become  of  im- 
portance from  its  two  bridges  ; one  of  stone, 
communicating  with  the  s shore,  and  the 
other  a draw  bridge,  which  connects  the 
island  with  Montrose.  It  has  also  a large 
and  convenient  dry  dock. 

Incheolniy  or  Cohintbay  a small  island  in 
the  Frith  of  Forth>  about  a mile  from  the 
village  of  Aberdour,  in  Fife,  on  w'hich  are 
the  remains  of  a famous  monastery,  founded 
in  1123  by  Alexander  I.,  who  w^as  driven 
hither  by  a tempest,  and  hospitably  treated 
by  a hermit.  Here  is  a small  fort  for  the 
protection  of  the  Frjth.\ 

Inch  GarviCy  a small  island  in  the  Frith 
of  Forth,  nearly  in  the  middle  of  the  pas- 
sage over  the  Forth  at  Queens  ferry.  In 
1799,  four  24  pounders  were  mounted  on 
its  fortifications. 

Inch-Innan,  a parish  in  Renfrewshire, 
about  three  miles  in  length,  and  one  and 
a-half  in  breadth.  The  road  from  Glasgow 
to  Greenock  passes  through  the  parish,  and 
I crosses  the  united  streams  of  the  Gryfe  and 
Cart  by  a handsome  bridge  of  10  arches. 
The  population  is  about  462.  The  church, 
which  is  about  700  years  old,  belonged  to 
the  knights  templars.  The  family  of  Len- 
nox had  formerly  a seat  in  this  parish,  called 
the  palace  of  Inch-Innan,  of  which  no  ves- 
tiges now  remain. 

InchrKeithy  a small  rocky  island  in  the 
Frith  of  Forth,  half  way  betw’cen  Leith  and 
Kinghorn,  on  which  a light-house  was 
erected  of  late  years  for  the  security  of 
vessels  sailing  up  the  Frith. 

Inch  Kenneth,  a small  island  of  the  He- 
brides, lying  betw'een  the  islands  of  Mull 
and  Icolmkill. 

INCH  MAR  NOCK,  a beautiful  littlo 
island  iu  the  Frith  of  Clyde,  a few  miles 
sw  of  Rute.  The  ruins  of  a chapel  dedi- 
cated 10  St  Marnoc  are  still  visible,  and 
a burying  ground  continues  to  be  used  by 
I the  Highlanders,  who  bring  their  dead 
i from  great  distauces  by  w^ater  to  ihis 
I place.  On  the  w side  are  vast  strata  of 
I coral  and  .slndls. 

Inch  Alurtin,  and  Inch  Michncl,  two 
villages  in  the  Carse  of,  Gowrie,  Pcnh^iiie. 


1 N D 

TncK  Ture^  or  IiichToivcr-y  a parish  and 
village  in  the  Carse  of  Gowrie,  Perrlishire. 
The  parish,  to  which  that  of  Kossie  was 
united  in  1670,  extends  about  four  miles 
from  the  bank  of  the  Tay  northward,  with 
a breadth  of  about  three  miles.  It  contains 
about  3000  acres  of  exceeding  rich  and  well 
cultivated  land.  The  village  of  Iiichture  is 
situated  on  the  turnpike  road  from  Perth  to 
Dunilee,  about  nine  miles  distant  from  the 
latter.  It  contains  nearly  400  inhabitants. 
There  are  five  other  villages  in  the  parish, 
at  one  of  which,  Polgavie,  their  is  a pier 
and  harbour  on  the  Tay.  The  population 
of  the  parish  is  about  949. 

Inchtiithelj  a mound  on  the  n banks  of 
the  Tay,  10  miles  n of  Perth,  on  the  road 
leading  from  Coupar  Angus  to  Dunkeld. 
This  mound  stands  abovit  60  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  plain  of  Stormont,  on  which 
it  is  situated.  Its  surface  is  flat  and  mea- 
sures about  160  acres,  on  which  the  Piets 
bad  a fortified  town,  which  they  deserted 
and  burnt  on  the  approach  of  the  Romans, 
under  Agricola.  To  the  nr  the  Romans 
formed  a camp  500  yards  square,  inclos- 
ed by  a wall  nine  feet  thick.  Inchtu- 
tbel  is  supposed  to  have  been  bestowed 
on  the  family  of  Hay,  by  Kenneth  III. 
for  their  bravery  at  the  battle  of  Lun- 
carty. 

IncJiyra,  a village  of  Perthshire  in  the 
parish  of  St  Madois,  about  seven  miles  from 
Perth.  It  has  a good  harbour. 

Indal,  a town  in  Medelpadia,  Sweden, 
seated  on  a river  of  the  same  name,  near  its 
entrance  into  the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  23  miles 
N by  w of  Sundswald. 

Inden,  Hotun,  capital  of  the  Mantchen 
Tartars,  Chinese  Tartary,  where  they  began 
to  establish  their  empire  over  China,  420 
miles  ENE  of  Peking.  Lon.  124  36  e,  lat. 
41  46  N, 

INDIA,  an  extensive  region  in  Asia, 
which  lies  between  66  and  93  degrees  e 
Ion.,  and  7 and  35  n lat.  Under  this 
name,  Europeans  have  understood  all  the 
countries  which  lie  s of  Tartary,  and  ex- 
tend from  the  eastern  frontiers  of  Persia, 
to  the  eastern  coasts  of  China,  includ- 
ing likewise,  the  islands  of  Japan,  with 
ail  the  islands  in  the  Eastern  and  Indian 
oceans,  as  far  s as  New  Holland,  But 
the  name  of  India  is  properly  applied  to 
that  country  only,  which  is  distinguished 
iu  Asia,  as  well  as  in  Europe,  by  the 
name  ot  Hindoostan.  The  countries  to 
the  E of  the  river  Burrarapooter,  (name- 
ly, Aracan,  Assam,  Birmah,  Cambodia, 
Cochin-China,  Laos,  Malacca,  Pegu,  Siam, 
and  Tonquin)  which  geographers  have 
hitherto  distinguished  by  the  name  of 
the  Peninsula  beyond  the  Ganges,  are 
no  more  to  be  considered  as  belonging ' 
?o  India,  than  the  bordering  countries  of 
China,  Thibet,  Tartary,  or  Persia.  See 
Hindoostan. 


I N D 

INDIANA,  a territory  in  Virginia,  ly. 
ing  between  Ohio  river  and  the  Laurel 
mountain,  eontaining  three  millions  and  a 
half  of  acres.  It  is  nearly  of  a triangular 
form,  and  extends  in  length  from  the 
Pennsylvania  line  to  the  waters  of  the 
Little  Kanhaway.  It  was  granted  to 
Samuel  Wharton,  William  Trent,  and 
George  Morgan,  Esqrs.,  and  a few  other 
persons,  in  1768,  by  the  Shawanese,  De- 
laware, and  Huron  tribes  of  Indians,  as  a 
compensation  for  losses  to  the  amount  of 
85,9161.  lOs.  8d.  currency,  v/hich  these 
persons  had  sustained  by  the  depradations 
of  the  Indians  in  1763.  It  is  a valuable 
tract  of  land ; but  the  title  of  the  proprietors, 
though  pronounced  good  by  a committee 
of  congress,  in  1782,  is  at  present  embar- 
rassed in  consequence  of  the  revolution. 
The  land  is  fine;  but  the  infaabitaits  does 
not  exceed  24,520.  Vificennes  is  the 
capital, 

Indian  Old  Town,  a town  in  Lincoln 
county,  district  of  Maine,  United  States, 
situated  on  an  island  in  Penobscot  river. 
There  are  about  100  Roman  Catholic 
families,  the  remains  of  the  Penobscot 
tribe,  and  the  only  Indians  who  reside 
in  the  district  of  Maine,  They  live  to- 
gether in  a regular  society,  and  are  in- 
creasing in  number.  In  their  town  is  a 
decent  church  with  a bell ; and  a priest 
resides  among  them  to  administer  the  ordi- 
nances of  worship. 

INDIANS  of  North  and  South  Ame- 
rica, the  original  natives  of  these  two  vast 
continents.  Of  the  manners  of  the  North 
American  Indians,  the  reader  may  have 
a general  idea,  by  an  account  of  those 
who  inhabit  the  countries  to  the  e of  the 
Missippi.  These  consist  of  28  different 
nations ; the  principal  of  which  are  the 
Cherokees,  the  Chieasaws,  the  Choctaws, 
the  Creeks,  the  Delawares,  the  Six  Nations, 
the  Shawanese,  the  Hurons,  the  Illinois, 
&e.  Allowing  about  700  to  a nation 
or  tribe,  they  will  contain  in  all  20,000 
people.  These  Indians  take  a great  deal 
of  pains  to  darken  their  complexion, 
by  anointing  themselves  with  greese,  and 
lying  in  the  sun.  They  also  paint  their 
faces,  breasts,  and  shoulders,  of  various 
colours,  but  generally  red ; and  their 
features  are  neat,  especially  those  of  tha 
women.  They  are  of  a middle  stature, 
their  limbs  clean  and  straight,  and  scarcely 
any  crooked  or  deformed  person  is  to  be 
found  among  them.  In  many  parts  of  their 
bodies  they  tatoo  themselves  or  prick  in 
gunpowder  in  very  pretty  figures.  Some 
shave,  or  pluck  the  hair  off  their  heads, 
except  a patch  about  the  crown,  and  ex- 
cept the  head  and  eye-brows,  they  pluck 
the  hair  with  great  diligence,  from  all  parts 
of  the  body.  Their  ears  are  paired  and 
stretched  in  a thong  down  to  the  shoulders,', 
A bit  of  cloth  about  the  middle  a shirt  of 


I N D 


tlis  English  make,  a sort  of  cloth  hoot 
and  mockasons,  which  are  shoes  of  a 
iTjake  peculiar  to  the  Indians,  with  a 
blanket  or  watch*  coat  thrown  over  all, 
complete  their  dress  at  home ; but  when 
they  go  on  expeditions,  they  leave  their 
trinkets  behind  and  mere  necessaries  serve 
them.  There  is  little  dilTerence  between 
the  dress  of  the  men  and  women.  They 
are  such  expert  marksmen,  that  they  wiU 
kill  birds  flying,  fishes  swiming,  and  wild 
beasts  running.  They  are  very  intelligent, 
quick  of  apprehension,  sudden  in  execution, 
subtle  jn  business,  exquisite  in  invention, 
and  industrious  in  action.  They  are  ot 
a very  gentle  and  amiable  disposition  to 
those  they  think  their  friends,  but  as  impla- 
cable towards  enemies.  They  are  very 
iardy,  bearing  heat,  cold,  hunger  and 
thirst,  in  a surprising  manner;  and  yet 
no  people  are  more  addicted  to  excess 
in  eating  and  drinking,  when  it  is  in  their 
powder.  Among  the  Indians  all  men  are 
equal,  personal  qualities  being  most 
esteemed.  There  is,  thus,  more  delicacy 
of  sentiment  in  the  Indians  than  among 
us,  and  abundantly  more  probity,  with  far 
less  ceremony,  or  equivocal  compliments. 
Their  public  conferences  shew  them  to 
be  men  of  genius ; and  they  have  in  a 
high  degree  the  talent  of  natural  or  un- 
studied eloquence.  They  live  dispersed  in 
small  villages,  either  in  the  woods,  or 
on  the  banks  of  rivers  where  they  have 
little  plantations  of  Indian  corn  and  roots, 
not  enough  to  supply  their  families  half  a 
year ; but  they  subsist  the  remainder  of 
it  by  hunting,  fishing,  and  fov/ling,  and 
the  fruits  of  the  earth,  which  grow  spon- 
taneously, and  in  great  plenty.-  Their 
huts  are  generally  built  of  small  logs, 
and  coAcred  with  bark,  each  one  having  a 
cbimuej',  and  a door,  on  w^hich  they  place  a 
padlock.  One  of  their  towns,  called  Old 
Chelicothe,  is  built  in  form  of  a Kentucky 
station,  that  is,  a parallelogram,  or  tong 
square;  and  some  of  theid  houses  are  shing- 
led. A long  council-house  extends  iue 
whole  length  of  the  town,  where  the  chiefs 
of  the  nation  frequently  meet  and  ccnsult 
of  all  matters  of  importance.  Some  huts 
are  built  by  setting  up  a frame  on  forks, 
and  placing  bark  against  it;  others  of 
teeds,  and  surrounded  with  clay.  The  fire 
is  in  I he  middle  of  the  .wdgwam,  and  the 
smoke  passes  through  a little  hole.  They 
join  reeds  together,  by  cords  run  through 
them,  which  serve  them  lor  tables  and  beds. 
They  mostly  he  upon  skins  of  wild  beasts, 
and  sit  on  the  ground.  They  have  brass 
kettles  and  pots  to  boil  their  food.  Gourds 
or  calabashes,  cut  asunder,  serve  them  tor 
. pails,  caps,  and  dishes.  The  accounts  of 
travellers,  concerning  their  religion,  are  va- 
rious, All  agree  that  they  acknowledge 
one  Supreme  God.  They  adore  the  great 
Spirit,  and  believe  that  his  care  is  extended 


I N D 

1 over  them : and,  that  he  puts  good  into 
their  hearts."  They  also  believe  in  a fu- 
ture state ; that  after  death  they  shall  be 
removed  to  their  friends,  who  have  gone 
before  them  to  paradise.  The  Wyan- 
dotts,  near  Detroit,  and  some  others,  have 
embraced  the  Romish  faith,  introduced 
among  them  by  missionaries.  The  Sha^ 
wanese,  Cherokees,  Chikasaws,  and  some 
others,  are  little  concerned  about  religi- 
on. They  have  their  festivals,  and  other 
rejoicing  days,  on  w^hich  they  sing  and 
dance  in  a ring  ; and  after  enjoying  this 
diversion  for  a while,  they  retire  to  the 
place  where  they  have  prepared  a feast  of 
fish,  flesh,  fowls,  and  fruits ; to  which  all 
are  invited,  and  entertained  with  their 
country  songs.  They  believe  that  there 
is  great  virtue  in  feasts  for  the  sick.  For 
this  purpose  a young  buck  must  be  killed 
and  boiled,  the  friends  and  near  neighbours 
of  the  patient  invited;  and  having  first 
thrown  tobacco  on  the  fire,  and  covered 
it  close  up,  they  all  sit  down  in  a ring,  and 
raise  a lamentable  cry.  They  then  uncover 
the  fire,  and  kindle  it  up ; and  the  head  of 
the  buck  is  first  sent  about,  every  one  taking 
a bit,  and  giving  a loud  croak,  in  imitation 
of  crows.  They  afterwards  proceed  to  eat 
} alt  the  buck,  making  a harmonious,  me- 
i lanchoiy  song.  As  they  approach  their 
i towns,  when  some  of  their  people  are  lost 
1 in  war,  they  make  great  lamentations  for 
their  dead ; and  their  cries  of  woe  are  an- 
swered bv  those  within.  They  bear  their 
I deceased  “ friepds  long  in  remembranoe, 

I ten  visit  their  graves,  and  even  deck  out 
i their  putrid  remains  with  their  best  skins 
and  other  finery.  Some  nations  abhor 
adultery,  do  not  approve  of  a plurality  of 
wives,  and  are  not  guilty  of  theft;  but 
there  are  other  tribes  that  are  not  so 
scrupulous.  Among  the  Chicasaws,  a hus- 
band may  cut  off  the  nose  of  bis  wife,  if 
guilty  of  adultery ; but  men  are  allowed 
' greater  liberty.  This  nation  despises  a 
thief.  Among  the  Cherokees  they  cut  off 
the  nose  and  ears  of  an  adultress;  after- 
v/ard  her  husband  gives  her  a discharge, 

' Their  form  of  marriage  is  short;  the  man, 
before  witnesses,  gives  the  bride  a deer's 
foot,  and  she,  in  return,  presents  him  with 
an  ear  of  corn,  as  emblems  of  their  seve- 
ral duties.  The  w’omen  are  very  slaves, 
i in  many  instances,  to  the  men ; in  others 
they  are  upon  an  equal  footiug,  deliberat- 
ing in  the  public  assemblies,  and,  in  pri- 
vate life,  enjoying  the  privilege  of  de- 
claring their  aftection,  or  paying  their  ad- 
dresses to  those  they  love.  They  are  ebargi 
ed  with  being  revengeful ; but  this  revenge 
is  seldom  executed,  but  in  cases  of  murder 
and  adultery;  and,  indeed,  the  murderer  is 
generally  delivered  up  to  the  friends  of  the 
deceased  to  do  as  tliey  please.  When  ona 
kills  another,  the  deceased’s  friends  kill  him, 

and  so  they  continue  avenging  one  another’s 


I N D 

iJeath  until  much  blood  is  sbed ; and  at 
last  the  quarrel  is  ended  by  mutual  pre- 
sents. Sometimes  a chief,  when  oUended, 
breaks  oif  with  a party,  settles  at  some 
distance,  and  then  commences  hostilities 
against  his  own  people.  Wnen  they  take 
captives  in  war,  they  are  exceedingly  cruel, 
treating  the  unhappy  prisoners  in  such  a 
manner,  that  death  would  be  prelerable  to 
life.  They  afterwards  give  them  plenty 
of  food,  load  them  with  burdens,  and  when 
they  arrive  at  their  towns  they  must  run 
the  gauntlet.  In  this,  they  exercise  so 
much  cruelty,  that  one  would  think  it  im- 
possible they  should  survive  their  suffer- 
ings. Many  are  killed  ; but  if  one  out- 
lives this  trial,  he  is  adopted  into  a family 
as  a sou,  and  treated  witn  paternal  kind- 
ness; and  if  he  avoids  their  suspicion  of 
going  away,  he  is  allowed  the  same  pri- 
vileges as  their  own  people.  But  some- 
times their  prisoners  are  destined  to  be 
tortured  to  death,  in  order  to  satiate  the 
revenge  of  their  conquerors.  While  their 
lot  is  in  suspence,  the  prisoners  themselves 
appear  altogether  - unconcerned  about  what 
may  befal  them.  They  talk,  they  eat, 
they  sleep,  as  if  there  were  no  danger 
impending : when  the  fatal  sentence  is  in- 
timated to  them,  they  receive  it  with  an 
unaltered  countenance,  raise  their  death 
song,  and  prepare  to  suffer  like  men.  The 
victors  assemble  as  to  a solemn  festival, 
resolved  to  put  the  fortitude  of  the  captives 
to  the  utmost  proof.  A scene  ensues,  the 
bare  description  of  which  is  enough  to  chill 
the  heart  with  horror.  The  prisoners  are 
tied  to  a stake,  but  so  as  to  be  at  liberty 
to  move  round  it.  All  present,  men,  wo- 
men, and  children,  fall  upon  them  with 
Jknives  and  other  instruments:  and  such 
is  tbeir  cruel  ingenuity  in  torturing,  that 
by  avoiding  to  touch  the  vital  part,  they 
prolong  the  scene  of  anguish  for  several 
days.  In  spile  of  ail  their  sufferings,  the 
victims  continue  to  chant  their  death  song 
with  a firm  voice,  they  boast  of  their  own 
exploits,  they  insult  their  tormentors  for 
their  want  of  skill  to  avenge  the  death  of 
their  friends  and  relations,  they  warn 
them  of  the  vengeance  that  awaits  them 
on  account  of  what  they  are  now  doing, 
and  excite  their  ferocity  by  the  most  pro- 
voking reproaches  and  threats.  To  dis- 
play undaunted  fortitude  in  such  dreadiul 
situations,  is  the  noblest  triumph  of  a war- 
rior; to  avoid  the  trial  by  a voluntary 
death,  or  to  shrink  under  it,  is  deemed 
cowardly  and  infamous.  If  any  one  betray 
symptoms  of  timidity,  his  tormentors  often 
dispatch  him  at  once,  with  contempt,  as 
unworthy  of  being  treated  like  a man. 
Animated  by  those  ideas,  they  endure, 
without  a groan,  v/bat  it  seems  almost 
impossible  that  human  nature  should  sus- 
tain. W^eary  at  length  wuth  contending 
with  men  whose  constancy  they  cannot 


I N D 

vanquish,  some  chief  puts  a period  to  thei? 
sufferings,  by  dispatching  them  with  his 
dagger  or  Lis  club.  The  people  of 
South  America  gratify  their  revenge  in  a 
manner  somewhat  different,  but  with  the 
same  unrelenting  rancour.  Their  priso- 
ners, after  meeting  at  their  first  entrance 
with  the  same  rough  reception  as  among 
the  North  Americans,  are  not  only  ex- 
empt from  injury,  but  treated  with  the 
greatest  appa.rent  kindness,  feasted,  and 
caressed.  But,  by  a refinement  of  cruel- 
ty, while  they  seem  studious  to  attach 
their  captives  to  life,  their  doo-m  is  irrevo- 
cably fixed.  On  an  appointed  day  the 
victorious  trib©  assembles,  the  prisoner  is 
brought  forth  with  great  solemnity,  he 
meets  his  lot  witii  undaunted  firmness,  and 
is  dispatched  by  a single  blow.  The^ mo- 
ment he  fails  the  women  seize  the  body, 
and  dress  it  for  the  feast.  They  besmear 
their  children  with  the  blood,  in  order  to 
kindle  in  their  bosoms  a hatred  of  their 
enemies,  and  all  join  in  feeding  upon  the 
flesh  with  amazing  greediness  and  exulta- 
tion. Wherever  this  practice  prevails, 
captives  never  escape  death;  but  they  are 
not  tortured  wuth  the  same  cruelty  as 
among  tribes  which  are  less  accustomed 
to  such  horrid  feasts.  The  Indians  of  South 
America  immediately  under  the  Spanish 
government,  although  the  most  depressed 
order  of  men  in  the  country  which  belong- 
ed to  their  ancestors,  are  now  far  from 
being  treated  with  that  rigour  and  cruelty 
which  was  laid  to  the  charge  of  the  first 
conquerors  of  that  continent.  They  are 
no  longer  considered  as  slaves  ; on  the  con- 
trary, they  are  reputed  as  freemen,  and  en- 
titled to  the  privileges  of  subjects.  A 
certain  tax  or  tribute,  is  indeed  imposed 
upon  them,  and  certain  services  required, 
but  these  are  all  under  the  due  regulation 
of  policy  and  humanity.  The  Indians  who 
live  in  the  principal  jtowns,  are  entirely 
subject  to  the  Spanish  laws  and  magis 
trates ; but  in  their  own  villages  they  ar« 
governed  by  caciques,  some  of  whom  are 
the  descendants  of  their  ancient  lords,  others 
are  named  by  the  Spanish  viceroys.  These 
regulate  the  petty  affairs  of  the  people  under 
them,  according  to  maxims  of  justice  trans- 
mitted to  them  by  tradition  from  their  an- 
cestors. To  the  Indians,  this  jurisdiction 
lodged  in  Such  friendly  ‘^ands,  affords  some 
consolation  • and  so  little  formidable  is  this 
dignity  to  their  new  masters,  that  they  often 
aUo7/  it  to  descend  by  heriditary  right.  For 
the  farther  relief  of  men  so  much  exposed 
to  oppression,  the  Spanish  court  has  appoint- 
ed an  officer  in  every  district,  with  the  tile  of 
protector  of  the  Indians.  It  is  his  duty  to 
assert  the  rights  of  the  Indians,  to  appear 
as  their  defender  in  the  courts  of  justice,  and 
to  set  bounds  to  the  encroachments  and  ex- 
actions of  his  countrymen.  A portion  of  the 
annual  tiibute  is  desiiued  for  the  salaries  of 


\ 


I N D 

the  caciques  and  protectors  ; another  "part  is 
appropriated  to  the  payment  of  their  tribute 
in  years  of  famine,  or  when  a particular  dis- 
trict is  afflicted  by  any  extraordinary  local 
calamity.  Provision  too  is  made  by  various 
laws,  that  hospitals  should  be  founded  in 
every  new  settlement,  for  the  reception  of 
Indians.  Such  hospitals  have  accordingly 
been  erected,  both  for  the  indigent  and  in- 
firm, in  Lima,  Cuzco,  and  Mexico,  where 
the  Indians  are  treated  with  tenderness  and 
humanity.  Major-general  Anthony  Wyne 
nut  an  end  to  the  destructive  war  with  the 
North  American  Indians,  by  a treaty  of 
peace  and  friendship  concluded  at  Green- 
ville, August  3,  1725  ; which  was  ratified 
by  the  president  of  the  United  States,  De- 
cember 22,  1795.  The  Indian  tribes  signed 
thetreaty  in  the  following  order : Wyaendotes, 
Delaware,  Shawanoes,  Otiawas,  Chipawas, 
Ottawa,  Patawatames  of  Huron,  Miamies, 
Miamis  and  Eel  river,  Eel  river  tribe, 
Miamis,  Kickapoos,  and  Kaskaskias,  Dela- 
wares of  Sandusky,  and  some  of  the  Six 
Nations  living  at  Sandusky.  These  Indians 
ceded  to  the  United  States  various  tracts  of 
land  from  two  to  12  miles  square,  near  the 
different  posts  in  the  nw  territory.  The 
United  States  delivered  to  the  Indian  tribes 
above  named  in  goods  to  the  value  of 
20,000  dollars  ; and  agreed  to  deliver  in 
goods  to  the  value  of  9,500  dollars  annually, 
lor  ever.  Little  is  yet  known  of  the  Indians 
in  the  interior  parts  of  North  America.  See 
Esquimaux  ; Indies  w ; Patagonia. 

INDIES,  WEST,  the  name  given  to  a 
great  number  of  Islands  in  the  Atlantic 
ocean,  which  extend  across  the  entrance  of 
the  gulf  of  Mexico,  from  the  nw  extremity 
of  the  Bahama  islands,  off  the  coast  of  Flori- 
da, in  lat.  27  45  N,  in  a south-easterly  direc- 
tion to  the  island  of  Tobaga,  which  is  120 
miles  from  the  coast  of  Terra  Firma,  in  lat. 
11  30  N.  They  lie  between  Ion.  59  and  86 
W ; Cuba  being  the  most  western,  and  Bar- 
badoes  the  most  eastern,  of  all  these  islands. 
When  Christopher  Columbus  discovered 
them  in  1492,  he  considered  them  as  part  of 
those  vast  regions  in  Asia,  comprehended 
under  the  general  name  of  India  ; to  reach 
which,  by  a course  d’le  w across  the  Atlan- 
tic ocean,  had  been  the  grand  object  of  his 
voyage ; and  this  opinion  was  so  general, 
that  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  king  and  queen 
■of  Castile,  in  the  Ratification  ot  their  agree- 
ment granted  to  Columbus  upon  his  return, 
gave  them  the  name  of  Indies.  Even  alter 
the  error  which  gave  rise  to  this  opinion  was 
detected,  and  the  true  position  of  the  new 
world  was  ascertained,  the  name  has  re- 
mained, and  the  appellation  of  the  West  In- 
dies is  still  given  to  these  islands,  and  that 
of  Indians  to  the  inhabitants,  not  only  of 
the  islands,  but  of  the  two  continents  of 
America.  They  are  likewise  the  Caribhee 
islands,  from  the  Aborigines  of  the  country  ; 
and  the  sea  in  which  they  lie,  is  sometimes 
called  by  modern  geographers,  the  Archi-  I 


IND 

pelago  of  the  Caril  jees.  By  the  French 
they  are  called,  the  Antilles ; and  nautical 
men  distinguish  them  from  the  different 
courses  taken  by  ships,  into  the  Leeward 
and  Windward  islands.  The  name  of  the 
Caribbees  should  properly  be  confined  to  the 
smaller  islands  which  ifes  between  Porto 
Rico  and  Tobago,  These  were  inhabited 
by  the  Carribbees  a hardy  race  of  men,  no 
wise  resembling  their  feeble  and  timid 
neighbours  in  the  larger  islands.  Even  iu 
later  times,  they  mad^e  a stout  resistance 
in  defence  of  the  last  territory  (the  island  of 
St  Vincent,)  which  the  rapacity  of  their  in- 
vaders had  left  in  their  possession.  Before 
the  late  war,  the  following  was  the  dispo- 
sition of  the  islands  of  the  West  Indies,  and 
it  is  not  yet  much  altered.  The  British 
islands  were,  Jamaica,  Barbadoes,  St  Chris- 
topher, Antigua,  Anegada,  Nevis,  Montser- 
rat, Barbuda,  Anguilla,  Dominica,  St  Vin- 
cent, Granada,  the  Bahama  islands,  and 
part  of  the  Virgin  islands.  Cuba,  Porto 
Rico,  Trinadad,  and  Margarita,  belonged 
to  the  Spaniards.  To  the  French  belonged 
Martinico,  Tobago,  Gaudaloupe,  St  Lucia, 
Marigalante,  Deseada,  and  the  whole  of 
Hispaniola.  The  Dutch  had  St  Eustatia, 
Curacao,  Saba,  and  St  Martin  ; the  Danes, 
St  Thomas,  St  Croix,  and  part  of  the  Vir- 
gin islands ; and  the  Swedes,  St  Bartho- 
lomew'. 

INDIES  EAST,  the  name  given  by 
Europeans,  to  a vast  extent  of  country  in 
Asia,  on  the  s of  Tartary,  betw  een  Persia 
and  China,  as  well  as  to  a great  number  of 
islands  in  the  Indian  ocean,  reaching  from 
the  peninsula  of  Hindoostaii,  as  far  e as 
New  Guinea,  and  from  the  bay  of  Bengal 
and  the  China  sea,  as  far  s as  New  Hol- 
land. The  most  eastern  of  the  islands  are 
the  Moluccas,  the  most  western  is  the  Mal- 
dives, betwen  which  are  several  very  exten- 
sive ones  as  Ceylon,  Sumatra,  Java,  Cele- 
bes, Borneo,  besides  many  others  of  con- 
siderable importance  as  to  riches,  though 
much  inferior  in  extent.  See  Hindoo - 
Stan. 

Indore,  a modern  city  of  Hiudoostan 
Proper,  in  the  province  of  Malwa ; subject 
to  one  of  the  Poonah  Mahratta  chiefs,  stands 
on  a river  that  unites  with  the  Nerhudda. 
It  is  30  miles  sse  of  Ougein.  Lou.  76  1 1 
E,  lat.  22  56  N. 

Inctrapor,  a Dutch  settlement  and  capi- 
tal of  a kingilom  of  the  same  name,  on  the 
west  coast  of  Sumatra,  for  the  purchase  of 
pepper,  160  miles  \w  of  Bencoolen.  Lou. 
100  45  E,  lat.  1 56  s. 

INDRE,  cl  department  of  France,  so 
named  from  a river  which  rises  in  the  de- 
partment and  running  into  that  of  Indre, 
and  Loire,  falls  into  the  Loire  between 
Chiuon  and  Saumur.  It  includes  the  late 
province  of  Berry.  Chateauroux  is  the 

I capital. 

j IXDRE  and  LOIRE,  a d^'pertment  of 

I'  France,  50  miles  long  from  n to  s and  45 


IN  G 


tjroad ; containing  the  late  province  of  Tou- 
iraine.  Tours  is  the  capital. 

InduSy  or  Sinde,  a great  river  of  Hin- 
doostan  Proper,  called  by  the  natives  Sinde, 
or  Sindeh.  It  is  formed  of  about  10  prin- 
cipal streams  which  descend  from  the  Per- 
sian and  Tartarian  mountains;  but  accord- 
ing to  Major  Rennel,  the  sources  of  these 
streams  must  be  far  more  remote  than  the 
sides  of  these  mountains.  From  the  city  of 
Attock,  in  about  lat.  32  27  downward  to 
Moultan,  to  the  conflux  of  the  Jenau,  or 
Chunaub,  it  is  commonly  named  the  river  , 
Attock.  Below  the  ciiy  of  Moultan,  it  pro- 
ceeds in  a sw  direction,  through  the  province 
of  that  name,  and  that  of  Sindy,  and  enters 
the  Arabian  sea  by  several  mouths,  nw  of 
the  gulf  of  Catch.  See’Tatta  ; on  the  e of 
the  Indus  is  a vast  desart  of  sand,  near  500 
miles  ill  length,  and  from  60  to  150  in 
breadth.  ' 

Ineada,  a town  of  Romania,  European 
Turkey,  has  a harbour  on  the  Black  sea,  60 
miles  E by  n of  Adriaaople.  Lon,  27  40  e, 
lat.  41  52  N. 

Infanto,  a town  of  Mancha,  Spain, 
near  the  Jabalou,  42  miles  ese  of  Cuidad 
Real. 

Ingafesfone,  a town  in  Essex,  w^hich  con- 
sists of  one  street,  with  a market  particular- 
ly for  cattle  on  Wednesday,  and  a fair 
December  1st.  Here  is  the  seat  of  lord 
Petre  and  an  hospital  for  the  support  of  poor 
Roman  Catholic  families.  Six  miles  sw  of 
Chelms-ford,  and  23  ne  of  London, 

Ingelfingen,  a tov/n  of  Franconia,  stands 
on  the  Kocher,  eight  miles  n of  Ohrenburg, 
and  20  ssw  of  Mergentbeim. 

Ingelheim,  the  name  of  two  towns  of 
Germany,  in  the  circle  of  the  Lower  Rhine, 
now  annexed  to  France,  and  included  in  the 
department  of  the  Rhine  and  Nahe:  viz. 
Nether,  one  mile  nw  of  Upper,  on  the  Salz, 
10  miles  wsw  of  Meniz. 

Ingel  Munster,  a village  and  fort  in  the 
department  of  the  Scheldt,  France,  near  the 
Mandel,  five  miles  n of  Court  ray.  It 
has  a castle  which  was  often  made  a gar- 
rison, in  the  religious  wars  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury. 

Inglehorough,  a mountain  in  Yorkshire, 
236 1 feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The 
top  is  a circular  plain,  near  a mile  in  cir- 
cumference, containing  the  ruins  of  an  old 
wall,  from  which  some  imagine  it  has  been 
a Roman  station.  On  its  sides,  which  are 
steep  and  rocky,  are  many  pits  and  chasms  ; 
its  limestone  base,  extending  near  to 
Whermside  and  Pennygant,  is  perforated  in 
every  direction  by  long  caverns  ; eight  miles 
to  the  NNw  of  Settle. 

Ingleton,  a town  in  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  10  miles  wnw  of  Settle.  It  is 
seated  at  the  basis  of  Whernside  and  Ingle- 
borough,  amid  the  natural  curiosities  of 
those  mountains.  Has  a fair  November 
ITtb. 

Ingling,  a town  in  the  department  of 
16 


I N G 


the  Moselle,  France,  six  miles  e of  Thion^ 
ville. 

Ingoldstadt,  a handsome  town  of  Bavaria, 
situated  on  the  Danube,  with  a fine  church 
and  celebrated  university,  is  surrounded  with 
a morass,  and  is  one  of  the  strongest  towns 
in  Germany.  The  streets  are  large  and  the 
houses  built  of  stone.  In  1742  it  was  taken 
by  the  Austrians  and  bomiiarded  by  tho 
French  in  1796,  five  miles  ne  of  Newberg, 
and  45  n by  w of  Munich.  Lon.  11  22  E, 
iat.  48  46  N. 

Ingraham,  Port,  on  the  w side  of  Wash- 
ington island,  on  the  nw  coast  of  North 
America,  is  a fine  harbour  for  wintering  in. 
Lon.  133  18  W,  lat.  53  37  n. 

INGRAHAM  ISLES,  in  the  South  Paci- 
fic ocean,  lie  nnw  of  the  Marquesas  islands, 
from  35  to  50  leagues  distant,  and  are  seven 
in  number,  viz.  Washington,  Adams,  Lin- 
coln, Fedral,  Franklin,  Hancock,  and 
Knox.  Captain  Joseph  Ingraham,  of  Bos- 
ton, in  Massachusetts,  commander  of  tli»3 
brigantine  Hope  of  Boston,  discovered  them 
on  the  19th  of  April  1791,  lying  between 
Ion.  140  19  and  141  18  w;  and  between 
lat.  8 3 and  9 24  s.  They  are  mostly  inha- 
bited, and  appear  to  be  generally  variegated 
with  hills  and  valleys,  abounding  with  tim- 
ber, and  very  pleasant.  The  people  resemble 
those  of  the  Marquesas  islands.  Cotton  of  a 
superior  quality  grow  here.  The  natives 
were  friendly.  Federal  is  the  principal 
one,  70  miles  in  circumference  and  very 
mountainous,  v/ith  fertile  vallies  and  many 
safe  harbours  on  its  coasts.  Port  Anna 
Maria,  so  named  by  lieutenant  Hergist  ia 
1792,  lies  on  the  s coast.  Lon.  139  40  w", 
lat.  8 56  s. 

Ingrande,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Maine  and  Loire,  France,  15  miles  wsw  of 
Angers. 

INGRIA,  a province  of  the  Russian 
empire,  which  now  forms  the  government  of 
St  Petersburgh.  It  is  about  130  miles  long, 
and  50  broad.  The  Czar  Peter  the  Great 
WTested  it  from  the  Swedes,  and  it  was  con- 
firmed to  him  by  ihe  treaty  of  Nystadt  in 
1721.  At  this  time  the  inhabitants  of  the 
flat  countries  were  ^ Finnish  people,  but 
different  from  the  Finns  of  Carelia  as  to 
their  language  and  manners  They  were 
called  Ischorki,  and  Ischortzi,  from  the  river 
Ischora,  which  runs  into  the  Neva.  Ingria 
did  not  retain  its  ancient  Swedish  privileges; 
on  the  contrary,  Peter  made  a present  of 
one  part  of  the  Ischortzi  to  certain  Russiaii 
nobles;  who,  on  their  side,  were  obliged  to 
people  the  less  cultivated  cantons  of  ingria, 
with  colonies  of  Russians  from  their  estates  ; 
and  thence  it  is,  that  we  often  see  a village 
of  Russians  surrounded  by  villages  of  Finns. 
These  Ischortzi  have  long  followed  agricul- 
ture. They  assemble  in  sniall  villages  of 
five  or  10  farms  in  each,  and  live  miserably 
in  small  dirty  huts  Their  inclination  to 
idleness  and  drinking,  ietids  them  ofc-m  to 
sell  their  stock,  and  even  ihc  corn  they  have 
3 ? 


I N N 

baved  for  sowing  the  fields.  Some  of  them 
however,  imitate  the  Russian  villagers,  who 
are  better  managers,  being  more  at  their 
ease,  and  in  better  circumstances.  The 
Ingrians  are  described  as  a stupid,  sus- 
picious, thievish  race ; they  are  vagabonds 
like  the  gypsies,  and  like  them  calculate  | 
nativities,  and  tell  fortunes.  The  Ingrian  j 
women  adorn  their  aprons  with  glass  beads  j 
and  little  shells,  they  wear  beads  about  ‘ 
their  necks,  and  have  heavy  ear  rings.  The 
married  women  conceal  their  hair^  the 
girls  wear  it  loose  and  uncovered.  When 
they  dress  to  go  to  town,  they  commonly 
put  on  the  Russ  cap,  which  is  ornamented 
with  a peak  in  front,  is  lined  with  fur, 
and  laced,  round  the  edges;  with  this 
they  wear  a long  gown,  made  of  coarse 
stnfi'.  Olid  fastened  down  the  breast  with 
biUfons.  Before  the  Russians  conquered 
this  connirv,  the  Ingrians  had  Lutheran 
preachers  for  every  canton ; but  numbers 
of  them  have  since  conformeu  to  the  Greek 
faith.  The  dead  are  buried  by  the  priest 
of  the  profession  to  which  they  belong; 
end  these  superstitious  people  return  to  the 
grave  under  cover  of  night,  and  having 
taken  up  the  sod,  deposit  eatables  for  their 
depcirted  friend,  which  they  renew  during 
a fortnight  or  three  weeks.  Their  general 
opinion  is,  that  they  continue  to  live  in 
the  subterranean  W’orld  in  the  same  manner 
that  they  did  on  the  surface  of  the  earth, 
and  that  the  grave  is  little  more  than  a 
change  of  habitation ; for  which  reason 
they  bury  their  money,  that  they  may  have 
it  to  use  in  the  other  world.  The  country 
abounds  with  various  wild  animals,  parlicu- 
larly  rein  deer. 

Ingv silly  or  Kisti,  See  Kisti. 

hiliallowy  a small  island  of  Orkney,  about 
three  miles  and  a-half  from  Kirkwall,  the 
countv  town. 

INIS  CONNEL,  INIS  FROACH, 
INIS  HAIL,  INIS-ERAITH,  islands  in 
Loch  Ow,  Arayllshire,  Scotland. 

INISDRISNA,  an  isle  on  the  sw’  coast 
of  Cork,  Ireland  ; sw  of  it  is  a range  of 
smaller  islands  called  the  Calves.  It  is 
about  two  leagues  n of  Clare  Island, 
which  see. 

INISFREE,  an  island  and  hay  of  Ire- 
land, on  the  w coast  of  Donegal. 

Ir.ishonaiiy  a town  in  the  county  of  Cork, 
Ireland,  on  the  Bandon,  has  a considerable 
linen  manufacture,  seven  miles  Nw  of  Kin- 
sale,  and  13  ssw  of  Cork. 

INISKEA,  N and  S,  two  isles  on  the  w 
coast  of  Alayo,  Ireland. 

luisUogfyOT  Ennislcagey’A  borough  in  the 
couniy  of  Kilkenny,  Ireland,  on  the  Noire, 
sent  two  members  to  the  Irish  parliament, 
16  miles ssK  of  Kilkenny. 

huiy  a river  of  Germany,  which  has  its 
source  iu  the  country  of  the  Grisons,  and 
falls  into  the  Danube  between  Passau  and 
Jnstadt. 

Jnnaconda,  a fortress  of  the  Deccau  of 


Hindoostan,  in  the  Guntoor  circar,  subject 
to  the  Nizam  of  the  Deccan,  seated  on  a 
hill  46  miles  nw  of  Ongole. 

Innerkip,  a parish  in  Renfrewshire,  lying 
I on  the  shore  of  the  Frith  of  Clyde,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  small  rivulet  Kip.  It  is 
about  seven  miles  in  length,  from  e to  Wp 
and  about  six  in  breadth.  The  surface 
rise.s  with  a gradual  but  irregular  ascent 
from  the  shore.  The  soil  varies  from  a 
light  sand  to  a wet  gravelly  moss.  Not 
above  one  half  is  afable,  but  that  is  gene- 
rally inclosed  and  well  cultivated.  Besides 
the  Kirktown  of  Innerkip,  there  are  iwo 
considerable  villages  in  the  parish,  Clogh' 
and  Gourock,  each  containing  about  400' 
inhabitants.  The  population  of  the  whole 
parish  is  about  1,367. 

Innerleithen^  a parish  and  village  in 
Peebleskire,  lying  on  the  n bank  of  the 
Tweed.  The  parish  forms  a kind  of  trian- 
gle, each  side  of  which  is  about  nine  miles 
and  a-half,  with  the  river  Leithen  running, 
through  the  middle  of  it  to  the  Tweed. 

1 Throughout  the  w’hole  parish  there  is  not 
I above  1,000  acres  of  arable  soil ; but 
j it  affords  excellent  pasture  for  sheep.  In 
ii  the  village  of  Innerleithen,  pleasantly  situat- 
ed at  the  mouth  of  the  Leithen,  the  woollea 
manufacture  is  prosecuted  to  a considerable 
extent,  which  has  greatly  increased  the 
prosperity  of  the  place.  Near  it  is  a 
sulphureous  mineral  spring  similar  to 
Harrowgafe,  in  England,  and  daily  rising 
into  celebrity.  There  are  many  ruins  of 
fortified  towers  in  the  parish,  and  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  village  are  distinct  vestiges 
of  a Roman  encampment.  Population  is 
about  591. 

Innerpeffray,  See  Inchaffrey, 

Innerwick)  a parish  in  HaddingtonshirCj 
lying  on  the  sea  coast  eastward  of  Dun- 
bar, and  extending  about  12  miles  in 
length  and  from  two  to  six  in  breadth. 
The  coast  is  rocky ; but  the  surface  for  a 
considerable  way  westward  is  in  general 
level,  and  the  soil  fertile  and  well  culti- 
vated. Besides  the  seaware  used  for  ma- 
nure, about  20  tons  of  kelp  is  annually 
made  on  the  coast.  Lime-stone  is  found 
in  several  places,  and  excellent  free- 
stone abounds.  The  population  is  about 
846. 

Innichen^  a town  of  the  Tyrol,  Germany, 
stands  amid  mountains  at  the  source  of  th« 
Drave,  29  miles  e of  Brixen. 

INNISBOFIN,  an  island  on  the  w coast 
of  the  county  of  Galw'ay,  three  miles 
long  and  two  broad,  three  leagues  from  the 
main  laud.  This  island  is  a parish  in  the 
bishopric  of  Tiiam,  but  its  church  is  in  ruins. 
Lon.  10  25  w,  lat.  53  36  n. 

INNISCLOGHARN,  an  island  in  Lough 
Rep,  in  the  river  Shannon,  Ireland. 

INNISFALLEN,  a rich  and  fertile  is- 
land,  in  the  lake  of  Killarney,  Ireland, 
containing  about  22  acres,  agreeably 
wooded. 


I N V 


I N V 


Innisliilling , See  Ennisldlien, 

Jnnishannon,  a town  in  Munster,  Cork, 
The  linen  manufacture  is  carried  on  here. 
It  is  six  miles, from  ^insale,  and  134  from 
Dublin. 

INNISHIRKAN,  an  island  between 
Cape  Clear  island,  and  Baltimore  bay,  in 
Cork,  Munster. 

INNISTORY,  that  is,  The  High  Island, 
eight  miles  from  the  nw  coast  of  Donegal, 
Ulster, 

INNTHAL,  a district  of  Tyrol,  watered 
by  the  Inn.  Inspruck  is  the  capital, 

fnowloczaw,  a town  in  the  palatinate  of 
Wladislaw,  Poland,  24  miles  w by  n of 
Wladislaw. 

Inowsladislow,  a considerable  town  of 
Poland,  capital  of  Cujavia. 

Inseh,  a parish  in  that  part  of  Aberdeen- 
shire, called  Garioch,  about  30  miles  wnw 
of  Aberdeen,  naturally  pretty  fertile,  but 
not  much  improven.  The  women  knit  j 
stockings  for  the  manufactures  of  Aberdeen,  I 
At  the  village  of  Insch  is  a weekly  market, 
und  some  annual  fairs.  Population  is 
about  800. 

Insprucky  the  qapital  of  Tyrol,  with  a 
strong  castle,  formerly  the  residence  of  the 
archdukes  of  Austria.  Here,  in  1672,  the 
Emperor  Leopold  I.  founded  a university, 
which,  in  I7S2,  was  changed  into  a Lyceum. 
Gloves,  silk,  and  woollen  stuffs,  and  all 
kinds  of  glass  wares  are  manufactured  here. 
It  was  entered  by  the  French  in  1805.  It 
stands  in  a pleasant  valley,  on  the  Inii,  is 
very  populous ; 27  miles  nw  of  Brixen, 
and  60  s of  Munich.  Lon.  H 32  e,  lat.  47 
17  N. 

Insterhurg,  a town  of  Prussian,  Lithuania, 
stands  on  the  Pregel,  opposite  the  influx  of 
the  Inster,  containing  3,000  souls  ; and  has 
a trade  in  cojn  and  beer  ; miles  e by  s 
of  Koningsberg. 

Interlacken,  a town  in  Bern,  Switzerland,  | 
capital  of  a bailiwick  of  the  same  name,  i 
stands  between  the  lakes  Brients  and  Thun, 
28  mi'les  ssw  of  Lucerne,  and  32  se  of 
Bern. 

Invar,  or  Inver,  a village  in  Perthshire, 
in  the  parish  of  Little  Duokeld,  having  a 
good  inu,  and  a ferry  over  the  Tay  to  the 
town  of  DunkeM.  It  is  famous  for  be- 
ing the  birth-place  and  residence  of  the 
justly  celebrated  musician  Neil  Gow, 

InverarUg,  a parish  in  Forfarshire,  ex- 
tending about  three  miles  each  way.  The 
surface  is  uneven,  and  a considerable  part 
of  the  soil  nioory  and  unimproveable.  Po- 
pulation is  about  820. 

Inverary,  a royal  borough,  connty  town 
of 'Argyllshire,  situated  on  a small  bay  at 
the  head  of  Loch  Fyiie,  and  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Aray.  It  is  a small  town  consisting 
chiefly  ol  one  row  of  well  built  houses 
facing  the  lake.  It  was  erected  into  a royal 
borough  by  a charter  from  Charles  I.  in  i 
1648 ; and  is  governed  by  a provost,  two  j 

I 

; I 


j bailies,  and  a council  nominated  by  the 
duke  of  Argyllshire.  Its  chief  support 
arises  from  the  herring  fishery  in  Loch 
Fyne  ; but  the  inhabitants  have  manufac- 
tures of  linen,  woollen,  <fec.  and  in  the 
neighbourhood  is  an  extensive  iron  work. 
The  town  joins  with  Ayr,  Irvine,  and 
Campbelltown,  in  sending  a member  to 
parliament.  The  parish  extends  somewhat 
in  the  form  of  a crescent,  about  18  miles  in 
length,  with  an  average  breadth  of  three 
miles.  The  general  appearance  is  hilly, 
and  even  mountainous ; but  there  are  se- 
veral tracts  of  flat  ground,  with  a rich 
deep  soil,  all  arable.  The  castle  of  Inver- 
ary,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  town,  is  a nobl© 
mansion,  and  the  principal  seat  of  the  Ar- 
gyll family.  It  has  an  elegant  modern 
church  erected  in  the  Gothic  style,  is  a col- 
legiate charge,  one  of  its  ministers  preaches 
in  Gaelic,  and  another  in  English,  in  sepe- 
rate  apartments  of  the  same  edifice.  The 
population  of  the  town  and  parish  is  about 
2051,  of  which  about  1000  are  in  the  town, 
which  lies  103  miles  w by  n of  Edinburgh. 
The  town  was  not  many  years  ago,  removed 
from  the  n to  the  s end  of  a fine  bay,  thus 
it  is  new,  and  has  a fine  monument  in  the 
middle  of  it,  to  a number  of  persons,  who, 
in  1685,  were  put  to  death  for  their  religion. 
This  place  is  much  resorted  to  by  travel- 
lers and  tourists,  on  acoount  of  its  Roman- 
tic scenery.  It  has  a good  grammar  school, 
an  English  school,  and  a female  academy. 

Inveravmy  a parish  on  the  borders  of 
Banff  and  Elgin  shires  near  the  confluence 
of  the  Avon  and  Spey.  It  is  about  18 
miles  long,  and  five  broad  with  an  irregu- 
lar, but  not  a mountainous  surface.  In  the 
lower  grounds  the  soil  is  wet  and  mossy ; 
but  on  the  higher  it  is  light,  dry,  and 
moory.  Ballindalloch,  the  seat  of  general 
Grant,  is  an  elegant  and  beautiful  mansion. 
The  population  is  about  2107,  more  than 
one-third  of  whom  are  Roman  Catholics. 
The  village  of  Inveravan  is  14  miles  s of 
Elgin. 

Inverchaolan,  a parish  in  the  district  of 
Cowal,  Argylshire,  intersected  for  eight 
miles  by  Loch  Streven,  an  arm  of  the  sea 
The  surface  is  in  general  rugged.  The 
natural  wood  in  the  parish  is  an  important 
article  to  the  proprietors.  In  I SOI,  the 
population  was  626,  being  much  diminished 
in  the  last  fifty  years,  in  consequence  of 
the  extension  of  farms.  At  Arden,  in  tha 
se  extremity  of  the  parish,  near  an  artificial 
mound,  are  a great  number  of  Tumuli, 
covering  graves,  believed  to  be  these  of  the 
troops  of  Oldve,  king  of  the  isles,  who  were 
driven  on  this  coast,  and  perished  in  1226, 
after  taking  the  castle  of  Rothsay  in  Bute. 
On  Eallanheirrig,  an  island  on  the  coast  are 
the  remains  of  a castle  of  the  same  name 
which  Archibald,  earl  of  Argyle,  fortified, 
garrisoned,  and  employed  as  the  depot  of 
his  arms  and  ammunition,  in  his  ioeffoclaul 
3 P 2 


I N V 

attempt  at  a revolution  in  1685,  in  favour 
of  the  duke  of  Monmouth. 

Inverbervie.  See  Bervie, 

Inveresk,  a parish  and  village  of  Scot- 
land, in  Edinburghshire,  lying  on ‘a  bay  of 
the  Frith  of  Forth,  at  the  month  of  the  river 
Esk.  The  parish  contains  3,571  acres, 
the  soil  of  which  varies  according  to  the 
distance  from  the  coast;  but  it  is  in  gene- 
ral good  and  fertile,  and  a considerable 
'j»>rtion  of  it  laid  out  in  gardens.  From 
the  coins,  medals,  an  altar  inscribed  Apo- 
Uni  GraniOy  and  a Roman  bath  of  two 
rooms,  this  appears  to  have  been  a Roman 
station.  Roman  bricks  are  seen  in  the 
walls  of  the  church,  which  is  of  great  an* 
ti^iuity.  This  church  was  used  as  a stable 
by  Oliver  Cromwell ; adjoining  the  church- 
yard, are  twm  mounts  called  Oliver^s 
mounts,  which  had  been  erected  to  protect 
bis  magciziue  in  the  village  of  tnveresk. 
The  village  is  situated  on  a hill  almost  sur- 
rounded by  the  Esk.  The  population  of 
the  parish  including  the  town  of  Mos- 
gELBORGH,  and  the  village  of  Fisherrow, 
is  about  6604. 

InvergGr4on^  a village  in  Ross-sbire, 
situated  on  the  n side  of  the  Frith  of 
Cromarty,  between  Dingwall  and  Tain, 
with  a good  harbour,  where  vessels  of  100 
tons  burden  may  load  and  unload  on  a dr}* 
beach.  Linen  yarn  is  spun  here,  and  round 
the  villa  of  the  same  name  are  extensive 
plantations  of  fir. 

[nvergourie,  a village  in  the  Carse  of 
Cowrie,  on  the  borders  of  Perthshire,  for- 
merly a parish  now  united  with  Liff.  The 
vralls  of  the  church,  said  to  have  been  built 
in  the  seventh  century  by  a Legate  of  Rome, 
are  yet  standing  on  the  banks  of  the  Tay, 
pear  Dundee. 

InvcrkeiloV)  a parish  in  Forfarshire,  about 
|;ix  miles  long,  and  two  and  a-half  broad, 
watered  by  the  river  Lunan.  On  the  n 
bank  of  the  Lunan,  the  surface  rises  to  a 
considerable  height,  but  with  this  exception 
the  general  appearance  is  level  and  the 
whole  is  arable  : the  soil  which  varies  from 
a clayey  to  a shndy  loam,  is  in  general 
fertile.  At  the  mouth  of  the  Keiior,  there 
is  a fishing  village  called  Ethiehaven,  Po- 
pulation is  about  irOO.  In  the  parish 
are  vestiges  of  several  Danish  camps,  and 
two  old  ciiapels  ; one  of  the  latter  is  cal- 
led St  Murdoch's  ; one  of  the  former  Den- 
mark. 

Inverkeithing,  a royal  borough  in  Fife- 
gbire,  situ  ‘led  on  the  n coast  o!  the  hrith  of 
Forth,  at  the  head  of  a bay  to  w’hich  it  gives 
name,  it  is  a very  ancie  t berough,  having 
received  its  charter  from  NVilliam  the  Lion  ; 
but  it  is  not  large,  consisting  chielly  of  one 
Jong  street.  It  contains  upwards  of  1300 
inhabitants,  and  is  governed  by  a provost, 
two  bailies,  dean  of  guild,  and  20  counsel- 
lors, from  among  whom  the  magistrates  are 
chosen.  These  counsellors  remain  during 
life  and  residence^  have  the  management  of 


I N V 

an  annual  revenue  of  £.200  sterling,  and  ia 
conjunction  with'  Culross,  Dunfermline^ 
Queenslerry,  and  Stirling,  re^rn  a member 
to  the  united  parliament.  It  has  five  an* 
nual  fairs.  The  harbour  is  commodious, 
with  good  quays  for  the  conveuiency  of  the 
shipping.  The  exportation  of  coals  and  salt 
is,  however  the  chief  support  of  the  town. 
The  principal  manufactures  are  a brevvery, 
an  iron  foundery,  a distillery,  and  salt  works* 
It  lies  about  12  miles  wkw  of  Edinburgh, 
The  parish,  which  extends  about  three 
miles  w,  and  three  and  a-balf  n of  the 
town  in  two  branches,  each  about  a mile 
in  breadth,  is,  with  the  exception  of  the  hills 
at  the  back  of  the  North  Ferry,  either  fiat 
or  gently  rising  ground,  of  a rich  clayey 
soil,  and  well  cultivated.  Population  of 
the  town  and  parish  is  about  2228.^  Oq 
a hill  called  Lethem  is  a druidical  circle, 
and  in  the  n end  of  the  parish  is  an  erect 
stone  10  feet  high,  on  which  are  several 
rude  figures. 

Inverkiethny,  a parish  in  Banffshire,  ly-* 
ing  on  the  s bank  of  the  Deveron,  where 
the  rivulet  of  Keitbny  joins  that  river,  about 
12  miles  s of  Banff.  It  extends  about  five 
miles  length,  and  four  in  breadth,  with  a 
tolerably  good  soil,  producing  considera- 
ble crops  of  grain.  Population  was  about 
500. 

Invorlochy,  an  ancient  town  in  Inverness*? 
shire,  parish  of  Kilmanivaig  of  which  al- 
most no  vestiges  now  remain.  Near  the 
site  of  the  town  stands  the  castle  of  Inver- 
lochy,nQt  far  from  Fort  William,  formerly 
called  the  fort  and  garrison  of  Inverlochy. 
The  castle  is  a quadrangular  building  with 
round  towers  at  the  angles,  and  surrounded 
by  a ditch  from  30  to  40  feet  broad.  Th© 
rampart,  which  is  nine  feet  thick  at  the  bot- 
tom, and  eight  at  the  top,  is  between  25  and 
30  feet  high  ; the  towers  near  50.  Thi& 
castle  is  said  to  have  been  anciently  a royal 
residence. 

InverpesSf  capital  of  the  county  and  a 
royal  borough,  governed  by  a provost,  four 
bailies,  a dean  of  guild,  and  14  counsellors, 
pleasantly  situated  on  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Ness,  and  overlooking  the  irith  of  Murraj  . 
It  is  a large  and  well  built  town,  extending 
on  both  sides  or  the  river  Ness,  over  which 
there  is  a handsome  stone  bridge  of  seven 
arches,  uniting  the  n with  the  s and  most 
populovis  side.  Has  been  mostly  rebuilt 
since  1746;  one  of  the  churches  is  92  feet 
long,  4.5  wide,  and  is  an  elegant  structure. 
Nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  high  street, 
.stands  the  court-hotise,  connected  with  the 
toibooth,  two  handsome  modern  buildings, 
with  a fine  lower  terminated  by  an  elegant 
spire.  The  academy,  ereeted  in  1790,  is 
also  an  elegant  building,  in  which  are  taught 
many  branehe.s  of  cieganr  science,  by  able 
masters;  b. sides  which  th<u'e  are  several, 
{ good  schools  in  the  town.  Both  the  Gae- 
I fie  and  English  languages  are  spoken  in  the 
town,  the  latter  in  great  perieciion.  It  has  q 


IN  V 

safe  and  convenient  harbour,  and  a good 
deal  of  shipping.  The  trade  is  very  consi- 
derable, and  the  town  is  rapidly  improving, 
feeing  the  chief  maiket  to  a wide  tract  of 
surrounding  country,  and  the  general  resort 
of  the  gentry  for  polite  society  and  amuse- 
ments, and  for  the  Education  of  their  youth. 
Here  are  held  the  assizes  for  the  counties  of 
Orkney,  Caithness,  Sutherland,  Ross,  Inver- 
ness, Nairn,  Cromarty  and  Elgin.  Besides 
extensive  manufactories  of  hemp  and  flax, 
the  cotton  and  woollen  also  occupy  a num- 
ber of  hands.  The  produce  of  the  salmon 
fishery  of  the  Ness,  makes  a considerable 
part  of  the  cargoes  of  the  ships  for  London. 

A monastery  of  black  friars,  founded  by 
Alexander  11.  in  1223,  was  nearly  demo- 
lished by  Oliver  Cromwell,  who  built  a fort 
with  the  materials  at  the  mouth  of  the  ri- 
ver. On  a hill,  near  the  town  stood  a cas- 
tle demolished  by  the  rebels  in  1715,  built 
by  Malcolm  Canmore,  who  demolished 
Macbeth^s  castle  which  stood  on  the  same 
feill.  Inverness,  Fortrose,  Nairn,  and  For- 
tes unite  in  the  election  of  a commissoner 
to  parliament.  Near  this  town,  on  Cullo- 
lienheath,  the  duke  of  Cumberland  obtained 
a decisive  victory  over  the  rebels,  in  1746. 
The  parish  of  Inverness  is  10  miles  in 
length,  and  two  and  a-half  in  breadth,  with 
a very  varied  surface,  flat,  hilly,  rocky, 
and  mountainous,  divided  into  two  parts  by 
the  lake  and  river  Ness.  The  arable  land  is 
well  cultivated  and  fertile.  The  population 
©f  the  town  and  parish  in  1811  was  about 
10,757.  Inverness  is  50  miles  ne  of 
Fort  William  and  156  nnw  of  Edin- 
burgh. 

INVERNE.SS,  the  most  extensive  coun- 
ty of  Scotland,  bounded  on  the  n by  Ross- 
shire ; on  the  e by  the  counties  of  Nairne, 
Murray,  and  Aberdeen  ; and  on  the  s by 
those  of  Perth  and  Arg>dl.  Its  extent 
from  N to  s is  above  50  miles  ; and  from  e 
tow  about  80,  and  is  divided  into  31  pa- 
rishes. The  northern  part  is  very  moun- 
tainous and  barren.  This  county  has  se- 
veral considerable  lakes  ; being  divided  into 
parts  by  Loch  Ness,  Loch  Oich,  Loch  Lo- 
chy,  and  Loch  Eil,  which  will  soon  be  uni- 
ted by  the  Caledonian  canal,  to  form  a 
communication  between  the  two  seas.  The 
southern  part  of  the  shire  is  also  very  moun- 
tainous, and  is  supposed  to  be  the  most  ele- 
vated ground  in  Scotland.  The  extensive 
plains  which  surround  the  lakes,  are,  in  ge- 
neral, fertile ; and  the  high  grounds  feed 
many  sheep  and  black  cattle,  the  mountains 
and  forests  abound  with  immense  numbers 
of  red  and  roe  deer,  the  alpine  tind  com- 
mon hare  and  other  game  are  also  abun-  | 
dant.  Lime-stone,  iron-ore,  and  other  j 
minerals,  are  found  in  this  county  with  j 
beautiful  rock  crystals  of  various  tints.  | 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Spey  and  | 
Beauly;^  but  theie  are  many  of  inferior! 
Bote,  as  the  Ness,  Fyers,  Glass,  Loehy,  drc.  j 


J O A 

The  people  in  the  high  parts  of  the  eotinlry', 
and  on  the  western  shore,  speak  0»lic,  but 
the  pet' pie  o'  fashion  in  Inverness,  and  iU 
ueigubeurhooii-,  use  the  English  language, 
and  proneanc  '-  it  with  great  propriety.  la* 
veriiess-sh  re,  with  the  islands  included  in  it, 
contained  in  J811,  about  78,336  iimabitants. 
The  real  rent  is  estimated  at  70,6001.  Ster- 
ling. One  member  represents  this  couniy  m 
parliament. 

Inverness y New,  a town  on  the  river  Ala- 
tamaha,  in  Georgia.  It  was  built  by  a 
company  of  emigrants  from  the  Highlands 
of  Scotland. 

Inversnaiel,  a village  and  fort  on  the  Ese- 
deof,  and  two  m.les  from  Loeniomoud,  Scot- 
land, in  which  a few  soldiers  are  geueraiijr 
stationed. 

Inverugie,  a village  in  Banffshire,  situa- 
ted cit  the  mouth  of  the  Ugie,  on  the  e coast 
of  Aberdeenshire,  iwo  miles  nw’  of  Peter- 
head, has  a brewery  and  extensive  bleach- 
field.  Near  it  are  the  remains  of  Inveru- 
gie  castle. 

Inverury,  an  ancient  but  small  town  is 
Aberdeenshire,  a royal  borough,  and  go- 
verned by  a provost,  three  bailies,  dean  of 
guild,  &c.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Ury, 
just  above  its  conflux  with  the  Don,  over 
w^hich  a statel)''  bridge  was  erected  a few 
years  ago,  on  the  road  from  Aberdeen  to 
Inverness.  It  has  about  400  inhabitants 
and  is  united  with  Banff,  <fec.  in  returning  a 
member  to  parliament.  The  parish  of  In- 
verury contains  about  4000  acres,  of  which 
near  2000  are  arable.  Population  is  about 
800.  The  town  is  15  miles  nw  of  Aber- 
deen. 

Joachims- Thai ydi  towm  and  valley  of  Bo- 
hemia, in  the  circle  of  Saatz,  with  a silver 
mine,  and  a manufacture  of  Lace ; 15  miles 
N by  E of  Fibogen. 

Joachims-  Thai,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony", 
in  Brandenburg.  It  is  17  miles  s of  Pren- 
slow,  and  31  nne  of  Berlin. 

JOANNA,  or  HiNzUi^N,  one  of  the  Co- 
mora  islands,  lying  between  Madagascar  and 
the  coast  of  Africa,  of  which  Sir  William 
Jones  and  major  Rooke  have  given  the  most 
superb  and  picturesque  descriptions,  Th« 
climate  is  excellent,  the  soil  hardly  requires 
culture,  producing  spontaneously  oranges, 
lemons,  limes,  bananas,  pine  apples,  cocoa 
nuts,  yams,  purslaiu,  &c.  It  is  inhabited 
by  two  distinct  races  of  people,  Arabs,  w^ho 
settled  in  it  200  years  ago,  and  Aborigines 
w ho  are  generally^  at  war  with  the  xlrabs* 
Their  religion  permits  a plurality  of  wOves 
and  concubines,  of  whom  they  are  so  jealous 
that  they  never  permit  any  niaa  (o  see  them. 
The  men  are  abstemious,  and  attend  the 
mosque  three  or  four  times  a day.  Theft 
is  punished  by  the  amputation  of  both 
hands.  The  town  of  Joanna  is  on  the  Ese- 
de,  at  the  ioot  of  a very  high  hill  close  to 
tho  sea,  containing  about  20G  houses  and  is 
the  lesidenee  of  the  king»  The  beater  sort 


J O H 

©f  people  have  houses  built  of  stone,  within 
a court  yard,  with  a portico  to  defeud  them 
from  the  sun,  and  one  loug  lofty  room  to 
accomodate  their  guests,  The  other  apart- 
ments being  sacred  to  the  women.  Though 
not  the  largest,  it  is  the  principal  of  the  Co- 
nora  islands,  as  it  exacts  tribute  of  all  the 
vest.  Here  are  buffaloes,  sheep,  and  hogs. 
The  Aborigines,  are  about  7000.  The 
Arabs  are  about  3000  in  number  who  inha- 
bit the  coast ; are  Mahometans,  and  speak 
English  intelligibly.  They  are  courteous, 
and  honest  in  their  dealings.  Joanna  is  30 
miles  long,  and  15  broad.  Lon.  44  48  £, 
lat.  12  14  s. 

Jock  grim,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Lower  Rhjne,  on  an  eminence,  near 
the  Rhine,  France.  It  is  nine  miles  se  of 
Landau,  and  seven  and  a half  ne  of  Lau- 
terburg. 

Jolian,  Geargenstadt,  a town  in  Upper 
Saxony,  in  AJisnla.  Its  mines  afford  silver, 
tin,  copper  and  emery,  it  is  also  famous  for 
lace.  It  is  seven  miles  s of  Schwars^enburg, 
^sd  18  ssE  of  Zwickau. 

Joannesberg,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Rhine  and  Nahe,  France,  16  miles  w of 
Mentz. 

Johannesburg,  a town  with  a citadel,  on 
the  Pych,  near  the  lake  Spirding,  E Prussia, 
!?5  miles  se  of  Konigsberg.  Lon.  22  39  e, 
lat.  53  16  N. 

John  o’  GroaVs  House*  See  Gvoats’s 
House,  John  o\ 

JOHN’S  ISLAND,  ST.  or  Prince 
EDWARD  Island  an  island  in  the  s part  of 
the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  near  the  n coast 
of  Nova  Scotia.  It  is  about  117  miles  in 
length  from  ne  to  sw  but  the  breadth  is 
very  unequel,  in  some  places  40  miles  in 
others  less  than  two,  betwixt  the  salt  wa- 
ter. The  surface  is  in  general  level ; the 
soil  of  this  isleind  is  light  and  dry,  with 
very  few  stones,  producing  excellent  grain 
without  much  labour.  The  fruits  and  vege- 
tables common  in  England,  thrive  equally 
well  here,  and  wild  fruits  grow  in  abun- 
dance. The  timber  is  chiefly  pine,  and 
various  kinds  of  fir ; but  amoijg  these  grow 
maple,  black,  birch,  oak,  ash,  elm,  beech, 
juniper,  cedar,  drc.  The  summers  are  w ar- 
mer and  the  winters  colder,  than  in  most 
pans  of  Great' Britain  ; but  the  air  is  re- 
markably pure  and  healthful  insomuch, 
that,  among  upwards  of  8000  inhabitants, 
which  the  island  contains,  a sick  person  is 
very  rare.  The  principal  bays  on  the  n 
are  Richmond  bay,  Holland  bay,  London 
harbour,  Grenville,  Grand  Kasiied,  and 
St.  Peter’s  ; on  ibe  s Egmont,  Bcdeque, 
Hillsborough,  and  Halilax  ; on  the  e 
Three  Rivers  bay,  Murray  liaiboiir,  and 
Charlotte  Town.  It  lias  several  fine  rivers, 
which  afford  salmon,  vfec.  and  the  surround- 
ing sea  and  ba)s  abound  with  cod,  herring, 
shell-fish,  &c.  It  is  divided  into  three  coun- 
ties, viz.  King’s,  Queen’s,  and  Prince’s 


JOH 

counties ; which  are  subdivided  into  14 
parishes,  of  27  townships  each,  making  in 
all  1,363,400  acres.  Within  t|iese  few  years 
more  than  3000  settlers  have  gone  from 
Britain  to  this  island.  The  chief  tow^ns  aro 
Charlotte  Town,  the  seat  of  government^ 
which  is  rapidly  improving  in  building,  &c. 
George  Town,  and  Prince’s  Town.  Tho 
island  is  governed,  under  his  majesty,  by  a 
governor,  council,  and  house  of  representa- 
tives. In  1745,  it  surrendered,  with  Cape 
Breton,  to  the  English.  It  lies  between 
lat.  45  46  and  47  10  n,  Ion.  44  22  and  46 
32  w. 

John^s  St,  an  island  in  Asia,  one  of  th« 
Philippines  e of  Mindanao.  Lon.  126  32  e» 
lat.  9 30  N.  ^ 

Johny  St,  the  name  of  six  English  villa- 
ges, viz.  of  two  in  Cornwall,  three  in 
Cumberland,  and  one  in  Kent,  Suffolk, 
and  Dorchester.  It  also  makes  the 
chief  part  of  the  names  of  other 
seven  English,  and  two  Irish  villa- 
ges. 

John,  Bayouk  of,  Si,  a little  creek  wbic|i 
furnishes  a very  easy  communication  fron> 
New  Orleans  to  West  Florida. 

John^s  St,  a chief  town  of  Newfoundr 
Innd,  on  the  e coast.  It  is  six  miles  nw  of 
Cape  Spear,  and  18  se  of  Cape  St.  Fran- 
cis. Its  harbour  is  one  of  the  best  in  the 
island,  defended  by  several  forts,  in  one  of 
which  the  governor  resides.  Lon.  52  29  w, 
lat.  47  32  N. 

John’s  River,  hiHle  St,  in  West  Florida, 
is  about  200  yards  broad,  and  about  15 
or  20  feet  deep,  at  the  town  of  Talahaso- 
chete. 

John’s  St,  a city  of  New  Brunswick, 
seated  on  the  bay  of  Funday,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  St.  John.  Lon.  65  15  w,  lat. 
45  12  N. 

John’s  St,  is  the  largest  river  in  the 
British  province  of  New  Brunswick,  in 
Nova  Scotia,  From  its  mouth  on  the  n 
side  of  the  bay  of  Fundy,  to  its  main  source, 
in  the  district  of  Maiu,  is  computed  to  be 
350  miles.  The  tide  flows  SO  or  90  mile?^ 
up  this  river.  It  is  navigable  for  sloops  of 
50  tons  60  miles,  and  likewise  for  boats  of 
about  200,  It  IS  the  common  route  to  Que- 
bec. 

Jolm’s  St,  one  of  the  Virgin  islands, 
in  the  West  Indies,  belonging  to  the  Danes. 
It  has  a town  and  spacious  harbour,  about 
36  miles  e of  Porto  Rico.  It  is  about  five 
miles  long,  and  one  broad,  and  nearly  six  s 
of  St.  Thomas.  Lou.  65  10  w,  lat.  18 
10  N. 

John’s  St,  a town  and  fort  in  Lower 
Canada,  on  the  \v  bank  of  the  river  Sorel. 
It  is  20  miles  fiom  the  n end  of  lake  Cham- 
j plain,  and  24  se  of  jMontreal,  and  100  Jtf 
of  Crownpoint,  In  1706  it  was  made  the 
sole  port  of  entry  for  all  goods  from  the 
IJniif  d Stales  to  Canada.  Lon.  72  18  w, 
lat.  45  9 N. 


J O 1 

Sohii^s  Stf  a lake  in  Lower  Canada,  it 
is  about  34  rniles  long,  and  25  broad,  and 
teceives  rivers  from  every  direction.  Its 
outlet  is  by  the  river  Saguenay,  which  runs 
R and  unites  with  the  St  Lawrence  at  Ta- 
dousac. 

John^s  Sty  one  of  the  Virgin  islands,  in 
the  West  Indies,  belonging  to  Denmark. 

It  is  12  miles  in  circumference,  and  has  a 
town  and  spacious  harbour.  Lon.  65  10  w, 
lat.  18  iO  N. 

John’s  Sty  the  capital  of  the  island  of 
Antigua,  with  a harbour.  This  town  is  the 
residence  of  the  governor-general  of  the 
Leeward  Caribbee  islands,  and  where  the 
assembly  is  held,  and  the  port  where  the 
greatest  trade  is  carried  on.  It  is  one  ot 
the  most  regular  towns  in  the  West  Indies,  | 
and  w'ell  fortified.  In  IT69  it  was  nearly 
destroyed  by  fire,  and  in  1772  suffered 
severely  by  a hurricane.  Lon.  62  9 w,  lat. 
17  4 N. 

John  d’AcrCy  St,  See  Acre, 

JohnskaveHy  a fishing  town  on  the  e coast 
of  Kincardineshire,  four  miles  of  Bervie, 
has  an  extensive  manufacture  of  canvas,  and 
a trade  in  importing  coals  and  exporting 
corn. 

JohnstoHy  a parish  in  the  eastern  district 
of  Dumfries-shire,  called  Annandale,  about 
four  miles  in  length,  and  three  in  breadth.  | 
Population  about  740.  This  parish  is  in  a 
great  measure  inhabited  by  people  of  the 
name  of  Johnston.  Here  is  Loehwood 
castle,  the  ancient  but  now  ruinous  seat  of 
Johnston,  Marquis  of  Annandale.  This 
parish  gave  birth  to  Doctor  Rogerson  and 
Doctor  Haliday,  physicians  to  the  late  em- 
press of  Russia. 

JohnstowHy  or  Bridge  of  Johnstown,  a 
neat  and  regular  built  manufacturing  vil- 
lage in  Renfrewshire,  about  three  miles 
w of  Paisley,  containing  about  1400  inha- 
bitants. 

Johnstown,  capital  of  Montgomery  coun- 
ty, New  York,  situated  on  the  n bank  of 
Mohawk  river,  and  on  the  opposite  side 
between  the  Shopary  and  the  Mohawk  is 
fort  Hunter,  14  miles  wxw  of  Schenectady. 
It  has  two  churches.  Caghnawaga  is  a 
parish  or  district  of  Johnstown,  26  miles  1 
above  Schenectady  on  the  river.  | 

Johnstown,  St,  a borough  of  Ireland,  in  ( 
Donegal,  on  the  Foyle,  five  miles  ssw  of  j 
Londonderry.  | 

Johor,  ox.Jor,  a town  of  the  peninsula  of 
Malacca,  capital  of  a kingdom  of  the  same  i 
name.  In  1603,  it  was  destroyed  by  the  I 
Portuguese,  but  has  been  rebuilt.  It  stands  j 
near  the  s coast,  150  miles  se  of  Malacca.  | 
Lon.  193  30  e,  lat.  135  x.  ! 

Joigny,  a town  in  the  department  of  | 
Yonne,  France,  stand^  on  the  Yonue,  and  is  i 
encompassed  with  thick  wails,  17  miles  sse 
of  Sens. 

Joinville,  an  ancient  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Marne,  France,  with  a mag- 


J o U 


nificent  castle,  and  stands  on  the  Marne, 
miles  sw  of  Bar-le-duc. 

Iona,  See  Icolmkill. 

Joneshoroughy  a post  town  and  chief 
town  of  Washington  district,  in  Tennesee, 
the  seat  of  the  district  and  county  courts, 
stands  near  the  iron  mountains.  It  is  26 
miles  from  Greenville,  and  86  e by  n of 
Knoxville. 

Jonkiopiog,  capital  of  the  province  of 
Smaland,  Sweden,  and  seat  of  the  superior 
court  of  justice  for  Gothland,  with  a citadel, 
and  a manufacture  of  arms,  seated  at  the  s 
end  of  the  lake  Wetter.  la  1790  the  towu 
was  burnt,  but  has  since  been  rebuilt.  It  is 
50  miles  nw  of  Calmar,  and  64  w of  Lin- 
kioping.  Lon.  14  46  e,  lat.  57  12  n, 

Jood  Pour,  capital  of  a circat  of  th® 
same  name,  in  Agirnere,  Hindoostan, 
stands  near  a branch  of  the  Pudda,  100 
miles  wsw  of  Agirnere.  Lon.  73  48  B, 
lat.  26  7 N. 

Joostlandy  St,  a small  island  of  Holland, 
near  Walcbereu.  It  lias  but  one  village. 

Jordan,  a river  of  Palestine,  which  rises 
in  Mount  Libanus,  and  runs  through  the 
lake  of  Tiberias,  to  the  Dead  sea. 

Jorjau,  or  Corcan,  a towm  in  the  province 
of  Chorosan,  Persia,  capital  of  a district  of 
its  name,  on  the  borders  of  the  Caspian  sea, 
and  Asterabad.  It  is  deemed  one  of  the 
strongest  fortresses  in  the  kingdom,  50 
miles  NE  of  Astrabat,  and  120  wsw  of  Mes- 
cbad.  Lon.  56  45  e,  lat.  37  0 n. 

Jorisima,  an  island  of  Japan. 

Jorkau,  a town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  bird® 
of  Saatz.  Near  it  are  celebrated  alum 
works  ; large  quantities  of  beer  are  brewed. 
On  a mountain  in  the  vicinity  is  the  magni- 
ficent castle  of  Rothenhaus.  It  is  five  miles 
N of  Comotau. 

Joseph,  Sty  capital  of  the  island  of  Trini- 
dad, has  a church  and  a Franciscan  convent, 
and  stands  on  a mountain  near  a river  six 
miles  from  its  mouth  in  the  gulf  of  Paria. 
Lon.  64  30  w,  lat.  10  0 n. 

Joseph,  Sty  a fort  and  river  of  the  Unitel 
States,  on  the  s border  of  Michigan  territory^ 
The  river  has  its  source  about  30  miles 
from  the  w end  of  lake  Erie,  to  which  thera 
is  a portage,  and  it  directs  its  course  wxw 
into  the  se  part  of  lake  Michigau.  The  fort 
is  30  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  river, 
and  130  w by  s of  Detroit.  Lon.  85  8 w, 
lat.  42  2 N. 

Josselin,  a town  in  the  department  of  lha 
Morbihan,  France,  25  miles  nne  of  Van- 
nes. 

Jouare,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Seine  and  Marne,  France,  10  rniles  se  of 
Meux,  and  35  e of  Paris. 

Joud.  See  Jehad. 

Jouxy  Mount.  See  J^ira,  Mount. 

Joura,  an  island  in  the  Grecian  Archipe- 
lago, 10  miles  in  circuit,  and  12  sw  of  An- 
dros. 

Joug,  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 


IPS 

meat  of  the  Seine  and  Oise,  three  miles  s of 
Versailles. 

Jouy  le  Chatelf  a town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Seine  and  Marne,  10 
miles  Nw  of  Provins,  and  nine  s of  Courlo- 
toiers.  . , 

Jotty  Sur  Morin,  a of  France,  in 

the  department  of  the  and  Marne, 

miles  SE  of  Meaitx.  ‘ ' 

loaiva,  a river  of  Lousiaua,  which  runs 
fiE  into  the  Mississippi,  iti  lat.  41  5 n; 
61  miles  above  the  Iowa  rapids;  where 
on  the  E side  of  the  river  is  the  Lower 
Iowa  tov,-n,  which,  20  years  ago,  could 
furnish  300  warriors.  The  Upper  Iowa 
town  is  about  15  miles  below  the  mouth 
of  the  river,  also  on  the  e side  of  the 
Mississippi,  and  could  formerly  furnish  400 
warriors. 

Joyetfse,  a small  town  in  the  department 
»f  Ardeche,  France,  seated  on  the  Bauue, 
27  miles  sw  of  Privas. 

Iphofen,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Wurizburg*,  Franconia,  15  miles  ese  of 
Wurtzburg. 

Ips,  a town  near  the  conflux  of  the  Ips 
and  Danube,  Austria.  It  is  22  miles  w of 
St  Polten. 

Tpsala,  a town  of  Romania,  a Greek 
archbishopric.  In  the  vicinity  are  mines 
of  aLum,  and  has  a trade  in  red  wine;  it 
stands  oa  the  Marissa,  and  is  130  miles  w 
of  Constantinople.  Lon.  26  10  e,  lat,  40 
57  N. 

- Ipsera,  and  Anti-Ipsera,  two  small 
islands  in  the  Archipelago,  15  miles  nw 
•of  Scio. 

Ipsheim,  a town  of  the  principality  of 
Bayreuth,  Franconia,  17  miles  nnw  of 
Anspacb. 

Ipstones,  a village  in  Staffordshire. 

Ipswich,  an  ancient,  but  irregularly  built 
town  in  Suffolk,  situated  on  the  river  Or- 
well, w^here  it  becomes  an  estuary,  governed 
by  a mayor,  has  a market  on  Wednesday, 
‘Friday,  and  Saturday.  Some  traces  of  its 
walls  are  yet  visible.  It  has  12  churches. 
There  are  several  public  buildings,  and  a 
custom  house,  with  a good  quay.  Its  pre- 
sent commerce  chiefly  depends  upon  much 
tnalt  and  corn  sent  to  London,  and  timber 
to  the  different  dock  yards.  It  has  a share 
in  the  Greenland  fishery,  and  a considerable 
coasting  trade.  Vessels  of  large  burden 
cannot  come  quite  up  to  the  towm.  Here 
is  a palace  of  the  bishops  of  Norwich,  a 
valuable  library,  and  a fund  for  the  relief 
of  the  poor  widow's  and  orphans  of  clergy- 
men. It  is  the  birth  place  of  Cardinal 
Woolsey,  and  has  fairs  May  4th,  July  25th, 
September  25th.  It  contained  in  ISII, 
13,670  inhabitants.  It  is  20  miles  ne  of 
Colchester,  26  se  of  Bury  St  Edmund, 
and  69  ne  of  London.  Lon.  1 16  e,  lat. 
52  8 N. 

Ipswich,  the  Agawam  of  the  Indians,  a 
towi]^  in  Essex  county,  Massachusetts, 


IRE 

12  miles  s of  Newbury-port,  and  10  nr  o? 
Beverly.  The  township  is  divided  into  five 
parishes,  and  contains  5000  inhabitants. 
There  is  an  excellent  stone  bridge  across 
Ipswich  river,  composed  of  two  arches,  with 
one  solid  pier  in  the  bed  of  the  river,  which 
connects  the  two  parts  of  the  town.  The 
supreme  judicial  court,  the  courts  of  common 
pleas  and  sessions,  are  held  here  once  a-year» 
Silk  and  thread  lace,  of  an  elegant  texture, 
are  manufactured  here.  Ipswdch  township 
was  incorporated  in  1634,  and  is  25  miles 
NNE  of  Boston,  and  378  NEof  Philadelphia. 
Lon.  70  50  w,  lat.  42  43  N. 

IRAC,  or  Irac  arabi,  or  Babyloniaa 
Irac,  (the  ancient  Chaldea,)  is  a fertile 
county,  and  watered  by  the  rivers  Tigris 
and  Euphrates.  It  is  mostly  under  the 
dominion  of  the  Turks.  Bagdad  is  the 
capital. 

IRAC,  or  Irac  Agemi,  or  Persian’ 
Trac,  lies  between  Ghilao  Tabristan,  the 
territory  of  Heri  Sablestan,  Farsistan, 
Laureston,  and  Turcomanra  ; and  is  under 
the  dominion  of  the  Persians.  It  includes 
the  greatest  part  of  the  ancient  Media, 
is  an  extensive  mountainous  country,  with 
vallies  that  seldom  exceed  12  miles  in 
breadth,  and  where  cultivated  are  very 
productive,  but  the  mountains  are  barren 
and  destitute  of  timber,  Ispahan  is  the 
capital. 

Ireby,  a tow'n  in  Cumberland,  stands  in  a 
valley  at  the  source  of  the  Ellen,  has  a mar- 
ket  on  Thursday,  12  miles  n of  Keswick, 
and  303  nnw  of  London. 

IRELAND,  one  of  the  British  islands, 
lying  to  the  w'  of  Great  Britain ; hounded 
on  the  E by  St  George’s  channel  and  the 
Irish  sea,  which  separate  it  from  England 
and  Wales  ; on  the  ne  by  a channel  about 
20  miles  broad,  which  separates  it  from 
Scotland  ; and  on  every  other  side  by  the 
ocean.  It  contains  about  19,436,000acres, 
and  the  population  is  upwards  of  5,000,000. 
It  lies  between  6 0 and  10  40  w Ion.  and 
betw'een  51  15  and  51  13  n lat.  being  about 
287  miles  in  length,  and  155  in  breadth. 
It  is  divided  into  four  provinces,  viz.  Ulster 
on  the  N,  Munster  on  the  s,  Leinster  on  the 
E,  and  Connaught  on  the  w.  These  are 
subdivided  into  32  counties.  Ulster  con- 
tains the  counties  of  Down,  Armagh,  Mo- 
naghan, Cavan,  Antrim,  Londonderry,  Ty- 
rone, Fermanagh,  and  Donegal ; Leinster 
those  of  Dublin,  Lowth,  Wicklow,  Wexford, 
Longford,  East  Meath,  West  Meath,  King’s 
County,  Queen’s  County,  Kilkenny,  Kil- 
dare, and  Carlow  ; Munster  includes  Clare, 
Cork,  Kerry,  Limerick,  Tipperary,  and 
Waterford ; Connaught  has  Leitrim,  Ros- 
common, Mayo,  Sligo,  and  Galway.  The 
air  is  mild  and  temperate,  being  cooler  in 
summer,  and  warmer  in  winter,  than  in 
England.  In  general,  it  is  fruitful,  well 
watered  with  lakes  and  rivers ; and  the 
soil,  in  most  parts,  is  very  good  and  fertile. 


IRE 

It  produces  coru,  bemp,  and  fiaXf  in  ^reat 
plenty ; and  there  are  so  many  cattle,  that 
their  beef  and  butter  are  exported  into 
foreign  parts.  The  principal  riches  and 
commodities  of  Ireland,  are  cattle,  hides, 
wool,  tallow>  suet,  butter,  cheese,  wood, 
salt,  honey,  wax,  furs,  hemp,  and  more 
especially  fine  linen  cloth,  which  they 
have  brought  to  great  perfection,  and 
their  trade  in  it  is  vastly  increased.  This 
country  is  remarkably  well  situated  tor 
foreign  trade,  on  account  of  their  many 
secure  and  commodious  harbours,  espe- 
cially on  the  west  coast.  There  are 
some  considerable  mountains  in  Ireland, 
the  chief  of  which  are  the  Knock-Patrick, 
Sliew-Bloomy,  and  Curlieu  Hills  ; and 
of  all  its  bogs,  that  called  the  Bog  oj 
Allen  is  the  most  considerable.  The  chiet 
lakes  are  Lough  Lean,  Lough  Erne,  Lough 
Keagh,  and  Lough  Korrib  ; and  its  prin- 
cipal rivers  are  the  Shannon,  Boyne,  Bar- 
row,  Blackwater,  Erne,  Bann,  Foyle, 
Liffey,  Nore,  and  Suir.  This  kingdom  is 
said  to  have  been  formerly  full  of  woods, 

, but  the  case  is  now  so  different,  that  it 
has  been  found  necessary  to  raise  new 
plantations.  The  mineral  productions  of 
this  country  have  been  little  known  till 
of  late  years,  the  natives  in  general 
having  given  themselves  (at  least  for  some 
centuries  past)  little  trouble  about  them. 
Nevertheless,  copper,  lead,  iron,  and  even 
silver  ores,  have  been  found  in  the  Irish 
mines.  There  are  likewise  quarries  of 
marble,  slate,  and  freestone,  and  the  earth 
produces  in  various  places,  coal  and  turf 
for  firing.  The  laws  of  Ireland  differ 
but  little  from  those  of  England,  and  the 
established  religion  is  the  same  ; but 
the  majority  of  the  people  are  Roman 
Catholics,  and  yet  retain  their  nominal 
bishoprics  and  dignitaries ; the  ecclesiasti- 
cal districts  are  four  archbishoprics,  and  18 
bishoprics.  The  former  are  Armagh,  Dub- 
lin, Cashel  and  Tuam ; the  latter  Meath, 
Kildare,  Derry,  Raphee,  Limerick,  Ardiert, 
and  Aghatloe,  Dromore,  Elphin,  Down  and 
Connor,  Waterford  and  Lismore,  Leighlin 
and  Ferns,  Cloyne,  Cork  and  Ross,  Killa- 
loe  and  Kilfenora,  Kilmore  and  Ardagh, 
Clogher,  Ossory,  Killala  and  Achonry,  and 
Clonfert  and  Kilmacduagh.  Formerly  this 
kingdom  bad  a parliament,  which  was  en- 
tirely subordinate  to  that  of  Great  Britain. 
But,  in  1800,  it  was  deemed  expedient  for 
the  welfare  of  Ireland  that  it  should  be 
united  to  Great  Britain,  and  both  become 
one  kingdom.  Accordingly  the  two  par- 
liaments passed  acts  for  that  purpose,  by 
which  the  two  kingdoms,  at  the  commence- 
, ment  of  the  year  ISO  I,  were  to  be  styled, 
the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland  ; and  that  28  peers,  four  bishops, 
and  100  commoners  of  Ireland,  were  to  be 
elected  to  represent  that  country  in  the 
Imperial  parliament,  to  be  assembled  in 
16 


I R K 

England  at  Westminster.  The  lord-liee* 
tenant  of  Ireland,  as  well  as  the  council, 
are  appointed  from  time  to  time,  by  the 
king.  The  country  people  in  Irelai'd, 
uncorrnpted  by  commerce,  are  remark- 
ably hospitable,  and  very  warm  in  aU 
their  affections.  The  stranger,  who  has 
dwelt  in  a commercial  city,  and  been 
long  inured  to  tliat  general  neglect  of 
the  pious  offices  of  humanity,  wdiich  the 
incessant  pursuit  of  gain  produces,  ojx 
passing  through  their  country,  is  surprised 
at  the  earnestness  they  manilest  in  serv- 
ing him,  or  in  helping  him  on  his  way.  It 
is  a most  grievous  circumstance,  that 
this  amiable  people  should  sometimes  ba 
provoked  to  rise  upon  those  who  are  over 
them,  when,  unhappily  giving  a loose  to 
their  revenge,  they  sometimes  commit 
such  violent  acts,  as  to  induce  those,  who 
do  not  know  their  provocations,  to  think 
they  are  wantonly  barbarous,  instead  of 
barbarously  avengeful.  The  condition  of 
many  of  the  common  people  has  been  always 
very  wretched  : they  are  so  poor,  and  it  is  so 
hard  for  thenSTto  get  a livelihood,  that  they 
frequently  go  into  other  countries  to  seek 
their  fortunes  ; and  great  numbers  go  over 
to  the  plantations  in  America,  to  England, 

: and  Scotland.  Their  diet  consists  chiefly  of 
I coarse  bread,  potatoes,  and  butter  milk  ; the 
i favourite  liquor  is  w’hisky ; and  the  rural 
I cottage  is  frequently  of  mud  or  turf.  The 
i farmers,  in  proportion  to  the  extent  of  their 
I farms,  and  also  people  in  trade,  rival  the 
I Scotch  and  English  in  wealth,  in  accomo- 
dations of  every  kind,  in  dress,  in  intelli- 
gence, and  surpass  them  in  politeness. 
Dublin  is  the  capital. 

Ireland's  Eye,  a small  island  at  the 
entrance  into  Dublin  luirbour,  about  a 
league  n of  the  light-house,  on  the  hill  of 
Hoath. 

IRELAND,  New,  a long  narrow  island 
in  the  Pacific  ocean,  n of  New  Britain, 
extending  from  the  nw  to  sE  about  2Tt) 
miles,  and  in  general  very  narrow  ; between 
3 and  5 s lat.  and  146  30  and  L5I  k Ion. 
from  Paris.  The  inhabitants  are  negroes. 
See  Britain  New. 

Irjaby  a town  in  the  country  of  Cabul, 
Hindoostan,  seated  near  a western  branch  of 
the  Indus,  110  miles  ssw  of  CabuL  Lon. 
68  26  E,  lat.  33  20  n. 

Irish  Town.  See  Kilkenny. 

Irken,  or  Irkien.  See  Yarkan. 

Irkutsk,  a town  of  Siberia,  capital  of 
Irkutsk,  near  lake  Baikal,  and  a bishop^s 
see.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  supreme  juri.sdic- 
tion  over  eastern  Siberia,  and  the  caravans 
which  trade-to  China  pass  through  it.  The 
wooden  houses  are  large  and  convenient ; 
several  churches  and  other  buildings  are  of 
stone  : population  about  12,000.  It  is 
840  miles  esr  of  Kolivun,  and  000  kse  of 
Tobolsk.  Lon.  104  58  E,  loi.  46  4.  N. 
IRKUTSK,  or  ihu  Ui.vest, 

3 0, 


t R 

but  Iftast  peopled  g^overnment  of  Russia, 
comprising  all  the  eastern  part  of  Siberia, 
from  the  Northern  ocean  to  the  frontiers 
Cf  Chinese  Tartary,  and  from  the  boundaries 
of  thegovernn-.entof  Tobolsk  to  the  Eastern 
ocean.  This  large  territory  was  gradually 
’conquered  and  appro  priated  by  the  Rus 
^ans,  in  their  desultor}-  excursions  from 
Tobolsk,  and  is  now  divided  into  four  pro- 
vinces of  Irkutsk,  Nertsbinsk,  Yakutsk, 
■&nd  Okotsk. 

Ifongray,  See  Kirkpatrick. 

Iroquois.  See  Laurence.  St. 

Irrawaddy,  or  Irahatty,  a river  which 
bas  Its  source  in  Tibet,  pt'sses  throu,!:lj 
the  kingdoms  of  Birmah  and  Pegu,  and 
falls  by  several  mouths  into  the  bay 
fts  banks  are  covered  with 
the  finest  teak  timber,  so  much  esieem* 
in  ship  building,  which  is  carried  to 
snarket  to  Rangoon,  at  the  mouth  of  this 
river. 

IRROMANGO,  a considerable  island  of 
the  Hebrides,  in  the  South  sea,  lying  in  Ion. 
169  20  E,lat  18  48  s. 

Irtysh,  a large  river  of  Siberia,  vthicb 
has  Its  source  in  the  lake  Saisan,  in 
Chinese  Tartary,  flows  xw  between  the 
two  countries  above  300  miles,  then  run- 
Ding  by  Omsk,  Tobolsk,  and  Samarof, 
301ns  the  Obej. 

Irvan,  or  Irtvan.  See  Erivan. 

Irvine,  a sea  port  and  royal  borough  of 
Scotland,  in  Ayrshire,  in  the  district  oi 
Cunningham,  .seated  on  a rising  ground  on 
the  X banks,  and  near  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Irvine,  on  the  Frith  of  Cljde.  Over 
the  river  is  a handsome  bridge  of  four 
arches.  It  has  one  broad  street  running-  j 
from  sE  to  Nw  the  whole  length  of  the 
toviu'j,  nearly  in  the  centre  ot  which  is 
the  town- house,  besides  smaller  ones.  The  I 
harbour  which  Ires  half  a mile  to  (be  sw. 

IS  commodious,  has  about  3,t00  tons  of  ! 
shipping  belonging  to  it,  and  the  trade,  j 
parii-  ularly  in  the  exportation  of  coals  to  1 
Ireland,  is  considerable.  From  thence  I 
corn,  hides,  dec.  and  from  the  Baliio, 
iron,  hemp,  and  w'ood,  are  imported.  Va- 
rious branches  of  manufactures  are  car- 
ried on  in  the  town,  as  carpets,  muslins, 
&o.  Ship  building,  rope  making, 
and  tanning,  employ  a great  number  of  ' 
hands.  ^ The  church,  which  stands  s of  the 
town,  is  an  elegant  structure,  of  80  feet 
by  60,  and  is  adorned  by  a handsome 
steeple.  That  part  of  the  propeny,  of  a 
convent  of  white  Friars,  founded  here  in  the 
I3th  century,  which  lie.s  within  the  tov/n, 
M'as  by  an  act  of  the  reign  rf  James  VI.’, 
vested  in  the  magistrcites  tor  the  purpose  ol 
endowing  a sch9ol.  The  annual  lair  tor 
linen,  wool,  horses,  <£rc.  commences  on 
the  third  Monday  of  August,  and  continues 
till  the.  end  of  the  week.  Irvine  joins 
With  Ayr,  Campbeltown,  Iiiverarj',  and 
Roth^y,  in  sending  a member  to  parliii- 


tnent.  It  contains  near  4,000  inhabitanf^; 
? nd  lies  15  rriles  e of  the  Isle  of  Arran, 
24  miles  ssw  of  Glasgow,  and  69  wsw 
of  Edinburgh.  The  parish  * of  Irvine  is 
about  five  miles  long,  and  two  broad. 
The  sod  is  various,  but  in  general  fer- 
tile. The  population  of  the  tow'n  and  parish 
IS  a)  out  5,750. 

Irrane  a river  of  Ayrshire,  Scotland, 
has  its  source  on  the  borders  of  Lanarkshire^ 
runs  westward,  and  after  passing  Newmills, 
Galnton,  and  Kilmarnock,  enters  the  Frith 
of  Clvde,  near  the  above  town,  about  20 
miles  from  its  source. 

Irxiell,  ix  river  in  Lancashire,  takes  its 
rise  above  Bolton,  thence  runs  sE  to  Man- 
Chester,  (ben  sw  to  the  Mer^ey,  seven  miles 
above  W.-^rr  ngton. 

ISABEL,  St,  one  of  the  islands  of  Solo, 
mon.  200  miles  in  circumference,  in  the 
Pacific  ocean,  lat.  7 30  s,  about  160  leagues 
w of  Lima.  It  was  discovered  by  Menda- 

na,  in  1507.  Its  inhabitants  are  represented 
as  caiuibals,  worshipping  serpents,  toads, 
and  other  aniniids.  Their  complexion  is 
bronze,  their  hair  woollj’,  and  they  wear  no 
covering  but  round  the  W’aist. 

Isabella,  a niinou'^  town  on  the  n coast 
of  St  Domingo,  celebrated  for  being  the  first 
settlement  of  the  immortal  Columbus,  in 
1492.  Lon.  71  2 w,  lat.  IP  55  n. 

ISCHIA,  an  island  of  E7ap}es,  about  16 
miles  in  circuit,  lying  on  the  coast  of  La- 
vora,  from  which  it  is  three  mile.s  distant. 
It  is  full  of  agreeable  valleys,  w^hich  pro- 
duce excellent  fruits.  It  almunds  in  mine- 
ral,  sulphur,  fruit,  and  excellent  wine,  and 
is  the  resort  of  invalids  on  account  of  its 
! hot  baths. 

Ischia,  an  episcopal  city  of  Naple-s,  and 
capital  of  the  island,  with  a strong  fort.  It 
stands  upon  a rock,'W'hich  is  joined  to  tho 
island  by  a strong  bridge.  At  the  end  of 
the  bridge  are  iron  gates,  w'^bich  open  into  a 
subterraneous  pa ssage;’  through  w'hich  they 
en'or  the  ciiy.  Lon.  14  2 R,  lat.  40  41  n. 

Isenburg,  a town  o,  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  lower  Rhine,  gives  name  to  a 
^•ounty ; is  situated  on  the  Iser,  eight  miles 
from  Cobleiitz,  and  48  yw  of  Frankfort. 

Isenhvrg.  New,  a town  in  the  circle  of 
the  Upper  Rhine,  Germany,  stands  near  the 
Aiciine,  and  county  of  Isenburg,  three  miles 
s by  E of  Frankfort  on  the  Maine. 

! Iseo,  a populous  town  of  Italy,  situated 
on  the  SE  side  of  a lake  of  the  same  name, 
and  surrounded  with  walls,  10  miles  nw  of 
Brescia. 

Iser,  a pretty  large  river  of  Germany, 
which  rises  on  the  confines  of  Tyrol  and 
Bavaria,  after  passing  Munich  and  Lands- 
chiit,  falls  into  the  Danube  between  Strau- 
bing  and  Passau. 

ISEBE,  a department  of  France,  so 
named  from  a river  which  ri.ses  on  the  con- 
fines of  the  department  of  Mont  Blanc,  and 
directing  its  course  across  this  dcparlm^Tj 


I S L 


I S M 


by  Grenoble,  Moirans,  and  St  Marcellin, 
falls  into  the  Rhooe  above  Valence.  It 
was  formed  out  ot  the  laie  province  of  Dau- 
phiny,  and  is  about  8d  miles  long,  and 
from  25  lo  35  broad.  Grenobie  is  the  prin- 
cipal town. 

Issrlohuy  a town  in  the  comity  of  Mark, 
Westphalia.  Its  manufactures  are  consi- 
derable in  iron,  tin,  ribbons,  velvets,  siiks, 
stuffs,  <fec.  It  is  32  miles  nb  ot  Coiogn, 
and  40  K by  n of  DusseUlorf. 

Isernia,  a town  in  the  county  of  Molise, 
Naples,  stands  at  the  foot  of  the  Appenines. 
In  1805,  upwards  of  1500  persons  peris.ied 
by  an  earthquake,  by  which  it  was  visited. 
It  is  12  miles  w of  Molise. 


IsiSy  a river  which  has  its  source  in  Glou- 
cestershire, at  tae  foot  of  feappertonmil,  near 
the  viilap,e  of  Korleton,  five  miles  sw  of  Ci- 
rencester. On  entering  Wiltshire,  it  is  join- 
ed by  the  Churn,  Irom  Cirenee^er,  two 
miles  w of  Crick  lade,  w'bero  their  junction 
forms  the  Thames. 

[sjutif  a town  in  the  government  of  Khar- 
ko  , Russia,  has  lour  ciiurohes,  one  of  which 
by  order  oi  Peter  tue  Great,  was  built  of 
stone.  It  is  seated  on  both  sides  the  Do- 


iietz,  and  has  a trade  cnieliy  in  Greek  and 


Turkisu  commodities,  68  miles  esk  of 
Cbarkow. 

isi^nyy  a town  in  the  department  of  Cal- 
vados, France,  15  miles  w by  N of  Bayeux, 
Vvdth  a siaail  harbour,  well  known  on  ac- 
count of  its  salt-works,  &c. 

Islay  a river  of  Scotland,,  in  Forfarshire, 
which  rises  in  the  Grampian  mountains,  and 
falls  into  the  Tay  at  Kinclaven,  about  40 
miles  from  its  source,  including  its  windings. 
It  exhibits  some  grand  waterfalls,  as  Reeky 
Linn,  and  abounds  with  salmon. 

hla,  a small  but  rapid  river  of  Scotland, 
ID  Banffshire,  falls  into  the  Doverau,  six 
ruiles  n of  Hunily. 

ISLAY,  or  I LA,  an  island  of  Scotland, 
cue  of  the  Hebrides,  to  the  sw  of  Jura;  its 
greatest  leij.gth  is  28  miles,  and  its  breadth 
"1.5  ; divided  into  tour  parishes,  Kilchovvau, 
Kiidahon,  Killarrow,  and  Kilraeny.  The 
tw  o last  are  now  united.  Two  annual  fairs 
are  held  in  the  island.  In  the  centre  is  Loch 
FinL.gau,  about  three  miles  in  circuit,  with 
an  islet  in  the  middle,  of  the  same  name, 
OD  which  stood  Finiagan  castle,  for  several 
f.ges  the  residence  of  Donald  chief  lord 
ol  che  Isles.  The  principal  village  is  Bow- 
more,  which  is  in  a uianner  a new  town, 
and  has  a convenient  harbour.  Lou.  5 58 
w,  lat,  55  45  n.  The  face  of  the  country 
is  hilly.  Several  mines  are  wrought  to 
great  advantage  ; and  the  lead  ore  is  very 
nob  and  productive.  Here  likewise  are 
copper,  emery,  Dative  quicksilver,  and  black 
lead  ; with  immense  stores  of  limestone, 
marl,  coral,  and  shell  scind  for  manure. 
Bluch  corn  and  flax  is  raised,  and  a great 
number  of  cattle  exported.  Population 
S400, 


Islamahadf  a town  of  Bengal,  Hindoos- 
tan,  and  capital  of  the  territory  of  Chitti- 
gong,  seated  on  the  river  Currumfuliy,  near 
its  entrance  into  the  bay  oi  Bengal.  It  is 
20  nule>  E of  Calcutta.  Lon.  91  55  e,  lat. 

22  22  N. 

Inlands,  Bay  of,  a bay  of  the  n extremity 
of  the  most  northern  of  the  two  islands 
known  by  the  name  of  New  Zealand.  Here 
in  1772,  M.  Dufresne  Marion,  with  28  of 
his  crew,  who  put  into  this  bay  were  raur-* 
dered  by  the  natives. 

Isle- Adam,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Seine  and  O.se,  France,  20  miles  n by  w of 
Paris. 

iSLE  OF  BEEVES,  an  island  of  North 
America,  in  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  about  17 
miles  long,  and  eight  broad,  it  is  fertile^ 
and  abounds  in  cattio  and  fruit. 

Isle  Bouchard.  See  Bo  ushart. 

Isle  Bieu,  a small  island  of  France.  Xis 
1795,  it  was  taken  by  the  English,  but 
soon  afterwards  evacuated  ; 14  miles  from 
the  coast  of  Poitou.  Lon.  2 15  w,  lat.  46 
45  N. 

Isle  Jourdain,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Gers,  France,  in  an  island  in  the  river 
Save,  eight  miles  N of  Lombez,  Loa.  1 2 
lat.  43  40  N. 

Is'e  of  Prance.  Sec  France,  his  of. 

hie  Royal,  on  the  nw  side  of  Lake  Su» 
perior,  is  about  iUO  miles  long,  and  in  many 
places  about  40  broad. 

Ilesworth,  a village  in  Middlesex,  seated 
oil  the  Thames,  nine  miles  w of  London, 
It  is  adorned  with  many  elegant  villas,  and 
near  it  is  Sion-Kouse,  the  superb  seat  of 
the  duke  of  Northumberland.  The  tower 
of  the  ebiirch  is  veuerabiy  ancient,  and  co- 
vered with  ivy, 

Islington,  a large  and  populous  village^ 
N of  kondon,  to  which  it  is  now  contiguous. 
On  the  w is  the  new  village  of  Pentonville, 
to  which  it  is  likewise  united.  The  New 
P.,iver,  which  is  a great  ornament  to  this 
place,  is  received  at  the  sw  end  of  it  into 
a large  reservoir,  called  the  New  Rivep 
Head,  wlience  its  water  is  conveyed  in  pipe?; 
to  all  parts  of  the  metropolis.  Near  the 
New  River  Head,  is  a noted  spring  of  cha- 
lybeate water,  called  New  Tunbridge  Weils. 
To  the  E of  the  town  is  a manufacture  of 
white  lead. 

Islip,  a village  in  Oxfordshire,  five  miles 
N of  Oxford,  seated  on  the  Cherweil,  has 
the  remains  of  a royal  Saxon  palace,  a cha- 
rity school,  and  a sheep  market.  It  is  famous 
as  the  j.'irth  place  of  Edward  the  confessor, 
whose  father  had  a palace  here, 

Ismail,  a town  in  Bessarbia,  European 
Turkey,  situated  on  the  n si.fe  of  the  Da- 
nube. In  1790,  the  Russians  took  it  by 
storm,  at  the  expence  of  20,000  men.  The 
brave  garrison  merited  the  highe.st  honours-, 
blit  they  were  inhumanly  massacred  by  the 
Russians,  and  the  town  was  given  \\p  to  tho 
fury  of  the  txutal  soldiery  ; HO  3® lies  s bj 
S Q 2 


ISP 

w of  Bender.  Lou.  29  30  e,  lat.  46 
II  N. 

htnaningy  a town  and  county  of  Bava- 
ria, situated  on  the  river  Iser.  It  is  eij)ht 
miles  NNE  of  Munich,  and  nine  ssw  of  Frei> 
singen. 

Ismidj  or  Is-Nikmid,  a town  of  Asiatic 
Turkey,  supposed  to  have  been  the  ancient 
Kicomedia,  capital  of  Bothnia.  Here  the 
Armenians  and  Greeks  have  each  a cbiirch 
and  an  archbishop.  It  is  seated  on  a moun- 
tain, near  a gull  of  the  sea  of  Marmora.  It 
is  45  miles  f.se  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  29 
42  E,  lat.  40  S7  N. 

Ismidy  a town  of  Caramania,  Asiatic 
Turkey,  24  miles  ese  of  Cogni. 

IsniCy  a town  in  Natolia,  Asiatic  Turkey, 
a Greek  archbishop^s  see,  seated  in  a country 
jenile  in  corn  and  wine.  It  is  the  ancient 
Kice,  famous  for  the  first  general  council 
held  here  in  325.  The  Jews  inhabit  the 
greater  part  ol  it.  Silk  is  the  staple  article 
of  trade.  There  is  no  trace  of  its  ancient 
splendor,  but  an  aqueduct.  It  is  60  miles 
SE  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  29  40  e,  lat. 
4Q23n. 

Jsnyy  a town  of  Suakia,  has  an  abbey, 
called  St  George,  whose  abbot  was  a stale 
of'the  empire.  It  stands  on  the  Isney,  IS 
miles  NE  of  Lindau. 

Isolay  a sea  port  in  Calabria  Ulteriore, 
Naples.  It  is  J8  miles  se  of  St  Seve- 
riuo. 

Ispahan,  the  capital  of  Persia,  situated  in 
the  province  of  Irac  Agemi,  and  thought  by 
some  to  be  the  finest  city  in  the  East.  It 
stands  in  the  middle  of  a plain,  surrounded 
on  all  sides  by  mountains  at  eight  miles 
distance,  which  rise  gradually  in  the  form  of 
an  amphitheatre.  Tnere  is  no  river  except 
a small  one  called  Sauderut,  which  supplies 
almost  all  the  houses  with  water,  and  over 
which  are  several  fine  bridges.  The  streets 
are  always  clean,  though  not  paved,  as  it 
seldom  rains,  and  many  of  them  have  a ca- 
nal planted  on  each  side  with  trees.  The 
king^s  palace  is  magnificent,  and  surrounded 
vviih  a wall  two  miles  in  circuit,  and  though 
be  seldom  resides  bare  it  is  always  ready  lor 
bis  reception.  It  is  nearly  of  an  oval  form, 
and  is  12  miles  in  circuruierence,  with  well 
built  houses  and  flat  roofs.  The  inhabi- 
tants were  computed  at  above  60,1)00  ; 
but  the  imesiitiC  broils  and  civil  wars,  with 
which  the  kingdom  has  been  almost  lorn  to 
pieces,  have  greatly  depopulated  the  princi- 
pal towns,  and,  in  1803,  the  actual  po;  ula- 
tion  did  not  exceed  400,000  souls.  There 
are  three  large  suburbs,  called  Julfa,  Hasen- 
bath,  and  Kebrabath.  'I’he  principal  mami- 
jactures  are  fine  cloths  and  gold  brocades, 
though  it  is  at  a dbiatice  from  the  sea,  it 
carries  on  a great  trade.  It  is  230  miles 
a by  E cl  Taheran,  tl;e  noriljeni  capital,  2b0 
^E  of  Ba»orah,  300  s of  the  Caspian  sea, 
and  1400  sK  of  Constautiuopie.  Lon.  61 
b%  E,  lat.  32  33  N. 


I T A 

Jsp  rlicky  a town  of  Servia,  European 
Turkey,  24  miles  nne  of  Nissa. 

Issel.  See  Yssel. 

IssengeauXy  a town  in  the  department  o? 
Upper  Loire,  France.  It  is  17  miles  ne  of 
Puff. 

Issequiho.  See  Esscqneho. 

Issigeac,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Dordogne,  France,  12  nules  ssw  of 
Bergerac. 

Issoire,  an  ancient  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Puy  de  Dome,  France,  on  the 
Couze,  near  the  Allier,  15  miles  sse  of 
Clermont. 

fssoudun,  a handsome  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Iiidrc,  France,  with  a castle, 
seated  on  the  Theols.  Its  trade  is  in  wood, 
cattle,  cloth,  hats,  and  stockings.  It  is  17 
miles  w of  Bourges,  and  135  s of  Paris. 

Is  sitr  Title,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Cote  d’Or,  France,  on  the  Tille,  12  miles  n 
of  Dijon. 

Istapa,  a town  in  the  province  of  Culia- 
can,  New  Spain,  40  miles  e by  s of  Cuiia- 
can. 

ISTRIA,  a part  of  ancient  Illyria, 
a peninsula,  of  Italy,  between  the  bay  of 
Triest  and  the  Quarnaro  isles,  bounded  by 
Friuli  on  the  w and  Carniola  on  the  n,  be- 
ing 200  miles  in  circumference.  The  air 
is  unwholesome,  especially  near  the  coast  ; 
but  the  soil  produces  plenty  of  wine,  oil, 
and  pastures.  There  are  also  quarries  of 
fine  marble.  But  the  chief  riches  of  the 
country  consists  in  its  vast  and  vainaale  fo- 
rests. Part  of  Istria  belonged  to  Venice, 
and  part  of  Austria.  The  Venetian  Istria 
contains  IS  towns,  200  villages,  and  100,000 
iuiiabitants,  chiefly  occupied  in  agriculture, 
rearing  bees,  fishing  and  the  manufacture 
of  silk,  leather,  tallow,  and  salt.  By  the 
treaty  of  Campo  Formic,  the  whole  was 
given  to  Austria  ; by  that  of  Presburg  ii 
was  ceded  to  Italy.  In  1809  this  district 
was  transferred  to  France.  Capo  ilTatria 
is  (he  capital. 

ITALIAN  BAILIWICKS,  four  districts 
formerly  belonged  lo  tlie  Swiss,  but  of  late 
incorporated  with  the  Italian  republic,  and 
included  in  the  New  kingdom  of  Italy, 
Their  names,  and  (hose  of  their  capitals,  are 
Bellinzcna,  Lucano,  Lucarno,  anil  Mendri* 
sio.  They  contain  160  square  miles,  and 
89,000  inhabitants. 

ITALY,  one  of  the  finest  and  most 
celebrated  countries  of  Europe,  lying  be- 
tween 7 deg.  and  19  deg.  ion.  and  38  deg. 
and  47  deg.  n lat.  bounded  on  the  Nxwand 
NK  by  France,  Switzerland,  the  country  of 
tile  Gri.'Ot  s,  and  Germany  ; on  the  e by  the 
gulf  ol  Venice;  ami  on  the  s and  w by  the 
Mediterranean  ; its  figure  hearing  some  re- 
! semblance  to  that  ol  a boot.  Its  length 
from  Aosta,  at  the  foot  of  the  Alps,  in 
Mount  Bianc,  to  the  utn  ost  verge  oi  Cala- 
bria, ii>  Naples,  is  about  670  miles  ; but  its 
breadth  is  very  unequal,  in  some  piacffs 


I T A 

aear  4000  miles,,  iu  others  not  above  25  or 
30.  It  was  iormerly  the  seat  olthe  Rumau 
empire,  ao-l,  al'terwards,  of  that  more 
asiouishing  usurpation,  the  dominion 
the  nope,  for  tins  ecclesiastical  monarch, 
whose  power  is  now  greatly  abridged, 
under  the  modest  title  of  minuter  mimsto- 
rum,  ‘‘servant  of  servants, used  to  dis- 
pose not  only  of  the  aftairs  of  people  who 
acknowledged  his  supremacy,  but  also  oi 
the  lands  of  the  heathen  to  the  ends  oi  che 
earth  ; bestowing  them,  as  an  liiheriiance, 
on  the  royal  supporters  of  bis  church. 
Italy  was  formerly  divided  into  a great 
number  of  states,  which  differed  much  in 
c.vtent  and  importance.  Between  the 

..  -r-t  _ - C«-«f  % t r>n 


ooufines  of  France  and  Switzerland,  on 
the  w and  n were  the  coutiuentai  dominions 
of  the  king  of  Sardinia,  namely  Piedmont, 
and  Montserrat,  which  were  converted 
into  the  late  Piedmontese  republic.  lo 
the  NE  were  the  territories  of  Venice,  a tier- 
wards  ceded  to  the  emperor;  w and  sw 
from  which  lay  the  late  Italian  republic, 
consisting  of  the  oi-devant  duchies  of 
Milan,  Mantua,  Modena,  Ferrara,  Boiogno, 
B,eggio,  and  part  of  the  late  Venetian  terri- 
tories. West  of  these  were  the  duchies  of 
Parma,  Placentia,  and  Guastalla.  South 
of  Parma  lay  the  ci-devant  republic  of 
Genoa,  now  called  Liguria;  and  se  ol 
this,  that  of  Lucca.  Hence  extends,  along 
the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  the  grand 
duchy  of  Tuscany.  The  Roman  republic 
comprehended  all  that  remained  of  the  ter- 
ritory of  the  pope,  and  lay  principally  to 
the  E and  ne  of  Tuscany,  between  the 
gulf  of  Venice  and  the  Mediterranean  ; the 
remainder  of  Italy  wnich  occupies  the 
whole  southern  extremity,  is  the  kingdom 
of  Naples,  with  its  dependent  islaiuls,  ol 
vrhieh  Sicily  is  the  priHcipal.  But  the 
whole  of  this  extensive  country  was  over- 
run by  the  French  under  Bonaparte  in 
1996,  and  of  its  present  unsettled  state,  the 
following  brief  account  is  given.  Savoy, 
Nice,  and  Piedmont  have  been  annexed  to 
France.  By  the  treaty  of  Campo  Formio 
in  1796,  the  Venetian  territories,  to  the 
E and  N of  the  Adige,  were  ceded  to 
Austria,  and  the  remainder  of  the  Veoe- 
liau  States,  with  the  duchies  of  Modena, 
Milan,  and  Mantua,  the  principality  of 
Massa,  and  the  three  legations  of  Ferrara, 
Bologna,  and  Romagna,  were  erected  into 
a governme.it  by  the  French,  and  called 
the  Chsaipine  Republic.  This  Republic 
was  overturned  in  1799,  but  restored  alter 
the  battle  of  Marengo,  in  1800;  and  in 
1602  it  received  a new  constitution,  under 
the  name  of  the  Italian  Republic,  of  which, 
Bonaparte,  then  first  consul  of  France, 
was  chosen  presideut.  In  1805,  the  Ita- 
lian Republic  was  erected  into  a kitig- 
dora,  and  the  emperor  of  France  assumed 
the  tide  of  king  of  IfHy.  Then  the 
Austrian  part  of  the  Venetian  States  was 
a^ded  to  its  territories  by  the  treaty  of  Pres- 


I T A 

burg ; and  afterwards,  the  Valteline  and 
the  countries  of  Chiavenne,  and  BoTinis, 
ironi  the  country  of  the  Gnsons,  were 
annexed.  The  kingdom  of  Italy  is  divid- 
ed into  departments,  and  the  city  of 
Milan  is  the  capital.  See  Tuscany,  Ec- 
clesiastical State,  and  Naples,  for  lurther 
changes  iu  this  country,  the  whole  of 
vvliich  seems  to  be  under  the  control  of 
France;  tor  although  Bonaparte  abdicated 
the  throne  of  France  and  Italy  in  1814, 
he  has  again  resumed  the  reins  of  govern- 
ment; but  was  defeated  and  exiled  to  St. 
Helena,  where  he  is  a state  prisoner.  The 
air  of  Italy  is  very  dihexent,  according  to 
I the  did'ereiu  situations  of  the  countries  it  con- 
I tains,  in  summer  the  heat  is  very  great  in 
the  kingdom  of  Naples,  and  would  be  almost 
intolerable,  if  it  were  not  alleviated  by 
i the  sea  breezes.  The  principal  rivers' 
are  the  Po,  Tiber,  Arno,  Adige,  and  Yar  ; 
and  there  are  several  fine  lakes,  as  the 
Maggiore,  Lugano,  Como,  Garda,  Peru-. 
'>ia,  Bracciano,  and  Celano.  The  soil  in 
general  is  very  fertile.  It  produces'  a 
great  variety  of  v/ines,  and  the  best  wine 
iu  Europe ; excellent  silk  in  abundance ; 
corn  of  .all  sorts,  orange.?,  lemons,  citrons, 
pom^^granates,  almonds,  raisins,  sugar, 
innumerable  mulberry  trees,  ligs,  peaches, 

I nectarines,  apricots,  pears,  apples,  fii- 
j berts,  cbesnuts,  &c.  Italy  also  yields 
good  pasture,  and  abounds  with  cattle, 

I sheep,  goats,  buffaloes,  wild  boars,  mules, 
and  horses.  The  lore.^ts  are  stored  with 
game; 


, and  the  mountains  abound  with 
iron,  alum,  sulphur,  marble,  alabaster,  jas* 
per,  porphyry,  gold,  and  silver ; w'ith  a 
great  varieiy  of  aromatic  herbs,  trees, 
shrubs,  and  evergreens,  as  thyme,  lavender, 
laurel,  wild  olive  trees,  tamarinds,  junipers, 
oak.s,  and  pines.  ’ W ine,  oil,  perfumes, 
fruits,  and  silks,  are  the  principal  articles 
of  exportation  ; and  great  sums  of  money 
.are  expended  by  travellers  in  the  purchase 
of  pictures,  curiosities,  relies,  antiquities, 
&c.  The  Italians  have  been  the  most  cele- 
brated of  all  the  moderns  for  genius  and 
taste  in  architecture,  painting,  carving,  and 
music ; and  several  of  them  have  also  bfeen 
eminent  as  writers.  The  Italians  cannot 
boast  of  their  complexion,  but  are  generally 
I well  proportioned.  They  are  affable, 

! ready-witted,  sober,  courteous,  and  inge- 
i nious  ; but  extremely  jealous,  superstitious, 

, ceremonious,  lascivious,  and  vindsetive. 

I They  are  neither  .so  gay  and  volatile  as 
i the  French,  nor  so  grave  and  solemn  as 
j the  Spaniards.  Tuey  are  fond  of  vegetables 
I of  all  kinds,  and  can  be  luxurious  at  a small 
; expence.  The  ladies  use  paint  both  for 
I their  hands  and  iace,  and  like  the  anciei.t 
I Roman  ladies  and  courtezaus,  aflv'ci  yellow 
hair.  Masquerades,  horse-racing  without 
riders,  and  conversations  or  assemblies  coii- 
.stitute  the  principal  amusemei.'ts  of  the  Ifa- 
liams.  In  their  religious  exhibitions  they 
are  pompous  beyond  all  other  nations.  The 


XU  A 

established  religion  is  the  Roman  Catholic  ; 
but  it  is  . aid,  otiier  seels  live  unmolested, 
proaded  no  insult  is  offered  to  tiieir  wor- 
ship. The  Italian"  language  is  a corrup- 
tion of  Latin,  and  is  .‘■aid  to  be  spoken 
best  at  Florence.  Furtner  partieuiars 
of  thi  couiiiry  will  be  found  under  the 
nariiOs  of  iis  particular  divisions,  as  Na- 
ples, &c. 

JTATA,  a province  of  Chili,  watered  by 
a river  of  its  name.  Much  gold  is  found 
in  the  rivers  ana  moiiiitah.s.  The  best, 
wine  in  l.hiii  is  obtained  here,  and  has  the 
name  of  Conceptioii,  from  the  lands  on 
which  it  i.s  produced.  Jcsus  of  Couiemn  is 
the  capiiai. 

Itchtn,  cr  J/re,  a river  which  rises  near 
Alresioid,  Hampshire,  passes  by  Winchester, 
and  tails  into  the  bay  of  Southampton,  at 
the  town  of  that  name. 

Itzehoe,  a to\Mi  of  Holstein,  Lower  Sax- 
ony , has  a fortress.  Flere  all  the  ships  com- 
ing up  the  Stocr  pay  duty,  12  miles  nne  of 
Giucksiadt,  and  hd  ^'w  of  Hamburgh. 

Juan  Bauiuta,  Sty  a town  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Venezuela,  Terra  1 irma,  has  an 
extensive  trade  iii  horses,  beeves,  mules,  and 
cheese;  stands  on  the  w side  of  the  Fas,  105 
miles  sw  of  Leon.  Lon.  08  21  w,  lat.  9 
32  N. 

^ Juan^  St,  or  Desaguadero,  a river  of 
New  Spam,  which  flows  from  these  corner 
of  the  lake  Nicaragua,  in  a i easterly  direc- 
tion, betw-een  the  pro'  ince  of  Cosm  Rica  and 
Nil  ardgua,  into  the  C.Aribean  sea. 

Jua7i,  St,  a (own  of  Nicaragua,  New 
Spain,  seated  at  the  head  of  the  river  St. 
Juan,  i iO  miles  e of  Nicaragua.  Lon.  81 
45  w’,  iat.  1 1 15  N. 

JLAN  FERNANDEZ,  an  island  in 
the  Faeiflc  ocea 38  leagues  eastward  of 
the  isiaiiii  Massafuero,  and  390  w of  the 
continent.  It  is  supposed  to  have  been  in- 
habited by  a Spaniard,  whose  name  it  re- 
tains ; but  is  more  remarkable  iur  havino- 
been  the  residence  of  Alexander  Selkirk,  a 
Scotchman,  whose  life  and  adventures  fur- 
nished De-Foe  with  the  grouua-work  of 
that  admirable  novel,  Robinson  Crusoe. 
Alexander  Selkirk  was  left  in  tins  solitude 
by  his  captain,  and  lived  five  3 ears  on  the 
island,  till  he  v/as  discovered  in  1709.  The 
island  at  a distance  appears  like  a naked 
rock  but  it  is  iiuerseciea  by  vailies  covered 
with  w^ood.  The  harbour  iie.s  in  Cumber- 
land bay,  on  (lie  x side  of  the  i.siand.  In 
1760,  me  Spaniards  made  a seiiiemeut  at 
the  above  ba}'.  The  town  is  sealed  m a flue 
vaile} , and  the  hqu.ses  have  gardens,  with 
arbours  shaded  with  vines.  Lon.  79  30  w, 
iai.  33  40  s. 

Jaan  de  Fueu,  Strait  of,  a gulf  of  (he 
Pacilic  ocean,  wr  coast  of  N America  ; its 
entrance  is  in  Ion.  iz5  3 w^,ia'..  48  25  n. 

Juaude  La  Frontera,  St,  a town  of  Chili, 
stands  near  the  lake  Cuanucho,  on  the  k 
side  of  the  Andes.  In  its.  neighbourhood 
two  gold  mines,  and  almonds  of  a delicate 


I VE 


taste;  150  miles  jj  of  Mendoza.  Los,  70 
15  w,  lai.  32  5 s. 

Juan  de  Mayuanu,  St,  a town  of  SU 
Domingo,  seated  on  tne  Ke^ba,  4S  miles  kw 
01  Ocoa. 

JLAN  DE  PDEKTO  RICO,  St,  sb' 
islaaj  of  tbe  West  Indies,  'oO  miles  u of 
Hispaniola.  By  tbe  English  it  is  called 
PoFto  Rico.  It  is  100  miles  in  length,  and 
50  m breadth.  It  belongs  to  tbe  Spaniards, 
and  is  luU  of  very  high  mountains,  and  fer* 
tile  valleys,  and  produces  sugar,  rum 
ginger,  corn,  and  fruits.  There  are  so  many 
caule  that  they  olien  kill  them  for  the  sake 

hLltb7 

Juan  de  Puerto  Rico,  the  capital  of  the 
above  island,  v/ith  a good  harbour,  is  situat- 
ea  on  the  n coast  of  the  island,  and  more  po- 
pulous man  must  of  the  Spuaish  town.«i.  It 
was  taken  by  Sir  Francis  Drake,  and  after- 
wards  by  the  earl  of  Cumberland,  but  aban- 
doned on  account  of  the  sickness  of  his  men 
The  Dutch  took  it  in  1315,  but  could  not 
retain  it.  Lon.  96  12  w,  lat,  18  20  x. 

Juan  del  Rio,  St,  a town  in  New  Biscay, 
New  Spain,  with  a population  of  upwards 
ol  10,000 ; 65  mlle^  n by  e of  Durango. 

Juan  de  D/aa,  an  i land  iu  the  gulf 
of  Mexico.  See  Vara  Cruz,  Lon.  97  - 

-at.  19  12  N.  . ' ^ 

Icangorod,  a towm  of  Russia,  on  tha 
Pliusa,  52  miles  w of  Petersburg.  Sea 
Narva, 

Ivanitz,  a town  of  Croatia,  on  the  Lonia, 
42  miles  xe  of  Carlsiadt. 

JUBO,  a kingdom  of  Africa,  on  the  coast 
of  Ajan,  subject  to  the  Portuguese,  with 
a capiiai  of  its  name.  Lon.  43  20  e.  lat 
0 50  N.  ’ ' 

JLCATAN,  or  Ytcatan,  a peninsula 
and  province  of  New'  fe'pain,  in  the  audience 
of  Mexico;  situated  between  the  bays  of 
Campeaehy  and  Honduras.  It  projects 
from  tiie  continent  360  miL  s,  and  is  150  in 
breadth.  The  s part  has  mountains,  rivers 
and  lakes,  and  abounds  in  mahogany  and 
logwood,  sugar,  cassia,  and  muize.  The  n 
part  is  level,  without  a river  or  slream. 
The  inhabitants  dig  for  w'ater,  and  find  it  in 
abundance.  Merida  is  the  capital. 

Judenburg,  a handsome  and  considerable 
town  of  Austria,  the  capital  cf  Upper  Stfria. 
The  pubiie  buildings,  with  the  square  are 
uiHgaiiicenf.  It  has  a castle,  end  two  con- 
vents,. Ii  was;  taken  by  the  French  in  1797. 

It  is  seated  on  the  Muer.  It  lies  84 
miles  sw  of  Vienna.  Lon.  14  24  e,  lat.  47 

10  X. 

Judigone,  a town  in  Brabant  Neiherlandsj 
stands  on  the  river  Gete.  in  the  vicinity 
are  the  remains  of  aii  ancient  castle,  13  miles 
ssE  of  Louvain.  . 

Iveldtester,  See  llcJieiier. 

Ives,  St,  SL  sea  port  in  Cornw'all,  on  a bay 
of  the;same  name,  governed  by  a mayor,  is 
only  frequented . by  fishermen.  The  towm  is 
a borough,  aud  sends  two  members  to  • 


JUL 

liament,  who  are  elected  by  the  householders 
paying  and  lot.  Here  is  a gramiinar 
school  founded  by  Charles  I.  The  mar- 
ket is  on  Wednesday  and  Sat\!rday.  A cus- 
tom of  this  place  is,  that  every  one  dying 
worth  101.  pays.  10  shillings  to  the  vietir. 
It  is  eight  miles  ne  ot  Penzance,  and  277 
w by  s of.  London. 

• Ices,  St,  a town  in  Huntingdonshire, 
with,  the  largest  market  in  Engl  .nd  for 
cattle,  except  that  ol  Snnthfield.  It  is  an 
ancient,  large,  and  handsome  place,  on  the 
river  Ouse,  over,  which  is  a fine  stone, 
bridge.  It  has  a great  trade  in  the  making 
and  sale  of  malt.  The  weekly  market  is  on 
Monday,  fairs  on  ¥7b;tsun  Monday  an  1 
October  iOth.  Here  Oliver  Cromwell 
rented  a farm  previous  to  his  entering  into 
public  life  ; six  miles  ke  of  Huntingdon,  and 
69  N by  w of  London. 

iVICA,  or  Eviza,  an  island  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, 65  miles  sw  of  Majorca,  and 
about  60  miles  in  circumference.  It  is 
mountainous,  but  fertile  in  corn,  wine,  and 
fruits;  and  most  remarkable  for  the  great 
quantity  of  salt  mode  in  it. 

imea,  the  capital  of  the  same  name,  on 
the  s side  of  the  island,  is  little  more  than 
a fortress,  with  a good  harbour,  Lon,  i 
26  E,  lat.  38  52  n. 

ivingho,  a town  in  Euckinghamsbiro, 
with  a small  market  on  Friday,  and  a 
manufacture  of  bone-lace  ; six  miles  sw  of 
Dunstable,  and  33  nw  of  London. 

Jugon,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
North  Coasts,  France,  on  the  river  Ar- 
queon,  12  miles  from  the  English  channel, 
and  i9ssEof  St.  Brieuc. 

Julamerik,  or  Gulamerik,  a towm  in  Kur- 
distan, Asiatic  Turkey,  seated  on  the  Ha- 
kiar,  has  a stone  fort,  and  is  governed  by 
a bey,  40  miles  ssE  of  Beilis. 

Juifar,  a town  of  Oman,  Arabia,  stands 
ou  a bay  of  the  Persian  gulf,  IGO  miles  nw 
of  Oman.  Lon.  56  14  E,lat.  25  66  n. 

Julien,  tSt,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Jura.  France,  18  miles  s by  w of  Lons  le 
Saunier. 

Julien  de  Sault,  St,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Yonne,  France,  stands  near  the 
Yonne,  between  two  mountains  covered  with 
Tines  ; six  miles  NW  of  Joigny. 

Juliers,  a late  duchy  of  Westphalia,  Ger- 
many, now  united  to  Frcince,  and  included 
in  the  department  of  the  Roer.  The  chief 
towns  are  Juliers,  Duren,  and  Aix-la- 
Chapelle.  It  is  about  68  miles  in  length, 
and  30  in  breadth,  and  is  remarkable  for 
the  great  cuantity  of  wood  it  produces. 

Juliers,  a fortihed  city,  in  the  depart- 
ment cf  Roer,  France,  lately  of  Germany, 
capital  of  a duchy  cf  its  name,  seated  on 
the  Roer,  taken  by  the  French  in  1794. 
It  is  22  miles  w of  Cologne,  Lon.  6 24  e, 
iat.  50  55  N. 

Juliushurg,  a (own  in  the  principality  of 
Oels,  Silesia,  with  a castle,  fenr  miles  n cl 

Oels. 


JU  E 

Jumella,  a town  in  the  province  of  Mur- 
cia, Spain,  22  miles  sw  of  viurcia. 

Jnmiege,  a town  in  the  department  of  (ho 
Lower  sVine,  France,  ba.s  a Benedictino 
abbey  ; stands  on  the  Seine,  and  i.s  12 
miles  sw  ol  Fi-oiien. 

Jummoo,  or  Jumbo,  a town  of  Lahore^ 
Hindoostan,  seated  on  the  Kewee,  atid  has 
a considerable  trade;  80  miles  ne  of  La- 
hore, L(m.  73  40  E,  lat.  3i  52  n. 

Jumna,  a h rge  riv<>r  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, which  rises  in  the  mountains  of  Sirina- 
g\ir,  NW  of  Delhi,  waters  that  capital,  as 
well  as  the  city  of  Agra,  and  joins  the  Gan- 
ges, at  Allahabad  ; about  joo  miles  beiov/ 
Benares. 

JiinaguT,  a towm  and  fort  of  Hindoostan, 
in  Guzerat,  170  miles  sw  ol  Aciedabad, 
Lon.  09  53  r,  lat.  21  48  n. 

JungnaUy  A towm  and  lordship  of  Suabia, 
belonging  to  the  prince  of  Fuistenberg, 

14  miles  w of  Euchau,  and  40  s of  Siutt- 
gart. 

Junien.  St,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Upper  Vienne,  France,  on  the  Vienne,  15 
miles  w of  Tameges. 

JUNKSEILAN,  an  island  near  the  sw 
coast  of  Siam,  60  miles  long,  and  from  nine 
to  21  wide.  Its  capital,  of  the  same  name, 

15  in  the  n port  of  the  island,  with  a har- 
bour ; the  road  has  good  anchorage.  Near 
it  is  a mine  of  loadstone  ; and  has  a trade 
in  ivory  and  tin.  The  island  is  fertile  ia 
rice,  fruit,  &c.  The  town  is  in  Ion.  98  6 s, 
lat.  8 10  N. 

Ivoix,  See  Carignan* 

IVORY  Coast,  a country  of  Africa'^ 
on  the  Atlantic,  between  Cape  Apoilonia 
and  Cape  Palmas,  containing  several  towns, 
at  the  mouths  of  rivers.  The  inteiior  coun- 
try is  little  known.  The  chief  commodities 
are  gold,  ivory,  and  slaves,  the  former  is  in 
the  greatest  plenty. 

JURA,  one  of  the  western  isles  of 
Scotland,  ne  of  the  island  of  Islay,  on 
the  coa.st  of  Argyllshire,  .separated  from 
May,  by  a narrow  channel,  called  the 
Sound  of  Islay.  Ifis  25  miles  long,  and 
seven  broad.  It  is  indented  on  the  w by  a 
capacious  bay,  called  Loch  Tarhet.  Some 
parts  are  fertile;  and  there  are  only  three 
mountains  on  the  whole  island.  The.se  are 
of  a conic  form,  the  most  elevated  2470  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  are  called  tho 
Paps  of  Jura.  They  are  without  vegeta- 
tion. On  the  SR  side,  it  is  pretty  level; 
but  o.s  cultivation  is  not  far  advanced,  the 
crops  are  scanty.  The  live  stock  consists 
of  small  hor.^es,  black  cattle  and  sheep,  of 
which  last  the  flesh  is  delicate,  and  the 
wool  valuable.  A few  wild  roes  are  still 
seen  here.  This  island  produces  iron-ore, 
manganese,  and  slate,  and  on  the  r.w  shore  is 
ahiindance  of  fine  .sand,  which  is  employed 
ill  the  manufacture  of  glass.  It  has  a vil- 
lage of  tae  .same  name,  seated  on  Ih.e  E 
coast,  with  a good  harbour,  Loa,  6 44  w, 
lat.  56  8 N. 


a parish  in  Argyllshire,  which  (Tom- 
prehends  the  Islands  of  Jura.  Colonsay, 
Oronsay,  Scarba,  Lunga,  and  Balnabuaigh. 
Inclnding  sea,  the  parish  is  60  miles  lo!ig, 
and  30  broad,  containing  about  Z,000  inha- 
bitants. 

JURA,  a department  of  France,  includ- 
ing part  of  the  late  province  of  Franche 
Compte,  It  contains  mines  of  iron  of  a 
superior  quality,  mines  of  copper  and  lead, 
and  many  quarries  ot  black  marble,  of  jas- 
per of  different  colours,  and  of  alabaster. 
It  takes  its  name  from  Mount  Jura.  Lons 
le  Saunierisihe  capital. 

Jura,  Mount,  a chain  of  mountains 
which  begin  in  the  canton  of  Zurich,  in 
Switaeriand,  extends  along  the  Rhine  into 
the  canton  of  Soleureand  the  principality  of 
Neufchatel,  branches  out  towards  the  Pays 
de  Vaucl,  separates  that  country  from 
France,  and  continues  beyond  the  frontiers 
of  the  Genevois,  as  far  as  the  Rhone.  In 
Pays  de  Vauds,  this  chain  contains  many 
'elevated  valleys ; particularly  one  on  the 
top  of  Mount  Joux,  in  which  are  two  pic- 
turesque lakes,  the  largest  called  Joux, 
the  other  Brenet. 

Irrea,  a city  of  Piedmont,  and  a bisbop^s 
see.  Besides  the  cathedral,  w'hich  is  said 
to  have  been  anciently  a temple  of  Apollo, 
there  are  four  other  churches  and  several 
religious  houses.  • It  stands  on  the  Doria, 
.between  two  hills,  belongs  to  France,  and 
is  the  capital  of  the  department  of  Doria. 
It  has  6,000  inhabitants,  and  lies  20  miles 
Tc  of  Turin,  and  32  e by  n of  Susa.  Lon. 
.7  48  E,  rat.  45  20  n- 

, Ivry,  a towui  in  the  department  of  Eure, 
France,  seated  on  the  Eure,  has  a Bene- 
dictine abbey  ; 10  miles  n by  w of 
Dreux. 

Jussey,  a town  in  the  department  of  Upper 
Saone,  France,  on  the  Amance,  22  miles 
EofLangres. 

Jufiiingen,  a town  and  capital  of  a lord- 
ship  of  Suabia.  It  lies  16  miles  nne  of 
Bucham 

Juterhock,  a town  in  the  principtility  of 
..Quenurt,  Saxony  Proper,  seated  on  the 
Angerbach.  Here,  in  September  1813, 
the  . crown  prince  of  Sweden  obtained  a 
victory  over  tbe  French  under  marshal  Ney. 
It  is  12  miles  ne  of  Wittenberg. 


Juthia.  Siam,  * 

Jutland,  a large  peninsula,  which  makfis 
the  principal  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Den- 
mark. It  is  210  miles  in  length,  and  from 
30  to  80  in,  breadth,  bounded  on  the  s 
the  duchy  of  Holstein,  and  by  the  German 
ocean,  and  the  Baltic  on  the  other  sides. 
Tbe  air  is  very  cold  but  wholesome,  arwi 
the  soil  is  fertile  in  corn  and  pastures. 
This  was  anciently  called  Cimbrica,  Cher- 
sonesus ; and  is  supposed  to  be  tbe  country 
whence  the  Anglo-.Saxons  came  that  con- 
quered England.  It  is  divided  info  two 
parts  ended . N and  S Jutland:  tlie  latter 
being  the  duchy  of  Sleswuck.  The  former 
is  subdivided  into  the  dioceses  of  Alburg, 
Wiburg,  Arbusen,  and  Ripen,  so  nam^ 
from  the  chief  tow'ns.  Wiburg  is  the  capi- 
tal of  the  province.  .S  Jutland  is  not  hall 
the  extent  of  the  other,  and  is  called  Sies- 
wick,  from  the  name  of  its  capital. 

Iry  Bridge,  a village  and  noted  inn,  in 
Devonshire,  remarkable  for  its  rural  aii^ 
picturesque  scenery,  seated  on  the  river 
Arme,  on  the  road  between  Exeter  ai^ 
Plymoulh.  It  is  1 1 miles  ne  of  Plymouth. 

Ixworth,  cl  small  but  neat  market  town  in 
Suffolk,  with  a market  on  Friday,  and  two 
annual  fairs ; seven  miles  from  Bury  3t 
Edmund,  and  T7  nne  of  London. 

Jyepour,  tbe  capital  of  the  territory  of 
Jj^enagur,  Hindoostan  Proper,  in  the  eas- 
tern quarter  of  Agimere,  is  subject  to  ona 
of  tbe  Rajpoot  princes.  Being  the  staple 
for  goods  brought  from  the  adjoining  pro- 
vinces, it  is  a place  of  great  w^ealth  ; J2t> 
miles  w by  s of  Agra.  Lon.  76  34  e,  lat. 
26  56  X. 

Heron,  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Rhone  and  Loire,  10  miles  sw 
of  Lyon. 

HiginsJe,  a towm  in  the  province  of 
Okotsk,  Siberia,  fortified  by  lofty  palisades, 
and  wooden  bastions  furnished  with  cannqu 
and  military  stores.  It  stands  on  the 
Izigin,  16  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  520 
NE  of  Okotsk.  Lon.  160  10  e,  lat.  63 
40  N. 

Izqiiintinango,  a rich  and  handsome  town 
of  Chiapa,  Mexico.  The  country  about  it 
prcHiiices  cotton,  and  a great  cumber  of  pa- 
nanas,  or  pine-apples  ; 100  miles  se  of 
Chiapa.  Lon.  93  45  w,  lat.  16  10  x. 


•THE 


GENERAL  GAZETTEER. 


« * jjrQrch  .that  tonelimes  begin  with  K,  and  are  not  found  under  that  letter^  may  he 
sought  for  under  the  letter  C. 


K A K 

KABARDA,  a town  in  the  province  of  . 

Caucasia,  Russia,  seated  at  the  skirts  of 
Mount  Caucausus,  has  a court  of  justice  and 
is  36  miles  s of  Cathrinograd. 

Kahis,  or  Knbbees,  a town  in  Kerman, 
Persia,  situated  in  the  midst  of  the  desert, 
130  miles  NEof  Kerman. 

Kcidhema,  a sea  port  in  the  province  of 
Bahrin,  Arabia,  seated  on  a bay  of  the  gulf 
of  Persia.  The  pearl  fishery  employs  the 
inhabitants;  170  miles  n by  w of  Lachsar. 
Lon.  47  36  b,  lat.  28  40  n. 

Kahl,  a town  in  the  late  electorate  of 
Mehtz,  on  a river  of  the  same  name,  four 
miles  s of  Hanau. 

Kahla,  a town  of  Thuringia,  Upper  Sax- 
ony, has  a castle,  and  stands  on  the  Saal,  30 
miles  sw  of  Naumburg. 

Kaim^  a village  in  Elginshire,  near  which 
stands  aii  obelisk,  said  to  have  been  erected 
to  commemorate  a Victory  obtained  by  Mal- 
Golrri  II.  over  the  Danes,  under  the  com- 
mand of  a leader  of  the  name  of  Camus, 
seven  miles  nw  of  Elgin. 

Kain.  See  Kin. 

Kairvan,  a city  of  Tunis,  the  second  in 
the  kirgdom  for  population  and  trade,  has 
the  most  superb  mosque  in  Barbary  ; 60 
miles  ssE  of  Tunis.  Lon.  10  25  e,  lat.  35 
40  y. 

Kaisarieh^  or  Kaisarijahy  a populous  town 
in  Caramania,  capital  of  a sangiacat.  It  is 
five  miles  in  circuit,  defended  by  walls  and  a 
castle;  and  is  divided  into  180  quarters,  in 
each  of  which  is  a mosque  or  chapel*  The 
chief  trade  is  -in  Morocco  leather.  It  was 
anciently  called  Mazaca,  and  afterwards 
Cesarea  of  Cappadocia.  It  is  seated  at  the 
foot  of  a mountain  always  capped  with  snow, 
and  lies  150  miles  ene  of  Cogni,  and  250 
EsE  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  35  15  e^  lat. 
38  40  N. 

Kakety  a town  of  Georgia,  in  a province 
of  its  name,  comprehending  a part  of  the 
ancient  Iberia,  stands  near  mount  Caucasus, 
16 


K A L 

45  miles  ne  of  Telfiis,  and  120  nnw  of  Der- 
bend. 

KalaUy  a town  of  Lusatia,  which  has  a 
great  traibc  in  wool,  1 1 miles  se  of  ' uckau. 

Kaihat,  a town  in  the  province  of  Oman, 
Arabia,  on  a river  of  its  name,  where  it  falls 
into  the  gulf  of  Ormus,  SO  miles  se  of  Mas- 
cat. 

Kalis j a town  of  Newmark,  Brandenburg, 
near  the  borders  of  Poland,  37  miles  e of 
Stargard. 

Kalischy  a palatinate  of  Poland.  Its  ca- 
pital, on  the  river  Prosna,  is  of  the  same 
name.  It  stands  amid  morasses,  and  is  sur- 
rounded with  walls,  40  miles  s of  Gnesen. 
Lon.  18  5 e,  lat.  52  0 n. 

Kalkul,  a town  in  Aderbeitzan,  Persia, 
surrounded  by  mountains,  and  has  mines  df 
copper,  lead,  and  saltpetre,  60  miles  ese  of 
Tabriz. 

Kalkasy  a tribe  of  the  Mongul  Tartars,  in 
Chinese  Tartary,  who  inhabit  the  country  n 
of  the  Mongui  Tartars,  properly  so  called, 
which  stretches  as  far  as  the  kingdom  of  the 
Eluths ; nearly  to  the  extent  of  900  miles 
from  B to  w.  They  dwell  in  tents  on  the 
banks  of  their  rivers,  the  chief  of  which  is 
called  Kalka  Pirn.  They  worship  a lama  of 
the  second  order,  who  is  held  in  such  venera- 
tion, that  bonzes  from  China,  Hindooslan, 
Pegu,  come  to  pay  their  devotions  at  his 
residence  in  Iben  Pira. 

KaUidburgy  a sea  port  in  the  isle  of  Zea- 
land, Denmark,  stands  on  an  inlet  of  the 
great  Belt.  Its  harbour  is  the  best  on  the 
island,  that  of  Copenhagen  excepted,  55  miles 
W’  by  N of  Copenhagen.  Lon.  11  1 1 e,  lat. 
55  47y. 

Katmaliay  a town  in  the  territory  of  Man- 
dengo,  Negroland.  The  inhabitants,  are 
partly  Alahomedans,  and  partly  Pagans. 
Their  manufactures  are  iron,  cotton,  and 
leather,  210  miles  wxw  of  Kong.  Lou.  6 0 
w,  lat.  12  10  N. 

KALMUCS,  a natioa  of  'fartars^  that 

A* 


K A L 

iBaabit  that  part  of  the  Rassiaa  gcvcrasncnt 
of  Caucasus,  between  the  river  Volga  and 
the  river  Yaik,  (now  Ural,)  toward  the  Cas- 
pian sea.  They  live  in  tents,  and  remove 
from  one  place  to  another  in  quest  of  pas- 
turage for  their  large  herds  of  horses,  ca- 
mels, cows,  and  sheep.  Their  food  is  fiesh, 
(especially  that  of  horses,)  fish,  wild  fowl, 
and  venison ; and  they  have  great  plenty  of 
milk,  butter,  and  cheese  ; but  mare's  milk  is 
the  most  esteemed  among  them,  and  from  it 
they  make  a strong  spirit,  of  which  they  are 
vei'y  fond,  and  which  is  clear  as  water. 
They  are  divided  into  a number  of  hordes, 
or  clans,  each  under  their  own  particular 
khan,  and  all  acknowledging  the  authority 
of  one  principal  khan,  who  is  called  orchi- 
curtikhan,  or  the  king  of  kings,  and  who  de- 
rives his  pedigree  from  Tamerlane.  All  of 
them,  hov/ever,  have  submitted  to  the  go- 
vernment of  Russia,  or  live  under  its  pro- 
tection. They  are  Fagans.  In  person  they 
.Are  of  a low  stature,  and  bow  legged,  occa- 
sioned by  their  being  so  continually  on 
horseback,  or  silting  with  their  legs  below 
.them.  Their  faces  are  broad  and  flat,  with 
a fiat  nose,  and  little  black  eyes,  distant  from 
each  other,  like  the  Chinese.  They  are  of 
an  olive  colour,  and  their  faces  full  cf 
wrinkles,  with  very  little  or  no  beards; 
they  shave  their  heads,  leaving  only  a tuft 
of  hair  on  the  crowm.  They  wear  coats  of 
or  silk,  above  which  they  wear  a large, 
wide,  fur  coat  of  sheep  skins,  and  a cap "^of 
the  same.  Their  cattle  are  large,  and  their 
sheep  are  of  the  largest  kind,  having  great 
fat  tails,  weighing  from  to  30  lb.  "their 
ears  hanging  down  like  our  dogs',  and,  in- 
stead of  wool,  they  have  soft  curled  hair. 
They  neither  sow  corn  nor  make  hay,  go 
that  they  have  no  bread  for  themselves, 
nor  winter  provender  for  their  cattle.  Ini 
winter  they  are  obliged  to  cross  the  river, 
and  live  on  the  bare  plains  of  Astracan. 
where  their  only  fuel  is*  dried  dung  of  cat- 
tle. Their  former  habitation,  on  the  e side 
of  the  river,  is  overflowed  With  vvater  for 
about  a month  in  the  spring,  by  the  melting 
of  the  scow;  when  this  subsides,  they  re- 
cross  the  river.  Their  horses  are  small, 
but  swift,  hardy,  and  strong.  When  they 
go  upon  an  expidition,  every  one  takes  a 
sheep  with  him  for  his  provision,  and  three 
horses,  which  he  rides  alternately ; and 
vvhen  any  of  them  fail,  they  kill  it,  and  di- 
vide the  flesh,  putting  pieces  of  it  under 
their  saddles,  and,  after  riding  some  time 
upon  it,  eat  it  without  further  prepara- 
ration.  Their  only  arms  were  the'eimetar, 
lance,  bow,  and  arrow;  bnt  they  now  use 
fire-arms.  Their  tents  are  both  warm  and 
large,  having  a fire  in  the  middle,  and  a hole 
at  the  (op  to  let  out  the  smoke.  The  small 
pox  is  as  nriuch  dreaded  among  the  Kalmucs 
as  the  pestilence  among  us.  When  any  of 
them  are  siezed  with  it,  they  immediately 
br^ak  tip  their  camp  and  flee  y leaving  the 


K A M 

a 

kjlled  sheep,  part  of  which  is  roasted,  and 
part  raw,  and  a jar  of  water,  and  some  wood 
or  fire. 

Kalmunz^  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Bavaria,  seated  at  the  confluence 
of  the  ^ab  and  Vilz,  12  miles  nkw  of  Ra- 
tisbon. 

KalnicJc,  a town  of  Poland,  in  the  palati- 
nate of  Braclaw,  16  miles  ene  of  Braclaw. 
Lon.  29  18  E,  lat.  48  61  n. 

Halo,  a town  of  Upper  Hungary,  seated 
on  a lake.  It  is  about  22  miles  se  of 
Took  ay. 

KALUGA,  a government  of  the  Rus- 
sian empire,  formerly  a province  in  the  go« 
verament  of  Moscow^  It  contains  12  dis- 
tricts, and  its  principal  town  of  the  same 
name,  is  seated  on  the  river  Occa.  This 
town  is  a place  of  considerable  trade.  It 
was  entered  by  some  of  the  French  from 
Moscow-,  in  1812,  but  W'as  soon  abandoned, 
110  miles  ssw  of  Moscow.  Lon.  T1  34  e, 
lat.  <54  28  N. 

KAMAKURA,  a famous  island  of  Japan, 
about  three  miles  in  circumference,  on  the 
s coast  of  Niphon,  w’here  they  confine  their 
great  men,  when  they  have  committed  any 
fault.  The  coast  is  so  steep,  that  the  people 
are  generally  lifted  up  by  cranes. 

Kambaltty  a chain  of  mountains  in  Tibet, 
situated  between  the  Burrampooter,  and  the 
lake  Palte. 

KamenitZy  a town  in  the  circle  of  Be- 
cliin,  Bohemia.  It  is  27  miles  e by  n of 
Bechin. 

Kamemkaiay  a town  of  Veronetz,  Russia, 
on  the  river  Danaetz,  60  miles  ese  of  Lu- 
gan. 

Kaminieck,  the  capital  of  Podolia,  Poland, 
and  a bishop's  see,  with  a castle.  In  1793, 
when  the  Russians  seized  part  of  Polandj 
this  fortress  made  long  resistance.  The  cas- 
tle stands  on  a craggy  rock,  85  miles  w of 
Braclaw,  and  100  se  of  Lemberg. 

KamnitZy  a town  in  the  circle  Cf  Leit* 
meritz,  Bohemia ; has  a manufacture  of 
stockings.  It  is  2i  miles  nnb  of  Leitme- 
ritz. 

Kamtschaikay  a peninsula  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  Asia,  extending  from  52  deg.  to  61 
deg.  N latitude,  the  longitude  of  its  extremity 
to  the  s being  156  45  e.  Its  greatest 
breadth  is  236  computed  miles,  being  from 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Tigril  to  that  of  the 
river  Kamtschatka ; and  towards  each  ex* 
tremity  it  gradually  becomes  narrower.  A 
chain  of  high  mountains  from  n to  s extends 
the  whole  length  of  the  peninsula,  and  al- 
most equally  divides  it ; whence  several 
rivers  rise,  and  take  their  course  into  the  Pa- 
cific ocean,  and  the  sea  of  Okotsk.  In  the 
s part  is  a volcano,  and  near  it  are  the  hot 
baths  of  Natchikin,  where  the  hot  water  falls 
in  a rapid  cascade,  300  feet.  The  face  of 
the  w'hoie  country  resembles  New'foundland 
in  a most  striking  degree.  The  severity  of 


KAN 


K A R 


the  climate,  is  in  proportion  to  the  sterility , 
of  the  soil ; the  year  is  dreary  ail  winter, 
except  four  months.  They  have  great 
quantities  of  wholesome  vegetables  in  a 
wild  'state,  such  as  chervil,  garlic,  onions, 
angelica,  and  wild  celery,  with  some  excel- 
lent turnips,  and  turnip  radishes,  upon  a 
few  spots  of  ground  in  the  valleys.  They 
have  a variety  of  wild  berries,  which  are 
preserved  by  mashing  them  into  a thick  jam. 
Dried  fish  is  the  eiiief  article  of  food.  They, 
however,  obtain  some  animals  from  their 
forests,  particularly  the  bear.  The  people 
of  Kamtschaika,  may  be  said  to  consist  oi 
three  sorts,  the  K amtschadales,  the  Russians, 
and  Cossacks,  and  a mixture  produced  by 
their  intermarriages.  The  habitations  of 
the  natives  consist  of  three  different  kinds,, 
v.'hich  they  call  jourts,  balagans,  and  log- 
houses.  They  inhabit  the  first  in  winter, 
and  the  second  in  summer  ; in  the  third, 
introduced  by  the  Russians,  only  the  wealthy 
people  reside.  The  external  appearance 
of  a jourt  resembles  a round,  squat  hil- 
lock ; a hole  serving  for  a chimney,  win- 
dow, and  door,  js  left  in  the  centre,  and 
the  inhabitants  go  in  and  out  by  the  as- 
sistance of  ^ long  pole,  having  notches 
deep  enough  to  afford  a little  security 
for  the  toe.  The  upper  garment  of  the 
Kamtschadales  resembles  a waggoner^s 
frock ; if  for  summer  wear,  it  is  made 
of  nankeen ; if  for  winter,  it  is  made  of 
a skin,  having  one  side  tanned,  and  the 
hair  preserved  on  the  other  which  is  worn 
innermost;  a close  jacket  of  nankeen,  or 
other  cotton  stuff’,  is  tlie  next  under  this ; 
and,  beneath  that,  a shirt  made  of  thin  Per- 
*ian  silk,  of  any  colour.  They  wear  long 
breeches,  and  boots,  made  of  skins,  with  the 
hair  innermost.  They  have  also  a fur  cap, 
v;ith  two  flaps,  that  are  usually  tied  up  close 
to  the  head,  but  are  let  to  fall  round  the 
shoulders  in  rough  weather.  Polygamy,  it 
is  said,  obtains  among  them,  and  there  is  no 
less  sensuality  in  their  jourts,  than  in  the 
harems  of  the  east.  They  are  subject  to 
the  Prussians,  and  their  trade  consists  in  fur 
and  skins. 

Kamtsehatshoi,  Niznei^  or  Lower,  a town 
of  Siberia,  capital  of  Kamtschaika,  stands 
on  the  N side  of  the  river  Kamtschaika,  20 
miles  from  its  mouth.  It  has  a citadel, 
arsenal,  and  barracks.  Lon.  161  50  e,  lut. 
56  30  N. 

Kamtsehatkoiy  Verelinei^  or  Upper,  a 
town  in  Kamtschaika,  on  the  river  Kamts- 
chatka,  120  miles  sw  of  Niznei  Kamts- 
chatkoi.  Lon.  157  0 e,  lat.  53  50  n. 

KANAVfA,  or  Kanhawa,  a mountain- 
ous county  on  the  western  line  of  Virginia, 
having  the  Ohio  river  cn  the  nw,  and  Ken- 
tucky on  the  w.  The  population  of  this 
county  is  6,015,  including  319  slaves. 
About  seven  miles  from  the  mouth  of  Elk 
river,  in  this  county  is  a burning  spring,  ca- 
pacious enough  to  hold  40  gallons. 


i^andegheri,  a town  of  the  Carnatic,  Hie- 
doostan.  Previous  to  1640,  it  was  the  ca.- 
pilal  of  the  kingdom  of  Narsinga,  and  resi- 
dence of  a Hindoo  king,  whose  dominions 
comprehended  Tanjore  and  Madura,  but  a 
descendant  of  that  prince,  who  reigned  hero 
permitted  the  English,  at  the  above  period, 
to  form  a settlement  at  Madras.  It  is  70 
miles  KW  of  Madras,  Lon.  79  24  E,  lat.  13 
40  N. 

Kanem,  the  capital  of  an  extensive  and 
fertile  province  of  the  same  name,  in  Eor? 
nou,  Africa,  seated  on  the  Gazel.  The 
inhabitants,  raise  multitudes  of  cattle  and 
horses,-  It  is  150  miles  of  Bor- 

nou. 

Kanliaway,  Great,  a river  of  Virginia,  of 
considerable  note  for  leading  towards  the 
head  waters  of  James’  river, 

Kanhaway , Little,  a small  navigable  rwer 
of  Virginia,  navigable  for  10  miles  only, 

Kaniow,  a city  in  the  Ukraine,  and  pals- 
tinate  of  Kiof,  Poland,  stands  near  tbs 
Bniepher,  62  miles  s by  E of  Kiof,  and 
109  NE  of  Braclaw. 

Konisaa,  a strong  town,  capital  cf  tha 
county  of  Saiawar,  Lower  Hungary,  s-^ied 
on  the  Drave,  100  miles  s by  e of  Vienna. 
Lon.  17  40  E,  lat,  48  55  n. 

Kan-tcheou,  a city  and  river  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Kiong-si,  China,  In  its  district  are 
12  cities  of  the  third  class,  and  the  soil  pro- 
duces trees,  from  whi  ch  the  finest  varnish  in 
China  distils.  It  stands  on  the  Kang-kiang, 
840  miles  s of  Pekin;  Lon.  115  2 e,  lat, 
25  52  N. 

Kao-tcheou,  a city  of  the  first  rank,  in  the 
province  of  Quang-tong  China,  on  a navi» 
gable  river,  36  miles  from  the  sea,  and  1,130 
ssw  of  Pekin.  Here  is  found  a kind  of 
marble,  variegated,  naturally,  with  land- 
scapes, trees,  rivers,  and  mountains:  It  is 
cut  into  leaves,  and  made  into  tables.  Lon, 
145  36  E,  lat.  21  40  n. 

Kaposwar,  a fort  of  Lower  Hungary, 
whose  walls  are  washed  by  the  Kapos,  55 
miles  w of  Tolna.  Lon,  18  15  E,  lat.  46 
31  N. 

KAPPAS,  a tribe  of  Illinois  Indians, 
in  Louisiana,  a little  above  the  Southouis. 
The  country  they  inhabit,  has  excellent 
pasturage. 

Karahissar,  See  ApJiiom. 

Karasuhazar,  a town  of  Crimea,  has  a 
manufacture  of  leather  of  the  skins  of  Taarie 
goats,  and  trades  in  candies,  soap,  hardware, 
and  pottery,  seated  in  a -delightful  valley,  oh 
the  Ivarasu,-i34  miles  W of  Caffa. 

KARKCKvrtrr  Gauak,  in  island  in  the 
Persian  gulf/ nearly  in  the  middle  of  it,  and 
about  30  leagues  from  Bussora  river,  where 
all  the  ships  bound  for  that  port  miust  call 
for  pilots.  It  is  about  five  miles  long,  and 
tv/o  broad,  and  subject  to  tlie  shieck  of  Bun- 
daiie.  Lon.  50  26  e,  lat.  29  15  K, 

Karham,  See  Car  ham. 

Karikal,  See  CaricaL 
A 2 


K A T 

Kartcby,  Camla,  a sea  port  in  E Bothnia, ' 
owec  en,  has  a trade  in  siiip  building,  salt, 
and  hemp ; stands  near  the  mouth  of  Kar- 
leby  river,  on  the  gulf  of  Bothnia ; 90  miles 

N by  E of  Christinestadt.  Lon.  22  20  e 
lat.  63  56  N,  ^ 

Karlehy,  Ny,  a town  in  E Bothnia,  Swe- 
den, on  the  Lappojock,  six  miles  from  its 
mouth,  and  20  s of  Gamla  Karleby. 

Mars,  a strong  town  of  Turkish  Arme- 
nia, capital  of  a district,  and  governed  by 
a pacha ; contains  30,000  inhabitants,  and 
uas  the  finest  castle  in  Armenia.  Is  seated 
on  the  Arpotcheri,  90  miles  w by  n of  Eri- 
yan,  and  100  ene  of  Erzerum.  Lon.  42 
c56  E,  lat.  40  15  n, 

^ country,  forming  the 

three  Russian  governments  of  Kassan,  Sim- 
mrsk,  and  Fenza ; situated  on  both  sides  of 
the  Volga,  formerly  an  independent  king- 
dom,  belonging  to  the  i^almuos,  to  whom 
the  dukes  qf  Moscow,  as  well  as  other 
petty  principalities  of  Russia,  were  tributary. 
But  in  155^,  Ivan  Bassiiowitz  II.  subdued 

lVciS3.p,  . 

^ Masrm  capital  of  a government  of  Rus- 
sia, of  the  same  name,  and  an  archbishop-s 
see,  with  a strong  stone  fort,  several 
phurcnes  built  of  stone,  and  11  convents, 
line  ot  Its  suburbs  is  inhabited  by  Tar- 
tars; it  has  a manufacture  of  cloth  for 
the  army ; and  stands  on  the  rivulet  Ka- 
sanka,  at  its  influx  into'  the  Volga  420 
miles  of  Moscow.  Lon.  49  8 p,  lat.'55 

/Cf7.ynum,  a town  of  the  Don  Cqssacks, 
and  the  first  in  their  territory  on  the  en- 
trance from  Russia.  In  the  centre  of  its 
neat  wooden  houses  is  a large  church  with 
several  domes  ; caravans  are  constantly 
crossing  the  river,  and  its  shops  contain 
various  articles  of  luxury;  180  miles  sse 
yoronetz,  and  190  ?jnw  of  Tscherkask. 
Lon.  41  20  E,  lat.  49  44  N.  , 

KySCHGUR,  or  Little  bukharia,  a 
p untry  of  Lspec  Tartary,  commencing  on 
the  N and  ne  of  Cashmere,  Hindoostan, 
from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Himmaieh 
mountains,  it  extends  to  40  n lat.  Part 
ot  It  is  fertile  and  populous,  part  of  it  a 
sand)'  desert,  its  gold  and  silver ' mines 
are  ygipcted  by  the  natives,  who  are  solely 
employed  m pasturage.  It  prodiices'  dia- 
monds  and  other  precious  stones.  Here 
are  also  found  the  musk  animals.  Ireken 
IS  now  the  capital.  See  Cashyar,  which 
was  once  the  capital.  It  lies  530  miles  ne 
of  Cashmere. 

KASRASKIAS,  an  Indian  nation  near 
rjver  of  that  name,  ip  the  nw  Territory.! 
Three  miles  northerly  of  Kaskaskias,  is  a 
jiilage  of  lilmois  Indians,  of  the  Kaskaskias 
tribe.  At  the  lafe  peace,  the  United  States 
granted  tiipm  a sum  of  money  in  hand,  and 
became  bound  to  pay  them  500  dollars  a- 
year  for  ever.  ' 

Hataha,  a town  in  Yemen,  Arabia,  on  a 


KE  A \ 

in'®I  Aden,  stands 

T /f  o 75  miles  n of  Aden 

Lon.  44  39  E,  lat.  i 4 54  K.  ‘^aen 

/fatty,  a town  of  the  province  of  Bahrin. 
Arabia,  built  of  rock  salt,  seated  on  the  gulf 

I'On:48 

38  E,  lat.  27  40  n. 

Kajheuren,  a town  of  Suabia,  territory 
of  Kempton,on  the  Wuttach,  30  miles  ssw 
of  Augsburg,  and  62  ^ne  of  Constance. 

Kauga,  the  capital  of  a kingdom,  of  the 
empire  of  Borpou,  of  the  same  name,  stands 
on  an  extensive  lake,  280  miles  s by  e of 
Bornop.  Lon.  23  30  e,  lat.  15  5Q  n. 

Kaukehan,  a tovyn  of  Yemen,  Arabia, 
stonds  on  an  almost  inaccessible  mountain, 
20  miles  w of  Sana. 

Kaunitz,  a town  and  castle  of  Moravia, 
seated  on  a mountain,  on  the  Igla,  11  miles 
ssw  ot  Brinn. 

Kaurzim,  a circle  of  Bohemia,  and  its 
capital,  on  a river  that  runs  into  the  Elbe, 
n abounds  with  timber ; 26  miles  ese  of 
Prague. 

Kauzaroon,  a town  of  Farsistan,  Persia  2 
m its  vicinity  are  groves  of  oxanges  trees, 
from  ^vhich  the  bees  collect  a celebrated 
honey  ; 14  miles  to  the  nw  are  the  ruins  of 
the  city  of  Shapour.  Kauzaroon  is  60  miles 
w of  Shiras. 

KAYE  Island,  an  island  near  the  w 
coast  pf  N America,  discovered  by  Captain 
Cqok  in  1778,  30  miles  long  and  four  broad. 
The  NE  extremity  is  a^  elevated  naked  rock  ; 
the  other  parts  have  numerous  valiies,  filled 
With  pine  trees  pf  moderate  size.  Lon.  144 
48  w,  lat.  50  56  N, 

Kayser^hery,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Rhine  and  Mpselle,  France,  in  the  elec- 
torate of  Treves,  12  miles  ^ of  Cobleiitz, 
and  36  ne  of  Treves. 

Kaysersechy  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Upper  Rhine,  France,  five  miles  nw  of 
Colmar,  and  nw  of  Basil, 

Mayserslautern,  a town  of  Franca,  in  the 
department  of  Mont  Tpnnere,  palatinate  of 
the  Rhine,  lately  of  Germany.  It  was 
taken  by  the  French,  in  1793;  but  in  the 
following  year  they  were  surprised  in  the 
entrenchments,  and  defeated  by  the  Aus^ 
trians.  It  stands  on  the  Luiiter,  28  miles 
sw  of  Worms.  Lon.  7 50  e,  lat.  49 
27  N, 

KaysersUthl,  a town  in  the  countv  of  Ba- 
den, Svyisserland,  has  a castle,  and  stands  on 
the  P..hine,  eight  miles  se  of  Zurzach. 

Kayserswert,  a town  in  the  electorate  of 
Cologne,  German)',  stands  on  the  Rhine, 
seven  miles  nnw  of  Dusseldorf. 

Kazimiers,  a town  in  the  palatinate  of 
Lublin,  Poland,  has  a castle,  seateii  on  a hill, 
near  the  Vistula,  30  miles  wsw  of  Lublin. 
Kazroon,  a town  in  Farsistan,  Persia,  of 


I con.sifierpble  extent,  its  walls  partly  in  ruins 
I 70  miles  wsw  of  ^^hiras. 

I ^ Keaduy  a town  in  the  county  of  Armagh 
^ Ulster,  Ireland,  five  miles  ssw  of  Armagh.  ' 


K E I 

Kelhan,  a town  of  Diarbek,  Asiatic 
Turkey,  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
two  branches  of  the  Euphrates,  has  yaliia- 
ble  mines  of  silver  and  copper.  It  is  100 
milus  x\y  of  Diaibekir.  Lon.  38  40  Ey  lat. 
38  45  N. 

Kecho,  See  Caehao. 

Keddlestoney  a village  of  Derbyshire,  fa- 
mous for  its  medicinal  spring,  much  fre- 
quented in  summer,  and  for  the  elegant  seat 
of  the  earl  of  Scarfsdale,  three  miles  wnw  of 
Derby. 

Keene,  a post  town  in  New  Kampshire. 

It  coataius  about  1314  inhabitants.  It  is  14 
miles  from  Walpole,  2>5  s by  e of  Charles- 
ton, and  95  w by  s of  Portsmouth. 

Keff,  or  KeftSy  a town  in  the  kingdom  of 
Tunis,  seated  on  a hill,  with  a citadel,  and 
a plentiful  supply  of  water,  70  miles  wsw  of 

Tunis.  , 

Kef/y  a village  in  Irak,  Asiatic  TurKey, 
celebrated  for  the  tomb  of  the  prophet 
Ezekiel,  which  is  annually  visited  by  a 
number  of  Jews.  It  is  14  miles  s of 
Heileh. 

Kek/y  a strong  fortress  of  Suabia,  on  the 
Rhine,  over  which  is  a bridge  at  Strasburg, 
to  which  city,  when  imperial,  it  belonged. 
It  is  an  important  pass  between  France  and 
Germany.  It  was  taken  by  the  French,  in 
June,  1796;  retaken  by  the  Austrians  on 
the  18th  of  September  following,  but  the 
French  retook  it  the  same  day.  In  1808,  it 
was  ceded  to  France. 

Kef.  See  Kidge. 

Keig,  a parish  in  Aberdeenshire,  from  three 
to  four  miles  in  diameter.  It  is  watered  by 
the  river  Don,  Population  about  380 ; 25 
mifes  wxw  of  Aberdeen. 

Keighleg,  a town  in  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  stands  near  the  river  Aire,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday,  and  manufactures  of 
woollen  cloths,  cottons,  and  lindseys ; 12 
miles  x fo  Halifax,  and  206  w by  x of  Lon- 
don. 

Keir,  a parish  in  Dumfries-shire,  about 
eight-miles  long  and  three  broad.  Nearly 
one-half  of  the  surface  is  hUly,  which  is  good 
pasture ; and  the  arable  land  makes  good  re- 
turns to  the  skilful  farmer.  In  the  parish  are 
several  tracts  of  natural  wood,  particularly 
at  Barjarg,  where  is  an  oak  14  and  an-hall 
feet  in  circumference  at  the  root,  and  nearly 
as  much  at  the  height  of  30  feet.  Near  the 
church,  which  is'  about  half  way  between 
Dumfries  and  Sanquhar,  is  a small  village. 
Foniiiation  about  770. 

keithy  a parish  in  Banffshire,  which  forms 
nearly  a circle  of  six  miles  diameter,  lying 
in  the  district  of  Strathisla,  and  contains  a 
large  tract  of  fertile  arable  land.  The  Old 
town  of  Keith  is  now  much  decayed,  and 
contains  scarcely  200  inhabitants  ; but  the 
New  town  is  a neat  flourishing  manufac- 
turing town,  with  aw^eekly  market,  and  w^ell 
attended  faifs  ; and  contains  above  1000  in- 
habitants. The  chief  manuractures  are  flax- 


K E L 

dressing,  spinning,  and  weaving.  The 
lation  of  the  parish  is  about  3280.  The  ce- 
lebrated astronomer,  Jaimes  Ferguson,  was  a. 
native  of  this  parish.  Here  are  several  dra- 
idical  circles.  The  school  is  well  endowed. 

In  the  town  of  Keith  are  four  annual  fairs, 
15  miles  sw  of  Banff. 

Keith-Hall,  and  Kinkelly  an  united  parish 
! in  Aberdeenshire,  about  sis  miles  long,  and 
live  broad,  watered  by  the  rivers  Don,  and 
Ury.  It  lies  in  the  district  of  Gariocli,  and 
is  in  general  hilly  and  moiintainpus.  Po~ 
pulatioii  about  850.  Eighteen  thousand 
pairs  of  stockings  are  said  to  be  knit  here 
annually.  Johnston,  the  celebrated  Latm 
poet,  was  born  in  the  parish  of  Keith-hall  X 
and  in  the  church  of  Kink  ell,  is  a Latin  in« 
scription  on  the  monument  of  Scrirngeour, 
high  constable  of  Dundee,  who  with  many 
more,  fell  at  the  battle  of  Karlaw,  and  wa» 
buried  here, 

kelhray  a town  of  Thuringia,  Upper  Sax- 
ony, near  the  river  Helm,  It  is  10  miles  s of 
Stolberg. 

Kelheim,  a town  and  castle  of  Bavaria, 
with  a Franciscan  convent,  extensive  maga- 
zines of  salt,  and  a brewery,  seated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Altmuhl,  and  Danube  10 
miles  ssw  of  Ratisbon. 

KellingtoUy  a village  in  Yorkshire. 
Kellingtony  or  Callingtony  a town  in  Corn- 
wall. It  has  a market  on  Wednesday,  and 
three  annual  fairs,  and  lies  12  miles  s of 
Launceston, 

Kells y a town  in  the  county  of  West 
Meath,  Leinster,  stands  on  the  river  Black- 
water.  This  was,  in  ancient  times,  one  of 
the  most  noted  cities  in  Ireland,  surrounded 
with  walls,  and  fortified  with  towers ; had  a 
monastery  of  regular  cannons,  and  for  many 
ages  the  see  of  a bishop.  It  gives  the  tstl® 
of  viscount  to  the  family  of  ColmondiUy,  and 
sent  two  members  to  the  Irish  parliament ; 
12  miles  x by  \v  of  Trim,  and  31  xw  of 
Dublin. 

Kellsy  a parish  in  the  stev."arty  of  Kirk- 
cudbriglit.  Along  the  banks  of  the  rivers 
are  many  fertile  fields  ; but  the  surface  is  in 
general  hilly  and  rocky.  In  the  parish  sr® 
seven  lakes,  abounding  with  pike.  The 
pulation,  including  the  royal  borough  of  Ne  w 
Galloway,  situated  in  the  parish,  is  about 
TSO. 

Kelso,  a neat  and  populous  town  in  Rox- 
burghshire, with  a good  market  on  Friday 
: for  corn,  and  an  elegant  bridge  of  six  arches 
over  the  Tweed,  near  its  confluence  With  the 
Tiviot,  lately  biiilt  a little  below  the  site  of 
the  former.  The  abbey,  the  magnificent 
ruins  of  which  still  remain,  was  founded  by 
David  I.  in  1128,  for  monks  of  the  order 
called  Tyronenses,  who  enjoyed  extensive 
property  and  privileges ; the  al-bot  was  mi- 
tered. The  church  is  an  elegant  octagonal 
building.'  The  environs  of  this  town  are 
highly  picturesque  and  beautiful.  The  mar- 
ket place  is  a handsome  oblong ' s(iuare. 


K E L 


KEN 


Kelso  is  governed  by  a baron-baillie,  and  15 
stentmasters.  Besides  two  annual  fairs, 
July  10,  and  Oct.  2d.  It  has  nine  high  or 
hiring  markets.  It  has  a grammar,  and  an 
English  school,  both  tolerably  endowed ; 
two  subscription  libraries,  a public  dispen- 
sary, a number  of  skinners,  a tannery,  and 
two  printing  offices,  each  of  w^hich  publish  a 
newspaper,  the  one  twice,  the  other  once  a- 
week.  During  the  border  wars,  this  town 
was  several  times  burnt  by  the  English. 
Near  it  is  Fleurs,  the  noble  palace  of  the 
duke  of  Roxburgh  ; and  on  an  eminence,  on 
the  other  side  of  the  Tweed,  the  ruins  of 
Roxburgh  castle.  The  parish  is  about  four 
and  a-half  miles  from  to  s,  and  nearly  as 
much  from  e to  w.  The  soil  is  good,  and 
in  a high  state  of  cultivation.  Much  wheat 
is  raised  in  this  neighbourhood,  and  the 
fieeces  of  the  sheep  are  remarkably  fine. 
Kelso  is  23  miles  sw  of  Berwick,  and  41  se 
by  s of  Edinburgh.  Population  of  the  town 
and  parish,  in  1811,  was  4408. 

Kelton,  a parish  in  the  stewartry  of 
Kirkcudbright,  about  six  miles  long,  and 
on  an  average,  three  in  breadth,  containing 
about  0500  acres.  The  surface  is  uneven, 
but  mostly  arable  ; and  the  soil,  though  va- 
rious, is  in  general  fertile.  On  the  road  in 
this  parish,  from  Dumfries  to  Port-patrick, 
are  the  villages  of  Douglas  and  Rhonhouse, 
or  Kelton-hill.  At  the  village  of  Kelton- 
hili,  which  is  20  miles  w of  Dumfries,  and 
seven  n of  Kirkcudbright,  one  of  the  great- 
est horse  fairs  in  Scotland  is  held  annually, 
on  the  28th  of  June.  The  population  is 
above  1900.  I'his  parish  comprehends  what 
formerly  constituted  those  of  Kelton,  Gels- 
ton,  and  Kirkcormock.  In  the  ne  end  of  it 
is  a druidical  temple,  in  another  quarter  are 
two  circular  encampments,  and  in  another 
place  the  ruins  of  a castle,  once  the  property 
of  the  earls  of  Kirkcudbright,  An  in- 
scription on  a grave  stone  in  Kirkcor- 
mock church  imports,  that  McLellan, 
lord  Kirkcudbright,  W'ho  was  put  to  death 
by  Douglas,  in  contempt  of  an  order  from 
king  J ames  IV  . to  release  him,  was  buried 
there. 

Kdhfy  a village  in  Kinross-shire,  in  the 
parish  of  Cieish,  on  the  road  from  Edinburgh 
to  Perth,  s of  Kinross. 

Keiviriy  a river  which  has  its  rise  in  the 
parish  of  Kilsyth,  in  Stirlingshire,  and  after 
a circuitous  ooitrse,  fails  into  the  Clyde  at 
the  village  of  Govaii.  In  passing  through 
the  parish  of  East  Kilpatrick,  it  tl ows  un- 
der the  aqueduct  bridge  of  the  great  canal, 
which  is  350  feet  in  length,  57  feet  broad, 
and  57  feet  from  the  top  of  the  parapet  to 
the  surface  of  the  water  of  the  river.  It  I 
stands  upon  four  arches,  each  50  feet  wide,  I 
and  37  high. 

AWreduu,  a town  in  Essex,  three  miles  from  ! 
Wit  ham,  and  13  swof  Colchester.  Some  call  j 
it  Kildane,  and  assert  that  the  famous 
slaughter  of  the  Danes  commenced  liere.  j 


Kelts  all,  or  Kelat,  a town  in  Meckran 
, Persia,  the  chief  place  of  the  Baiouches  sur- 
rounded  by  a mud  wall,  seated  on  the  Nehink. 
The  khan’s  palace  stands  on  a high  hill  • 
the  bazar  is  well  supplied,  and  the  trade 
considerable,  350  miles  ke  of  Ridire.  Ton 
65  57  E,  lat.  29  6 n. 

Kemhack,  a parish  in  Fifeshire,  extend- 
jng  m length  about  four  miles,  its  greatest 
breadth  from  n to  s being  about  one  mile 
It  contains  1850  acres.  Coal,  limestone, 
and  freestone,  abound  in  the  parish.  Popu- 
lation above  620.  ^ 

Kem  i,  or  Kiemi,  See  Kimu 

Kemrnoo,  capital  of  a territory  in  Ne- 
groland,  lying  to  the  w of  Bambara,  340 
miles  w of  Sego.  Lon.  7 46  w,  lat.  14 
15  N. 

Kemnat,  a town  of  the  palatinate  of  Ba- 
vana,  15  miles  ese  of  Bayreuth,  and  26  n 
of  Amberg. 

Kemncuj,  a parish  in  Aberdeenshire,  four 
miles  and  a-haii  long,  and  three  broad,  wa- 
tered by  the  river  Don,  on  the  banks  of  which 
are  several  haughs  of  a line  rich  loam*  Po- 
pulation is  583. 

Kempten,  a town  of  Suabia,  seated  on 
the  river  Iller,  with  a late  magnificent  ab- 
bey of  the  Benedictines,  has  an  extensive 
trade  in  linen.  It  is  45  miles  w by  s of 
Augsburg. 

Ken,  or  Kan,  a river  in  Westmoreland, 
which  washes  Kendal,  and  enters  More- 
cambe  bay.  A cataract  near  its  mouth 
obstructs  its  navigation. 

Ken,  a river,  which  descending  from  the 
mountains  in  the  n of  Kirkcudbrightshire, 
flows  in  a southerly  direction  to  the  town 
of  New  Galloway,  below  which  it  expands 
into  a fine  lake,  about  four  miles  long  and 
one  broad,  and  then  unites  with  the  river 
Dee. 

Kendrick^s  Island,  an  island  of  N Ame- 
rica, which  forms  the  w side  of  Nootka 
Sound. 

Kendal,  or  Kirbyin  Kemdale,  a large 
handsome  town  in  Westmoreland,  seated  on 
the  Ken,  over  which  are  two  stone  bridges, 
and  one  of  wood  leading  to  the  casile,  which 
is  now  in  ruins.  It  is  governed  by  a mayor, 
has  a splendid  church,  and  a free  school  en- 
dowed with  some  exhibitions  to  -Queen's 
college  in  Oxford.  East  of  the  river  are 
the  remains  of  a castle,  in  which  Catherine 
Parr,  sixth  wife  of  Henry  VIII.  was  born. 
In  the  manor  of  Kentmire  was  born  tiie 
celebrated  Bernard  Gilpin.  It  has  been 
long  noted  for  its  woollen  manufactories ; 
particularly  knit  stockings,  a thick  stuff 
called  cottons,  and  linsey-woolsey.  There 
is  also  a consider;»ble  tannery,  and  mills  for 
scouring,  fulling,  and  frizing  cloth  ; and  for 
cutting  and  rasping  dying-wcx)d  ; has  manu- 
factures of  fish  hooks,  wool,  cards,  and  gun- 
powder, and  seven  trading  companies,  who 
Ikjv'  e ich  a hall.  From  this  town  a cancfl 
proceeds  to  Lancaster.  It  has  a large 


KE  51 

market  on  Saturday,  and  three  aiinu^  ' 
tair**.  The  population  in  1801,  v^as  689 c,  j 
and' in  1811,  T505.  It  is  4(i  miles  s of  , 
Carlisle,  aud  262  nnw  of  London.  Lon.  2 | 
6%  w,  lat.  54  15  N. 

Kene,  or  Caana,  a town  ox  Egj’pt,  seated 
on  the  Nile,  has  a manufacture  of  hlack 
earthen  ware.  Here  the  caravans  assemble 
their  journey  to  Coseir,  280  miles  s oi 


in 


Cairo.  Lon.  32  2 E,  iat.  23  2 N. 

Kengis,  a village  of  W Bothnia,  Sweden, 
celebra  edfor  its^iron  forge,  whmh  is  the 
last  to  the  n.  It  stands  on  the  lornea,  a 
little  above  its  junction  with  the  Muonis, 
90  miles  n by  \v  of  Tornea.  ^ 

Kenilworth,  corruptly  called  lulhng- 
tcorth,  a town  in  Warwickshire,  sitnmed  on 
the  sw  side  of  Coventry  ; With  a maiicet  on 
Wednesday.  It  is.  95  miles  NW  of  London. 
Here  \Ya5  a famous  castle,  the  ruins  ol 
which  form  one  of  the  most  picturesque  ob- 
jects in  the  kingdom. 

Kenmare,  a river  and  town  cf  Ireland, 
in  Kerry,  Munster.  It  is  28  miles  sse  of 
Tralee,  and  46  w oi  Cork,  and  155  sw  ol 
Dublin. 

Kenmore,  a prurish  and  village  in  Perth- 
shire. The  parish,  which  lies  on  both  sides 
of  Loch  Tay,  is  eight  miles  in  length,  and 
.'sCven  in  breadth.  The  surface  is  rnoun- 
taiijons;  and  on  the  banks  of  the  lake  it  is 
a rich  deep  loam.  The  village  of  Ken- 
more  is  neatly  built,  and  pleasantly  situated 
on  a headland,  which  {rejects  into  the  e 
end  of  loch  Tay,  s side  of  the  river  Tay, 
of  its  efflux  from  the  lake ; here  is  a hand- 
some bridge  of  five  arches  over  the  Tay, 
and  in  the  vicinity  three  large  conc{3ntr{c 
druidical  circles.  Taymouih  about  two 
miles  from  the  village  is  the  elegant  seat  of 
the  earl  of  Brearialbane,  celebrated  by 
Burns  the  poet.  The  population  is  about 
3346,  40  miles  Kw  of  Perth. 

Kenmore,  a venerable  castle  near  New 
Galloway,  Kirkcudbrightshire,  .seated  at 
the  influx  of  the  Ken,  into  the  lake  of  that 
name.  This  structure  is  said  to  have  been 
the  re.sidence  of  the  Gela  si  Reguli,  or  go- 
vernors of  Galloway,  and  afterwards  of  the 
Baliols.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  family  of  Gor- 
don of  Kenmore,  formerly  Viscounts  by 
that  title. 

Kenneheck,  a river  of  the  United  States, 
in  the  district  cf  Maine,  wdiich  fails  imo  the 
Atlantic  ocean,  between  the  bays  of  Ca.sco 
aud  Penobscot.  The  head  of  its  navigable 
waters  i.s  a bason  fit  for  the  anchoring  of 
vessels,  46  miles  from  the  sea. 

Kennet,  a river  of  England,  which  min- 
gles with  the  Thames  at  Heading.  From 
this  river,  at  Newbury,  is  a canal  to  the 
Avon,  at  Bath. 

Kennethmont,  a pari.sh  in  Aberdeenshire, 
about  six  miles  long  and  three  broad,  con- 
taining 6500  Scots  acres.  Population  is 
about  800.  In  this  parish  are  found  mar- 
ble, freestone,  marl,  and  limestone.  Many 
ol  the  inhabitants  are  employed  in  spinning 


KEN 

and  knitting.  At  Kirkhiil,  is  an  annual 
fair  in  October  for  cattle,  timber,  cfec.  and 
on  a green,  that  surrounds  the  ruins  of  an 
old  church,  called  Christ’s  Kirk,  one  was 
annually  held  on  a certain  night  in  May, 
till  about  the  middle  o.f  the  1 8th  century. 
This  singular  fair  is,  with  probability,  con- 
jeciured  to  have  given  birth  to  the  fa- 
mous ballad  called  Christ’s  Kirk  on  the 
green » 

Kennet-Pans,  a village  in  the  county  and 
parish  of  Clackmannan,  on  the  banks  of 
the  Forth,  wdiere  are  an  extensive  distillery 
and  a coal  work,  about  two  miles  below 
Alloa. 

Kenningion,  a village  in  Surry,  one  of 
■ the  precincts  of  Lambeth,  had  formerly  a 
I royal  palace.  Kenningion  common  is  the 
I usM.al  place  of  execution  for  the  ccimtyc  of 
Surry. 

Kennoway,  a town  and  parish  in  Fife- 
shire.  The  parish  is  three  miles  long  and 
three  broad.  The  soil  which  is  all  arable, 
is  generally  good  and  fertile.  The  popu- 
lation is  about  1466,  of  whom  the  town 
contained  above  600,  mo.si  of  whom  are  em- 
ployed in  the  linen  manufacture. 

Kensington,  a village  of  Middlesex,  two 
miles  w of  London.  Here  i.s  a royal  palace, 
formerly  a seat  of  the  lord  chancellor  Finch, 
and  purchased  of  that  nobleman,  by  Wil- 
liam HI.  and  extensive  gardens,  to  which 
have  been  added  upwards  of  350  acres  taken 
from  Hyde  Park.  These  gardens  are  now 
a fashionable  promenade.  This  has  not 
been  a royal  residence  daring  the  present 
reign. 

KENT,  a county  of  England,  bounded 
on  the  w by  Surry  ; on  the  n by  the 
Thames ; on  the  e and  se  by  the  German 
ocean  and  the  straits  of  Dover  ; and  on  the 
s by  Sussex  and  the  English  channel.  From 
E to  w,  it  is  about  58  miles,  and  from  n to 
s about  36.  It  is  divided  into  live  lathes,  62 
hundreds.  It  contains  two  cities,  28  mar- 
; ket  towns,  405  parishes,  and  in  1801, 
j 51,885  houses,  and  307,624  inhabitants,  and 
I in  1811,  373,095.  In  the  soil  and  face  of 
! the  country,  there  is  great  diversity.  The 
I banks  of  the  Thames  are  marshy,  but  back- 
ed by  a range  of  chalky  eminences,  some- 
times rising  to  a moderate  height.  The 
chalky  soil  extends  to  the  ne  extremity  of 
the  county,  and  thence  round  to  Dover^ 
where  it  ri  es  into  the  lofty  white  cliffs, 
wdiich  produce  that  striking  appearance  at 
sea,  which  give  it  the  name  of  Albion.* 

; The  s part  of  Kent,  called  the  Weald,  is  a 
! flat,  woody  tract  of  a clayey  soil.  The 
j mid-land  and  western  districts  are  a happy 
I mixture  of  hill  and  vale,  arable  and  pasture, 

I This  county  produces,  besides  the  u'  ual  ob- 
{ jeets  of  agriculture,  large  ■ qua.ntitif  s of 
hops ; fruit  of  various  kinds,  especially  cher- 
ries and  apples;  madder  for  dying  ; timber, 
<fec.  The  conn'ry  inland  from  Dover,  con- 
sisting chiefly  of  open  downs,  is  excellent 
for  the  feeding  91  sheep and  many  are  rear* 


KEN 


K E R 


05i\  of  an  extraordinary  size  in  Romney 
inarsb.  The  principal  rivers,  besides  the 
Thames,  are  the  Medway,  Darent,  Stour, 
Cray,  and  Rother.  The  cities  of  Kent  are 
Canterbury  and  Rochester,  l)ut  Maidstone 
is  the  county  town.  It  sends  18  m(3nihers 
to  parliament.  This  county  vtas  a king- 
dom in  the  time  of  the  Saxon  heptarchy  ; 
it  obtained  favourable  terms  from  William 


of  Normandy,  even  after  he  had  won  the 
battle  of  Hastings,  and  has  some  peculiar 
custom  ; one  of  the  most  remarkable  is 
gavel^kind,  by  which  a personas  landed  pro- 
perty descends  equally  to  each  of  his  sons. 
It  gives  the  title  of  duke  to  his  majesty^s 
fourth  son,  Prince  Edward. 

Kentaiffe^  Mounts  a ridge  of  mountains 
In  the  s of  Thibet,  bordering  on  Hindoo- 
stan  Proper,  on  the  w side  of  this  ri'%e  rise 
the  two  heads  of  the  Ganges,  and  the  Bur- 
rampooter  issues  from  its  e side. 

Kentish  Toimi,  in  Middlesex,  near  Hamp- 
stead, three  miles  n of  London. 

KENTUCKY,  one  of  the  United  States 
of  N America,  lying  betxveen  81  and  89  w 
Ion.  and  31  39  n lat.  which  formerly  made 
a part  of  Virginia,  but  was  erected  into  an 
Independant  state  in  1T82.  It  is  about  2-50 
miles  in  length,  and  from  30  to  190  in 
breadth;  divided  into  H counues  as  fol- 
lows .’‘—-Jeuerson,  Fayette,  Bourbon,  Mer- 
eer,  Nelson,  Maddison,  Lincoln,  Wood- 
ford, Mason,  Washington,  Clarke,  Scott, 
Logan,  and  Franklin.  The  legislative 
powder,  according  to  the  constitiitiou  formed 
and  adopted  in  1792,  is  vested  in  a general 
assembly,  consisting  of  a senate  and  house 
of  representatives  ; the  supreme  e?:ecutive 
In  a governor;  the  judiciary  in  the  supreme 
court  of  appeals  and  such  inferior  courts  as 
the  legislature  may  establish.  In  1802,  the 
aomber  of  inhabitants  was  estimated  at  j 
250,000,  including  slaves,  and  in  1810,  j 
406,511.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Ohio,  | 
the  Kentucky,  the  Licking  river,  the  Red  j 
liver,  the  Elkhorn,  Dick^s  river.  Green  I 
river,  Cumberland  river,  and  the  Great  | 
Kanhaway,  or  New  river.  These  fiOW  into  j 
the  Ohio,  and  are  all  naviagable  for  boats  ! 
almost  to  their  sources.  The  country  is  | 
generally  level,  and  abounding  with  lime-  | 
stone.  In  the  centre  the  soil  is  amazingly  | 
fertile,  to  the  e and  w it  is  mountainous  j 
and  the  s is  principally  composed  of  the  bar- 
rens, a sterile  country  destitute  oi  winter. 
This  country  is  more  temperate  and  heal- 
thy than  the  other  settled  parts  ol  America. 
The  country,  in  general,  may  be  considered 
as  well  timbered.'  Those  which  are  pecu-  j 
liar  to  Kentucky  are  the  sugar-tree,  the  cof  | 
fee- tree,  the  papwa-tree,  tne  cucumber-  j 
tree,  the  black  n ml  berry-tree,  the  wild  cher-  j 
ry-tree,  the  buck  eye-tree,  the  honey -locust ; i 
and  several  other  kinds  of  trees  not  com-  , 
mon  elsewhere.  There  is  great  plenty  of  jj 
fine  cane,  on  which  the  cattiC  feed,  and  i 
grow  fat.  Where  no  cane  grows,  tluTe  i>  . 
abundance  of  wild  rye,  clover,  and  buffalo 


grass,  eovcriag  vast  tracts  of  the  oountrj? 
ana  afibrding  excellent  food  for  cattle. 
Iron-ore  and  lead  are  found  in  abundance. 
The  wesiern  waters  produce  plenty  of  fisb 
and  fovvl.  The  fish,  common  to  the  Ohio, 
are  the  buffitlo-fish,  of  a large  size,  and  cat- 
fish, sometimes  exceeding  lOOibs  weight, 
Trout  have  been  taken  in  Kentucky,  weigh- 
ing301bs.  weight.  The  mullet, rock,  perch, 
garfish,  and  eel,  are  found  in  plenty. 
Suckers,  sun-lisb,  and  o'thers,  are  abundant. 
There  is  a variety  of  fowls,  among  w^bom  is 
the  great  owl,  paroquet,  ckc.  Serpents 
not  numerous.  Among  the  native  animals 
is  the  buffalo,  which  sometimes  weighs 
lOOOlbs  weight,  supplying  the  inhabitants 
ill  many  parts  with  beef,  and  whose  hide 
makes  good  leather.  There  are  still  to  be 
found  many  deer,  elks,  bears,  panthers,  wild 
cats,  and  wolves.  Most  of  the  species  of 
the  domestic  quadrupeds  have  been  intro- 
duced since  the  settlement,  such  as  horses, 
cows,  sheep,  and  hogs.  Many  large  caves 
are  foufid  in  this  country,  in  some  of  which 
one  may  travel  several  milos  under  a fine 
lime-stone  rock,  supfiorted  by  curious  arches 
and  pillars;  in  most  of  them  runs  a stream 
of  water.  Frankfort  is  the  capital. 

Kenhieki/,  a river  of  North  America^ 
which  rises  with  three  heads  in  the  Laurel 
mountains,  and  after  a xw  course  of  200 
miles  falls  into  the  Ohio,  in  lat.  38  20  x. 
It  is  navigable  150  miles.  Its  banks  may 
rather  be  called  precipices,  for  almost  every 
where,  they  consist  of  three  of  40*0  feet  of  a 
vsolid  perpeudicular  lime-stone  rock  ; ia 
some  part  s of  a white  marble,  curiously  arch- 
ed, and  pillared,  or  blocked  into  tine  bail- 
ing stones. 

Kenizingen,  a town  of  the  Brisgaw,  Swa- 
bia, on  the  ELz,  13  miles  xxw  of  Fri- 
burg. 

kerhela*  See  Mesclied  Hossein. 

Kerera^  or  Kerrera^  an  island  in  the  Sound 
of  Mull,  about  one  mile  from  the  mainland 
of  Argylshire,  and  included  in  the  parish  of 
Kilbride.  It  is  four  miles  long,  and  two 
broad,  and  possesses  two  good  harbours 
King  Alexander  II.  when  on  an  expedition 
against  (he  Danes,  was  taken  ill  and  died 
on  this  island,  July  8lh,  1249. 

Kerguelen’s  Land,  an  island  in  the  Sou- 
thern ocean,  visited  by  Captain  Cook,  in 
1776,  which,  from  its  sterility,  has  been  cal- 
led the  Island  of  Desolation;  hut^  Captain 
Cook  was  unwilling  to  rob  Mr.  Kerguelen 
of  the  honour  of  its  bearing  his  name.  On 
the  XE  coast  is  Christmas  Harbour,  in  which 
is  sate  anchorage,  Lon.  69  4 E,  lat.  48 
41  s. 

Kerkem.  See  Qiierquini, 

Kerkisia,  a town  of  Diarbeki,  Asiatic 
Turkey , seated  at  the  junction  of  the  Kahour 
with  the  Euphrates;  90  miles  se  of  Raca, 
105  xw  of  Anak. 

KERKOLANG,  an  island  of  Asia,  in 
the  Indian  ocean,  between  80  and  100  miles 
in  circumference,  and  in  general,  of  very 


^ood  height.  The  face  of  the  country  isi 
composed  of  steep  hills  and  extensive  valleys. 

The  houses  stand  on  posts,  and  appear  to  be 
well  built,  and  neatly  thatched.  The  inha- 
bitants are  Malays.  Their  clothing,  in  ge- 
neral, is  made  of  a coarse  kind  of  calico. 

They  are  a mild  and  quiet  people ; and  put 
coiiiidence  ki  strangers.  Lon.  4 28  n,  lat. 

126  31  E. 

Kprkouk,  the  capital  of  a territory,  and 
residence  of  a pacha,  in  Kurdistan ; seated 
on  an  eminence,  which  is  nearly  perpendi- 
£!ular  on  all  sides,  with  an  extensive  suburb, 
and  mud  wall.  The  surface  rises  into  hills, 
and  on  the  n,  in  a pass  through  a range  of 

r. ocky  mountains,  are  a number  of  springs, 
which  yield  an  inexhaustible  supply  of  naph- 
tha, 135  miles  sse  of  Betlis.'  Lon.  44  58  E, 
lat.  35  29  N. 

KERMAN,  a province  on  the  gulf  of 
Persia.  The  inhabitants  trade  mostly  in 
wool.  On  the  n it  is  barren,  but  toward  the 

s,  the  land  is  fertile.  It  has  a capital  of  the 
same  name,  ^ut  sometimes  called  Sirgan. 

In  the  civil  wars,  in  1T94,  it  was  plundered 
and  destroyed.  The  ancient  city  is  in  a 
ruinous  state.  It  stands  on  the  w side  of  an 
extensive  ^lain,  and  is  celebrated  for  the 
beauty  of  its  carpets,  shawls,  and  stuffs ; 180  Dresden 


extreme 

of  the  numerous  antiquities  in  its  vicinity, 
its  ruins  are  still  interesting.  The  church 
was  erected  in  T57.  It  is  12  miles  nw  of 
Taman. 

Keschinij  a sea  port  in  Hadramaut,  Arabia 
Felix,  80  miles  e of  Shibam.  Lon.  50  50  e, 
lat.  15  23  N. 

Kesh,  or  SehZy  a town  of  Bokaria,  Usbeo 
Tartary,  formerly  the  summer  residence  of 
Timur;  who,  in  13T9,  built  a new  palace, 
and  walled  the  town,  35  miles  s by  xv  of 
Samarcand. 

Kesroan,  a chain  of  mountains  on  the 
coast  of  Syria,  w^hich  make  a part  of  mount 
Libanus.  It  is  one  of  the  most  pleasant 
countries  in  the  east,  as  well  on  account  of 
the  goodness  of  the  air,  as  the  excellence  Of 
the  corn,  fruits,  and  all  the  necessaries  of 
life. 

Kessel,  a town  in  the  late  Prussian  Guel* 
deriand,  Netherlands,  stands  on  the  Maese, 
with  a handsome  castle,  seven  miles  n of 
Ruremande.  Lat.  51  16  n.  Ion.  5 49  e. 

Kesseldorf,  a village  of  Upper  Saxony, 
where  the  king  of  Prussia  obtained  a victory 
over  the  Saxons  in  1745,  seven  miles  w of 


miles  NNE  of  Gombron.  Lon.  56  45  e,  lat. 
29  30  N. 

Kerpen,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Roer,  France,  lately  of  Germany,  in  the  du- 1 
chy  of  .Tuliers,  seated  on  the  Erft,  with  a 
-coilegiate  church,  14  miles  sse  of  Juliers. 
Lon.  6 56  e,  lat.  50  5 n. 

KEPiRY,  a county  in  the  province  of 
Munster,  bounded  on  the  w by  the  Atlantic 
ocean,  on  the  n by  the  Shannon,  which 
separates  it  from  Clare,  on  the  e by  the 
counties  of  Limerick  and  Cork,  and  on  the 
s by  a part  of  Cork  and  the  ocean.  It  is  57 
miles  long,  and  45  broad,  being,  as  to  ex- 
tent, the  second  in  the  province  ; but  rjfot- 
witbstanding  its  fme  harbours,  it  is,  in  respect 
zo  number  of  inhabitants  and  culture,  infe- 
rior to  many  smaller  counties.  In  the  s it 
;s.  plain  and  fertile,  but  in  the  n it  is  full 
of  high  mountains.  Iron  ore  is  to  be  had 
in  most  of  the  southern  baronies,  and  here 
are  several  spas  or  medicinal  springs.  The 
principal  rivers  are  the  Blackwater,  Feal, 
Gale  and  Brick,  Cashin  Mang,  Lea,  Fiesk, 
Laune,  Carrin,  Fartbin,  Finny,  and  Roughty, 
and  the  principal  lake  is  the  celebrated 
one  of  Killarney.  Kerry  contains  84  pa- 
rishes, and  about  107,000  inhabitants ; and 
sends  four  members  to  parliament.  Graz- 
ing and  the  dairy  are  the  principal  objects 
of  rural  attention.  Kerry  cyder  is  highly 
prized.  The-  county  town  is  Ardfert, 
but  a more  considerable  one  is  Dingle,  on 
a bay  of  the  same  name.  Tralee  is  the 
capital. 

KertchySi  sien.  port  on  the  site  of  the  anci- 
ent Pantienpeum,  on  the  strait  of  Taman,  in 
ihe  Crimea.  It  was  once  of  great  iinpor 

IG 


Kesteven,  one  of  the  three  divisions  of 
Lincolnshire,  containing  the  western  part  of 
the  county,  from  the  middle  to  the  south- 
ern extremity.  It  possesses  variety  of  soil ; 
but,  on  the  whole,  is  a fertile  country.  Part 
of  the  fens  of  Lincoinsliire  are  in  this  dis~ 
triet, 

Keswick,  a small,  neod,  and  well  built 
town  in  Cumberland,  pleasantly  situated  in 
a beautiful  and  extensive  vale,  intersected 
by  the  Derwent,  which  here  spreads' into  t'tie 
two  spacious  lakes  of  Keswick  and  Basing- 
thwaite.  This  vale,  which  is  one  of  tl.'e 
most  romantic  and  charming  in  Britain,  at- 
tracts the  attention  of  the  admirers  of  natur 
w’ho  find  excellent  accommodation  at  Kes- 
wick. Keswick  is  surrounded  with  moun- 
tains that  ^are  full  of  mines  and  minerals  ; 
on  the  N is  the  lofty  Skiddaw^,  one  of  the 
most  distinguished  miountains  in  England. 
Keswick  has  a manufacture  of  duffels,  flan- 
nels, efee.  It  lies  near  the  rapid  little  river 
Greeta,  and  has  a market  on  Saturday  ; 25 
miles  Nw  of  Kendal,  ami  291  nnw  of  Lon- 
don. 

Kettering,  a market  town  in  Northami> 
tonshire.  Near  2000  hands  are  said  to  be 
employed  here  in  the  manufactories  of  shal- 
loons, tammies,  serges,  jmd  lace.  Here 
are  a soesioh  iiouse,  an  hospital,  and  a cha- 
rity school  for  20  girls,  v/iio  ai-e  caipioyed 
in  spinning.  It  hris  a market  on  Satur- 
day, and  three  a-nnual  fairs,  and  is  12 
miles  MK  of  Nor;hamptoii,  and  75  nw  of 
London. 

Ketteriii  Lock,  or  Loch  Ketterin,  a lake  m 
the  sw’  part  of  Perthshire,  the  SE  extremity 
of  w’hich  is  about  12  miles  w of  Cailendar; 

B 


lb 


S H I 


K I A 


about  eight  miles  long,  and  one  broad,  si- 
tuated amidst  rugged  and  romantic  scenery, 
and  abounding  with  excellent  fish. 

KettinSf  a parish  in  Forfarshire,  about 
four  miles  in  length,  and  three  in  breadth, 
lying  on  the  n eide  of  the  Sidiaw  hills,  14 
miles  Nw  from  Dundee.  In  the  parish  are 
the  ruins  of  six  chapehs;  and  in  the  district 
are  seven  villages.  Coarse  linen  is  manu- 
factured by  the  inhabitants.  Population 
about  1200. 

Kettle^ox  King^s  Kettle y a parish  and  vil- 
lage in  Fifeshire,  lying  nearly  in  the 
centre  of  the  county.  The  parish  com- 
prehends a surface  of  rather  more  than 
nine  square  miles.  It  is  watered  by  the 
Eden,  the  banks  of  which  are  of  an  excel- 
lent carse  soil.  The  village  of  Kettle 
stands  on  the  s banks  of  the  Eden,  and  con- 
tains <5,  or  600  inhabitants,  is  a thriving 
place,  and  from  its  situation,  wdtk  a com- 
mand of  coal,  lime,  and  iron  stone,  is  well 
adapted  for  manufactures.  Population  near 
1900, 

Keuschherg,  or  Kiade^  a town  of  Mis- 
Bia,  Upper  Saxony,  six  miles  sb  of  Mers- 
burg.  i 

Kem,  a village  of  Surry,  on  the  Thames,  | 
opposite  Old  Brentford.  Here  the  late  Mr.  I 
Morlmeux,  secretary  to  the  late  king,  when  , 
prince  ol^  Wales,  had  a fine  seat  on  the 
green  ; this  afterwards  became  the  residence  | 
of  the  late  prince  and  princess  of  VvVies,  j 
who  greatly  improved  the  house  and  gardens,  | 
and  is  now  occupied  by  his  present  majesty,  j 
who  has  enlarged  the  gardens,  and  forined  a 
jiinclioo  with  them  and  Richmond  gardens. 
In  1758,  across  the  Thames  to  Kew  green, 
a bridge  was  built  of  IJ  arches.  The  cen- 
tre CcFcb  is  5Q  feet  wide,  and  the  road  over 
the  bridge  30. 

Rexholmy  a fortified  town  of  Russia,  : 
in  the  government  of  Wiburg,  province  of  i 
the  same  name,  in  conquered  Carelia,  situat-  } 
ed  on  two  islands,  nnd  defended  by  a casde,  i 
near  which  the  river  Woxen  falls  into  the  I 
Ladoga  lake.  The  houses  are  of  wood.  | 
It  js  subject  to  Rii.ssia,  and  lies  60  miles  kb 
of  Wiburg,  and  67  n of  Petersburgh.  Lon. 

30  25  K,  iat.  61  3 N.  : 

KEXHOLM,  a province  of  Finland  Ca-  ■ 
xelia  in  Sweden,  the  e pan  of  which  is  sub-  ; 
ject  to  Russia,  and  the  w to  Sweden.  See 
Wiburg. 

Keynshain.  a town  in  Somersetshire,  seat- . I 
ed  on  the  Chew,  at  its  junction  with  the  ! 
Avon,  is  a great  thorough  (are  in  the  lower  i 
road  between  Bath  and  Bristol.  It  has  a I 
trade  in  malt,  a large  ohurcii,  a charity  | 
school,  a bridge  of  15  arches  over  the  Avon,  j 
a market  on  Thursday,  and  fairs  March  24,  1 
and  August  J5;  five  miles  se  of  Bristol, 
and  114  w of  London. 

^ KHARKOF,  a government  of  the  Rus- 
sian empire.  Its  capitcil  of  the  same  name 
is  situated  on  the  river  Uda. 

Khiva  J capit<^l  of  the  country  of  Charasni , 


surrounded  by  a strong  wall  of  earth,  vtitb 
‘urrets  at  a small  distance,  three  gates,  and 
a ditch  full  of  water  ; stands  amidst  fertile 
plains,  on  a rising  ground ; the  houses  are 
built  v/ith  mud,  and  have  fiat  roofs  ; 21Q 
miles  NW  of  Bokhara.  Lon.  59  20  e,  lat* 
40  50  N. 

Khoiy  a town  in  Aderbijan,  Per.sia,  with 
towers  on  its  walls  wh'ch  present  a triangu- 
lar front,  seated  in  a r.ob  and  beautiful 
I plain,  pn  the  Otour ; has  20  mosques,  and 
, about  50,000  inhabitants,  mostly  Armenians  ; 
1 85  miles  wnw  of  Tabriz.  Lon.  45  12  e, 
lat  38  30  N. 

I Khonsavy  a town  in  Irak,  Persia,  in  a fer- 
I ’''■‘illey,  between  two  ranges  of  rocky 
hills,  SO  miles  nw  of  Ispahan. 

Khcrremabad^  See  Kcrumabad, 

Ehowavy  a town  in  Irak,  Persia,  in  a pass 
of  the  Albores  mouniains,  called  the  strait 
of  Khowar  ; 60  miles  se  of  Teheran, 
j Khum,  See  Kom. 

Kia-kingy  a city  of  the  first  rank,  in  thev 
province  ol  Tehe  kiang,  China;  the  streets 
are  furnished  with  beautiful  piciZzas ; both 
. in  the  city  and  suburbs  are  many  triumphal 
arches,  and  several  marble  towers  on  tbe> 
sides  of  a canal,  to  the  w of  the  city. 
There  is  scarcely  a hou.se  that  does  not 
breed  silk  worms  ; 590  miles  sse  of  Peking* 
Lon.  120  J4  E,  lat.  3»)  50  n. 

Kiakla,  a town  in  the  govrrnment  of  Ir- 
kutsk on  tho  frontiers  of  Chinese  Tartary, 
Siberia,  has  a trade  in  fur,  and  is  the  mart 
of  the  Chinese  aud  Russian  commerce.  It 
is  seated  on  a small  river,  near  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Soleiiga ; 75  miles  ssw  of 
Selenginsk.  Lon.  106  30  e,  lat.  50 

20  N. 

Kiangariy  a town  in  Natolia,  Asiatic 
Turkey,  chief  place  of  a sangiacat,  has  a 
castle  on  a rock,  130  miles  e of  Bursa. 
Lon.  34  17  e,  lat.  39  56  N. 

KTANG-NAN,  a province  of  China.  It 
is  of  vast  extent,  and  contains  14  cities  of 
the  first  rank,  and  93  of  the  second  and 
third,  whieh  are  very  populous,  and  of  the 
gr>e.atest  note  for  trade  in  the  empire. 
It  is  full  of  lake.',  rivers,  and  canals;  and 
their  .silks,  japanned  goods,  ink,  and  paper, 
are  in  high  esteem.  In  the  city  of  Chau- 
glii  alone,  there  are  200,000  weavers  of 
plain  cottons  aud  muslins.  Nan-king  is 
the  c‘)pital. 

Kiang-7iiii.  See  Nan-king, 

KIANG-SI,  a province  of  China.  The 
mountains  to  the  s are  almost  inaccessible, 
but  there  are  fine  valleys  among  (hem,  wiihcli 
are  well  cultivated.  The  K part  contains  the 
great  Po  yang  lake,  and  some  extensive  mo- 
rass.'s.  It  contains  13  cities  of  the  first 
rank,  and  78  of  the  second  and  third.  It  is 
watered  by  brooks,  lakes,  and  rivers,  which 
abound  with  fish;  and  there  are  mines  of 
gold,  silver,  lead,  iron,  and  tin.  The  arrack 
here  is  excellent,  but  it  is  more  particularly 
noted  for  its  fine  porcelain,  which  is  made 


I 


K I E 


K I L 


at  ICiang-Teohiug.  Nan-Tchatig  is  the  ca- 
pital. 

Kian-ku,  the  largest  river  of  Asia ; has 
its  source  on  the  borders  of  Thibet,  runs 
E to  the  confines  of  Tartary,  then  takes  its 
course  through  Lower  Thibet  into  China, 
entering  the  province  of  Yuonaa,  where  it 
turns  to  the  e,  and  crossing  the  provinces  oi 
Se-tchuen,  Hou^quang,  and  Kiarj^-nan  falls 
into  the  eastern  ocean,  opposite  the  island  of 
Tsong^ining,  after  having  run  about  ‘^200 
miles.  Near  its  source,  the  Eleuths  call  it 
Porticho,  or  Petchow.  At  the  place  where 
it  bends  to  the  s,  it  is  on  the  opposite  side  oi 
the  mountains,  in  which  the  Ho;in-lio  takes 
it  rises.  Afterwards  these  two  great  rivers 
part  to  the  distance  of  1000  iniies ; yet 
where  they  discharge  themselves  into  the 
sea  they  are  only  about  iOO  miles  distant 
from  each  other. 

Kihurg,  a town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  can- 
ton of  Zurich,  with  a castle,  on  the  Keoff. 
14  miles  ens  of  Zurich,  and  15  se  of  Schaff- 
hausen. 

Kidderminster,  a towm  in  Worcestershire. 


Holstein,  and  greatly  benefited  by  the  cydet 
canal  to  Rendsburg.  Here  are  a castle  and 
university  ; 3T  miles  nw  of  Lubeck,  and  46 
N by  E of  Hamburgh.  Lon.  lO  16  e,  lat. 
54  21  N. 

Kien-tchang,  a city  of  the  first  rank  in  the 
province  of  Kiang-si,  China,  stands  in  a 
fertile  country,  340  miles  ssw  of  Nan-king. 
Lon.  1 16  35  E,  lat.  27  35  N. 

Kien-ning,  a city  of  the  first  rank  in  the 
province  of  Fo-kien,  China.  When  China 
was  subdued  by  the  Tartars,  it  sustained  two 
sieges,  in  the  last  of  which  it  was  taken,  and 
all  the  inhabitants  were  put  to  the  sword. 
It  was  afterw'ard  re-established,  by  the  Tar- 
tars. It  is  seated  cn  the  Minbu,  and  is  a 
place  of  considerable  trade.  It  is  780  miles 
s of  Peking  Lou.  117  2 e,  lat.  27  5 n. 

Kieou»kiang,  a city  of  the  first  rank  in  the 
province  of  Kiang-si,  China,  situated  on  the 
Kiaiik'u,  immediately  above  the  influx  of 
the  Poyaiig-hou.  It  is  the  rendezvous  of 
all  the  vessels  that  trade  in  this,  and  the 
neighbouring  provinces  250  miles  sw  of 
Nan-king.  Lon.  116  0 E,  lat.  29  54 


It  consists  of  about  1200  houses,  pretty  com- 
pactly built,  with  &038  inhabuants  in  1811. 
The  streets  are  well  paved,  and  the  pri  icipal 
sewers  are  carried  under  ground.  It  has 
been  long  noted  for  its  various  manufac- 
tures, broad  cloth,  linsey  woolsey,  wool'en 
worsied  tammies  crapes,  jbombazeens,  and 
poplins  ; and  particularly  for  carpets,  being 
accounted  the  first  market  in  England  .or 
pile  or  plush  carpets.  It  has  a market  on 
Thursday,  and  four  annual  fairs.  The  Staf- 
fordshire and  Worcestershire  canal  passes 
through  this  place.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Stour.  The  celebrated  Mr  Richard  Baxter 
was  many  years  minister  here.  It  has  a 
charity  school,  and  two  good  tree-schools, 
and  a town-hall.  It  is  governed  by  a bai-  j 
Viff,  12  capital  burgesses,  and  24  common  i 
council-men;  14  miles  se  of  Bridgenorth, 
and  |26  nw  of  London. 

Kidgey  or  Kej,  the  capital  of  the  province 
of  Meoran,  Persia,  with  a fort  on  a preci- 
pice, on  the  right  bank  of  the  Nehink.  In 
the  vicinity,  the  country  is  flat,  and  produ- 
ces a great  quantity  of  dates.  It  is  about 
320  miles  se  of  Kerman.  Lon.  60  55  e, 
lat.  26  25  N. 

Kidwehjy  a town  in  Casrmarthenshire,  on 
a creek  of  the  Bristol  channel,  governed  by 
a mayor,  with  a market  on  Tuesday.  It 
has  a canal  to  its  coallieries,  also  an  iron 
founder}',  and  a tin  mill ; on  the  opposite 
bank  of  the  creek,  where  the  old  town  once 
stood,  is  the  ruin  of  a castle.  It  is  eigbi 
miles  s of  Caermartheu,  a.id  226  w by  n of 
London. 

Kief,  See  Kiof, 

Kiel,  a city  of  Holstein,  the  residence  of 
the  duke  of  Holstein  Gottorp,  to  whom  this 
city,  and  one  half  of  Holstein  belongs.  It 
is  situated  oii  a bay  of  the  Baltic,  and  has  {'; 
good  harbour  for  ships  ot  the  largest  size 
and  is  one  of  nhe  most  commercial  places  in 


N. 


KilhogiCy  a village  in  the  parish  of  Clack- 
raaiiiian,  possessing  a harbour  on  the  Frith 
of  Forth.  Here  is  an  extensive  distillery, 
which,  previous  to  1788,  consumed  annually, 
60,000  boils  of  corn,  distilled  3000  tons  of 
spirits,  fattened  7000  black  cattle,  and  2000 
swine,  and  employed  300  hands. 

liilbarohaU:  a parish  and  village  in  Ren- 
frewshire. I'he  length  of  the  parish  is  about 
nine  miles,  the  breadth  from  three  to  five. 
The  surface  and  soil  toward  the  e,  are  fiat 
and  loamy,  in  the  middle  a deep  rich  clay^, 
and  towards  the  w,  rocky,  A moss,  from 
seven  to  nine  feet  deep,  covers  about  500 
acres.  Great  attention  is  paid  to  agricul^ 

! ture.  The  village  is  regularly  built  of  iree- 
I stone,  on  the  nw  side  of  Loch  Winnoch, 
about  four  miles  w of  Paisley,  and  contcdns 
about  2000  inhabitants,  who  are  chiefly 
w'eavers,  manufacturers  and  bleachers. 

Kilbeggan,  a borough  of  West  Meath,  Ire- 
land, on  ttie  Bosna,  14  miles  E of  Athlohe, 
and  42  w of  Dublin. 

Kilbirwjy  a parish  and  village  in  Ayrshire. 
Of  the  land,  about  iwo-thirds  is  a rich  and 
fertile  soil.  The  village  is  chiefly  inhabi- 
ted  by  silk  manufacturers,  about  eight 
miles  N of  Irvine.  Population  near  about 
960.  Kilbirny  castle,  the  property  of  the 
earl  of  C:awtord,  surrounded  by  ■fine  gar- 
dens, parks,  and  policies,  is  fast  going  to 
decay.  In  the  pafish  is  a lake,  two  mile^ 

, long,  and  near  one  broad. 

Kilbrandon,  a pc.rish  in  Argylshire,  which 
with  that  of  Kilchattan  united,  comprehends 
1 part  of  the  mainland  of  Lorn,  opposite  the 
1 Sound  of  Mull,  and  the  five  islands  of  Lu- 
ing,  Sell,  Shun,  Forse,  and  Easdale,  and 
extendi*  altogether  about  10  miles  m length, 
and  six  in  breanih,  including  the  Sounds  be* 
twixt  the  islands.  Population  about  2300  ; 
which  has  increased  greatly  during  the  last 
i B % 


. K I L 

et!»tury,  by'meaus  of  the  valuable  Easdale 
slate  quarries. 

Kilbride,  a parish  in  the  county  of  Bute, 
and  E side  of  the  isle  of  Arran,  about  14 
miles  long  and  nine  broad.  The  surface  is 
uneven,  and  the  soil,  though  tolerable,  is  in 
general  hard  and'  stony.  Poculation  near 
2200. 

Kilbride,  in  Argylshire.  See  Kilmore. 

Kilbride,  East,  a parish  in  Lanarkshire,  to 
which  that  of  Torrance  is  united,  and  which 
together,  extend  about  10  miles  in  length 
from  N to  s,  and  troau  two  to  five  in  breadth. 
The  arable  soil,  about  four  fifths  of  the 
whole,  is  chie%  a cold  wet  clay ; but  pro- 
duces  tolerable  crops  of  oats.  Lime,  iron- 
stone, and  coal  abound.  The  village  of 
Kilbride  is  noted  for  its  cotton  ma- 
nufactures. Many  petrifactions  are  found 
in  this  parish.  The  celebrated  Dr.  William 
Hunter,  of  London,  was  a native  of  it.  Po- 
pulation above  2300.  The  village  is  seven 
miles  ssE  of  Glasgow. 

Kilbride,  West,  a parish  in  Ayrshire,  six 
suiles  long,  and  cibont  three  broad,  compre- 
hending the  island  of  Lesser  Cambray,  which 
is  one  mile  long,  and  one-balf  broad,  and 
about  three  miles  from  the  shore.  It  con- 
tains a few  houses,  and  an  old  Gothic  castle. 
The  soil  of  the  cultivated  land  is  in  general 
poor  and  thin,  but  the  higher  grounds  afford 
excellent  sheep  pasture;  in  which  is  an  in- 
exhastible  quarry  of  coarse  granite,  in  much 
request  for  millstones.  Population  near 
800.  The  small  village  of  W Kilbride,  is 
four  miles  n of  Saltcoats. 

Kilbucho,  a parish  in  Peebles-shire,  four 
and  a-half  miles  long  from  e to  w,  and  three 
broad  from  n to  s.  It  consists  of  two  ridges 
of  hills,  with  the  vallies  on  the  n of  each. 
The  soil  in  general  is  capable  of  much  im- 
provement. On  Corscrine  hill,  in  this  pa- 
rish, the  English  encanaped  before  the  battle 
of  Biggar.  Population  near  350. 

Kilcalmonell,  a parish  in  Argyllshire,  to 
which  that  of  Kilbeiry  is  united,  lying  at 
the  northern  extremity  of  the  peninsula  of 
Cantire.  The  united  parish  extends  about 
16  miles  along  the  coast  of  the  Atlantic, 
with  a breadth  of  about  four  miles ; in  which 
there  is  a great  variety  of  surface  and  of 
soil.  Limestone  and  shell  sand  abound  in 
the  parish.  The  soil  yields  pretty  good 
crop$.  Here  are  several  fishing  villages, 
some  old  castles.  Population  near  3000, 

IT  miles  N of  Campbeiton, 

Kilchalumkill,  a village  seated  on  the  n 
side  of  Loch  Brora,  Sutherlandshire,  12 
miles'^  of  Dornock.  Here  a cementery 
contaming  large  human  bones,  was  lately 
discovered.  A stone  cross  was  dug  up 
near  the  village  and  erected  on  the  spot. 

Kilchoman,  a parish  in  Argyllshire,  in 
the  island  of  Isla,  is  about  20  miles  in  length, 
and  six  in  breadth,  intersected  by  two  arms 
of  the  river  Loehgrunat  and  Lochindale. 
The  soil  is  various,  but  on  the  coast  it  pro 


K I L 


duces  good  crops.  Linen  yarn,  horses,  and 
black  cattle,  are  annually  exported.  In  the 
bottom  of  a lake  covering  about  100  acres, 
and  abounding  with  trout,  are  a number  of 
large  oak  trees,  though  hardly  any  trees 
grow  in  the  island  at  present.  In  the  lake 
is  an  island  strongly  fortified.  The  inhabi- 
tants wear  the  lowland  dress,  and  speak 
gaelic.  In  the  parish  are  six  old  chapels, 
partly  standing.  Population  2060. 

Kilchrenan,  a parish  in  Argyllshire, 
which,  with  that  of  Dalavich  united  to  it, 
extends  18  miles  in  length,  and  eight  in 
breadth,  on  both  sides  of  Loch  Qw.  On 
the  shores  the  arable  land  is  excellent ; and 
the  hills  afford  good  pasture.  Population 
near  1100.  In  this  extensive  parish,  are 
four  schools  with  small  salaries. 

Kilcock,  a town  in  the  county  of  Kildare, 
Ireland,  on  the  Black  water,  17  miles  w by 
N of  Dublin. 

Kilconquhar,  a parish  and  village  in 
Fifeshire,  seated  on  the  coast  of  the  Frith 
of  Forth.  The  parish  is  eight  miles  long, 
and  iw'o  broad  ; the  surface  rising,  and  the 
soil  varying  from  sand  to  clay,  gradually 
from  the  coast.  Besides  many  beautiful 
seats,  there  are  four  villages  in  the  pa- 
rish. Barnyards,  containing  about  200 
inhabitants ; Golinsburgh,  360 ; Earlsferry, 
3^0;  and  Kilconquhar,  260.  Coals  and 
limestone  abound.  Population  is  above 
2000.  Od  the  shore  is  an  extensive  rabbit 
warren.  A great  variety  of  fish  are  taken 
on  the  coast,  and  in  the  parish  their  are 
a number  of  elegant  mansions. 

Kileool,  a town  in  the  county  of  Wicklow, 
Ireland,  in  the  vicinity  of  which  is  the  cele- 
brated salt  marsh  of  Cooldrass.  .It  stands^ 
near  the  sea,  18  miles  sse  of  Dublin. 

Kilcullen,  a town  it  Kildare,  Leinster, 
on  the  Liffey.  A mile  to  the  s is  the  vil- 
lage of  Kilcullen,  once  a walled  town,  with 
seven  gates,  one  of  which  still  remains, 
with  some  other  antiquities;  26  miles  sw 
of  Dublin. 

Kilda,  St,  a small  island,  one  of  the  He- 
brides, about  28  miles  w of  North  Uist. 

A great  number  of  people  in  this  island 
live  chiefly  by  fishing  and  catching  wild 
fowls.  St.  Kilda  is  the  most  westerly  is- 
land of  Great  Britain.  Lon.  8 23  w,  lat. 

57  43n.  ' 

Kildalton,  a parish  in  Argyllshire,  on  the 
SE  end  of  the  island  of  Islay,  about  15  miles 
long,  and  six  broad ; of  w hich  near  two 
square  miles  are  covered  w ith  natural  wood. 
The  soil  is  tolerably  good.  There  are  seve- 
ral harbours  on  the  coast,  near  one  of  w'hich, 
called  Loch  Knock,  stands  the  village  of 
Kildalton.  In  the  parish  are  several  old 
churches,  chapels,  and  burying  grounds. 
Population  near  2000. 

Kildare,  capital  of  the  county  of  its  name, 
and  a bishop^s  see.  The  nave  of  the  cathe- 
dral has  been  long  in  ruins.  The  tow  n is 
chiefly  supported  by  frequent  horse  races  on 


Ihfe  curragli,  a fine  lofty  plain,  contain- 
ing near  5000  acres,  wiiich  feeds  a great 
number  of  sheep.  It  was  anciently  the 
seat  of  druidical  superstition.  It  is  3^  | 
miles  wsw  of  Dublin.  Lon.  6 54  w,  lat. 
53  9 N. 

KILDARE,  a county  in  the  province 
of  Leinster,  Ireland.  It  is  37  miles  in 
length,  and  24  in  breadth.  It  contains  100 
parishes,  and  about  56,000  inhabitants,  and 
sends  two  members  to  parliament.  The 
principal  rivers  are  the  Liffey,  Barrow,  and 
Bogne.  It  is  a fine  arable  country.  Kil- 
dare is  the  capital,  but  tlie  assizes  are  held  al- 
ternately at  A thy  and  Noas. 

Kildonan,  a parish  in  Sutherlandshire,  20 
miles  long,  and  at  one  end  eight  broad,  but 
the  other  is  only  about  half  a mile.  The  ge- 
neral appearance  is  mountainous,  but  upon 
the  banks  of  the  Helmsdale,  the  soil  is  light 
and  fertile.  In  the  parish  are  the  ruins  ot 
many  Pictish  towers,  and  several  lakes.  Po- 
pulation is  about  1440. 

Kildrummij y a parish  in  Aberdeenshire, 
lying  in  a valley  from  two  to  three  miles 
square,  intersected  by  the  river  Don,  The 
soil  is  a deep  rich  loam,  abundantly  fertile. 
On  the  banks  of  the  Don  is,  a considerable 
extent  of  naTufal  wood.  On  an  eminence 
in  this  parish,  appear  the  venerable  ruins  of 
the  once  royal  castle  of  Kildrummy.  The 
church,  which  stands  on  a small  green 
mount,  is  built  of  moor  stone.  Population 
about  430. 

KilfenOra,  a town  in  the  county  of  Kil- 
dare, Ireland,  and  a bishop^s  see,  united  to 
Kill  aloe.  The  cathedral  is  a very  ancient 
edifice ; 14  miles  nw  of  Ennis. 

Kiljinan,  a parish  in  the  district  of  Cowal, 
Argyllshire,  lying  along  the  e side  of  Loch- 
fine,  is  20  miles  long,  and  from  three  to 
six  broad.  The  coast  and  surface  are 
very  rugged.  In  some  places  are  abund- 
ance of  oysters,  and  other  shell  fish.  Hus- 
bandry, and  the  herring  fishery  are  the 
chief  employments : Limestone,  shells,  and 
sea  weed  are  found  here.  Population 
about  1430. 

Kiljinichen,  and  Kilviceiierif  an  united 
parish  in  the  island  of  Mull,  Argyllshire, 
sometimes  called  the  parish  of  Rossy  irom  a 
large  district  of  it  so  named.  The  islands 
of  Inch-Kenneth,  Erosa,  and  Icolm-kill, 
belong  to  this  parish,  the  extent  of  which  is 
22  miles  in  length,  and  in  some  places  12 
jn  breadth.  The  surface  is  mountainous, 
and  the  general  appearance  barren.  Coals 
appear  in  different  parts,  and  several  quar- 
ries of  excellent  marble.  In  the  parish  are 
13  burying  grounds,  and  along  the  shores 
several  ancient  watch  towers.  Population 
about  3000. 

Kilgaron,  a town  in  Pembrokeshire,  on 
the  river  Tivy,  with  the  ruins  of  a castle  on 
a high  rock,  and  a market  on  V/ednesday. 
Here  are  large  works  for  fabriciating  tin 
plates.  It  is  governed  by  portreve  and 
bailiffs,  and  many  of  the  inhabitants  subsist 


by  fishing.  It  is  30  miles  n of  Pembroke, 
and  228  wnw  of  London. 

Kilkam,  a town  in  the  E Riding  of  York- 
shire, with  a market  on  Saturday,  31  miles'- 
NE  of  York,  and  200  N of  London, 

KiUay  a town  in  the  province  of  Bessara- 
bia, at  the  mouth  of  the  Danube,  in  an  island 
formed  by  it.  It  was  taken  by  the  Rus- 
sians in  1790,  but  restored  at  the  peace.  It 
is  86  miles  sw  of  Bielogorod,  and  290  ne  of 
Constantinople.  Lon.  28  46  e,  lat.  45 
22  N. 

Kilkennyy  the  capital  of  the  county  of  the 
same  name,  Ireland,  seated  on  the  No^re, 
over  w’hich  are  two  bridges.  It  is  one  of 
the  neatest  towns  in  the  kingdom,  and  con- 
tains about  20,000  inhabitants ; to  it  is 
joined  Irishtown  on  the  e side  of  the  river « 
It  once  had  a bishop,  and  the  cathedral 
which  stands  in  Irishtown,  beioags  to  the 
bishop  of  Ossory.  In  its  vicinity  are  quar- 
ries of  black  and  wiiite  marble.  It  sends  a 
member  to  parliament.  The  manufactures 
are  chiefly  W'oolien  cloths,  blankets  of  ex- 
traordinary fine  quality,  and  considerable 
I quantities  of  starcL  It  is  30  miles  n of 
Waterford,  and  57  sw  of  Dublin.  Lon.  7 
32  w,  lat.  52  36  n. 

KILKENNY,  a county  in  the  province 
of  Leinster,  38  miles  in  length,  and  18  in 
breadth.  It  contains  127  parisin^s ; and 
about  100,000  inhabitants.  The  soil  is  rich 
j and  fertile.  It  produces  plenty  of  corn, 

I wool,  marble,  and  coal,  which  like  ch  ‘.rcoal, 

1 burns  without  smoke.  The  country  a 'ouads 
! with  fine  plantations,  and  is,  from  the  purity 
of  the  air,  esteemed  extremely  healthiul.  It 
sends  two  members  to  parliament.  Its 
principal  rivers  are  the  Barrow,  Suia,  and 
Nore. 

Kilkhamptony  a town  in  Cornwall,  three 
miles  N of  Stratton,  and  16  nw  of  Launces-. 
ton,  with  a venerable  church,  being  that 
which  Mr.  Hervey  had  in  his  view,  as  the 
scene  of  his  celebrated  meditations  among 
the  tombs. 

Killalay  a sea  port  in  Alayo,  Ireland,  and. 
a bishop^s  see,  united  with  Achonry.  The 
cathedral  is  the  parish  ohurch.  it  is  seated 
on  a fine  bay  of  the  Atlantic,  of  the  same 
name;  24  miles  n of  Castlebar,  and  127 
NW  of  Dublin.  Lon.  9 42  w,  lat.  54 

8 N. 

Killaloey  a city  in  the  county  of  Clare, 
Munster,  on  the  Shannon,  over  which  there 
is  a bridge  of  19  arches,  and  a bishop^s  see 
united  with  Kilfenora.  The  cathedral  is 
the  only  church.  It  is  12  miles  ne  of  Li- 
merick, and  86  from  Dublin, 

Killany  Bay,  a bay  on  the  coast  of 
the  island  of  Alianmore,  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Galw'ay.  Lon.  9 36  W’,  lat.  52 
44  N. 

Killarney,  a town  of  Kerry  in  Munster, 
stands  near  the  celebrated  lake  of  the  same 
name,  with  an  extensive  liueir  manufacture, 
14  miles  se  of  Tralee,  and  4-5  w by  N of 
Cork. 


K I L 

fCillsrnetf,  a beautiful  lake  ©f  Ivcrry,  In 
Munster,  otherwise  called  Lough  Lean, 
from  its  being  surrounded  by  high  moun- 
tains. It  is  properly  divided  into  three 
parts,  called  the  Lower,  Middle,  and  Upper 
lake.  The  northern,  or  lower  lake,  is 
six  miles  in  length,  and  from  three  to  four 
in  breadth.  In  the  several  raouniains 
adjacent  to  the  lakes,  vestiges  of  ancient 
mines  of  iron,  lead,  and  copper,  are  still 
to  be  seen.  From  these  mountains  de- 
scend a great  variety  of  grand  tremen- 
dous water-falls,  from  various  heights  and 
dififerent  directions,  into  the  lake  which 
is  remarkable  for  the  strength  and  variety 
of  its  echoes,  particularly  at  the  eaglets  nest. 
The  numerous  islands  afford  a great  variety 
of  picturesque  scenery.  The  centre  lake  is 
indented  with  bays,  surrounded  by  dark 
groves  of  trees.  The  e boundary  is  formed 
by  the  base  of  P^Iangerton,  down  the  steep 
side  ol  which  descends  a cascade,  visible  for 
150  yards ; this  fall  of  water  is  supplied  by 
a lake,  near  the  summit  of  the  mountain, 
called  the  DemVs  Punch  Bowl^  This  lake 
contains  many  islands,  on  vrhich  are  the  re- 
marns  of  hermitages,  and  religious  houses. 
Innis  fallen  the  largest,  is  said  to  fatten  cattle 
sooner  than  almost  any  other  spot  in  the 
World,  and  contains  the  ruins  of  an  extensive 
monastery. 

Killarrcu),  a parish  in  the  island  of  Islay, 
Argyllshire,  to  which  that  of  Kiltneny,  is 
tinited,  and  which  together  are  26  miles  long, 
and  12  broad.  The  surface  and  soil  are  va- 
lious.  The  parish  is  someiimes  called  Bow~ 
more^  from  the  principal  village  in  it.  Here 
is  a river  of  its  name ; its  exports  are  bla^k  i 
cattle,  linen,  yarn,  and  some  oatmeal.  Po-  I 
puUition  above  2700.  j 

Killean^  and  Kilchenzie,  an  united  parish  I 
of  S'*otiand,  in  the  district  of  Kintyre,  Ar-  j 
gyilshire,  about  18  miles  long,  and  lour 
broad.  Along  the  coast,  the.  soil  is  sandy 
and  sharp,  but  inland  it  becomes  mossy. 
Population  above  2520.  In  this  parish,  are 
some  rude  obelisks,  some  Danish  towers, 
and  a vitrified  fort. 

KillearUy  a parish  in  Stirlingshire,  and 
western  extremity  of  Strathblane,  about 
12  miles  long,  and  two  and  a- half  broad, 
with  varied  soil,  but  generally  fertile. 
The  village  of  Killearn  is  situated  on 
the  Eudrick,  and  contains  about  230  in- 
habitants. At  this  village,  stands  a su- 
perb monument,  19  feet  square  at  the 
base,  and  103  high,  elected  in  1788,  to 
the  memory  of  the  celebrated  poet  and 
historian,  George  Buchanan,  who  was 
born  in  a about  two  miles  from  the 

village.  Some  stones  at  Blaressen-Spont- 
headj  are  supposed  to  mark  the  scene  ol  a 
bloody  butile  between  th  Romans  and  Ca- 
ledonians. In  the  parish  are  limestone 
mil  Slones,  jaspers,  a print-field,  and  some 
woollen  manufactures.  Population  near 
1100. 

Killearmn^  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Ros- 


K I I. 

shire,  about  ffve  miles  long,  and  two  bToaJ„ 
with  a variety  of  soil.  The  lands  are  unin- 
closed,  and  let  from  year  to  year.  Popula- 
tion ai)ove  1130. 

Killeskandray  a town  in  Cavan,  Ulster, 
Dublin,  seven  miles  sw  of  Cavan. 

Killevaiij  a town  in  rvlonaghan,  Ulster,, 
eight  miles  sw  of  Monaghan. 

KillicranPAe,  a noted  pass  of  Scotland,; 
in  Perthshire,  near  the  junction  of  the 
Tummel  with  the  Garry.  Killicrankie 
is  the  grand  entrance  into  the  High- 
lands in  those  parts.  Here  Is  some  su- 
blime scenery,  on  the  barks  of  the  Gar- 
ry, This  place  is  famous  for  a battle, 
that  was  fought  in  1689,  between  king 
William's  troops,  under  general  Mackay, 
and  a party  in  the  interest  of  king  James, 
commanded  by  Graham  Viscount  Dun* 
dee,  w'ho  fell,  and  with  him,  the  hojx^s 
of  the  house  of  Stewart  in  Scotland,  at  that 
time. 

Killileagh,  a town  in  Down,  Ulster, 
situated  on  an  arm  of  Strangford  Loch. 
It  has  a linen  and  thread  manufactory, 
and  a good  fishery.  It  gave  birth  to 
the  celebrated  Sir  Hans  Sloane,  seven 
miles  N by  E of  Downpatrick,  and  80  nnb 
of  Dublin. 

Killin,  a parish 'and  village  of  Scotland, 
in  Braidalbine,  Perthshire.  The  parish, 
which  lies  along  the  s bank  of  Loch  Tay, 
is  28  miles  in  length,  and  from  six  to 
eight  in  breadth.  The  village  cf  Killin, 
containing  about  150  inhabitants,  is  situat- 
ed at  the  w end  of  Loch  Tay,  20  miles  n\v 
of  Crieff'.  Fairs,  2lst  January,  12th  May, 
first  Wednesday  of  August,  second  Tuesday 
of  November,  o s.  Population  above 
2000. 

Killinaule,  a town  in  Tipperary,  Munster, 
Ireland,  10  miles  ene  of  Cashel,  and  16  n 
of  Clommel, 

Killingley,  a town  in  Windham  county, 
Connecticut,  on  the  Quinabaug,  18  miles 
NE  of  Windham. 

Killingworth,  a post  town  in  Middle^ 
sex  county,  Connecticut,  situated  on  the 
Hammonasset,  on  Long  Island  Sound, 
nine  miles  e of  Guilford,  and  24  b of 
New  Haven. 

Killony,  a town  of  Sligo,  Ireland,  six 
miles  s of  Sligo. 

Killough,  or  Port  St  Anne,  a town  in 
Down,  U.ster,  76  miles  n by  e of  Dublin. 
It  lies  N of  St  John’s  point,  and  has  an  ex- 
cellent quay  and  bason  W'hich  affords  safe 
and  commodious  anchorage.  A rock  stands 
at  the  entrance  of  its  harbour,  covered  at 
half  fioed.  They  have  good  fishing  in  th© 
ay ; but  the  principal  trade  of  the  place 
consists  in  the  exportation  of  grain.  A 
manufacture  of  salt  is  also  carried  on  with 
great  advantage ; six  miles  ssjs  of  Down- 
patrick. 

KHlyhegs,  a town  in  Donegal,  Ulster, 
with  a spacious  harbour,  on  tfce  N side  of 
Donegal  bay.  It -sent  niembcrs  to  tfa^ 


fek  I 

Irish  parliament.  It  is  miles  kw  of 
Ballysbannon,  and  123  kw  of  Duhhn. 
Lou.  8 6 w,  lat  54  40  N. 

Kilmacdaughy  a village  in  the  county  of 
Galway,  Ireland,  but  a bishop’s  see,  united 
to  Clonfert.  The  ruins  of  its  cathedral, 
monastery,  <fec.  indicate  its  former  ecclesi- 
astical importance,  though  it  be  now  a 
wretched  hamlet.  It  has  not  even  a parish 
church  : three  miles  sw  of  Gort,  and  15  n 
cf  Ennis. 

Kilmac  Thomas,  a town  in  the  county  ot 
Waterford,  Munster,  Ireland,  on  the  Mahon, 
’4  miles  wsw  of  Waterford. 

Kilmadan,  a parish  in  Argyllshire,  about 
12  miles  long,  raKl  half  a mile  broad,  lying 
in  a carrov/  glen,  formerly  called  Gienduisk 
and  Gienderrual,  suirouaded  by  high  bills. 
The  soil  is  deep  and  fertile.  In  the  parish 
is  limestone  and  clay,  fit  for  making  tobacco 
pipes.  The  celebrated  Colin  M'Laurin, 
late  professor  of  mathematics  in  Edinburgh, 
was  a native  of  this  parish.  Population 
500. 

Kilmadock,  a parish  in  Perthshire,  some- 
times called  Doune,  from  the  town  in 
which  the  church  is  situated.  It  is  of  an 
irregular  figure,  with  an  area  of  about  64 
square  miles,  watered  by  the  Forth,  the 
Tenth,  and  other  streams.  The  soil  varies 
from  the  richest  clay  to  the  poorest  moor. 
The  church  once  stood  on  the  site  of  a 
monastery,  dedicated  to  St  Madoe,  but  was 
long  ago  removed  to  Doune.  Population 
above  3000. 

Kilmahog,  a village  in  Perthshire,  within 
a mile  of  the  town  of  Callender.  It  con- 
tains about  200  inhabitants. 

Kilmainham,  a decayed  town,  situated  on 
the  w extremity  of  Dublin.  Manufactures 
of  iron  goods,  especially  of  the  heavy  kind, 
have  been  established  here.  The  quarter 
sessions,  and  the  election  for  the  knights  of 
the  shire,  are  still  held  here,  it  having  been 
once  the  seat  of  the  Irish  government.  On 
an  eminence,  on  one  side  of  it,  stands  the 
royal  hospital  for  invalids,  which  i-  an  ele- 
gant structure,  and  on  the  opposite  side 
the  Foundling  hospital.  It  has  also  a ses- 
sion house  and  a gaol. 

Kilmalcolm,  a parish  in  Renfrewshire, 
about  six  miles  square.  The  surface  is  un- 
equal and  rocky,  and  the  soil  shallow  and 
moorish,  except  on  the  banks  oi  the  rivers. 
The  village  of  Kilmalcolm  in  this  parish, 
contains  about  130  inhabitants.  In  the 
parish  are  three  mounds,  called  Laws,  such 
as  were  formerly  in  use  for  the  dispensation 
of  justice.  The  four  cups  used  in  the 
church  at  the  dispensation  of  the  Lord’s 
supper,  appear  to  have  been  candlesticks, 
and  are  those  used  by  Knox,  when  he  first 
dispensed  that  ordinance  in  Scotlund.  Po- 
pulation above  1 190. 

Kilmalie,  a parish  in  Argyll  and  In- 
verness-shires,  in  some  places  69  miles  in 
length,  and  80  in  breadth,  intersected  by 


K I L 

the  three  r.Tms  of  the  sea,  and  watered  hy 
the  Nevis  and  Lochy.  Among  the  high 
mountains  of  which  it  is  chiefly  composed, 
is  the  noted  Ben-nevis.  The  mountains 
are  frequented  by  eagles,  hawks,  kites,  and 
Polecats,  and  exhibit  many  beautiful  cas- 
cades. The  Gaelic  is  spoken  with  tolerable 
purity.  The  whole  district  is  laid  out  in  93 
farms,  lime-stone,  granite,  and  marble 
abound.  There  are  two  good  churches,  and 
several  chapels,  supplied  by  missionaries. 
John  Innis,  author  of  a treatise  on  the  mus- 
cles and  other  works,  was  a native  of  this 
parish.*  Cameron  is  the  prevailing  sirname 
in  this  parish  and  the  population  is  above 
4500. 

Kilmollock,  a once  celebrated  town  of 
Limerick,  Munster,  Ireland.  .The  ruins 
of  churches,  monasteries,  <fec.  indicate 
its  former  splendour.  It  is  said  once  to 
have  been  the  best  constructed  inland 
town  in  the  island,  and  from  its  ruins 
has  been  styled  the  Bulbec  of  Ireland, 
Here  is  an  ancient  round  tower.  It  is 
20  miles  s of  Limerick,  and  107  .sw  of  Dun- 
lin. 

Kibnani  Vaig,  a parish  in  Inverness- 
shire,  about  60  miles  in  length,  and  near 
20  in  breadth,  consisting  of  ranges  of  lot- 
ty  mountains,  intersected  by  extensive 
glens.  The  pasturing  of  sheep  and  black 
cattle  is  chiefly  attended  to  in  this  exten- 
sive district.  Here  are  some  parallel  roads 
said  to  have  been  formed  by  Fingal’s  he- 
roes ; many  of  whose  names  the  neighbouring 
mountains  bear,  and  these  roads  are  called 
the  Fingallian  roads.  Population  is  above 
2550. 

Kilmany,  a parish  in  Fifesbire,  about  six 
miles  in  length,  and  four  in  breadth,  situated 
north  of  Coupar,  in  a fine  valley.  The 
small  village  in  Kilmany,  pleasantly  situa- 
ted, is  three  miles  and  a- half  from  the  har- 
bour of  Balmenie,  on  the  Tay.  The  tithes 
and  patronage  of  this  parish  belong  to  the 
university  of  St.  Andrews.  On  the  face  of 
a mountain,  a mile  n of  the  village,  is  a 
romantic  cave  called  Goule's  Den.  Popu- 
lation is  about  787, 

Kilmarnock,  a populous  town  in  Ayrshire, 
noted  for  its  manufacture  of  gloves,  carpets, 
night-caps,  bonnets,  and  other  woollen  goods. 
It  is  a bovougli  of  Earony,  governed  by  two 
bailies,  and  a council  of  17,  who  elect  them- 
seives.  Besides  the  church,  which  is  colle- 
giate, there  was  a large  chapel  of  Ease,  which 
has  recently  been  made  a parisa  also.  'Iho 
inhabitants  are  remarkable  for  sobriety  and 
industry.  A great  proportion  of  them  livo 
in  comfortable  houses,  their  own  properties. 
Near  it  are  the  remains  ol  Dean  castlt',  iho 
seat  of  the  < arls  of  Kilmarnock,  in  the 
desolate  condition  to  which  it  was  reduced 
by  fire  in  1735.  It  has  four  annual  fairs 
for  horses,  &:c.  much  frequented.  It  is  13 
miles  NNE  of  Ayr,  21  sw  of  Glasgow,  and 
65  wsw  of  Edinburgh.  The  parishes,  ex- 


K I L 

tend  about  nine  miles  in  length,  and  four 
in  breadth,  along  the  banks  of  the  Irvin  ; 
having  a deep, ’strong,  and  fertile  soil,  witn 
a gentle  declivity  towards  the  s.  In  1801. 
the  population,  including  the  town  was 
S0T9,  and  in  1811,10,148. 

Kilmaronock,  a parish  in  Dumbarton- 
shire, about  five  miles  in  length,  and  from 
two  to  four  in  breadth,  situated  near  the  s 
end  of  Loch  Lomond,  watered  by  the  river 
Endrlck,  through  a beautiful  plain  of  3000 
acres,  with  the  house  and  pleasure  grounds 
of  Biichannan  on  its  banks.  Tbe  ruins  of 
ihe  castles  of  Kilmaronock  and  Batturret, 
bespeak  their  ancient  magnificence.  At 
Catter,  where  the  duke  of  Lennox  formerly 
bad  a seat,  is  a large  artificial  mound.  Po- 
pulation near  909. 

Kilmartiny  a parish  situated  on  the  w 
coast  of  Argyllshire,  12  miles  in  length, 
and  about  three  in  breadth.  The  surface 
and  soil  are  various.  The  village  of  Kil- 
martin  is  situated  in  one  of  the  most  beauti- 
ful vallies  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland. 
Loch  Crinan  in  this  parish,  is  the  principal 
Barbour  on  the  w coast  of  Argyllshire,  and 
tbe  Crinan  Canal  now  connects  it  with 
Loch  Fyne.  The  pulpit  in  the  church  is| 
built  of  stone  and  lime.  It  has  a parochial 
and  society's  school,  a good  inn,  and  tin-ee 
annual  fairs  for  horses,  cattle,  and  coarse 
cjolh.  The  population  of  this  p;irish  is 
about  1500. 

Kilmaurs,  a town  and  parish  in  Ayrshire. 
7’iie  tov/n  is  a borough  of  barony,  and  con- 
sists of  one  handsome  street.  It  is  pleasantly 
situated  about  two  miles  nw  of  Kilmarnock. 
The  parish  is  about  six  miles  in  length,  and 
three  in  breadth,  all  arable,  of  a good  soil, 
and  well  cultivated.  Here  are  several  coal 
pits.  In  the  church  is  a tomb  belonging  to 
the  earl  of  Glencairn,  and  near  the  town 
some  remains  of  tbe  residence  of  the  earls 
of  that  name.  The  town  is  a borough  of 
bnrony,  governed  by  two  bailiies  annually 
chosen,  and  contains  about  500  inhabitants. 
It  was  formerly  famous  fer  its -cutlery.  Po- 
pulation near  1300. 

Kilniichaely  a parish  now  annexed  to 
Glassary,  Argyllshire.  Tlie  church  is  15 
miles  s of  Inverary.  In  the  church  yard  is 
the  tomb  of  Aidan,  a descendant  from  one  ■ 
of  the  Scottish  kings,  and  who  himself  was 
■crowned  the  40tb  king  of  the  Scots  about 
the  year  574,  some  of  whose  descendants 
ore  yet  in  this  parish. 

Kihneadan,  a village  of  Ireland,  situated 
on  the  river  Siiir,  six  miles  w of  Water-  ' 
ford,  v'here  is  a famous  spa,  of  a chalybeate 
qiiality. 

Kilrnorack,  a parish  in  Inverness-shire, 
extending  about  60  miles  in  length,  from  e 
tow,  and  from  10  to  30  in  breadth,  lying 
on  the  Beauly,  and  exhibiting  every  variety 
<^f  sm  face  and  scenery.  Population  is  about 
.2366,  of  whom  700  are  Roman  Catholics. 
h has  two  chapels  and  a society's  school. 


K I L 

, Kilmorey  a parish  in  Argyllshire,  united 
with  Kilbridge  lying  in  the  district  of  Lorn, 
tind  incluuing  the  island  of  Kerera.  Its 
coast  is  generally  high  and  rocky,  but  there 
■ re  two  good  har  bours,  one  at  the  village  of 
Dnan,  and  another  at  Dunstaffnage ; be- 
sides two  in  the  island  of  Kerera.  The 
surface  rises  into  hills,  which  afford  good 
oasture.  The  cotton  manufacture  bcis  been 
introduced  into  the  parish.  Population 
about  1850. 

Kilmorey  a,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  couuty 
of  Cavan,  which,  with  Armagh,  forms  the 
•see  of  a bishop,  who  has  a palace  here,  but 
no  cathedral  nor  chapter,  though  a dean  and 
archdeacon  belong  to  it,  three  miles  sw  of 
Cavan. 

Kilmorg,  a parish  in  the  county  of  Bute, 
and  isle  of  Arran,  extending  30  miles  in 
length.  The  coast  is  rugged  and  bold,  and 
the  surface  irregular  and  hilly.  It  has  two 
churches,  a chapel,  and  two  parochial 
schools.  Population  near  2300. 

Kilmuiry  a parish  in  Inverness-shire, 
lying  at  the  northern  extremity  of  the  Isle 
of  Sky,  and  extending  16  miles  in  length, 
and  eight  in  breadth.  Here  are  some 
Danish  forts,  and  the  ruins  of  the  castle  of 
Duntulm,  the  ancient  residence  of  the 
amily  of  M’Donald.  Population  about 
2500. 

Kihnuir  Easter,  a parish  situated  on  the 
Frith  of  Cromarty,  and  including  part  of 
the  county  of  Ross.  It  is  about  10  miles 
long,  and  four  and  a-half  broad.  The  land 
near  tbe  coast  is  fertile.  Population  about 
1700. 

Kilmuir  Wester  and  Siiddy,  called  also 
Knockhain,  a maritime  and  fertile  parish 
near  Fortrose,  about  six  miles  in  length,  and 
five  in  breadth,  has  good  roads  and 
bridges.  Abounds  with  free  stone,  and 
exports  corn,  meal,  black  cattle,  and 
sheep.  In  the  parish  are  several  tumuli 
camps,  and  a druidical  temple.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  Munlachy  bay.  Population  about 
190,0. 

Kilniniany  a parish  in  Argyllshire,  com- 
prehending the  NW  extremity  of  Mull,  and 
the  adjacent  islands  of  Ulva,  Gometra, 
Little- Colonsay,  and  Staffa,  exclusive  of 
these  islands,  it  is  about  12  miles  long,  and 
12  broadr  The  ruins  of  seven  or  eight 
chapels  are  still  visible  ; has  two  churches, 
a chapel,  and  two  schools.  Population 
about  3600 

Kilninvavy  a parish  in  the  district  of 
Lorn,  Argyllshire,  united  to  the  parish  of 
Kilnielfort,  forming  together  a square  of 
near  12  miles.  The  surface  and  soil  are 
various,  large  tracts  are  covered  with  na- 
tural and  planted  wood.  It  has  two 
churches,  and  besides  the  parochial,  two 
society  's  schools.  Population  near  1200. 

Ktlpatricky  New  or  East,  a parish,  situated 
partly  in  Stitliugsbire,  and  partly  in  Dunv 
barloiisliire.  In  1619,  this  parish  was  dis- 


HIT 

joined  from  Old  Kilpatrick.  The  river  Kel-  j 
\i!i  runs  through  ihe  piuisb,  in  which  arc  | 
six  bleachfields^  tour  corn  mills,  one  tor  snuff, 
and  one  tor  paper.  Lime,  coal,  end  iron- 
stone are  wrought.  There  is  one  village  cal- 
led Milngavie,  and  several  schools.  Popu- 
lation above  2100. 

Kilpatrick  Old,  or  JVei,t,  Wes  in  Dumbar- 
tonshire, 10  miles  below  Glasgow.  It  ex- 
tends about  eight  miles  in  length,  and  from 
three  to  lour  in  breadili ; and  from  its  local 
situation,  and  a great  command  ot  water, 
considerable  tracts  are  occupied  as  bleach- 
fields,  printffelds,  cfec.  Kilpatrick  claims  the 
honour’ot  being  the  birih-place  ot  the  tute- 
lary saint  of  Ireland.  Vestiges  ot  the  Ro- 
man wall,  ])uiit  by  Anloninus,  extend  from 
the  Frith  of  Clyde  at  this  place,  to  the  Frith 
of  Forth.  Near  the  termination  of  the  wall, 
at  Bowling  bay,  in  this  parish,  the  canal 
from  the  Forth  joins  the  Clyde.  Population 
near  3000. 

Kilrea,  a town  in  the  county  of  London- 
derry, Ireland,  on  the  Baim,  28  miles  e of 
Londonderry. 

Kilrenny,  an  ancient  royal  borough  in 
Fifeshire,  on  the  Frith  of  Forth,  now  re- 
duced to  a small  village.  It  joins  with  An- 
struther  Easter,  A nstruiher  Wester,  Pitten- 
weern,  and  Crail,  in  electing  a member  of 
parliament.  It  had  its  charter  from  James 
VI.  The  parish  is  about  two  miles  in  dia- 
meter*  Population  about  1040.  It  is  two 
miles  sw  of  Crail. 

Kilrush,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Munster,  and  county  of  Clare,  Ireland, 
.seated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Shannon.  It 
is  about  25  miles  sw  of  Ennis,  and  142  from 
Dublin. 

Kilspiadie,  a parish  in  Perthshire,  lying 
partly  in  the  Cark^  of  Gowric,  and  partly  in 
the  Sidlaw  hills, about  seven  miles  e of  Perth, 
oii  the  road  leading  to  Dundee,  five  miles 
long,  and  three  and  a-half  broad.  Popula- 
tion about  766. 

KiUyth,  a parish  and  village  in  Stirling- 
shire. The  parish  is  about  seven  miles  in 
length,  and  near  four  in  breadth,  watered  by 
the  Curron  and  Kelvin.  It  is  intersected  by 
the  Forth  and  Clyde  canal,  by  GrabanFs 
dyke,  and  the  road  from  Glasgow  to  Stirling. 
In  the  parish  are  limestone,  freestone,  iron- 
stone, agates,  and  jaspers.  A number  of 
Roman  antiquities  have  been  found,  particu- 
larly on  the  spot  where  was  fought  the  bat- 
tle of  Kilsyth ; and  two  Roman,  and  two 
Pictish  camps.  The  general  appearance  is 
bleak  and  rugged  ; but  the  soil  of  the  cuiti- 
%’ated  laud  is  tolerably  fertile.  The  village 
IS  now  a considerable  manufacturing  place. 
It  is  a borough  of  barony,  entitled  to  bold  a 
weekly  market  and  four  annual  fairs ; and 
lies  12  miles  n by  e of  Glasgow  and  Falkirk. 
Population  near  1800. 

KtYfar/f/y,  a parish  in  Inverness-shire,  to 
which  that  of  Conveth  is  united.  It  contains 
about  91,638  Scots  acies,  of  which  3000  are 
No.  IT— 6d, 


K I M 


arable,  3000  under  meadow  grass,  and  the 
remainder  under  wood  and  heath.  On  the 
streams  which  form  the  Beauley,  in  this  pa- 
rish, various  kinds  of  machinery  are  erected. 
In  the  remote  parts  of  the  parish,  one  of  the 
society’s  missionaries  is  employed.  Here 
are  numerous  lakes  stored  with  trout.  Two 
miles  Nw  of  the  church,  on  the  banks  of  the 
Beauley,  is  a vitrified  building,  called  Fin- 
gaPs  Fort,  60  yards  in  circumference.  Po- 
pulation about  2600. 

Kiltearriy  a parish  in  Ross-shife,  extend- 
ing about  six  miles  along  the  n side  of  the 
Frith  of  Cromarty,  with  a breadth  of  about 
two  miles  of  arable  land,  generally  well 
cultivated;  besides  a considerable  11  ighl and 
district,  for  the  most  part  wild  and  unculti- 
vated. About  five-sixths  of  the  pari  h be- 
longs to  the  family  of  Monro  of  Fowlis, 
long  noted  for  the  military  characters  it 
has  produced ; and  lineally  descended  from 
Donald  Monro,  on  whom  king  Malcolm 
II.  bestovred  the  country  of  Fcrindonald, 
called  the  barony  of  Fowlis,  and  now  29 
or  30  generations  distant.  Population  aboVQ 
1590. 

Kilwinning,  a considerable  town  aiid  pa- 
rish in  Ayrshire.  The  town  is  situated  five 
! miles  NNW  of  Irvine,  and  contains  about 
1260  inhabitants.  The  church  is  partly 
built  in  the  Gothic  style.  Fart  of  the  tall 
steeple,  by  which  this  town  was  distinguish- 
ed, which  was  almost  all  that  remained  of 
a monastery  founded  here  in  the  12th  cen- 
tury, lately  fell.  This  monastery  was  de- 
dicated to  St  Winning,  and  first  peopled  with 
monks  from  Kelso.  In  1603,  the  temporal- 
ities were  bestowed  on  the  earl  of  Egling- 
ton.  Fairs,  February  1st,  called  Winning’s 
I day,  and  first  Wednesday  after  October 
! 29th.  It  is  noted  for  being  the  seat  of  the 
j first  mason  lodge  in  Scotland.  The  parish 
I is  nine  miles  in  length,  and  in  many  places 
I of  the  same  breadth.  The  soil  is  generally 
I inclosed  and  well  cultivated.  Populatiuii 
about  2700. 

Kilworth,  a thriving  town  in  Cork,  Ire- 
land, on  the  Funcheau,  25  miles  nks  of 
Cork,  and  108  sw  of  Dublin. 

Kimberworth,  a village  in  W Yorkshire, 
famous  for  its  linen  and  woollen  manufac- 
tures, two  rhiles  w of  Rotheram. 

Kimbolton,  a town  in  Huntingdonshire, 
with  a market  on  Friday  ; noted  for  an  an- 
j cient  castle,  which  was  the  retirement  of 
queen  Catherine,  after  her  divorce  from 
Henry  VIII.  and  lately  repaired  in  a sump- 
tuous style.  It  is  the  seat  ol  the  duke  of 
Manchester.  Fair,  Dec.  ilth.  It  is  eight 
miles  NW  of  St  Neot,  and  64  n by  w of 
London. 


Kimi,  or  Kiemi,  the  capital  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Kimi,  in  Lapland  ; situated  on  a ri- 
ver Of  the  same  name,  near  its  enlrunce 
into  the  gulf  of  Bothnia!  10  miles  e of 
Tornea. 

Kimlassa.  a town  of  Molwa,  Hlndoortan. 

' ' C 


K I N 

40  miles  s of  Chandaree,  aad  185  enb  of 
Ougein. 

Kimpolnng,  a town  of  Moldavia,  Europe- 
an Turkey,  on  the  Maldava,  92  miles  ne  of 
Coloswar. 

Killy  or  Kain,  a town  of  Chorosan,  Persia^ 
stands  at  the  loot  of  a mountain,  60  miles 
ssw  of  Herat. 

Kinhurn,  a fort  of  Russia,  on  the  s side  of 
the  estuary  of  the  Dnieper.  It  has  been 
frequently  attacked  by  the  Turks,  both  by 
land  and  water,  but  v/ithout  success;  18 
miles  ssE  of  Oczakcf.  Lon.  30  34  e,  lat. 
46  N. 

Kincardine,  a small  sea  port  on  the  n side 
of  the  Frith  of  Forth,  four  miles  e from  Al- 
loa, containing  900  inhabitants.  It  has  a 
post-office,  two  weekly  markets,  and  several 
well  attended  fairs. 

KINCARDINE,  or  Mearnshire,  a 
county  of  Scotland,  35  miles  long,  and 
25  broad.  It  is  a level  country,  fertile  in 
corn  and  pasturage,  producing  also  a great 
quantity  of  fir  wood.  The  sea  coasts 
abound  with  excellent  harbours,  and  at 
Stonehaven,  the  capital,  is  a considerable 
salmon  fishery.  The  county  is  divided  into 
19  parochial  districts,  which,  by  the  returns 
made  in  1811,  contained  27,439  inhabitants  ; 
and  the  real  land  rent  is  estimated  at 
£,  38,500  Sterling.  The  village  of  Kincar- 
dine, nine  miles  sw  of  Stonehaven,  was  for- 
merly the  capital,  but  Stonehaven  is  now 
the  county  tcwm. 

Kincardine^  a parish  in  Perthshire,  situat- 
ed on  the  Strath  of  Monteitb,  sw  of  Doune. 
It  is  of  a triangular  figure,  of  which  one  side 
is  12  miles,  another  10,  and  the  third  about 
seven.  It  contains  above  6000  acres,  4000 
of  which  are  carse  land.  Population  of  the 
parish  above  2270. 

Kincardine,  a parish  in  the  counties  of 
Ross  and  Cromarty,  about  30  miles  in 
length  from  E to  w,  and  about  20  in 
breadth  at  the  western  extremity,  but 
narrowing  toward  the  e ; 14  miles  w of 

Tain,  stands  the  village  of  Kincardine. 
Population  abovit  1860.  In  the  remote 
parts  of  this  parish  is  a missionary  esta- 
blished by  the  late  lady  Glenorchy.  On 
Cairr.ehuaig  are  found  stones  similar  to 
those  of  Cairngorm.  Kuoekirmy  abounds 
with  marble,  ami  on  the  top  of  Sciulm-a- 
Charra,  are  found  beds  of  marine  shells. 
The  inhabitants  are  mostly  of  the  name  of 
Ross. 

Kincardine-0- Neil,  a parish  in  Aberdeen- 
shire, which  gives  name  to  a presbytery; 
seven  miles  long  and  five  broad  ; containing 
5560  acres  of  arable  ground.  The  village 
is  finely  situated  on  the  n banks  of  the  Dee, 
23  miles  w of  Aberdeen.  Spinning  and 
knitting  employ  a number  of  the  inhabitants, 
who  amount  to  1710,  but  are  on  the  decrease 
since  1791. 

Kinclaven,  a parish  in  Perthshire,  lying  on 
the  s and  w bau^s  of  the  Tay,  about  eight 


K I N 

miles  N from  Perth.  The  surface  is  diversi- 
fied, and  the  soil  gravelly  and  ihin.  Popu- 
lation above  1000.  On  the  banks  of  the 
Tay  are  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  castle  of 
Kinclaven. 

Kinderjiook,  a post  town  of  New  York,ia 
Columbia  county,  e side  of  Hudson  river  ; 
13  miles  n of  Hudson  city.  The  township 
contains  4661  inhabitants,  of  whom  411  are 
electors,  and  638  slaves. 

Kineton,  See  Kington, 

Kinfauns,  a parish  in  Perthshire,  lying 
at  the  western  extremity  of  the  Carse  of 
Gowrie.  It  contains  about  8780  Scots 
a<?res,  2520  of  which  are  arable,  and  the  re- 
mainder is  mostly  planted.  The  castle  of 
Kiniauns,  the  seat  of  lord  Gray,  stands 
about  eight  miles  e from  Perth.  Popu- 
lation about  650.  In  the  castle  of  Kin- 
fauns  is  a sword  five  feet  six  inches  long, 
and  two  inches  and  a half  broad,  said  to 
have  belonged  to  Sir  Thomas  Charteris, 
otherwise  called  Sir  Thomas  de  Longuiviile, 
on  whom  king  Robert  Bruce  bestowed  the 
lands  of  Kinfauns. 

Kin-gan,  a city  of  the  first  rank  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Kiang-si,  China,  on  the  Kan-kiang, 
800  miles  s of  Peking.  Lon.  115  10  e,  lat. 
27  16  N. 

KING  COUNTY,  a county  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Leinster,  Ireland.  It  is  divided 
into  52  parishes,  contaiiii r.g  about  74500 
inhabitants,  and  sends  two  members  to  par- 
liament. The  soil  is  tolerably  fertile,  but 
not  so  well  cultivated  as  some  of  the  other 
counties.  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Shannon, 
Brosna,  Boyne,  and  Barrow.  Philipstown 
is  the  capital. 

King  George  Sound,  a bay  on  the  w coast 
of  America,  on  an  island,  called  by  the  na- 
tives Nootka,  the  name  by  which  it  is  known 
among  the  English,  to  whom  it  was  ceded 
by  the  Spaniards  in  1790,  and  was  formally 
taken  posession  of  in  1795.  The  natives 
are  of  low  stature,  but  plump,  with  little  dis- 
tinction between  the  sexes.  They  are  good 
natured,  docile,  and  courteous,  but  resentful. 
Their  houses  are  built  of  plank,  but  their 
furniture  is  not  regular,  nor  their  houses 
clean. 

King  George  the  Third  Sound,  a safe  har- 
bour discovered  by  Vancouver,  in  1691,  on 
the  SW'  coast  of  New  Holland.  Lon.  118  IT 
E,  lat,  35*  5 s. 

Kingarth,  a parish  on  the  s end  of  the 
island  of  Bute,  seven  miles  long  and  two 
broad.  The  soil  is  good,  and  mostly  inclos- 
ed. Limestore  abounds.  In  the  parish  are 
the  remains  of  a vitrified  fort.  Population 
about  870. 

King  Edward,  a parish  in  Aberdeenshire, 
extending  12  miles  in  length,  and  varying 
from  t w’o  to  five  in  breadth.  Of  1 4,000  Scots 
acres  which  it  contains,  6482  are  under  cul- 
ture. Near  the  village  of  New  Byth,  is  a 
societ3'’s  chapel  of  ea^e.  In  the  parish  are 
the  ruins  of  u castle  of  the  same  name,  tb© 


k I N 

aucieat  residence  of  the  earls  of  Biicban. 
Population  about  1720. 

Kingham,  a village  in  Oxfordshiie,  Gear 
Chipping  Norton,  noted  for  the  best  sconr- 
iiig  sand. 

Kinghorn,  a town  in  Fifesbire,  neariy  op- 
posite Leith.  David  I.  gramed  it  the  pri- 
vileges of  a royal  borough.  It  consists  ol 
one  main  street  intersected  by  lanes  ; and  it 
contains  about  1200  inhabitants.  It  unites 
with  Dysart,  Kirkcaldy,  and  Burntisland,  in 
sending  a member  to  parliament.  The  pa- 
rish is  about  four  mites  long,  and  three  and 
a-half  broad,  with  a very  pleasing  variety  of 
surface.  At  Petty  cur,  a little  to  the  sw,  is 
a harbour  for  the  conveniency  ot  the  passage 
boats  to  Leith-  Population  of  town  and 
parish  about  2300. 

Kinglassie.  a parish  in  Fifesbire, four  miles 
in  length,  and  two  in  breadth.  The  whole 
is  arable.  The  village  of  Kinglassie  is  situ- 
ated on  the  shank  of  the  Leven.  Population 
about  900. 

Kingoldrum,  dLi^dinsh  in  Forfarshire,  seven 
miles  in  length,  and  two  and  a-half  in  breadth. 
There  are  about  3T00  acres  of  arable  land. 
The  church  was  originally  a parsonage  be- 
longing tCL  the  abbey  of  Arbroath,  on  the 
lands  formerly  belonging  to  which,  the  mi- 
nister's stipend  is  assessed  to  this  day.  Po- 
pulation near  600. 

Kingoodiey  a village  in  Perthshire,  parish 
of  Longforgan ; built  to  accomodate  the 
labourers  in  the  quarry  of  Kingoodie.  The 
stone  of  this  quarry  is  of  a grey  colour,  of 
the  kind  of  freestone  termed  grainstone  by 
mineralogists  ; it  is  difficult  to  work,  but  is 
hard  and  durable  to  an  uncommon  degree  ; 
so  much  so,  that  the  steeple,  or  old  tow^er  of 
Dundee,  built  of  this  stone  in  1189,  scarcely 
shew’s  any  appearances  of  decay ; and  the 
bouse  of  Castle  Huntly,  built  in  I4t52.  It 
has  a quarry  of  the  best  stone  for  building  in 
Scotland.  The  number  of  workmen  is  about 
50  or  60,  and  with  their  families  amount  to 
about  120. 

Kingroad,  in  the  British  or  Bristol  chan- 
r.cl,  whence  the  Bristol  ships  take  their  de- 
parture. Lon.  2 37  w,  lat.  5i  54  N. 

King  sale  ^ a town  in  Sussex. 

King's  Barns,  a parish  and  village  in  Fife- 
shire.  The  parish  is  about  four  miles  square^ 
with  a generally  fertile  soil.  The  village 
lies  six  miles  se  of  St  Andrews,  and  con- 
tains near  500  inhabitants,  mostly  employed 
in  weaving,  <fec.  This  village  is  built  on  the 
site  of  an  old  castle,  which  is  said  to  have 
been  a royal  residence.  The  whole  popula- 
tion of  the  parish  is  about  840. 

King’s  Langley,  a village  on  the  river 
Gade,  Hertfordshire.  Here  are  still  visible 
the  ruins  of  a palace,  built  by  Henry  III. 
In  its  monastery  was  buried  Richard  II. 
whose  remains  were  removed  by  Hen- 
ry V.  to  Westminster : five  miles  sw  of  St 
Alan. 

Kingshridge,  a neat  town  in  the  $ of  De- 


K I N 

vonshire,  seated  at  the  head  of  a small  inlet 
of  the  English  channel,  called  Salcomb 
r^■er,  over  w^hich  there  is  a bridge  to  Dcd  • 
brook,  and  has  a market  on  Saturday. 

It  consists  of  about  150  houses,  and  is 
34  miles  s by  w of  Exeter,  and  208  wsw  of 

London.  ^ ^ ^ „ 

Kingshridge,  a post  town  of  the  state  ot 
New  York,  on  the  w side  of  the  Hudson, 
over  which  is  a bridge  connecting  New 
York  island  with  the  mainland,  15  miles  n 
of  New  York  city.  . 

Kingsclere,  a pleasant  town  in  Hampshire, 
has  a market  on  Tuesday,  and  a great  trade 
in  malt.  It  was  anciently  the  residence  of 
some  of  the  Saxon  kings,  nine  miles  sw  of 
Bassingstoke,  and  54  w by  s of  London. 

Kingscairn,  a large  tnmulus,  near  Cullen, 
Banffshire,  on  the  spot  where  Indulfus  king 
of  Scotland,  was  killed  in  an  engagement 
with  the  Danes. 

Kingseliff,  a town  in  Northamptonshire, 
with  a market  on  Tuesday,  and  a fair,  Ocvi*. 
29 ; 12  miles  w of  Peterborough,  and  86  n 
by  w of  London. 

King’s,  or  Pearl  Island,  in  the  bay  ot  Pa- 
nama, subject  to  Spain.  Lon.  8 1 45  w,  lat. 

7 10  N. 

Kingstein,  a fortress  of  Norway.  Sec 
Fredericstadt, 

“ Kingston,  a corporate  town  in  Surry,  seat- 
ed on  the  Thames,  w^ith  a market  on  Satur- 
day. Egbert,  the  first  king  of  England,  and 
his  son  Athelw'olf,  were  present  at  a council 
held  here  in  the  year  838,  and  several  Saxon 
kings  were  crowned  here.  It  sent  members 
to  parliament  iu  the  reign  of  Edward  II.  and 
in.  but  on  petition  of  the  inhabitants  wa^ 
disfranchised.  The  , spring  assises  are  hold 
here.  Queen  Elisabeth  founded  a free 
school  at  this  place.  The  corporation  have 
a revenue  for  the  support  of  a wooden  bridge 
over  the  river.  In  18 i I,  the  population  was 
4i44.  It  is  10  miles  sw  of  London.  Lon. 
0 12  w,  lat.  51  27  N. 

Kingston,  or  Esopus,  a post  town  in  New 
York,  situated  in  Ulster  county,  on  Es.  pus 
creek,  near  its  influx  into  Hudson  river.  In 
1777,  it  was  demolished  by  an  English  fleet, 
but  has  been  rebuilt  on  a regular  plan  ; 
16  miles  w of  Rhinebeck,  and  86  k of  New 
York. 

i^ingston-upon^HuU.  See  Hull. 
Kingston,  the  chief  towm  of  Lenoir  county, 
North  Carolina,  on  the  n side  of  the  Neus. 
It  is  40  miles  w by  n of  Newbern,  and  50 
SE  of  Ralegh. 

Kingston,  a county  and  town  in  George- 
town district,  S Carolina,  w side  ol  Wakka- 
maw  river,  30  miles  nnk  of  Georgetown, 
and  103  nnk  of  Charleston. 

Kingston,  formerly  called  Frontinac,  situ- 
ated on  the  northern  part  of  lake  Ontario, 
at  its  outlet  into  the  river  St  Lawrence,  150 
miles  sw  of  Montreal.  Here  the  king^s 
stores  are  kept  under  guard.  Ves^els  from 
Lower  Canada  go  no  farther  than  this  place, 
C 2 


K I N 

aoii  hence  to  York,  Niagara,  &e.  scores 
and  merchandise  are  conre\’ed  in  boats. 
It  is  150  miles  sw  of  MontreaL  Lon.  75  40 
w,  lat.  44  8 N. 

Kingston,  the  capital  of  the  island  of  St 
Vincents,  West  Indies.  It  is  situated  at 
the  head  of  a bay  of  the  same  name,  on  the 
5w  shore  of  the  island.  Lon.  01  IS  \y.  lat 
13  5 N. 

Kingston,  the  capital  of  the  island  of  Ja- 
maica, in  the  West  Indies,  is  situated  on  the 
Ji  side  of  a beautiful  harbour,  having  Port 
Royal  on  the  ne,  and  Spanish  Town  on  the 
sw.  It  was  built  after  the  great  earthquake, 
which  destroyed  Port  Royal  iri  16S2.  The 
houses  are  of  one  story,  and  many  of  them 
have  porticos,  and  was  incorporated  into  a 
city  in  1803.  In  1788,  the  white  inhabi- 
tants amounted  to  0539  : free  people  of  co- 
lour, 3280  j and  slaves,  10,659  j in  ail 
26,478.  It  is  a place  of  great  trade  and 
opulence,  deemed  as  healthy  as  any  in  Eu- 
rope. Many  of  the  houses  in  the  upper  part 
of  the  town  are  magnificent,  having  every 
conveniency  for  a comfortable  habitation  in 
this  climate.  Upon  an  average  of  20 
years,  the  ships  that  go  annually  from  this 
port  amount  to  400.  Lon.  76  43  w,  lat.  18 

0 N. 

King-tcheov , a city  of  the  first  rank,  in  the 
province  of  Houquang,  Chind.  It  is  divided 
by  a single  wall  into  two  parts,  one  of  which 
belongs  to  the  Chinese,  and  the  other  to  the 
Tartars,  of  whom  the  garrison  consists.  It 
has  a great  trade,  and  is  seated  on  the  Kian- 
ku.  It  is  620  miles  ssw  of  Peking;.  Lon. 
11/37  E,  lat.  41  6 N. 

King-te-ching,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Kiang-si,  China.  It  is  famous  for  its  beau- 
tiful porcelain.  It  is  computed  to  contain 
above  a million  of  inhabitants,  and  extends 
a league  and  a-half  along  the  banks  of  a 
river,  which  here  forms  a kind  of  harbour, 
about  a league  in  circumference.  It  is  635 
miles  s of  Peking.  Lon.  116  54  e,  lat.  29 
25  N. 

Kington,  or  Kineton,  a town  in  Warwick- 
shire. Here  king  John  erected  a castle,  in 
w’hioh  he  kept  his  court.  It  has  a market 
on  Tuosda}^  and  is  10  miles  sse  of  War- 
wick, and  83  Nw  of  London. 

Kington,  or  Kgneton,  a large  town  in 
ITeretordsiiire,  with  a good  trade  in  narrow 
cloth,  seated  on  the  Arrow,  at  the  foot  of 
Ilradnor  nuuiiUain,  wi^h  a market  on  Wed- 
r^'vday.  It  is  15  miles  nw  of  Hereford,  and 
155  of  Loudorr. 

Kingrjssie,  awd  Inch,  an  united  parish  of 
5?cot]at;d,  in  Inverness-shire,  and  diso-icr  of 
Badenoeh,  ai;out  20  mites  long,  and  17  j 
brorid,  watered  by  the  Spey.  I'he  climate  is  i 
cold  rood  damp.  Ii  is  mostly  allotted  to  the  | 
f-Hs(nrc  of  sh,  ep  and  black  cattle.  Popu.a- 
ti(\M  a hove  13l;9. 

Kiu-hco.  a city  of  the  first  rank  in  Tclie- 
kiang,  Ciuoa,  sMjds  on  the  batiks  of  a Ihic 
c’  e.v,  is  for  iti.  rice,  wine,  and  while 


K I N 

candles.  The  latter  made  of  a substance  ob- 
tained from  little  shrubs  with  a white  flower, 
similar  to  jessamine.  It  has  a trade  in  hams 
and  plums;  190  miles  s by  e of  Nanking. 
Lon.  120  10  E,  lat.  29  16  n. 

KING  WILLIAM,  a county  of  Virginia. 
It  is  47  miles  long,  and  15  broad,  and  con- 
tains 8128  inhabitants. 

Kimloeh,  a parish  in  Perthshire,  nine  miles 
long  and  near  two  broad,  w ol  Blairgow'rie, 
with  a fine  southern  exposure,  interspersed 
with  beautiful  lakes,  some  of  which  abound 
with  marie.  In  the  parish  are  a number  ot 
tumuli,  called  the  Heer  Cairns,  said  to  be 
commemorativeof  a battle  between  Agricola 
and  Galgacus.  Population  367. 

Kinloss,  a parish  in  Elginshire.  It  is 
about  three  miles  and  a-half  square,  lias  a 
very  level  surface,  and  a generally  fertile 
§oil ; in  it  is  the  village  of  Findhorn.  Po- 
pulation above  900. 

Kinnaird,  a parish  in  the  Carse  of  Gow- 
rie,  Perthshire,  comprehending  part  of  the 
Sidlaw  hills,  about  half  way  between  Perth 
and  Dundee.  It  is  about  three  miles  long 
from  N to  s,  and  tw  o broad  from  e to  w. 
Population  about  460, 

Kiitnaird^s  Head,  a promontory  on  the 
NE  coast  of  Scotland,  about  a mile  from  the 
town  of  Frazer.burgb,  Aberdeenshire,  on  the 
top  of  which  is  a castie  four  stories  high,  n 
light  house,  containing  20  lamps,  with  re- 
flectors, was  some  years  ago  erected  on  the 
top  of  this  castle,  from  which  the  light  is 
seen  at  a great  distance.  Lon.  1 46  w,  lat. 
57  39  N. 

Kinneff,  a parish  in  Kincardineshire,  ex- 
tending from  the  mouth  of  the  river  Bervie, 
five  miles  northward  along  the  coast,  of 
which  tw^o-thiids  are  arable,  with  a fine  rich 
loamy  soil.  Near  the  church,  which  is  two 
miles  NE  of  Inverbervie,  are  the  ruins  of 
Kinneff  castle,  and  some  other  ancient  struc- 
tures. Population  about  940. 

KinneU,Si  parish  in  Forfarshire,  about  six, 
miles  trom  Aberbrothwick,  watered  by  the 
Lunan.  Its  soil  is  good,  and  highly  im- 
proved. In  1790,  a number  of  silver  pen- 
nies of  Edward  I.  of  England,  w^ere  found 
under  a slate.  In  the  church,  hangs  a spur 
I eight  inches  long,  four  and  a-half  broad. 

I with  a rower  as  large  as  a crown  piece,  said 
to  have  belonged  to  a man  of  large  stature, 
who  was  killed  near  this  place,  iu  a batTle 
between  the  Lindsays  and  Ogilvies,  iu  1443. 
Population  near  800. 

Kennellar,  a parish  in  Aberdeeiirdiire,  with 
an  irregular  surface,  but  generally  a fertile 
and  well  cultivated  soil.  Population  300, 
Kinnettles,  a parish  in  Forfarshire,  three 
miles  sw  cf  Forfar,  about  four  miles  square, 
wit!)  a good  soil.  Population  near  600. 

Kinnoul,  a parish  and  village  of  Scotland, 
lying  on  tlie  e bank  of  the^Tay,  opposite 
tiiC  town  of  Penh.  The  surface  of  ihe  pa- 
rish is  unequal,  and  its  form  irregular.  The 
village  of  Kiiincui,  commonly  called  Briiige- 


K I N 


K I O 


end,  from  its  local  situation  at  the  e end  of 
the  bridge  of  Perth,  is  a borough  of  barony, 
entitled  to  hold  a weekly  market,  and  four 
annual  fairs.  The  population  is  above 
2000.  On  the  hill  of  Kinnoul,  which  is 
elevated  632  feet  above  the  river  Tay,  and 
is  covered  with  wood,  are  tound  agates, 
onyx,  and  cornelians.  Near  the  top  is  an 
echo  that  repeats  nine  times,  and  a cave 
formerly  much  resorted  to  for  superstitious 
purposes. 

KINROSS,  a county  surrounded  by  the 
shires  of  Perth  and  Fife.  It  is  about  30 
miles  in  circuit,  its  length  and  breadth  being 
nearly  equal.  The  face  of  the  country  has 
a rich  and  beautiful  appearance.  It  is  di- 
vided into  four  parishes,  the  population  of 
Vv'hich  is  about  7246.  Kinross-shire  alter- 
nately divides  with  Clackmannanshire  the 
right  of  sending  a member  to  parliament.  In 
the  different  districts  are  abundance  of  lime- 
stone and  coal. 

Kinross,  the  capital  of  the  above  county, 
is  pleasantl}"  situated  on  a plain  at  the  w end 
of  Loch  Leven,  on  the  road  from  QueeiPs 
ferry  to  Perth,  about  \5  miles  distant  from  | 
each.  It  is  a small  straggling  town,  with 
very  little  tr^jde.  Coarse  linen  and  some 
branches  of  the  cotton  manufacture  are  car- 
ried on.  It  has  four  annual  fairs  much  fre- 
quented by  catile  dealers.  In  (he  vicinity  is 
Kinross  house,  a large  elegant  structure,  built  j 
near  the  site  of  an  old  one,  which  was  for  a 
long  time  the  re.udenee  of  the  earls  of  Morton.  | 
The  parish  is  three  miles  and  a-half  long,  j 
and  nearly  the  same  broad  with  a flat  sur- 
face, and  in  general  a fertile  soil.  Popula- 
tion about  2100.  I 

Kinsale,  a burgh  of  Cork,  Munster,  Ire-  | 
land,  with  a maritime  arsenal,  and  defended  ! 
by  a fort  at  the  mouth  of  the  Bandon.  It  ; 
is  a trading  place,  and  has  a deep,  commo-  | 
dious,  and  secure  harbour,  14  miles  s of  I 
Cork.  It  sent  tv.'o  members  to  the  Irish  j 
parliament,  and  is  represented  by  ona  in  the  ; 
imperial  parliament.  It  contains  at  least  ! 
10,000  inhabitants.  Lon.  8 28  w,  iat.  51  j 
42  N.  I 

Kintail,  a parish  in  Ross  shire,  13  miles  j' 
in  length,  and  six  in  breadth,  intersected  by  j 
the  arms  of  the  sea  called  Loch  Long,  and  i 
I.ocb  Duich.  The  surface  is  rugged  and  | 
mountainous,  and  ehiedy  appropriated  to  pas-  j 
»ure.  Population  about  1040,  who  are  almost  , 
all  MX’raes,  Here  is  a handsome  breed  of 
black  cattle. 

Kin-tctdng,  capital  of  the  island  of  Lieou- 
ki  ou  in  the  China  sea,  and  of  all  the  islands 
under  that  apjjeilation.  Kin-tching  is  situ- 
fuated  in  Cheouli,  the  s part  of  the  island. 
The  king^s  palace,  reckoned  to  be  12  miles 
in  circumference,  stands  on  a neighbouring 
mountain,  and  is  built  alter  the  Japanese 
manner.  Here  are  manufactures  of  silk, 
cotton,  paper,  arms,  cfee.  Lon.  127  30  e, 
Laf,  26  2 N. 

Kin-iong,  a city  of  the  first  rank  in  the 


province  of  Yun-nan,  China.  The  cormtty 
is  mountainous,  but  the  vallies  yield  abun- 
dance of  rice.  I'  stands  on  the  Papian,  750 
miles  w by  n of  Canton.  Lon.  100  40  e, 
lat.  24  30  N. 

Kiiftore,  a royal  burgh  in  Aberdeenshire, 
15  mib  s w of  Aberdeen,  containing  230  in- 
habitants. It  is  governed  by  a provost,  two 
baillies,  a treasurer,  and  a counsel  of  eight 
other  burgesses.  The  office  bearers  are  not 
obliged  to  be  changed ; consequently  the 
earls  of  Kintore  nave  beeu  provosts  for  a 
century.  It  unites  with  Banff,  Cullen,  El- 
gin, and  Inverury,  in  sending  a member  to 
parliament.  The  parish  is  nearly  six  miles 
in  length,  and  three  in  breadth.  Populaiioxi 
about  850. 

KINTYRE,  or  Cantyre,  a peninsula, 
forming  the  s part  of  Argyllshire.  It  is  50 
miles  in  length,  from  n to  s,  and  from 
five  to  eight  in  breadth.  On  the  mull  of 
Caiityre  is  a light  house  of  great  elevation- 
Lon.  5 40  w,  lat.  55  21  n.  The  soil  is  fer- 
tile. The  only  town  of  note  is  Campbel- 
ton,  which  covers  the  site  of  M'^Donald’iS 
castlf^  of  Duniveg. 

Kintzingen,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Wurtzburg,  Franconia,  seated  on  the  Maine, 
with  a Benedictine  abbey,  10  miles  ese  of 
Wurtzburg. 

Kin-^jong,  a city  of  the  first  rank  in  Chen- 
si,  China,  in  a iruitiul  coautry.  It  basal- 
ways  been  deemed  a barrier  against  the  in- 
cursions of  t.he  Tartars,  and  is  strongly 
fortified,  560  miles  sw  of  Pekin.  Lon.  iOT 
30  E,  sat.  36  6 n. 

Km~yuen,  a city  of  the  first  rank  in 
Quang  si,  on  a fine  river,  amid  craggy  moun- 
tains, inhabited  by  a people  almost  savage, 
310  miles  w by  k of  Canton.  Lon.  108  15  e, 
lat.  24  28  N. 

Klof,  or  Kief,  a considerable  town  of  Po- 
land, in  a palatinate  of  the  same  name.  It 
is  the  capital  of  the  Russian  government 
Kiof,  and  carries  on  a considerable  trade- 
Here  are  catacombs,  dug  through  a moss  of 
hardened  clay.  It  stands  on  the  w side  of 
the  Dnieper.  It  is  situated  180  miles  nr  of 
Kaminieck,  and  335  se  of  Warsaw. 

KIOF,  a government  of  the  Russian  em- 
pire, being  part  of  the  Ukraine,  or  Little 
Russia.  Ii  contains  11  districts,  and  its 
principal  rivers  are  the  Dnieper,  Desna,  Os- 
ier, Udai,  Sula,  P«ol,  and  Trubosh.  It  was 
once  a duchy,  the  property  of  the  great  dukes 
of  Prussia  ; was  conquered  by  the  Tartars, 
but  was  overrun,  and  possessed  by  the  Cos- 
sacks under  the  protection  of  Poland.  In 
1664,  the  natives  discomented  v/idi  .Tobn 
Cassimir,  king  of  Poland,  submitted  to  Pais- 
sia,  to  which  empire  they  have  ever  since 
been  subject. 

KIOF,  a palatinate  cf  Poland,  in  that 
part  of  ihe  Ukraine,  which  lies  on  the  wside 
of  the  Dnieper.  It  contains  only  two  dis- 
tricts, and  several  towris.  Its  capital,  Kiof. 
being  subject  to  Russia- 


K I R 

Kio-feouy  a city  in  the  province  of  ChaD|if- 
tong,  aijc  disti.'Ci  of  Yen-teheou,  Cbiua.  ii 

ceiebratcd  a«;  the  birth  pUice  of  Confucius, 
several  monuments  to  whose  memory  ar^ 
still  to  be  seen  nere. 

Kiogey  or  KogCy  a sea  port  in  the  isle  of 
Zealand,  De  mark.  Here,  in  1807,  the 
English  defeated  the  Danes,  and  took  the 
town.  »s  18  miles  sw  of  Copenhagen. 
Eon.  12  iS  a,  lut.  SS  30  w 

Kiopiugy  a town  in  Westmania,  Sweden, 
sealed  on  a river,  which,  at  a little  dis- 
tance, enters  the  lake  Maelar.  It  is  about 

10  rmies  w of  Stromsholm,  and  28  wsw  of 
\Veste;as 

Kippeuy  a parish  and  village  lying  on  the 
s b-nk  of  the  Frith  of  Forth.  The  parish  is 
oiKht  miles  long,  and  from  two  to  four  broad, 
partly  in  Perthshire,  and  partly  in 
Stirlingshire.  The  village  of  Kippen  con- 
tains nearly  80  families,  has  a weekly  mar- 
ket, and  five  annual  fairs.  The  village  of 
Bucklyvie,  containing  above  400  inhabi- 
tants, and  has  five  annual  fairs  of  consi- 
derable resort,  is  also  in  this  parish.  The 
population  is  1720.  Kippen  has  three 
annual  fairs,  and  a market  on  Vfednesday 
during  the  month  of  December,  10  miles  w s 
of  Stirling. 

Kirchbachy  a town  of  Stiria,  Germany,  14  ! 
mile.'  SE  of  Gratz.  j 

. Kirthbergy  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Rhine  and  Moselle,  France,  lately  of 
Germany,  in  the  circle  of  the  Upper  Rhine, 
28  miles  ssw  of  Coblentz,  and  41  w of 
Mc'.itz. 

Kirchbergy  capital  of  a burgravate  of  its  f 
name,  Sv/abia,  stands  on  the  Isser,  nine  miles 
s of  Ulm. 

Kirchbergy  a town  in  the  principality  of  j 
Hohenioe,  Franconia,  has  a castle  on  a hill,  j 
on  the  Jaxt,  12  miles  ssw  of  Rotenburg. 

Kirchayn,  a town  of  Lusatia,  on  the  Bo- 
ber, 18  miles  s of  Luckau. 

Kirchayn y a town  of  Upper  Hesse,  Ger- 
many, on  the  Wokra,  six  miles  e of  Mar- 
burg. 

Kircliewiy  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Mont  Tonnere,  lately  of  Germany, 
in  the  circle  of  the  Upper  Rhine,  15  miles  w 
of  Worms. 

Kircheuiiy  a town  in  the  duchy  of  \^^!rtem- 
berg,  Swabia,  on  the  Lauter,  16  miles  se  of 
StiHgard. 

Kircheim  Poland,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Mont  Tonnere,  France,  lately  of 
Germany,  circle  of  the  Upper  Rhine,  16 
miles  w of  Worms. 

Kirdofy  a town  in  Upper  Hesse,  Germany, 

1 1 miles  E of  Marburg. 

KIRIN,  one  of  the  three  provinces  of  eas- 
tern Tartary,  on  the  w of  the  sea  of  Japan. 
It  is  exiremely  cold,  from  the  forests  by 
which  it  IS  covered,  and  thinly  inhabited. 
The  plant  gin.seng  grows  here,  aud  hither  are 
banished  cnniinals  from  China. 

KiriUy  a city  of  eastern  Tartary,  capital  of 
the  province  of  its  name,  and  the  residence 


K I R 

of  a Mandshiir  general.  It  stand.s  on  the 
'ongari,  here  called  Kirin,  540  miles  ene  of 
Peking.  Lon.  127  10  e,  lat.  43  20  n. 

Kirkbean,  a parish  in  the  stewartry  of 
Kircudbright;  about  six  miles  long  and  three 
broad.  The  soil  is  good,  and  highly  culti- 
vated. Population  about  700.  The  village 
of  Kirkbean  stands  near  the  church,  at  the 
foot  of  the  mountain  Crowfell  or  Crififell, 
1 1 miles  ssw  of  Dumfries.  It  has  two  well 
endowed  parish  schools.  Admiral  Campbell 
and  Paul  Jones  were  natives  of  this  parish. 

Kirkby  Lonsdale,  a town  in  Westmoreland, 
situated  in  a dale  or  valley  on  the  river  Log- 
ne.  The  town  is  neatly  built.  The  chief 
manufactures  in  the  town  are  carpetingvS, 
worsted  quilts,  and  coarse  linens.”  It  has  a 
market  on  Thursday,  and  fairs  May  9th, 
and  30th,  for  cattle,  and  December  21st,  for 
cloths.  It  is  10  miles  se  of  Kendal,  and 
252  Nw  of  London. 

Kirkby  Moorside,  a town  in  the  N Riding 
of  Yorkshire,  has  a market  on  Wednesday, 
situated  on  the  borders  of  the  Moors,  near 
the  Dow,  28  miles  n of  York,  and  224  n by 
w of  London. 

Kirkby  Stephen,  a town  in  Westmoreland, 
seated  on  the  Eden,  with  a market  on  Mon- 
day. It  has  a manufacture  of  stockings  and 
contains  about  1 109  inhabitants.  It  lies  nine 
miles  s of  Appleby,  and  266  nnw  of  Lon- 
don. 

Kirkcaldy,  a royal  borough  and  sea  port 
on  the  coast  of  the  Frith  of  Forth,  in  Fife- 
shire.  It  consists  chiefly  of  one  street  about 
two  miles  in  length.  The  town  is  in  a 
flourishing  state,  having  a considerable  share 
of  trade.  The  harbour  is  safe.  The  town 
is  governed  by  a provost,  two  baillles,  a dean 
of  guild,  <fec.  It  lies  about  12  miles  n of 
Edinburgh.  It  has  manufactures  of  cheks, 
stripes,  and  ticks ; has  a salt-work,  a tannery, 
aud  a number  of  pretty  large  vessels  are 
built  here.  It  is  connected  with  Kinghora, 
Burntisland,  aud  Dysart,  in  electing  a mem- 
ber of  parliament.  It  gave  birth  to  Michael 
Scott,  the  Friar  Bacon  of  Scotland,  in  the 
13th  century,  and  to  the  celebrated  Dr. 
Adam  Smith,  Robert  Douglass,  and  George 
Gillespie,  two  of  the  commissioners  from 
the  church  of  Scotland  to  the  Westminster 
Assembly,  in  1643,  were  ministers  of  this 
parish.  Lon.  3 3 w,  lat.  56  8 n.  The  pa- 
rish of  Kirkcaldy  is  of  an  oblong  figure,  be- 
tween iwo  and  three  miles  in  length,  and 
about  one  in  breadth.  Population  near 
4000. 

Kirkcolm,  a parish  in  Wigtonshire,  occu- 
pying a sort  of  peninsula,  formed  by  the  bay 
of  Loebryan  and  the  Irish  sea.  It  is  about 
six  miles  long,  and  four  broad.  The  church 
was  dedicated  to  St  Columbus,  near  it  is  a 
small  village,  and  on  a scar  that  runs  into 
Loebryan  are  delicate  oysters.  The  sur- 
face of  the  parish  is  agreeably  variegated. 
It  is  well  improved  and  generally  fertile. 
Population  near  1200. 

Kirkcorinel,^  a parish  in  Dumfrieshire?,  com- 


K I R 


pTehsndiag  the  nw  extremity  of  the  county, 
intersected  by  the  Nith,  trom  10  to  14 
miles  in  length,  and  from  seven  to  eight  in 
breadth.  The  surface  is  very  irregular  and 
mountainous,  and  is  chiefly  occupied  in  the 
pasturing  of  sheep  and  black  cattle.  Popu- 
latiou  about  1,100.  In  the  parish  are  two 
mineral  springs,  a manufacture  of  spades, 
and  abundance  of  coal.  During  the  intru- 
sion of  Episcopacy,  in  the  reign  of  Char- 
les II,  this  parish  was  not  supplied  with  an 
incumbent,  and  the  church  fell  into  ruins, 
near  it  is  a village  containing  400  inhabi- 
tants ; four  miles  sw  of  Langubarf  and  28 
SE  of  Ayr. 

Kirkcudbright,  an  ancient  borough,  capi- 
tal of  the  county  or  stewarfry  o1  that  name. 

It  is  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Dee, 
has  a fine  harbour,  but  a very  inconsiderable 
trade.  The  to^  ii  consists  of  two  Streets, 
which  forms  a right  rtngle.  It  is  60  miles 
w of  Carlisle,  and  102  sw  of  Edinburgh. 
Here  is  a lucrative  salmon  fishery  at  the  i 
mouth  of  the  Dee.  It  has  an  f legant  court 
house,  and  good  school  under  three  masters. 
The  church  sta/.ds  on  the  site  of  a monas- 
tery. It  joins  with  Annan,  Dumfries,  Loch- 
maben,  and  Languhar  in  sending  a member 
to  parliament.  The  parish  of  Kirkcudbright 
is  mostly  arable.  Population  of  the  town 
and  parish  is  about  2763.  Loii.  4 5 w,  lat. 
64  54  N. 

KIRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE,  is  often 
called  the  stewartry  of  Kirkcudbrightshire, 
comprehends  the  eastern  district  of  the 
ancient  province  of  Gallow'ay.  It  extends 
from  Nw  to  SE  about  45  miles  in  length,  and 
30  in  breadth.  The  face  of  the  country 
in  the  northern  parts  exhibits  the  appearance 
of  one  continued  heath,  producing  only 
pasture  for  sheep,  and  small  black  cattle ; 
but  in  the  southern  parts  it  is  in  general 
fertile,  and  a great  part  of  it  W'ell  cultivated. 
It  is  divided  into  28  parishes  ; sends  a 
member  to  parliament.  Population  is  about 
33  700.  The  real  rent  may  be  estimated 
at  96,7301.  Sterilng.  The  principal  rivers 
are  the  Dee,  the  Fleet,  the  Ken,  and  the 
Urr.  The  handsome  and  populous  villages 
of  C ret  town,  the  Gatehouse  of  Fleet,  and 
Castle  Douglas  have  arisen  within  th.  last 
50  years.  A great  number  of  black  cattle 
and  sheep,  much  corn,  meal,  and  potatoes 
are  exported. 

Eirkden,  a parish  in  Forfarshire,  fhe 
miles  long,  and  about  two  broad,  W'atered 
by  the  Lunan.  The  soil  is  various,  but 
tolerably  fertile,  Populati*  n near  700. 
In  the  parish  is  a large  obelisk  with  some 
rude  engravings. 

Kirkgunzeon,  a parish  in  the  E of  Kirk- 
cudbrightshire, about  five  miles  loLg,  and 
three  broad.  The  surface  is  irregular,  and 
, the  soil  various.  Population  about  550. 
Here  are  three  old  structures,  Barciosn, 
Coryah,  and  Duncultrum,  a Druidical  tem- 
ple, and  three  Roman  camps. 

Kir^ham,  a town  in  Lancashire,  seated 


K I R 

near  the  mouth  of  the  Ribble.  It  has  a con- 
siderable manufacture  of  sail-cloth,  is  18 
miles  s of  Lancaster,  and  225  nnw  of  Lon- 
don. Besides  the  church  there  are  no  fewer 
than  seven  chapels  in  the  parish  ; and  an- 
nual fairs  June  24tb,  and  October  18th. 

Kirkhill,  a parish  in  Inverness-shire,  com- 
posed of  those  of  Wardlaw  and  Farnua,  and 
extending  about  eight  miles  in  length  along 
the  s sides  of  the  Beaiily,  and  from  one  to 
three  in  breadth.  It  consists  of  a fine  plain 
of  rich  clay  loam,  four  miles  in  extent. 
Besides  the  parochial,  there  is  a society’s 
school,  a chalybeate  spring,  and  two  Drui- 
dical temples.  Population  1,582. 

Kirkinner,  a parish  in  Wigtonshire,  in- 
cluding Langcastle  on  the  w coast  of  Wigton 
Bay,  SE  of  Wigton.  The  soil  is  fertile  and 
well  cultivated.  Population  near  1,200. 

KirkiniiUoch,  an  ancient  town  in  the  sE 
extremity  of  Dumbartonshire,  situated  near 
the  junction  of  the  Luggie with  the  Kelvin, 
intersected  by  the  Forth  and  Clyde  naviga- 
tion and  the  Pioman  wall.  It  was  made  a 
borough  of  barony  by  a charter  from  Wil- 
liam the  Lion,  in  1170;  and  is  governed 
by  two  bailies  elected  by  the  burgesses.  It 


1 is  neatly  Imilt,  contains  about  1,600  inha- 
bitants, who  carry  on  a considerable  trade  ia 
linen  and  ootiou  goods.  It  is  seven  miles 
ENE  of  Glasgow.  The  parish  is  of  a tri- 
angular figure,  the  longest  side  about  five 
miles  and  a half.  Here  are  the  remains  of 
a Roman  fort,  and  watch-tower.  The  for- 
mer is  90  yards  by  40  broad.  Here  several 
stones  have  been  dug  with  Latin  inscrip- 
tions. Lime,  coal,  and  freestone,  abound. 
Population  about  3,200. 

Kirkland,  a village  in  Fifeshire,  on  the 
s side  of  the  Leven,  where  is  a large  cotton 
work,  and  a manufacture  of  coarse  linen ; 
nine  miles  NNEof  Kirkcaldy. 

Kirklees,  a vilage  in  W Yorkshire,  situa- 
ted on  the  Calder,  three  miles  nnb  of  Hud- 
dersfield. In  the  park  near  it  is  the  monu- 
ment of  the  famous  Robin  Hood. 

Kirkliston,  a village  and  parish  of  Scot- 
land, partly  in  Linlithgowshire,  and  partly 
in  Edinburghshire,  intersected  by  the  Al- 
mond, containing  1,647  inhabitants.  The 
i parish  is  about  five  miles  and  a-balf  in 
length,  and  three  and  a-half  in  breadth. 
The  soil  is  fertile,  and  well  cultivated,  in 
the  church,  which  anciently  belonged  to  the 
Knights  Hospitallers,  the  great  earl  of  .Stair 
was  buried,  in  1747,  In  the  parish  stands 
:v  stone  known  by  the  name  of  Catstane, 
about  four  feet  and  a-balf  above  the  ground, 
and  i 1 and  a-half  in  circumference, 
with  an  inscription  deeply  cut  in  Roman 
capitals. 

Kirkmahreck,  a parish  in  Kirkcudbright- 
shire, eight  miles  long,  and  four  broad, 
lying  on  the  n side  of  Wigton  Bay  ani 
mouth  of  the  river  Cree.  The  surface  is 
unequal,  but  the  soil  along  the  coast  and 
brinks  of  the  river  is  fertiie.  About  mid- 
way between  two  large  collect!  nii  of  grav« 


K I R 

jtonss,  200  yards  asunder  is  u large  tumulus 
calietf  Holy  Cairn.  This  place  is  said  to 
have  been  the  scene  of  a battle,  between 
Agricola  and  the  Scots  under  king  Galdu*^. 
On  the  shore  are  inexhaustible  beds  of  sheilp, 
great  quantities  of  which  are  exported  for 
manure.  See  Creetown.  Population  above 
i,200, 

Kirkmahoey  a parish  in  Dumfries-shire, 
two  or  three  miles  n of  Dumfries.  In  this 
parish  are  the  villages  of  Daiswinton  and 
Duncow  ; the  former  the  seat  of  Patrick  , 
Miller  Esq. ; the  latter  contains  near  200 
inhabitants.  The  soil  in  this  parish  is 
highly  improven.  Population  is  above 
2,ilC0. 

Kirkmaideriy  a parish  which  occupies  the 
extremity  of  the  peninsula  called  the  Rhiuns 
of  Galloway,  including  an  extent  of  10 
miles  by  two  or  two  and  a-half  in  breadth. 
The  soil,  which  is  naturali}'  fertile  is  now 
well  cultivated.  On  the  rocks  on  the  sea 
coast,  which  on  the  Irish  sea  are  very  steep 
grow  samphire  and  other  marine  plants. 
The  Mull  of  Galloway,  (he  most  southern 
point  of  land  in  Scotland,  is  in  this  parish. 
Vessels  occasionally  anchor  in  (he  bays  of 
Maryport,  Brumore,  Curghie,  Kilstay,  and 
Portuessock.  The  latter  has  a pier,  and  is 
capable  of  being  rendered  a good  harbour ; 
at  this  port  is  a village.  Population  above 
i,6C0. 

Kirkmichaely  a parish  in  Ayrshire,  near 
Ma)  bole,  watered  by  the  Girvan  and  Doon. 
eight  miles  long  and  four  broad.  The 
surface  is  very  unequal ; but  the  land  in 
tillage  is  inclosed  and  well  improven.  It 
exports  handsome  black  cattle,  barley  and 
oats.  The  loails,  mills,  and  farm  houses 
are  excellent.  Marl  is  found  in  the  parish. 
Population  about  1,100. 

Kirkmichaely  a parish  in  the  south  western 
excremity  of  Banffshire,  about  15  miles  in 
length,  and  from  three  to  five  in  breadth, 
watered  by  the  Aven.  The  .surface  is  un- 
equal, and  the  soil  variable.  Tanimtoul  is 
the  only  village;  the  inhabitants  are  said 
to  be  still  in  .some  measure,  addicted  to  the 
Draidieal  superstition  of  their  forefathers. 
Population  about  1,300. 

Kirkmichaely  a parish  in  Dumfries-shire, 
about  10  miles  long  and  four  broad,  con- 
taining large  tracts  of  heath.  In  the  parish 
are  three  small  villages.  The  soil  is  diver- 
sified with  hill  and  dale,  wood  and  water. 
It  contains  some  rare  trees  and  plants,  va- 
riety of  game,  and  much  oatmeal.  Black 
cattle,  and  sheep  are  annually  exported.  A 
Roman  highway  runs  through  it.  Popula- 
tion about. 000. 

Kirkmichaely  a parish  in  the  ne  corner  of 
Perthshire  ; abciit  17  miles  in  length,  and 
from  six  to  seven  in  breadth.  The  inhabi- 
lants  who  have  diminished  of  late  jears, 
speak  a mixture  of  vlselic  and  old  Scoteb. 
At  Glenshee  is  an  aimual  fair  on  the  tidid 
Tuasdi^  of  February.  AC  the  village  ol 


E I R 

Kirkmichael,  where  is  a weekly  market  oa 
Friday,  is  also  a yearly  fair  at  Michaelmas, 
which  formerly  held  a week.  Among  the 
numerous  tumuii  in  this  parish,  the  most  re- 
markable is  90  yards  in  circumference,  and 
25  feet  high;  from  which  two  parallel  stone 
fences  32  feet  a-mnder,  run  , about  iOO  yards 
south.  Near  this  is  a rocking  stone,  which 
after  being  pressed  vibrates  at  least  26  times, 
Theie  are  many  erect  stones  called  Crom- 
lechd  or  stones  of  worship.  Tue  general 
elevation  of  this  district,  and  the  coldness  of 
the  climate,  render  it  much  belter  adapted 
for  pasturage  loan  tillage.  Population  of 
the  parish  i'  about  1,570. 

Kirkmichaely  a parish  in  the  counties  of 
Ross  and  Cromarty,  with  the  parishes  of 
Cullicudden  and  St  Alartins  annexed,  ex- 
tending eight  miles  in  length,  along  the 
banks  of  Cromarty  Frith,  and  three  in 
bieadth.-  Lime  and  marl  abound,  yet  the 
parish  remains  unimproved.  Here  is  one 
0£  the  .society's  schools,  where  spinning  ani 
knitting,  as  well  as  reading,  are  taught. 
Population  above  1200, 

Kirknewton,  a parish  in  Edinburghshire, 
w^hich,  with  East  Caider  annexed,  is  about 
six  miles  in  length,  and  four  in  breadth, 
bounded  on  the  n by  the  Almond,  and  on 
the  s by  the  Water  of  Leith.  It  is  well  cul- 
tivated and  productive.  The  celebrated  Dr 
William  Cullen  is  buried  in  the  church-yard. 
Population  near  1 iOO. 

Kirkoswaldy  a parish  on  the  coast  of  Ayr- 
shire, Nw  coast  of  Carrick,  the  greater  part 
of  which  is  a rich  and  fertile  loam,  and  is 
well  cuiiivaled.  It  is  said  to  have  derived 
its  name  from  Oswald,  king  of  the  Nor- 
thumbrians, who  founded  the  church  after 
he  had  been  driven  from  his  ov.'ii  country, 
A doal  work,  in  the  parish,  which  took  fire 
in  1750,  still  continues  to  burn,  Culiean 
castle,  the  princely  mansion  of  the  earl  of 
Cassilis,  built  on  a rock  about  100  feet  high, 
jutting  into  the  sea,  and  commanding  an  ex- 
tensive prospect  of  the  Frith  of  Clyde,  and 
the  coast  of  Bute  and  Arran,  in  this  pa- 
rish. The  abbey  of  Coneraguel,  of  which 
die  ruins  are  pretty  entire,  and  the  castle  of 
Turuberry,  the  ancient  seat  of  the  earls  of 
Carrick,  are  also  in  this  parish.  It  has  a 
fair  Aug.  15  ; 12  miles  s of  Ayr.  The  vil- 
lage of  Kirkoswald,  contains  about  100  in- 
habitants. Population  about  17C0. 

Kirkoswaldy  a town  in  Cumberland,  with 
a market  on  Thursday,  stands  near  the 
Eden,  on  a rivulet  called  the  Ravin.  On 
an  elevated  spot  a little  to  the  e is  the  Tuiu 
of  a castle;  and  on  another  eminence  three 
miles  to  iLes  is  the  famous  druidical  monu- 
ment called  Long  IVieg  and  her  Daughters. 
Fairs  Thursday  before  Whitsunday,  and 
Aug.  5 : 15  mi.es  SE  of  Carlisle,  and  290  N 
l)y  w of  Loudon. 

Kirkoweriy  a parish  in  Wigtonshire,  15 
miles  in  length,  and  from  four  to  seven  in 
breadth,  mostly  appropriated  for  pasture. 


K I R 

The  church  and  village  are  situated  about  a 
mile  SB  of  the  road  from  Newton-Stewart  to 
Portpatrick,  Population  near  800. 

Kirkpatriek-Durhams  a parish  and  village 
in  Kirkcudbrightshire.  The  parish  is  about 
nine  miles  in  length,  and  from  three  to  four 
in  breadth.  The  village  of  Kirkpatrick- 
Durham,  conrains  near  100  families.  It 
has  a considerable  annual  fair  on  the  last 
Tuesday  of  Mirch ; 12  miles  w of  Dum 
fries,  and  f5  nne  of  Kirkcudbright.  Popu- 
lation of  the  parish  above  1000. 

Kirkpatrick- Fleming y a parish  in  Dum- 
fries-shire,  including  those  of  Kirkconoei 
and  Irving,  about  six  miles  long  and  three 
broad,  intersected  by  the  road  from  Carlisle 
to  Glasgow,  aud  by  that  from  Annan  to 
Edinburgh.  In  the  parish  are  marble,  lime- 
stone, freestone,  mineral  springs,  tumuli,  and 
druidical  temples.  In  Dec.  1759  died  in 
this  parish,  Thomas  Wishart,  aged  124. 
Population  above  1500. 

Kirkpatrick-Irongrag,  a parish  in  the  eas- 
tern part  of  Kirkcudbrightshire,  on  the  sw 
banks  of  the  Cairn,  about  nine  miles  long 
and  two  broad,  in  general  well  cultivated 
and  fertile.  The  parish  church  is  about 
four  miles  from  Dumfries.  Population 
about  750. 

Kirkpatrick- Juxtay  a parish  of  Dumfries- 
shire, in  the  nw  extremity  of  Annandale,  of 
a triangular  figure,  each  side  of  which  is 
about  eight  miles  long.  The  soil  is  adapted 
to  pasturage.  Population  near  600. 

Kirktouny  a parish  in  Roxburghshire, 
eight  miles  long,  and  from  one  to  two  and 
a-half  broad,  intersected  by  the  road  from 
Edinburgh  to  Carlisle,  chiefly  appropriated 
to  sheep  pasture.  Population  above  330. 

Kirkurd,  a parish  in  Peebles-shire,  s of 
Linton,  on  the  borders  of  Edinburghshire, 
about  five  miles  and  a-half  long,  and  from 
three  to  four  broad,  with  a pleasing  variety 
of  surface.  Population  about  330.  Kirkurd 
House,  an  elegant  mansion  in  this  parish, 
was,  for  1100  years  previous  to  1752,  the 
property  and  residence  of  the  family  of 
Gaddes,  who  possessed  another  estate  caLed 
Rauian  Jd'jO  years.  In  the  vicinity  is  a 
suipnureous  spring,  and  two  mounts,  sur- 
rounded by  walls. 

Kirkwall,  the  principal  town  in  Orkney,  is 
situated  upon  an  iii.et  of  tbe  sea,  and  has  a 
tolerable  harbour,  with  a fort  fication.  It  is 
a royal  borough,  and  joins  with  Wick,  Dor- 
noch, Dingwall,  and  Tain,  in  sendmg  a re 
presentative  to  the  British  parliament.  The 
most  striking  object  is  the  stately  cathedral 
of  St  Magnus,  now  the  collegiate  parish 
church,  which  has  a steeple  133  feet  high, 
with  an  elegant  chime  of  bells.  It.  was  b\t!ii 
in  the  12th  century.  Haco,  king  of  Nor 
way,  who  died  in  1264,  is  burled  in  the 
church,  opposite  which  is  the  castle  and  bi- 
shop’s palace,  both  in  ruins.  Here  are  ma- 
nufactures of  linen,  cotton,  plaiting  of  straw  ; 
two  miles  to  the  s is  the  village  of  Scalpa, 
on  a commodious  bay  of  its  name,  which  is 
No.  17— 6d, 


K I S 

the  usual  landing  place  from  the  coast  of 
Caithness.  Kirkwall  had  iis  charter  from 
Tames  III.  and  is  governed  by  a provost, 
four  bailies,  dean  of  guild,  and  council ; 30 
miles  NE  of  Thurso  iu  Caithness,  and  328  n 
of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  2 55  w.  lat.  59  12  n. 
The  parish  of  Kirkwall,  to  which  that  of 
.St  Ola  is  united,  extends  about  six  miles 
around  the  town,  near  which  the  soil  is  a 
fine  loam.  Population  about  2800. 

Kirmansha,  a city  in  Irak,  Persia,  stands 
at  the  s extremity  of  a plain,  on  the  Karasu  ; 
is  the  residence  of  a prince,  whose  govern' 
meat  extends  over  a large  tract  of  country . 
Here  are  four  mosques,  14  public  baths,  and 
numerous  gardens  ; five  miles  from  the  ity 
in  the  mountains  that  form  the  northern 
boundary  of  a fine  plain,  are  many  excava- 
tions and  sculptures  ; 190  miles  ne  of  Bag- 
dad, and  340  wnw  of  Ispahan.  Loa.  47  20 
E,  lat.  34  26  X. 

KirUy  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Rhine  and  Moselle,  France,  lately  of  Ger- 
many, in  the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  situa- 
ted on  the  Nahe.  It  is  42  miles  s by  w of 
Coblentz. 

Kirriemuir y a market  town  in  Forfarshire, 
which  has  a good  inland  trade,  several  nia-= 
nufactures,  <Src.  It  contains  near  1690  ia- 
habitanls  ; has  fairs  in  July  and  Octr.  and 
lies  16  miles  n by  w of  Dundee,  and  about 
56  N by  E of  Edinburgh.  The^paris.i  of 
Kirriemuir  is  near  eight  miles  long,  and 
above  six  broad.  The  surface  exhibits  a 
pleasing  variety,  and  the  soil  is  in  general 
good.  Population  in  1811,  4791. 

Kirshehr,  a town  of  Natolia,  Asiatic  Tar- 
tary, formerly  a considerable  city,  calfed 
Dmeaesaria.  In  the  vicinity  is  a manufac- 
ture oi  salt;  84  miles  ne  of  Cogni.  Loa. 
34  15  E,  lai.  .69  iO  n. 

KirshenaguTy  a town  of  Bengal,  Hindoo- 
stan,  45  miles  n of  Calcutta,  and  50  s of 
Moorshedabad. 

Kir.sovay  a ‘ town  of  Bulgaria,  European 
Turkey,  on  the  Danube,  76  miles  sw  of  Is-, 
mael.  Lon.  28  4 e,  lat  44  47  n. 

Kirton,  a town  in  Lincolnshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  151  miles  N by  w of 
London. 

Kishmy  or  Kismich,  an  island  in  the  gulf 
of  Persia,  about  60  miles  long,  and  eight 
broad,  fertile,  and  well  inhabited.  At  the 
E extremity  is  the  fort  of  Kism,  and  on  the 
s is  an  excellent  harbour,  20  miles  s of  Gom- 
bron.  Lon.  56  10  E,lat.  26  58  n. 

KhsingeUy  a town  ol  Francopia,  24  miles 
N of  Wursburg,  seated  on  the  'Saale.  In 
the  vicinity  are  medicinal  and  salt  .springs. 

KISTl,  one  of  the  seven  Caucasian  na- 
tions, that  inhabit  the  countries  between  the 
Black  sea  and  the  Caspian.  Tnis  nation 
extends  from  the  highest  ridge  ot  Caa-jasus, 
along  the  i§undsbaw  rivulets.  They  are 
bounded  on  tbe  w by  little  Kaburda,  e by 
the  Tartars  and  Lesguis,  and  s by  the  Lfis- 
guis  and  Georgians,  They  consist. oi  no 
less  than  ^6  dl^erent  districts,  or  tribes 
D 


K N A 

which  are  ^eaeraliy  at  war  with  each  other. 
In  their  religion,  v/hieh  is  simple,  are  some 
traces  of  Christianity.  They  believe  in  one 
God,  whom  they  call  Daile,  but  have  no 
■ saints,  or  religious  persons  ; celebrating  the 
Sabbath  by  no  religious  ceremony,  but  by 
resting,  from  labour.  They  observe  no 
ceremony  either  at  births  or  deaths,  eat  pork, 
and  permit  polygamy.  j 

Kistna,  or  Crisna,  a river  of  Hindoostau, 
has  its  source  in  the  Sukhein  mountains, 
runs  E about  500  miles,  is  the  boundary  be- 
tween the  Deccan  and  the  Peninsula,  and 
to  the  s of  Masuiipatam,  enters  the  bay  of 
Bengal  by  several  mouths.  In  the  neigh- 
bouring hills  to  the  n,  are  the  richest  dia- 
mond mines  in  the  world. 

► Ki&tnagkeri,  a town  and  fortress  of  My- 
sore, Hindoostan.  In  1789,  the  British,  af- 
ter gaining  the  lower,  were  not  able  to  take 
the  upper  fort ; 54  miles  se  of  Bangalore, 
and  66  wsw  of  Arcot. 

Kittery,  a town  in  the  district  of  Maine, 
York  county,  on  Sturgeon  creek  eight  miles 
ssw  of  York. 

Kitzbuhl,  a town  in  the  Tyrol,  Germany, 
on  the  Acha,  36  miles  e of  Inspruck. 

Kitzingeny  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Wurtzburg,  on  the  Maine,  10  miles  ese  of 
Vvurtzburg. 

Kiun-tchecUy  capital  of  the  island  Hainan, 
China,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Limou,  on  the  n 
coast.  ' It  stands  on  a promontory,  and  ships 
often  anchor  under  its  walls.  Lon.  339  8 e, 
lat.  20  0 N. 

Kiutoja,  or  Ktdaialiy  capital  of  Natolia, 
Asiatic,  Turkey,  at  the  foot  of  a mountain 
near  the  Pursak.  It  has  three  Armenian 
churches,  and  many  mosques  ; and  iu  the 
vicinity  some  warm  baths  much  esteemed  ; 
136  miles  se  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  30 
14  E,  lat.  36  20  n. 

Kixii  Ozahiy  a river  of  Persia,  which  has 
its  source  in  the  mountains  of  Kurdistan,  runs 
N into  Aderbeitzan,  and  turning,  to  the  e, 
divides  Ghiian  from  Mazanderan,  and  falls 
into  the  Caspian  sea. 

Kiziar,  a town  in  the  province  of  Caucasia, 
Russia,  on  the  Terek,  which  soon  after  di- 
vides into  l^rancbes,  and  falls  into  the  Cas- 
pian sea.  The  adjacent  country  abounds  ip 
corn,  silk',  wine,  and  brandy;  120  miles  e 
of Cathariograd,  and  140  s by  w of  Astra- 
can.  Lon.  47  30  e,  lat  43  45  n. 

K/ach'auy,i\.  tovA  ii  in  the  circle  of  Pilsen, 
Bohemia,  near  the  Misa,  20  miles  w of 
Pilsen. 

Klaflau,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Pilsen,  on 
the  Walot,  20  miles  ssw  of  PiLen. 

A7//?,  a town  in  the  goveinnient  of  Mos- 
cow, Russia,  shmds  on  both  sides  of  the  Ses- 
tra.  42  miles- A’ \w  ot  Moscow. 

■ Kfirtg'iiaUy  a io\yn  in  Baden,  Switzerland, 
on  (he  Arir,  22  miles  e of  Basle. 

KXAhDAhR,  a.  mountainous  district  of 
A rgyll>li.ie,  ifi  Scclland,  adjoining  to  Argyll  i 
37\.i^  r,  and  connected  on  the  s by  a narrow  | 
neck  uf  land,  to  the  peniusulu  of  Cantyre.  | 


K N O 

j It  is  about  24  miles  in  length,  and  16  113. 
breadth,  and  is  divided  into  two  parishes. 
North  and  South  Knopdale,  The  former  ex-^ 
tends  along  the  coast  of  the  Atlantic,  for 
about  12  miles,  with  a breadth  of  three,  and 
contains  about  2400  inhabitants : the  latter 
comprehends  the  remainder  of  the  district, 
and  contains  about  1700  inhabitants.  It  is 
chiefly  pasture.  In  S Knapdale,  besides  the 
parish  church,  are  two  chapels,  in  one  of 
which  a missionary  officiates.  Near  an  old 
chapel  atKiimory  Knap,  is  an  elegant  stone 
cross,  neatly  engraven  with  sundry  devices., 
and  bearing  an  inscription  in  very  ancient 
characters,  like  the  Hebrew  ! 

Knareshoroughy  a town  in  the  W Riding 
of  Yorkshire.  This  town,  which  is  called 
by  foreigners  the  Yorkshire  Spaw,  is  about 
three  furlongs  in  length  ;'and  the  parish  is 
famous  for  four  medicinal  springs,  near  each 
other,  and  yet  of  different  qualities.  The 
Dropping  Well  is  remarkable  for  its  petri- 
fying  quality.  See  Harroivgate.  The  adja- 
cent fields  are  noted  for  liquorice,  and  a soft 
yellow  marie,  which  is  a rich  manure.  Its 
baths  are  not  so  much  frequented  since  Scar- 
borough-spaw  came  in  vogue.  On  a rugged 
rock,  almost  surrounded  by  the  rivtr  Nidd, 
are  the  ruins  of  its  castle.  It  is  governed  by 
a bailiff,  has  a market  cn  Wednesday,  is  a 
borough  by  prescription,  and  its  two  mem- 
bers sent  to  parliament  are  elected  by  the  bur- 
gage owners.  Knaresborough  is  noted  for 
its  linen' cloth,  sheeting,  &c.  ; 18  miles  w by 
N of  York,  and  202  n by  w ot  London. 

Knighton^  a town  in  Radnorshire,  S Wales, 
with  a market  on  Thursday,  stands  on  the 
j Teme,  seven  miles  n by  w of  Presteign,  and 
158  Nw  of  London. 

Knightsbridgey  in  Middlesex,  the  first  vil- 
lage from  London,  on  the  great  western  road. 
In  the  centre  of  this  village  there  is  a fabric 
lately  erected,  where  a most  considerable 
manufacture  for  painting  floor  cloths,  is 
carried  on.  Here  is  an  exiensive  barracks 
for  soldiers. 

KNIN,  a district  of  Dalmatia,  32  miles 
long  from  s to  and  SO  from  e to  w,  con- 
taining 16,000  souls,  iu  SO  towr.s  and  vil- 
lages, and  abounding  in  corn  and  wood. 

Knipkauscn,  a town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
territory  of  Jever,  eight  miles  ese  of  Jever. 

Knitterfeldt,  a town  of  Stiria,  Germany, 

I on  the  Meur,  10  miles  ane  of  Judenbiirg, 
j and  78  sw  of  Vienna. 

:j  Knitilmgen,  a town  in  ^Yurtemberg,  .the 
birth-place  of  Jolm  Faust,  the  discoverer  of 
printing  ; 22  miles  from  Heidelberg. 

Knockaudoiv,  a parisli  in  Morayshire,  sw 
of  Elgin.  It  is  about  10  miles  long  and  two 
broad,  watered  by  the  Spey  on  the  s.  The 
surface  is  hilly.  Pt>puia(iori  about  1490, 
three  fifths  of  whom,  some  }cais  ago  were 
females, 

Knoctopher,  a borough  in  the  coun'}-  of 
Kilkenny,  Ireland,  12  ii.ilts  s by  e of  Kil- 
kenny. 

KiiotiesfordyOr  KT:oi:t\fcrQy  a town  in  the 


K O E 

equity  of  Cheshire,  with  a market  ob  Satiir- 
fJay.  Here  is  a manufacture  of  shag  velvets, 
acJ  a cotton  mill,  near  the  Mersey  ; seven 
miles  NE  of  Norwich,  and  179  nnw  of  Lon- 

don.  , TTT 

Knottingley,  a village  on  the  Aire,  W 

Yorkshire,  famous  for  the  great  quaDtity  of 
lime  burnt  here;  three  miles  ene  ot  Ponte- 

^^^KNOX,  one  of  the  Ingraham's  islands, 
together  with  one  named  Hancock.  These 
islands  had  every  appearance  of  fertility. 
Their  latitude  is  from  8 3,  to  8 5 s,  and  thetr 
ienguude  very  near  Hi  v/,  Greenwich. 

KnoccviilS)  the  nictropGl’s  ol  the  state  of 
Tennessee,  situated  in  Knox  county*  It  is 
ifi  a hourisbing  situation.  The  supreme 
courts  for  the  district  of  Hamilton  and  for 
Knox  count}'  are  held  here.  A college  has 
been  established  called  Blount  College.  It 
stands  on  the  river  Holston,  35  miles  above 
its  junction  with  the  Tennessee,  200  s by  e 
of  Franefon  in  Kentucky,  and  728  sw  of 
Philadelphia.  Lon.  84  8 w,  lat.  35  58  n. 

Koang-nan^  a city  in  the  province  of  Yun- 
nan, China.  It  is  of  the  first  rank,  170 
miles  ESE  of  Ymi-nan. 

, Koang  si,  a city  of  the  first  rank  in  the 
province  of^Yim-nan,  China,  100  miles  ese 
of  Yun-nan. 

Koang-sin,  a city  of  the  first  rank  in  Ki- 
ang-si,  China,  has  manufactures  of  the  best 
candles  in  the  empire,  and  good  paper  ; 250 
miles  s by  w of  Nan-king.  Lon*  118  20  e, 
lat.  38  10  N. 

lichen,  a town  and  castle  in  the  principa- 
lity of  Glogau,  Silesia,  on  the  Oder,  15  miles 
SE  of  Glogau. 

KOBI,  a vast  desert  in  Chinese  Tartary, 
called  by  the  Chinese,  Chamo,  situated  in 
ihe  s extremity  of  the  territory  of  Kalkas. 
It  is  more  th  .n  100  leagues  from  e to  w, 
and  nearly  as  much  from  n to  s, 

Kobrin,  a town  of  thep  latinateof  Brzesc, 
Lithuania,  taken  by  the  Russians  in  1794; 
and  again  in  1812,  after  a battle  in  which 
the  Saxons  were  defeated ; 30  miles  e of 
Bfzesc. 

KOEI-TCHEOU,  a province  of  China, 
and  one  of  the  smallest  in  that  empire.  It 
contains  10  cities  of  the  first  rank,  and  38 
of  the  second  and  third,  and  is  full  of  inac- 
cessible mountains.  It  is  inhabited  by  a 
people  who  are  independent,  and  who  would 
never  submit  to  the  laws  of  the  empire. 
This  province  is  remarkable  for  its  copper 
mines.  They  make  their  cloth  of  a sort  of 
grass.  The  horses  are  the  best  in  China. 
Koei-yaag  is  the  capital. 

Kcei-tcheou,  a city  of  the  first  class  in  Se- 
' tchuen,  China.  It  has  great  commerce  and 
riches,  and  a custom-house  to  receive  the 
duties  on  trade.'  It  is  seated  on  the  Kian- 
ku.  It  has  salt  springs,  and  great  quantities 
of  musk  are  collected  in  the  vicinity;  637 
miles  ssw  of  Peking.  Lon.  109  34  e,  lat. 
31  10  N. 

Eoei-yang,  capital  of  the  province  of  Koei- 


K o N 

ioheou,  China.  The  remains  of  its  palaces 
and  temple  indicate  its  former  magnificence ; 
420  miles  nw  of  Canton.  Lon.  106  19  e, 
lat.  26  30  N. 

Koge.  See  Kioge. 

Kola,fx  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Archangel,  and  capital  of  Muscovite  Lap- 
land,  with  a good  harbour,  on  the  river  Ko- 
la, near  a bay  of  the  same  name  in  the  Fro- 
'zen  Ocean.  LOn.  33  1 E,  lat.  68  52  n. 

KGLIVAN.,  or  Kolyvan,  a government 
of  Russia,  comprehending  a part  of  Western 
Siberia.  Its  capital  is  of  the  same  name. 
This  country  has  very  productive  silver 
mines,  which  have  been  called  the  Potosi  of 
Russia.  They  are  situated  between  the 
Irtysh  and  Oby,  near  the  mountains  which 
separate  Chine.-e  Tartary  from  Siberia. 
The  capital,  formerly  called  Berdskoi.  stands 
on  the  Berd,  at  its  junction  with  Obej ; 480 
miles  ESE  of  Tobolsk.  Lon.  81  20  e,  lat, 
55  28  N. 

Kolm,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Kaurzim, 
Bohemia,  with  a castle.  In  1757,  the  Aus- 
trians defeated  the  Prussians  in  this  vicinity  ; 
26  miles  ese  of  Prague. 

Kolomna,  a town  in  the  government  of 
Moscow,  Russia,  stands  on  the  Oku,  near  its 
junction  with  the  Moskva,  and  is  a bishop's 
see  ; 60  miles,  se  of  Moscow. 

Korn,  ox  Klmm,  a,  city  of  Irak,  Persia* 
stands  at  the  foot  of  high  mountains,  near  a 
river  which  loses  i;self  in  the  great  salt  de- 
sert, has  a famous  mosque,  in  which  are  the 
superb  tombs  of  Safi  I.  and  Abas  II;  and 
a large  college.  In  1722,  it  was  taken,  and 
almost  wholly  destroyed  by  the  Affgans. 
Part  of  it  is  yet  in  ruin'?,  and  part  has  been 
rebuilt.  Here  are  manufactured  the  best 
sabres  and  poinards  in  Persia  ; earthen  ware 
is  also  made;  70  miles  s by  w of  Taheraa. 
Lon.  50  40  e,  lat.  34  45  n. 

Komol,  a sea  port  of  Nubia,  on  the'  Red 
Sea,  Lon.  35  15  e,  lat.  22  45  n. 

Kong,  capital  of  a kingdom  of  its  name. 
NegToiand,  separated  from  Giunea  by  a 
ridge  of  .mountains ; 230  miles  ssw  of  Segos. 
Lon.  3 20  w^,  lat.  II  20  N. 

Kongshacka,  a town  in  Halland,  Sweden, 
seated  at  the  head  of  a bay  of  the  Categat ; 

. 14  miles  sse  of  Gotheburg. 

Kongsherg,  a towm  in  the  goverumeut  of 
Aggerhuys,  Norway,  seated  on  both  sides  of 
the'’ Lo wen.  Here  are  the  richest  silver 
mines  in  Europe ; 44  miles  sw’  of  Chris- 
tiania. 

Kongsoeur,  a town  of  Westmania,  Swe- 
den, seated  at  the  w extremity  of  the  Hke 
Maelar,  30  miles  ene  of  Orebro. 

Kong-tchang , a c;ty  in  the  province  of 
Chend,  China,  on  the  Hoei,  amid  high 
mountains,  where  a tomb  is  visible,  which  is 
said  to  be  that  of  Fold  ! 650  miles  wsw  of 
Peking.  Lon.  104  20  e,  kit.  34  56  m. 

Konieh.  See  Cogni. 

Konigingralz,  a fortified  town  and  capital 
of  a circle  of  the  same  name,  Bohemia,  seat^ 
edon  the  Elbe,  and  a bishop’s  see.  In  1762, 
D 2 


k:  o N 

the  greater  part  of  it  was  burnt  by  the  Prus- 
sian troops ; 44  miles  e of  Prague.  Lon. 

15  47  E,  lat.  60  10  n. 

Koni^sberg,  a town  of  Upper  Hesse,  Ger- 
many, seven  miles  nw  of  Giessen. 

Koriigsberg,  a town  and  castle  of  Franco- 
nia, 14  miles  e of  Schweinfurt. 

Konigsbergy  a town  and  castle  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Troppau,  Silesia,  Id  miles  se  of 
Troppau 

Konigsbergy  a town  of  Newmark,  Bran- 
<lenburg,  on  the  Rorike,  25  miles  nnw  of 
Custrin. 

Konigsbergy  a fortified  city,  and  capital  of 
Prussia,  seated  bn  the  Pregel,  near  its  en- 
trance into  the  Frisch  Haff,  with  a magnifi- 
cent palace,  an  university,  and  public  libra- 
ry . The  cathedral , the  town-house,  the  royal 
mint  and  exchange,  are  handsome  struc- 
tures. From  the  tower  of  the  castle  is  an 
extensive  prospect.  The  city  is  iO  miles  in 
circumference,  many  of  the  houses  are  ele- 
gant ; the  trade  is  considerable.  Popula- 
tion,50,000,  mostly  of  the  Lutheran  persua- 
sion. The  strong  citadel  called  Frederics- 
burg  is  a regular  square,  surrounded  by  the 
river  and  broad  ditches.  In  it  are  a church 
and  an  arsenal.  Ships  of  more  than  seven 
feet  water  cannot  pass  the  bar  ; large  ships 
moor  at  Pillau,  a small  town  on  the  Baltic. 
It  was  taken  by  the  Russians  in  1758,  and 
entered  by  the  French  in  1807,  after  the  bat- 
tle of  Friedland : 170  miles  N of  Warsaw. 
Lon.  26  45  E,  lat.  54  42  n. 

Eonigsegg,  an  apcient  castl-e,  in  a county 
of  the  same  name,  Swabia,  eight  miles  tuw 
of  Ravensburg. 

Konigshofy  a towm  and  castle  of  Bohemia, 
seated  on  the  Elbe,  12  miles  n of  Konigin- 
gratz. 

KonigshofeUy  a strong  town  of  Franconia, 
on  the  Saale,  with  a castle,  18  miles  nne  of 
Schweinfurt. 

Konigsluttefy  a town  of  Lower  Saxony,  on 
the  rivulet  Lutter,  with  a celebrated  abbey, 
10  miles  e of  Brunswick. 

Konigssee,  a town  of  Thuringia,  Upper 
Saxony,  with  a castle  on  a hill,  seven  miles 
w of  Rudelstadt. 

Konigsteiny  a town  and  county  of  Germa- 
ny, in  the  circle  of  the  Upper  Rhine,  with  a 
castle  ouva  rock,  11  miles  nw  of  Franckfort, 
and  30  ne  of  Meutz. 

Konigsteiny'A  town  and  fortress  inMisuia, 
Upper  Saxony,  on  the  borders  of  Bohemia 
seated  on  the  Elbe.  In  this  fort,  which 
stands  on  a mountain,  and  is  deemed  im- 
pregnable, a garrison  is  always  maintained. 
Here  are  woollen  and  linen  manufactures  ; 
19  miles  se  of  Dresden.  Lon.  14  14  e,  lat, 
50  54  N. 

KonigswingcTy  a town  in  Aggerhuys,  Nor- 
way, near  the  G lorn  me,  at  the  foot  of  a 
rock,  on  which  is  a citadel;  46  miles  ene 
of  Christiana.  Lon.  12  0 e,  lat.  60  12  n. 

Konitzy  A of  W Prussia,  10  miles 
Kw  of  Culm. 


K O S 

Kooch,  a town  of  Hindoostan  in  the  coun- 
try of  Agra,  60  miles  e of  Gualior. 

KoonjooTy  a town  of  the  Deccan  of  Hin- 
doostan, in  the  province  of  Orissa,  capital  of 
a circar;  86  miles  nnw  of  Cattack,  and 
163  wsw  of  Calcutta. 

Kooshariby  a town  of  Lahore,  Hindoostan, 
near  the  Chelum,  88  miles  w of  Lahore. 
Lon.  73  20  E,  lat.  30  55  n. 

Koping,  a tov/n  in  Westmania,  Sweden, 
stands  on  a river,  near  the  lake  Maelar,  20 
miles  wsw  of  Westeras. 

Kopisy  a fortified  town  in  the  government 
of  Mohilef,  Lithuania,  on  the  Dnieper,  30 
miles  N of  Mohilef. 

KoppersbergyAiO'wu  and  mountain  in  Da» 
lecaria,  Sweden,  where  there  are  rich  mines 
of  copper. 

KOREKI,  a country  consisting  of  two 
distinct  nations,  called  the  wandering  and 
fixed  Koriacs,  Part  of  the  Isthmus  of 
Kamtsebatka  is  inhabited  by  the  latter,  as 
well  as  all  the  coast  of  the  Eastern  ocean, 
thence  to  the  Anadir.  The  latter  extend 
westward  towards  the  river  Kovyma,  and 
along  the  ne  of  the  sea  of  Okotsk,  as  far  as 
the  river  Pengiha.  The  resemblance  be- 
tween the  fixed  Koriacs  and  the  Kamtscha- 
dales  is  very  striking ; both  countries  de- 
pend alike  on  fishing  for  subsistence ; and 
their  clothing  and  habitations  are  equally 
similar.  The  fixed  Koriacs  are  tributary 
to  Russia.  They  are  a lawless  and  fero- 
cious tribe,  and  have  all  the  vices,  though 
none  of  the  virtues,  of  northern  Asiatic  na- 
tions. Deer  is  their  food ; they  have  an  aver- 
sion to  every  kind  of  fish.  The  number  of 
fixed  Koriacs  scarcely  exceeds  900  ; and  it 
is  thought  the  wandering  Koriacs  do  not 
much  exceed  that  number.  The  manners 
of  the  former  are  a mixture  of  duplicity,  mis- 
trust and  avarice.  Robbers  by  nature,  they 
are  suspicious,  cruel,  incapable  either  of 
benevolence  or  pity.  The  features  of  the 
majority  of  the  Koriacs  are  not  Asiatic; 
and  they  might  be  considered  as  Euro- 
peans, but  for  their  low  stature,  their  ill 
shape,  and  the  colour  of  their  skin. 

Korfakan,  a towm  in  Oman,  Arabia,  seat- 
ed on  a bay  in  the  gulf  of  Ormus,  110  miles 
N by  w of  Rostak. 

KorsaWy  or  Kosoay  a town  in  the  isle  of 
Zealand,  with  a fort,  45  miles  w by  s of 
Copenhagen. 

Korumabady  or  Khorremabady  a town  in 
Irak,  Persia,  with  a fort  on  a bill,  on  a river 
near  its  confluence  with  the  Karansu;  75 
miles  ssE  of  Kirmansha. 

Kosely  or  Kostay  a fortified  town  of  Sile- 
sia, on  the  Oder,  17  mU^^s  n of  Ratibor. 

Koslof,  See  Evpatoria, 

KOSTROMA,  a government  of  Russia, 
formerly  included  in  that  of  Moscow ; di- 
vided into  the  provinces  of  Costroma  and 
Unza,  the  capitals  of  which  are  Kostroma 
and  Makarief. 

Kestroma,  a walled  town  of  Russia,  capital 


K R E 

of  a province  of  the  same  name.  It  is  si-  j| 
tuated  on  a river  of  its  name,  at  its  conflu- 
ence with  the  Volga,  168  miles  ne  of  Mos- 
cow, and  380  EsE  of  Petersburg,  Lon,  41 
14  E,  lat.  <57  30  n. 

Kotatis,  See  Cufais. 

Kottay  a town  in  the  Maliva  country,  Hin- 
doosfan,  on  the  Jesul,  100  miles  SE  of  Agi- 
mere,  and  215  s of  Delhi,  Lon.  76  20  e, 
lat.  25  15  N. 

Kottimbely  a small  island  in  the  Red  Sea. 
Lon.  41  25  e,  lat.  17  57  n. 

Kottokolee,  capital  of  a country  of  the 
same  name,  Negroland,  200  miles  ne  of 
Gago.  Lon.  5 45  E,  lat.  12  45  n. 

Kotun,  a city  of  Cashgur,  Ushbse  Tarta* 
ry,  no  miles  se  of  Ireken.  Lon.  81  36  e, 
lat.  37  50  N. 

Koue-'te,  a city  in  the  province  of  Honan, 
China.  It  is  seated  in  a vast  plain, 
between  two  large  rivers  ; 312  miles  s of 
Pekin. 

KouSy  or  Coss,  a town  of  Egypt,  on  the  e 
bank  of  the  Nile,  once  of  great  wealth,  be- 
ing the  staple  of  commerce  between  the  Nile 
and  the  Red  Sea,  18  miles  s of  Dendera, 
and  45  nne  of  Esne. 

Kownoy  a town  of  Lithuania,  palatinate 
of  Troki.  It  is  seated  on  the  Niemeu,  at 
the  influx  of  the  Wilna,  50  miles  wnw  of 
Wilna. 

Krainburpy  a town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Inn, 

35  miles  e of  Munich. 

Krainbiirg,  a town  of  Carniola,  Germany, 
with  a castle  on  the  Saave,  i§  miles  kw  oif 
Laubach. 

KrainowitZy  a towa  of  Upper  Silesia,  in 
the  province  of  Troppau,  six  miles  ssw  of 
Ratibor.. 

Kranishfeld,  a town  of  Thuringia,  Upper 
Saxony,  on  the  Ilm.  It  is  12  miles  se  of 
Erfurt. 

Krapitz,  a town  of  Silesia,  in  the  duchy  of 
Oppelon,  with  a castle,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Prudnitz  and  the  Oder,  14  miles  s of  Op-  j 
peion.  1 

Krasnipoly  a town  of  Poland,  in  Podolia, 
32  miles  nne  of  Kammieck. 

KrasnoslaWy  a town  in  the  palatinate  of 
Chelm.  Poland,  23  miles  ssw  of  Cheim. 

Krasnopy  a town  in  the  government  of 
Smolensk,  Russia,  taken  by  the  French  under 
Murat,  August  f4,  1812  ; but  they  were  de- 
feat d here  with  great  loss,  Nov.  16;  and 
the  next  day  12  000  men  under  marshal 
Ney  laid  down  their  arms  ; 28  miles  sw  of 
Smolensk. 

Krauperiy  a town  of  Bohemia,  With  tin 
mines  in  its  vicinity,  17  miles  wnw  of  Leit- 
meritz. 

Krautheiniy  a town  and  castle  of  Franco- 
nia, duchy  of  Vfurezburg,  on  the  river  Jaxt, 
15  miles  sw  of  ?vJergeatheim. 

Kvekgtkey  a corporate  town  in  Csernarvon- 
sbire,  N Wales,  witli  a market  on  Wednes- 
day, stands  on  the  Irish  sea,  near  Traeth, 
Amawer  bay,  13  miles  s by  Eof  CsBicarvon, 
and  234  nw  of  London. 


K U N 

Krempey  a strong  town  in  the  duoby 
of  Holstein,  Denmark,  stands  in  a marsh, 
and  is  situated  on  a river  of  its  name,  five 
miles  N of  Gluckstadt,  and  30  nw  of  Ham- 
burgh, 

Krems,  a town  of  Austria,  at  the  junction 
of  the  Krems  and  Danube,  has  allum  works, 
and  manufactures  of  velvets,  silks,  stuffs, 
and  excellent  thread,  36  miles  wnw  of 
Vienna.  Lon.  15  36  E,lat.  48  24  e. 

Kronberpy  a towa  of  Austria,  on  the 
Danube,  eight  miles  nnw  of  Vienna. 

Kronberpy  or  Cronenbvrpy  a town  in  the 
electorate  of  Mentz,  Germany.  It  is  situ- 
ated on  a mountain,  nine  miles  nw  of 
Frankfort, 

Kruszwieay  a tow’n  in  the  palatinate  of 
Brzesc,  on  the  lake  Goplo,  with  a castle, 
noted  for  being  the  birth-place  of  Piast, 
who  from  the  station  of  a private  citizen  was 
elected  king  of  Poland,  in  the  year  842  ; 

28  miles  w of  Brzesc. 

KrutzoWy  a town  of  Lithuania,  on  the 
Sofz,  30  miles  sw  of  Mozoisiaw.  Lon.  32 
4 E,  lat.  54  8 N. 

Krylowy  a town  in  the  palatinate  of  Kiof, 
Poland,  on  the  Dnieper,  140  miles  se  of 
Kiof.  Lon  33  50  e,  lat.  48  50  n. 

KUBAN-TARTARS,  a people  who 
inhabit  the  borders  of  a river  of  the  same 
name.  They  can  send  40,000  men  into  the 
field. 

Kiibees,  See  Kabis, 

Kube^htty  a large  town  of  Asia,  in  the 
country  of  the  Lesguis,  one  of  the  seven 
Caucasian  nations,  between  the  Black  sea 
and  the  Caspian.  The  inhabitants  call 
I themselves  Franki-Franks,  a name  common 
j in  the  east  to  all  Europeans,  and  form  a re- 
I public.  They  are  excellent  artists,  and 
i rnake  very  good  fire-arms,  &c.  In  1725, 

! they  acknowledged  the  sovereignty  of  Rus- 
I sia,  but  pay  no  tribute.  Lon.  47  59  e,  lat. 
'42  30  n. 

Kuf.yteiny  a strong  town  in  the  Tyrol, 
Germany,  with  a castle  on  a rock,  stands  ori 
the  Inn,  on  the  borders  of  Bavaria.  la 
1805,  it  surrendered  to  the  French,  and 
Bavarians;  3^^  miles  ne  of  Inspruck,  and 
46  ssE  of  Munich.  Lon.  12  15  E,Tat.  47 
30  N. 

Kuhlsheiniy  or  KnUzheimy  a town  in  the 
territory  of  Mentz,  Germany,  32  miles  ene 
of  Heidelberg. 

Kundapiiruy  a town  of  Canara,  Hindoos- 
tan,  and  the  chief  in  the  n of  that  province, 
stands  near  the  mouth  of  a river,  in  which 
are  a number  of  islands.  It  is  the  port  of 
Nagara,  but  the  bar  will  not  admit  o;  large 
vessels,  30  miles  wsw  of  Ncigara.  Lon.  74 
45  E,  lat.  13  34  N. 

Kunersdorfy  a town  of  Saxony,  in  Bran- 
denburg. It  is  two  miles  and  a-half  ene  of 
Frankfort  on  the  Oder.  Here,  in  1759, 
one  of  the  most  bloody  battles  on  record 
was  fought  between  the  Prussians  and 
Russians^  After  an  imniense  slaughter  of 
■ the  enemy  for  about  six  hours,  the  kicj^  of 


K U T 

jprussia  was  compelled  to  quit  the  , field, 
W’itb  the  loss  of  20,000  men  and  all  his 
cannon. 

Kuntingy  a town  of  the  principal! 'y  of 
Aichstadt,  Francor-ia,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Altmuhl  and  Schwarzach,  12  miles  ne  of 
Aichstadt. 

Kuopiay  a town  of  Finland,  Sweden, 
capital  of  Savolax,  and  that  part  of  Carilia 
belonging  to  Sweden,  stands  on  the  w side 
of  an  extensive  lake,  200  miles  se  of  Ulea. 
Lon.  29  10  E,  lat.  03  20  n. 

Kupferbcrg,  a tow^n  of  Franconia,  princi- 
pality of  Bamberg,  eight  miles  ne  of  Culm- 
bach. 

Kupferherg,  a mine-town  in  the  principa- 
lity of  Jauer,  Silesia,  on  the  Bober,  19  miles 
E of  Schweidnilz. 

KiiVy  a river  of  Persia,  which  rises  in 
Mount  Caucasus,  and  falls  into  the  Caspian 
sea.  At  its  mouth  are  several  islets  ready 
to  be  overflowed  in  the  spring. 

Kurdistan.  See  Ciirdisian. 

KURILES,  a chain  of  islands,  extend- 
ing from  the  soiuhern  promontory  of 
Kamtschatka,  in  lat.  43  to  Japan  in  lat. 
32  N.  Spanberg  says  they  are  22  in  num- 
ber, exclusive  of  the  very  small  ones.  The 
northermost,  called  Shooraska,  is  about  three 
leagues  distant  from  the  promontory  Lopat- 
ka.  Its  inhabitants,  consistitig  of  a mixture 
of  natives  and  Kamtschadales.  The  next, 
named  Parramousir,  is  considerably  larger 
than  Shoom'^ka,  and  is  inbab  ted  by  the  real 
natives.  The  Russians  paiduheir  first  visit 
to  these  two  islands  in  17 13,  and  added 
them  to  tiie  dominions  of  the  empress. 
The  Baissiaiis  have  found  it  convenient  to 
substitute  numbers  for  the  ancient  names  of 
those  islands,  concerning  which  authors  are 
at  much  variance.  They  now  call  them 
No.  I,  No.  2,  (fee.  as  high  as  21,  which 
terminates  the  pretensions  of  the  Russians. 
Of  these  21  islands,  four  only  are  inhabited, 
viz.  No.  I,  2,  13,  14.  The  others  are  en- 
tirely uninhabited.  Many  of  the  inhabi- 
tants are  now  converted  to  Chvisiianity.  The 
inhabitants  are  hairy,  and  their  food  is  seals, 
lish,  and  game. 

Huron,  a chain  of  mountains  in  Asiatic 
Turkey.  .See  Tanrus. 

KURSK,  a government  of  Russia,  for- 
rneriy  part  of  that  of  Bielgorod.  Ls  capi- 
tal, of  the  same  name,  is  situated  on  the 
Tukor,  is  a large  city,  and  has  a brisk  trade, 
and  several  manufaciiires,  particularly  tan- 
neries. The  vicinity  is  populous  and  fertile, 
120  miles  sw  of  Verone.z.  Lon.  37  H e, 
lat.  51  40  K. 

K'USISTAN,  or  CnrisrsTAN,  a province 
of  Persia,  between  Ir  k /Igemi,  and  the 
gull  of  Persia,  mountainous  on  tue  n,  and 
on  the  s fiat  and  marshy.  Tostar  is  the 
capital. 

Kulaia.  See/I/rtiapa. 

Kutatis,  or  Cotatis,  the  capital  of  Imiritia, 
a fortified  tov.’u  ou  the  Rionu,  55  miles  oi 
Accilzik«, 


LAB 

Kuttenherg,  a town  of  Bohemia,  on  d 
mountain,  in  which  are  mines  of  silver,  fivo 
miles  Nwof  Czasiau. 

Kutture.VL  fiantory  between  the  ne  part 
of  Cabuf,  and  the  nw  of  Cashmere,  Asia', 
called  by  the  Maiiomedans  Caferistan,  or 
the  1 and  of  infidels ; it  has  a town  and  for- 
tress of  the  same  name,  100  miles  ne  of 
Cabul,  and  280  nw  of  Lahore.  Lon.  70  IT 
E,  lat.  35  27  N. 

Kinjndery  or  Fort  Kwjnder,  a town  and 
fort  in  Friesland,  Holland,  situated  on  the 
w side  of  the  Kuynder,  where  it  falls  into 
the  Zuyuer  Zee,  23  miles  s of  Lewarden. 

Kuznecky  capital  of  a province  of  the 
same  name,  in  the  government  of  the  Koi;- 
van,  Siberia,  sealed  on  the  J’ariiat,  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Koiidoma,  has  manufactures 
of  iron,  230  miles  ese  of  Kolivan.  Lon.  85 
50  E,  lat.  54  16  N. 

Kylburg,  a town  in  tlie  department  of 
Sarre,  France,  lately  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Treves,  stands  on  the  Kyll, 
and  has  a collegiate  church,  16  miles  n of 
Treves. 

KYLE,  the  middle  district  of  Ayrshire, 
said  to  derive  its  name  from  an  ancient 
king  called  Coil,  or  Coylus.  A parish  ia 
this  district  is  called  Coylton,  and  near 
Tarbolton  is  an  estate  called  Coil's  field, 
where  is  a stone  said  to  be  erected  in  memory 
of  king  Coil,  who  fell  here  in  a battle  with 
the  Danes. 

Kyneton.  See  Kington. 

KyraguVy  a fortress  of  Beraf,  Ilindeostan, 
near  the-  Luchnow  hills,  95  jjiiies  sw  of 
Ruttumpour,  and  110  e by  n of  Nagpour. 

Kuritz,  a town  of.  Brandenburg,  m the 
mark  of  Pregnitz,  nine  miles  ne  of  Havol- 
berg. 


I. 


T AAB,  a (own  of  Austria,  on  the  river 
Teya,  and  borders  of  Moravia,  39 
miles  N by  w of  Vienna.  Lon.  16  20  e, 
lat.  48  43  N. 

Laas,  or  Losch,  a towm  of  Carniola,  Ger- 
many, with  a trade  in  horses,  leather,  and 
salt,  12  miles  s of  Laubach,  and  23  ene  of 
Trie.ste. 

Labadia,  a strong  tow'n  on  the  Adige,  in 
the  peninsula  of  Kovigo,  Italy,  20  miles 
NNWof  Ferrara. 

Labes,  a town  of  Prussian  Pomerania, 
with  nianulaclures  of  cloth,  22  miles  ns  of 
New  Siargurd. 

Labia,  a town  in  Servia,  European  Tur- 
key, 62  miles  sw  of  Nissa. 

Lahiau,  a town  of  East  Prussia,  at  the 
moiiih  of  the  Dei  me,  near  the  Kurisb  Haff, 
uas  a strong  castle, ’30  miles  ne  of  Konigs- 
berg.  Population  in  1811,  was  41,644* 
Lon.  21  40  E,  lat.  54  47  N, 


LAC 

Labonrdy  a late  territory  of  France,  in 
the  bay  of  Biscay,  which  makes  parf  of 
Basques.  It  abouads  in  fruit.  It  is 
now  included  in  the  department  of  Lower 
Pyrenees . 

LABRADOR,  one  of  the  names  of  the 
vast  countries  that  surround  Hudson’s  bay, 
in  N America.  The  climate,  even  about 
Hay’s  river,  in  only  lat.  57  n,  is  excessively 
cold  during  winter.  The  sun  rises  in  the 
shortest  day  at  five  minutes  past  nine,  and 
s,‘ts  five  minutes  before  three.  In  the 
longest,  it  rises  at  three,  and  sets  about 
nine.  The  ice  begins  to  disappear  in  May, 
and  hot  weather  conmences  about  mid- 
summer, which,  at  times,  is  so  violent,  as  to 
scorch  the  faces  of  the  hunters.  Mock  suns 
and  haloes  are  not  unlVequent.  The  night 
is  enlivened  by  the  Aurora  Borealis,  which 
spreads  over  the  whole  concave  of  the  s\:y. 
The  animals  in  these  countries,  are  the 
moose-deer,  stags,  rein-deers,  bears,  tygers, 
buffaloes,  wolves,  foxes,  beavers,  otters, 
lynxes,  martins,  squirrels,  ermines,  wild 
cats,  and  hares.  The  feathered  kinds  are 
geese,  bustards,  ducks,  partridges,  and  all 
kinds  of  wild  fowls.  Their  fish  are  whales, 
morses,  seaH,  codfish,  and  a white  fish  pre- 
ferable to  herrings ; and  in  their  rivers  and 
fresh  watiTS,  pike,  perch,  carp,  and  trout. 
All  the  quadrupeds  in  these  countries  are 
clothed  with  a close,  soft,  warm  fur  ; and 
even  the  dogs  and  cats  from  Britain,  In 
summer,  which  lasts  only  three  months 
there  is  come  variety  in  the  colour  of  ani- 
mals, but  when  that  is  over,  they  all,  as  well 
as  the  birds,  assume  the  colour  of  snow. 
See  New  Britain  and  Hudson’s  Ban. 

LABRADOR,  Terra  de,  one  of  the 
northern  countiies  of  America,  called  also 
Esquimaux,  and  comprehended  in 
Britain.  The  coast  is  rooky,  and  inter- 
spersed with  innumerable  isles.  The  only 
attempt  to  trade  with  Labrador,  has  been 
directed  towards  the  . fishery  ; the  annual 
produce  af  which  amounts  to  upwards  of 
49, 0'uO  sterling,  Tha  inhabitants,  whose 
number  is  unknown,  hunt  for  furs  and  skins. 
The  Moravian  breihreu  maintain  a commu- 
nication with  their  mission  on  the  coast  of 
Labrador. 

LACCADIVE^,  a group  of  small 
islands  ia  the  Indian  ocean,  w of  the  coast 
oi  Malabar  ; thej-  are  33  in  number  ; their 
principal  traffic  is  the  produce  of  the  cocoa 
pa  m,  and  dri-*d  fish  ; these  cire  sent  to  the 
Cf’nfinf'nt  of  India,  whence  they  get  rice, 
*?rc.  in  return ; and  also  to  Alascat  in  large 
boats,  which  bring  back  dates  and  coffee. 
Caipeey,  one  of  the  largest,  is  situated  most 
to  the  s and  e,  its  s extremity  is  ITO 
miles  w of  Cochin.  Lon.  73  Hz  e,  lat.  Id 
0 N. 

J.acedfjona,  See  Cedogna. 

L’ich.'Xi,  eapitai  of  the  province  of  Balirin, 
Arabia,  ‘uands  o;i  the  Aftan,  which  falP. 
into  a large  bay  of  the  gulf  ot  Persia,  oppo- 


LAG 

site  the  isle  of  Bahrin.  It  is  well  bmlt» 
Lon.  48  40  E,  lat.  26  20  n. 

Lacisa,  Laeize,  or  Lazise^  a strong  and 
populous  town  on  the  e side  of  lake  Gar- 
da, one  of  the  frontier  towns  mentioned  in 
the  treaty  of  Campo  Formic. 

LaclitOy  or  Laotchu,  See  Lao. 
Ladenbiirg,  a town  of  Germany,  in  the 
late  palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  ceded  to  Baden 
in  1802.  It  is  seated  on  the  Neckar, 
six  miles  e of  Mauheiin,  and  eight  nw  of 
Heidelberg. 

Ladoga,  a lake  in  Russia,  between  tho 
gulf  of  Finland,  and  the  lake  of  Onego, 
150  miles  long  and  90  broad,  esteemed  the 
largest  lake  in  Europe.  It  is  full  of  quick- 
sands. Peter  I.  caused  a canal  to  be  cut 
from  the  sw  extremity  of  this  lake  to  the 
river  Neva,  67  miles  long  and  TO  feet  broad, 
by  which  it  has  a communication  with  tin^ 
gulf  of  Finland. 

Ladoga,  New,  a town  in  the  Russian  go- 
vernment of  St  Petersburg,  seated  on  the 
Volkhof,  between  the,  lake  and  canal  of 
Ladoga,  70  miles  e of  St  Petersburg,  La- 
doga Old,  is  an  inconsiderable  placed  higher 
up  the  Volkhof.  The  former  is  6S  miles  e 
of  Petersburg.  Lon.  3i  42  e,  lat.  60  0 n. 

LADRONE,  or  Marian  Islands,  in  the 
South  Sea,  about  iSOG  miles  e of  Ca.ntoij 
in  China.  They  are  about  12  in  number, 
exclusive  of  the  small  islets  and  rock.?,  and 
contain  the  breadfruit  tree  in  abundance. 
The  natues  of  the  principal  islands  ara 
Saypao,  Tiniam,  Guam,  and  Rota.  They 
were  discovered  by  Magellan  in  1521.  He 
touched  first  at  Guam  where  they  stole  some 
of  his  goods,  therefore  he  called  these  islands 
Ladroue,  or  islands  of  thieves.  They  lie 
in  about  140  degrees  e Ion,  and  between  I ! 
and  22  deg.  n lat. 

Ladg  Isle,  an  islet  in  the  Frith  of  Clyde, 
five  miles  sw  by  s of  Irvine,  in  the  mouth 
ot  Lamlaghby,  Isle  of  Arran,  and  as  it 
affords  security  to  vessels,  two  stone  pillars 
have  been  erected  for  their  direction. 

Ladgkirk,  a pari.sh  in  Berwickshire,  on 
the  banks  of  the  Tweed,  about  two  miles 
and  a-haif  long,  and  one  broad,  in  general 
fertile  and  well  cultivated.  The  church, 
which  is  handsome,  was  built  by  James  ivl 
and  dedicated  to  the  Virgin  Mary.  It  i; 


celebrated  for  its  breed  of  black  cattle,  and 
“Sheep.  Population  is  535. 

Lad>jl.irk,a  parish  in  the  isle  of  Sanda^ , 
in  Orkney.  Population  above  8G0. 

Laggan,  or  Lnggan,  a perish  in  Inver- 
ness-shire, and  district  of  Badenooh,  c'0,:o- 
prehending  an  extent  of  about  20  miirs 
square,  of  wdiich  a considerable  part  is  ec- 
cupied  by  water.  Loch  Laggmi  is  15  mil  s 
iutig,  and  one  and  a-half  broad,  very  deep. 
At  the  E end  of  this  lake  is  a burying, 
ground  of  great  antiquity,  still  much  u.sed. 
in  which  are  the  walls  of  a church.  lu 
^ asfle  More,  in  the  vicinity  of  this  iake,t!io 
kings  of  the  Caiedomans,  in  ancient  times, 


L A H 


LAM 


used  to  hunt,  and  seven  of  them  are  said  to 
lie  interred  in  a spot  still  deemed  sacred. 
In  the  western  extremity  of  the  parish  is 
Loch  Spey,  besides  which  there  are  several 
other  lakes.  Population  above  1300. 

Lagny,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Seine  and  Marne,  France,  with  a celebrated 
Benedictine  abbey,  seated  on  the  Marne, 
15  miles  e of  Paris. 

Lagos^  a sea  port  in  Algavia,  Portugal, 
with  a castle.  Here  the  fie(3ts  bound  to  the 
Mediterranean  usually  take  in  a iresb  sup- 
ply of  water.  lu  1759,  admiral  Boscawen 
defeated  a French  fleet  oif  the  coast  here 
It  is  120  miles  se  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  8 36  w, 
lat.  37  14  N. 

Lagos i a town  of  Guadalaxara,  New 
Spain,  on  the  borders  of  Mechoachan.  The 
vicinity  is  fertile  in  grain,  42  miles  kw  of 
Guanaxuato. 

Lagtiasco,  a town  of  Piedmont,  24  miles 
s of  Turin. 

Lagmm,  a handsome  town,  and  capital 
of  the  island  of  Teneriife.  See  Cliristophe 
de  Laguna  St. 

Lagunes  of  Venice,  are  marshes  or  lakes 
In  Italy,  in  which  Venice  is  situated. 
They  communicate  with  the  sea,  and  form 
the  great  security  of  the  city.  There  are 
abou't  60  islands  in  these  Lagunes,  which 
constitute  a bishop’s  see.  The  most  con- 
siderable, next  to  those  on  which  Venice 
stands,  is  Eruano. 

Laheomy  a sea  port  cf  Sweden,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Laga,  near  its  entrance  into 
the  Categat,  with  a castle,  12  miles  sse  of 
'OTalmstadt.  Lon.  12  56  E,  lat.  56  31  n. 

Lahn,  a^^iov/n  in  the  principality  of  Jauer, 
n'^ar  which  is  the  castle  of  Lahnhaus. 
It  stands  on  the  Bober,  10  miles  knw  of 
Hirschberg. 

Lahn,  a river  of  Germany,  which  has  its 
sour^'e  in  Hesse  Cassel,  and  running  by 
Marburg,  Wetzlaer,  and  Nassau,  unites 
with  the  Rhine  above  CoOien  z. 

LAHORE,  a province  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  bounded  on  the  w by  Canclahar,  n 
by  Casbfnere,  e by  Sirinagur  and  Delhi, 
fod  s by  Moulian.  It  is'oftener  called 
Idnjab,  or  the  country  oi  the  five  rivers.  It 
is  very  exten.si'vO,  and  remarkably  fertile; 
affordinir,  in  addition  to  all  the  uece  sancs 
of  life,'  wine,  .sugai.s,  and  cotton  woo;.  Ec- 
Uveen  the  Cbelum  and  Indus  are  salt  mm-s, 
of  the  rock  of  which  vessels  are  formed. 

See  Pnvjah.  . 

LauPre  the  capital  of  a proviuce  ot  the 
naiTie,  in  Kinuoostan  p.oper.  It  is 
sbiiated  cn  the  s bank  of  the  llauvee,  and  is 
LOW  the  capital  of  the  t^ieiks.  It  was  the 
re^id  nee  of  the  Mahomedan  conquerors,  be- 
fore they  es  abbshed  themselves  in  the  inte- 
itor  of  Hindoostan.  Here  they  have  exten- 
j,ive  manufactures  of  cotton  cloths, and  stulrs 
of  all  k .nds ; they  make  very  curious  carpets. 
I»  is  210  miles  s of  Cashmere,  and  290  nw 
of  Delhi.  Lon.  72  48  E,  lat.  31  15  n. 

Lahr,  a town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  prin- 


cipality of  Munster.  It  is  12  miles  n of 
Munster. 

Lehr,  or  Lohr,  a town  in  the  circle  of  the 
Upper  Rhine,  near  18  miles  sse  of  Stra.s- 
burg. 

Laino,  a town  in  Calabria  Citeriore,  Na* 
pies,  19  miles  wnw  of  Cassano. 

Lajoon,  a towm  in  the  province  of  Mezan- 
derain,  Persia,  near  the  coast  of  the  Caspian 
sea,  20  miles  e of  Resht. 

Lairgy  or  Larigy  a parish  in  Sutherland- 
shire,  24  miles  long  and  eight  broad.  The 
country  is  hilly,  and  only  about  a 20th  part 
of  the  surface  is  under  culture.  Lime  is 
found  in  the  parish.  Population  1200. 

Lai-tcheouy  a city  of  China,  of  the  first 
rank,  in  the  province  of  Chang-tong,  with  a 
convenient  harbour,  on  the  Yellow  sea.  It 
stands  on  a promontory,  255  miles  se  of 
Pekin.  Lon.  119  46  e,  lat.  37  9 n. 

Lalandy  a small  island  in  the  Baltic,  s of 
Zealand,  Denmark,  situated  w of  Falster, 
from  which  it  is  .separated  by  a narrow  chan- 
nel. It  is  fertile  in  corn.  Naxkow  is  the 
capital. 

LALANG,  an  island  in  the  strait  of  Ma- 
lacca, near  the  n coast  of  Sumatra.  Lon. 
99  20  E,  lat.  1 45  N. 

Lalehaniy  a delightful  village  near  the  sw 
corner  of  Middlesex,  seated  on  the  Thames, 
two  miles  s by  e of  Staines,  and  17  wsw  of 
London. 

Lamhay  a small  uninhabited  island  of 
Shetland,  in  the  parish  of  Northmaven. 

Lambach,  a town  of  Austria,  24  miles 
ssw  of  Lintz. 

Lamballey  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  North  Coast,  France.  It  has  a good 
trade  iu  cattle,  linen,  and  parchment.  It  is 
37  miles  nw  of  Rennes. 

LAMBAY,  an  island  ua  the  coast  of  the 
county  of  Dublin,  Ireland.  It  abounds  in 
rabbits,  is  frequented  by  vast  variety  of  sea 
fowl;  is  the  resort  o<  numerous  parties  of 
pleasure,  and  of  the  devout  who  repair  to  it 
on  Trinity  Sunday,  on  account  of  a curious 
Well  and  fine  spring  dedicated  to  the  Tri- 
nity. It  is  12  miles  from  the  metropolis, 
and  three  se  of  Rushills.  Lon.  79  35  w’, 
lat.  6 45  s. 

Lamhescy  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
mouths  of  the  Rhone,  France,  nine  miles  n 


of  Aix. 

Lambeth,  a town  in  Surry, on  the  Thames, 
opposite  Westmirisier,  which,  by  the  vast  in- 
crease of  build. ngs,  is  now  joined  to  the  me- 
tropolis, in  a direction  to  each  of  the  three 
bridge?.  The  pansn  of  Lambeth  is  about 
17  miles  in  circumference,  and  contains  near 
5000  houses.  It  is  divided  into  eight  pre- 
cincts. What  chiefly  renders  this  place  re- 
markable, is  tbe  palace  of  the  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  founded  in  tbe  13th  century  by 
archbishop  Boniface.  The  library  contains 
25,000  volumes,  anti  a room  above  it  1 1,000 
manuscripts.  Its  extensive  and  elegant  gar- 
i (]( ns  occupy  13  acres.  Lambeth  is  also 
I noted  for  the  assylum  for  orphan  girls,  and 


LAM 


LAN 


the  Westminster  New  Lying  in  Hospital. 
Population  is  about  41,  644. 

Lambourn,  a lo^vn  in  Berks,  situated  on 
a river  of  the  same  name,  v;ith  a market  on 
Friday.  It  is  seven  miles  x by  w of  Hun 
gerford,  15  sw  of  Abington,  and  65  w of 
London. 

Lnmego,  a city  in  Beira,  Portugal,  and  a 
bishop’s  see  with, a strong  citadel,  two  ca- 
thedral churches,  and  four  convents.  It  is 
situated  on  the  Douer,  50  miles  e of  Oporto. 
Here  the  states  assembled  to  confirm  the 
election  of  Alfonso  Henriques,  the  first 
king  of  Portugal,  and  enacted  the  fundamen- 
tui  laws,  now  forgotten.  Lon.  7 30  w,  lat 
41  12  N. 

Lamin^ton,  a parish  in  the  soiuhern  part 
of  Lanarkshire,  v/hieh  including  Wandel  an- 
nexed to  it,  extends  about  nine  miles  along 
the  E bank  of  the  Clyde,  with  a breadth  of 
nearly  four  miles.  The  greatest  part  is  ap- 
propriated to  pasture.  The  v illage  of  Lam- 
mi  ngton  is  situated  on  the  banks  of  the 
Clyde,  nearly  opposite  the  hill  of  Tinto,  con- 
tains about  100  inhabitants.  Sir  W Wal- 
lace was  allied  to  the  family  of  Lamington. 
and  their  representative  has  in  possession  an  ! 
ancient  chair,  said  to  have  belonged  to  that  ! 
patriot.  In  the  parish  are  three  Roman  j 
camps,  and  one  called  Wallace  camp,h.tving  | 
been  occupied  by  the  patriotic  hero  of  that  h 
name.  Population  of  the  parish  near  400.  ' 
The  village  is  about  33  miles  clisiaot  from  ' 
Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  and  Dumfries.  i 

Lamlash,  a circular  bay  on  the  e side  of  j 
the  island  of  Arran,  opposite  Kilbride,  pro-  | 
tected  by  the  Holy  Isle,  so  called  from  its  j 
having  been  the  retreat  of  St.  Maol  Jos,  ! 
v/hose  cave,  well,cfec.  are  shewn  to  strangers,  j 
The  harbour  is  one  of  the  safest  in  the  | 
world  for  vessels  of  any  size,  and  it  is  fre- 
quently run  to  for  shelter.  On  the  bay  is  a 
village  of  the  same  name.  Lon.  4 55  w. 
lat.  55^53  N. 

Lammermuir,  a mounlainous  ridge  in 
Scotland,  v/hich  divides  the  country  of  Ber- 
wick from  that  of  Haildingtou,  for  above  20 
miles.  The  mountains  are  in  general  very 
bleak  and  barren.  But  the  arable  land  is 
well  cultivated,  and  productive.  Lammer- 
law,  which  is  more  than  1718  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea,  is  the  most  elevated  of 
this  ridge. 

LAMO,  a kingdom  and  island  of  Africa, 
on  the  coast  of  Melinda,  in  Zanguebar,  be- 
tween the  island  of  Pate  and  cape  Formosa. 

Its  capital  of  the  same  name,  is  well  for- 
tified. Lamo  is  tributary  to  the  Portu- 
guese. The  capital  is  in  Lon.  40  24  e,  lat. 

2 0.  s. 

Lampa,  a town  in  the  jurisdiction  of  Cus- 
co, in  Peru,  .South  America.  Here  are  sil- 
ver mines.  The  air  is  very  cold.  The 
country  is  in  some  parts  very  fertile,  others  i 
unproductive.  It  is  130  miles  s by  w of  < 
Cusco.  Lon,  12  0 w,  lat.  14  56  s.  i 

LAMPEDOSA,  an  island  on  the  coast  ] 
No,  17— 6rf. 


. jj  of  Tunis,  28  miles  in  circumference,  has  a 
j good  harbour,  W'here  ships  take  in  W'atef'’ 
1 , and  lies  50  miles  from  Tunis.  It  is  fVrtiie 
1 and  pleasant,  though  Uninhabited.  Lon.  12 
24  E,  lat.  35  40  n. 

f Lampon.  capiial  of  a district  of  Sumatra, 
subject  to  the  king  ol  Bantam,  stands  on 
i a bay  of  its  name  m the  strait  of  Sutuia, 
Here 'the  Dutch  have  a resident,  180  miles 
; sE  of  Bencoolen.  Lon.  iU4  15  E,  iat  5 
. 40  N. 

* Lampsaco,  an  old  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey 
in  Ndtoiia,  seated  on  the  Strait,  and  nearly 
opposite  the  town,  of  Gallipoli.  It  is  cele- 
brated for  its  wine,  six  miles  from  th© 
Dardanelles. 

Lamspringey  a town  of  Lower  Saxony  m 
' the  priacipadty  of  Hiidersheim,  situated  at 
the  source  of  the  rivulet  Lame.  It  is  IT 
miles  s of  Hiidersheim. 

Lanark,  an  ancient  royal  borough,  and 
the  capital  of  Lanarkshire,  is  situated  on  the 
NE  side  of  the  Clyde.  It  consists  of  five 
neat  and  elegant  streets,  besides  lanes,  cfec.. 
It  received  its  character  from  Alexander  I» 
It  contains  about  2300  iuhabitarits,  and  is 
j goverened  by  a provost,  tw  o bailies,  a dean  of 
I guild,  <S:c.  and  unites  with  Linlithgow,  Sel- 
j kirk , and  Peebles,  in  sending  a member  to 
I parliament.  The  late  Dr.  Saiellie,  who  was 
I educated  here,  left  a legacy,  and  his  library, 

: lor  the  benefit  of  the  school,  which  is  taught 
I by*  two  masters,  and  is  of  Considerable  ceie- 
j brity.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  Gc- 
j thic  church,  and  of  a monastery  founded  in 
I 1314,  but  no  vestiges  of  St.  Leonardos  Hos- 
pital remain.  Here  Sir  William  Wallace 
j began  his  military  career,  by  killing  the 
i English  Sheriff  Hasilrie.  Here  also  are 
I kept  the  standard  weights  for  Scotland. 
Of  late  years,  several  ext  nsive  cotton 
manufactories  have  been  erected  here.  It 
lies  24  miles  se  of  Glasgow,  and  30  w of 
Edinburgh.  The  celebrated  traveller 
William  Litbgow,  was  a native  of  this  parish  ; 
also  the  celebrated  Sir  William  Lockhart 
ot  Lee,  who  was  famous  as  a statesman  and 
general,  under  Oliver  Cromwell  and  Charles 
II.^  The  parish  of  Lanark  is  near.y  five 
miles  in  length,  and  three  in  breadth.  ' The 
suriaee  is  in  general  fiat.  See  Monniton, 
and  Lanarkshire, 

Lanark,  Neuj,  a village  about  a mile  fiom 
the  above  borough,  built  since  1785,  by  the 
late  Mr.  David  Dale.  Th"  village  consists 
of  two  streets  about  half  a mile  in  length. 
The  population  ol  the  whole  parish,  w*a3  in 
1811,  5,672. 

LANARKSHIRE,  or  Clydesdale,  a 
country  of  Scotland,  of  cousideranie  extent, 
being  about  53  miles  long,  and  33  nroed. 

It  is  bouiiiled  on  the  s by  Dumfrieshirc,  cn 
the  w by  Ayrshire,  and  Renfrewshire ; on 
the  X by  Dunbartonshire,  and  Stiriing^hire ; 
on  the  E and  xe  by  Liniiihgow,  and  Sdin- 
uurghsbire,  and  on  the  se  by  1 eebleshirs. 

It  is  divided  into  two  districts,  called  tue 


Upper  and  Nether  Ward,  the  fonner  hehg 
properly  the  shire  of  Lanark,  while  the  lat- 
ter may  be  called  the  barony  of  Glasgow. 
In  general  the  country  is  moan ta incus  and 
healthy,  but  pleasant  and  agreeably  diversi- 
fied, exli'bitirg  landscapes  intermingied  with 
wood  and  water,  hiL  and  valley.  The  caked 
mountains  afford  abui  dance  of  minerals, 
particularly  lead-ore,  impregnated  with  a 
considerable  proportion  of  silver.  Lanark- 
shire, intersected  in  its  whole  length  by  the 
Clyde,  has  undergone  great  improvements 
of  late  years ; manufactures  are  spreading 
every  where  on  the  most  extensive  scale,  par- 
ticularly those  of  cotton  goods.  This  county 
contains  much  curious,  romantic,  and  varied 
scenery  ; but  the  falls  of  the  Clyde  are  par- 
ticularly interesting  to  a stranger.  The  up- 
permost one  is  somewhat  above  two  miles 
and  a-half  from  Lanark,  called  Boiiniton 
Linn.  Here  the  Clyde  precipitates  itself  all 
at  once,  from  a rock  upwards  of  12  feet,  in 
perpendicular  height,  into  a hollow  den. 
Abcut  h»lf  a mile  farther  down  the  river  is 
the  Corra  Linn.  This  fall  by  a late  mea- 
surement, is  lound  to  be  84  feet  in  height. 
The  river  does  not  rush  over  in  one  con- 
tinued sheet  like  the  Bonniton  Linn,  but  in 
three  different,  though  almost  imperceptible 
precipitate  leaps.  Below  this,  and  near  the 
cotton  mills,  is  another  beautiful  fall,  called  j 
Dur-daff  Linn.  This  fall  is  about  three  or 
four  feet  high.  The  next  fall  of  consequence 
is  the  Stonebyres  Linn.  This  cataract 
which  is  about  80  feet  in  height,  is  equally 
romantic  with  the  others  ; and,  like  the 
Corra  Linn,  has  three  distinct  but  almost  pre- 
cipitate falls.  The  principal  rivers,  besides 
Ihe  Clyde,  are  the  Avon,  KUvin,  Douglas, 
Calders,  Mouse,  Duneaton,  Daire,  Sbort- 
cleugh.  The  most  elevated  mountains  are 
Tintock  and  Lauders-town,  Hamilton, 
Strathaven,  Douglass,  Biggar,  &o.  The  j 
royal  burghs,  Lanark,  Rutberglen,  and  the 
city  of  Glasgow.  The  black  cattle  are  in 
general  large  ; the  horses  strong.  It  sends 
one  member  to  parliament.  Lanarkshire  is 
divided  into  41  parochial  districts,  which  in 
1811  contained  191,722  inhabitants.  The 
real  rent  is  estimated  at  abcut  127,0001. 
Sterling. 

LANCASHIRE,  a county  of  England, 
bounded  on  the  w by  the  Irish  sea,  on  the  n 
by  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland,  on  the 
E by ’Yorkshire,  and  on  the  s by  Cheshire. 
It  is  74  miies  from  n to  s,  (including  a de- 
tached hundred  on  the  Nw  called  Fumes, 
which  is  separated  from  the  rest  by  a creek, 
at  the  head  of  Morecambe  bay,)  and  its 
greatest  breadth  from  e to  w is  42  miles. 
It  is  divided  into  six  hundreds  containing  27 
market  towns,  63  parishes,  and  in  1811, 
828,309  inhabitants,  who  send  14  represen- 
tatives to  parliament.  It  is  a county  palati- 
nate under  the  title  of  the  dnchy  of  Lancas- 
ter, The  air  in  general  is  very  healthful  ; 


the  inhabitants  living  to  a great  age.  Thrs 
county  comprises  a variety  of  soil  and  face 
country  ; but,  upon  the  whole,  it  is  one  of 
these  which  are  the  least  favoured  as  to  na- 
tural advantages.  The  hundred  of  Furness 
is  a wild  and  rugged  region,  stored,  with 
quantities  of  iron  ore  and  slate,  Theeas-. 
tern  part  of  the  counfy,  between  the  Kibble 
and  the  Mersey  is  mountainous,  and  gene- 
rally barren;  but  the  southern  part  of  the 
tract  betW'een  these  two  rivers  from  the  sea, 
to  the  comm.encement  of  the  ridge  called 
Blackstcn-edge,  is  an  entire  flat.  The  na- 
tural products  of  this  country  are  of  little 
consequence,  except  the  coal  and  turf,  with 
which  its  southern  parts  abound.  Lanca- 
shire is  little  adapted  for  a corn  country,  not 
only,  in  many  parts,  from  th(3  nature  of  its 
soil,  but  from  the  remarkable  wetness  of  its 
climate;  the  laml,  however,  is  singularly 
fitteth  to  the  growth  of  the  potatoe,  which 
was  in  general  use  in  this  vicinity,  before  it ^ 
v/as  known  in  any  other  part  of  England, 
except  as  a garden  plant.  The  cattle  near 
the  Garstrang,  are  deemed  equal  to  any  in 
England,  and  the  sheep  in  Silverdale,  are 
highly  esteemed  both  for  delicacy  of  mutton, 
and  fairness  of  w’ool.  The  farms  are  in 
general  small.  All  the  rivers  afford  salmon. 
As  a commercial  and  manufacturing  coun- 
ty, Lancashire  is  distinguished  beyond  many 
others  in  the  kingdom.  Its  principal  manu- 
factures are  linen,  silk,  and  cotton  goods  ; 
iustians,  counterpanes,  shalloons,  bays,  ser- 
ges, tapes,  s.mall  w'ares,  hats,  sail-cloth, 
sacking,  pins,  iron  goods,  cast  plate-glass, 
<fee.  Of  the  commerce  of  this  county,  it 
may  suifice  to  observe,  that  Liverpool  is  the 
second  port  in  the  kingdom.  The  principal 
rivers  are  the  Mersey,  Irwell,  Kibble,  Lone, 
Leven,  Wyre,  Hodder,  Roche,  Duddon,  Win- 
ster,  Ken,  and  Calder,  and  its  two  considera- 
ble lakes,  Winander,  Mere,  and  Coniston 
Water,  besides  many  canals,  one  of  which 
begun  by  the  duke  of  Bridgew'ater  in  1758, 
is  the  first  regular  one  in  the  kingdom. 
Lancaster  is  the  county  town. 

Lancaster,  the  county  town  of  Lanca- 
shire, is  an  ancient,  well  built,  and  populous 
borough,  seated  near  the  month  of  the  Loyne, 
or  Lune,  over  which  is  a handsome  stone 
bridge  of  five  arches.  It  has  been  much  im- 
proved of  late  years,  by  building  sev  eral  new 
streets,  and  an  extensive  quay,  with  commo- 
dious ware-houses.  The  canal  from  Kendal 
is  here  conveyed  over  the  river,  by  an  aque- 
duct of  five  arches.  The  church  is  a hand- 
some Viuilding,  on  the  side  of  a hill,  on  the 
top  of  which  is  a oasile,  which  serves  as  the 
store-house,  and  the  county-gaol.  On  the 
top  of  the  castle  is  a square  tower,  called 
John  of  GamH^s  chair.  Here  are  an  ex- 
change, several  meeting  houses,  and  a neat 
chapel.  Five  miles  from  this  place  is  Du- 
nald  mill-hole,  a cave  at  the  foot  of  a moun- 
tain, iuio  which  a large  brook  runs  and 


LAN 

passes  two  miles  under  ground;,  before  if,  ap- 
peara  again.  Some  of  its  vaults  are  bigh, 
and  some  so  low,  that  tiiey  can  he  passes 
only  by  creeping  on  the  bands  and  feet. 
The  town  is  governed  by  a mayor,  recorder, 
aldermen,  &c.  Lancaster  carries  on  a con- 
side.-able  trade,  especially  to  the  W Indies 
and  is  noted  for  the  making  of  mahogan} 
cabinet  ware.  Population  in  1811,  9247. 
It  has  weekly  markets  on  Wednesday,  and 
Saturday,  and  lies  66  miles  s of  Carlisle,  and 
^40  NNw  of  London.  Lon.  2 S6  w,  lat.  ^54 
4 K, 

LANCASTER,  a populous  and  wealthy 
county  in  the  United  States,  in  the  interior 
part  of  Pennsylvania.  It  is  42  miles  square, 
is  divided  into  25  townships,  and  contains 
556,240  acres  of  land.  The  lands  in  this 
county  are  rich  and  well  cultivated.  The 
hills  in  the  northern  parts  abound  with 
iron  ore,  of  which  there  is  manufactured 
about  1204  tons  of  pigs,  and  nearly  that 
Kumber  of  bar  iron  annually.  Copper  and 
lead  have  also  been  found.  It  has  six 
churches,  and  a college  founded  in  1787 
called  Franklin  College.  It  stands  near 
the  Conestogo  creek,  which  unites  with 
the  Susquehanna,  has  manufactures  of  guns 
and  other  hardware,  and  a considerable 
trade.  Population  about  5000.  It  is  58 
miles  w by  N of  Philadelphia.  Lon.  76  20 
w,  lat.  40  3 N. 

Lancaster,  capital  of  Fairfield  county,  in 
the  state  of  Ohio,  stands  on  the  Hockhock- 
ing,  .50  miles  w of  Marietta. 

Lancaster,  Borough  of,  a handsome  and 
fiourisoing  post  town,  the  capital  of  Lancas- 
ter county,  Pennsylvania,  and  the  iaro*est  in- 
land town  of  the  United  States.  Its  trade 
is  great,  and  must  increase  with  the  popula- 
tion of  the  surrounding  country. 

Lancaster,  a post  town  of  S Carolina,  36 
miles  from  Camden. 

Lancaster,  a township  of  Grafton  county 
New  Hampshire,  about  41  miles  above 
Hanover. 

Lancaster,  a very  pleasant  post  town  in 
Morcciter  county,  Massachusetts.  It  is  si- 
tuated on  a branch  of  Nashua  river,  which 
runs  into  the  river  Merrimac.  In  the 
Vicinity  is  a quarry  of  the  best  slates,  a d 
excellent  stones  for  tombs.  It  is  14  miles 
N by  E of  M orcester,  and  35  wnw  of  Bos- 
ton. 

one  of  the-  Canary  isles, 

30  limes  long  and  10  broad.  It  is  elevated, 
and  has  a good  harbour  at  the  n end.  Lon. 

13  26  w,  lat.  29  14 

Lanchester,  a village  seven  miles  nw  of 
Durham,  stands  in  a deep  valley,  on  the 
Browiiey,  n side  of  Wearnale  forest.  In  the 
vicinity  are  the  remains  of  a large  Roman 
station,  where  many  ancient  inscriptions  and 
figures  h »ve  been  discovered. 

Lanciano,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Abruzisa  Citra,  Naples,  10  miles  n by  e of 
Naples,  noted  for  two  great  annual  fairs. 


LAN 


seated.on  the  Feltrino,  is  an  archbishop's  see, 
Lon.  14  50  E,  lat,  42  18  N. 

Landau,  an  ancient  handsome  town  in 
the  aepartrnent  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  France, 
containing  4000  citizens,  seated  on  the 
Queick.  It  was  taken  by  the  Austrians  in 
1T02,  and  next  year  retaken  by  the 
French.  In  1704,  it  surrendered  to  the 
allies,  but  fell  again  into  the  hands  of  the 
French,  in  1713,  to  whom  it  was  ceded  by 
the  treaty  of  Baden,  in  1714,  In  1793, 
the  Austrians  and  Prussians  attacked  it 
without  success.  It  is  nine  miles  s of 
Newstadt,  and  270  e of  Paris.  Lon.  8 12  e, 
lat.  49  13  N. 

Landau,  a town  of  Bavaria,  on  an  emi- 
nence, by  the  Iser,  15  miles  se  of  Strau- 
bingen. 

Landau,  a town  in  the  circle  of  the  Up- 
per Riiine,  and  county  of  Waldeck,  Ger- 
many, 10  miles  n of  Waldeck. 

Landau,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Bruns- 
wick, Lower  Saxony,  on  the  Ruhme,  13 
miles  ENE  of  Gottingen. 

Landen,  a town  of  Brabant,  Netherlands, 
celebrated  for  a victory  gained  by  the  Freueii 
over  the  allies,  in  1693,  and  for  a battle  be- 
tw^een  the  Austrians  and  the  French  in 
1793,  in  which  the  latter  were  defeated. 
Landen  is  situated  on  the  Becke,  18  miles 
ESE  of  Louvain, 

Landernau,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Finisterre,  France,  on  the  Eihorn,  20  miles 
NE  of  Brest. 

Lander  on,  a town  in  Neufchatel,  Switzer- 
land,  stands  at  the  sw  extremity  of  tli© 
iaae  Brienne,  It  is  seven  miles  ne  of 
Neufchatel. 

Landes,  a department  of  France,  includ- 
ing the  late  territory  of  Marsan,  in  Gascony. 
This  is  a barren  sandy  country,  covered  with 
ferns,  pines,  and  the  holm  tree,  and  thinly 
peopled.  Mont-de-Marsan  and  Dax  are  the 
principal  towns. 

Landguard-Fort,  in  Essex.  It  was  erect- 
ed, and  is  maintained  lor  the  defence  of  the 
port  ol  Harwich.  It  contains  a garrison, 
with  a governor,  and  a platform  of  guns. 

Landrecy,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the.  North,  France,  situated  on  the  river 
Sambre.  In  1712,  prince  Eugene  besieged 
it  without  succe.'S,  and  in  1794,  after  a se- 
vere bombardment,  was  taken  by  the  allies, 
but  shortly  after,  the  garrison  capitulated 
to  tae  French,  It  is  18  miles  sw  of  Mau- 
beuge,  and  100  N by  e of  Paris. 

Landriano,  a town  of  the  Milanese,  Italy, 

II  miles  .ssE  of  Milan. 

Landseron,  a strong  town  of  Schonen, 
and  South  GothLvnd,  in  Sweden,  staied  on  an 
island  near  the  Sound,  with  a good  harbour 
between  the  coniinent  and  a small 
20  miles  ^w  of  Lund,  and  21  N^  E of  Co* 
penhagen.  Lon,  12  51  k,  lat.  65  53  n. 

Landseron^  a town  and  fort  in  the  palati- 
nate of  Cracow,  Poiand,  24  miles  s of  Cra- 
cow. 

E 2 


LAN 


LAN 


Landscsoriy  a fort  in  the  departnient  of 
Upper  Rhine,  France,  stands  on  an  emi- 
u^n'^^,  on  the  frontiers  of  Swisserland,  five 
ni  w of  B.isei. 

L indsiown,  a small  town  in  Somerset- 
shire near  Bath.  | 

Land^^  End,  a promontory  in  Cornwall,  | 
the  most  westerly  point  of  Great  Britain.  1 
It  eon'i.'ts  of  a vast  morass  of  moorstone,  and 
at  low  water,  veins  of  lead  and  copper  are  to 
b ; seen  on  the  outermost  rocks.  Lon.  <5 
42  w,  1 t.  50  6 N. 

Landshut,  the  capital  of  Lower  Bavaria, 
with  a coile'^iate  church,  a convent,  and  a 
palace.  The  ancient  castle  of  Trausnitz 
stands  upon  a mountain  in  the  vicinity.  It 
is  sitnaied  on  an  island  in  the  river  Isir,  35 
miles  ME  of  Munich.  Loo.  12  11  B,  lat. 
48  30  N. 

Landshuf,  Sl  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Schweidii  iz  sealed  on  the  Bober. 
It  has  a fiourisbing  trade,  and  is  situated  22  | 
miles  sw  ot  Schweidn  tz. 

Land.>/hnt,  a town  of  Moravia,  on  the  con- 
fin'^s  of  Hungary  and  Austria,  stands  on  the 
Moran,  36  miles  sr  of  Brunn. 

Landsherg,  a town  of  Brandenburg,  in  j 
Upper  Saxony,  seated  ou  the  Wart  a,  has  a j 
con«;iderable  trade  in  cloth  and  wool ; was 
tiiken  by  the  Russians  in  1S5S;  34  miles 
ICE  of  Franefort. 

Landsherg,  a town  of  Bavaria,  with  a cas- 
tle, near  the  Lech,  on  the  frontiers  of  Suabia, 
20  miles  s of  Augsburg. 

Ij  indstrciss,  or  Landlross,  a town  of  Car- 
nioia,  Germany,  situated  on  an  island  in  ibe 
Gruk,  wiib  a castle,  and  Cistercian  convent, 
30  miles  sse  of  Cilley. 

Lane-end,  a town  in  Staffordshire,  noted 
lor  its  exiensive  potteries.  It  is  13  miles  n 
of  Stafford. 

Lanerh.  See  Lanark. 

LanesLorovgli,  a burgh  in  the  county  of 
Long.ord.  Ireland,  on  the  Shannon,  eight 
miles  sw  of  Longford. 

Langarrico,  ov  Sunri,  the  ancient  Olympia, 
a decayed  town  of  European  Turkey,  the 
ancient  Alpheus,  once  a place  of  great  note, 
near  wh-ch  the  ancient  Olympic  games  were 
celei)rated.  Here  was  a temj.Le  ol  Jupiter 
OI3  uip'.is,  and  an  image  of  the  deity,  50 
oubiis  tugh  reckoned  one  of  the  .seven  won- 
d - s of  ih^  world.  It  is  now  a poor  place, 
32  miles  se  of  Chiarenza,  and  60  sw  of 
Corinth. 

Lan  eac,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Upuer  Loire,  France,  seated  amidst  nu  un- 
tniils  near  the  Allier.  It  is  17  miles  E oi 
Si  F-  'ur, 

Lanqtais,  a town  in  the  department  oi 
I>  drea  .d  Loire,  France,  OD  the  Loire,  12 
miles  w of  Tours. 

Langenhirg,  a town  in  the  pTincipality  ol 
Eoheniohe,  Franconia,  has  a castle,  on  llu 
Jaxt,  J3*nules  s of  Mergentheim. 

Lang  nsnha,  a town  of  Fpper  Saxony, 
som.etimes  reckoned  the  capital  of  Thurin- 


gia, has  a castle,  a college, “and  two  cbiirchcs* 
The  vicinity  is  pleasant.  It  has  noted  ma*- 
nufdctures  of  stuffs  : seated  on  the  Salza, 
near  its  junction  with  the  Unstrut,  17  miles 
w by  N of  Eriurt,  Lon.  10  42  e,  lat.  51 
5 N. 

Langenthal  a town  in  the  canton  of  Bern, 
Switzerland.  It  has  three  great  fairs,  at 
which  are  sold  great  quantities  of  grain, 
black  cattle,  cheese,  and  linen.  Here  are 
two  medicinal  springs,  10  miles  e of  So- 
leure,  and  18  ne  of  B.  rn. 

Langenzenn,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Anspacb,  Franconia,  on  the  Zenn,  20  miles 
NE  of  Anspacb. 

LangliGlm,  a parish  and  town  in  Bum- 
fries-shire,  l>ing  in  the  middle  of  Eskdale. 
The  parish  is  nearly  six  miles  and  a-half 
square,  and  contains,  besides  the  district  of 
Halfmorton,  about  14,320  acres.  It  is  in-, 
tersected  by  the  E-k,  and  in  general  fertile 
and  well  cultivated  : but  the  greater  part  of 
the  surface  is  occupied  in  pasturing  sheep 
and  black  cattle.  The  town  of  Langholmo 
situated  on  the  Esk,  is  a borough  of  barony, 
holding  Ol  the  duke  of  Buccleugh,  and  con- 
tains about  1500  inhabiiants.  It  has  a 
i weekly  market  and  four  fairs.  There  is 
about  half  a mile  distant  from  the  town,  a 
paper  mill,  lately  carried  on  by  Mr  Little 
and  Co.  It  lies  22  miles  s of  Hawick,  and 
' 12  N of  Lopgtow'n ; and  about  a mile  dis- 
tant is  the  village  of  New  La  ghoirn,  plea- 
santly si  mated  between  thu  confluence  of 
the  WaucLope  and  the  Esk.  It  is  built 
upon  a regular  plan,  on  fens  granted  by  the 
duke  of  Buccieugh,  and  coniains  upwards 
of  600  inhabitants,  a number  of  w'hom  are 
employed  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton. 
The  population  of  the  parish  is  above  2000. 
Half  a mile  nw  of  the  tovm  stands  Lang- 
holm Lodge,  an  elegant  mansion  ol  the  duke 
of  Buccieugh,  who  usually  resides  here 
about  six  months  annually.  At  the  conflu- 
I ence  of  the  Esk  and  Ewes  are  some  vestiges 
of  Langholm  castle. 

Langiona,  a large,  rich,  and  strong  towm 
of  Asia,  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Lao,  with 
a superb  royal  palace,  on  a small  river,  290 
miles  NKw  of  Lanjan.  Lon.  lOi  15  e,  lat. 
22  32  N. 

LANGLAND,  an  island  of  Denmark,  si- 
tuated in  the  Baltic,  in  the  s part  of  ihe  great 
Belt,  33  miles  long,  and  about  five  broad. 
It  is  fertile  in  corn  ; the  chief  town  is  Rud- 
kioping.  Lon.  10  54  E,  lat.  55  20  n. 

Langogne,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Lozere,  France,  21  miles  ne  of  Mende, 
ai'd  33  w of  Privas. 

Langon,  a town  in  the  department  cf  Gi- 
vonde,  France,  on  the  Garonne,  15  miles  x of 
Bazas. 

L mgport,  a well  frequentfd  town  on  the 
Pono  Tin  ^Somersetshire,  with  a nuirket  on 
Saturday,  10  niiies  se  of  Bridgewater,  and 
132  w by  s of  London, 

Langres,  a town  in  the  department  of 


« 


LAN 


LAP 


tJpper  Marne,  France,  seated  on  a mountain, 
near  the  source  of  the  Marne.  Its  cutlery 
is  in  high  esteem,  35  miles  ke  of  Dijon. 
Lon.  5 19  E,lat.  47  52  n. 

Law^.^/cfa,  a village  two  miles  s\v  of  Glas- 
gow. Langside  Hill,  in  its  vicinity,  is  la- 
mous  for  having  been  the  scene  of  the  last 
effort  of  queen  Mary  to  regain  her  throne. 
During  the  conii.ct  on  that  day,  she  stood 
by  a thorn  tree,  near  Catbcart  castle,  and 
perceiving  tbe  rout  of  her  army,  she  mount- 
ed her  horse,  and  with  a few  attendants  hbst- 
cued  to  the  abbey  of  Dundrennan,  in  Gallo- 
way, from  whence  she  crossed  the  Solway 
Friih  in  o England. 

Langton,  a parish  in  Berwickshire,  and 
district  of  Merse,  adjoining  the  parish  of 
Dunse  on  the  sw,  with  a fine  southern  expo 
sure,  containing  about  7200  acres.  The  |1 
low  grounds  are  enclosed  and  well  culti-  l] 
vated,  and  the  high,  allotted  for  sheep  pas-  ! 
ture.  In  it  is  the  village  of  Gaventown,  ! 
containing  near  200  inhabitants,  laid  out  on  : 
a more  regular  plan  than  the  old  village  of 
Langton,  of  which  no  vestige  now  remains. 
The  present  village  stands  about  half  a 
mile  s of  the  former,  and  had  its  name 
from  the  proprieto  r of  the  estate  of  Lang- 
toa,  which  includes  nearly  the  whole  parish, 
and  belongs  to  the  countess  of  Braedalbine, 
his  daughter.  Population  of  the  parish  in 
1811,418. 

LANGUEDOC,  a late  province  of 
France,  225  miles  long,  and  100  where 
broadest,  bounded  on  the  e by  Dauphiny  and 
Provence,  se  by  the  Mediterranean,  s by 
Rousillon,  w by  Gascony,  and  n by  Querci, 
Rovergue,  Auvergne,  and  Lyonois.  It  was 
divided  into  Upper  and  Lower.  Tculous.e 
and  Montpellier  were  the  capitals.  The 
land  is  fertile  in  corn,  fruits,  and  wine. 

It  is  now  divided  into  the  departments  of  | 
Ardeche,  Aude,  Card,  Upper  Garonne,  He- 
rault,  and  Lozere. 

Lanjan,  or  Luntchan,  a city  and  capital 
of  the  southern  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Lao, 
to  which  it  gives  name.  The  king^s  palace, 
in  which  he  usually  resides,  is  of  great  ex- 
tent. Tne  houses  of  the  grandees  and 
people  of  distinction  are  elegant,  but  the 
lower  orders  live  in  huts.  The  convents 
and  houses  of  the  priests  are  built  of  si  one 
and  brick,  of  whieh  they  aioneha’C  the  pri- 
vilege. It  stands  on  the' river  Mecon,  400 
miles  wxw  of  Cambodia.  Lon.  101  38  e, 
lat.  IS  30  N. 

Lanmeur,  a town  in  the  department  of  | 
Finisterre,  France,  eight  mlks  ne  or  Mor-  1 
laix.  j 

Lannion,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Coasts  of  the  North,  Fiance.  It  has  a 
trade  in  hemp  and  wine,  situated  15  miles  w 
of  Treguir. 

^ Lamwg,  a towm  in  the  department  of  1 
Kord,  France,  five  miles  se  of  Lisle. 

Lansawel,  a town  in  Caenuarthanshire, 

15  nines  NE  of  Caermarthen. 

Laminburgh,^.  city  in  Kenssaiaer  couaiy, 


New  York,  stands  on  the  e side  of  Hudson^s 
river,  opposite  the  s branch  of  the  M ahawk. 
Here  is  a public  library,  incorporated  in 
1775.  An  academy  mcoiporaied  iu  1796  ; 
a church,  the  joint  property  of  ihe  Duioh. 
and  presbyterians,  a court  house,  and  a 
jail.  It  is  nine  miles  nne  oi  Albany,  and 
175  N of  New  Yoriv.  Lon.  74  8 W',  lat.  42 
43  N. 

Lanzo,  a town  on  the  Stura,  Piedmont, 
12  miles  nw  of  Turin. 

LAO,  a country  of  the  Further  India,  in 
Asia.  It  is  surrounded  by  mountains  cover- 
ed witli  forests,  a^d  abou  .ds  in  rice  and 
fruits.  Tiie  luhahitant-i  are  well  mat  e,  ro- 
bust, of  an  olive  complexion,  and  mild,  but 
very  superstitious  aul  iiceutvious.  'Pheir 
principal  occupation  is  tilling  me  ground 
and  fishing.  The  king  is  absolute,  and  has 
no  oiher  law  but  his  owui  wuil.  Tueir  reli*- 
gion,  ianugage.  and  luaiineis,  are  much  the 
same  as  in  Toi  quin.  About  liie  commence* 
ment  of  the  irasniu  cen  iiry  this  kingdom 
becatne  snbjecu  to  tocbin  Cuina.  In  the 
mountains  ar.  S:  vages  who  go  naked.  'I  he 
great  source  of  wealth  is  from  elephants^ 
teeth.  Lanjan  is  me  capital.  See  Lanjan^ 

Laon,  a town  iu  lun  d partment  oi  the 
Aisne,  France,  w ith  a as  ie,  and  lately  a 
bishop^s  see,  stands  on  a mouniain,  ana  has 
a trade  in  corn  and  wo  e.  27  miles  of 
Rheims,  and  77  ne  of  Paris.  Lou.  3 43  e, 
lat.  49  34  N. 

Lapela,  a town  in  Entre  Dourr-;  -Minho, 
Portugal,  on  the  M^ho,  i3  tiuies  f by  n of 
Valenza. 

LAPLAND,  the  most  north' ri}  part  of 
Europe,  encompossed  by  the  Frozen  ocean 
00  the  NE  and  w,  and  divided  among  tht$ 
three  northern  powers,  Denmark,  Sweden, 
ai  d Russia.  It  extends  from  69  to  7-'^  deg. 
N lat.  and  from  15  to  40  deg.  w Ion.  being 
about  600  miles  in  lengib,  and  5t)0  io 
breadth.  Noiweg  an  Lapland,  belonging  to 
Denmark,  and  called  Ftnmark,  is  about  280 
miles  in  length,  and  i7U  iii  breadth;  while 
Swedish  Lapland  includes  tuat  oi  which  the 
rivers  iall  into  the  gul)  of  Bothma.  Ru>sian 
Lapland,  separated  from  Norwegian  Lap- 
land  by  the  Paes,  lies  at  the  ne  extremiij', 
and  makes  pai  t of  the  government  of  Arch- 
angel. The  country  is  very  mouniainous. 
The  principal  , rivers  are  the  Torn,  a,  the 
'iana,  and  the  Alien.  Of  the  numerous 
lakes  in  Lapland,  the  chief  are  Plerna.sbas- 
taer,  or  the  Great  lake,  Tornes,  I ulea,  and 
Enara  in  Russian  Lapland.  Metals  and 
minerals  are  toimd  in  abundance;  gold  has 
been  found  at  .Snappavara  ; copper,  iron, 
lead,  ziac,  and  plumbago,  are  found  in  va- 
i’icais  places;  and  in  ibe  s of  Swedish  Lap- 
Icind  ^ever-  i uiir!:-‘s  are  wrought.  Among 
the  other  internal  produotiens  of  th.is  coiin- 
tiy,  are  Lmc.yoiie,  marble,  gxp.'imi,  rock- 
crystal,  jas;  er,  ameib}si.'-,  and  gapnets.  In 
Lapland  the  winter  is  extremely  severe.  In 
the  most  nortbern  parts,  from  the  20th  of 
Nov.  to  the  10th  of  January,  the  sun  re- 


LAP 

mains  below  the  horiaou  ; and  the  whole 
country  is  covered  with  snow  ami  ice  from 
the  beginning  of  September  to  the  middle  of 
March.  On  the  other  band,  in  summer,  the 
sue  continues  two  months  above  the  horizo  •. 
and  in  the  valleys  and  plains  the  heat  is  ex- 
cessive. \Yiih  the  exception  of  a lew  spues 
in  the  s,  the  whole  country  is  an  immense 
wilderness,  where  agriculture  is  entirelyun- 
known.  The  trees  are  fir,  birch,  larch,  aixi 
small  beech.  Tne  animals  of  this  couutr} 
are  much  the  same  as  those  of  Norway ; but 
the  rein-deer  may  more  properly  be  said  to 
belong  to  Lapland.  The  singular  useful- 
fulness  of  this  animal  in  a great  measure  re- 
compences  the  Laplander  for  the  privation 
of  the  other  comforts  of  liie.  Their  milk 
and  cheese  are  nutritive  and  pleasant ; their 
flesh  is  well  tasted  food,  either  fresh  or 
dried  ; their  skin  forms  excellent  clothing, 
both  for  the  bed  and  body  ; and  their  intes- 
tines and  tendons  supply  their  masters  with 
thread  and  cordage.  The  population  of  this  j 
extensive  region  is  estimated  at  only  40,000. 
The  Laplanders  are  rather  lower  in  stature 
than  the  more  southern  Europeans.  The 
men  are  of  a swarthy  and  dark  complexion  ; 
their  hair  is  black  and  short,  their  mouth  | 
wide,  and  their  cheeks  hollow,  with  a long 
ish  pointed  chin.  The  women  are  in  gene- 
ral well  made,  complaisant,  chaste,  ex-  I 
tremeiy  nervous.  In  their  manner  of  life  1 
the  Laplanders  are  divided  into  Fishers  and  ! 
Mountaineers,  Besides  looking  after  the  j 
rein-deer,  the  fishery,  and  the  chace,  the  j 
men  employ  thenmives  in  making  canoes,.] 
sledges,  harness  for  the  rein-deer,  enj-rs,  • 
bowls,  fkd.  The  employment  of  the  wmmen  j 
consists  in  making  nets  for  the  lishery,  diy-  ; 
rng  the  fish  and  meat,  milking  the  rein-deer,  , 
making  cheese,  and  tanning  hides.  They  | 
live  in  huts  in  the  form  of  tents,  covered  | 
with  briars^  bark,  turf,  coa»-se  cloth,  feit,  or  i 
the  old  skins  oi  rein -deer,  and  the  door  is  of  ' 
felt,  made  like  two  curtains  wbi'.*h  open  asun-  j 
ddr.  The  men  wear  close  breeches  made  of  ' 
unidnned.  skins.  Their  doublet  is  made  to  i 
tit  their  shape,  and  open  at  the  breast,  end  i 
•over  it  they  wear  a close  coat  with  narrow  j 
sleeves,  fastened  round  them  by  a leathern  j 
girdle,  ornameuted  with  plates  of  tin  or  I 
brass.  To  this  girdle  they  tie  their  knives,  I 
instruments  for  making  fire,  pip.es,  and  other  I 
smoking  apparatus.  Tueir  clothes  are  made 
of  fur,  leather,  or  oloih.  Their  caps  are 
edged  with  fur.  The  dress  of  the  women  U 
almost  the  same  as  that  of  the  men  ; but  that 
thf^ir  girdh^  is  dilYereiUly  ornamenied.  All 
the  Swedish  and  Norwegian,  a.s  well  as  the 
greauvst  numbtr  of  the  ivus.si  in  Laplanders 
bear  ti:e  name  of  Christians;  but  their  reli- 
gion is  Alii  of  supersiiiiuu.  Til  ur  language 
has  an  affiniiy  to  the  Finnish.  They  trade 
wiih  the  Swedes  e.iid  Norwi-gians,  v.ha'm 
they  ."iipply  with  the  skms;  and  furs  rf  quad- 
rup'  tls,  and  from  whom  they  purchase  in  re- 
turn, meal,  ci/Jih,  spjritctis  liquors,  tobacjo, 
and  various  uiensils. 


L A R 

Latf  a city,  the  capital  of  Laristaa, 
Persia,  with  a castle  now  in  ruins.  The 
re.^idence  of  the  governor  is  in  the  mid- 
iie  of  the  city.  The  bazar  is  said  to  be 
he  noblest  structure  of  the  kind  in  Per^ 
sia.  It  has  manufactures  of  muskets  ami 
cotton  cloth,  and  a great  trade  in  silk, 
ft  stanus  in  a sandy  plain,  surrounded  by 
lomitains.  It  is  179  miles  s by  e of  Shiras, 
d id  37:^  SE  of  Ispaimu.  Lon.  53  40  e,  lat. 

do  8 N, 

LArachCf  an  ancient  and  strong  town  of 
Africa,  in  the  kingdom  of  Fez,  with  a castle 
and  a good  harbour,  seated  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Lucos,  amidst  delightful  gardens. 
Here  are  materials  for  repairing  vessels,  but 
no  dock  for  building  ships.  Lon.  6 6 w,  lat. 
35  8 N. 

Laredo,  a small  sea  port  town  in  Spain, 
30  miles  wnw  oi  Bilboa. 

Large  Island,  one  of  the  largest  islands 
on  the  Labrador  coast,  due  w of  the  mouth 
of  Shecatica  bay. 

Largentiere,  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ardeche.  It  is  18  miles  sw  of 
Privas. 

Largo y a parish  and  village  on  the  s coast 
of  Fife-shire  ; which  give.s  name  to  a large 
bay  of  the  Frith  of  Forth.  The  parish 
contains  about  54o9  acres  of  well  culti- 
vated land.  Largo  Law,  is  about  800  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  town  of 
Largo  has  a tolerable  harbour,  and  a stone 
quay,  where  vessels  of  kiOO  tons  may  load 
and  unload  their  cargoes.  The  inhabitants 
are  mostly  employed  in  the  manufacture 
of  linen  and  cheexs.  Alexander  Selkirk, 
upon  whose  nairative  M De  Foe  built  his 
.Kobinson  Crusoe,  was  born  in  this  parish. 
His  chest  and  mu.sket  are  still  in 
possession  of  a relation  of  his.  It  also 
was  the  birth  place  bf  James  Durham,  a 
famous  divine  of  the  J7th  century,  and  of 
Sir  Andrew  Wood,  the  celebrated  naval 
commander  in  the  reigns  of  .lames  III.  and 
James  iV.  by  a relation  of  whom  was 
built  and  endowed  an  hospiial,  which 
still  exists,  for  maintaining  14  old  men  of 
the  name  of  Wood,  and  their  families.  In 
the  parish  are  two  salt  pans,  three  flax  mills, 
and  a superior  breed  of  black  cattle.  Popu- 
lation about  1870.  Largo  is  nine  miles  s of 
Cupar. 

Largs f a parish  and  village  of  Ayrshire, 
on  the  coast  of  the  Frith  of  jCl3  de,  opposite 
to  the  island  of  Bute.  The  parish  is  nine 
miles  in  ie.  gtii  from  n to  s,  and  eight  from 
the  coa.st  t > th  ‘ ridge  of  hills,  by  which  it  is 
separated  from  the  rest  of  the  county.  The 
soil  is  light  but  fertile  ; the  surface  exhibits 
a great  variety  oi  romantic  scenery  : and  the 
climate  is  noted  for  As  purity.  In  this  pa- 
rish, in  !263,  the  battle,  celebrated  in  the 
bal'ad  called  Kcirdyknute,  \vas  fought  her 
tween  the  Scots  and  Norwegians.  The  vil- 
lage of  I.nrgs  is  a- sea  port,  containing  above 
509  inhabits !us,  seven  miles  Xvnw  of  Kil- 
biinie.  Here  is  a weekly  market  on  Tkiirs- 


day,  and  four  annual  fairs,  the  most  consi- 
derable of  which,  called  Colmsday,  is  on  the 
2(1  Thursday  of  June,  and  was  wont  to  con- 
tinue for  three  or  four  days.  The  population 
of  the  parish  is  about  13d0. 

LARICAXAS,  a province  of  La  Paz, 
and  audience  of  Charcas,  in  Peru.  It  ex- 
tends 1 1 8 leagues  from  e to  w,  aud  about  30 
from  N to  s.  It  abounds  in  gold  mines. 

LarinOy  a town  in  the  county  of  Molise, 
Naples,  25  miles  ene  of  Molise. 

LARIO,  a department  of  the  late  Italian 
republic.  It  contains  about  137,200  citizens. 
Como  is  the  capital.  Also  a lake  more 
frequently  called  Como. 

Larissa,  the  capital  of  Janna  or  Thessaly, 
European  Turkey,  stands  on  the  river  Pe- 
neus,  now  called  the  Salembria  ; a Greek 
archbishop’s  see,  with  a palace,  and  some 
handsome  mosques.  The  inhabitants,  esti- 
mated at  25,000,  carry  on  a good  trade.  It 
is  the  birth  place  of  the  celebrated  Achilles. 
It  lies  75  miles  n of  Athens.  Lon.  22  42  e, 
lat.  39  48  N. 

LARISTAN,  a small  province  of  Persia, 
of  which  Lar  is  the  capital.  It  abounds  in 
oranges,  lemons,  and  very  large  tamarinds. 
It  is  the  poorest  and  least  productive  province 
in  Persia. 

Larkhally  a village  in  the  parish  of 
Dalserf,  county  of  Lanark,  situated  on  the 
great  road  from  Glasgow  to  Carlisle.  It 
consists  of  about  120  houses,  chiefly  inhabit- 
ed by  weavers. 

Larne,  a sea  port  town  in  the  county  of 
Antri.m,  Ireland,  on  a river  of  its  name,  at 
its  entrance  into  an  inlet  of  the  sea  called 
Loch  Larne.  It  is  about  eight  miles  n of 
Carrickfergus. 

Larneca,  or  Larnee,  a town  of  Cyprus, 
an(i  see  of  a Greek  bishop.  It  is  the 
residence  of  several  European  consuls,  fee 
Sarlines. 

Larribttndar,  a sea  port  town  situated 
at  the  mouth  of  the  north  branch  of  the 
Sinda,  or  Indus,  Hindoostan,  with  a harbour, 
capable  of  receiving  ships  of  200  tons  bur- 
den, 56  miles  w by  s of  Tank  Lon.  66  42 
E,  lat.  24  44  N. 

Larfa,  See  Aria, 

^ Larvigen,  or  LaimrAgln,  a sea  port  of 
Norway,  capital  of  a county  to  which  it 
gives  name,  seated  at  the  conflux  of  two 
rivers,  near  the  sea  ; a place  of  considerable 
trade.  Its  iron  works  are  esteemed  .he  most 
valuable  in  Norway.  It  is  55  miles  ssw  of 
Christiana.  Lon.  10  15  e,  lat.  59  5 n. 

Lasnehoi^rg,  a town  of  Savoy,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Mont  Blanc,  France,  seated  on 
the  Arc,  at  the  foot, of  mount  Cenis  the 
passage  of  which  is  lUe  principcu  support  of 
the  inhabitants.  During  two  moiittis  of  the 
year  the  sun  is  hidden  from  this  town  by  tho 
mountains,  20  miles  Kxwof  Susa. 

Lassa,  or  Lahassa,  the  capital  of  the 
comdry  of  Great  Thibet.  T'Le  houses  arf 
spacious  and  loLy,  and  stands  on 

a river  that  unites  with  the  It 


is  680  miles  nne  of  Calcutta.  To  the  east 
of  the  city  is  the  mountain  of  Putula,  on 
the  summit  of  which  is  the  palace  of  the 
grand  Lama,  the  high  priest  and  sovereign’ 
of  Thibet.  Lon.  91  4 e,  lat.  30  34  n. 

Lassan,  a town  of  Swedish,  Pomerania, 
situated  on  a lake  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
formed  by  the  river  Peene,  six  miles  se  of 
Wolgast. 

Lassay,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Mayenne,  France,  12  miles  kne  of  May- 
enne. 

Lasswyde,  a parish  in  Mid  Lothian,  about 
eight  miles  in  length,  and  from  two  to  four 
in  breadth ; intersected  through  its  whole 
length  by  the  North  Esk.  The  village 
of  Lasswyde,  with  a neat  church,  is  situ- 
ated on  the  Esk,  a few  miles  from  Edin- 
burgh. There  are  two  extensive  bleach- 
fields,  and  five  paper  mills  in  the  parish ; 
the  whole  parish  is  in  a high  state  of  cul- 
tivation. Coal  and  lime  stone  abound 
through  the  whole  parish.  Population 
about  3400. 

Lastres,  a tpwn  of  Asturias,  Spain,  on  tho 
bay  of  Biscay,  near  a cape  of  its  name,  35 
miles  ENE  of  Oviedo. 

Latacunga,  capital  of  a jurisdiction  of 
the  same  name,  s of  that  of  Quito,  in  Peru. 
The  town  is  large  aud  regular,  the  streets 
broad  and  straight,  the  bouses  are  of  stone, 
arched,  and  very  well  contrived.  In  the 
vicinity  is  made  fine  earthen  w'are,  and  great 
quantities  of  pork  are  salted.  In  1698,  it 
was  nearly  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  ; 
50  miles  s of  Quito.  Lon.  78  20  w,  lat.  i 
20  s. 

Latalda,  formerly  Laodicea,  an  ancient 
town  of  Syria,  with  a harbour,  seated  on  the 
s side  of  a small  peninsula,  is  a bishop’s  see, 
and  has  fine  remains  of  antiquity.  It  is 
become  the  most  flourishing  place  on  the 
coast,  and  carries  on  a considerable  trade. 
It  is  75  miles  sw  of  Aleppo.  Lon.  34  30  f, 
lat.  35  40  N. 

Lai  her  on,  a parish  in  the>  southern  ex- 
tremity of  Caithness-shire,  extending  about 
28  miles  n from  the  Ord,  with  a breadth  of 
about  14  miles.  The  surface  is  various, 
^and  intersected  by  rivers,  particularly  tlio 
Dunbeath,  Langwall,  and  Berridaie.  The 
coast  is  bold  and  rocky,  but  there  are  several 
good  harbours  on  it.  The  soil  is  in  general 
poor  and  ill  cultivated  ; but  considerable 
nurnbefs  of  sheep  and  black  cattie  are 
pastured  on  the  hills.  William  Sutherland, 
commonly  called  William  More,  who  mea- 
sured nine  feet  five  inches  in  height,  was 
born  here  about  the  end  of  the  14(h  century. 
Poruiation  about  3,6U0. 

LovaL  a town  in  the  department  of 
Maine,  France,  in  which  are  two  castles, 
sivuated  on  the  Mayenne,  and  contains 
aboue-  inhabitants.  Linen  of  all 

kUid's  aud  qualities  is  rr-ar.ufactured  here; 
and  the  neighhouring  quarries  produce  mar- 
ble. It  is  45  miies  w of  UFans.  Lon.  0 45 
w,  lat.  48  5 N. 


LAV 


L A U 


Lammuncl,  a city  of  Carinthia,  Ger- 
many, situatt-d  on  the  Drare,  23  miles  e of 
Clagenfurt. 

Lavavry  a town  in  the  department  of 
Tarn,  France,  on  the  Agout,  20  miles  eke 
of  Toulouse. 

Laubaeh,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Rhine  and  Naue,  Fraiice,  two  miles  n 
of  Sinimern. 

Laubuch,  a town  in  Watteravia,  Ger- 
many, with  a castle,  10  miles  e by  s of 
Gieseu. 

Lauhacli,  or  L'l^fbach,  a strong  towm  of 
Germany,  and  capital  of  (‘arniola,  is  situat- 
ed on  a river  of  the  same  name,  has  manu- 
factures of  silk,  leather,  aitd  excellent 
cloth.  It  is  68  miles  sw  of  Gratz.  Lon. 
14  65  E,lat.  46  II  k. 

Laitban,  a walled  town  of  Lusatia.  The 
old  fort,  or  the  castle,  stands  on  a mountain, 
and  is  now  used  as  a prison.  Here  are 
manufactures  of  cloth,  silk,  and  leather, 
with  a good  trade  in  cloth,  yarn,  and  linen, 
14  miles  ese  of  Gorlilz. 

Lauchstadt,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
situated  on  the  Queiss,  six  miles  wnw  of 
Merseberg. 

Lauda^  a town  and  castle  of  Wurlzburg, 
In  Franconia,  has  a famous  bath,  22  miles 
sw  of  Wurtzburg. 

Lauder,  an  ancient  royal  borough  in 
Berwickshire,  seated  on  a river  of  the  same 
»ame,  25  miles  s of  Edinburgh,  and  32 
sw  by  K of  Berwick,  on  the  Tauber.  It  j 
has  five  annnal  fairs,  and  joins  with  Had- 
dington, <fec.  in  sending  a member  to  par- 
iiament.  Near  it  stands  the  castle  of 
Lauder,  the  principal  seat  of  the  earl  of 
Lauderdale,  it  is,  however,  seldom  resorted 
to  now  by  the  family.  Tbe^parish  is  about 
eight  miles  long  from  n to  s,  and  about  four 
broad.  The  low  grounds  are  highly  culti- 
vated. and  the  sides  of  the  hills  afford  ex- 
cellent sheep  pasture.  Population  about 
1760. 


Lavello,  an  ancient  town  in  the  kingdom 
of  Naples,  Italy.  It  is  situated  six  miles  n 
of  Veno-a. 

Laveld,  or  Lnjdd,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Rnine,  and  Nabe,  France,  four 
miles  w of  Maestrieji.  Here,  in  17J4,  the 
French  obtained  a victory  over  tire  allies, 
eommauded  by  the  duke  of  Cumberland. 

Lauenhurg,  a town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
capital  of  a duchy  of  the  same  name,  with 
a considerable  trade,  stands  on  the  Elbe, 
below  the  infiux  of  the  Stecknitz,  8<5  miies 
ESE  cf  Hamburg.  Hence  are  sent  great 
quantities  of  merehandize  to  Labee,  by  the 
Stecknitz.  Lon.  iO  dO  E,  iat.  33  22  k. 

Lauenburg , a town  of  Prussian  Pomera- 
nia, capital  of  a territory  of  the  same  name, 
seated  on  the  Ltiba^  near  the  Baltic,  37  miles 
w by  K of  Dantsic.  Lon.  17  48  e,  lat.  34 
27  N. 


Lnvenham,  or  Lanham,  a town  in  Suffolk, 
pleasantly  situated  on  a branch  of  the  river 
Bret  or  Bredcn,  It  consists  of  nina  streets. 


It  has  a considerable  manufactory  of  serges^ 
shalloons,  stays,  stuffs,  and  woollen  yarn! 
A manufactory  of  hempen  cloth  also  has 
been  lately  established.  It  has  fairs  Octo- 
ber lOth  and  Shrove  Tuesday,  and  lies  61 
miies  NE  of  London. 

Lfiveno,  a town  of  Italy,. in  the  Milanese- 
On  the  N side  is  a craggy  mountain,  down 
which  pours  a constant  cascade.  It  stands 
on  the  E side  of  the  lake  Maggiore,  iO  miles 
w of  Varese,  and  34  kw  of  Milan. 

Lauensfein,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
seated  on  the  Miiglitz,  has  mines  of  iron  and 
tin,  17  miles  s of  Dresden. 

Lamnza,  a small  sea  port  of  Tuscany, 
seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Lavenza,  on  the 
gulf  of  Genoa,  with  a citadel,  six  miles  wxw 
of  ?Jassa.  - _ > 

Lavf,  a town  in  the  territory  of  Nuren- 
berg,  Franconia,  on  the  Pregnitz,  nine  miles 
E of  Nurenburg, 

Lauffen,  a town  in  Wirtemburg,  12  miles 
s of  Hailbron,  seated  on  the  Neckar. 

Lauffen,  a town  and  castle  in  Zurich,  two 
miles  and  a-haif  s by  w of  Schaffenhausen, 
Switzerland.  Here  is  a famous  cataract  of 
the  Rhine,  of  60  feet  perpendicular  height, 
and  300  broad. 

Lauffen,  a town  of  the  duchy  of  Salzburg, 
Bavaiia,  with  a castle,  on  the  Saiza,  10 
miles  NKW  of  Salzburg. 

Lauffenburg,  one  of  the  forest  towns  in 
Suabia,  w.th  a castle,  stands  cn  a rock,  on 
the  Rhine.  Here  is  a small  cataract,  with 
beautiful  scenery,  15  miles  e by  k of  Basil, 
and  38  s of  Friburg.  Lon.  8 2 e,  lat.  4T 
33  X. 

Laughton,  a village  in  the  West  Riding 
of  Yorkshire,  seated  on  a high  hill,  famous 
for  its  neat  spire  and  church,  seen  at  the 
disi^-nce  of  60  miles.  It  is  six  miles  ese  of 
Rotherham. 

Lavington,  a town  in  Wilts,  89  miles  from 
London. 

Launceston,  a borough  and  the  county 
town  of  Cornwall,  stands  on  the  n side  of 
a hill,  near  the  Tamar,  v/ith  the  ruins  of  a 
strong  castle,  the  tower  of  '■which  serv’es  as 
a prison.  A little  without  the  town  is  the 
old  priory.  It  is  a pretty  large  and  popu- 
lous town,  in  which  the  Lent  as-izes  are 
held,  the  summer  assizes  at  Bodwin  or 
Truro.  The  corporation  consists  of  a 
mayor,  recorder,  and  eight  aldermen,  and 
was  made  a free  borough  by  Henry  III. 
Here  is  a free  school  founded  by  queen 
Elisabeth.  Population  is  about  1758.  It 
has  a market  on  Saturday,  and  six  annual 
fairs.  It  is  28  relies  n of  Plymouth,  and 
214  w by  s of  London.  Lon.  4 21  w,  lat. 
30  38  K. 

Launy,  a town  near  the  Eger,  Bohemia, 
12  miies  eke  cf  Saaz. 

LAVORA,  TEKRO  DI,  a province  of 
Naples.  63  miles  long,  and  35  broad.  It 
is  proper  for  tillage,  whence  it  took  its 
name,  and  it  is  fertile  in  exceUent  vines 
and  fruits.  There  are  also  mineral  springs. 


1.  A W 

•and  mines  of  sulphur.  Naples  is  the 
capital. 

Laupen,  a town  in  the  canton  of  Bern, 
Switserlaiid,  at  the  junction  of  the  Sannen 
and  Sense,  six  miles  sw  of  Bern. 

Lauriestoicrif  a village  in  the  county  of 
Stirling  and  parish  of  Falkirk,  containing 
about  800  inhabitants. 

Lauringen,  a town  in  (he  principality  of 
Wiirtzburg,  Franconia,  on  the  Laur,  IJ 
miles  NE  of  Schwanfurt. 

Laurvig,  a sea  port  in  the  province  of 
-Aggerhuys,  Norway,  capital  of  a county  of 
the  same  name,  stands  near  the  head  of  a 
bay  between  the  mouths  of  two  rivers. 
It  has  valuable  iron  works,  and  a good 
trade ; 65  miles  ssw  of  Christiana.  Lon. 
10  13E,lat.  59  4 X. 

Lausanne,  a city  of  Sviutzerland,  the 
capital  of  the  Pays  de  Vaud,  situated  on  the 
T9  side  of  the  lake  of  Geneva,  and  a bishop’s 
see.  It  has  a celebrated  university,  mag- 
nificent church,  and  town  house.  In  the 
vicinity,  are  the  most  sublime  views.  It 
lies  30  miles  ne  of  ^Geneva,  and  42  sw  of 
Bern.  Lon.  6 45  e,  lat.  46  31  n. 

Lautenburg,  a town  in  the  palatinate  of 
Culm,  W Prussia.  It  is  CO  miles  e by  s of 
Culm. 

Lauterhaeli,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Saatz, 
Bohemia,  celebrated  for  excellent  tin  mines, 
tine  miles  ssw  of  Carlsbad. 

Laterbaneh,  a town  of  Upper  Hesse,  Ger- 
many, seated  on  the  Vogels  berg,  has  a trade 
In  linen  and  woollen  cloths  ; 15  miles  wnw 
of  Fulda. 

Lauterbrunn,  a village  in  the  canton  of 
Bern,  Switzerland,  stands  in  a picturesque 
valley  of  its  name,  celebrated  for  its  beauti- 
ful cataract,  called  Staubach,  which  rushes 
down  a precipice  930  feet  high,  with  such 
impetuousity  that  it  rises  into  a fine  spray, 
resembling  at  a distance,  in  some  situations 
a cloud  of  dust. 

Lauterbnrg,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Lower  Rhine,  France,  seated  on  the 
Lauter,  near  its  junction  with  the  Rhine. 
It  was  taken  by  the  Austrians  in  1793,  and 
lies  10  miles  ese  of  Weissemburg,  and  14 
s of  Landau. 

Lauterec):,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Mont  Tonnere,  France,  lately  of  Germany, 
in  the  duchy  of  Duex  Fonts,  on  the  Glau, 
30  miles  n by  e of  Does  Pouts. 

Lautern,  See  Kaysers  Lautem, 

Lauzerte,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Xot,  France,  20  miles  sw  of  Cahors. 

Lauzwi,  a town  in  the  department  of  Lot 
and  Garonne,  France,  16  miles  ne  of  Mar- 
raande. 

Lawenburg,  a duchy  of  Lower  Saxony. 
It  is  about  35  miles  long,  and  20  broad.  It 
bas  a capital  of  the  same  name  situated  on 
the  Elbe,  and  is  subject  to  the  elector  of 
Hanover,  king  of  Great  Britain. 

^wrence,  St,  one  of  the  largest  rivers  in 
North  America.  It  issues  from  lake  On- 
tario, from  which  it  continues  its  course  for 
No.  17~6d, 


X E A 

TOO  miles,  and  falls  into  the  ocean  at  Cap© 
Rosierres,  gulf  of  St  Lawrence,  by  a mouth 
about  96  miles  broad.  It  is  navigable  for 
ships  of  war  as  far  as  Quebec,  which  is  up- 
w'ards  of  400  miles,  and  for  trading  vesseU 
as  far  as  Montreal,  which  is  160  miles 
further ; a course  of  navigatioo  for  large 
vessels  unequalled  in  any  oth|ir  river.  The 
rocks  and  shoals  above  Montreal  prevents 
the  passage  of  large  vessels.  In  its  course 
it  forms  a great  variety  of  bays,  harbours, 
and  islands,  many  of  which  are  found  to  b» 
fruitful  and  extremely  pleasant.  See  Q,ue- 
bee,  Montreal,  <fec. 

Lawreneeliirk,  a parish  and  village  m 
Kincardineshire.  The  parish  wbtcb  was 
anciently  called  Cnwnetft,  is  about  four  miles 
in  length,  and  from  one  to  three  in  breadth. 
The  soil,  lying  mostly  on  a clay  bottom, 
fertile.  The  village  of  Lawrencekirk 
; upon  a plan  of  the  late  Lord  Gardenstone, 
since  1765,  contains  upwards  of  600  inha- 
bitants, It  is  a borough  of  barony,  with- 
power  to  elect  triennially,  a bailie  and  font 
counsellors,  and  the  privilege  of  holding: 
weekly  markets  and  an  annual  fair.  Hew 
is  an  elegant  inn,  a valuable  library,  and  & 
manufacture  of  linen.  It  lies  on  the  great 
road  from  Perth  to  Aberdeen,  10  miles  nb 
of  Brechin,  eight  n of  Montrose,  and  seven 
w of  Bervie,  Population  of  the  village  and 
parish  above  1,200. 

Laocembourg , a town  of  Austria,  with  .s. 
palace,  on  the  Suechat,  12  miles  s of 
Vienna. 

Layback,  See  Lauback, 

Laycock,  a town  in  Wilts,  three  miles  s of 
Chippenham,  has  the  remains  of  an  abbey, 
and  fairs  July  8th,  and  December  21  st, 

LAZZARETTO,  an  island  of  Italy, 
near  Venice,  anciently  St.  Maria,  of  Na- 
zareth. 

Lea,  a rivei*  of  England,  in  Bedford- 
shire, which  rises  near  Luton,  flows  to  Hert- 
ford, and  Ware,  and  dividing  Essex  froni 
Hertfordshire,  and  Middlesex,  falls  Into  tko 
Thames  a little  below  Black  wall.  By  fhis 
river  there  are  large  quantities  of  corn  and 
malt  brought  out  of  Hertfordshire  to  Lou- 
don. 

Leadhills,  a village  in  Lanarkshire,  in  the 
parish  of  Crawford,  situated  amid  high 
mountains,  supjposed  to  be  the  highest  in- 
habited place  in  Briton,  being  about  2,000 
feet  above  sea  level.  Here  is  a chapel,  a 
school,  and  a good  subscription  library  flited 
up  by  the  miners,  who  are  sober  intelligent 
men,  and  employ  much  of  their  spare  time 
in  reading.  It  contains  nearly  1,000  inha- 
bitants, who  are  chiefly  employed  in  the 
lead  mines.  These  mines  have  been  wrought 
for  centuries.  The  rent  drawn  by  the  earl 
of  Ho  pet  on,  the  proprietor,  is  one-sixth 
part  of  the  smelted  lead  ; 3^  miles  w of 
Dumfries,  and  45  ssw  of  Edinburgh. 

Learning  ton-prior s,  a village  in  War- 
wickshire, seated  on  the  river  Leame.  Here 
are  cold  saline  springs,  warm  and  cold  baths, 
^ • P 


LEG 

a pump  room,  and  handsome  accommoda- 
tions for  genteel  company,  two  miles  e of 
Warwick. 

LEAO  TONG,  or  Chex-Yang,  one  of 
the  three  divisions  of  Eastern  Tartary,  in- 
habited by  the  Manshur  Tartars ; bounded 
on  the  E,  N,  and  w,  by  a palisade  of  stakes 
seven  feet  high,  without  either  ditch  or 
bank,  and  on  the  s by  the  great  wall  of 
China  ; hence  China  w’as  entered  and  sub- 
dued by  the  Tartars.  Chen- Yang,  or 
Mougden  is  the  capital. 

Leormouthy  on  the  s side  of  the  Tweed, 
in  that  part  of  Durham,  called  Norhamshire, 
below  Coldstream,  once  a handsome  town, 
with  a weekly  market,  but  is  now  only  a 
small  village. 

Leatherheady  a village  in  Surrey,  seated 
on  a rising  ground,  in  a fine  Champaigne 
country,  on  the  river  Mole,  over  which  is  a 
neat  bridge  of  14  arches.  It  had  formerly 
a market,  and  has  a fair  September  8th ; 12 
miles  XE  of  Guildford,  and  18  ssw  of 
London. 

Leathes-fVatery  or  Tkirlmerey  a beauti- 
fully limpid  lake  in  Cumberland,  about 
three  miles  in  length,  stretching  along  the 
foot  of  Helvellyn,  and  receiving  numerous 
torrents  which  pour  down  the  sides  of  that 
huge  mountain.  The  lake  is  nearly  inter- 
sected in  the  middle,  where  there  is  a bridge. 
Its  outlet,  which  is  in  the  n end  joins  the 
Greeta.  which  falls  into  the  Derwent,  be- 
low Keswick. 

Leba,  a town  of  Prussian  Pomerania, 
on  the  Beba,  which,  after  forming  a lake 
15  miles  in  circumference,  falls  into  the 
Baltic  sea.  It  is  16  miles  nnw  of  Lauen- 
burg. 

hehanotiy  a town  of  Dauphin  county, 
Pennsylvania,  seated  on  Quitaphilla  Creek, 
has  two  churches  ; 22  miles-E  by  n of  Har- 
yisburgh,  and  80  nw  of  Philadelphia. 

Lebanon  New,  a town  of  Duchess  county. 
New  York,  famous  for  its  medicinal  spring ; 
30  miles  ne  of  Hudson. 

LehidOyO,  sea  port  of  Tripoli,  Barbary, 
seated  on  the  Mediterranean,  has  an  old 
castle,  with  the  extensive  ruins  of  the  re- 
Bowned  city  of  Leptis,  in  the  middle  of  a 
fertile  plain.  It  is  about  85  miles  ese  of 
Tripoli. 

LebiSy  a town  in  Brandenburg,  in  the  mid- 
dje  Mark,  on  the  Oder,  it  is  five  miles  n of 
Frankfort. 

Lebrixay  or  Lebrija,  an  ancient  town  in 
Andalusia,  Spain,  with  a castle.  The  vici- 
nity abounds  with  olive  trees,  w^hich  produce 
the  best  oil  in  Spain ; 12  miles  ne  of  St. 
Lucar,  and  27  s by  w of  Seville. 

LecasellOy  a town  in  the  State  of  Genoa, 
23  miles  ne  of  Genoa. 

Lecccy  anciently,  Aletium,  in  Otranto, 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  stately  towns 
in  Italy,  is  a bishop’s  see,  and  the  residence 
of  tbe  governor,  sometimes  called  the  capi- 
tal of  the  province,  by  some  the  province  is 


L E £ 

called  Lecce,  instead  of  Otranto  18  miles 
NW  of  the  city  of  Otranto,  and  195  ese  of 
Naples.  Lon.  18  20  e,  lat.  40  30  n. 

Lecco,  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese, 
situated  on  an  arm  of  the  lake  of  Como, 
20  miles  ne  of  Como,  and  22  n of  tbe  city 
of  Milan.  It  is  famous  for  its  various 
manufactures. 

Lechy  a river  which  rises  in  Tyrol,  sepa- 
rates Suabia  and  Bavaria,  and  falls  into  the 
Danube  below  Donawert. 

Lechladey  a town  in  Gloucestershire, 
seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Lech,  with 
the  Thames.  A canal  from  the  Severn 
joins  the  Thames,  near  this  towm — It  has 
a market  on  Tuesday,  and  is  28  miles  e 
by  s of  Gloucester,  and  76  w by  n of 
London, 

Lechnichy  a tow’n  in  the  department  of 
the  Roer,  France,  lately  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Cologne,  10  miles  ssw  of 
Cologne, 

LechnitZy  a tow’n  in  tbe  principality  of 
Oppelen,  Silesia,  seated  on  the  Oder.  In 
the  vicinity  is  the  convent  of  St  Annenberg, 
a great  resort  of  pilgrims;  17  miles  sse  of 
Oppelen. 

Lecky  a river  of  Holland,  which  sepa- 
rates from  the  river  of  Duerstede,  and  falls 
into  the  Merve.  It  is  10  miles  e of  Rotter- 
dam. 

Lecropt,  a parish  in  the  counties  of  Perth 
and  Stirling,  near  the  junction  of  the  Teith 
and  Allan  with  the  Forth.  It  contains 
about  2,000  acres,  one  half  of  which  is 
carse  and  the  other  dryfield.  The  only 
village  is  that  called  the  Bridge  of  Allan, 
where  are  three  paper  mills,  which  manu- 
facture much  of  t^^ind  called  Callender 
paper.  PopulatioiUmove  500. 

Lectourcy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Gers,  France,  stands  on  a mountain,  near 
the  Gers,  has  a castle,  and  was  lately  an 
episcopal  see.  It  is  12  miles  se  of  Con- 
dom, and  17  N of  Auch.  Lon.  0 37  e,  lat. 
43  56  N.  . 

hedbury,  a tow’n  in  Herefordshire,  seated 
on  a canal,  inhabited  chiefly  by  clothiers. 
It  is  handsome  and  regularly  built,  has  a 
well  endowed  hospital  and  charity  school, 
has  a market  on  Tuesday,  and  four  annual 
fairs.  It  is  13  miles  e of  Hereford,  and 
120  WNW  of  London. 

VedesmGy  a strong  town  in  Leon,  Spain, 
on  the  Tormes,  20  miles  sw  of  Salamanca. 

Leei  a river  cf  Ireland,  which  rises  on 
the  confines  of  Kerry,  and  flows  e to  the 
city  of  Cork,  below  which  city  it  falls  into 
Cork  harbour. 

LeedSy  a town  in  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  stands  in  a vale,  on  the  Aire, 
which  trade  has  rendered  one  of  tbe  most 
populous  spots  in  England.  A magnificent 
stone  bridge  over  tbe  river  communicates 
with  the  suburbs.  It  "was  incorporated  by 
Charles  II.  with  a m^or,  12  aldermen, 
and  24  assistants.  It  has  been  long  famous 


LEE 

for  the  woollen  manufacture,  and  is  one 
of  the  largest  and  most  flourishing  towns 
in  the  county,  and  is  the  principal  mart 
for  the  white  and  coloured  broad  cloths, 
of  which  vast  quantities  are  sold  in  its 
two  halls,  in  the  space  of  an  hour  without 
the  least  confusion.  By  the  late  inland 
navigation,  it  has  communication  with 
the  rivers  Mersey,  Dee,  Kibble,  Ouse, 
Trent,  Darwent,  Severn,  Humber,  Thames, 
Avon,  <fec.  which  navigation,  including  its 
windings,  extends  above  500  miles  in  the 
counties  of  Lincoln,  Westmoreland,  War- 
wick, Oxford,  &c.  There  is  one  long 
street,  which  is  quite  full  of  shops.  The 
merchants  of  this  place,  York,  and  Hull, 
ship  the  cloths  off  at  the  latter,  for  Holland, 
Hamburgh,  and  the  north.  Here  are  five 
cliiirches,  several  meeting  houses,  some 
mills  for  cutting  tobacco,  several  potteries, 
and  a flourishing  carpet  manufacture. 
Hence  great  quantities  of  coals  are  sent  to 
York  and  Hull.  Three  miles  to  the  nnw, 
on  the  Aire,  stands  the  venerable  ruin  of 
Kirkstal  abbey  amid  groves  of  oaks.  Leeds 
gives  the  title  of  duke  to  the  family  of  Os- 
born. Market  days  Tuesday  and  Satur- 
day. Leeds  contains  about  62,534  inhabi- 
tants. It  is  22  miles  wsw  of  York,  and  192 
N by  w of  London.  Lon,  1 34  w,  lat.  53 
48  N. 

LeedSy  a town  in  Richmond  county  Vir- 
ginia, stands  on  the  n side  of  the  Rappahan- 
noc,  34  miles  se  of  Falmouth,  and  50  ne  of 
Richmond. 

Leeky  a town  in  Staffordshire,  seated  on 
the  Churnet,  has  a manufacture  of  silk 
handkerchiefs,  ribbands,  twist,  and  buttons  : 
the  market  is  on  Wednesday.  The 
church  is  a stately  edifice.  In  the  church- 
yard is  a pyramidal  stone,  adorned  with 
sculpture.  And  in  the  vicinity,  vast  naked 
rocks,  coal  mines,  and  a salt  spring.  It 
is  21  miles  n of  Stafford,  and  154  nnw  of 
London. 

^ small  island  of  Pennsylvania,  in 
the  Delaware. 

Leer  or  Lehr,  a town  of  East  Friesland, 
West^alia,  on  a river  of  its  name,  which 
^on  alter  falls  into  the  Ems,.H  miles  se  of 
Lmbden. 

Leerdaniy  a town  of  S Holland,  seated 
on  the  Linghe,  six  miles  ne  of  Gorcum,  and 
20  NE  of  Dort. 

Leerbrt,  a fortress  in  E Friesland,  West- 
phalia, at  the  junction  of  the  Leer  and  Ems 
10  miles  e by  s of  Embden.  * 

Leers,  or  Liers,  a town  of  Liege,  Nether- 
lands,  in  the  vicinity  of  which,  in  1746, 
the  French  obtained  a victory  over  the  allies* 
commanded  by  prince  Charles  of  Morrain! 
four  miles  n of  Liege. 

Leesburg,  a post  town  of  Virginia,  and 
capital  of  London  county,  40  miles  nw  of 
Alexandria,  and  55  ese  of  Winchester, 

Leesburg,  the  capital  of  Caswell  county, 
N Carolina,  30  miles  nw  of  Hiilsborough, 
and  95  w of  Halifax,  ^ ' 


LEG 

Leesburg,  or  Leestown,  a town  in  the 
state  of  Kentucky,  and  county  of  Fay‘V,te, 
on  the  river  Kentucky.  It  lies  20  miles  w 
of  Lexmgton. 

LEEWARD  ISLANDS,  that  part  of 
the  Carribbee  islands  in  the  West  Indies, 
which  co\nmeaco  at  St  Thomas,  and  expend 
SE  to  the  island  of  St  Dominica,  and  from 
thence  to  Porto  Rico. 

Leeuwe,  a little  fortified  town  of  Bra-- 
bant,  Netherlands,  seated  in  a morass  on  the 
river  Geete.  It  was  taken  by  the  allies, 
in  1705,  12  miles  e of  Louvain,  and  21  w of 
Maestricht. 

LEFOOGA,  one  of  the  Friendly  islands, 
situated  near  Hapaee,  in  the  South  Sea, 
visited  by  captain  Cook,  in  1776.  Many 
parts  of  the  country,  near  the  sea,  are  still 
sandy  and  barren  ; but  in  the  internal 
parts  the  marks  of  considerable  population 
and  of  an  improved  state  of  cultivation,  are 
very  conspicuous.  Large  spots,  covered 
with  the  paper  mulberry  tree,  ifec.  were 
observed.  To  these  Cook  added  melons, 
maize,  &c.  The  land  is  but  seven  miles  in* 
length ; and  its  breadth,  in  some  places,  is 
not  above  three  miles. 

Legerwood,  a parish  in  Berwickshire, 
about  three  miles  in  length,  by  two  and 
a-half  in  breadth,  watered  on  the  w by  the 
Leader.  The  surface,  which  is  elevated,  is 
well  cultivated,  being  in  the  possession  of 
opulent  and  skilful  farmers,  and  is  adapted 
in  general  both  for  crops  and  pasturage. 
The  farms  are  large.  Boon  hill,  in  this 
parish,  was  one  of  the  signal  stations,  in  the 
late  war.  Population  is  560, 

Leghorn,  or  Livozno,  a strong  and  con- 
siderable city  of  Tuscany,  in  Pisano,  is  re- 
gularly built  in  the  modern  taste.  The 
streets  are  strait  and  wide,  and  the  hou- 
ses almost  all  of  the  same  height.  Here 
are  so  many  canals,  that  it  has  been  called 
by  some  New  Venice.  It  is  well  fortified, 
having  two  small  fortresses  and  a cita- 
del. It  contams  about  40,000  inhabi- 
tants, consisting  of  Jews,  Armenians,  Greeks, 
and  Turks.  Leghorn  is  a free  port,  which 
makes  it  rich  and  populous.  The  harbour 
is  one  of  the  best  in  the  Mediterranean. 
For  the  conveniency  of  navigation,  there 
is  a light  house  lanthorn,  with  30  lamps, 
erected  on  a rock  without  the  harbour. 
The  trade  consists  of  foreign  goods,  as 
cotton,  sugar,  cocoa,  spices,  sulphur  and 
alum  ; and  in  home  pro-iuctions,  as  essenc- 
es, oil,  wine,  straw  hats,  cloths,  juniper 
berries,  oranges,  lambs^  and  goats'  skins, 
and  coral.  Near  the  harbour  is  a large 
building,  in  which  the  Turks  and  Galley 
slaves  are  shut  up  during  the  night. 
The  Jewc  have  an  elegant  synagogue,  and 
schools;  the  Armenians  and  Greeks  have 
churches  of  their  own,  and  no  religion  is 
disturbed.  It  is  a bishop's  see.  In  1741, 
it  suffered  greatly  by  an  earthquake.  " 'Ae 
French  took  it  in  1796,  were  dispossesseu^iii 
1799,  but  retook  it  in  1800.  It  is  12 


F2 


LEI 

miles  ;ssw  of  Pissa,  55  wsw  of  Florence, 
and  145  Nw  of  Rome.  Lon.  10  28  e,  lat. 

4 a 33  N. 

LegnagOy  or  LegnanOy  a fortified  and  po- 
imlous  town  in  the  Veronese,  Italy,  ^ted 
on  the  Adige,  stands  in  a country  abounding 
m rice,  flax,  hemp,  maize,  honey,  silk,  <fec. 
and  has  a great  trade  in  grain,  and  which 
Is  facilitated  by  a canal  from  the  Adige  to 
the  Po,  which  was  formed  in  1702.  It  was 
taken  by  the  French  in  1796,  12  miles  se  of 
V erona. 

Leihnitzy  a town  in  Stiria,  Germany. 
It  is  situated  on  the  river  Sulm,  16  miles  s of 
Gratz. 

LEICESTERSHIRE,  an  inland  coun- 
ty in  the  diocese  of  Lincoln,  and  in  the 
midland  circuit,  bounded  on  the  n by 
Nottinghamshire,  on  the  e by  Lincolnshire 
and  Rutlandshire,  s by  Northamptonshire, 
sw  by  Warwickshire,  and  Nwby  Derbyshire. 
It  is  about  170  miles  in  circumference,  and 
is  divided  into  six  hundreds.  196  parishes, 
and  has  12  market  towns.  It  contains 
150,419  inhabitants,  who  send  four  mem- 
bers to  parliament,  two  whereof  are  for  the 
county.  Though  it  lies  almost  in  the 
middle  of  England,  and  at  a considerable 
distance  from  the  sea,  the  air  is  very  sweet, 
and  wholesome.  The  soil,  except  in  the 
»E  part,  is  good,  and  affords  large  crops  of 
corn  and  grass.  Its  principal  commodities 
are  corn,  fish,  flesh,  fowl,  wool,  beans,  and 
draught  horses.  Though  the  principal 
business  of  the  county  is  husbandry,  and 
notwithstanding  some  of  the  farms  are  here 
so  large  that  they  are  let  at  near  £.  2000 
per  annum,  yet  the  stocking  manufacture  is 
greatly  encouraged,  and  turns  to  a very 
good  account.  The  sheep  bred  here,  and 
in  Lincolnshire,  are  the  largest  mutton  with 
which  the  London  markets  are  supplied, 
and  have  the  greatest  fleeces  of  wool  of 
any  in  England.  The  horses,  bred,  or 
rather  fed  here,  are  the  largest  in  England, 
of  which  great  numbers  are  continually 
sent  to  London.  Every  species  of  quadru- 
peds, has  within  these  40  years  been  brought 
to  the  highest  pitch  of  perfection,  particular- 
ly by  the  unwearied  exertions  of  Mr  Bake- 
well  of  Dishley,  in  whose  breeds,  the  most 
perfect  symmetry  of  shape  is  united  with 
the  greatest  quantity  of  flesh,  and  the  smallest 
proportion  of  bone,  and  of  all  both  in  sheep 
and  black  cattle.  The  sheep  are  now  to 
be  found  in  most  counties  in  Britain.  The 
shire  is  every  where  plentifully  watered  : 
its  principal  rivers  are  the  Avon,  Anker, 
Wreke,  Welland,  and  Soar,  and  several 
canals.  The  western  parts  are  watered  by 
the  two  bead  branches  of  the  river  Anker. 
These  rivers  supply  the  county  with  niany 
sorts  of  fifb,  particularly  the  best  sort  of 
salmon,  and  are  besides  convenient  for  na- 
vigation. Toward  the  nw  the  Bardon  hills 
jise  to  a great  height,  in  the  vicinity  of 
which  is  Chaniwood  forest,  now  mostly 


L El 

enclosed,  and  to  the  nw  are  valuable  coal 
mines.  At  Nevil  Hall  is  a powerful  mine- 
ral spring. 

Leicester,  the  county  town  of  the  above 
shire,  situated  near  its  centre,  on  the  Soar, 
with  a market  on  Saturday.  It  is  an  aaci» 
ent  town,  supposed  to  have  been  the  Ratse  of 
the  Romans.  Jn  the  civil  wars  the  walls 
were  greatly  demolished,  only  the  hall  and 
kitchen  of  the  castle  remain  entire  ; in  the 
former  the  assizes  are  held.  It  has  five 
parish  churches,  several  meeting;  houses, 
hospital^,  and  a good  free  scbooL — In  the 
meadows,  near  the  town,  are  the  remains  of 
an  abbey  in  which  cardinal  Wolsey  died, 
and  was  buried.  The  first  law  for  the 
burning  of  heretics,  was  enacted  by  a par* 
Lament  held  here,  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
V.  Its  freemen  are  exempted  from  tolls 
in  all  fairs  and  markets  through  England. 
It  has  four  annual  fairs.  It  gives  the 
title  of  earl  to  the  family  of  Tounsend 
Ferrars.  The  market  place  is  spacious, 
and  it  has  a great  trade  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  worsted  stockings.  The  corpora- 
tion consists  of  a mayor,  recorder,  24 
aldermen,  48  common  council  men,  two 
chamberlains,  a steward,  bailiff,  solicitor, 
and  town  clerk.  In  1791,  an  act  of  par- 
liament was  obtained  for  making  a navi- 
gable canal  from  Loughborough  to  Leices- 
ter, to  communicate  by  a branch  of  the 
Leicester  collieries ; and  in  1793,  an  act  was 
passed  for  making  another  canal  from  Lei- 
cester to  the  Nen  at  Northampton,  by  which 
it  communicates  with  the  Grand  junction 
Canal.  Population  is  about  23,146.  Lei- 
cester is  99  miles  nnw  of  London,  and  28  s 
by  E of  Derby. 

Leicester,  a considerable  town  in  Wor- 
cester county,  Massachusetts,  containing 
1076,  inhabitants,  situated  six  miles  wnw 
of  Worcester,  The  Leicester  academy 
was  incorporated  in  1784,  and  is  well  en- 
dowed. Wool  cards  are  manufactured 
here  annually  to  the  amount  of  15,000 
pairs, 

Leigh,  a sea  port  town  in  Essex,  on  a 
creek  in  the  mouth  of  the  Thames,  opposite 
the  end  of  Canvy  island.  It  has  a good 
road  for  shipping,  and  is  noted  for  oysters. 
It  is  18  miles  sse  of  Chelmsibrd,  and  40  e of 
London. 

Leigh, di  town  of  Lancashire,  with  a mar- 
ket on  Saturday , seated  at  the  head  of  the 
duke  of  Bridgewater^s  canal.  It  has  consi- 
derable manufactures  of  fustians,  thicksets, 
velverets,  and  janes  ia  imitation  of  those  of 
India.  It  is  nine  miles  nne  of  Warringion, 
and  199  NW  of  London. 

Leighlin,  or  Old  Zeighlin,  a borough  in 
Carlow  county,  Ireland,  the  see  of  a bishop, 
erected  in  632,  and  in  1000,  united  with 
Ferns.  The  cathedral  serves  for  the  parish 
church.  Although  formerly  a city,  it  is  now 
a poor  place,  niue  miles  ssw  of  Carlow,  and 
12  NE  of  Kilkenny. 


L E I 

Leighlin-hridge,  a town  in  the  county  of 
Carlow,  seated  on  the  Barrow,  oa  the  banks 
of  which  is  picturesque  scenery,  seven  miles 
s of  Carlow. 

Leighton,  a town  in  Huntingdonshire, 
five  miles  n of  Kimbolton. 

Leighton  Buzzard,  a town  in  Bedford- 
shire, on  the  borders  of  Bucks,  seated  on 
the  Lyssel,  with  a market  on  Tuesday,  and 
four  annual  fairs,  18  miles  s of  Bedford, 
and  41  nw  of  London. 

Leina,  a river  which  has  its  source  in 
the  territory  of  Eichfield,  Germany,  above 
Heiligenstadt,  and  after  running  through 
Brunswick,  Luneburg,  by  Gottingen,  Ca- 
lenberg,  Hanover,  and  Neustadt,  it  falls  into 
the  Alter. 

LEINSTER,  a province  of  Ireland, 
bounded  on  the  e by  the  Irish  sea,  on  the 
w by  Connaught,  on  the  nt  by  Ulster,  and 
on  the  s by  the  ocean  ; containing  the  coun- 
ties of  Carlow,  Dublin,  Kilkenny,  Kildare, 
King,  Longford,  Louth,  East  Meath, 
Queen,  West  Meath,  Wexford,  and  Wick- 
low. It  is  about  112  miles  long,  and  70 
lyoad.  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Barrow,  the 
Boyne,  the  LilTey,  the  Neur,  the  Urin,  or 
Slane,  and  the  Inney.  The  air  of  this  pro- 
vince is  temperate,  and  the  soil  is  fruitful 
in  corn  and  pastures.  The  chief  commodi- 
ties are  cattle,  horses,  sea  fowl,  and  fish.  It 
contains  one  archbishopric,  three  bishoprics, 
99  baronies,  and  5%  boroughs.  The  chief 
place  is  Dublin,  which  is  the  capital  of  the 
kingdom.  The  inhabitants  are  very  civi- 
lized. 

Leipheim,  a town  of  Suabia,  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  Ulm,  seated  on  the  banks  of  the 
Danube.  The  vicinity  abounds  with  hops, 
10  miles  ke  of  Ulm. 

Leipuic,  a walled  town  of  Moravia,  situ- 
ated near  the  Beezwa,  14  miles  ese  of 
Olmutz. 

LeipsiCy  or  Leipsig,  a city  of  Misnia,  or 
MeL-sen,  in  Upper  Saxony,  situated  on  the 
PieisF,  witha  strong  citadel  called  Pleys- 
sonburg.  It  is  a rich  and  populous  town, 
w ith  a very  considerable  trade,  and  a famous 
university.  It  has  3 great  fairs  every  year, 
which  last  a fortnight  each.  Its  principal 
manufactures  are  silk,  gold,  and  silver  stuffs, 
linen  and  cotton  printing,  leather,  and  Prus- 
sian blue.  The  number  of  inhabitants  ex- 
ceeds 32,000.  There  are  six  handsome 
colleges  belonging  to  the  university,  besides 
the  private  colleges.  The  exchange  is  a 
fine  structure,  and  the  houses  in  general  are 
lofty.  This  city  was  taken  by  the  Prus- 
sians in  I74'5  and  in  1756.  In  the  latter 
year  the  Austrians  besieged  it  without 
success,  but  took  it  two  year»  after,  and 
could  not  retain  u.  Here,  In  1 8 1 3,  a signal 
Victory  was  gained  by  the  allies  over  the 
Erench  under  ,lhe  emperor  Bonaparte,  r^x 
the  18th  of  October,  during  the  battle  the 
wiaole  of  the  Saxon  troops  came  over  to  the 
allies,  and  immediately  turned  their  arras 


L E I 

against  the  French.  Next  day  the  city  with 
the  king  of  Saxony  and  all  his  curt  was 
taken,  and  at  noon  the  emperor  of  Russia, 
the  king  of  Prussia,  and  the  crown  prince  of 
Sweden,  entered  by  three  different  point 
and  met  in  the  great  square.  Bonaparte 
had  left  it  only  a few  hours  before  ; 60 
miles  WNW  of  Dresden.  Lon.  12  20  e,  lat. 
51  19  N. 

Leira,  a city  of  Estremadura,  Portugal, 
stands  on  an  eminence,  and  is  a bishop^s 
see.  The  French,  in  1811,  on  their  re- 
treat into  Spain,  set  it  on  fire.  It  is  80 
miles  NNE  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  28  38  w,  lat. 
39  40  N. 

Leisznig,  a town  of  Misnia,  Upper  Sax- 
ony, seated  on  the  river  Mulda,  and  has 
manufactures  of  cloth,  stockings,  and 
lace,  24  miles  ese  of  Leipsic,  and  32  nw  of 
Dresden. 

Leitenherg,  a town  in  Thuringia,  Upper 
Saxony,  seated  on  the  Sorbitz,  with  a castle^ 
11  miles  ssE  of  Saalfeld. 

Leith,  a sea  port  towui  in  Mid  Lothian, 
situated  on  the  Frith  of  Forth.  It  is  a large 
and  populous  place,  and  is  properly  the  port 
of  Edinburgh,  from  which  it  is  distant 
about  two  msles  n by  e.  The  town  stands 
on  both  sides  of  the  harbour,  commonly 
called  N and  S Leith,  which  is  formed  by 
the  little  liver,  called  the  Water  of  Leith. 
There  is  a stone  pier  projecting  into  the  sea 
a considerable  way,  which  formed  an  old 
harbour,  but  of  late  an  elegant  draw-bridge 
has  been  erected,  and  a new  bason  and 
docks  constructed,  which  render  the  port 
very  commodious.  The  road  affords  excel- 
lent anchorage  for  shipping.  The  trade  of 
Leith  is  very  extensive,  especially  to  the 
Baltic,  Germany,  Holland,  France,  Spain, 
and  Portugal  ; also  to  America,  the  West 
Indies,  cfec.  (fee.  The  London  trade  is  also 
carried  on  to  a great  extent.  Here  are 
pveral  thriving  manufactures,  ship  build- 
ings, extensive  rope  works,  glass  houses,  <fec. 
Leith  has  increased  greatly  of  late,  both  in 
trade  and  population.  The  number  of  souls 
in  the  two  parishes  of  South  and  North 
Leith,  in  I8II,  was  20,363.  The  trade  ot 
Leith,  in  1784,  was  estimated  at  half  a 
million.  In  1791,  the  whole  tonnage  of 
vessels  belonging  to  Leith  is  estimated  at 
130,000  tons.  Leith  is  a dependency  of 
Edinburgh,  and  is  governed  by  an  admiral 
and  two  baillies,  appointed  by  the  council  of 
that  city.  It  has  a bank,  an  hospital  for 
disabled  seamen,  and  a battery  for  the  de- 
fence of  the  harbour.  The  beautiful  walk 
to  Edinburgh  bordered  with  gardens  and 
elegant  buildings,  is  a fashionable  promenade 
for  the  inhabitants  of  both  towns.  Lon.  2 
59  w,  lat.  .55  58  n. 

Leith,  Water  of,  rises  in  the  county  of 
Mid,  Lothian,  and  parish  of  Cunie,  drives 
upwards  of  80  mills  of  different  desci'ii>- 
tioHs,  aud  falls  into  the  Frith  of  Forth  at 
Leith, 


L E M 

Leitmerita,  See  Leutmeritz. 

LeitomischeL  See  Leutmischel. 

LEITRIM,  a county  of  Ireland,  ia  the 
province  of  Connaught,  bounded  on  the  n 
by  Donegal  bay,  on  the  e by  Fermanagh 
and  Cavan,  by  Longford  on  the  se,  Ros- 
common on  the  sw,  and  Sligo  on  the  w.  It 
is  about  42  miles  long,  and  IT  broad  ; is  a 
fertile  county,  and,  though  mountainous, 
produces  great  herds  of  black  cattle,  but  has 
few  places  of  note.  It  contains  21  parishes, 
and  sends  two  members  to  parliament.  It 
has  coals'and  ironstone,  and  abounds  with 
lakesi  Ctirrick  is  the  capital. 

Leitrim,  a town  of  the  above  county, 
from  which  it  has  its  name,  situated  on  the 
Shannon,  formerly  a place  of  considerable 
note;  four  miles  n of  Carrick,  and  80  nw 
of  Dublin. 

Leixlip,  a town  in  the  county  of  Kildare, 
with  a castle,  beautifully  situated  on  the 
banks  of  the  Liffy,  The  castle  is  a fine 
edifice,  with  fine  gardens  on  one  side,  and 
on  the  other  a waterfall  called  the  Salmon 
leap.  In  the  vicinity  are  the  ruins  of  the 
church  and  castle  of  Clonsy,  and  a mile  dis- 
tant Castletown,  the  magnificent  seat  of 
Mr  Connolly,  allowed  to  be  the  finest  in 
Ireland.  Leixslip  is  iO  miles  w by  s of 
Dublin. 

Lekenfield,  a town  in  the  East  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  three  miles  n of  Beverly,  has  a 
fair  which  commences  on  September  14th. 
and  continues  for  a week. 

LEMAN,  a department  of  France,  com- 
prehending the  republic  of  Geneva,  The 
lake  of  Geneva  was  formerly  called  Leman, 
Geneva  is  the  chief  town, 

LEMBRO,  the  ancient  Imbrcs,  an  island 
of  the  Archipelago,  on  the  coast  of  Ro- 
mania, about  22  miles  in  circumference, 
with  a town  of  the  same  name,  and  a har- 
bour. Lon.  26  0 E,  lat.  40  Z5  n. 

Lemburg,  or  Leopold,  a large  and  rich 
trading  town  of  Poland,  capital  of  Red 
Russia,  now  of  E Galicia,  in  the  palatinate 
of  Lemburg,  seated  on  the  Peltu  It  is 
well  fortified,  and  the  inhabitants  are  esti- 
mated at  20,000,  who  carry  ou  a consider- 
able trade.  The  cathedral  churches,  and 
other  public  buildings  are  superb.  In  it  are 
a Roman  Catholic,  an  Armenian,  and  a 
Russian  bishop.  The  Turks  besieged  it 
without  success  in  1672;  Charles  XII.  of 
Sweden  took  it  by  storm  in  1704.  It  is  90 
miles  MW  of  Kaminieck  and  150  e of 
Cracow. 

Lemgow,  a town  of  Westphalia,  county 
of  Lippe  on  the  Beya,  has  some  cloth  ma- 
nufactures. It  IS  25  miles  m by  w of  Pa- 
derborn. 

Lemington,  a town  in  Northumberland, 
within  three  miles  of  Alnwick. 

Lemington,  a township  of  Vermont,  in 
Essex  county. 

Lemme,  a sea-port  o^  Holland,  on  the 
Zuyder  Zee,  20  miles  s of  Lewardeu. 

LEMNOS,  a celebrated  island  of  the 


LEO 

: Archipelago,  now  called  Stalimene.  It  h 
situated  near  the  entrance  of  the  Dardanel- 
les, and  is  above  112  miles  in  circumfer-* 
ence.  The  poets  have  made  it  sacred  ta 
Vulcan,  who  was  thence*  called  Lamnius 
Patdr,  Not  a trace  of  its  famous  labyrinth 
now  remains.  The  modern  Greeks  enter- 
tain the  same  opinion  of  that  earth  which 
cured  Philoctetes.  On  one  particular  day 
of  the  year,  it  is  dug  up  with  great  cere- 
mony, formed  into  small  cakes,  and  signed 
with  the  grand  signior^s  seal ; hence  called 
Terra  Sigellata.  Lemnos  is  subject  to  tfee 
Turks,  but  the  inhabitants  w ho  are  almost 
all  Greeks,  are  very  industrious.  The  capi- 
tal is  of  the  same  name,  and  the  see  of  a 
Greek  archbishop.  Lon.  25  28  e,  lat.  40  3 n. 

Lemon  Island,  one  of  the  Skelig  islands 
ou  the  coast  of  Kerry,  Ireland. 

Lena,  a large  river  in  the  eastern  part  of 
Siberia,  which  receives  16  large  rivers,, 
and  falls  into  the  Frozen  ocean  by  several 
mouths. 

Lenczicz,  a town  of  Poland,  capital  of  a 
palatinate  of  the  same  name,  has  a fort  on  a 
rock,  and  stands  in  a morass  on  the  Biura, 
37  miles  se  of  Genesna,  and  110  n by  w of 
Cracow.  Lon.  18  20  E,lat.  52  10  n. 

Lenham,  an  ancient,  but  decayed  town 
in  Kent,  seated  on  an  eminence  near  the 
source  of  the  Len,  has  a market  on  Tues- 
day, 10  miles  e of  Maidstone,  and  44  ese 
of  London. 

Lennep,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Berg, 
W estphalia,  on  a river  of  its  name,  20  miles 
ESE  of  Dusseldorf. 

Lenno,  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  late  Re- 
publican department  of  the  Mulay,  contain- 
ing 3,000  souls. 

Lennox.  See  Dunburtonshire. 

Lenox,  the  capital  of  Berkshire  county, 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Hausatonic.  It  is 
about  ! 7 miles  sw  of  Chester,  and  145  w of 

Boston 

Lens,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Straits  of  Calais,  France,  on  the  Souchet, 
11  m lies  N of  Arras. 

Lintini,  or  Veontini.  a town  of  Sicily,  in 
the  Val  di  Noto,  it  is  a portion  of  the  an- 
cient Leontium,  on  the  Leonardo,  at  the 
foot  of  an  eminence,  on  the  top  of  ■w'hich 
Charles  V.  built  a town  called  Carletini. 
In  1693,  this  town  w'as  greatly  injured  by 
an  earthquake,  situated  15  miles  ssw  of  Ca- 
tania. 

Lentzbtirg,  a town  of  Berne,  in  Switzer- 
land, has  a fortified  castle,  and  manufactures 
of  cotton,  linen,  tobacco,  &c.  10  miles  wof 
Baden,  and  40  ne  of  Bern. 

Lentzen,  a town  in  the  Mark  of  Pregnitz, 
Brandenburg,  near  the  Elbe,  14  miles  w of 
Perleberg. 

Leo,  St,  a strong  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
lute  duchy  of  Urbino,  near  the  Marrechia, 
15  miles  mw  of  Urbino.  • 

Leobschuz,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Jagerndorf,  Silesia,  with  a great  trade  in 
corn  aud  yarn,  10  miles  kne  of  Jagerndorf. 


LEO 


. Leohen,  a town  in  Stiria,  Germany,  on 
the  Muer,  20  miles  nw  of  Gratz, 

LeocheL  See  Cushnie, 

Leogane,  a sea  port  town  of  St.  Domingo, 
with  a fort  and  a good  road.  It  is  *au 
agreeable,  pleasant,  and  commercial  place. 
The  chief  exports  are  cotton,  coffee,  indigo, 
and  sugar.  In  1794,  it  was  taken  by  the 
English  and  French  royalists,  but  soon  after 
retaken  by  the  republicans.  It  is  six  leagues 
and  a-balf  n of  Jacmel.  Lon.  72  32  w,  lat. 
28  34  X.  ' 

Leominster,  a town  in  Herefordshire,  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Lug,  over  which  it  has  several 
bridges.  The  town  consists  of  about  500 
bouses ; besides  a large  church,  and  several 
meeting  houses  for  dissenters,  and  several 
ftee  schools,  one  of  them  endowed  by  Queen 
Mary.  In  the  church  is  a beautiful  altar- 
piece  by  Rubens.  The  corporation  consists 
of  a bailiff,  24  capital  burgesses  and  other 
officers.  It  has  a considerable  trade  in 
cloth,  hms,  hops,  flax,  gloves,  felts,  leather, 
cyder,  d'c.  It  has  markets  on  Tuesday, 
and  Friday,  and  six  annual  fajrs ; and  lies  25 
miles  w by  n of  Worcester,  and  137  wxw 
of  London. 

Leominster,  a post  town  in  Worcester 
county,  Massachusetts,  seven  miles  n by  w 
of  Lancaster,  and  46  westward  of  Boston. 
The  manufacture  of  combs  is  carried  on  to 
great  perfection. 

LEON%  a province  of  Spain,  formerly  a 
kingdom.  It  is  about  125  miles  long,  and 
iOO  broad,  divided  into  nearly  two  equal 
parts  by  the  river  Douro,  and  produces  all  the 
necessaries  oi  life.  Leon  is  the  capital. 

Leon,  an  ancient  and  large  city  of  Spain, 
capital  of  the  province  of  that  name,  built  bv 
the  Romans  in  the  time  of  Galba.  It  fs 
situated  between  two  sources  of  the  river 
Esra.  It  was  once  more  populous  and  rich 
than  now,  for  the  manufacture  of  cloth  is  on 
the  decline.  Besides  the  cathedral,  w^hich 
IS  much  admired,  there  are  12  churches  and 
nine  convents,  5p  miles  se  oi  Ovied,  165  n 
by  w of  Madrid.  Lon.  5 38  w,  lat  42  36  x. 

Lecn,^  a city  of  Andalusia,  Spain,  almof?t 
surrounaed  by  the  sea  and  the  river  Sa^a 
Petri,  therefore  sometimes  called  the  isle  c; 
Leon.  Population  is  upwards  of  40  000  • 
vast  quantities  of  salt  are  collected  in  the 
neighbourhood,  IJ  miles  sse  of  Cadiz. 

LEON,  NEW,  a rick  a.nd  populous  coun- 
try of  N America,  lying  between  New  Mexi- 
co on  the  V,  the  gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  e, 
Panuco  on  the  s,  and  New  Biscay  on  the  w • 
It  IS  little  known,  but  said  to  be  full  of  moun- 
tains, and  rich  in  minerals.  Monterey  is  the 
capital. 

Leon,  a towm  in  the  Mechoacan,  New 
Spmn,  seated  in  a fertile  plain,  30  miles  wnw 
ot  Guanaxiiats. 


LEON,  an  island  in 
coast  of  Spain*  It  is 
about  five  broad. 


the  Atlantic  on  the 
12  miles  long  and 


Leon,  or  Caracas,  the  capital  of  the  pro- 
wmce  of  the  Caracas,  and  of  a government 


L E R 

mcluding  Venezuela,  Caracas,  CuT.aiiE,  and 
Spanish  Guayana,  seated  on  the  n side  of  an 
elevated  plain  surrounded  by  mountains,  12 
miles  from  the  sea  port  Guazza,  is  the  see  of 
an  archbishop.  The  city  is  near  a mile 
long  ; the  houses  are  handsome  and  well 
mrnished ; the  streets  regular,  straight,  and 
broad.  It  contains  about  42,000  inhabitants. 
In  1812,  this  city  lost  by  an  earthquake  8000 
mnabitants,  4500  houses,  19  churches  and 
convents,  and  other  public  edifices,  560  miles 
NE  of  St.  Fe.  Lon.  67  0 w,  lat.  10  15  x. 

Leon,  a town  and  capital  of  the  province 
of  Nicaragua,  New'  Spain,  the  reStlence  of 
a governor,  and  a bishop^s  see,  seated  near 
the  NW  extremity  of  lake  Nicaragua.  It 
consists  of  about  1,000  houses,  and  has 
several  monasteries  and  nunneries.  It  is  39 
miles  from  the  South  Sea.  Lon.  87  20  w 
lat.  12  30  N,  ^ 

Leonard,  St,  an  ancient  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Vienne,  France,  with  a 
considerable  manufactory  of  paper  and  ano- 

Limoges,  and 

195  s of  Paris.  ^ 

Leonardtown,  a post  town  of  Maryland, 
and  the  capital  of  St.  Mary^s  county,  seated 
on  Britton  bay,  five  miles  from  its  conflux 
with  the  Potomac,  50  SSE  of  Washington, 
and  113  s of  Baltimore.  Lon.  76  50  w% 
lat.  38  24  N, 

Leonherg,  a towm  in  the  duchy  of  Wirtem- 
berg,  Swabia,  on  the  Gieni,  six  miles  w of 
Siiugard. 

Leonessa,  a town  of  Abruzzo  ultra  Naples 
19  miles  nw  of  Acquilla.  ‘ 

^ »»  Val  di  Noto,  Sicily, 

37  miles  wnw  of  Catania. 

Leoo-keoo,  See  Lieou-kieou. 

Leopold.  See  Lemburg. 

Leopoldstadt,  a town  and  fortress  of  Hun- 
gary, on  the  Waag,  50  miles  ene  of  Fres- 
burg,  and  62  ene  of  Vienna. 

LEOTONG,  a large  country  of  Asia. 
was  from  this  country  that  the  Tartars  ei/ 
tered  China  when  they  made  themselves 
masters  oi  it.  Leotong  the  principal  town  is 
large  and  populous. 

Lepanto,  a considerable  sea  port  tow'n  of 
Turkey  m Europe,  in  Livadia,  divided  into 

'Z'  by  as  many  walls, 

and  defended  by  a castle.  The  harbour  is 
very  small.  The  produce  of  the  adjacent 
country  IS  vyine,  oil,  corn,  rice,  Turkey  lea- 
ther,  and  tobacco.  The  Turks  have  six  or 
seven  mosques  here,  and  the  Greeks  two 
enurcbes.  It  was  taken  from  the  Turks 
by  tho^ Venetians,  in  1687,  but  by  the  trea- 
ty et  v-arlowitz,  it  was  evacuated  in  1699. 
It  is  situated  on  the  guifo^  Lepanto,  100 
miles  WNW  of  Athens,  and  :^50  of  Con- 
stantinople.  Lon.  22  0 e,  lat,  38  30  n. 

TT  ISLAND,  one  of  the  New 

Hebrides.  The  inhabitants,  according: 
to  Bougainville,  ^Gare  of  two  colours, 
black,  and  mulatto,"^  Lon.  167  58  e,  lat. 
15  23  s. 

Lerena,  or  Lkrena^  a towo  io  Estrema- 


L E S 

<3uTa,  Spaiu,  stands  at*  the  foot  of  a moun- 
tain, at  the  bead  of  the  Malachel,  50  miles 
6 of  Merida,  and  68  se  of  Badajoz.  Lon.  5 
63  w,  lat.  38  7 n. 

Leria,  or  Leiria,  a town  in  Estramadura, 
Portugal,  30  miles  ssw  of  Coimbra,  and 
60  NNE  of  Lisbon,  in  the  territory  of 
Gens,  seated  on  the  b coast  of  the  gulf  of 
Spezzia. 

Lerici,  a sea  port  three  miles  sw  of  Sar- 
zana. 

Leriday  an  ancient  and  large  city  in  Ca- 
talonia, Spain,  a bishop^s  see,  with  a univer- 
sity on  the  Serga,  on  a hill  adjoining  the 
town  are  the  remains  of  a castle,  once  a 
place  of  great  strength.  This  place  sub- 
mitted to  Charles  III.  after  the  reduction 
of  Barcelona,  in  1705,  but  two  years  after  it 
was  retaken  by  the  duke  of  Orleans,  16 
miles  sw  of  Balaguer,  80  w of  Barcelona, 
and  200  nw  of  Madrid,  Lon.  0 35  e,  lat. 
41  32  N. 

LERINS,  two  French  islands  in  the 
Mediterranean,  five  miles  from  Antibes. 
The  one  called  St  Honorat,  has  a Benedic 
tine  Abbey,  the  other  called  St.  Margaret 
was  taken  by  the  British,  in  1746,  but  re- 
taken the  following  year. 

Lermdy  a town  in  Old  Castile,  Spain,  with 
a palace  on  the  Arlanza,  23  miles  s of  Bur* 
gos. 

LernGy  or  Milos y a town  in  Morea,  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  at  the  nw  extremity  of  the 
gult  of  Napolis,  stands  at  the  foot  of  a moun- 
tain, on  which  is  a fortress,  is  the  port  of 
Tripolizza.  It  was  the  ancient  Serna,  and 
a little  10  the  s is  the  celebrated  lake  of  Ser- 
na, eight  miles  ssw  of  Argos,  and  24  exe  of 
Tripolizza. 

LernicOy  formerly  a large  city  on  the  s 
coast  of  the  island  of  Cyprus,  now  only  a 
large  village,  with  a good  road  lor  vessels, 
and  a fort  for  its  defence,  30  miles  sw  of 
Famagusta. 

LERO,  or  Lebos,  anciently  Leria,  an 
island  of  the  Archipelago,  eight  miles  se  of 
Patmos. 

JLcrwichy  the  chief  town  of  the  Shet- 
land islands,  situated  on  the  e side  of 
the  Mainland,  as  the  principal  island 
is  called,  on  Brassa  sound.  It  is  the  ren- 
dezvous of  vessels  employed  in  the  fisheries. 
Near  the  town  is  fort  Charlotte,  said  to 
have  been  built  by  Oliver  Cromwell,  in 
which  is  a small  party  of  soldiers.  The 
manufactures  are  stockings,  bed-rugs,  and 
platting  straw.  The  town  contains  about 
900  inhabitants;  and  the  whole  parish, 
which  is  not  above  a mile  broad,  and 
six  long,  contains  about  1,700,  In  the 
parish  are  the  ruins  of  two  chapels,  and 
two  circular  fbrts.  Lon.  1 30  w,  lat,  60 

20  N. 

Lescary  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Lower  Pyrennes,  France,  which  contains 
about  6,000  citizens,  three  miles  NW  of  Pau, 
and  42  SB  of  Bayonne. 


L ES 

LESGUIS,  one  of  the  seven  Cauca- 
sian nations,  situated  between  the  Black 
sea  and  the  Caspian.  Their  country  is  in- 
diflerentJy  called  by  the  Georgians, 
Lesguistan,  or  Daghestan,  It  is  divided 
into  a variety  of  districts,  generally  indepen- 
dent, and  governed  by  chiefs,  elected  by 
the  people.  It  has  been  thought  that  th« 
Lesguis  are  probably  descended  from  the 
tribes  of  mountaineers,  known  to  ancient 
geographers  under  the  name  of  Lesgas 
or  Ligyes ; and  that  the  strength  of  their 
country,  which  is  a region  of  mountains 
whose  passes  are  known  only  to  themselves, 
has  at  all  times,  secured  them  from  foreign 
invasion  They  subsist  by  raising  cattle, 
and  by  predatory  expeditions  into  the 
countries  of  their  more  wealthy  neigh- 
bours. In  their  persons  and  dress,  and 
general  habits  of  liie,  as  far  as  these  are 
known  to  us,  they  greatly  resemble  the 
Circassians. 

LESTNA,  an  island  in  the  Adriatic,  on 
the  coast  of  Dalmatia,  anciently  called  Pha- 
roSy  44  miles  long,  and  eight  broad,  con- 
taining 15,000  souls,  and  32  villages ; and 
abounding  with  wine,  wool  corn,  fruits, 
and  marble.  The  capital  is  of  the  same 
name,  with  a good  harbour.  Population 
1,200,  20  miles  s of  f?palatro.  Lon.  16  20  e, 
lat.  43  33  N. 

Lesina,  a town  in  Capitanata,  Naples, 
on  a lake  of  its  name,  26  miles  nw'  of  Man- 
fredonsa. 

Leskeardy  a town  in  Cornwall,  and  one  of 
the  largest  and  best  built  in  the  country, 
governed  by  a mayor.  The  town  ball . is 
handsome,  with  a noble  clock.  It  has  a 
large  church  a meeting  house,  a noteil 
free  school,  and  a curious  conduit,  and  sends 
two  members  a parliament.  It  is  one  of 
the  coinage  towns  for  tin ; and  has  some 
business  in  the  spinning  of  yarn,  and  in  the 
tanning  of  leather.  It  has  a market  on 
Sararday,  and  seven  annual  fairs ; and 
lies  49  miles  w by  s of  Exeter,  and  225 
w by  s of  London.  Lon.  4 42  W',  lat.  59 
27  N. 

Lcsky  a town  in  the  palatinate  of  Lemburg^ 
68  miles  sw  of  Lemburg. 

Lesliey  a parish  in  the  county  of  Aber- 
deen, comprehending  a superficies  of  four 
square  miles,  W'atered  by  the  Gadie.  The 
surface  is  uneven  but  not  mountainous,  and 
the  soil  is  generally  very  productive  to  the 
farmer.  In  the  parish  is  found  a green 
streaktd  jasper,  of  which  are  made  snuff- 
boxes and  other  toys.  Population  about 
370. 

Leslie,  a parish  and  village  in  Fifeshire, 
lying  on  the  s side  of  the  eastern  Lomond, 
and  on  the  n bank' of  the  river  Leven. 
The  whole  of  the  parish  is  arable,  and  the 
soil  good  and  well  cultivated.  In  the  tow^n 
of  Leslie,  w^hich  contains  about  1,089 
people,  a considerable  manufacture  of  linea 
and  cotton  checks  is  carried  on.  Fairs 


LE  S 

Tuesday  of  April,  O.  S.  and  pctober 
10th.  Population  about  1,600.  Near  it 
stands  Leslie  bouse,  once  ;i  J4r;ge  structure, 
acted  in  the  time  of  the  last  persecution, 
as  an  asylum  for  persecuted  ministers,  who 
were  admitted  by  lady  Rothes,  although 
her  husband,  the  earjl  of  Rothes,  was  one 
of  the  persecutors.  The  whole  ot  the  build- 
ing was  afterwards  destroyed  by  fire,  ex- 
cept those  apartments,  in  which  these  good 
men  found  refuge.  The  present  house  is 
a stately  mansion, 

Lesmahagoe,  a parish  in  Lanarkshire, 
extendi  iig  along  the,  sw  bank  of  the  Clyde, 
about  14  miles,  with  a breadth  of  12. 
The  surface  is  irregular,  and  fitter  for 
pasturage  than  tillage.  There  is  a con- 
siderable ex  ent  of  wood  on  the  banks  of 
the  river  ; and  coal  is  wrought  a*  different 
places.  Limestone,  free-stone,  and  slate, 
also  abound.  The  village  of  Lesmahagoe, 
which  has  been  lately  called  Abbey  Green, 
is  built  round  the  church  in  the  bottom  of 
a fine  dell,  about  13  miles  se  of  Hamilton. 
On  this  green  stood  a monastery,  founded 
by  David  I.  in  1140,  dependent  on  the 
abbey  of  Kelso  ; of  which  all  that  remains 
is  a square  to'^i’er,  that  serves  as  a steeple 
for  the  parish  church.  Population  about 
3.0T0. 

Lesneven^  a town  in  the  department  of 
Finisterre,  France,  10  miles  n of  Lander- 
nan  and  13  ne  of  Brest. 

LesparrCf  a town  in  the  department  of 
Gironde,  France,  in  the  environs  of  which 
are  found  transparent  pebbles,  known  by 
the  name  of  Modoc  stones.  It  is  40  miles 
XX w of  Bourdeaux. 

Lessinesy  a town  An  the  province  of 
Hainault,  Netherlands,  seated  on  the  Dea- 
der, famous  for  its  linen  manufactures,  28 
miles  sw  of  Brussels. 

Lestwithiely  an  ancient  town  in  Cornwall, 
governed  by  a mayor,  with  a market  on 
Friday  ; situated  on  the  Fowey.  The  town 
consists  of  about  120  boiises  disposed  of  in 
two  streets.  It  was  anciently  the  county 
town,  and  the  knights  of  the  sfaire  are  still 
elected  here.  It  is  one  of  the  tin  coinage 
towns,  and  has  a woollen  manufacture. 
On  the  side  of  a hill  in  the  vicinity,  stands 
Lestormel  castle,  formerly  the  residence  of 
the  dukes  of  Cornwall.  The  town  is  part 
of  the  duchy  of  Cornwall,  and  pays  for  its 
liberties  ll£,  18^.  4rf.  annually.  It  is  19 
miles  NNw  of  Plymouth,  and  237  w by  s of 
London. 

Leswalty  a parish  in  the  w end  of  the 
peninsula,  called  the  Rinns  of  Galloway, 
Wigtonsbire,  between  Lochryan  on  the  n, 
and  the  Irish  sea  on  Ihe^s.  It  is  about 
seven  miles  long,  and  from  three  to  six 
broad,  exhibiting  a great  variety  of  surface  ; 
with  an  equal  variety  of  soil,  watered  by 
two  small  rivulets.  The  soil  where  arable 
is  well  cultivated,  and  the  rearing  of  grain, 
black  cattle  and  sheep,  and  fishing  on  the 
No.  18-~6t/. 


LEU 

surrounding  coast,  engross  the  attention  of 
the  inhabitants,  about  1,300.  in  numbero 
Nearly  the  half  of  whom  inhabit  the  Clay° 
1 hole  and  Hill- head,  suburbs  of  the  town  of 
Stranraer,  on  the  w’.  On  the  sands  of 
Lochryan  opposite  the  Clayhole,  is  a very 
powerful  spring  of  fine  fresh  water,  called 
St  John^s  well,  over  which  the  sea  ebbs  and 
flows. 

Letham,  a village  in  the  county  of  Fife 
and  parish  of  Monimail,  where  there  is  a 
considerable  fair  held  in  the  first  week  of 
June. 

Letharuy  a village  in  Forfar.  It  is  , 16 
miles  NE  of  Dundee. 

.Lethendy,  a parish  in  Perthshire,  WNW 
of  Coupar  Angus.  It  is  about  five  miles 
long,  and  one  and  a-half  broad,  with  a. 
strong,  rich,  and  well  cultivated  soil.  Popu- 
lation about  350. 

JLethnoty  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Forfar- 
shire, to  which  lhat  of  Navar  is  unitedo 
It  lies  about  seven  miles  nw  of  BrechiOo 
Population  near  500. 

Letters,  a trading  town  in  Principato  Ci- 
terioie,  Naples,  at  the  foot  of  a mountain,  12 
miles  NW  of  Salerno. 

.Letterkennyy  a town  in  Donegal,  Ulster^, 
on  the  Swdlly,  near  its  entrance  to  Loch- 
swilly,  14  miles  nw  of  Lijfford,  and  113 
NNW  of  Dublin. 

LettoHy  the  name  of  three  villages  in 
Herefordshire,  and  one  in  Norfolk. 

Leubusy  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Wolau,  Silesia,  with  a famous  Cistercian 
abbey,  on  the.  Oder.  It  is  10  mile.'-  s of 
Wolau. 

Levant.  This  word  properly  signifies 
' Ruingy  or  the  East,  but  is  generally  used, 
when  speaking  of  trade,  for  Turkey  in  Asia, 
comprehending  Natolia,  Syria,  Palestine, 
Barka,  the  island  of  Candia,  and 
the  adjacent  parts.  The  Levant  Sea, 
means  the  eastern  part  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean. 

Leueate,  an  ancient  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Aude,  France,  near  the  Mediter- 
ranean, on  the  N side  of  a lake  of  the  s,am© 
name,. 20  miles  ne  of  Perpignan. 

Leuch,  or  Veuky  a town  in  Vailis,  stands 
on  an  eminence,  near  the  R hoi  e,  and  is 
celebrated  for  its  hot  mineral  spri  .gs,  whose 
water  is  so  hot  that  it  will  boil  an  egg. 

.Leuchars,  a parish  and.  illage  on  the  e 
coast  of  Fifeshire,  The  parish,  bounded 
on  the  E by  the  German  oce-tn,  and  watered 
by  the  Eden  on , the  s and  the  sw,  is  about 
nine  miles  long,  and  five  b;  ' h a 
level  surface,  and  a fertile  soil,  .age 

ofLeuchars  is  pleasantly  situated  aicut  a 
mi ie  from  the  coast,  and  containsTG  0 inha- 
bitants, chiefly  employed  in  the  linen  manu- 
facture ; besides  whom  the  re^nelution  vof 
the  parish  is  about  1,000  ; ; x miles  n of 
St  Andrews.  In  it  are  .ae  remains  -of  an 
ancient  castle  of  the  same  name,  surrounded 
by  a deep  moat* 

G 


LEU 

Leuchstenberg , towu  of  Bavaria,  in  a 
landgraviate  of  the  same  name,  stands  near 
the  Psreimbt,  38  miles  ne  of  Ratisbon. 

. Lon.  12  18  E,  lat.  49  35  3i. 

Leven,  a river  in  Dumbartonshire, 
■which  issues  from  Loch  Lonaond,  and 
falls  into  the  estuary  of  the  Clyde,  below 
Dumbarton. 

Leven  Loch,  a beautiful  lake  in  Kinross- 
shire,  about  12  miles  in  circumference, 
somewhat  of  a circular  form,  and  irregular- 
ly indented.  It  contains  several  small 
islands.  One  of  which  are  the  remains  of 
a castle,  in  which  queen  Mary  was  imprison- 
ed by  the  confederate  lords,  after  she  had 
separated  from  Bothwell ; and  on  another, 
called  St.  Serf,  is  the  ruin  of  a priory.  On 
the  E side  of  the  lake,  stands  the  ruinous 
monastery  of  Portmoak.  From  the  se  end 
of  this  loch  flows  the  river  Leven,  and  runs 
ENE.  After  turning  about  40  mills,  and 
affording  variety  of  fish,  it  falls  into  the  sea, 
at  the  town  of  that  name,  where  is  a valua- 
ble salmon  fishery. 

Leven,  a town  in  Fifeshire,  in  the  parish 
of  Sconie,  on  the  w side  of  Largo  bay,  1 8 
miles  NNE  of  Leith.  It  contains  about 
1,200  inhabitants,  who  carry  on  a consider- 
able trade.  The  harbour  is  good,  with 
seven  or  eight  vessels  belonging  to  it, 
which  are  employed  in  the  coasting  and 
Baltic  trade.  Here  is  a rope  work,  and 
manufactures  of  checks  and  shoes. 

Leven,  a river  which  issues  from  the  s 
extremity  of  Windermere  Water,  and  falls 
into  More  Carabe  bay. 

Leven  Seat,  a mountain  near  Carnwatb, 
Lanarkshire,  on  which  is  a spring  so,  im- 
pregnated with  allum,  that,  after  tasting  it, 
it  is  very  difficult  to  separate  the  lips,  and  ! 
so  cold  as  can  hardly  be  swallowed, 

Leventina,  Val,  or  the  Levantine  Valley, 
a valley  of  Switzerland,  on  the  confines  of 
Italy.  It  is  about  eight  leagues  long,  but 
its  breadth  is  inconsiderable.  The  lower 
part  is  extremely  populous  rich  in  pasturage, 
and  produces  much  hemp  and  flax.  The 
houses  are  entirely  ofAvood. 

Levitano,  a populous  town  of  Italy,  six 
miles  SE  of  Modena. 

JLeuk.  See  Leuch. 

Levroux,  an  ancient  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Indre,  France,  it  is  35  miles  sw  of 
Bourges. 

Leuse,  a town  in  Hainault,  Netherlands, 
on  the  Deuder,  eight  miles  e of  Tournay, 
and  14  nw  of  Mods. 

Leutkirch,  a late  free  imperial  town  of 
Suabia,  with  two  extensive  suburbs,  seated 
on  the  Eschach,  which  falls  into  the  Iller. 
It  has  a good  linen  trade,  and  is  situated 
about  22  miles  ne  of  Liiidau,  and  38  s of 
Ulm. 

Leutmeritz,  or  LeiLncritz,  a town  of 
Bohemia,  capital  of  a circle  of  the  same 
name,  and  lately  a bishop's  see,  seated  on 
the  Elbe.  The  town  is  well  built  and  po- 


LEW 

pul  oils.  This  circle  is  so  fertile  and  de* 
lightful,  that  it  is  called  the  Bohemian 
Paradise,  has  warm  baths,  tin  ^mines  pre- 
cious stones,  and  excellent  wines;  and  is 
situated  30  miles  nw  of  Prague.  Lon.  14 
17  E,  lat.  50  32  N. 

Leutmischel,  or  Leitomischel,  a towm  in 
the  circle  of  Chrudim,  Bohemia,  has  a 
castle,  oil  a mountain,  20  miles  ese  of 
Chrudim. 

Leutsch,  SL  towm  in  Cariiiola,  Germany, 
eight  miles  ssr  of  Idria. 

Lew,  a town  in  Oxfordshire,  n of  Bramp- 
ton. 

Lewarden^  a strong,  handsome,  rich,  po- 
pulous, and  large  town  of  Holland,  the 
capital  of  Ostergow,  Westergow,  Seven- 
wolden,  and  West  Friesland,  seated  on  the 
river  Ee.  Its  buildings  are  magnificent, 
and  it  has  several  canals  in  the  streets, 
w^hich  greatly  facilitate  its  commerce,  as 
they  connect  it  with  the  sea,  and  consider- 
able tow’ns  in  the  province.  It  is  32  miles 
w of  Groningen,  Lon.  5 48  e,  lat.  53 
13  N. 

Lewetitz,  a town  of  Upper  Hungary,  iu 
the  county  of  Gran,  on  a river  of  its  name. 
Here  the  Turks  were  defeated  in  1634  ; 
25  miles  ne  of  Gran. 

Lewes,  an  ancient  borough  of  Sussex, 
seated  on  the  Olise,  which  is  navigable 
here  for  barges.  It  is  mostly  built  on  the 
declivity  of  a hill.  At  present  it  is  one  of 
the  largest  and  most  populous  towns  in  the 
county.  In  the  town  hall,  which  is  a neat 
building,  are  held  the  summer  assizes,  and 
the  quarter  sessions  in  the  eastern  division 
of  the  county.  It  contains  six  churches,  in- 
cluding the  villages  of  Clilf  and  Southover, 

! the  former  of  w^hicb  is  separated  from 
Lew'es  by  the  Ouse,  in  the  latter  are  the  re- 
mains of  a monastery.  Lewes  was  for- 
merly surrounded  by  walls,  and  on  a bill 
are  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  castle.  In  the 
town  were  two  mints  in  the  reign  of  king 
Athelstane.  It  is  governed  by  constables, 
and  sends  two  members  to  parliament, 
elected  by  the  inhabitants  paying  scot  and 
lot.  From  a wund  mill  contiguous,  is  one 
of  the  best  prospects  in  Europe.  It  has  a 
market  on  Saturday,  and  four  annual  fairs. 
Population  is  about  6,221  : near  the  town 
in  1263,  was  fought  a battle,  in  wdiich  Hen- 
ry III.  and  his  son,  afterwards  Edward  I. 
were  made  prisoners  by  the  earl  of  Leices- 
ter. It  stands  on  the  edge  of  the  South 
Downs.  It  is  30  miles  e of  Chichester, 
and  40  s of  London.  Lon.  0 2 e,  lat.  50 
55  N. 

Lewes,  a town  in  the  county  of  Sussex, 
Delaware,  situated  on  Lewes  Creek.  It  is 
five  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  16  ene  of 
Georgetown. 

LEWIS,  one  of  the  most  considerable 
of  the  Western  Islands  of  Scotland,  in  Ross- 
shire,  which  being  connected  by  a narrow 
isthmus  with  Harris,  forms  but  one  island, 


■f- 


LEY 

about  60  miles  in  length,  and  of  considerable 
breadth  towards  the  middle  and  n end. 
Like  most  of  the  Scottish  isles,  it  is  greatly 
intersected  by  arms  of  the  sea.  By  these 
it  may  be  said  to  be  divided  into  five  penin- 
sulas. The  country,  in  general,  is  wild, 
bleak,  barren  of  wood,  and  little  fitted  for 
cultivation.  The  crops  are  oats,  bear,  or 
bigg,  and  potatoes.  It  abounds  with  black 
cattle  and  sheep.  In  the  lakes  and  streams 
are  salmon,  large  red  trout,  <fec.  and  on  the 
coasts  immense  shoals  of  herrings.  Kelp 
is  made  in  considerable  quantity.  Popula- 
tion about  17,000.  Stonarway  is  the  only 
town  in  Lewis.  It  lies  20  miles  nw  of  the 
isle  of  .Skye.  The  promontory  at  the  x ex- 
tremity, called  the  Butt  of  Lewis,  is  in  Ion. 
6 32  w lat.  58  34  x. 

Lew  ishurgh,  a county  of  Oraiigeburgh 
district,  South  Carolina. 

Lewisbitrg,  a post  town  of  North  Carolina, 
and  capital  of  Franklin  county,  66  miles 
from  Tar  borough. 

Lewishurg,  the  chief  town  of  Greenbriar 
county,  Virginia,  on  the  n side  of  Green- 
briar  river,  150  miles  w by  n of  Richmond, 
Lon,  81  15  w,  lat.  37  52  n. 

Lewisham,  a large  village  in  Kent,  five 
miles  SE  by  s of  London,  and  two  s of 
Greenwich.  In  its  elegant  church  are  some 
fine  monuments, 

Lcwistown,  the  chief  of  Mifflin  county, 
Pennsylvania,  seated  on  the  Juniatta,  at  its 
junction  with  the  Cishecoquillis,  26  miles 
EXE  of  Huntingdon,  and  130  wxw  of  Phila- 
delphia. Lon.  77  36  w,  lat.  40  36  x. 

Lexington,  a post  (own  of  Virginia,  and 
capital  of  Rockbridge  county,  stands  near 
the  N branch  of  James  river,  129  miles  w by 
N of  Richmond,  and  398  from  Philadelphia. 
Lon.  79  50  w,  lat.  37  55  x. 

Lexington,  a post  town  of  Kentucky,  and 
formerly  the  metropolis  of  that  state.  It  is 
built  on  a regular  plan,  and  contains  about 
250  houses,  two  printing  offices,  which 
publish  two  weekly  gazettes  ; and  is  a 
fioeirishing  agreeable  place.  It  has  four 
churches,  a unh-ersity,  and  a large  court- 
house. Near  the  town  are  the  remains  of 
two  ancient  fortifications,  with  ditches  and 
bastions  ; also  curious  sepulchres,  in  a .style 
totally  different  from  that  now  practised  by 
the  Indians.  It  is  seated  in  a fine  country, 
at  the  head  w^aters  of  Elkhorn  river.  The 
number  of  inhabitants  is  near  3,000.  Lex- 
ington  is  24  miles  ESE  of  Frankfort,  the 
present  capital.  Lon.  84  27  w,  lat.  37 
54  X. 

Lexington,  a tov/n  of  the  United  States, 
in  Middlesex  county,  Massachusetts,  10 
miles  NW  of  Boston.  Here  hostilities  com- 
menced between  the  British  troops  and 
Americans,  iu  1775. 

Leyden,  a city  of  S Holland,  next  to 
A msterdam,  the  largest  place  in  the  state. 

It  is  surrounded  by  a great  number  of 
ditches  and  canals  near  the  ancient  bed  of 
the  Rhine,  which  here  separates  into  a 


L 1 B 

number  of  small  channels,  now  looks  lik® 
a canal.  It  is  about  four  miles  and  a-hal£ 
in  circumference  ; and  its  ditches  are  border- 
ed with  ro^ys  of  trees.  It  is  surrounded  by 
a brick  wall,  has  eight  gates,  50  islands, 
and  145  bridges,  the  greatest  part  of  which 
are  made  with  freestone.  There  are  several 
large  hospitals,  and  an  imiversiiy,  which  was 
founded  in  commemoration  of  a long  siege 
it  sustained  in  1574,  against  the  Spauiard.s, 
in  the  course  of  which,  6,000  inhabitants 
died  of  famine  and  pestilence  ; and  is  cele- 
brated for  its  colleges,  ana'omica)  theatre, 
observatory,  library,  and  medicinal  garden. 
The  principal  church,  old  castle,  town- 
house,  custom-house,  and  house  for  orphans, 
are  worthy  of  notice.  In  1807,  a vessel 
loaded  with  gunpowAer  blew  up  as  she 
passed  the  university,  by  which  it  w^as  al- 
most destroyed  In  the  vicinity  is  excellent 
cheese  and  but  ter.  Here  are  manufactures 
of  the  best  cloths  and  stuffs  in  Holland, 
there  being  no  less  than  1,600  workmen 
employed.  It  is  four  miles  e from  the  [sea, 
and  23  sw  of  Amsterdam.  Population  about 
50,000. 

Leyden,  a township  in  Hampshire  county 
Massachusetts  29  miles  from  Northampton, 
and  1 17  xw'  of  Boston. 

Leypa,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Leutme- 
ritz,  Bohemia,  ou  the  Pubiets,  23  miles  exe 
of  Leutmeritz. 

LEYTA,  one  of  the  Philippine  islands, 
about  40  leagues  in  length,  and  95  in  cir- 
cumference. Its  soil,  on  the  e side,  is 
fertile  ; but  there  are  very  high  mountains, 
that  intersect  it  almost  through  the  middle, 
and  occasion  so  great  an  alteration  m the 
air,  (hat  when  the  inhabitants  of  one  part 
of  the  island  reap,  the  others  sow  ; and  they 
have  two  plentiful  harvests  in  the  year. 
The  island  contains  about  900  inhabitants, 
who  pay  tribute  to  the  Spaniards  in  rice, 
w^ax,  cind  quilts.  It  has  a town  of  its 
name  on  the  x coast.  Lou.  125  0 e,  lat. 
li20N. 

Lhanbryd,  or  St.  Andrews  Llanhryd,  a 
parish  in  Scotland,  Morayshire,  situated 
XE  of  the  county  town.  It  is  about  four 
miles  long,  and  three  broad,  with  an  almost 
plain  surface.  Population  about  860.  The 
lov/er  classes  live  very  plain,  and  abste- 
miously. 

Liamone,  or  Limone,  a river  of  Corsica, 

It  gives  name  to  a department  of  the  island 
Liampo,  and  runs  into  the  bay  of  Sagona, 
eight  miles  x of  Ajaccio,  the  chief  town,  • 
See  Ning-po. 

Lihanus,  or  Lebanon,  the  name  of  moun- 
tains of  Turkey  in  As.a,  w'hich  lie  between 
Proper  Syria  and  Palestine,  extending  from 
w to  E from  the  Mediterranean  sea  as  far 
as  Arabia.  Geographers  distinguish  them 
into  Lioanus  and  Aiiti-Libanus.  The  tops 
of  these  mountains  are  always  covered  with 
snow,  but  the  vallies  below  are  fertile. 
Formerly  they  w'erc^famous  for  cedar  trees, 
few  of  which  now  reraaifl.  The  country 
G 2 


Lie 

liyiflgf  between  these  mountains  was  call^ 
Coelosyria. 

Lihattay  a town  in  the  country  of  Gabon, 
Guinea,  seated  near  the  mouth  of  a river  of 
its  name,  120  miles  nw  of  Sette.  Lon.  8 
45  E,  lat.  0 58  s. 

I/i6ate,  a sea-port  of  Courland,  in  the 
Baltic,  stands  on  a peninsula  50  miles  n of 
Memet,  has  a trade  in  lintseed  and  hemp. 
Lbn.  21  40  E,  lat.  56  30  n. 

I/iScrfow,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Lanark- 
shire, which,  with  that  of  Quothquan  uni- 
ted, extends  about  seven  miles  in  length  from 

to  s,  with  about  four  of  breadth.  Two 
Norman  adventurers'(SOmerville  and  Chan- 
cellor) who  came  into  England  with  Wil- 
liam the  Conqueror,  in  1066,  had  a grant 
•of  the  lands  in  this  parish  which  were  re- 
tained by  their  respective  families  till  the 
16th  century.  The  present  lord  Sommer- 
ville  is  a lineal  descendant  of  the  Norman 
of  that  name.  In  the  vicinity  of  the  small 
tillage  of  Liberton  are  many  remains  of  an- 
tiquity. Population  about  700. 

Liberton  y a parish  in  Edinburghshire, 
about  a mile  s of  the  metropolis,  containing 
410  acres  of  rich,  well  cultivated,  and  fertile 
land,  with  four  villages,  viz.  Kirk  Liberton, 
Nether  Liberton,  Upper  Liberton,  and  Gil- 
unerton.  Coal  and  limestone  abound.  The 
church  is  an  ancient  building.  Here  has 
been  kept  for  many  years,  an  academy 
' taught  by  Dr  Chapman,  author  of  the 
Rudiments  of  the  Latin  Lauguage.  Pojm- 
lation  about  3,600. 

Liberty,  a post  town  in  Virginia,  Bedford 
countyo  It  is  15  miles  w by  n of  New 
London. 

Liber hj,  a town  in  Mason  county,  Ken- 
tucky, with  a ship-yard,  stands  on  the  Ohio, 
a mile  above  Limestone,  and  five  nnb  of 
Washington. 

Liberty y Westy  a town  of  Virginia,  chief 
of  Ohio  county,  seated  at  the  head  of  Short 
Creek,  six  miles  from  the  Ohio,  and  J2  sw 
of  Pittsburg. 

Libokavo,  a town  in  Albania,  European 
Turkey,  seated  on  the  side  of  a steep  hill. 
It  is  inhabited  by  Turks  who  farm  the 
neighbouring  plains.  It  is  30  miles  nw  of 
Gienina. 

Libotirne,  a small  town  in  the  department 
of  Gironde,  France,  at  the  junction  of  the 
lUer  and  Dordogne,  20  miles  ene  of  Bour- 
deaiix,  and  205  s by  w of  Paris. 

Lich,  a town  in  Wetteravia,  Germany, 
on  the  Wetter.  It  is  about  21  miles  n of 
Frankfort. 

Liehart,  a lake  of  Scotland,  in  Rosshire, 
four  miles  long,  and  about  half  a mile 
broad,  surrounded  with  high  wooden  banks, 
and  discharges  its  waters  by  a river  of  the 
same  name,  into  the  Conuon. 

Lichfieldy  a city  and  county  of  itself,  in 
Staffordshire,  and  united'  with  Coventry, 
terms  an  episcopal  see.  Besides  its  beauti- 
ful cathedral,  which  is  walled  like  a castle, 
jt  has  three  parish- churches.  It  stands  on 


E I D 

both  sides  of  a small  river,  which,  a Ur.le 
below  unites  with  Trent.  Population  in 
1811,  was  5,022.  Samuel  Johnson  and  Da- 
vid Garrick  were  natives  of  this  place.  It‘ 
is  about  14  miles  se  of  Stafford,  and  118 
NW  of  London.  Lon.  1 44  w,  lat.  52 
'41  N. 

Lichfield,  chief  town  of  a county  of  its 
name,  Connecticut,  seated  in  an  elevated 
plain,  32  miles  w of  Hartford,  and  42  knw 
of  Newhaven.  Lon.  73  12  w,  lat.  41 
46  N. 

Lichstally  or  Lichtallen,  a handsome  town 
in  Basle,  Switzerland,  seated  on  the  Ergetz, 
seven  miles  se  of  Basle. 

LichtenaUy  a town  of  Westphalia,  princi- 
pality of  Paderboni,  eight  miles  sse  of 
Paderborn. 

Lichtenau,  a town  in  the  territory  of  Nu- 
remberg, Franconia,  on  the  Rezel,  with  a 
fortress,  17  miles  sw  of  Nuremberg,  and  six 
E of  Anspach. 

Lichteuauy  a town  in  Lower  Hesse,  Ger- 
many, 12  miles  sk  of  Casel, 

Lichtenberg,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Deux 
Ponts,  France,  lately  of  Germany,  25  miles 
N of  Deux  Ponts. 

Lichenhergy  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Bayreuth,  Franconia,  in  the  vicinity  are 
iron  and  copper  mines,  quarries  of  marble, 
and  medicinal  springs.  It  stands  on  the 
I Selbnitz,  18  miles  ne  of  Culmbaeh. 

LichtenfelSy  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Bamberg,  Franconia,  seated  on  the  Maine, 
has  a trade  in  timber  ; 15  miles  ne  of  Bam- 
berg. 

Lichtenstein,  a town  of  Misnia,  Upper 
Saxony,  with  a castle  on  a mountain,  six- 
miles  NE  of  Zwickau. 

Lichtensteig,  capital  of  the  county  of 
Tokenburg,  Switzerland,  27  miles  ese  of 
Zurich.  Lon.  9 5 e,  lat.  47  16  n. 

Lichtenvord,  a town  and  castle  in  Guel- 
derland,  Holland,  it  is  17  miles  ese  of 
Zutphen. 

LicalUy  a lake  of  Naples,  formerly  know*ft 
by  the  name  of  the  Lucrine  lake.  It  is 
situated  near  to  Baia,  and  was  formerly 
noted  for  its  choice  fishes,  but  an  earthquake 
turned  one  part  of  it  into  a mountain  of 
cinders,  and  the  other  into  a morass,  in 
1538. 

Lida,  a.  town  and  csistle  in  the  palatinate 
of  Wilna,  Lithuania,  56  miles  k of  Wiiua 
Lon.  25  34  E,  lat.  53  50  n. 

Liddel,  a river  in  Roxburghshire,  falling 
into  the  Solw'ay  Frith,  near  the  mouth  of 
the  E§k,  and  separates  Scotland  and  Eng- 
land, for  about  four  miles. 

LIDDISDALE,  a district  of  Scotland, 
in  Roxburghshire,  comprebendiHg  the  whole 
southern  angle  of  (hat  country.  It  is  chiefly 
in  pasture. 

Lidfordy  a village  of  England,  In  Devon- 
shire, about  three  miles  w of  Brent-Tor,  on 
the  river  Lid,'  anciently  a large  town  detend- 
ed  by  strong  walls,  and  a castle.  Its  parish 
contains  a great  part  of  Dartmoor  forest^ 


L I E 

the  w verge  of  which  the  village  stands. 
The  bridge  is  thrown  over  the  Lid,  where  it 
is  narrow'ed  by  high  rocks ; and  near  it  is 
a fine  cataract.  It  is  nine  luiles  s by  w of 
Okehampton,  and  seven  from  Tavistock. 

Lidkioping,  a town  of  W Gothland,  Swe- 
den, s side  of  the  lake  Wenner,  at  the  influx 
of  the  Lidda,  12  miles  nw  of  Skara,  and  68 
NE  of  Gotheburg. 

Lidney,  a town  in  Gloucestershire,  at 
the  s end  of  Dean  forest,  near  the  river 
Severn.  It  has  a market  on  Wednesday, 
and  fairs  May  4th  and  November  8th. 
Here  are  the  remains  of  a Roman  bath 
and  camp.  In  the  vicinity  is  Sidney  park, 
a beautiful  seat  with  extensive  woods  ; 
eight  miles  ke  of  Chepstow,  and  20  sw^  of 
Gloucester. 

Lido-di-LottomarinOy  a tow-n  of  Italy, 
near  Chioggia,  containing  about  2600  in- 
habitants. 

Liebenwaldy  a town  in  the  Middle  Mark 
of  Brandenburg,  near  the  commencement  of 
the  Fiuow  canal  which  connects  the  Oder, 
Finow,  and  Havel ; it  is  seated  on  the  latter, 
2S  miles  n of  Berlin. 

Liebenwerdn,  a tow’^n  in  the  duchy  of  Sax- 
ony, with  a castle,  on  the  Eister,  24  miles 
2iNW  of  Dresden. 

Liebenzell,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Wir- 
temberg,  Suabia,  near  it  is  the  bath  of  Zell, 
17  miles  w by  n of  Stutgard. 

Lieh erase,  a town  of  Lusatia,  with  a 
castle,  on  the  Sprewald.  It  is  20  miles  w 
of  Gubftn. 

Liebstadt,  a town  with  a castle,  West 
Prussia.  It  is  45  miles  e by  s of  Marien- 
burg. 

Liege,  lately  a bishopric  of  Germany,  in 
Westphalia,  is  fruitful  in  corn  and  fruits, 
and  contains  mines  of  iron  ore,  lead,  and 
coal.  In  sides  quarries  of  marble.  It  was 
annexed  to  France,  in  1796,  and  now  forms 
part  of  the  departments  of  Ourrhe  and 
Lower  Meuse.  The  bishop  was  one  of  the 
most  considerable  ecclesiastical  princes  of 
Germany. 

Liege,  a large,  ancient,  and  populous  city 
of  Germany,  now  annexed  to  France,  and 
included  in  the  department  of  Ourte,  of 
which  it  is  the  chief  city.  The  city  is  about 
four  miles  in  circumference,  and  has  150 
streets,  16  gates,  and  10  large  suburbs.  It, 
is  situated  on  the  river  Maese.  Here  are  a 
number  of  churches  and  religious  houses. 
In  the  cathedral  are  numerous  relics.  Here 
IS  a celebrated  university,  and  a convent  of 
nuns.  The  castle,  the  palace,  the  council 
house,  the  tow'n  house,  and  arsenal,  are 
worthy  of  notice.  Mere  are  manufactured 
great  quantities  of  fire  arms,  nails,  cloth, 
leather,  glass,  In  1701,  it  came  into 
the  possession  of  the  French,  was  retaken 
next  year  by  the  allies;  besieged  in  1705 
by  the  French,  but  abandoned  on  the  ap- 
proach of  the  duke  of  Marlborough.  In 
1734  the  bishop^s  palace,  furniture,  and 
writings  were  consumed  by  fire,  The 


LI  F 

French  took  this  city  in  1792,  were  expel- 
led in  1793,  but  recovered  it  after  a short 
resistance  in  1794,  15  miles  sw  of  Maes- 
tricht,  and  62  sw  of  Cologne.  Lon.  5 35  e, 
lai.  40  38  N. 

Lieou-teheou,  a city  of  China,  of  the  first 
rank,  in  the  province  of  Quang-tong,  sepa- 
rated from  Tonkin  by  inaccessible  moun- 
tains, and  stands  on  the  Lienkiang,  and  has  a 
good  harbour  for  barks,  325  miles  sw  of 
Canton.  Lon.  108  40  E,  lat.  21  40  n. 

LIEOU-KIEOU,  or  Leoo-Keoo,  the 
general  name  of  36  islands,  lying  between 
Corea,  Formosa,  and  Japan.  They  form  a 
powerful  em.pire,  the  inhabitants  of  which 
are  intelligent  and  civilized.  The  largest 
and  principal  island  is  called  Lieou-Kieou, 
and  extends  146  miles  from  n to  s,  and  28 
from  E tow.  The  sovereign  is  tributary  to 
China.  King-Ching,  the  capital,  is  situated 
in  the  se  part  of  Lieou-Kieou.  Its  products 
are  sulphur,  copper,  tin,  coral,  mother-of- 
pearl,  tortoise,  and  other  shells,  and  whet- 
stones, which  are  highly  valued. 

Liere,  a town  in  Brabant,  Netherlands, 
at  the  junction  of  the  great  and  little  Nethe, 
has  a great  trade  in  cattle,  10  miles  se  of 
Antwerp. 

Lies,  a town  in  Cumberland. 

Lieskenchoeck,  a fortress  in  Flanders, 
Netherlands,  w side  of  the  Scheldt,  above 
Fort  Lillo,  seven  miles  nw  of  Antwerp. 

Lesna,  a sea  port  and  island  of  Dalmatia, 
in  the  gulf  of  Venice,  about  58  miles  long, 
and  12  broad.  It  abounds  in  corn,  olives, 
saffron,  and  wine,  and  is  in  possession  of  the 
French.  The  capital  is  of  the  same  name, 
Lon.  16  23  e,  lat.  43  30  n. 

Liesse,  a town  in  the  department  of  Aisne, 
France,  celebrated  for  an  image  of  the  vir- 
gin Mary,  to  which  pilgrims  resort,  10  miles 
SE  of  Antwerp. 

L«^and  Bervte,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in 
the  sw  corner  of  Forfarshire,  a [little  off 
Dundee,  about  three  miles  and  a-half  in 
length,  and  about  the  same  in  breadth  ; the 
soil  is  variable  but  well  cultivated.  The 
parish  contains  the  villages  of  Locheye, 
Mill-house,  Liffe,  Bervie,  and  Invergowrie. 
Population^about  2200.  In  this  district 
the  seat  of  lord  viscount  Duncan  ; also 
some  vestiges  of  a castle  built  by  Alexander 
I.  king  of  Scotland,  called  Hurley  Hawkin. 
Here  at  a place  called  Pit  Alpin,  a severe 
battle  was  fought  between  the  Piets  and 
Scots,  in  the  ninth  century,  in  w^hich  the 
latter  were  defeated,  and  their  king  (Alpin) 
slain. 

I'iffey,  a river  of  Ireland,  which,  rising  in 
the  county  of  Wicklow,  flows  w into  Kildare, 
where  it  has  a cataract  near  Leixslip,  and 
then  turning  ne,  passes  through  the  county 
and  city  of  Dublin,  and  enters  the  Irish  sea. 
Its  course  is  circuitous,  and  its  banks  exhi- 
bit great  variety  of  scenery,  but  it  is  particu- 
larly noted,  as  it  washes  the  metropolis  of 
Ireland,  and  its  mouth  is  the  port  of  that 
elegant  and  bu^y  city. 


L I L 

Lifford,  a boro’i^b.  capital  of  the  cOnnty 
oi  Donep^al)  Ulster,  seated  on  the  Foyle, 
opposite  Strabane,  gives  the  title  of  viscount 
to  the  family  of  Hewitt,  13  miles  s by  w 
of  Londonderry,  24  ke  of  Donegal,  and 
123  iVNw  of  Dublin.  Lon,  7 32  \v,  lat.  <54 
48n. 

L if  ton,  a village,  in  Devonshire,  eight 
miles  Nw  of  Tavistock,  and  209  w by  s of 
London. 

^ Lignac,  a town  in  the  departmentof  Indre, 
France,  11  miles  se  of  Blanc,  and  14  sw  of 
Argentan. 

Ligne,  a town  in  Hainault,  Netherlands, 
situated  on  the  Dender.  It  is  12  miles  nw 
of  Moils. 

Lignerolles,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Allier,  France,  four  miles  s of  Montlu- 
zon. 

Lignieres,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Cher,  France,  has  a collegiate  church  and 
castle,  24  miles  ssw  of  Bourge.s. 

Lignitz,  a town  of  Silesia,  capital  of  the 
principality  of  that  name,  has  a collegiate 
church,  and  a castle  surrounded  by  a distinct 
moat  and  wall.  Adjoining  to  the  collegiate 
church,  which  belongs  to  the  Papists,  is  the 
superb  burial  chapel  of  the  princes  of  Lig- 
liitz  and  Brieg.  Here  the  papists  have  also 
a large  college,  and  other  religious  founda- 
tions. The  council  house  with  its  public 
library  is  a stately  edifice.  There  are  two 
Lutheran  churches,  and  an  elegant  academy, 
founded  by  Joseph  1.  for  the  instruction  of 
young  men,  in  both  religious  and  military 
exercises.  The  inhabitants  carry  on  a con- 
siderable trade  in  cloth  and  mader.  It 
stands  at  the  conflux  of  the  Katzbach  and 
Schwartzwasser,  32  miles  s of  Glogau. 
Lon.  Id  16  E,lat.  <51  11  N. 

Ligny,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Meuse,  France,  on  the  Orney,  with  a colle- 
giate church,  and  a castle,  eight  miles  se  of 
Bar-le-Duo,  and  125  se  of  Paris. 

Ligor,  a sea  port  and  territory  in  the 
peninsula  of  Malacca,  capital  of  a kingdom 
of  its  name.  It  is  situated  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  the  country  of  Siam.  Here  the 
Dutch  have  a factory  for  pepper,  rice,  and 
tin,  150  miles  n of  Quena.  Lon.  99  25  e, 
lat.  8 20  N. 

Ligneil,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Indre  and  Loire,  France,  23  miles  sse  of 
Tours. 

Liguria,  or  the  Ligurian  Republic,  the 
name  of  one  of  the  late  republics  in  Italy, 
erected  by  Bonaparte  out  of  the  state  of 
Genoa,  in  November  1797.  See  Genoa. 

Lilienthal,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Bre- 
men, Lower  Saxony,  seated  on  the  Warp,  10 
miles  NNE  of  Bremen. 

Lille.  See  Lisle. 

* Lilliard^s  Edge,  a ridge  near  Ancrum, 
Roxburghshire,  celebrated  for  a victory 
gained  by  the  Scotch  over  the  English,  soon 
after  the  death  of  Jame.s  V,  It  derives  its 
name  from  a Scottish  heroine  of  the  name 
of  Lilliard,  who  fougltt  with  great  intrepidi- 


L I M 

j ty,  and  was  killed  and  buried  in  the  field,. 
Part  of  the  tombstone  still  remains. 

Lillers,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
straits  of  Calais,  France,  on  the  Navez,  seven 
miles  Nw  of  Arras. 

Lillies  Leaf,  a parish  and  village  in  Rox- 
burghshire. The  parish  is  about  five  miles 
and  a-half  in  length,  and  near  two  in  breadth, 
w’ith  a diversity  of  soil,  but  generally  fertile 
and  well  cultivated;  at  Bewlie-hill  some 
rencounters  took  place  in  the  last  persecu- 
tion. The  village  of  Lillie^s  Leaf,  contain- 
ing about  400  inhabitants,  is  situated  on 
the  great  road  westward  through  the  s of 
Scotland.  Poptjlation  near  700.  Here 
are  the  remains  of  the  ancient  seat  of  the 
family  of  Riddel,  who  are  said  to  have  set- 
tled here  so  early  as  the  eighth  century. 
On  the  outside  of  their  burial  place  is  in- 
scribed R 1110. 

Lillo,  a fortress  of  Dutch  Brabant,  on  the 
R side  of  the  Scheldt.  In  1793,  it  was  ta- 
ken by  the  French,  soon  after  evacuated, 
and  retaken  in  1794,  nine  miles  nke  of 
Antwerp. 

LIMA,  a large  province  of  South  Ame- 
rica, in  Peru,  of  which  it  is  the  principal 
audience,  lying  on  the  South  sea.  It  con- 
tains several  animals,  very  fierce  and  dan- 
gerous, particularly  very  large  tawny  tigers 
or  panthers, 

Lima,  capital  of  Peru,  S America.  Its 
original  name  was  Cuidad  de  los  Reyes, 
which  is  still  retained  by  the  Spaniards  ia 
all  legal  deeds,  but  is  better  known  to 
foreigners  by  that  of  Lima.  It  is  four  miles 
long  and  two  broad,  and  is  surrounded  by 
brick  w^alls  with  ramparts  and  bastions.  It 
has  an  university.  The  streets  are  hand- 
some and  straight,  but  the  houses  in  gene- 
ral are  only  one  story  high,  on  account  of 
the  earthquakes,  they  are  covered  with  linen 
cloth  or  reeds,  and  what  they  want  in  height 
they  have  in  extent,  having  10  or  12  large 
apartments  on  the  ground  floor.  The 
churches  and  convents  are  extremely  rich  ; 
and  many  images  of  the  saints  are  adorned 
with  gold.  The  river  forms  canals  in  the 
streets,  which  supply  the  houses  and  gar- 
dens with  water.  Lima  is  the  general  sta- 
ple of  Peru ; for  hither  all  the  provinces  re- 
mit their  manufactures  and  produce.  The 
<57ry  is  divided  into  eight  parishes,  Lima  is 
the  seat  of  the  viceroy,  and  contains  the 
courts  of  the  viceroy,  the  archbishop,  the 
inquisition,  the  crusado,  and  the  wills. 
Earthquakes  are  here  very  frequent, ‘and  have 
done  this  city  a great  deal  of  damage,  parti- 
cularly that  in  1746,  by  w'hich  it  was  al- 
most destroyed.  The  inhabitants  are  rich, 
and  esii mated  at  54,000.  It  is  said  they 
are  very  debauched,  but,  at  the  same  time, 
extremely  superstitious  ; about  a fourth 
part  of  the  city  consists  of  monks  and  nuns. 
Lima  is  situated  in  a pleasant  and  fertile 
plain,  on  a small  river  near  the  sea,  850 
miles,  s by  w of  Quito,  Lon.  76  40  W;  lato 
12  2 s. 


L I M 


L I M 


LimaiSy  a town  of  Brabant,  Netherlands, 
situated  on  the  Dyle.  It  is  35  miles  se  of 
Brussels. 

Limavaddy.  See  Newton  Limavaddy, 

Limbeyy  a town  in  Nottinghamshire. 

Limburg,  a late  duchy  and  province  of 
the  Austrian  Netherlands,  annexed  to 
France  in  1796.  It  is  about  42  miles  long, 
and  30  broad ; contains  some  good  iron 
mines,  and  the  soil  is  fertile  in  corn,  and 
abounds  in  fine  cattle.  The  n part  belonged 
to  the  Dutch,  and  the  s to  Austria ; but 
the  whole  was  subdued  by  France,  and  the 
N part  included  in  the  department  of  Lower 
Aleuse,  and  the  s in  that  of  Ourthe. 

Limburg,  a town  of  the  Netherlands,  ca- 
pital of  the  late  duchy  of  that  name,  has  a 
marble  castle,  and  stands  on  a mountain,  | 
near  the  Weze.  Besides  its  mines  of  mar- 
ble, it  has  mines  of  calamine  and  coal.  It 
is  famous  for  cheese,  has  a manufacture  of 
woollen  cloths.  In  1703,  it  was  taken  by 
the  allies,  ceded  to  Austria  by  the  treaty  of 
Baden,  and  the  fortifications  demolished. 
The  French  took  it  in  1794.  It  is  17  miles 
s of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  and  20  e of  Liege. 
Lon.  6 3 E,  lat.  50  38  n, 

Limburg,  a town  in  the  electorate  of 
Treves,  Germany,  has  an  elegant  cathedral, 
and  is  seated  on  the  Labn.  In  1796,  the 
French  were  defeated  by  the  Austrians,  on 
the  heights  near  this  place,  26  miles  nw  of 
Franc  fort. 

Lime,  or  Limen,  a village  in  Kent. 

Limekilns,  a village  on  the  coast  of  the 
Frith  of  Forth,  in  Fifeshire.  It  has  a 
good  harbour,  and  contains  near  700  inha- 
bitants. Here  are  extensive  limeworks  be- 
longing to  the  earl  of  Elgin,  and  much  of 
that  article  is  shipped  from  this  port,  three 
miles  ssw  of  Dunfermline. 

LIMERICK,  a county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  Munster,  48  miles  in  length, 
and  23  in  breadth,  bounded  on  the  n by  the 
Shannon,  on  the  w by  Kerry,  on  the  s 
by  Cork,  and  on  the  e by  Tipperary.  It 
contains  abo'ut  125  parishes,  about  170,000 
inhabitants,  and  sends  three  members,  two 
for  the  county,  lo  the  united  parliament.  It  is 
a fertile  country,  in  corn,  fruit,  and  pasture. 
The  banks  of  the  Shannon  are  proverbial 
for  fattening  black  cattle ; the  largest  and 
fattest  in  Cork  market  are  supplied  from 
this  county. 

Limerick,  a city  in  the  county  of  Limer- 
ick, the  metropolis  of  the  province  of  Mun- 
ster. It  is  three  miles  in  circumference. 

It  is  a commercial,  rich,  and  populous 
place ; and  consists  of  the  Irish  and  En- 
glish town.  The  linen,  woollen,  and  paper  | 
manufacture  are  carried  on  here  to  a great  ( 
extent.  Population  about  40,000.  Its  | 
fortifications  were  demolished  about  40  * 
years  ago,  and  has  since  increased  greatly 
in  trade  and  population.  The  cathedral  is 
a venerable  pile,  the  episcopal  palace,  on 
the  Shannon,  at  the  w end  of  the  city,  is  a 
handsome  structure,  Here  are  a number  of 


hospitals,  and  elegant  buildings.  It  Las  a 
military  establishment,  consisting  of  a go- 
vernor, a town  major,  and  a garrison  com- 
monly of  22  companies  of  infantry.  In  ci- 
vil matters  it  is  governed  by  a mayor,  re- 
corder, sheriff,  &c.  This  city  made  a vic- 
torious stand  against  the  troops  of  Oliver 
Cromwell  and  those  of  king  William.  It 
is  a county  of  itself,  and  a bishop’s  see,  with 
Ardfeit  and  Aghadoe,  46  miles  sse  of  Gal- 
way, 50  N of  Cork,  and  112  wswof  Dublin^ 
Lon.  8 32  w,  lat.  52  35  n. 

Limestone,  or  Maysville,  a post  town  of 
Kejitucky,  in  Mason  county,  on  the  Ohio, 
at  the  influx  of  Limestone  Creek  ; here  com- 
mences the  Champaign  country,  on  the  e sid® 
of  the  river.  It  is  seven  miles  n by  e of 
the  town  of  Washington,  70  ne  of  Frank- 
fort, and  500  by  the  river,  below  Pittsburg, 
Lon.  83  28  w,  lat.  38  25  n. 

Limoges,  an  aiicient  trading  town  in  the 
department  of  Upper  Vienne,  France,  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Vienne.  The  population  is 
about  20,000,  50  miles  ne  of  Perigueux, 
and  liO  E of  Bordeaux.  Lon.  1 26  e,  lat, 
45  50  N. 

LIMOSIN,  a late  province  of  France. 
It  is  covered  with  forests  of  chesuut  trees, 
and  contains  mines  of  lead,  copper,  tin,  and 
iron  ; but  the  principal  trade  consists  in 
cattle  and  horses.  It  is  now  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Vienne,  of  which  Limoges 
is  the  capital. 

Limoux,  a commercial  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aude,  France.  It  has  m mu- 
factures  of  cloth.  It  is  situated  on  the  Aube, 
50  miles  se  of  Toulouse,  and  37  w by  s of 
Narborine. 

Limeuil,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Dordogne,  France,  on  the  Dordogne,  20 
miles  s of  Perigeux. 

Limmat,  a river  of  Switzerland,  formed 
by  the  Mat,  w’hich  issues  ficm  the  nw  ex- 
tremity of  Wallenstadt  lake  and  the  Linth, 
from  which  it  had  its  source  in  the  s of  the 
same  lake.  This  river  passes  through  the 
lake  of  Zurich,  and  joins  the  Oar  below 
Baden. 

Limne,  or  Limpne,  a village  in  Kent, 
once  a town  of  consequence.  Its  port  is 
uow  choaked  by  the  sand,  and  its  castle  con- 
verted into  a farm  house.  It  still  has  the 
horn  and  mace,  with  other  tokens  of  its  an- 
cient grandeur.  Here  ended  the  Roman 
road  from  Canterbury,  called  Slanestreet 
three  miles  sw  of  Hi  the.  9 

LINCOLN,  a county  of  England,  bound- 
ed on  the  N by  the  Humber,  on  the  b by 
the  German  ocean,  on  the  se  by  the  Wash, 
and  part  of  Norfolk,  on  the  s by  Cam- 
bridgeshire and  Northamptonshire,  on  the 
sw  by  Rutlandshire,  and  on  the  w by  the 
counties  of  Leicester  and  Nottingham.  It 
is  77  miles  from  n to  s,  and  45  in  breadth, 
where  w idest.  It  is  divided  into  three  parts, 
namely,  Holland  on  the  se,  Kesteven  on  the 
sw,  and  Lindsey  on  the  n.  It  contains  30 
fauadreds;  wio  cify;  31  market  towcs,  630 


L I N 

:^aTishes,  and  in  18ll,23T,891  inhabitants. 
l’h(^  coast  is  flat,  and  at  low  water  may  be 
seen  the  submarine  relics  of  an  ancient 
forest,  which  is  a great  natural  curiosity. 
Ks  principal  rivers  are  the  Trent,  Humber, 
Witbam,  Ancolm,  and  Welland.  The  air  is  » 
various.  The  soil,  in  many  plact?s,  is  very  | 
rich ; the  inland  part  producing  corn  in  j 
great  plenty,  and  the  lens,  coleseed,  and  i 
very  rich  pastures ; whence  their  breed  of 
cattle  is  larger  than  that  of  any  other  county 
of  England,  except  Somersetshire.  Their 
.borses°are  also  excellent,  and  very  large; 
and  their  sheep  are  not  only  of  the  largest 
breed,  but  are  clothed  with  a long  thick 
wool,  peculiarly  fitted  for  the  worsted  and 
coarse  woollen  manufactures.  It  sends  12 
members  to  the  imperial  parliament,  viz. 
two  for  the  county,  and  two  for  each  of  the 
following  boroughs : Lincoln,  the  capital, 
Boston,  Grantham,  Grimbsby,  and  Stam- 
ford. The  other  chief  towns  are  Gainsbo- 
rough, Louth,  Horncastle,  Spalding,  Slea- 
ford, Crowland,  Brigg,  and  Barton.  Prodi- 
gious quantities  of  geese  are  bred  in  the  fens, 
where.are  also  many  decoys  for  wild  ducks, 
teal,  widgeon,  and  other  fow’ls  of  the  duck  ^ 
kind.  In  the  nw  part  is  the  island  of  Ax-  ii 
holm,  formed  by  the  rivers  Trent,  Dune,  “ 
and  Idle.  It  is  a rich  tract,  and  produces 
‘tnuch  flax. 

Lincoln^  a city  and  the  capital  of  Lincoln- 
shire, is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  side  of  a 
hill,  on  the  Witbam,  which  here  divides 
into  three  streams,  with  a market  on  Friday, 
and  a bishop’s  see.  It  is  much  reduced 
from  its  former  extent  and  splendour,  hav- 
ing formerly  had  50  churches,  but  now  only 
1 1 besides  the  cathedral.  It  now  consists 
principally  of  one  well  paved  street,  above 
two  miles  long,  and  several  cross  and  pa- 
rallel streets,  all  well  peopled.  In  1811, 
the  number  of  inhabitants  was  886 1»  The 
Roman  north  gate,  called  Newport  gate, 
still  remains,  and  is  one  of  the  noblest 
remnants  of  Roman  architecture  left  in 
Great  Britain.  Upon  the  plain  without 
this  gate,  was  fought  the  famous  battle  be- 
tween the  adherents  of  the  empress  Maud 
and  king  Stephen,  in  which  that  prince 
was  defeated  and  taken  prisoner.  This 
city  has  an  air  of  ancient  greatness,  arising 
from  the  number  of  monastic  ruins.  The 
cathedral  is  much  admired  for  its  interior 
architecture,  which  is  iu  the  richest  aud 
lightest  Gothic  style.  The  great  bell, 
called  Tom  of  Lincoln,  requires  15  men 
Xo  ring  it.  The  chief  trade  here  is  in  coals 
brought  by  the  Trent  and  Fossdyke,  aud 
oats  and  wool  by  the  river  Wytham,  the 
navigation  of  all  which  have  been  lately 
much  improved.  Here  is  a small  manu- 
facture of  camlets.  Lincoln  is  a county 
of  itself.  It  is  governed  by  a mayor,  12 
aldermen,  48  common  council  men,  two 
sheriffs,  &c.  It  is  32  miles  nb  of  Notting- 
ham, and  138  N of  London.  Lon.  0 25  w, 
lat.  53  15  N. 


L I N 

LINCOLN,  a large  maritime  county  of 
the  United  States,  in  the  district  of  Maine. 

It  is  200  miles  long,  and  54  broad,  and 
comprehends  48  towns  and  plantations , 
with  several  large  tracts  yet  unsettled.  The 
population  is  upwards  of  30,000.  It  abounds 
wdth  safe  and  commodious  harbours.  Chief 
towns,  Powmalborough,  Hallowell,  and 
Waldoborough. 

LINCOLN,  a county  of  the  United 
States,  in  Morgan  district,  North  Carolina. 

It  contains  9224  inhabitants.  There  are 
several  mineral  springs  and  mines  of  iron. 
Chief  town,  Lincolntown,  it  lies  33  miles 
E by  s of  Morgantown,  and  ^ w of  Salis- 
bury. 

LindaUf  a late  free  imperial  city  of  Ger- 
many, iu  Suabia,  on  an  island  in  the  lake 
of  Constance,  joined  to  the  mainland  by  a 
long  bridge.  It  has  a castle  and  a wall, 
deemed  do  be  Roman  works.  The  French 
took  it  1T96 ; and  in  1805,  it  became  sub- 
ject to  Bavaria.  It  is  a place  of  considera- 
ble trade.  It  is  22  miles  ese  of  Constance, 
and  75  sw  of  Augsburg.  Lou.  9 41  e,  lat, 
47  32  N. 

Lindau,  a town  and  castle  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Anhalt  Zerbst,  Upper  Saxony,  five 
miles  N of  Zerbst. 

Lindau  or  Lendow,  a town  in  the  Middle 
Mark,  Brandenburg,  five  miles  ne  of  Rup- 
pin. 

Linde,  a town  iu  Westmania,  Sweden,  in 
the  vicinity  of  which  is  a mineral  spring,  46 
miles  w of  Westerns. 

Lindeness.  See  Naze, 

Zindenfells,  or  Lindenfeld,  a town  in  the 
palatinate  of  the  Rhiue,  Germany,  14  raile& 
NNE  of  Manheim. 

Lindisfarne.  See  Holy  Island, 

Lindores,  au  ancient  abbey,  near  New- 
burg,  Fifesiiire,  at  the  n end  of  a beautiful 
lake  of  the  same  name.  At  the  reforma- 
tion, this  abbey  was  bestowed  on  the  family 
of  Leslie,  ennobled  by  the  title  of  lord  Lin- 
dores. 

Lingen,  a town  of  Westphalia,  capital  of 
the  county  of  the  same  name.  It  stands  on 
the  Ems.  Here  is  a celebrated  Calvinistio 
academy,  and  churches  for  the  three  princi- 
pal religions.  Nothing  of  its  fortifications 
remains  but  a ditch.  On  the  n is  a passage 
over  the  Ems,  called  Lingen  Ferry  ; 48 
miles  NNW  of  Munster.  Lon.  7 25  e,  lat. 
52  32  X. 

Litukiang,  a city  of  the  first  rank  in  the 
province  of  Kiang-si,  China,  situated  on  the. 
river  Yo-ho.  It  is  of  some  celebrity,  being 
the  general  mart  for  all  the  drugs  sold  iu 
the  empire.  It  fs  410  miles  n by  e of  Can- 
ton. Lou.  1 15  0 E,  lat.  27  58  N, 

Linkioping,  capital  of  E Gothland,  Swe- 
den with  a castle,  and  is  a bishop’s  see.  It 
has  two  magnificent  churches,  and  a splen- 
did theatre.  It  stands  near  the  lake  Ropn, 
on  the  Stang  ; 24  miles  sw  of  Nordkieping. 
Lon.  15  40  E,  lat.  58  25  N. 

LINLITHGOWSHIRE,  or  West  Lo- 


L I N 

TKiAN,  e county  of  Scotland,  hounded  on 
?the  w by  Stirlingshire,  on  the  n by  the 
Frith  of  Forth,  on  the  e by  Edinburgh- 
shire,  and  on  the  sw  by  Lanarkshire.  It  is 
near  JJO  miles  long  from  ne  to  sw ; its 
breadth,  except  on  the  shore  of  the  Frith, 
dees  not  exceed  12;  but  it  is  one  of  the 
richest  counties  in  Scotland.  It  abound 
with  corn  and  pasture,  and  has  also  plenty 
of  coal,  limestone,  and  lead  ore.  It  is  di- 
vided into  13  parochial  districts,  which,  in 
1811,  contained  19,451  inhabitants.  It  has 
several  sea  ports,  as  Boness,  Queensferry, 
<fec,  and  excellent  roads  in  various  direc- 
tions. This  county  sends  one  member  to 
parliament. 

Linlithgow,  an  ancient  royal  borough  of 
-Scotland,  the  sixth  in  rank,  though  not  in 
population  and  trade,  and  the  capital  of  the 
■shire  to  which  it  gives  name.  The  town 
consists  of  one  long  street,  with  bye- lanes, 
containing  about  2200  inhabitants,  and 
is  governed  by  a provost,  four  baiiiies,  a 
dean  of  guild,  a treasurer,  12  merchant 
counsellors,  and  the  deacons  of  eight  in- 
corimrated  trades.  The  town  house  is  an 
elegant  building;  and  St  MichaeFs  church, 
on  the  N side  of  the  street,  is  a noble  piece 
of  Gothic  architecture.  Here  is  a pretty 
well  endowed  school,  and  a library  founded 
by  Dr  Henry  the  historian,  who  bequeathed 
^11  his  books  for  its  benefit.  A well  .at 
the  cross  supplies  the  town  with  excellent 
nv'ater,  which  issues  from  a great  many 
different  spouts.  On  an  eminence,  jutting 
into  a lake  on  the  n side  of  the  town,  are 
the  majestic  ruins  of  a palace,  covering 
an  acre  of  ground,  long  a favourite  resi- 
dence of  royalty,  and  contained  a parlia- 
ment hall  and  a chapel.  In  1745,  it  was 
burnt  by  the  soldiers  quartered  in  it.  Here 
was  born  the  unfortunate  queen  Mary,  whose' 
natural  brother,  the  fanious  regent  Murray, 
was  assassinated  v’hen  passing  through 
this  town.  To  this  town  it  is  an  indelible,, 
and  will  be  a perpetual  reproach,  that  a 
copy  of  the  Solemn  League  and  Covenant, 
sworn  by  king  Charles  II.  at  bis  restoration, 
and  by  all  ranks  of  persons  in  the  kingdpm, 
was,  wdtb  much  formality,  and  many 
marks  of  indiguity,  burnt  in  the  market- 
place, in  16{12,  by  bis  majesty’s^  command. 
Ramsay,  the  minister  of  the  parish,  tVho 
■himself  had  sw^oni  the  Solemn  league,  and 
enforced  it  upon  his  congregation,  is  said 
to  have  been  the  principal  agent,  along  with 
the  common  executioner,  in  this  heaven- 
tlaring  tran.^action ; for  which  he  w’a.s  re- 
warded wiih  a mitre.  In  this  town  are  kept 
the  Scots  standard  measure  for  grain.  The 
wheat  firlot  contains  21,  Scotch  pints,  that 
for  barley  and  oats  31.  A firlot  is  the  4th 
part  of  a boll,  and  is  itself  divided  into  four 
pecks.  Linlithgow  was  anciently  a place  of 
great  trade  and  opulence,  but  at  present  its 
trade  is  comparatively  small,  arising  chiefly 
a manufacture  of  leather,  and  from  an 
No.  18— 


L I N 

extensive  printfiold  and  bleaoMeld  in  tha 
neighbourhood.  The  parish  is  about  five 
miles  in  length  and  three  in  breadth.  Po- 
pulation of  the  town  and  parish  in  1811, 
4022.  It  unites  with  Lanar^k,  Selkirk,  and 
Peebles,  in  electing  a -member  of  parliament, 
lU  miles  w by  n of  Edinburgh.  Loq.  3 33 
w,  lat.  50  0 N. 

JLinne,  a town  in  the  department  of  Roer, 
France,  lately  of  Germany,  electorate  of 
Cologne,  near  the  Rhine,  35  miles  NNWof 
Cologne. 

Linnhe,  Loch,  an  arm  of  the  Atlantic,  oti 
the  w coast  of  Scotland,  which  separates  tb& 

I counties  of  Inverness  and  Argyll,  extending 
in  a NE  direction  from  the  sound  of  BIull,  as 
I far  as  Fort  William,  after  which  it  t ikes  a 
more  northerly  direction,  under  the  name  of 
I Lochiei.  The  island  of  Lishmore  lies  at  its 
I entrance,  and  the  Caledonian  canal  begins 
I at  its  N extremity. 

i Linnich,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
I Roer,  France,  lately  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Juliers,  on  the  Roer,  five  miles 
j NNw  of  Juliers. 

I LINOSA,  an  island  ia  the  Mediterra- 
I nean,  on  the  coast  of  Tunis.  It  is  12  miles 
in  circumference.  Loa.  12  30  e,  lat.  3S 
; 50  N. 

I Linselles,  a town  in  Flanders,  Netherlands. 
Here,  in  1794,  the  French  defeated  the 
allies  with  great  slaughter,  particularly  the 
English,  under  the  duke  of  York,  five  miles 
N of  Lisle. 

Ziii-tchin,  a city  of  the  second  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Chantong,  China.  It  is 
situated  on  the  great  canal.  Here  is  an 
octagonal  tower  of  eight  stories  ; the  out- 
‘Side  of  its  walls  are  covered  with  porcelain. 

It  is  187  miles  s of  Pekin.  Lon.  115  31 
lat.  36  56  N.  • 

Linton,  a town  in  Cambridgeshire,  wuth  a 
market  on  Thursday,  and  two  annual  fairs  ; 
12  miles  se  of  Cambridge,  and  48  N by  ^ of 
London. 

Linton,  a parish  and  village  of  Scotland, 
ill  Peebles-shire.  The  parish  contains  about 
25  square  miles,  of  w’bich  about  900  acres 
are  very  fertile  ; but  the  pasturing  of  sheep 
chiefly  occupies  the  attention  of  the  far- 
mer. A deep  sequestered  glen,  called  Har- 
bours Craig,  is  said  to  have  been  a retreat 
for  the  Covenanters,  in  the  days  of  perse- 
cution. The  village  of  Linton,  noted  for 
its  annual  sheep  markets  in  June,  is  finely 
situated  on  the  banks  of  the  Lyue.  Popu- 
lation about  i960.  Near  this  village  is  a 
spring  said  to  be  sinjilar  to  that  at  Tun- 
bridge, 12  miles  xw  of  Peebles,  and  15  ssw 
of  Edinburgh. 

Linton,  a parish  in  Roxburgshire,  about 
nine  miles  long  by  three  broad,  ’vith  a finely 
diversified  surtace,  and  a ferti;e  aiid  well 
cultivated  soil.  From  a grave  in  the  church- 
yard 50  sculls  W'ere  dug  up.  irix  stones 
forming  a circle,  called  the  Tryst,  was  a 
plp.ee  of  rendezvous,  for  partie.s  going  upon 
li 


jLIP 

hostile  incursions  into  England.  The  church 
is  six  miles  s of  Kelso.  Population  above 
400. 

Lintrathen.  See  Glentrathen. 

Lintz,  a handsome  town,  capital  of  Upper 
Austria,  has  two  castles,  one  on  a hill,  and 
the  other  in  th^'  plain  below.  Here  is  a 
bridge  over  the  Danube,  and  several  ma- 
nufactories. The  French  took  it  in  1741, 
and  again  in  1800,  It  is  situated  at  the 
confluence  of  the  rivers  Danube  and  Traun  ; 
06  miles  w of  Vienna.,  Lon.  14  16  e,  lat. 
48  21  N. 

LintZy  a town  and  citadel  in  the  electorate 
of  Cologne,  Germany,  situated  on  the  Rhine, 
IS  miles  nw  of  Cobientz,  and  23  sse  of  Co- 
logne. 

Linwoody  a village'  in  Renfrewshire,  tw’O 
miles  w>w  oi  Paisley,  in  the  parish  of  Kil- 
barchan,  was  raised  by  means  oi  an  exten- 
sive cotton  work.  The  extensive  and  ele- 
gant cotton  mill,  with  all  its  valuable  ma- 
chir.ery,  was  totally  consumed  by  fire  some 
years  ago. 

LIPART,  the  name  of  12  islands  in  the 
Mediterranean,  which  lie  to  the  n of  S.city, 
between  Ion.  14  1,  and  16  12  e,  and  iat.  38 
and  40  N.  They  were  formerly  called 
iEoiiius  and  are  nearly  as  follows,  in  the 
orde’  of  their  size  ; namely,  Lipari,  Strom- 
bolo.  Volcano,  Salini,  Pelicudi,  Alicudi, 
Panari,  Volcanello,  Vacheluse,  Lisca,  Dat- 
tolo,  and  Tila  Navi.  These  islands  belong 
to  the  king  of  Naples,  and  produce  a good 
revenue.  They  yield  great  quantities  of 
alum,  sulphur,  nitre,  cinnabar,  and  most 
kinds  of  fruits.  ■ These  islands  are  of  volca- 
nic origin,  and  were  feigned  to  be  the  resi- 
dence of  .®olus  and  Vulcan.  See  Strom- 

J)0lOy  VulcanOy  ^c, 

LIPARI,  the  largest,  most  fertile,  and 
populous  of  the  I ipari  islands,  is  about  16 
miles  in  circumference.  It  was  celebrated 
among  the  ancients.  The  form  of  this 
island  is  very  irregular.  It  abounds  with 
currant  grape  ; cotton  also  grow's  here  ; and 
great  quantitie.s  of  pumice  are  gathered. 
The  principal  trade  of  the,  inhabitants  is  in 
the  exportation  of  the  produce  of  the  island. 
It  has  a town  of  tlie  .•-^ame  name,  which  is  a 
bishop’s  sre,  and  stands  on  the  se  side  of  the 
island,  26  miles  ^^K  of  Patti,  in  Sicily. 
Lon.  16  30  E,  lat.  38  36  n. 

Lipno,  ct  town  in  the  palatinate  of  Plocz- 
ko,  Poland.  It  is  about  33  miles  nnw  of 
Ploczko. 

JJpovicCy  a town  in  the  palatinate  of 
Cracow,  Poland.  It  is  about  22  miles  w oi 
Cracow'. 

IJppOy  a town  in  the  bannat  of  Tcmes- 
war,  Hmigar} , with  a cosile  siinated  on  a 
motintam,  by  the  Maros  ; 22  miles  ne  of 
Temeswar. 

L^pve,  or  Lipshidt,  a considerable  to\M 
of  V estpbalia,  and  capital  of  a couniy  o 
the  .‘-ame  name,  situated  on  the  I ippe.  'li 
canies  on  a ('ons  tier  hie  trade  in  t mber. 
for  ship  building.  Here,  in  1632,  a despe- 


L I S 

rate  battle  was  fought  between  the  Aus- 
trians and  Swedes,  in  which  the  king  of 
Sw'eden  and  tue  Austrian  general  both 
were  slain.  In  1767,  it  was  taken  by  the 
French,  who  retained  it  11  month.4.  It 
is  18  miles  w of  Paderborn,  and  30  se  of 
Munster. 

LippCy  a river  of  Westphalia,  which  rises 
in  the  bishopric  of  Paderborn,  runs  w by 
Paderborn,  Lippsiadt  Ham,  and  Dorsten, 
and  falls  into  the  Rhine  a little  above 
Wesel. 

Lippehney  a town  in  the  New  M^rk, 
Brandenburg,  29  miles  N ol  Crustin. 

lAppspring,  a town  in  the  bishopric  of 
Paderborn,  Westphalia,  six  miles  k ol  Pa- 
derborn. 

Lique,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Straits  of  Calais,  France,  12  miles  sw  of 
St  Ollier. 

Lique  Islands  See  hieou  Kieou. 

Lire,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Two  Nethes,  12  miles  se  of  AnUyerp. 

LiSy  a river  which  has  its  source  in  the 
department  of  the  Pas  de  Calais,  France, 
runs  by  Aire,  St  Venaut,  and  Armentieres, 
into  Flanders,  where  it  flows  by  Meiiin, 
Courtray,  and  Deynse,  and  at  Ghent  unites^ 
with  the  Scheldt.  From  this  river,  a new 
department  of  France,  including  the  western 
part  ol  Flanders,  of  which  Bruges  is  the 
capital,  takes  its  name. 

Lisbon,  the  capital  of  Portugal  is  a large, 
rich,  and  celebrated  city,  with  an  university, 
and  a tribunal  of  the  inquisition ; is  the  see 
of  a patriarch,  and  an  archbishop^s  see.  It 
is  about  six  miles  in  length,  built  upon 
seven  hills,  but  not  broad,  and  surrounded 
with  a wall,  on  which  are  77  towers,  and 
36  gates ; on  one  of  the  seven  hills  is  a 
castle,  commanding  the  town.  It  is  reckon- 
ed to  contain  200,000  inhabitants.  Before 
the  entrance  of  the  city  is  the  fort  of  Belem. 
Near  it  is  a grand  aqueduct  between  two 
hills,  which  conveys  water  to  a great  re- 
servoir, at  one  of  the  extremities  of  Lisbon. 
The  royal  palace,  which  IrCiits  the  river, 
contains  a library,  collected  at  vast  expence 
by  John  V.  The  patriarch’s  chapel  is 
singularly  magnificent,  and  the  patriarch, 
who  is  generally  a cardinal,  officiates  with 
greater  splendour  than  the  pope  iiimsell. 
Tfie  vsquares,  public  buildings,  and  palaces, 
are  magnificent.  It  was  almost  totally  de- 
stroyed by  an  earthquake,  October  1st,  1756, 
since  which  it  has  been  rebuilt  in  a much 
iiandsqnier  rranner.  The  plan  is  irregular, 
(he  streets  and  squares  are  spacious,  and  the 
buildings  elegant.  It  has  40  parish  churches, 
nd  60'^convefits  of  both  sexes,  tw'o  theatres, 
circus  for  the  bull  ieast>',  and  public. walks. 
The  harbour  wdll  coniain  1000  ships,  w’hioh 
rule  in  the  greatest  safely,  and  is  deleiided  by 
uo  forts.  The  caih  dial,  situated  on  an 
tjiinei  cs,  is  very  an  ient.  In  1807  it  wasen- 
v.ercd  by  tbs  French,  but  evacuated  after  they 
were  defeated  b^'  the  British,  in  the  battle 
of  Vimiera,  in  180$.  The  trade  of  Lisbon 


LIS 

is  very  considerable,  and  many,  foreign 
merchants,  both  Catholic  and  . Protestant,  ’ 
reside  here,  this  city  being  the  grand  maga- 
zine of  ail  goods  brought  from  Brazil,  and 
other  colonies  belonging  to  Portugal.  It 
is  situated  on  the  Tagus,  10  miles  from  its) 
mouth,  178  w by  n of  Seville,  and  256 
s by  w of  JVladnd.  Lon.  9 5 w,  lat.  38 
42  N. 

Lisburn^  a handsome  town  in  Antrim,) 
Ireland,  seated  on  the  n banks  of  the  Laggan, 
with  a large  manufacture  of  linen  cloth, 
muslin,  and  cambric  ; noted  for  the  neatness 
of  its  buildings,  and  urbanity  of  its  inhabi- 
tants. Before  the  union  it  sent  two  mem- 
bers to  the  Irish,  and  since,  one  to  the 
united  parliament,  and  gives  the  title  of  earl 
to  the  family  of  Vaughan.  It  is  eight 
miles  s by  w of  Belfast,  and  73  n by  e of 
Dublin. 

LISCA,  or  Lisca  Bianca,  one  of  the 
Lipari  islands,  three  miles  swof  Stromboii. 

It  is  a small  desert  spot. 

Liscairolj  a town  in  Cork^  Munster,  Ire- 
land. 

Lisieux,  an  ancient  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Calvados,  France,  and  late  province! 
of  Normandy,  seated  on  the  Touque,  lately 
an  episcopal  see.  It  is  a place  of  good 
trade,  particularly  in  linen  c.ioth.  It  is  12 
miles  from  the  sea,  and  40  sw  of  Rouen. 
Lon.  0 14  E,  lat.  49  9 N. 

LHsle,  or  Little  Isle,  in  Cork,  Munster, 
three  miles  long  and  one  broad. 

Lisle,  or  Lisse,  a town  in  Hampshire,  n 
of  Petersfield. 

Lisle,  a large  and  handsome  city  in  the 
department  ot  the  North,  France,  esteemed 
one  of  the  richest  and  most  commercial 
towns  in  France.  The  inhabitants  are 
computed  to  be  60, GOO.  Its  citadel,  next  to 
that  of  Turin,  is  supposed  to  be  the  strongest 
in  Europe.  The  great  and  little  squares, 
and  also  other  squares  and  streets,  are  adorn- 
ed with  elegant  buildings.  Among  the  pub- 
lic structures  are  an  exchange,  a magazine, 
and  a general  hospital.  There  are  various 
sorts  of  manufactures,  bnt  the  principal  trade 
is  in  camlets.  In  1708,  after  three  months 
siege,  it  Wus  taken  by  the  allies,  but  by  the 
treaty  of  Utrecht,  it  was  restored  in  1713, 
in  consideration  of  the  dismantling  of  Dun- 
kirk. In  1792,  it  sustained  a severe  bom- 
bardment by  the  Austrians,  during  which, 
men,  women,  and  even  children,  displayed 
the  most  heroic  bravery.  Lisle  is  situated 
in  a marshy  and  rich  soil,  on  the  Deule,  14 
miles  w of  Tournay,  and  1 30  n of  Paris. 
Lon.  3 4 E,  lat.  30  38  n. 

LISMORE,  one  of  the  Western  islands 
of  Scotland,  at  the  mouth  of  Loch  Linnhe, 

E of  Mull.  It  is  fertile,  and  about  10  miles 
long  aud  two  broad,  and  stands  entirely  on 
limestone.  The  number  of  inhabitants  ex- 
ceeds 1000.  It  is  linited  to  the  extensive 
parish  of  Appin,  on  the  continent  of  Argyll, 
The  whole  parish  contains  only  about  3230, 
though  it  is  50  miles  in  length,  and  at  least 


LIT 

10  in  breadth.  It  is  all  mountainous  and 
intersected  hy  arms  of  the  sea.  In  Lismorei 
have  been  dug  up  some  remarkably  large 
horns  6f  oxen  and  deer. 

Lismore,  a town  in  Wat  rford,  Munster, 
situated  oh  the  Biackwater,  is  a'bishop^s  see 
united  to  Waterford.  lu  the  castle,  which 
was  long  the  episcopal  residence,  was  born 
the  great  philosopher,  Robert  Boyle.  Hero 
resided  the  celebrated  electrician,  Hehry 
Eeles,  who  by  his  own  desire  is  buried  on 
the  top  of  the  neighbouring  mountain  Knoek- 
meledow'n.  Here  are  the  remains  of  seven 
churches.  The  town  suffered  much  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  I.  and  has  never  recovered 
that  devastation.  Below  the  town  is  a rich 
fishery  for  salmon,  which  is  the  greatest 
branch  of  trade  here.  It  is  30  miles  Nk  of 
Cork,  and  100  sse  of  Dublin. 

Lismullane,  a town  in  Limerick,  Mun- 
ster, Ireland. 

Lisnaskea,  a town  in  Fermanagh,  Ire- 
land, 70  miles  Irom  Dublin. 

Lisonzo,  a river  of  Italy,  which  rises  in 
the  gulf  in  Carniola,  and  enters  the  gulf  of 
Venice. 

LlSSA,  an  island  in  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
on  the  coast  of  Dalmatia;  30  miles  in  cir« 
cumference,  containing  two  towns  and  se- 
veral villages,  and  abounding  in  wine,  ho- 
ney, oil,  aimonds  and  fish.  It  is  70  miles 
w of  Ragusa.  Lon.  17  0 e,  lat.  42  32  n. 

Lissa,  a town  of  Posnan,  Po.and.  It 
was  devastated  by  the  Russians  in  1707,  hut 
has  been  rebuilt,  and  greatly  improved,  and 
has  a great  trade.  It  is  30  miles  w of  Ka- 
iish.  Lon.  16  30  e,  lat.  32  0 n. 

Lissa,  a town  of  Silesia,  on  the  Weist- 
ritz,  six  miles  nw  of  Breslau,  where  the 
Prussians  obtained  a signal  victory  over  the 
Austrians  in  1757. 

Litcbjield.  See  Lichfield. 

Lithay,  a town  of  Carniola,  Germany,  on 
the  river  Save,  13  miles  E of  Laubach. 

LITHUANIA,  a large  country  of  Eu- 
rope, between  Poland  and  Russia.  It  is 
about  300  miles  long,  and  230  in  breadth, 
and  is  watered  by  several  large  rivers,  the 
principal  of  which  are,  the  Dnieper,  Dwina, 
Nerneii,  Pripet,  and  Bog.  It  is  a fiat  coun- 
try, like  Poland,  and  tue  lands  are  very  pro- 
per for  tillage.  The  soil  is  not  only  lenilo 
in  corn,  but  it  produces  honey,  wood,  pitch, 
and  vast  quantities  of  wool.  There  are  vast 
forests  in  which  are  bears,  wolves, elks,  wild 
oxen,  lynxes,  beavers,  gluttons,  wild  cats, 
eagles  and  vultures  are  also  very  common. 
The  country  abounds  with  Jews  : and  this 
perhaps,  is  the  only  country  in  Europe, 
where  Jew's  cultivate  the  ground.  The  pea- 
sants are  in  a state  of  abject  vassalage.  Of 
the  numerous  nobility  only  a few  are  rich, 
the  poor  sort  serve  the  others  as  treasurers, 
pages,  valets,  <fec.  In  1772,  the  empress 
Catharine  overran  at  least,  one  third  of  this 
country,  which  she  erected  into  the  f.yo  go- 
vernments of  Polotsk  and  Mohilow,  Jq 
1793,  she,  in  conjunction  with  the  king  of 


L 1 V 

'Prussia  €f|fected  another  partition  of  Po- 
land, by  which  she  obtained  almost  the 
^hole  of  Lithuania.  The  religion  has 
heretofore  been  the  Romish,  but  there  are 
Lutherans,  Calvinists,  Turks,  <fec.  Wiliia 
is  the  capital*, 

LitiZy  a town  in  Lancaster  county^  Penn- 
sylvania. Here  is  a flourishing  settlement 
of  the  Moravians.  It  is  eight  miles  n of 
Lancaster,  and  about  66  k by  w of  Phila- 
delphia. 

LitsehaUj  a town  and  castle  of  Austria,  on 
the  frontiers  of  Bohemia,  2S  miles  nw  of 
Horn. 

Littauy  a town  in  the  circle  of  Olmutz, 
Moravia,  on  the  March,  nine  miles  nxw  of 
Olmiitz, 

Littleton f the  name  of  13  viUag^es  in  the 
counties  of  Gloucestershire,  Hampshire, 
Middlesex,  Somerset,  Surrey,  Sussex,  Wilts, 
and  Worcester. 

LIVADIA,  a province  of  Turkey  in 
Europe.  This  province  includes  ancient 
Greece,  properly  so  called  ; and  the  famous 
mountain  Parnassus.  Its  capital  is  the  once 
celebrated  Athens. 

Livadia,  an  ancient  town  of  European 
Turkey,  in  the  province  of  that  name,  stands 
oh  the  side  of  a hill,  near  the  ancient  Leba- 
dea,  as  it  is  called  by  the  modern  Greeks. 
On  the  summit  of  a rock,  is  an  old  castle, 
part  of  which  serves  as  a fortress,  and  at  the 
bottom  is  the  cave  of  Trophonius,  the  last 
oracle  that  was  heard  to  utter  the  decrees  of 
fate.  In  the  town  are  six  Greek  churches, 
and  six  mosques.  It  carries  on  a trade  in 
wool,  corn,  and  rice,  and  is  68  miles  nw  of 
.Athens,  and  26  se  of  Lepanto.  Lon.  23 
20  E,  lat.  38  42  n. 

Litenza,  a river  of  Italy,  which  runs  on 
the  confines  of  Trevisano  and  Friuli,  and 
fails  into  the  gulf  of  Venice,  by  the  mouth 
of  the  Pavia,  and  the  town  of  Caorlo. 

Liverdun,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Meiirtbe,  France,  on  a mountain,  near  the 
Moselle,  eight  miles  ne  of  Toulouse. 

Liveiyooly  a large,  nourishing,  and  popu- 
lous sea  port  of  Lancashire.  At  the  com- 
fiiencement  of  the  i6th  century,  it  was  only 
a small  village,  a hamlet  to  the  parish  of 
Walton,  about  three  nnle.s  off ; but  it  has 
BOW  become,  with  respect  to  extent  of  com- 
merce, the  second  port  in  the  kingdom.  In 
1804,  the  number  of  ves.sels  thqj  paid  dock 
dues  was  4291,  and  the  tonnage  w^as  448,761 
^ODS.  It  is  situated  on  the  river  Mersey, 
and  has  an  excellent  harbour,  which  has  been 
forriied  with  great  labour  and  expence  ; ships 
being  admitted  into  extensive  w^et  docks,  se- 
cured by  large  flood-gates.  The  warehouses 
are  built  upon  a most  extensive  scale,  some 
of  them  having  12  or  more  different  storeys, 
or  floors.  Since  the  completion  of  the  duke 
of  Bridgewater^s  canals,  the  last  of  whicJi 
was  that  at  Runcorn,  a new  dock  has  beej 
formed  by  the  duke  above  the  town.  The 
trade  of  Liverpool  is  general ; but  the  prin- 
cipal branch  is  the  Africau  aud  West  Indian 


L I V 

trade.  The  American,  Baltic,  and  Poriu- 
gal  commerce  is  also  very  great,  as  well  as 
that  to  Ireland.  Many  ships  are  sent  to  the 
Greenland  whale-fishery ; and  the  coasting 
trade  hence  to  London  employs  a great  num- 
ber of  ships ; and  many  good  ships  are  built 
here.  Liverpool  communicates  by  means 
of  the  Mersey,  with  Warrington,  by  the  Ir- 
well  and  of  the  duke  of  Bridgewater^s  canal, 
with  Manc^ster ; by  the  Weever  with  the 
Cheshire  salt  works  ; and  by  means  of  the 
duke  of  Bridgewater’s  canal,  with  the  Staf- 
fordshire grand  trtink  and  all  its  communi- 
cations. Here  are  upwards  of  30  breweries, 
and  many  roperies,  wuth  manufactures  of 
fine  porcelain,  earthenware,  watches,  stock- 
ings,  glass,  iron,  salt,  and  copperas  w'orks. 
The  exchange  is  a han^ome  modern  edifice 
of  stone ; and  over  it  is  the  town  hall. 
There  is  also  a handsome  exchange,  a cus- 
tom house,  an  assembly  room,  au  elegant 
theatre,  a library,  and  a borough  gaol  o» 
Mr  Howard’s  plan.  Besiile  the  two  par- 
rochial  churches,  there  are  1 0 other  churches 
for  the  established  religion  ; also  three  Ro- 
man Catholic  chapels,  and  a Jewish  sy- 
nagogue, and  dissenting  meeting-housts.  It 
has  a complete  set  of  warm  baths,  an  infir- 
mary, almshouses  for  the  widows  of  mariners 
killed  or  lost  at  sea,  or  decayed  seamen,  and 
an  asylum  for  lunatics.  The  town  extends 
about  two  miles  and  a-half  in  length  from 
N to  s,  and  about  one  mile  from  e to  w,  and 
by  the  census  taken  in  1811,  contained' 
04,376  inhabitants.  It  gives  the  title  of 
earl  to  the  family  of  Jenkinsou.  Liver- 
pool is  15  miles  w of  Warrington,  and  203 
NW  of  London.  Lon.  3 0 w,  lat.  52  22  n. 

Liverpool,  a tow'n  of  Queen  county.  Nova 
Scotia,  with  a harbour  at  the  mouth  of  a 
river  of  its  name,  on  which  it  is  seated.  It 
is  32  miles  ne  of  Shelburne,  and  58  sw  of 
Halifax.  Lon.  64  15  w,  lat.  44  10  n. 

JLioingston,  a town  in  Columbia  county. 
New  York,  e side  of  the  Hudson,  at  the 
junction  of  a river  of  its  name,  1 1 miles  s of 
Hudson. 

Livingstone,  a parish  m Linlithgowshire, 
containing  near  4000  acres  of  arable  land, 
all  inclosed  and  well  cultivated.  Popula- 
tion about  550.  The  village  of  Livingstone 
is  15  miles  sw  of  Edinburgh,  on  tbe  road  to 
Glasgow  by  Whitburn,  and  has  fairs,  1st 
Friday  of  June,  and  Novr.  5th. 

LIVONIA,  a large  i)rovince  of  Russia, 
on  the  E of  the  gulf  of  Livonia,  which,  with 
that  of  Estbonia,  has  been  reciprocally 
claimed  and  possessed  by  the  three  bordering: 
jyowers  of  Russia,  Sweden,  ami  Poland.  It 
was  confirmed  to  the  Russians  by  the  peace 
of  Nystadt,  in  1721.  It  now  forms  the 
Russian  government  of  Riga,  or  Livonia, 
of  which  the  town  of  Riga  is  the  capital.  It 
is  about  250  miles  from  n to  s,  and  150  from 
E to  w.  The  land  is  so  fertile  in  corn,  that 
it  is  called  the  granary  of  the  North.  The 
ishthat  abound  here  are  salmon,  carp,  pike, 
fiat  fish,  &c.  lu  the  forests  are  wolves,  bears. 


^ L L A 

elks,  rein-deers,  stags,  and  hares.  The  do- 
mestic animals  are  very  numerous.  There 
are  a great  number  of  fwests,  which  consist 
of  birch-irees,  pines,  and  oaks  j and  all  the 
houses  of  the  inhabitants  are  built  with 
wood.  They  export  flax,  hemp,  honey,  wax. 
leather,  skins,  and  jwt-ash. 

Livorna,  a town  of  Piedmont,  four  miles 
N of  Crescentic. 

Livorno^  ^ee  Leghorn, 

Lizard j the  most  southern  promontory  of 
England,  s coast  of  Cornwall.  On  it  are 
two  lighthouses,  and  the  Lizard  point  is  in 
Lon.  5 1 1 w,  iat.  49  58  n,  26  miles  ese  of 
the  Lands  end  in  a direct  line. 

Lizier,  St,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Arriege,  France,  has  a chapel  to  which  many 
Pelegians  resort,  was  lately  an  episcopal  j 
see,  and  stands  on  the  Satat,  50  miles  se  of 
Auch.  Lon.  1 9 E,  lat.  43  G n. 

Llanarth,  a town  in  Card igan.^ hire,  Wales, 
with  a market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  15  miles 
E by  N of  Cardigan,  and  223  w by  n Of  I 
London, 

Llanheder,  a corporate  town  of  Cardigan-  i 
shire,  Wales,  with  a market  on  Saturday, 
seated  on  the  Ty  vy,  over  which  is  an  ancient 
bridge  into  Caermarthenshire.  Has  a trade 
in  horses,  cattle,  hogs,  butter,  tanned  and 
raw  hides.  Here  is  a good  inn,  arid  several 
annual  fairs.  It  is  24  miles  e by  n of  Car- 
digan, and  211  w by  N of  London. 

Llandaff,  a very  ancient  city  in  Glamor- 
ganshire, Wales,  near  the  right  bank  of  the 
Talf,  about  four  miles  from  Bristol  channel. 
It  has  a good  harbour.  It  is  a very  small 
place,  and  has  no  market.  The  cathedral 
server  for  the  parish  church.  Hertbyr  and 
other  places  are  hence  supplied  with  abun- 
dance of  vegetables.  It  is  two  miles  wnw 
of  Cardiff,  30  nw  of  Bristol,  and  163  w of 
London. 

Llanddexriy  Brefi,di  village  of  Cardigan- 
shire, Wales,  on  the  Breli,  famous  for  a sy- 
nod held  here,  in  519,  w^here  St.  David 
preached  against  the  Pelagian  heresy.  A 
society  of  w’hich,  the  bishop  of  St.  David's 
is  president,  are  erecting  a clerical  seminary 
here.  It  has  a spacious  church,  seven  miles 
NE  of  Llanbeder. 

Llandilovawr,  a town  of  Caermarthen- 
shire,  Wales,  with  a market  on  Saturday, 
seated  on  tlie  Towey.  Here  are  the  pic- 
turesque remains  of  Diuevawr  castle.  It 
has  a manufacture  of  flannel.  It  is  16  miles 
E of  Caennarthen,  and  205  w by  n of  Lon- 
don. 

/Janioverg,  a town  in  Caermarthenshire, 
Wales,  with  a castle,  and  a market  on  Sa- 
turday, situated  near  the  Towey,  23  miles 
ENE  of  Caermarthen,  and  101  w by  n of 
London. 

Uandysel,  a town  in  Cardiganshire, 
Wales,  on  the  Tyvy,  with  a market  on  ,Su- 
ttirday,  15  miles  ese  of  Cardigan,  and 
NNw  of  London.  ' 

Llanelly,  a (own  in  Caermarthenshire, 
Wales,  16  Allies  se  by  » of  Caermarthen, 


L L o 

seated  on  the  Bury,  has  a market  on  Wed- 
nesday, and  a considerable  trade  in  coaL 
It  is  222  miles  w of  London. 

Lhmej'chymedd,  a town  in  Anglesey, 
Wales,  with  a market  on  Wednesday,  15 
miles  WNW  of  Beurnaris,  and  208  nw  of 
London. 

Hanfair,  a town  in  Montgomeryshire, 
W'ale.s,  on  the  Vyrnw^y,  market  on  Satur- 
day, 12  miles  nw  of  Montgomery,  and  18G 
of  London. 

Lletngadock,  a small  town  of  Caermar- 
thenshire, Wales,  with  a market  on  Thurs- 
day. It  is  18  miles  ne  of  Caermarthen, 
and  155  w'  by  n of  London. 

Llangollen,  a towai  in  Denbighshire. 
Here  is  a beautiful  bridge  of  four  arches, 
over  the  river  Dee.  It  is  seven  miles  sw  ot 
Wrexham. 

Ltaurwst,  a town  in  Denbighshire,  with 
a good  market  on  Tuesday,  seated  on  the 
Conway,  over  which  is  a.  bridge  into  Caer- 
narvonshire. It  is  the  centre  of  the  busi- 
ness of  the  vale  of  Conway,  15  miles  wsw^ 
of  Denbigh,  and  226  nw  of  London. 

Llanstephen,  a small  fishing  village  in 
Pembrokeshire,  Wales  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Towy,  famous  for  the  remains  of  its 
castle  on  the  top  of  a high  hill,  on  the  sea, 
10  miles  sw  of  Caermarthen. 

Llantrisse7it,m\  apoient  town  of  Glamor- 
ganshire, with  a market  on  Friday,  and  the 
remains  of  a castle,  10^  miles  nw  of  Llan- 
daff,  and  171  w of  London. 

Llanticerdine,  a lowm  in  Ilerefordshire. 

Li  a nv  than  gel,  the  name  of  nine  villages 
in  Monmoutshite,  and  one  in  Hereford- 
shire. 

Llanfylling,  a town  of  Montgomeryshire. 
15  miles  n of  Montgomery. 

Llanwnuyneck , a town  of  Shropsbiye, 
six  miles  from  OwTstvy. 

Llanydlos,  a towm  of  Montgomeryshire, 
with  a great  market  oa  Saturday  for  wool- 
len yarn,  seated  mi  the  Severn.  It  is  18 
miles  s of  Montgomery,  and  188  wnw  of 
London. 

Llangharn,  a small,  well  built  trading 
towm  of  Caermarthenshire,  Wales,  with  a 
market  on  Friday,  seated  the  mouth  of 
the  Towy  ; on  a rock  are  the  remains  of  a 
castle,  and  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river 
the  ruins  of  the  castle  of  Llansfephau,  12 
miles  sw  of  Caermarthen,  and  245  w by  n 
of  London, 

Llangmaddorry,  3.  iewn  in  Caermarthen - 
shire,  with  ti  market  on  Wednesday,  and 
Saturday.  It  is  26  miles  ene  of  Caermar- 
then, 

Lhrena.  See  Lerena, 

LlovlioVy  a corporate  town  in  Glamorgan- 
shire, Wales,  has  no  regular  market  but  a 
cousiderabie  trade  in  coal,  and  stands  at  the 
mouth  of  a river  of  the  snme  name,  with  a 
ferry  Into  Caermarth enshire.  On  an  rmim 
ence  are  the  remains  of  a castle.  It  is 
seven  miles  WNW  of  Swansea,  and  212  w 
London. 


LOG 

Lloret,  a town  in  Catalonia,  Spain,  20 
miles  NE  of  Mataro. 

Lo,  Stf  a considerable  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Manche,  France,  seated  on  the  Vire, 
with  a citadel.  It  has  considerable  manu- 
lactories  of  serges,  shalloons,  ribbands,  and 
gold  and  silver  lace  ; 12  miles  e of  Coutan- 
ces,  and  iZo  w by  n of  Paris. 

Loando^  a town  and  capital  of  Angola, 
Africa,  with  a good  harbour,  on  the  Atlantic. 
The  harbour  is  formed  by  the  island  of 
Loanda,  18  miles  in  length,  lying  a little  off 
the  coast.  It  is  large  and  handsome,  con- 
taining about  3000  housts,  built  of  stone 
and  covered  with  tiles,  and  a vast  number 
of  huts  construL-ted  of  earth  and  straw.  It 
is  held  by  the  Portuguese,  and  is  200  miles 
,ssw  of  St.  Salvador.  Lon.  13  15  E,  lat.  8 
'40  s. 

LOANGO,  a considerable  kingdom  in 
Congo,  or  Lower  Guinea,  Africa,  lying  on 
the  sea-side,  being  about  250  miles  in  length 
and  188  in  breadth.  The  land  is  so  fruit- 
ful, that  they  have  three  crops  of  millet  in 
a year.  Their  principal  trade  consists  in 
elephants’  teeth,  copper,  tin,  lead,  iron  and 
slaves.  The  inhabitants  are  black,  and  of 
mild  and  agreeable  manners.  This  country 
lies  between  10  deg.  and  19  deg.  e ion.  and 
1 deg.  and  5 deg.  s iat. 

Loango,  capital  of  the  above  kingdom, 
with  a narbour,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Duilla, 
the  houses  have  only  a ground  fioor,  and  are 
defended  by  a hedge  of  palm  twigs,  canes, 
or  bulrushes.  The  streets  are  spacious  with 
becaves,  bananas,  and  palm  trees.  Fronting 
the  Royal  palace  in  the  centre  of  the  city, 
is  a large  square.  The  palace  is  surrounded 
by  a palisado  of  stately  palm-trees.  Ele- 
phants’ teeth,  copper,  tin,  lead,  iron,  paim- 
cioth  and  slaves,  are  the  chief  articles  of 
commerce,  230  miles  WNW  'of  St  Salvador. 
Lon.  11  45  E,  Iat.  4 15  s. 

Loimo,  or  Lovano,  a town  of  Genoa,  six 
miles  ssw  of  Finale. 

Lobau,  a town  of  W Prussia,  has  a castle, 
the  residence  of  the  bishop  of  Culm,  58 
mixes  E by  n of  Culm. 

Lobau,  a town  of  Lusatia,  which  has  a 
trade  in  while,  grey,  and  striped  linens,  13 
miles  w of  Gorlitz. 

Lobemtcin,  a town  in  Voigtland,  Upper 
Saxony,  capital  of  a lordship  of  the  same 
name,  w.lih  a castle,  seated  on  the  Lemnitz. 
Great  quantities  of  cloth,  stuffs,  and  yarn, 
are  made  here.  1 1 is  22  miles  i^ne  of  Culm- 
bach  Lon.  1 1 52  E,  Iat.  50  n. 

Lohcuy  a town  in  Estramadura,  Spain, 
on  the  Guadiana.  It  is  22  miles  e of  Ba- 
dajoz. 

LOBOS,  is'.aruls  on  the  coast  of  Brazil, 
the  souihermost  in  s Iat.  6 27,  oi>e  of  them 
is  called  Lobos  de  Tierra,  another  Lobos  de 
Fierra. 

Locarnoy  a town  of  Italy,  capital  of  a dis- 
trict of  the  same  name,  lately  belonging  to 
the  Swiss.  It  contains  about  1500  inhabi- 
tants. In  Octo)>tir,  1797,  the  district  con- 


LOG  • 

tained  30,000  citizen.s.  Part  of  the  town  is 
built  oil  piazzas,  in  the  form  of  a crescent*. 
The  old  part  of  the  town  is  dirty,  and  the 
streets  narrow.  It  contains  three  convents, 
and  a small  Franciscan  monastery,  on  a 
rock  overhanging  the  valley,  whence  is  a 
superb  view  of  the  lake  JVlagiore.  Locar- 
no formerly  stood  on  the  lake,  and  had  a 
port  for  large  barks,  but  owdng  to  the  accu- 
mulation of  sand  brought  down  by  the  tor- 
rent Magia,  it  is  a quarter  of  a mile  dis- 
tant. It  is  46  miles  n of  Novara,  ar.d  26  n 
by  w of  Milan.  Lon.  8 51  e,  Iat.  46 
10  N. 

^ Lgcco,  a town  in  Abruzzo  Citeriore,  Na- 
ples, on  the  Pescara.  It  is  10  miles  n of 
Solmona. 

Lochaber,  a district  of  Scotland,  in  In- 
verness-shire, one  of  the  most  dreary,  moun- 
tainous, and  barren  in  North  Britain.  Its 
chief  produce  is  black  cattle  and  sheep  ; and 
the  only  cultivated  lands  are  a few  acres 
around  the  huts  of  those  who  tend  the 
flocks.  It  is  the  southern  part  of  the  coun- 
ty, and  takes  its  name  from  a small  lake, 
a little  to  the  n of  Fort  William. 

Lochalshy  a parish  on  the  w coast  of  Ross- 
shire,  surrounded  on  three  sides  by  the  sea, 
and  possessing  many  safe  harbours,  and  ad- 
vantages for  prosecuting  the  fisheries,  ^he 
soil  on  the  coast  lies  mostly  on  a bed  of 
limestone,  and  is  in  general  rich ; and  the 
hills  afford  pasture.  The  inhabited  part  is 
about  19  miles  long,  and  five  broad  ; and  the 
number  of  inhabitants  about  1000.  It  im- 
ports corn,  and  exports  black  cattle,  kelp, 
and  butter,  shell  sand  is  applied  as  ma- 
nure. 

Lochanan  Corpy  a lake  near  the  top  of 
Benledi,  w of  Calender,  Perthshire,  in 
which  a whole  company  attending  a funeral, 
were  drowned  here,  by  the  breaking  of  the 
ice. 

Lochhrooniy  a parish  in  Ross-shire,  which 
takes  its  name  from  Lochbroom.  The 
length  is  computed  at  36  miles,  and  the 
breadth  at  20,  with  a mountainous  surface 
chiefly  devoted  to  pasture.  There  are  many 
safe  bays  on  the  coast.  In  this  district  are 
two  Societys’  Schools,  and  some  fishing  vil- 
lages. Population  is  2, 538. 

Lochcarrony  a parish  in  Ross-shire.  It 
is  about  14  miles  in  length,  and  six  in 
breadth,  containing  many  tracts  of  fine  fer- 
tile laud.  Itgives  name  to  a Presbytery,  in 
the  synod  of  Gleaelg.  Population  near 
1200. 

. Locliem,  a towm  of  Guelderland,  iu  the 
county  of  Zutphen,  Holland,  on  the  Borkel, 
10  miles  E of  Zutpheu. 

Locker  moss,  a morass  of  Dumfries-shirO, 
in  Scotland,  about  10  miles  in  length,  and 
three  iu  breadth,  with  a river  called  Locker 
Water  running  through  it,  w^hich  is  in  gene- 
ral 25  feet  broad,  and  contains  pike,  perch, 
trout,  and  eel.  It  rims  into  the  Solw^ay 
Frith  about  tv;o  miles  E of  Dumfries.  Here 
lia^e  been  dug  up,  oak,  fir,  birch,  and  hazal 


LOG 


LOG 


<Tees  ; also  anchors,  pieces  of  vessels,  and  a J 
metal  vessel  supposed  to  have  been  a Ro- 
man mod  ins.  See  Dumfries. 

Laches,  a town  in  the  department  of  Indre 
and  Loire,  France,  with  a strong  castle  on  a 
rock,  seated  on  the  Indre  near  a forest.  In 
the  collegiate  church,  is  the  tomb  of  Agnes 
Sorel,  mistress  of  Charles  VII.  to  whose 
patriotic  spirit  that  monarch  owed  almost 
all  his  glory.  It  is  15  miles  s of  Amboise, 
and  20  se  of  Tours. 

Lochgellie,  a lake  in  the  county  of  Fife, 
and  parish  of  Auchterderran,  about  eight 
miles  in  circumference.  Near  it  is  a village 
of  the  same  name,  coniaining  about  350  in- 
habitants. Here  are  five  fairs  or  trysts  an- 
nually. 

Loehgoil  Head,  a parish  in  Argyllshire, 
lying  along  the  western  coast  of  Loch  Long. 
The  extent  of  the  parish,  including  that  of 
Kilmorick,  united  to  it,  is  about  30  miles  in 
length,  and  from  six  to  20  in  breadth.  In 
general  the  surface  is  rugged  and  moun- 
tainous ; but  the  arable  land  on  the  coast  is 
well  cultivated.  Here  are  rnany  caves  in 
which  people  secreted  themselves  and  their 
goods  in  times  of  feudal  rapine.  There  is  a j 
chapel  at  Cairndow  in  which  divine  worship  | 
is  sometimes  celebrated.  The  whole  dis-  j 
trict  is  favourably  situated  as  to  the  fisheries.  [ 
^opulu. ion  about  1150.  ! 

Lochlee,  a parish  in  Forfarshire,  lying 
among  the  Grampian  mountains;  about  12 
miles  long  and  six  broad,  within  which 
three  principal  branches  of  the  North  Esk 
have  their  source.  The  surface  is  hilly. 
Population  about  540.  A lake  gives  name 
to  the  parish. 

Lochmaben,  an  ancient  royal  borough,  in 
the  county  of  Dumfries,  and  district  of  An- 
nandale,  now'  much  decayed.  It  contains 
about  700  inhabitants.  It  is  10  miles  ne  of  I 
Dumfries,  and  65  s by  w of  Edinburgh. 
There  is  a salmon  fishery  on  the  Annan. 

A fertile  district  on  its  banks,  called  the  | 
four  Towns,  is  divided  into  smail  tenements, 
bestow'ed  more  than  500  years^  ago,  on  the 
garrison  or  ilomestics  of  Lochmaben  Castle, 
and  ever  since  have  been  conveyed  and  held, 
by  the  simple  enrollment  of  every  tenant^s'' 
name  in  the  rental  book  of  the  lord  of  the  | 
manor.  The  validity  of  this  tenure,  when  ! 
called  in  question,  was  confirmed  by  the  i 
house  of  peers.  It  is  called  the  Udal  tenure,  j 
and  is  no  where  known  in  Scotland,  but 
here  and  in  O kney.  The  ell  used  here  in  j 
the  mensuration  of  land,  like  the  tenure  is  i 
uncommon,  as  it  consists  of  42  inches.  It  i 
joins  with  Dumfries,  <fec.  in  sending  a mem-  ! 
ber  10  parliament.  Lochmaben  was  often  | 
taken  and  retaken  iti  the  border  wars,  and 
was  the  scene  of  ma  ;y  of  the  exploits  of  the  j 
heroic  Wallace.  Murray,  ear)  of  Mansfield  i 
is  constable  ot  the  castle.  The  parish  ex-  | 
tends  about  10  miles  along  (he  banks  of  the  i 
Annan,  with  a breadth  of  three  miles.  Of 
seven  or  eight  small  lakes,  that  called  the' 


Castle  Loch  is  the  largest;  it  contains  l5 
or  16  different  kinds  of  fi>h.  Population 
al)Ove  2000. 

Lochnaw,  an  ancient  castle  in  the  parish 
of  Leswalt,  Wigtonshire.  It  was  defended 
by  a lake,  from  which  it  takes  its  name,  on 
one  side,  and  by  a fosse  on  the  other,  ft  is 
the  family  mansion  of  the  descendant  of  the 
late  celebrated  military  character  Sir  An- 
drew' Agnew,  Baronet  of  Lochnaw,  who  was 
a contemporary  of  the  late  earl  of  Stair, 
with  whom  he  gathered  laurels  in  the  plains 
of  Germany.  His  division  commenced  the 
attack  in  the  memorable  battle  of  Dettin- 
gen, in  1743. 

Loch  Ness.  See  Ness. 

Lochirida,Q\'  Ocrida,  a large  town  of  Al- 
bania, in  Turkey,  stands  on  a hill  near  a 
lake  of  its  name,  and  is  strongly  fortified, 
62  miles  se  of  Durazzo.  Lon.  20  40  e, 
lat.  4140n. 

Loclirutton,  a parish  in  Kirkudbright- 
shire,  about  five  miles  long  by  three  broad ; 
forms  a kind  of  amphitheatre  round  a lake 
of  its  name,  in  which  is  an  artificial  island. 
In  the  parish  is  abundance  of  marl,  a chaly- 
beate spring,  called  Merkland  Well,  the 
ruins  of  several  tow'ers,  and  a Iiruidical 
temple.  Population  above  500  ; four  miles 
sw  of  Dumfries,  on  the  great  post  road  to 
Port  Patrick. 

Locliryan,  a beautiful  and  capacious  arm 
of  the  Frith  of  Clyde,  about  10  miles  in 
length,  and  at  its  entrance  two  in  breadth, 
but  more  inland,  it  extends  to  ahou;  lour 
where  broadest.  At  the  village  of  Cairn, 
on  its  N bank,  is  the  safest  anch<ir-.ge  for 
ships  of  any  size  or  number.  There  i- , per- 
haps, no  instance  of  any  sLi  • having  bf^en 
wrecked  after  having  goi  into  Lochr}  an.  In 
a storm  it  is  often  run  to  for  shelter.  It 
abounds  with  fish. 

Lochs,  a parish  of  Scotland,  .n  th^  island 
of  Lewis,  in  whole  it  is  abou:  .iO  mOes  long, 
and  eight  or  nine  broad.  Population  is  about 
1875. 

Lochshill,  and  Locherifort,  are  good  har- 
bours. V/ liat  part  of  the  soil  is  cultivated  is 
dug  with  the  .sade.  About  70  boats  are 
employed  in  fishing  codling,  iierrings,  <fec. 
Much  flax  is  spun  ; for  irnpiovemenL  in 
which  branch  schools  are  erected.  In  the 
parish  are  tw'o  churches  and  iwo  seh  lois, 
one  of  them  endowed  by  >tlje  Society  for  Pro- 
pagating Christian  knowd  dge,  , 

Lochia,  a sea- port  of  East  Bothnia,  Swe- 
den, 90  miles  s of  Tornsa.  Lon.  ^4  16  e, 
lat.  60  20  N. 

Lochwinnochy  a paridi  and  village,  in 
Renfrewshire,  w of  Paisley.  The  parish 
forms  a iquare  of  about  six  miles.  The 
soil  1 f tile  low  ground  is  rich  and  ledile. 
The  village  of  Lochwdmioch  has  in  ueased 
rapidly  of  late  years, owing  to  iheen>ciiun  of 
severarcotion-riiills ; and  it  is  now  a consi- 
derable manufacturing  place.  Ii  isskuated 
on  the  w side  of  a lake  of  the  same  name, 


L O D 

called  ako  Castle  Semple  Locli,  wbicb  is 
two  or  three  miles  iu  length,  and  of  consi- 
derable breadth.  From  this  lake  issues  the 
river  Black  Cart.  This  parish  gave  birth 
about  the  beginning  of  the  Itth  century  to 
Margaret  Patton,  who  lived  to  about  loO 
years,  and  died  in  Si  Margaret’s  workhouse, 
Westminster.  Population  of  the  village 
1,200  of  the  whole  parish  near  3000. 

Lochy  Loch,  a lake  of  Scotland,  in  the 
sw  part  of  Inverness-shire,  above  14  miles  in 
length,  and  from  one  to  two  broad.  Its  out- 
let is  the  river  Lochy,  which,  after  receiving 
the  Sbean,  runs  by  the  ancient  castle  of 
Inverlochy,  and  falls  into  Loch  Eiie,  near 
Fort  William. 

Lpckartsburg,  a town  in  Luzerne  county, 
Pennsylvania,  situated  on  an  isthmus  form- 
ed by  the  confluence  of  the  Susquehannah 
and  Tioga  river,  about  a mile  above  their 
junction.  It  is  four  miles  s of  the  New 
York  line,  and  60  nnw  of  Wilkersbarro. 

Lockenltz,  a town  and  castle  in  the 
Ucker  Mark  of  Braudenburgh,  on  the  Ran- 
do,‘20  miles  ne  of  Prenzlo. 

Lode,  a town  in  the  principality  of  Neuf- 
chatel,  Swisseriand,  stands  in  an  elevated 
valley  of  its  name,  celebrated  tor  goldsmiths, 
w-atchmakers,  enamellers,  cutlers,  and  lac^^' 
weavers.  It  is  about  nine  miles  kw  of 
Neiifchatel. 

Lockerbie,  a town  in  Dumfries*sbire, 
pleasantly  situated  near  the  Annan,  in  the 
parish  of  Dryfe^sdale,  It  consists  of  two 
streets  ; the  principal  one  about  half  a mile 
long,  and  the  other  going  otf  at  right  angles. 
The  road  from  Glasgow  to  London  runs 
through  it.  It  contains  above  700  inhabi- 
tants, and  has  12  well  attended  annual  fairs. 
It  lies  four  miles  ne  of  Lochmaben,  and  18 
miles  SE  of  Moffat.  The  church  is  n‘ow  in 
the  town  of  Lockerbie.  Near  it  stands  a 
square  tower,  formerly  the  residence  of  a 
^■ery  ancient  branch  of  the  family  of  John- 
ston. 

Loddofi,  a town  in  Norfolk  with  a mar- 
ket oil  Friday,  eight  miles  se  of  Norwich, 
and  112  ne  of  London. 

LODESAN,  a district  of  Italy,  in  the 
<lTicby  of  Milan.  Lodi  is  the  capital.  It  is 
very  fertile,  and  populous,  and  noted  for  its 
clieesc. 

Leiove,  a town  in  the  department  of  He- 
r&ult,  France.  Its  manufacture  of  bats  and 
cloth  render  it  very  rich.  It  stands  on  the 
X-ogue,  was  once  a bishop’s  see,  and  is 
about  30  miles  nw  of  Montpellier,  Jind  40 
of  Nurboune.  Lon.  3 20  e,  lat.  42 
43  N.  ' 

Lodi,  a strong  town  of  Italy,  the  capital 
of  (he  district  of  Lodesun,  in  the  late  Mila- 
nest' ; is  a bishop’s  see  with  a fortress.  Por- 
celain is  manufuctured  here,  and  its  Parme- 
san cheese  is  esteemed  the  best  of  the  kind. 
It  has  a bridge  over  the  Adda,  800  feet  long. 
Lodi  has  19  clmrcues,  besides  a cathedral, 
and  contains  20,000  inhabitants.  In  1796, 


LOG 

the  French  defeated  the  Austrians,  and  iit 
1 799,  the  Russians  defeated  the  French  at 
this  placti,  but  In  1800,  the  latter  regained 
possession.  It  lies  15  miles  nw  of  Placen- 
tia, and  18  SE  of  Milan.  Lon.  9 28  e,  lat. 
U5J5n. 

Lodomeria.  See  Gnlicia, 

Lodrone,  a town  of  Italy,  in  Trent.  It 
is  situated  at  the  influx  of  the  Chiese,  into 
lake  Idro,  31  miles  sw  of  Trent. 

Loemel,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Deux  Nattes,  30  miles  s of  Bois-ie-duc,  and 
35  E of  Antw'erp. 

Loewenstein,  the  chief  place  of  a district 
of  the  same  name,  in  Franconia. 

Loffingen,  a towm  in  the  Lordship  of 
Furstenburg,  Suabia,  six  miles  wsw  of 
Fursteuburg.  It  has  a medicinal  bath. 

Lofsta,  a town  in  the  province  of  Upland, 
Sweden.  It  has  a smelting  furnace,  eight 
forges,  and  a hammer-mUl.  It  is  32  railed 
xof  Upsal. 

Logan,  a river  which  has  its  source  in  the 
w ©f  Lanarkshire,  runs  e six  miles,  and 
joins  the  Nethan,  near  Lesniahago. 

Logie,  a parish  in  Fifeshire.  It  is  near 
three  miles  in  length,  and  about  one  in 
breadth  ; billy,  but  in  general  fertile.  Po- 
pulation about  340. 

Logie,  a parish  lying  on  the  Forth,  two 
miles  N of  .Stirling,  about  four  long,  and  a* 
much  broad,  in  which  the  counties  of 
Perth,  .Stirling,  and  Clackmannan  meet, 
and  divide  it  almost  equally  among  them. 
The  surface  and  soil  are  various ; one  half 
producing  rich  crops,  the  other  atfording 
good  pasture.  It  is  well  supplied  both 
with  peat  and  coal.  Silver  and  copper  have 
been  wrought  in  i(.  Population  near 
2200. 

Logie,  a parish  in  Forfarshire,  which 
with  that  of  Pert,  united,  extends  about 
four  miles  along  the  river  Esk,  wdth  a 
breadth  of  about  three  miles.  About  the 
one  half  is  cultivated.  Limestone  of  excel- 
lent quality  is  wrought  to  a great  extent. 
It  has  flax  mills,  bleacbfields,  and  a salmon 
fishery,  on  the  N Plsk.  Here  are  several 
meiUcinal  springs,  and  four  very  large 
tumuli,  called  the  Laws  of  Logie.  'Popu- 
lation about  900. 

Logie-Buchan,  a parish  in  Aberdeenshire, 
about  four  miles  in  length,  and  nearly  two 
iu  breadth,  lying  on  both  sides  of  the  river 
‘ Ytban,  wliioh  is  navigable.  Population 
is  about  450.  It  is  15  miles  n of  Aber- 
deen. 

Logieoldstone,  a parish  in  Aberdeenshire, 
about  six  miles  long,  and  near  four  broad. 
The  soil  is  tolerably  fertile.  Population 
about  880.  Here  is  a spring  called  Poldon. 
formerly  noted  in  gravelisli  and  scorbutic 
cases. 

Logie-Easfer,  a parish  iu  the  counties 
of  Ross  and  Cromarty,  about  seven  miles 
long,  and  two  broad.  Here  on  a hill  stood 
formerly  a gallows,  near  which  is  a pool,  in 


L O I 

tsrhich,  it  is  said^  certain  criminals  were 
tirowned.  On  the  banks  of  Scotsburn, 
marked  by  many  tumuli,  was  fought  a 
batile  between  the  Danes  and  Soots.  Po- 
pulation 1030.  »| 

Logie- Wester y a parish  united  to  that  of 
Urquhart,  which  see.  j 

Logieraity  a parish  in  Perthshire,  the  j 
principal  part  of  which  lies  on  the  point  i 
of  land  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Tay 
and  Tumrnel,  along  each  of  which  it  ex- 
tends about  seven  miles.  The  village  of 
Logierait  contains  about  200  inhabitants. 
Population  about  2,900.  This  parish  im- 
ports oatmeal,  but  exports  black  cattle,  [ 
sheep,  linen  yarn,  and  whiskey.  In  the  pa-  j 
rish  is  much  beautiful  scenery.  The  inha-  j 
biti»]ts  speak  Gielic,  but  understand  the 
Engiisb.  Before  the  marriage  knot  is  ti'-'d 
in  this  parish,  they  who  attend  the  ceremony 
loose  every  knot  of  their  dress,  and  after  it 
is  over,  the  company  walk  round  the 
church,  inside,  with  their  right  hands  to  the 
walls.  Here  is  a society's  school,  many 
tumuli,  and  several  druidical  temples. 
Near  the  village  is  the  ruin  of  a castle,  of 
an  eliptical  figure,  in  which  it  is  said,  resld-  I 
ed  Robert  II.  king  of  Scotland,  nine  miles  i 
N of  Dunkeld,  14  s of  Blair  Athol,  and  22  n 
of  Perth. 

Logronnoy  an  ancient  town  in  Old  Cas- 
tile, Spain.  The  vicinity  abounds  with 
excellent  wdne  and  fruit.  It  is  situated  on 
the  river  Ebro,  f)2  miles  e of  Burgos,  and 
215  NNE  of  Madrid.  Lon.  2 20  w,  lat. 
42  22  N. 

Logs  town,  a town  of  the  United  States, 
w side  of  the  Ohio,  18  miles  from  Pitts- 
burgh. 

LOGWOOD  COUNTRY,  lies  nw  of 
the  Mosquito  shore,  at  the  head  of  the  bay 
of  Honduras,  and  extends  from  Vera  Paz  to 
Yucatan. 

Loheia,  a town  in  Yemen,  Arabia,  on  the 
Red  sea.  It  has  no  proper  harbour,  and 
small  vessels  anchor  at  a distance  from  the 
town.  A hill  in  the  vicinity  yields  much 
mineral  salt.  On  the  surrounding  hills  coffee 
abounds,  in  which  the  inhabitants  trade, 
280  miles  xnw  of  Mocha.  Lon.  42  56  e, 
lat.  15  42  N. 

Lohnstein,  or  Lahnsfein,  a town  in  the* 
electorate  of  Mentz. 

Loja.  See  Loxa. 

LOIR  AND  CHER,  a department  of 
France.  It  takes  its  name  from  the  rivers 
Loir  and  Cher.  This  department  contain'^ 
the  late  province  of  Blaisois.  It  is  2ti 
miles  long,  and  25  broad.  Blois  is  the 
capital. 

Loire,  the  finest  river  in  France,  rises  in 
Mount  Gerbier  le  Jour,  and  falls  into  tb 
bay  of  Biscay,  at  Painboeut.  It  begins  to 
be  navigable  at  Roanoe,  and  in  its  course" 
waters  Nevers  Orleans,  Blois,  Tours,  Sau- 
niur,  and  Nantes.  Its  whole  course  is  com- 
jputei  to  be  about  500  miles. 

No,  iS-~6d, 


L O M 

Loire,  a department  of  France,  In* 
eluding  the  late  province  of  Forez.  It 
takes  its  name  from  the  river  Loire,  which 
runs  through  it?  whole  length.  The  capital 
is  Montbrison. 

LOIRE,  UPPER,  a department  of 
France,  which  takes  its  name  from  the 
river  Loire.  It  contains  the  late  province 
of  Velay,  and  is  50  miles  long  from  e to 
and  35  broad  from  N to  s.  Puy  is  the 
capital. 

LOIRE,  LOWER,  a department  of 
France,  which  contains  the  ci-devaut  pro- 
vince of  Lower  Bretagne.  It  is  five  miles 
long,  and  from  30  to  44  broad.  Nantes  is 
the  capital. 

LOIRET,  a department  of  France, 
comprehending  the  late  }jrovince  of  Or- 
leannois,  60  miles  long  from  e to  w,  ai^d 
45  from  n to  s.  It  has  its  name  from  a 
small  river  that  falls  into  the  Loire,  three 
miles  below  Orleans.  Orleans  is  th® 
capital. 

LoitZy  a town  of  Hither  Pomerania,  on 
the  Peene,  with  a castle,  12  miles  sw  of 
Gripswaid. 

Loldong,  a town  and  fortress  on  the 
NE  frontier  of  Delhi,  Hindoostan,  seated  on 
the  Pattereah,  eight  miles  above  its  junction 
with  the  Ganges,  and  100  nne  of  Delhu 
Lon.  78  38  e.  [at.  29  4t  n. 

LOMBARDY,  a late  division  of  Italy, 
W'hich  comprehended  almost  all  the  ancient 
Cisalpine  GauL  It  lies  towards  the  n,  and 
was  divided  into  the  Upper  and  Lower. 
The  greater  part  of  it  was  included  in 
the  late  Italian  republic,  and  part  of  it 
now  belongs  to  the  Roman  republic.  See 
Italy. 

Lornbez,  a small  town  in  the  department 
of  Gers,  France,  lately  a bishop^s  see,  and 
stands  on  the  Save,  27  miles  sw  of 
Toulouse. 

LOMBOCK,  an  island  between  Bali 
and  Cumbava,  E Indies,  has  a town  on  the 
E side  called  Bally,  and  is  chiefly  inhabited 
by  Gentoos,  is  40  miles  long,  and  12  broad. 
Lon.  118  10  E,  lat.  8 36  s. 

Lomond,  Ben.  See  Ben  Lomond. 
Lomond  Mills,  two  noted  hills  in  Fife- 
shire,  sw  of  Falkland,  which  are  seen  at 
great  distance,  one  oi  which  is  1650  feet 
high.  On  the  highest  pinnacle  of  the 
westernmost,  is  a tumulus.  On  the  eastern 
is  a crater,  or  a cavity,  resembling  one,  and 
has  been  forufted. 

Lomond,  Lock,  a beautiful  and  extensive 
of  Dumbartonshire,  which  descends 
fiom  the  northern  part  of  that  *oantry, 
expanding  as  it  advances  southw  ird.  It 
is  28  mites  long  , its  bread ih  from  seven 
miles  decreasing  to  three  quarters  of  a mile; 
and,  were  its  win  lings  followed,  its  circuit 
vould  be  upwards  of  100  miles.  There 
are  33  islands  in  it,  several  of  which  are 
inhabited.  The  names  of  11  of  the  princi- 
pal are  lach-Murin,  Inch-Tavannaob,.  Inoi^ 


LON  ' LON 


Grange,  Inch-For,  Inch-Caillaicb,  Inch- 
Clear;,  Inch-Fad,  Inch-Conagan,  Inch- 
3loan,  Inch-Loanig,  and  Incb-Cruin.  On 
the  E side  is  the  lofty  Benlomond,  and  the 
Leven  issues  from  the  s extremity.  On 
some  of  the  islands  are  antique  ruins,  others 
rise  into  high  rocky  cliffs,  the  habitation  of 
the  osprey, 

Loriy  LunCy  or  LoynCy  a river  which  rises 
in  Westmoreland,  and  falls  into  the  Irish  sea 
below  Lancaster. 

Lo/iata,  a town  of  Italy,  in  Brescianb.  It 
is  12  miles  ese  of  Brescia,  on  the  road  to 
Verona. 

Loncnrtyy  a place  of  considerable  note 
in  ancient  Scottish  history,  especially  for  a 
victory  obtained  by  the  Scots  over  the 
Danes,  in  970.  It  is  situated  on  the  west- 
ern banks  of  the  Tay,  aboiit  four  miles  n 
of  Perth.  Loncarty  has  a most  extensive 
bleachfieid. 

Lonaoriy  the  metropolis  of  the  kingdom 
of  Great  Britain,  one  of  the  largest  and 
most  opulent  cities  in  the  world,  mentioned 
by  Tacitus,  as  a considerable  commercial 
place  in  the  reign  of  the  Roman  emperor 
Nero.  In  its  most  extensive  view, -as  the 
metropolis,  it  consists  of  the  city,  properly 
so  called,  the  city  of  Westminster,  which 
was  once  a mile  from  London,  and  the 
borough  of  Southwark  ; beside  the  suburbs 
in  Middlesex  and  Surry,  within  what  are 
called  the  bills  of  mortality,  London  and 
Westminster  are  situated  in  Middlesex,  on 
the  N side  of  the  river  Thames.  South- 
wark is  situated  on  the  opposite  bank,  in 
Surry,  The  extent  of  the  whole,  from 
Lime-house  and  Deptford  to ' Milbank 
and  Vauxhall,  is  above  seven ‘ miles ; but 
the  greatest  breadth  does  not  exceed 
three.  This  city  is  divided  into  26  wards, 
each  governed  by  an  alderman  ; from  whom 
the  lord  mayor  is  annually  chosen.  There 
also  236  common  council-men,  a re- 
corder, two  sheriff's,  a chamberlain,  a town 
clerk,  a city  remembrancer,  a water  bailiff, 
and  many  inferior  officers.  Westminster 
is  governed  by  a high  steward,  chosen  by 
(he  de?in  and  chapter,  and  a high  bailiff. 
Southwark  v/as  long  iiidependant  of  Lon- 
don, until  Edward  tlL  granted  it  to  the. 
cit}’.  This  city  W‘ns  formed  into  the  26 
ward  in  the  reign  of  F.dward  VI.  and  called 
by  the  name  of  Bridge  Ward  Without. 
It  has  a,  high  bailiff  and  a steward. 
Among  the  public  buildings,  St  Paul’s 
Cathedral  is  the  most  conspicuous.  It  is 
2292  feet  in  circumference,  and  S6d  in 
height  to  the  top  of  the  cross.  Westmin- 
ster Abbey,  in  which  most  of  the  English 
sovereigns  have  been  crowned,  and  many 
of  them  buried,  is  a grand  specimen  of 
Gothic  architecture.  It  contains  the  mo- 
miments  of  many  kings,  statesmen,  heroes 
poets,  and  persons  distinguisned  by  genius, 
learning,  and  science.  It  is  360  feet  in 
length  within  the  walls ; at  the  nave  it  is 


I 72  broad,  and  at  the  cross  195.  The  ch^ 
j pel  of  Henry  VII.  adjoining,  Leland  cail^ 
The  Wonder  of  the  world.”  St  Stephen's 
Walbrook,  is  a small  church  of  exquisite? 
beauty,  the  master-piece  of  Sir  Christopnev 
Wren.  Bow  Church,  in  Cheapside,  St 
Bride’s  in  Fleet-street,  St  Duastan’s  in 
the  East,  and  St  Martin’s  in  'the  Fields, 
are,  with  several  others,  distinguished  for 
fine  architecture.  The  parishes,  in  the 
I bills  of  mortality,  amount  to  146  ; namely 
97  within  the  Walls,  16  without  the  walls, 
23  out -parishes  in  Midd.esex  and  Surry, 
and  10  in  the  city  and  liberties  of  West- 
minster. With  respect  to  palaces,  the 
! magnificence  of  royalty  is  not  to  be  found 
in  them.  That  of  St  .lames,  of  which  it 
has  been  observed,  that,  notwithstar»Jing 
its  mean  exterior,  it  is  the  most  commodi- 
ous of  any  in  Europe.  The  Quern’s  pa- 
lace stands  in  the  most  favourable  situa- 
tion that  St  dame’s  park  could  furnish. 
It  was  erected  by  the  duke  of  Bucking- 
ham, in  1703,  and  called  Buckingham 
H(.;use,  until  it  was  purchased  in  1761,  for 
the  royal  residence,  when  it  acquired  its 
present  name.  Carlton  house,  the  resi- 
dence of  the  prince  of  Wales,  is  a building 
on  which  vast  sums  have  been  expended. 
The  Banqueting  house,  at  Whitehall,  was 
begun,  in  1619,  from  a design  by  Inigo 
Jones.  It  is  only  the  small  pan  of  avast 
plan  of  a palace,  intended  for  the  resWeuce 
of  the  British  niouarchs,  but  left  incom- 
plete. Beside  the  roj  al  palaces,  there  are 
many  fine  houses  of  the  princes  of  tire 
blood,  and  of  the  nobility  and  gentry, 
Westminster  hall,  and  some  buildings  ap- 
pendant to  it,  contain  the  Houses  of  Lords 
and  Commons,  and  the  superior  courts  of 
justice.  The  great  hall,  in  W’hich  are 
held  the  trials  of  peers,  and  of  persons  im- 
peached 'before  the  lords,  is  in  length  270 
feet,  in  breadth  74,  and  the  height  in  pro- 
I poi”tion.  The  Guildhall,  situated  at  the  end 
I of  King’s  street,  Cheapside,  was  built  in 
1431.  Its  great  hall  is  153  feet  long, 
50  broad,  and  .>8  high.  Here  the  Courts 
of  King’s  Bench  and  Common  Pleas  hold 
sittings  at  Nisi  Prius.  Here  also  the  city 
ebections  are  held,  and  all  the  business  of 
the  corporation  transacted.  The  Sessions 
House  in  the  Old  Bailey,  in  which  the  cul- 
prits of  Loudon  and  Middlesex  are  tried, 
and  the  County  Hall  for  Middlesex,  on 
Clerkenwell  Green,  are  pretiy  grand  struc- 
tures. Of  the  buildings  appropriated  to 
the  great  national  offices,  military,  naval, 
and  fiscal,  the  most  ancient  is  the  Tower 
of  London.  It  is  surrounded  by  a wall 
and  ditch,  which  also  inclose  several 
streets.  The  circumlerence  is  about  a 
mile.  The  Horse  Guards,  an  elegant 
structure,  stands  opposite  the  Banqueting 
House.  The  MTir  Office  is  in  this  place, 
and  here  courts-martial  for  the  army  are 
held.  The  Ordnance  office,  for  the  iriili- 


LON 

tary  department,  is  in  St  I\IaT^areL^s  street, 
Westminster.  The  Admirality  is  a lar^e 
structure,  in  which  the  higher  departments 
of  the  business  of  the  navy  are  transacted, 
and  the  lords  of  the  admirality  have  h^)u- 
ses.  The  Navy  aud  Viciualling  Oifices, 
are  in  Somerset  Place,  a stupendous  and 
magnificent  structure.  It  contains  most 
of  the  public  offices,  for  taxes,  duties,  <fee. 
The  Treasury,  which  has  a grand  front, 
is  m St  James^  park,  and  the  Cockpit 
form  a part  of  this  building,  and  is  now 
the  council  chamber  for  the  cabinet  minis- 
ters. In  the  city  is  the  Royal  Exchange, 
built  in  1398.  The  height  of  the  building 
is  <56  feet,  and  from  the  centre  of  the  south 
side  rises  a lantern  and  turret,  178  feet 
high,  on  the  top  of  which  is  a vane.  The 
inside  of  the  area,  which  is  144  feet  long, 
and  1:27  broad,  is  surrounded  by  piazzas. 
The  Bank  of  England,  which  was  esta- 
blished by  king  Wiiliam,  in  1690,  is  situ- 
ated in  Threadneedle  street,  The  Custom 
House,  to  the  w of  the  Tower,  is  a large 
irregsiar  pile.  The  Excise  Office,  in 
Broad  streelJJisa  beautiful  building.  The 
East  India  House,  in  Leadenhall  street, 
was  built  in  i726.  The  South  Sea 
House,  in  Throgmorton  street,  is  a hand- 
some building ; but  the  Generai  Post  Of- 
fice, in  Lombard  street,  is  rather  convenient 
than  shewy.  The  Mansion  House,  erected  | 
in  .1752,  for  the  residence  of  the  lord  may-  i 
or,  is  magnificent,  bat  ponderous.  The 
Monument  is  a grand  fluted  Doric  column, 
102  feet  high,  erected  as  a memorial  of 
the  great  lire  in  1666.  The  bridges  are 
a great  ornament  to  the  metropolis.  The 
most  ancient,  London  Bridge,  w'as  begun 
in  1176,  and  finished  in  1209.  The  length 
of  it  is  91.5  feet.  Westminster  Bridge,  | 
one  of  the  finest  in  the  world.  The  first  j 
stone  was  laid  in  1739,  file  last  in  1747.  ! 
It  is  1223  feet  in  length,  and  has  13  large  | 
and  two  small  semicircular  arches'.  Black-  ' 


LON 


friar^s  bridge  was  begun  in  1761,  and  fi-  j 
nisaed  in  1771.  Its  length  is  995  feet;' 
the  breadth  of  the  carriage  way,  28,  and  of 
the  foot  p.iths  seven  feet  each.  It  cunusts  j 
of  nine  eiiptical  arches.  In  London  are  j 
s(H'eral  museums.  The  British  Museum,  j 
which  i.s  oj.en  to  the  public  gratis,  was  i 
founded  by  parliament  in  1733.  The  Le-  I 
verian  Museum  is  situated  in  Great  Surry  j 
street,  on  tiie  s side  of  Blackfriar^s  bridge.  | 
Another  museum,  cons  sting  of  anatomical  | 
preparations,  and  natural  ouriosities,  is  ! 
situated  iu  Windmill  street,  Hayniarket.  j 
Of  the  inns  of  court,  or  societies  lor  the  ! 
study  of  the  law.  the  principal  are  the  ! 
Middle  and  Inner  Te.mples,  Lincoln’s  Inn,  1 
and  Gray’s  Inn.  The  College  of  Physici-  r 
ans,  in  Warwick  lane,  was  built  by  Sir  I 
Christopher  Wreu.  Sion  College,  near! 
London  Wail,  was  founded  iu  1803.  The 
Society  for  the  encouragement  of  Arts, 
ALmufactures,  and  Commerce,  have  a hand- 


some house  in  the  Adelphi.  Of  public  se« 
minaries,  the  most  distinguished  are  West- 
minster School,  St  PauPs  School,  the  Char- 
ter House,  and  ?4ercUaiit  Tailor’s  School. 
The  places  of  diversion  are  numerous  and 
magnificent.  Of  the  halls  of  the  city  com- 
panies, the  most  distinguished,  in  point  of 
architecture,  are  Surgeons’  Hall,  in  the  Old 
Bailey  ; Goldsmith’s  Hall,  Fosterlaue,  Iron- 
mongers’ Hall,  Fenchurch  street,  and  Fish- 
mongers’ Hall,  near  London  Bridge.  The 
principal  hospitals  are  Christ’s  Hospital, 
near  Newgate  street,  a royal  iouudation 
for  orphans  and  poor  children ; St  Bur  lo- 
lomew’s  Hospital,  West  Smithfield,  for  liie 
sick  and  lame ; Bridewell,  in  Black  friars, 
a royal  hospital,  for  apprenticing  of  th‘i  m- 
dustrious  youth,  and  a iKison  for  the  disso- 
lute ; Bethlehem,  in  Moorfields,  ano  her 
royal  hospital  for  lunatics ; St  Luke’s,  in 
Old  street,  also  for  lunatics ; St  Thomus’s 
in  the  borough,  the  fourth  royal  hosp.Li, 
for  the  sick  and  lame;  and  lor  the  iame 
purpose  are  Guy’s  Hospital,  adjoining  ; me 
London  Hospital,  in  Whitechapel  ; the 
Middlesex  Hospital,  Berners  street ; the 
Westminster  Infirmary,  Petty  France; 
and  St  George’s  Hospital,  Hyde  Park 
Corner.  The  Foundling  Hospital,  in  Lamb’sS 
Conduit  Fields  ; the  Asylum,  Lambeth, 
for  orphan  girls ; the  Magdalen  Hospital, 
in  St  George’s  Fields,  for  penitent  prosti- 
tutes ; the  Marine  Society,  in  Bishopsgate 
street ; the  Small-pox  hospitals  at  Clerken-' 
well  and  Pancras  ; the  Lock  Hospital,  near 
Grosvenor  Place;  the  Westminster  Lying 
in  Hospital,  and  many  others  for  the  same 
purpose,  are  excellent  institutions.  The 
prisons  are  numerous:  the  principal  are 
Newgate,  a stupendous  structure ; the 
New  Comptor,  Giitspur  street,  the  Fbet 
Prison,  and  King’s  Bench,  in  St  George’s 
Fields,  for  debtors  ; and  a new  county  ga'>l, 
(including  a new  se.ssious  house)  in  SoiTfc- 
wark.  Some  of  the  squares  and  streets  iu 
the  metropolis  are  magnificent;  and  many 
of  them  are  long,  spacious,  and  airy.  The 
broad  stream  ol  the  Thames  flowing  between 
Loudon  and  Southwark,  brings  con- 
“•stdiit  supplies  of  fresh  air,  which  no  buildings 
can  intercept.  The  country  around,  espe- 
cially on  the  London  side,  is  nearly  open  to 
some  distance  ; whence  it  is  kept -tolerably 
dry  in  all  seasons,  and  affords  no  odge- 
iuent  for  stagnant  air  or  water.  The  cl  - n- 
liness  of  London,  as  well  as  its  supply  of 
w^ater,  is  gre<,tly  aided  by  its  situation  on 
the  banks  of  the  Thames : and  the  New 
River,  w'iih  many  good  springs  within  the 
city  itseli,  luriher  contribuies  to  the  .abun- 
dance of  that  necessary  element.  'An  these 
are  advantages  with  respect  to  health,  m 
which  this  , metropolis  is  exceeded  by  ew. 
Its  situation,  with  regard  to  the  cirmi'n- 
stance  of  navigation,  is  equally  w'ell  cho  ‘M!„ 

It  possesses  every  advantage  that  can  b-.-.  .e- 
rived  from  a sea  port,  and  at  the  same  time, 

1 ^ 


LON 

by  means  of  its  noble  river,  enjoys  a very 
extensive  communication  with  the  internal 
parts  of  the  country.  With  fuel,  London  is 
plentifully  supplied  by  sea,  from  the  nor- 
thern collieries.  Corn  and  other  articles 
are  with  equal  ease  conveyed  to  it  from 
all  the  maritime  parts  of  the  kingdom.  It 
is  al^^o  tlie  seal  of  many  considerable  manu- 
faciures,  besides  others  in  which  it  partici- 
pates With  the  manufacturing  to\nis  in  ge- 
neral. The  most  imtoriant  of  its  peculiar 
raanufaciures  is  the  silk  weaving  establish- 
ed in  Spittaifields  by  refugees  from 
France.  Here  Mr  Lunardi  ascended  in  a 
bail  on  from  the  Artillery  Ground,  Moor- 
fields,  September  L5th,  1738,  the  first  at- 
tempt of  the  kind  m England.  A variety 
of  works  in  gold,  silver,  and  jewellery,  the 
engraving  of  prints,  the  making  of  optical 
and  iiiatbernatical  instruments,  are  likewise 
principally  executed  here.  The  porter 
brewery,  a business  of  very  great  extent  is 
also  chiefly  carrie  • on  in  London.  To  its 
port,  (lately  much  improved  in  many 
respects,)  ate  likewise  confined  some 
branches  of  foreign,  commerce,  as  the  vast 
East  India  trade,  and  those  to  Turkey  and 
Hudson^s  bay.  The  value  of  imports  in 
1794,  was  41,206,473  ; 17;  4d  ; goods 
exported,  £.  2-5, 60<5, 46^5  : 8 : 2d;  the  total 
amount  of  goods  shipped  and  unshipped  in 
one  year,  £.  66,811,942:  5:  Od.  Thus 
London  has  risen  to  its  present  rank  cf  the 
first  city  in  Europe,  with  respect  to  opu- 
lence, and  nearly,  if  not  entirely  so,  as  to 
number  of  inhai  itants.  Its  population, 
like  that  of  all  other  towns,  lias  been  ! 
greatly  over-rated  : by  the  enumeration  iu  i 
180),  the  residents  in  London,  Westmin- 
ster, Southwark,  and  all  the  out  parishes, 
amounted  to  883,677,  and  by  that  in  1811, 
they  were  1,001,678.  The  population  of 
London  alone,  wi-hin  the  w’alis,  in  18 H, 
was  56,484,  having  decreased  above  three 
fifths  since  th<-‘ } ear  1700,  by  widening  the 
streets,  building  warehouses,  and  extending 
the  size  of  apartments.  It  is  charming  to 
©bserve  the  independent  air,  and  comfort- 
able appearance  of  these  people.  Indeed, 
while  it  is  a relief  to  the  rnind  to  ebservg 
any  thing  like  equality  in  the  affairs  of  , 
man  ; and  while  we  regard,  with  satisfac- 
tion,  the  afijearance  of  confidence  and  cig-  1 
nity,  in  the  poorest  of  the  Londoners, it  must 
be  observed,,  that  i-  many  instances,  they 
deviate  into  rod  nes>  and  inho^^pitality. 

A stranger  inquiring  his  way,  is  not  sure  of 
a civil  answer,  unless  he  step  into  the  shops, 
where  they  are  very  polite.  There  appears 
to  ,bc  i’ulher  a striking  diOVrence  beiween 
the  east  and  west  ends  ot  the  town.  The 
forii  er  is  the  seat  cf  government,  and  dis- 
. plays  I be  greatest  appearanceof  extravagance 
and  cii'sipation  ; the  latter  is  the  seat  of  com 
merce,  and  exhibits  a prodigious  shew'  of 
w'ealih.  The  city  of  London  bears  arms, 
and  the  infamous  treachery  of  the  assasssin 
Walworth,  mayor  of  London,  in  stabbing 


LON 

the  unsuspected  Tyler,  i.s  perpetuated,  by 
his  dagger  being  quartered  in  the  escut- 
cheon. London  sends  four  members  to 
parliament,  and  is  a bishop^s  see.  In  1365., 
the  plague  raged  here,  and  cut  off  68,693 
inhabitants  ; and  in  the  following  year,  a 
dreadful  fire  began,  September  2d,  and  con- 
tinued three  days ; which,  beside  the  cathe- 
dral and  many  other  churches,  destroyed^ 

, 1 3,200  houses ; beacons,  no  doubt,  of  the 
divine  indignation  at  a metropolis  and  na- 
tion that  had  now  unsheathed  the  sword 
of  persecution,  after  committing  to  the 
flames,  with  every  mark  of  indignity,  the 
solemn  covenant  into  which  all  ranks  had 
entered.  London  is  213  miles  nnw  of  Pa- 
ris, 390  N by  E of  Madrid,  700  nw  of  Rome, 
600  WNW  of  Vienna,  264  se  of  Dublin,  and 
180  w by  s of  Amsterdam,  Lon.  0 6 \v, 
lat.  61  31  N. 

London,  New,  a sea  port  in  the  state  of 
Connecticut,  and  capital  of  a county  of  the 
same  name,  with  a good  harbour  defended 
by  two  forts,  on  the  Thames,  near  its  en- 
trance into  Long  Island  Sound.  In  1781, 
great  part  of  it  was  burnt  by  Benedict 
Arnold,  but  it  has  been  rebuilt,  and  has  a 
good  trade  to  the  W Indies,  64  miles  e by 
N of  Newhaven,  and  about  80  ne  of  New 
York.  Lob.  92  10  w,  lat.  41  19  n. 

London,  New,  the  chief  tow’n  of  Bedford 
county,  Virginia,  stands  on  a rising  ground, 
110  miles  \y  by  s of  Richmond.  Lou.  75 
46  w,  lat.  37  20  N. 

London,  a town  in  Ann-Arundel  county, 
Maryland,  five  miles  sw'  of  Annapolis. 

London,  Little,  a village  in  Middlesex,  s 
of  Hallingdon  heath. 

London,  Little,  a village  in  Essex,  near 
Samford  Magna. 

LONDONDERRY,  a county  of  Ireland, 
in  the  province  of  Ulster,  32  miles  long  and 
j i|0  broad ; bounded  on  the  w by  Donegal, 

I and  on  the  n by  the  ocean,  on  the  s and  sw 
by  Tyrone,  and  on  the  b by  Antrim,  It 
I contains  125,000  inhabitants,  31  parishes, 
and  sends  four  members  to  parliament.  It 
is  a fruitful  champaign  county ; the  great- 
j e.st  part  of  it  w'as  given  by  James  I.  to  a 
I company  of  London  Merchants.  The  linen 
' manufacture  flourishes  through  every  part 
of  it. 

Londonderry,  or  Derry,  a city  and  sea 
port  of  Ireland,  capital  of  a county  of  the 
same  came,  and  a bishop’s  see.  It  is  a 
county  of  itself.  It  wa.s  built  in  the  reign 
of  James  I.  and  is  still  surrounded  by  walls. 
Tbe  principal  commerce  of  Londonderry 
is  with  America  hnd  the  West  Indies.  It 
contains  10,000  inhabitants,  and  is  situated 
on  the  river  Foyle,  over  which  a large 
wooden  bridge  was  erected  in  1791,  1068 
feet  in  length.  Gulniore  fort  is  five  niles 
below  the  lown.  On  the  side  of  the  river 
are  four  ca.'Ules,  Ttie  cathedral,  the  epis- 
copal palace,  and  the  building.s  in  general 
are  handsome.  This  city  is  famous  for  tbe 
long  siege  it  sustained,  iu  1689,  against 


LON 

lames  II.  It  is  governed  by  a mayor, 
recorder,  alderman,  and  sheriffs.  It  was 
represented  by  two  members  in  the  Irish 
parliament,  and  sends  one  to  the  imperial 
parliament,  George  Farquhar,  the  drama- 
tic writer,  was  born  here  in  1678.  It  gives 
the  title  of  earl  to  a family  of  the  name  of 
Stewart.  It  is  ibnr  miles  s of  Loch  Foyle, 
and  126  nnjw  of  Dublin.  Lon.  7 2<5  w,  lat. 
64  58  N. 

Londonderry y a post  town  of  the  United 
States,  in  Rockingham  county,  New  Hamp- 
shire, seated  near  the  head  of  Beaver  river, 
which  unites  wnth  the  Merrimac ; has  a 
manufacture  of  thread  and  linen  cloth.  It 
is  36  miles  ssw  of  Portsmouth,  and  contains 
1590  inhabitants.  The  people  are  chiefly 
from  Ulster,  in  Ireland. 

Longy  Loeliy  an  arm  of  the  sea  which  ex- 
tends 20  miles  between  the  counties  of  Ar- 
gyle  and  Dumbarton,  is  about  two  broad, 
and  on  the  Argyie  side  near  the  middle,  it 
sends  off  a branch  called  Loch  Goil. 

Longaroy  a town  in  Calabria  Ultra,  Na- 
ples, 20  miles  wnw  of  St  Severino. 

LongdoHy  the  name  of  four  villages  in 
Staffordshire,  Salop,  and  Worcestershire. 

Longfieldy  a town  in  Leitrim,  Connaught, 
Ireland. 

LONGFORD,  a county  in  the  province' 
of  Leinster,  25  miles  in  length,  and  16  in 
breadth  ; hounded  on  the  w by  the  river 
Shannon,  on  the  e and  s by  West  Meath, 
and  on  the  n and  nw  by  Letrim  and  Cavan, 
It  contains  24  parishes,  50,000  inhabitants, 
and  sends  two  members  to  parliament,  and 
is  a rich  and  pleasant  country.  Here  great 
quantities  of  linen  yarn  is  spun,  and  manu- 
factured into  cloth. 

Longford y the  capital  of  the  county,  is 
situated  on  the  river  Carnlin.  The  linen 
manuiacture  is  carried  on  here  to  a great 
extent.  It  sent  two  members  to  the  Irish 
parliament,  gives  the  title  o.f  baron  to  the 
family  of  Pakenham,  has  a charity  school 
for  6t3  children,  and  a barrack  for  a troop  of 
horse.  It  is  74  miles  a’w  by  w of  Dublin. 
Lon.  7 40  w,  lat.  53  48  n. 

Longforgany  a parish  and  village  of  Scot- 
land, in  the  Carse  of  Gowrie,  near  seven 
miles  long,  and  about  three  broad.  The  soil 
is  fertile,  highly  cultivated,  and  productive. 
The  village  of  Longforgan,  containing 
about  600  inhabiiaats,  is  situated  on  a rising 
ground,  on  the  road  from  Dundee  to  Perth, 
about  four  miles  from  the  former.  Popula- 
tion about  1570.  In  this  town  is  a great 
stone,  on  which  Sir  William  Wallace  sat 
while  he  eat  some  bread  and  milk,  in  his 
flight,  after  killing  the  son  of  tin;  governor 
of  Dundee.  It  is  still  in  possess  ion  of  the 
descendcint  of  the  person  who  gave  a refresh- 
ment to  the  horse. 

LoniformacnSy  a parish  in  that  part  of 
Berwickshire,  called  Lamrrtermuir,  occupy- 
ing a tract  12  miles  in  lengih,  and  six  in 
breadth,  bonniied  on  the  w by  East  Lothian, 
it  is  more  adapted  to  pasturage  than  corn, 


LON 

but  the  arable  land,  of  which  there  is  a con- 
siderable proportion,  is  well  cultivated  and 
productive.  The  village  is  pleasantly  seated 
on  both  sides  of  the  Dee,  and  the  road  from 
Dunse  to  Edinburgh  by  Gifford,  passes 
through  it  seven  miles  w of  Dunse.  Popu- 
iation  in  1811,  444. 

J LONG  ISLAND,  a name  applied  to  that 
district  of  the  Hebrides,  extending  from  the 
island  of  Lewis  on  the  n,  to  the  island  of 
Barray  on  the  s,  comprehending  Lewis,  Har- 
ris, Barray,  tfec, 

LONG  ISLAND,  formerly  called  Man- 
hattan, afterwards  Nassau  island,  belongs  to 
the  state  of  New  York.  Its  length  is  about 
140  miles,  but  its  medium  breadth  not  above 
10;  and  it  is  separated  from  Connecticut 
by  Long  Island  sound.  It  is  divided  into 
three  counties,  King’s,  Queen’s,  and  Suffolk, 
and  these  again  into  19  townships.  The 
soil  is  well  calciiiated  for  raising  grain,  hay, 
and  fruit.  The  island  contained,  in  1790, 
41,782  inhabitants.  To  the  West  Indies,; 
<fe:c.  are  exported  horses,  cattle,  beef,  oil, 
pitch,  flax-seed,  and  pine-boards.  It  sends 
corn  to  New  York. 

Lo7ig  Island  So  mid y a kind  of  inland  sea 
from  three  to  18  miles  broad,  and  140  long. 

1 It  comraunicates  with  the  Atianlic  at  both 
ends. 

Long  Island,  one  of  the  Bahama  islands. 
See  Yuma. 

Long  Islandy  in  Holston  river,  in  the 
state  of  Tennessee,  is  three  miles  long.  It 
is  10  miles  w of  the  month  of  Wataugo  ri* 
ver,  and  43  from  Abingdon. 

LG7ig  Lake.  See  Rainy  Lake.  ^ 

Long  MeadoWy  a town  of  the  United 
States,  in  Hampshire  county,  Massachusetts. 
The  township  contains  744  inhabitants.  It 
is  97  miles  sw  by  w of  Boston, 

Lcng-nany  a city  in  the  province  of  Se- 
tchuen,  China,  on  the  Mouqua.  In  this  dis- 
trictarea  number  of  forts,  which  were  of 
use  to  prevent  the  incursions  of  the  Tartars  ; 
710  miles  sw  of  Pekin,  Lon.  101  18  e, 
lat.  32  22  N. 

Lognovy  a town  in  Staffordshire,  near  the 
Dave,  wdth  a market  on  Tuesday,  eight 
miles  N of  Leek,  31  n by  e of  Stafford,  and 
161  \xw  of  London. 

LongsidOy  a parish  in  Aberdeenshire,  a 
few  miles  w of  Peterhead,  containing  about 
19  square  miles.  There  is  a considerable 
woollen  manufacture  carried  on  at  a small 
village  called  Nether  Kin  nundy.  The 
parish  abounds  with  granite,  contains  seve- 
ral tumuli,  one  of  which  measures  400  feet 
round  the  base,  and  a field  beside  it  called 
Battlelauld.  Population  above  1800. 

Longtown,  a town  in  ( umberiand,  situat- 
ed on  the  Esk,  near  its  confluence  w;th  the 
Kirksop,  on  the  bordeis  of  Scotland  ; the 
houses  are  neatly  built  of  brick,  on  leases 
of  99  years.  Here  is  a charity  school. 
Market  on  Thursday,  two  annual  .fairs,  and 
manufactures  of  cloth,  10  miles  n of  Car- 
lisle, and  307  nnw  of  London. 


LOR 


LOR 


Longueville,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Xower  Seine,  France.  It  is  23  miles  n ci 
Loneri. 

Longuiony  a town  in  the  departraeirt  of 
Moseiie,  France,  has  an  iron  for^e,  and  can- 
non foundery,  tO  miles  sw  of  Longwy,  and 
35  Nw  of  Metz. 

Longwoody  a town  of  Meath,  Ireland, 
ideated  on  the  Blackwater,  35  miles  w by  i< 
of  Dnbim. 

Longwgy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Mo^eile,  France,  tiivide  * into  tne  Old  and 
New  Town,  stands  cn  an  eminence  by  the 
Chiers.  In  1792,  it  surrendered  to  the 
Austrians,  butw^as  telaken  two  montbjs  after- ' 
wards,  15  miles  sw  of  Luxemburg,  35  Knw 
of  Metz,  and  160  ene  of  Paris.  Lon.  5 44 
s,  lat.  49  32  n, 

Lonnunj]  a parish  in  Aberdeenshire,  10 
miles  in  length  and  four  m breadth.  It 
has  about  four  miles  of  sea  coast,-on  which 
are  two  iishing  vijic<ges.  Population  about 
iOOO. 

Lons  le  Saumer.  a town  in  the  department 
of  .Lira,  France,  with  an  abbey  of  noble. 
Bernardines.  It  has  salt  springs  m the  vi- 
cinity, and  is  situated  on  the  Solvan,  30  miles 
ssw  of  Dole.  Lon.  5 30  e,  lat.  46  37  n. 

Loo,  a town  of  i)utch  Guelderlaiid,  in 
the  county  of  Anitieini,  eight  miles  w of 
Daventer,  and  18  n of  Arnheim. 

Loce,  East  and  JVesty  two  small  decayed 
boroughs  in  Cornwall,  separated  from  each 
other  by  a creek,  over  which  is  a narrow 
stone  biidge  of  several  arcues.  Each  of 
them  sends  two  members  to  parliament, they 
are  chiefly  supported  by  the  pilchard  hshery. 
East  Looe  is  i6  miles  w of  Plymouth,  and 
231  w by  s of  London. 

Look- out  y Capey  s of  Ca;e  Hatter  as,  N 
Carolina,  opposite  Core  sound.  Lon.  76  51 
w,  lat  34  23  n. 

Loop-  Head,  or  Cape  Lean,  a cape  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Shannon,  has  a lighthouse. 
Lon.  9 49  w,  hit.  52  31  y. 

Lcoz,  a town  and  county  of  Liege,  Ne- 
therlands, 16  miles  w by  s of  Maestricht. 

Lopatka,  Cape,  the  s extremity  of  Kamts- 
•chatka.  Lon.  156  45  e,  lat.  51  9 n.  See 
Kurilen. 

Luopooly  a lake  in  Cornwall,  two  miles 
long. 

Louts,  ii  town  end  county  of  Liege,  16 
miles  w of  Maesirieht. 


Lopesco,  a town  i Abruzzo  UUra,  Naples, 
iO  miif'S  s of  Aquiin. 

J^opo  Gousuloe,  Cape,  a long  flat,  and 
narrow  peninsula,  on  the  coast  of  Guinea. 
Here  is  a good  Imr'ocur,  and  a village  where 
provisions  are  cheap  aiiil  plentilul.  Lou.  8 
30  E,  lat.  0 45  s. 

Lora,  a town  in  Andalusia,  Spain,  on  the 
Guadalraiiver,  28  miles  ne  of  Seville. 

Lora,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the 
county  of  Hohenstein,  J8  miles  n>,eo1Mu,- 
hausen. 

Lcrhus,  a town  of  Tunis,stannsin  a plain, 
fertile  in  corn,  has  a castle,  and  line  remains 


! I 


I of  antiquity,  I ■ ties  swof  Tunis.  Lon.  9 
0 E,  lac  3o  S ' 

Lorca,  a town  in  Marcia,  Spain,  stands 
on  an  eminence,  by  the  Guadalantin,  is  a 
bishop^s  see,  has  potteries,  saltpetre  works, 
and  plenty  of  barilla  grow's  in  the  vicinity  ; 
50  miles  w of  Carthagena.  Lon,  1 52  w, 
lat.  37  37  v. 

LORD  HOW’S  GROUP,  an  extensive 
group  of  islands,  in. the  S Pacific  ocean,  dis- 
I covered  in  1791,  by  captain  Hunter,  who 
distinctly  descried  32  ol  them.  They  .seem- 
ed thickly  covered  witn  trees,  among  which 
'he  cocoa  nut  is  very  distinguishable.  The 
natives  are  of  a dark  copper  colour.  Their 
arms  and  thighs  are  tatooed  in  the  manner 
described  by  captain  Cook,  of  some  of  the 
natives  of  the  islands  lie  visited  in  these  seas^ 
and  some  are  painted  with  red  and  white 
streaks.  They  wear  a wrapper  round  them. 
Lon.  159  14  to  159  37  e,  lat.  5 30  s. 

Lord  How’s  Island,  an  island  in  the  S Pa- 
cific ocean,  about  140  leagues  e of  New  S 
Wales.  On  the  w side  is  good  anchorage, 
but  the  bottom  is  a coral  rock.  This  island 
was  discovered  in  1778,  by  lieutenant  King, 
in  his  voyage  from  Port  Jackson  to  Norfolk 
island.  The  island  is  three  miles  and  a-half 
long,  and  very  narrow  across.  At  the  s end 
are  two  high  perpendicular  mountains,  the 
southernmost  named  Mount  Gov.^er,  and  14 
miles  to  the  s is  a remarkab.e  rock,  named 
Ball’s  Pyramid.  The  island  abounds  with 
turtle,  and  a great  variety  of  birds,  which 
were  so  little  habiiucited  to  the  company  of 
man,  that  the  sailors  knocked  them  down 
with  a stick.  Lon.  159  0 e,  lat.  31  36  n. 

LoredOy  a town  in  the  Polisiuo  di  Rovigo, 
on  the  Adige,  Italy,  20  miles  e of  Rovigo. 

Lorenzo,  St,  a town,  district,  and  forest  in 
Istria,  Italy.  The  town  is  nine  miles  nxe 
of  Rovigno. 

LoreOy  a large  town  in  the  Dogado,  Italy, 
containing  2300  souls. 

Loreto,  a town  in  the  late  republican  de- 
partment of  Racina,  Italy.  They  pretend 
to  shew  here  the  house  of  Nazareih,in  which 
Jesus  was  brought  up,  and  say  that  it  was 
carried  by  angels  into  Dalmatia,  and  thence 
to  the  place  where  it  now  stands.  A statue, 
to  represent  Mary  the  mdther  of  Jesus,  with 
the  infant  in  her  arms,  stands  upon  the 
principal  altar.  Prodigious  numbers  go  on 
pilgrimage  to  Loreto,  particular!}'  at  Editee 
and  Whitsuntide ; and  make  presents  to  the 
shrine  proportionable  to  their  ability ; w'heiice 
this  chapel  is  immensely  rich.  As  for  the 
town  itself,  exclusive  of  the  chapel,  it  i nei- 
tlier  very  considerable  nor  very  agreeable  ; 
nor  does  it  contain  above  300  inhabitants, 
who  are  almost  all  shoemakers,  tailors,  or 
sellers  of  chaplets.  Loreto  was  taken  by 
the  French  in  1796,  when  they  stripped  k 
of  every  thing  of  value.  It  is  situated  ou  a 
mountain,  three  miles  from  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
nice, 12  sE  of  Ancona,  and  1 12  ne  of  Rome, 
bmi.  13  3 E,  lat.  43  27  n. 

Loreto,  the  chief  town  of  CalifornU, 


L O T 


LOU 


stands  at  the  foot  of  a mountain,  near  the 
gr  f f Oaliioniia,  has  a fort  and  iutrbonr, 
90  miles  sw  oi  Guitivis  in  New  Spain. 
Lon.  Ill  44  w,  lat.  26  12  n. 

Lorgues,  a populous  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Var,  France,  on  the  Argens, 
five  miles  w by  s of  Draguignan,  and  id  \v 
of  Frejus. 

LORN,  a district  in  the  N of  Argyll- 
shire, about  30  miles  long,  and  nine  broad, 
situated  between  Loch  ■ Eiive  and  Loch 
Awe. 

Lorrachy  a town  in  Brisgan,  Suabia.  It 
is  SIX  miles  ne  of  Basel,  and  30  s of  Fri- 
burg 

LORRAIN,  a late  province  of  France, 
about  90  miles  long,  and  69  broad,  abound- 
ing in  all  sons  of  corn,  wine,  hemp,  flax, 
rape-seed,  game,  fish,  &c.  Here  are  fine 
meadow’s,  and  large  fore.sts,  v/ith  mines  of 
iron,  silver,  copper,  and  salt  pits.  The 
principal  rivers  are  the  Mase,  or  Meuse, 
the  Mr.selle,  the  Seiile,  the  Meurthe,  and 
the  Sarre.  It  now’  forms  the  tour  depart- 
raeuiS  of  Meuse,  Moselle,  Vosges,  and 
Meurte. 

L'>rris,  a to’wn  in  the  department  of 
Loiret,  France,  12  miles  sw  of  Montargi-s, 
and  30  e of  Orleans. 

Lcrion,  a village  in  Cumberland,  divided 
into  rligh  and  Low,  four  miles  se  of  Coc- 
kermouth, 

Lossiemouth,  a village  in  Elginshire,  at 
the  month  of  the  Losme,  about  six  miles 
from  Elgin,  to  which  it  is  the  sea  port.  It 
contains  about  200  inhabitants. 

Lossin,  great  and  little,  tw'o  towms  of 
Italy,  in  the  isle  of  Clierso,  the  former  con- 
taing  1800,  and  the  latter  1,900  inhabi- 
tants. 

Lot,  a river  which  has  its  source  in  the 
department  of  Lozere,  France,  waters 
Mende,  Cahors,  (where  it  begins  to  be 
navigable)  and  Agen,  and  falls  into  the 
Garonne. 

LOT,  a department  of  France,  includ- 
ing the  late  province  of  Querci.  It  is  70 
miles  long,  and  35  broad.  Cahors  is  the 
capital. 

LOT  AND  GARONNE,  a department 
of  France,  which  has  its  name  from  twm 
rivers,  and  comprehends  part  of  the  late 
province  of  Guiene.  It  is  45  miles  long 
from  E to  w,  and  36  from  n to  .s.  Agen  is 
the  capital. 

Loth,  a parish  in  Snlherlandshire,  ex- 
tending along  the  coast  southw’ard  from 
the  Ord  of  Caithness  about  14  miles,  with 
a breadth  of  nearly  onb  mile.  It  is  wintered 
by  the  Loth  and  Helmsdale,  and  the  soil 
is  in  general  fertile,  but  not  very  well  cul 
tivated.  There  are  several  good  harbours 
on  the  coast.  Population  near  1,400.  The 
last  person  who  suflered  for  W’itclicraft  in 
Scotland,  was  a native  of  the  parish,  burnt 
at  Dor  ock,  between  1720,  and  1730. 

Lothian  East,  ^lid,  and  West.  See  Had- 
dington, Edinburgh,  and  Linlithgow, 


Lotzin,  a town  and  castle  of  Prussia/On 
a canal,  wiiioh  unites  the  Angerbur  • , and 
Leventen  lakes,  78  miles  se  of  Konigs- 
berg. 

Loudeac,  a town  in  the  d'*partment  of 
the  North  a‘oa.sts,  with  a maijufacture  of 
thr  'ad,  and  an  iron  forge  ; 20  miles  s of 
St  Br  ieuc. 

LOUDON,  a county  of  Virginia.  It 
is  about  50  miles  long,  and  20  broad,  and 
contains  18,962  inhabitants.  Chief  town 
Leesburg. 

Lcudon,  ■ parish  in  Ayrshire,  and  Cun- 
ningham district,  E of  Kilmarnock,  nine 
mil.^s  long,  and  from  three  to  seven  broad, 
containing  about  10,000  acres,  of  wnich 
7,500  are  arable.  Coal  and  limestones 
abound.  This  parish  contains  two  villages, 
called  New  Milns,  conraining  above  i 000 
inhabitants,  and  Derval  about  400.  Both 
are  engaged  in  the  muslin  manufaciure. 
Loudon  hill,  in  the  ne  end  of  this  pansh 
rises  abruptly  to  a considerable  height^  :.,nd 
is  seen  afar  orf.  On  its  top,  toime’‘ly 
signals  were  made  by  flame,  and  the  name 
denote.s  the  hill  of  aflame.  In  Loudon  house, 

I the  seat  ol  the  coantess  of  Loudon  and 
j Moira,  is  a lihravy  mom  90  feet  long,  which 
! Contains  10,000  volumes.  In  the  vicinity 
1 is  tne  rui  ( of  an  ancient  castle,  burnt  by 
'the  Kenedys  of  Ca  rick  about  300  years 
; ago.  The  earl  of  Moira  has  lately  erected 
i a large  n).ignilleent  mansion  bouse,  opposite 
I GalstOii.  Population  about  2,590. 

! Lovdun,  a town  in  the  deparlment  of 
i Vienne,  France,  stands  on  an  eminence, 
j 39  miles  nw’  of  Poitiers,  and  155  sw^  of 
I Paris, 

! Lough  Allan,  a lake  in  Leitrim,  Con- 
i naught,  more  than  30  miles  in  circuit. 
The  adjacent  district  abounds  w’ith  coal  and 
iron  mines. 

Loughall,  a handsome  village  in  the 
county  of  Armagh,  four  miles  n of  the  city 
i of  that  name. 

Loughs  Balhjdowgan,BaUguilheg,  Bally- 
kinler,  Bullynahinch,  Ballgroney,  and  Beg, 
all  in  Down,  Ulster,  and  generally  abound- 
ing with  eels,  trout,  pike,  and  roach. 

Loughborough,  a bandsome  towui  in  Lei- 
cestershire, pleasantly  situated  on  the  Soar, 
near  the  forest  of  Char  wood.  A great  part 
of  it  is  newly  rebuilt,  and  it  has  a market 
on  Thursday,  and  five  annual  fairs.  The 
church  large,  with  a stately  tow’er.  Here 
are  four  meeting-houses.  The  manufac- 
tures are  w’oolcombiug,  and  hosiery.  In 
1811,  the  number  of  inhabitanis  wms  5244. 
i . gave  the  title  of  baron  to  the  iate  Ai  txan- 
der  Wedderburn,  lo’-d  chancellor  of  Eng- 
hiind.  By  a canal  from  the  Trent,  it  has  a 
trade  in  coal,  cfec.  It  is  18  miles  n of  Lei- 
cester, and  109  nnw  of  London. 

Lcnghhrickland,  a towm  in  Down  Ulster, 
with  an  exiensive  linen  manufacture.  It 
consi.sts  chiefly  of  one  broad  .•‘treet,  and  is 
:i  great  thoroughfare,  11  miles  n of  Newry, 
a nd  58  K of  Dublin, 


LOU 


LOU 


Lovgli  Corrib,  a lake  in  Galway,  Con- 
naug;bt,  is  upwards  of  20  miles  lojg,  and, 
in  some  parts  six  broad. 

Lough  Foyle,  in  Derry,  Ulster.  Before 
the  mouth  of  the  lake,  or  gulf,  is  a great 
sand,  culled  (he  Touns.  In  that  arm 
whereon  Londonderry  stands,  it  is  10  or 
12  fathoms  deep,  and  is  esteemed  as  good  | 
and  commodious  a harbour  as  any  in  the  jj 
kingdom.  {j 

Lough  Neagh,  situated  in  the  counties  j 
of  Armagh,  Down,  Derry,  and  Antrim,  in  || 
Ulster.  It  is  20  miles  long,  and  4a  broad,  | 
by  far  the  largest  Icike  in  the  island ; the 
shores  are  ficit ; it  contains  only  two  small 
islands ; and  it  is  altogether  deficient  of 
picturesque  scenery.  The  water  or  the  soil 
possesses  a strong  petrifying  quality.  It 
receives  considerable  rivers,  and  its  only 
outlet  is  by  the  N Bann,  which  issues  from 
its  N extremity. 

Lovghrea,  a town  of  Galway,  in  Con- 
naught, Ireland,  on  a beautiful  lake  of  its 
name,  20  miles  sse  of  Galway,  and  86  w of 
Dublin,  Here  are  the  ruins  of  an  abbey,  a 
charity  school,  and  barracks  for  a troop  of 
horse. 

Loughrigg,  a village  in  the  county  of 
Westmoreland. 

Lough  Shellhi,  in  West  Meath,  Leinster, 
within  a mile  of  Daly’s  bridge.  It  contains 
some  small  islands,  and  communicates  with 
Lough  Inny.  Between  the  loughs  is  a 
bridge,  which  joins  the  counties  of  West 
Meai  h and  Cavan. 

Lough  Strangford,  in  Down,  Ulster, 
takes  its  present  name  from  a small  post 
town,  called  Sirangford,  situated  on  the  w 
side  of  the  narrow^  entrance  from  the  sea. 
It  is  a deep  bay,  or  inlet  of  the  sea,  about 
17  miles  long,  and  four  or  five  broad,  and 
abounds  with  excellent  fish.  It  contains  5'4 
islands,  small  and  good. 

Louhaus,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Soane  and  Loire,  seated  on  an  island  formed 
by  the  rivers  Salle,  Seilles,  and  Solnan,  18 
miles  s,E  of  Chalons. 

Loviguarto,  a town  in  Otranto,  Naples,  12 
miles  ssw  of  Brindisi. 

Lguisui,  a town  on  a bay  of  the  gulf  of 
Finland,  Sweden,  with  a fortress,  30  miles 
E by  N of  Helsingfors. 

LOUISA,  a county  of  Virginia.  It  is 
about  3«5  miles  long,  and  20  broad,  and  con- 
tains 8,476  inhabitants, 

Louisburg,  ti.e  capital  of  the  island  of 
Cape  Breton,  N America.  It  has  an  excel- 
lent harbour  and  citadel,  12  miles  in  circuit. 
It  stands  on  a long  strip  of  laud,  on  the  se 
part  of  the  island.  Was  tak’en  by  the  Eng- 
lish in  1745,  restored  to  the  French  in  174N  , 
taken  again  by  the  English  .in  i7..»s,  and 
ceded  to  tl  em  in  1763.  I on.  59  51  w, 
lat.  45  57  N. 

Louisburg,  capital  of  Franklin  county 
N Caro  ina.  on  the  Tar.  It  is  30  miles  n 
by  h of  Kalegh.  Lou.  78  40  e,  lat.  36 
3 N. 


Louisburg,  eL  fishing  vill«^ge,  near  the  town 
of  V/ick,  in  Caithuess-shire. 

Louis  Fort,  or  Fort  Vauban,  a town  and 
fortress  in  the  department  of  Lower  Rhine; 
France;,  seated  on  an  inland  formed  by  the 
Rliive,  built  by'  Louis  XIV.  The  Aus- 
trians took  it  in  1?93,  but  were  compelled 
to  relinquish  it  soon  after;  12  miles  e of 
Hagueuau,  and  18  nxe  oi  Strasburg. 

Louis  de  Marannan,  St,  or  St  Philip,  a 
town  oh  the  x coast  of  Brazil,  Aviih  a strong 
castle,  capital  of  the  province  of  Marannan, 
stands  near  the  Atlantic  on  the  e side  of  the 
Mearim,  and  is  a bishop’s  see.  Lou.  -45 
15  w,  lat.  15  53  n. 

LOUISIANA,  a large  country  of  Ame- 
rica, estimated  to  extend  1,200  miles  in 
length,  and  640  in  breadth.  It  is  agreeably 
situated  between  the  extremes  of  heat  and 
cold,  its  climate  varying  as  it  extends  to- 
ward the  N.  The  timber  is  accounteti  as 
fine  as  any  in  the  world  ; and  the  quantities 
of  live  oak,  ash,  mulberry,  walnut,  cherry, 
cypress,  and  cedar,  are  astonishing.  The 
soil  is  particularly  adapted  for  hemp,  flax, 
and  tobacco,  and  indigo  is  a staple  commo- 
dity, which  commonly  yields  the  planter 
three  or  four  cuttings  a-year.  Whatever  is 
rich  and  rare  in  the  most  desirable  counties 
of  Europe  seems  to  be  the  spontaneous  pro- 
duction of  (bis  delightful  country.  It  is  in- 
tersected by  a number  of  fine  rivers,  among 
which  are  the  Natchitoches,  Missouri;  and 
the  Adayes,  or  Mexicana.  In  1541,  this 
territory  was  discovered  by  Ferdinand  de 
Soto,  visited  by  M.  de  la  Salle  in  1682,  set- 
tled by  Louis  XIV.  in  the  beginning  of  the 
18th  century,  ceded  lo  Spain  in  1763,  restor- 
ed to  France  in  1801,  and  transferred  to  the 
j United  States  in  1803.  The  principal  ar- 
i tides  of  commerce  are  indigo,  rice,  beans, 
wax,  and  lumber.  In  1810  the  the  number 
! of  inhabitants  was  20,845.  The  chief  towns 
are  New  Madrid  and  St  Louis. 

Louis,  St,  the  capital  of  Louisiana,  seated 
on  the  Mississippi,  10  miles  below  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Missouri,  and  300  wxw  of 
I Frankfort  in  Kentucky.  It  is  surrounded 
with  rich  gardens,  and  has  a good  trade. 
Lon.  89  28  w,  lat.  38  18  n. 

Louis  St,  a jurisdiction  and  towm  on  the 
s side  of  the  island  of  St  Domingo.  The 
jurisdiction  contains  three  parishes.  The 
town  and  fortress  of  St  Louis  stands  on  the 
s side  of  the  s peninsula,  the  latter  was  de- 
molished by  admiral  Knowles  in  1747,  but 
since  rebuilt.  Its  exports  are  coflee,  cotton, 
and  indigo  ; 48  miles  wsw  of  Leogane. 
Lon.  73  31  w,  lat  18  15  n. 

Louis,  St.  an  is  and  at  the  mouth,  of  the 
Senegal,  Africa,  with  a fort  built  by  the 
French.  It  is  level,  sandy,  and  barren.  In 
1758,  it  was  taken  by  the  British,  and  ceded 
to  them  in  1763.  It  was  taken  by  the 
French  during  the  American  war,  and  re- 
tained by  them  till  1809,  when  again  it  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  English.  Lon,  16 
31  w,  lat,  15  53  x. 


L O U 

Zi^rnsvith,  ti  town  in  the  state  of  Ken- 
^.lcky,  and  county  of  Jefferson,  situated  on 
the  Ohio,  just  above  its  rapids,  near  which 
is  a fo^,  ships  ascend  and-descend  without 
danger,  by  a canal,  three  miles  in  length, 
which  has  been  cut  for  the  purpose^  It  is 
,*^0  miles  w of  Frankfort,  and  9^  sw  of  Lex- 
ington. Lon.  S5  62  w.  lat.  38  14  x. 

LmiisviUe,  capital  of  Burke  county,  state 
of  Georgia,  seated  on  the  n side  of  the 
O^^eeehee,  has  a college  liberally  endowed, 
62  miles  wsw  of  Augusta.  Lon.  82  17  w, 
lat.  32  42  y. 

Lovle,  a town  in  Algarva,  Portugal,  on 
the  Louie,  surrounded  with  antique  walls, 
19  miles  n of  Faro,  and  22  wsw  of  Tra- 
vira. 

Loung,  loch,  a great  arm  of  the  sea  w’ hich 
runs  Northward  from  the  Frith  of  Cl>de, 
bf^tween  the  counties  of  Argyll  and  Dumbar- 
ton for  about  24  miles. 

Lny-ngan,  a city  in  the  province  of  Chan- 
si,  China,  stands  neeir  the  source  of  the  Tsot- 
sang,  270  miles  ssw  of  Peking  Lon.  12  34 
E,  iat.  36  42  N. 

Loiirde,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Upper  Pyrenees,  France,  with  a castle  on  a 
rock,  10  miles  nw  of  Bagneres. 

Lour  teal,  a.  town  in  Beira,  Portugal,  12 
miles  s of  Montemoro-Ueiho,  and  28  s by  w 
of  Coimbra. 

^ Louth,  a county  of  Ireland,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Leinster,  29  miles  long,  and  14 
broad,  bounded  on  the  w by  Monaghan  and 
Aleath,  on  the  x by  Armagh  and  Carling- 
ford  bay,  on  the  E by  St  George’s  Chaimei, 
ftnd  on  the  se  by  Meath,  from  which  it  is 
parted  by  the  river  Boyne.  It  is  the  small- 
est county  in  the  kingdom,  but  very  fertile 
and  pleasant,  and  contains  50  parishes,  and 
57,750  inhabitants.  It  sends  two  members 
to  the  imperial  parliament,  besides  one  for 
Dundalk,  and  one  for  Drogheda.  Its  chief 
towns  are  Dundalk,  Carlingford,  and  Drog-> 
beda  the  capital. 

Louth,  a town  in  the  above  county,  18 
miles  xxw  of  Drogheda.  Previous  to  the 
-jnion  it  sent  two  members  to  the  Irish  | 
yn’li«ament. 

Lou'h,  a corporate  town  of  LinoolnshihJ. 
li  is  large  and  well  bvhlt.  Markers  on 
Wednesday  and  Saturday,  and  has  a manu-  I 
fartnre  of  blankets  and  carpets.  It  has  a 
large  Gothic  church  with  a lofty  spire,  and 
a fr^'e-.sebool  founded  by  PMward  VI.  By 
Lnd  and  a canal  it  has  a corrununi cation 
With  the  German  ocean  at  Tetney  Creek, 
n.ar  the  mouth  of  the  Humber.  It  is  28 
miles  tvE  of  Lincoln,  and  144  x of  London. 
Loutzk.  See  Lucko. 

Louvain,  a city  in  Brabant,  Netherlands, 
with  an  ancient  castle  and  lamous  university. 
The  w’aiis  are  nearly  seven  miles  in  circum- 
ference, including  many  gardens  and  vine- 
yards. The  public  buildings  are  magnifi- 
cent ; the  university  consists  of  a great 
number  of  colleges.  It  is  situated  on  the 
Dyle;  formerly  large  quantities  of  Qlcth 
No.  ' 


L O X 

were  made  here.  Good  beer  is  now  its  sta- 
ple article.  The  French  took  it  in  1746% 
1792,  and  1794;  14  miles  E by  n of  Brus- 
sels, and  40  NS  of  Mons«  Lon  . 4 41  e,  lat- 
50  53  ic. 

Louvesiein,  or  Zowenstein,  a fortress  of 
Holland  in  the  isle  of  Bommel-Wv  ert- 
and  late  republican  department  of  the 
Dommel  and  Scheldt.  Here,  in  1618, 
Hugo  Grot  i Us  was  confined,  by  a contri- 
vance of  his  wife,  after  three  years  im- 
pri.sonment  WaS  conveyed  away  in  a re- 
turned box  used  for  carrying  books.  It 
I is  three  miles  e of  Gorcum,  and  16  of 
! Dort. 

Louvters,  a handsome  towm  in  the  depart- 
me:  t of  Eure,  France,  seated  on  the  Eure, 
which  has  a considerable  manufactory  oi  fine 
cloths.  It  is  10  miles  n of  Evreux,  and  55 
Nw  of  Paris. 

Louvo,  a considerable  town  in  the  king- 
ddm  of  Siam,  50  miles  n of  the  city  of 
Siam,  has  a royal  palace.  Lon.  100  50  e, 
lat.  15  8 N. 

Louvres,  a tovim  in  the  department  of 
Seine  and  Oise,  France,  21  miles  N of 
Paris. 

Lowdore  a celebrated  cataract  of  Cum- 
) berland. 

I Lowenburg,  a tovvn  iii  the  principality  of 
j Jauer,  Sile  ia,  on  the  Bober,  21  miles  wsw 
of  Lignirz. 

LowenHein,  capital  of  a county  of  th© 
same  name  in  the  territory  of  Winemberg,, 
Franconia,  nine  miles  ene  of  Heilbran,  and 

21  NS  of  Stutgard. 

Loivesto^,  a town  in  Suffolk,  seated  on  a 
cliff,  the  most  easterly  point  in  Britain,  with 
a market  on  Wednesdciy,  is  much  frequented 
by  sea-beathers, and  uas  a considerable  r-ad© 
in  the  mackerel  and  herring  fisheries;  Id 
miles  s of  Yarmouth,  and  117  ne  of  Lon- 
don. Lon.  1 44  E,  iat.  52  29  N. 

Lowes  ^ater,  a lake  of  Cumberland^ 
about  a mile  in  length,  and  a quarter  of  % 
mile  in  breadth ; contrary  to  all  the  other 
lakes,  it  iias  its  course  from  n to  s,  and  under 
the  lotty  Melibreak,  falls  into  the  n end  of 
Cromachwater,  six  miles  s o:  Cockernioutb* 

Loicitz,  a handsome  and  populous  town  in 
the  palatinate  of  Rava,  Poland,  with  a for- 
tress, on  the  Bzura,  21  miles  s of  PockskOj, 
and  30  x of  R:  va. 

Lowositz,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Le  tme- 
ritz,  Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Egra.  During 
an  obstinate  battle  between  the  Prussians 
and  Saxons,  in  1756,  the  greau  r part  of  it 
W'as  burnt,  five  miles  wsw  of  Leiinieritz, 

Lawthers,  or  Lauders,  a hill  of  Scotlandj, 
w'liich  is  elevated  3,130  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea.  It  is  one  of  that  ridge  which 
run.s  between  Lanarkshire  and  Annandhle. 

Loxa,  or  Loja,  a considerable  town  in 
Granada,  Spain,  stands  on  the  side  of  a 
mountain,  by  the  Xenil,  has  a Moorish  cas- 
tle, a copper  forge,  and  a royal  salt-work, 

22  miles  w of  Granada. 

Loxa,  or  Loia,  a town  iu  the  province  of 

K 


L U B 

^uUc.,  Peru,  capital  of  a junsdiotioD  of  tbe 
same  name,  famous  for  producing  line  je- 
suits  bark  and  cochineal.  Carpets  are  rna- 
nufactured  here  of  a very  fine  fabric.  It 
stands  at  the  head  of  a nw  branch  of  the 
Amazon,  1-30  miles  ene  of  Paita,  and  ISO 
ssE  OJ  Guayaquil.  Lon.  78  46  w,  lat.  4 
15  s. 

hoaley^  a village  in  Staffordshire. 

. L'njne.ox  Lvnc]  a river  of  England,  which 
has  its  source  in  Westmoreland,  runs  s by 
Kirby  Loii'dale  to  Lancaster,  and  soon  after 
Jabs  into  the  Irish  sea. 

LOZERE,  a department  of  France,  55 
iDtles  long,  and  33  t;rood;  composed  of  the 
late  province  of  Gevaudan.  It  is  moim- 
tamous  and  barren.  Meude  is  the  capital. 

Lu  a town  in  Montferrat,  Italy,  situated 
eight  miles  w of  Alexandria,  and  eight  s of 
Cascil. 

7>arcaj  a town  in  Asturias,  Spain,,  near 
th'  eoas'  80  n les  nw  of  Oviedo. 

a town  of  Livonia,  Russia,  stands 
lit.:  rhe  t.  ' N eno  o:  a lake  of  its  name,  TO 
jruss  E by  s of  Riga,  Lon.  26  3b  s,  lat, 

5b  55  K.  ex 

L.  hariy  a town  in  the  palatinate  of  Novo-  i 
^;rode  k,  Lithuania,  about  20  miles  se  of 
Sluck. 

Lubhen  a town  in  Lower  Lusatia,  Ger- 
iimny,  capital  of  a small  circle  of  the  same 
name,  and  has  several  churches,  a castle, 
a large  hospital,  and  a noble  structure  where 
the  diets  assemble.  It  is  situated  on  the 
jriver  Spree,  and  surrounded  with  marshes. 
It  is  60  miles  sse  of  Bern-  Lon.  13  55  e, 
Jat.  52  C N. 

Lubec,  a sea  port  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
in'tiie  duchy  of  Holstein.  It  is  a free  im- 
perial city,  the  see  of  a bishop.  It  was  the 
head  of  the  famous  Hanseatic  league  form- 
ed in  (464,  and  the  most  powerful  and  com- 
mercial city  of  the  north,  but  now  great 
part  of  its'  trade  is  lost.  The  walls  ol 
many  of  the  houses  bear  the  date  of  the  I5th 
cenuiry,  the  doors  are  so  large  as  to  aenrit 
carriages  into  the  hail.  The  towm-house  is 
a superb  stru  lure,  and  has  several  towers. 
Here  is  also  an  elegant  council-house  and 
exchange.  Besides  the  cathedral,  in  which 
is  a curious  clock,  a prodigious  large  organ, 
and  a strtue  of  the  v:rgin  Mary,  uiere  are 
four  large  churches.  Formerly  it  had  four 
convents  ] tli?it  ol  St  John  has  still  some 
Protestant  girls  under  the  government  of  the 
abbess;  iliai  of  St  Mary  is  converted  into 
the  great  hospital ; tii  't  oi  St  Ann  into  a 
house  of  correction,  and  that  of  St  Catba- 
Tine  into  a handsome  college.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  all  Lutherans,  ‘ in  the  great  hos- 
pital there  is  always  a considerable  number 
ot  poor  nu.'ii  and  women.  Besides  this, 
there  aio  14  otlier  hospitals.  Luhec  is  situ- 
ated at  the  eonlluence  of  several  rivers,  the 
largest  ol  which  is  the  Trave,  14  miles  sw 
of  tht?  Baltic,  and  35  ne  of  Hamburg. 
ton.  10  40  K,  lat.  53  52  N. 

JLifbeCj  an  isiuud  iu  the  Indian  ocean. 
Lon.  112  22  E,lat,  5 50  s. 


LUC 

LnheckcCi  a town  of  Westphalia,  with  a 
trade  in  yarn  and  linen,  14  miles  w of 
Min  den. 

Luhen,  a town  of  Silesia,  capital  of  a 
circle  of  the  same  name,  in  the  principality 
of  Lignitz,  on  the  Katzbacb,  44  miles  n of 
Lignitz. 

Luhen^  a town  of  Lusatia,  on  the  Spree, 
'with  a castle,  nw  of  Colbus. 

Lubitz,  a (own  in  the  duchy  of  Mecklen- 
burg, Lower  Saxony,  on  the  Elda,  23  miles 
s of  Gustrow. 

huhlenitz,  a towm  in  the  principality  of 
Oppelen,  Silesia,  32  miles  e of  Oppelen. 

Liihlin,  a considerable  town  ot  Poland, 
capital  of  a.  palatinate  of  the  same  name, 
seated  on  the  Weiprz.  Three  annual  fairs 
are  held,  each  lasting  a month,  much  fre- 
quented by  traders  and  merchants  from  all 
quarters.  It  lies  95  mile>  se  of  Warsaw, 
Lon.  22  4 e,  lat.  51  14  n. 

LubbjOf  a town  in  Cracow,  Poland,  50 
miles  SE  oi  Cracow. 

Li(Cy  a town  iu  the  department  of  the 
Var,  France,  25  miles  ne  of  Toulon. 

Lve,  a town  in  the  department  of  Drome, 
France,  on  the  Drome,  34  miles  se  of 
Valence. 

Ln-canas  a town  in  the  bishopric  Of  Gua- 
manga,  Peru,  seated  near  cue  of  the  head 
branches  of  the  Apurrmae.  It  has  rich 
silver  mines,  and  abounds  with  cattle,  80 
miles  s of  Guamanga.  Lon.  74  3 w,  lat. 
14  30  s. 

Lucar^  de  Baro.meda,  St,  a town  in  An- 
dalusia, Spain.  It  has  a fine  harbour  at  the  ' 
mouth  of  the  Guadalquiver,  44  miles  s of 
Seville,  ofwhich  it  is  the  port.  Lon.  5 44  w 

lat.  36  58  N.  ■ p t 

Lveer,  Cape  St,  ihe  SB  extremity  of  the 
peninsula  of  California.  Lon.  109  5i  w, 

lat.  22  53  N.  . . . , 

Lucar,  De  Gnadiana,  a town  of  Andaiii- 
sia,  Spain,  on  the  Guadiana,  with  a small 
harbour,  39  miles  ne  of  Faro,  and  76  wnw 
of  Seville.  Lon.  7 18  w,  lat,  3i  28  n. 

Lucar  la  Mayor,  St,  a town  of  Andalusia, 
Spain,  situated  on  the  Guadiana,  14  miles 
w of  Seville. 

LUCAYA  ISLANDS.  See  Bahama, 

I.UCCA,  THE  Republic  of,  a small  ter- 
ritory of  Italy,  lying  on  the  Tuscan  sea, 
about  40  miles  in  length,  and  16  in  breadth. 
The  soil,  in  general  mountainous,  does  not 
produce  much  corn  ; but  there  is  plenty  of 
wme,  oil,  silk,  wool,  and  chesnuts.  The  in- 
habitants, who  are  the  most  industrious  of 
any  in  Italy,  having  left  no  spot  uncultivated 
eat  chesnuts  instead  ot  bread.  It  was  uudei 
the  protection  of  the  emperor  of  Germany, 
and  the  govenimeni  aristrocatic  ; but  in  the 
revolutions  of  Italy,  this  state  became  a 
consulate,  under  the  protection  of  the  Frenciu 
Lucca,  a city  of  Italy,  capital  of  a small 
republic  of  the  same  name,  and  an  arch- 
bishop's see.  It  is  about  three  miles  in  cir- 
cumiVrence,  and  surrounded  by  a wall,  and 
v'ontains  about  40,000  inhabitants.  The 
state  palace,  including  the  arsenal,  is  a 


LUC 


LUC 


large  Structure.  They  bove  a oonsbleralrle  ij 
manufacture  of  silk,  and  of  gold  and  silver 
stuffs.  In  1T9G  it  was  taken  by  the  French, 
relinquished  in  1T99,  and  retaken  in  3800. 

It  is  situated  near  the  river  Serchio,  3T  miles 
\v  of  Florence.  Lon.  10  35  e,  iat.  48  50  n.  ! 

Luce^  a river  of  Scotland,  which  rises  | 
near  the  western  boundary  of  Wigtoushire,  { 
flows  ESE,  separates  the  Rhinns,  on  the  n.  ;| 
from  the  rest  of  the  county,  and  falls  into  | 
an  extensive  bay,  called  the  bay  of  Luce.  j 

Luce,  NeWy  or  Neio  Glenluae,  a parish  j 
long  since  disjoined  from  Old  (Tleiiluce,  wa-  j 
tered  on  the  s by  the  river  Luce,  and  inter-  { 
sec  ted  by  the  cross  water  wfaieii  falls  into  , 
the  former  at  the  village  of  Nev/  Luca,  with 
bridges  over  each.  This  parish  is  about  10 
miles  long  and  six  broad ; having  Old  Glen- 
luce  on  the  E.  A great  part  of  the  soil  is 
not  adapted  to  tillage,  but  is  employed  in 
pasturage.  This  parish  is  noted  as  having 
been  for  some  time  under  the  pastoral  care 
of  Ike  celebrated  Alexander  Peden,  whose 
pulpit  remained  entire  about  40  years  ago  ; 
the  back  of  which  is  still  preserved  as  part 
of  the  present  one.  When  Mr.  Peden  was 
ejected  from  his  charge,  on  leaving  his  pul- 
pit for  the  last  time,  with  great  solemnity, 
in  the  najne  of  his  Lord  and  master,  the  great 
Head  of  the  church,  he  debared  the  curates, 
as  they  were  styled,  from  ever  entering  it ; 
and  it  is  matter  of  certainty,  that,  although 
three  were  appointed  in  succession,  to  this 
charge,  not  one  of  them  was  inducted,  or 
ever  set  foot  within  the  church.  The  village 
is  10  miles  ene  of  Stanraer,  and  three  w of 
Old  Luce.  Population  near  400. 

Luce,  Old,  See  Glenluce, 

Lucena,  eu^^wn  in  the  province  of  Cordo- 
va, Spain,  36  miles  sse  of  Cordova,  and  43 
WNW  of  Granada. 

Lucertty  an  ancient  ciiyy  capital  of  the 
province  of  Capitanata,  Naples  ; is  a bishop’s 
see,  and  has  a manufacture  of  cloth.  It  is 
75  miles  ne  of  Naoies.  Lon  15  34  e,  lat.  [ 
41  18  N. 

LUCSRN,  one  of  the  13  cantons  of  Swit- 
zerland. The  inhabitants  are  Roman  Ca- 
tholics. and  were  computed  at  109,000.  It 
is  30  miles  in  iengib,  and  3J  m breadth  ; the 
air  is  mild,  and  tne  soil  fertile.  The  govern- 
ment of  this  republic  previous  to  the  revolu- 
tion of  1708,  was  entirely  ari^tocratical,  or 
rather  oligarchical,  v 

Lucerriy  the  capital  of  the  above  canton,  is 
divided  into  two  by  one  of  the  branches  of 
the  R mss.  It  scarcely  comains  3G00  iuha- 
bitants,  has  no  manuiactures  of  any  great  ; 
con  x-queace,  and  liule  commerce.  In  the 
cathedral  is  an  organ  of  an  extraordinary 
size,  the  centre  pipe  is  40  feet  long.  The 
bridges  that  skirt  the  town,  round  the  edge 
of  the  lake,  are  the  fashionable  wtdk  of  (he 
place,  fro;n  which  there  is  an  enchanting 
view  of  the  surrounding  scenery.  Lucern  is 
30-miles  sw  of  Zurich,  and  35  e of  Bern. 
Lon.  8 14  R,  lat.  47  0 e. 

Lucenij  Lake  of.  See  fYaldatadUi'  Sea. 


Lucsmay  a town  of  Fiedmont,  tn  a val- 
ley of  its  name,  15  miles  sw  of  Turin. 

LuchoWyO.  town  in  the  d ichy  of  hnns^ 
burg.  Lower  Saxony,  on  the  Jetze,  li  miles 
s by  E of  Daitneberg. 

Luchowicey  a town  in  the  paiatiuate  of 
Novogrodeck,  Lithuania,  40  miles  sse  of 
Novogrodeek. 

LUCIA,  St,  an  island  in  the  West  Indies^ 

33  miles  iu  length,  and  21  broad  , it  is  part- 
ly hilly,  and  partly  consists  of  rich  plains, 
well  watered  with  rivulets,  and  funuslied 
with  .timber,  liaving  several  good  bays,  and 
commodious  harbours.  It  coni:ans  two  high 
mountains,  by  which  it  may  be  knowm  at  a 
considerable  distance.  This  island,  by  the 
peace  of  1763,  was  allotted  to  France,  was 
taken  by  the  English  in  i779,  restored  iu 
1783,  retaken  in  1794,  relinquished  in  1795, 
and  taken  again  in  1796.  It  is  about  TO 
miles  Nw  of  Barbadoes,  and  31  s of  Mar- 
tinique, Lon.  60  i5  w,  lat.  14  0 n. 

LUCIA,  St,  o-.e  of  the  Cape  de  Verri 
islands,  to  the  w v^l  that  of  St  Nicholas,  400 
miles  w of  the  continent  of  Africa.  Lon. 

34  32  w,  lat.  15  45  n. 

Lucia,  Stya  town  in  the  province  of  Plata, 
Paraguay,  on  a river  of  its  name,  at  its 
junction  with  the  Parana ; 340  miles  a’  oy 
w of  Buenos  Ayres.  Lon.  60  54  w,  lat.  39 
30  s, 

Lucia,  Sty  a town  in  Val  di  Demona,  Si- 
cily, on  a river  of  its  na  ne,  1 8 miles  w by  > 
of  Messina. 

Luciana,  a town  in  Andalusia,  Spam, 
eight  miles  wnw  of  Ecija. 

Luciano,  a town  in  New  Castile,  Ss  aiUj 
19  miles  w"  of  Cividad  Real. 

Luciensteig , St,  a narrow  pass  froni  tb* 
county  of  the  Grisons  into  GeimiLUv , defend- 
ed by  a fort, 

LucitOy  a town  in  the  county  of 
Naples,  1 i miles  ns  of  Molise-. 

Luckau,  the  capital  of  Lower  Lusatia, 
amidst  swamps  cn  the  Geila.  Brewing,  aud 
handicrait  trades,  give  ernploymeni  to  the 
inhahitaiits,  many  of  wuom  are  Vu:  dais  ; 
38  miles  wxw  of  Cotbus.  Lon.  13  45  s, 
lat.  51  53  N. 

LueJienwaldy  a town  of  Brandenburg,  ca- 
pital of  a circle  of  the  same  name,  on  the 
Nute.  It  is  33  miles  s of  Potsdam. 

I^ueknoiVy  an  ancient  city  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  and  etipital  of  Oudc.  It  is  aa  ex- 
tensive place,  but  ill  built ; the  streets  are 
narrow,  crooked,  and  worse  chan  most  m 
India.  In  the  dry  season  the  dust  and  heat 
are  almost  intolerable;  it;  lac  rainy,  the 
mire  is  so  deep  as  to  be  scarcely  ^.as  .able. 
The  houses  of  the  merchants,  ounsttucied  of 
brick,  are  lofty  and  strong,  some  ot  hem 
magnificent.  The  houses  oi  the  coiutiioii 
people  are  mud  w’alls  covered  with  oiatch. 
Tne  palace  of  the  nabob  is  .-ioiated  on  a 
nighb  rnk  near  the  >TOonity.  Lucknow  is 
950  miles  nw  of  Calcutta,  and  1 10  nnw  of 
Allahabad.  Lon.  81  25  e,  lat.  36  5J  n. 

Lucko,  or  Loutxk,  a cousidurablo  tov,  n of 
K 3 


L U D 

Poland,  capital  of  Volhynia,  a bishop's  see, 
with  a citadel,  situated  on  the  Ster.  It  was 
mostly  destroyed  by  fire  in  1752  ; 75  miles 
ivB  of  Lemberg,  and  175  se  of  Warsaw. 
Lon.  25  30  e,  lat.  51  13  n. 

LucOy  a town  in  Abruzzo  Citeriore,  Na- 
ples, on  the  w bank  of  the  lake  Celano ; 
nine  miles  ssw  of  Celano. 

Lucoiiy  a town  in  the  department  of  Ven- 
dee, France,  seated  in  a morass,  and  lately 
a bishop's  see,  17  miles  n of  Rochelle,  and 
50  s of  Nantes. 

LUCONIA,  or  Luzon,  the  chief  of  the 
Philippine  islands,  400  miles  in  length,  and 
140  in  breadth,  beside  a peninsula  of  irregu- 
lar breadth  that  shoots  out  180  miles  at  the 
SE  angle.  Since  the  discovery  of  the  Phi- 
lippine islands  by  Magellan,  in  1521,  they 
had  been  neglected ; but  Philip  II.  intending 
to  plant  a colony  in  them,  fixed  on  Manilla, 
as  the  station  for  the  capital.  Hence  an  ex- 
tensive commercial  intercourse  under  the 
protection  of  Spain,  began  with  the  Chinese. 
The  inhabitants  are  a mixture  of  several  na- 
tions besides  the  Spaniards.  See  Manilla, 
It  is  not  so  hot  as  might  be  expected,  because 
it  is  well  watered  by  large  lakes  and  rivers, 
and  the  periodical  rains,  which  inundate  the 
plains.  There  are  several  volcanoes  in  the 
mountains,  which  occasion  earthquakes,  and 
a variety  of  hot  baths.  The  produce  is  wax, 
cotton,  wild  cinnamon,  sulphur,  cocoa  nuts, 
rice,  gold,  horses,  buffaloes,  and  a variety  of 
game.  The  blacks  haye  long  hair,  and  good 
features;  and  there  is  one  tribe  who  tattoo 
themselves.  To  this  island  tbe  Spaniards 
bring  all  sorts  of  commodities ; such  as  sil- 
ver, diamonds,  silks,  tea,  Japan  and  China 
ware,  and  gold  dust,  <fec.  They  send  hence 
two  large  ships  every  year  to  Acapulco,  in 
Mexico,  with  merchandise,  and  return  back 
with  silver.  There  is  an  inquisition  here, 
but  it  does  not  affect  the  natives  and  the 
Mahometans,  Lon.  122  0 e,  lat.  15  0 K. 

Lucrino,  See  Licola. 

Ludencheid,  a town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
ccimty  of  Mark.  It  has  manufactures  of 
iron  and  cloth,  and  is  28  miles  ne  of  Co- 
logne, and  44  e by  s of  Dusseldorf. 

Ludgershally  a small  town  in  Wiltshire, 
governed  by  a bailiff*,  chosen  anniiallj',  but 
is  a borough  by  prescription,  is  represented 
in  parliament  by  two  members  ; has  now  no 
market.  It  is  15  miles  n of  Salisbury,  and 
7 1 by  w of  London. 

Ludlow,  cl  large  well  built  town  in  Shrop- 
shire, situated  on  the  river  Tend,  near  its  con- 
flux with  the  Curve,  with  a market  on  Mon- 
day. It  is  enclosed  by  a wall,  having  seven 
gates  ; and  has  a castle,  where  formerly  all 
business  was  transacted  for  the  principality 
of  Wales.  In  this  castle,  Milton's  Masqut* 
of  Comuswas  composed,  and  first  represent- 
ed : only  some  of  its  apartments  are  enttre, 
in  one  of  which  the  sword  of  state  is  pre- 
served. I’his  town  and  castle  were  held  for 
eni]'ress  Maud  against  king  Stephen,  and  be- 
sieged  by  him.  Here  resided  Edward  V.  at 
the  death  of  his  father,  and  was  carried  hence 


L u I 

to  London.  Arthur , prince  of  Wales,  sob  of 
Henry  VII,  held  a court,  and  died  here. 
Here  is  a stately  church,  and  handsome 
lowuhouse ; and  tw^o  charity  schools,  where 
80  are  clothed  and  taught.  It  sends  two 
members  to  parliament ; and  has  a power  of 
trying  criminals  independent  of  the  county^ 
It  is  29  miles  s of  Shrewsbury. 

Ludwigshurg,  a town  in  Wirtemburg,  Sua- 
bia,  has  a hunting  seat  belonging  to  the  duke,, 
called  Favorite,  with  manufactures  of  da- 
mask linen,  cloth,  and  marble  paper ; six 
miles  N of  Stutgard. 

Lvdwinsburg,  a town  of  Swedish  Pome** 
rania,  near  the  Baltic  sea,  10  miles  enb  ot 
Gripswalde. 

Lvga,  a town  in  the  government  of  Peters- 
burg, Russia,  on  a river  of  its  name,  80  miles 
s of  Petersburg.  Lon.  29  39  e,  lat.  51  49  n. 

Lagan,  a town  in  the  government  of  Vo- 
ronetz,  Russia,  on  the  Donetz,  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Lugan,  with  iron  works,  and  a 
cannon  foundery,  belonging  to  the  Crown, 
from  whence  artillery  is  sent  by  water  ro 
the  Black  sea.  It  is  240  miles  s of  Voro- 
netz.  Lon.  39  48  e,  lat.  49  10  n. 

Lugano,  or  Lacano,  one  of  the  four  Ita- 
lian Bailiwicks  which  were  included  in  the 
late  republican  department  of  Verhano,  con- 
tains 60  square  miles,  and  30,000  souls*- 
Lugano  is  the  capital, 

Lugano,  the  capital  of  the  above  baiii- 
wic,  seated  on  the  s\v  part  of  the  lake  Lu- 
gano. It  is  the  emporium  of  tbe  greatest 
part  of  tbe  merchandise  which  passes  frotn 
Italy  over  the  Barnardin.  The  houses  are 
mostly  built  of  tuftstone,  and  above  the 
town,  on  an  eminence,  stands  the  church. 
It  contains  about  8000  inhabitants.  It  is 
17  miles  nw  of  Como.  Lou.  8 48  e,  lat. 
45  54  N. 

Lugano,  a lake  on  tbe  Italian  side  of  tbe 
Alps,  about  25  miles  in  length,  and  from  two 
lo  lour  in  breadth,  lying  between  the  lakes 
Como,  and  Maggiore,  and  is  180  feet  eleva- 
ted above  either  of  them,  enclosed  between 
tw’o  steep  mountains  covered  with  wood. 
It  communicates  with  the  lake  Maggiore 
by  the  river  Tresa. 

Lugde,  or  Vude,  atow’o  in  the  principality 
of  Paderborn,  Westphalia,  stands  on  the 
Einmer,  24  miles  nne  of  Paderborn. 

Lugo,  a town  in  the  Ferrarese,  Italy,  the 
inhabitants  of  which  rose  against  the  French 
in  July,  1796,  which  caused  its  nan)e  lo  be 
changed  to  Cotignola,  It  is  15  miles  s of 
Ferrara. 

Lugo,  an  ancient  city  in  Galicia,  Spain, 
sealed  on  the  Minho,  is  a bishop's  see.  It 
was  once  the  capital  of  Spain,  but  now 
chiefly  noted  for  its  hoi  niedicinal  >priijg‘-. 
It  lies  50  miles  ene  of  t’oniposieiio,  anci  60 
>\v  of  Oviedo  Lou.  7 32  w,  iat.  43  4 y. 

Luis  a lown  in  the  province  of  ('or- 
(iova,  Tucuman,  140  mih  s wswof  Cordova.' 

I on.  67  52  w,  lat.  32  10  s. 

Luis  St,  a lown  in  New  Navarre,  New 
Mexico,  on  the  St  Maria,  90  miles  s oi  Ca« 
sagrandCo 


L U N 

Luis  de  la  Pas  St^  a in  tbe  province 
Meehsacan,  New  Spain,  120  miles  n by  e 
of  IVleeiisaoan. 

Lf/is^  Pot  osif  Sty  a city  in  MechsacaUj 
New  Spain,  capital  of  a province  abounding 
wi  ih  mines,  and  the  means'of  subsistence ; 
an  archbishop's  ^ce,  and  the  seat  ot  an  in- 
tendency. The  city  is  of  modern  architec- 
ture-, and  sitinds  in  a plain.  Its  churches 
are  elegant,  and  its  streets  straight.  It  is 
85  miles  n by  e of  Guanaxuaio.  Lon. 
100  4 w,  iat.  22  2 N. 

Lui-tcheou,  a city  in  the  province  of 
Quang-Toiig,  China,  315  miles  sw  of  Can- 
ton* Lon.-  }09  25  e,  lat.  20  58  n. 

Lula,  a sea  port  in  West  Bothnia,  Sweden, 
with  a good  harbour  seated  on  the  Lula. 
A w extremity  of  tbe  gulf  of  Bothnia.  In  the 
vicinity  is  a mountain  of  iron  ore.  It  is  i I5 
miles  NNE  of  Uma.  Lon.  22  12  e,  lat.  05 
32  N. 

Lumhertoriy  chief  town  of  Robison's  coun- 
ty, N Carolina,  stands  on  Drowning  Creek, 
32  tinles  s of  Fayetteville,  and  04  nw  oi 
Wilmington. 

LumellOy  a small  town  in  the  Milanese, 
Italy,  seated  on  tbe  Gogna,  gives  name  to 
the  district  called  Lumeiliue,  lately  subject 
to  the  king  of  Sardinia,  It  is  novv  a small 
pUiee,  though  formerly  tbe  residence  of  the 
kings  of  Lombardy.  It  is  26  miles  sw  of 
?.fiiano  - 

-Lumphanariy  a parish  in  Aberdeenshire, 
about  10  miles  in  length,  and  six  in  breadih, 
Fopulatlon  614. : A mile  n of  tbe  church, 
which  is  about  24  milesw  from  Abenieen, 
is  a tumiihis  called  Machbeth's  Cairn  where 
it  is  said  Macduff  killed  Macbeth. 

Lunariy  a fiver  W'hich  rises  in  the  parish 
of  Forfnr,  runs  and  falls'  into  the  sea  at  a 
spacious  bay  called  the  hay  of  Lunan,  he- 
iween  Arbroath  and  Montro>e.  In  its 
course  of  a bom  15  miles  it  drives  15  mills  of 
different  descriptions. 

Lunan,  a parish  lying  on  thAbay  of  J.u- 
nan,  watered  by  the  Lunan.  It  contains 
1*111  acres,  of  which  073  are  arable,  rich, 
andlerdle.  Population  above  300.  Walter 
Mill,  priest  of  this  parish,  embracing  the 
protestant  faith,  before  it  was  legally  esta- 
bbsned,  was  burnt  at  St  Andrews,  in  1558. 
The  village  of  Lunan  stands  on  the  bay  of 
Hs  name,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Lunan,  five 
miles  ssw  of  Montrose. 

L7tnd,  the  capital  of  Schonen,  and  an 
archbisop's  see.  It  is  accounted  the  most 
ancieni  town  in  Sweden,  but  contains  scarce- 
ly more  than  800  houses,  carries  on  but  little 
trade,  and  is  principally  supported  by  its 
university,  founded  by  Charles  XI,  and  cal 
led  Academia,  Carolina,  Guthorum.  Here 
likewise  a Ilojai  Physiogiaphidal  Soeietv 
was  instituted  in  177G.  It  is  20  rn.les  se 
I tinrlscrona,  and  44  sw  of  Christianstadt 
Lon.  13  12  E,  lat.  55  42  :v. 

Lunaen,  a town  in  Holstein,  near  the 
Eyder,  22  miles  w of  Rendsburg. 

Lundie,  a parish  of  Scoibied’  in  Forfar- 
shire, which,  with  Foulis-Easter,  in  Perth- 


L U N 

shire  united  (o  it,  w of  Dundee,  extends  about 
seven  miles  and  a half  in  length,  and  one  and 
a half  in  breadth.  The  minister  officiates 
in  both  churches  alternately,  and  each  parish 
. retains  its  own  session.  I undie  is  in  Forfar 
shire,  Foulis  in  the  county  of  Perth.  Ii  < 
church  is  a venerable  structure,  built  ia 
1142,  by  a lady,  who  made  a vow  to  this 
effect,  provided  her  husband  arrived  safe 
irom  the  crusades.  In  Lundie  church  is 
the  monurnent  of  tbe  late  Sir  William  Dun-^ 
can,  Physician  to  his  Majesty,  w ho  is  bu- 
ried here.  Population  near  700. 

LUNDY,  an  island  in  tbe  mouth  of  the 
Bristol  channel,  about  12  miles  from  tlui 
Devonshire,  coast,  three  miles  long,  and  ons' 
broad.  Near  its  northern  extremity,  is  ’j., 
high  pyramidical  rock,  called  the  consMi« 
bie.  Besides  neat  cattle,  sheep,  goati, 
swine,  and  rabbits,  it  abounds  with  fowlv 
Lon.  4 38  w,  lat.  5.1  IS  n. 

Lune.  See  Loyne» 

LUNEBURG,  a duchy  in  Lower  Saxony. 
Germany,  which,  including  Zell,  is  sepa- 
rated from  Hoisteiu  and  Lawenburg,  on  the. 

N by  the  Elbe.  It  is  about  100  miles  iu 
length,  and  70  in  breadth.  It  is  watered  by 
the  rivers  A Her,  Elbe,  and  Ilmeiiau  ; and 
part  of  it  is  full  of  heaths  and  forests  ; and 
near  the  rivers  pretty  feitiie.  It  abounds 
with  wild  boars.  It  belongs  to  the  ciecto^ 
of  Hanov'^er.  Liienbiirg,  is  the  capital. 

Lunehurg,  a large  fortified  (own  of  Ger- 
many, capital  of  the  duchy  of  its  nauje. 
The  salt  springs  near  this  place  p oduc(> 
great  quantities  of  salt,  which  bring  in  a 
large  revenue  to  (he  sovereign,  and  form  the 
chief  employ  ment  of  the  inhabitants,  it  hai* 
a trade  also  in  wool,  flax,  linen,  wax,  honey* 
and  lime.  The  public  buildings  are  thros 
churches,  the  ducal  palace,  the  town  bouse, 
the  sait  magazine,  the  analernical  theatre, 
the  academy,  and  tbe  conventual  church  of 
St  Michael.  It  is  situated  on  the  limenau, 

31.  miles  SE  of  Hamburg,  and  60  xof  Eruus^ 
wick.  Lou.  10  39  e,  lat.  53  1 n. 

Lunel,  a to'W'n  in  the  department  of  He- 
raulr,  France,  near  the  llidourie,  celebrated 
for  its  muscadine  wine,  16  miles  e of  Monr- 
peiiier. 

Lmien,  a town  in  tbe  county  c f Murk, 
Westphalia,  at  the  junction  oi  the  Zezick,' 
with  the  Lippe,  20  miles  s by  w of  Alunster.. 

LUNENBURG,  a county  of  Virginia.  It 
is  about  30  miles  long,  and  20  broad,  and 
contains  8954  inhabitants. 

LUNENBURG,  a coiinly  of  iS'ovalScotia., 
on  Mahone  bay,  on  the  southern  coast  of  the 
province.  Its  chief  towns  are  New  Dublin, 
Lunenburg,  Cbe.-ler,  and  Blaudford.  From 
Alahome  ba}  , La  Have,  and  I>iv(  rpool,  seve- 
ral ships  trade  to  Eijglnnd  with  timber  ai>d 
boards. 

LunnevH/e,  a large  well  infcabite-.!  town  m 
the  department  of  Meunhe,  France,  seated 
in  a plain  between  the  Vezouze  and  Meiff- 
the.  It  has  a handsome  church,  a miliiarv 
school,  f minded  by  Stanislaus,  an  hospital, 
and  a large  library.  The  castle  where  the 


L U T 

c'ukes  of  LorraiD,  aud  • after v/ards  king:  Sta- 
nislaus held  tlieir  court,  is  now  turned  into 
barracks.  It  is  12  miles  f.sr  of  Nfmcy,  .and 
ti2  w of  StrasbuTg.  I-oa.  6 30  e,  lat.  48 

Lungro,  a fowu  in  Calabria  Citra,  Naples, 
the  greater  part  of  the  inhabitants  are 
Greeks,  35  miles  ^^IW  of  CosenzUi 

IjUpoTv,  a town  on  a river  of  its  name, 
FiFtlier  Pomerania,  15  miles  e of  Stolpe. 

Lure,  a town  in  the  department  of  Upper 
Saone,  Fiance,  seated  near  the  Augnou.  Its 
Benedictine  abbey,  in  1T46,  was  converted 
into  a chapter  of  noble  cannons.  It  is  30 
miles  NE  of  Besancon. 

Lurgan,  a town  in  Armagh,  Ulster,  Ire- 
land, pleasantly  seated  near  the  s banks  of 
Lough  Neagh.  The  linen  manufacture  is 
here  carried  on  to  a vast  extent. 
miles  NE  of  Armagh,  and  67  n of  Dublin. 
Lurqan  Green,  a village  in  Louth 
four  miles  s of  Dundalk,  12  n of  Drog- 
heda, and  34  in  the  latter  direction  from 
Dublin.  It  is  celebrated  for  abundance  ot 

cockles.  . nA 

LUSATIA,  a margraviate  of  Germany,  yu 
miles  long,  and  60  broad.  It  is  divided  into 
Upper  and  Lower ; and  is  chiefly  subject  to 
, Saxony.  Lower  Lusatia  is  the  most  fertile, 
although  there  are  in  it  moorish  and  boggy 
tracts  ? the  upper  division  is  more  mountain- 
ous. ^ The  produce  of  the  ccimfy  is  not  suf- 
ficient for  the  necessities  of  the  inhabitants. 
But  this  is  compensated  by  its  manufactures 
of  cloths,  linens,  &c.  Bautzen  and  Luckau 

the  capitals.  , , . . r 

Umgnan,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Vienne  France,  ca  the  Vonne,  15  miles  sw 

cf  Poitiers.  . , . 

Luso,  a river  of  Italy,  which  rises  m the 
(Hichv  of  Urhino,  and  afier  oross  iug  pa  t ot 
Bon<agiio,  tails  into  tbe  guif  of  Venice,  10 
Cites  to  the  w of  llimraim. 

■ Lnss,  a parisU  and  village  in  DumVarton- 

.'^bire*  Tbs  parish  extends  along  tfe  w coast 

of  T och  I^omocl,  near  eigot  miles,  wttU  a 
tj.enail'  of  from  three  to  five  miles  Four 
islands  in  Loch  bemond  belong  to  it.  Tha 
greater  port  of  the  parish  is  .n  natnr.al  pas- 
tu-'e  It  h.is  variable  slate  quarries.  The 
. iiuire  of  IUS.S,  which  is  13  miles  n by  w of 
runbanou,  is  deligbfully  seated  on  tne 
ntargiu  of  the  above  lake.  Population  near 

a ‘own  in  tiie  department  of 
5IoseUe,'Kraoce,  10  miiej  NXE  of  Metz. 

a town  111  the  ducay  ol  Hol- 
stein. near  the  Balti 10  miles  trom  Ploeu. 

Lutan  a town  in  Bediordshiie,  singed  on 
the  river  Lea.  It  ha.s  a marketon  Monday 
^ud  ;i  manufemturo  ot  straw  hats,  arc.  A 
lifle  to  the  sis  l.mon  Hoe  Park,  the  seat  of 
,1,;.  Marquis  oi  Bute.  It  is  18  nnles  s ot 
Bciford,  and  31  N by  w of  London. 

IMienberg,  a town  i«  Stina,  tiPrmany, 
on  the  Siaiitz,  4‘d  miles  E by  n of  March- 

Lvifer,  a town  of  Brunswick,  10  miles 
■NW  of  Goslcir. 


L U Z 

Lutterherg,  e town  in  the  duchy  of  Bfiias* 
wick.  Lower  Saxony,  20  miles  s of  Goslar, 
Lttiferworfh,8L  town  in  Leicestershire,  si- 
tuated on  the  river  Swift.  It  has  a market 
on  Thursday,  and  extensive  cotton  manufac- 
tures and  hosiery.  It  is  14  miles  s of  Leices- 
ter, and  88  nnw  of  London.  WickMe  the 
first  retormer  was  rector  of  this  parish,  and 
died  here  in  1385.  He  taught  with  undaunt- 
ed firmne.ss,  the  leading  doctrines  taught  by 
the  reformers,  200  years  afterwards.  Be- 
sides his  translation  of  the  scriplure.s,  this 
eminent  man  left  behind  him  near  200  vo- 
furaes  in  manuscript.  He  was  honourably 
interred,  but  in  virtue  of  a decree  of  the 
council  of  Constance,  in  1414,  his  bones 
were  dug  up  and  burnt,  and  the  ashes  throw'n 
into  the  river.  The  pulpit  in  which  he 
preached,  is  still  preserved.  The  church  is 
large,  with  a beautiful  steeple. 

Lutzen,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Thu^ 
ringia.'  In  the  vicinity,  Gustavus  Adolphus, 
king  of  Sweden,  was  slain  in  a battle,  in 
1632.  It  stands  on  the  Elster,  seven  miles 
wsw  of  Leipsic. 

Lutzestein,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Low^er  Rhine,  France,  with  a strong  castle, 
on  a mountain,  30  miles  nw  of  Strasburg. 

Luxhorough,  a superb  villa,  seated  on  the 
Roding,  Essex,  built  by  lord  Luxborough, 
and  exquisitely  improved  by  lady  Hughes, 
widow  of  the  l^te  Admiral  Sir  Edward 
Hughes,  nine  miles  ne  of  London. 

Luxemburg,  a late  duchy  of  one  of  the 
17  proviu(^es  of  the  Netherlands,  situated  in 
I the  forest  of  Ardennes.  In  some  places  it  is 
I covered  v.’itii  mountains  and  woods,  but  isin 
I general  fer'iie  in  corn  and  wine ; here  are  a 
great  nun’ her  of  iron  mines,  the.  principal 
rivers  are  the  Moselle,  the  Stour,  the  Ourte, 
and  the  Semoy.  It  belonged  to  the  house 
of  Austria,  but  is  now  annexed  to  France, 
and  forms  the  department  of  Forets. 

Luxemburg,  a considerable  town  in  the 
Netherlands,  capital  of  ibe  department  of 
Forets,  lately  tne  duchy  of  Luxemburg, 
Franee.  It  is  divided  by  the  river  Elbe  into 
j the  Upper  andLower  towns  ; the  tf  imer,  aU 
I most  quite-  surrounded  with  rocks,  but  the 
lower  situated  on  a plain.  In  1713,  the 
Dutch  oUainevi  this  as  a barrier  town  it  was 
gi-en  to  Austria  in  1715,  and  survendereu  to 
the  French  in  1795.  It  ts  22  miles  wnv  ot 
Treves,  and  100  w of  Mentz.  Lon.  6 i2  e 
lat.  49  37  N. 

Luxeuil,  a town  in  the  department  ot  tne 
Upper  Saoue,  France,  seated  ai  the  foot  of 
the'  Vosges,  with  an  abbey  founded  by  St. 
Ccluinban,  an  Irishman.  Here  are  mineral, 
vRters  and  warm  baths.  It  is  15  miles  ne 

of  Vasoul.  - 

Luzarches,  a town  in  the  department  ot 
the  Seine  and  Oise,  France,  15  miles  n of 


Paris.  , 

LUZRRNIE,  a large  county  ot  Pennsyl- 
vania. It  is  about  79  miles  in  length,. from 
N'  to  s,  and  75  in  breadth  from  e to  w,  and  is 
divided  into  12  townships.  In  this  coupty 
are  two  churches,  33  saw-mills,  24  grist- 


L Y N 

mills,  two  fulling?  mills,  and  one  oil  mill. 
Tiie  number  of  inhabitants  is  above  5000, 
In  the  townships  of  Wilksbarre,  Kingston,  ^ 
Exeter,  and  Plymouth,  are  large  beds  ol  i 
coal.  Bog  iron  is  found  in  several  places, 
and  two  forges  have  been  erected.  Chief  I 
toY/n,  Wilksbarre. 

Luzon.  See  Lnconia. 

Lnzzara^  a strong  town  of  Italy,  near  the 
oonfiuence  of  th*e  Crostoio  with  the  Po.  In 
1702,  a battle  was  fought  here  by  the  French, 
Austrians,  and  Spaniards,  when  the  victory 
was  claimed  by  each  side.  It  is  18  miles 
ssw  of  Mantua. 

Luzziy  a town  in  Calabria  Citerione,  Na- 
ples, near  the  Crate,  three  miles  s of  Bisig- 
nano. 

Lycharn^  or  Lytcham,  a town  in  Norfolk, 
24  miles  w of  Norwich,  and  92  nne  of 
London. 

Lydd,  a town  in  Kent,  with  a market  on 
Thursday.  It  is  a member  of  the  Cinque 
Port  of  Romney,  and  lies  in  Romney  Marsh, 
26  miles  s of  Canterbury,  and  72  se  of  Lou- 
don. It  is  governed  by  two  bailifis,  and  22 
jurats,  and  has  a fair  July  2-Rii. 

Lytsse.  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
North,  France,  15  miles  e of  Landrecy,  and 
22  s of  Mens. 

Ly(je,  a town  near  a lake  of  its  name, 
Norway,  ]6  miles  ^’w  of  Christiansand. 

Lyguniy  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Sieswick, 
Denmark,  14  miles  w of  Appenrade. 

Lyme-RegiSf  a burgh  in  Dorsetshire,  at 
the  bead  of  a little  inlet  on  the  Lyne,  go- 
verned by  a mayor,  with  a market  on  Fri- 
day. Its  harbour  is  formed  by  a pier  called 
the  Cobb.  It  has  a Newfoundland  and 
coasting  trade,  and  is  frequented  by  sea 
bathers.  It  sends  two  members  to  parlia- 
ment. Here  tbt  duke  of  Monmouth  landed 
fin  1685.  Here  was  born  the  benevolent 
Thomas  Coram,  the  contriver  and  patron  of 
the  foundling  hospital.  It  is  28  miles  e by 
s of  Exeter,  and  143  w by  s of  London. 
Lon.  3 4 w,  lat.  50  41  n. 

Lymford,  a gulf  in  N Jutland,  Denmark, 
extending  18  miles  inland,  and  gradually 
widens  from  its  entrance  at  the  Categat. 
The  w end  is  20  miles  long,  separated  by  a 
narrow  bank  from  the  N sea. 

Lymingtou,  a borough  town  in  Hamp- 
shire, with  a market  on  Saturday,  about  a 
mile  from  the  channel  that  runs  between  the 
midland  and  the  isle  of  Wight.  It  stands 
on  a river  of  its  name.  Here  are  two  sets 
of  baths  much  resorted  to  in  summer,  near 
it  are  the  remains  of  a Roman  camp,  and  in 
1744,  two  urns,  containing  200  pounds  of 
their  silver,  were  found.  It  is  a borough 
by  prescription,  and  is  represented  by  uvo 
members  i.u  pariiameni.  Ii  has  a harbour 
for  vessels  of  cou-siderable  burden,  and  car- 
ries on  a great  trade  in  salt,  with  all  the  s 
of  England,  ii  is  94  nuies  sw  of  London. 
Lon.  1 42  w,  lat.  50  45  f. 

Lijnchbargy  a post  town  of  the  United 
States,  in  Virginia,  situated  in  Bedford 
county,  on  the  s side  of  Janies’  mer,  nearly 


L Y O 

opposite  to  Maddison.  It  is  12  miles  from 
New  London,  4a’8  sw  of  Philadelphia,  and 

^ 120  w of  Richmond. 

\ Lyndhurstf  a village  on  the  n side  of  tho 
New  Forest,  Hampshire,  where  are  the 
king^s  house  and  siaijles.  Here  ail  the  fo- 
rest courts  are  held,  eight  miles  wsw  of 
Southampton. 

Lyne  and  Megget,  two  parishes  in  Peebles- 
shire, the  former  about  four  miles  long,  and 
three  broad : the  latter  seven  by  six  ; the  sur- 
face of  both  answers  well  for  sheep  pasture. 
These  parishes,  though  at  a considerable  dis- 
tance from  .each  other,  are  united,  ( quoad 
sacra.)  The  latter  has  no  church.  In  it  is  a. 
fine  lake  called  St  Mary^s  loch,  five  miles 
long,  and  two  old  towers  formerly  occupied 
as  hunting  seats.  Population  about  170. 

Lynn,  a maritime  towm  in  Essex  count}', 
Pdassachusets,  about  nine  miles  n by  e os 
Boston.  The  compact  part  of  the  town 
forms  a very  long  street.  The  township, 
named  Sagans,  by  the  Indians,  was  incor- 
porated in  lr337,  and  contains  about  3000 
inhabitants.  The  chief  business  is  the  ma  - 
nufacture of  W'omen^s  silk  and  cloth  shoes. 
It  is  nine  miles  ssw  of  Salem,  and  10  xe  of 
Boston. 

Lynn  Regis,  or  King’s  Lynn,  a,  populous 
and  flourishing  tow'n  in  Norfolk,  governed 
by  a mayor,  has  two  churches,  an  elegant 
cross,  and  a large  market  place.  It  is  si- 
tuated on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ouse,  and 
supplies  most  of  the  inland  counties  with 
coal,  timber,  and  wine ; aiid^  in  return,  im- 
ports malt  and  corn  in  great  quantities.  It 
also  partakes  in  the  Greenland  fishery.  The 
streets  are  narrow',  but  well  paved.  Mar- . 
kets  on  Tuesday  and  Saturday.  In  I8Ii, 
the  numbey  of  inhabitants  was  ] 0,259.  Two 
members  represent  it  in  parliament.  This 
place  was  noted  lor  .its  attacluueut  to  mo- 
narchy, in  the  reigns  of  king  John,  Henry 
II i.  and  Charles  I.  It  is  46  miles  x by  e of 
Cambridge,  and  96  n by  e of  London. 

Lyon,  a rich,  ancient,  and  celehralerJ  city, 
in  the  department  cf  Rhone  and  Loire, 
France,  situated  on  the  conliuenee  of  the 
rivers  Rhone  and  Saoiie.  Before  its  recent 
calamities,  Lyon  was  not  oniy  deemed  ti  e 
second  city  in  France,  for  siae,  beauty,  and 
population,  but  superior  to  Paris  intiadeand 
manufactures.  It  had  six  gates  and  as  many 
suburbs.  The  number  of  inhabitants  waa 
estirriated  at  100,000,  of  whom,  upwards  of 
30.000  were  employed  in  manufactures,  par- 
ticularly cf  rich  stuiTs,  of  heautiful  work- 
manship in  gold,  Silver,  silk,  t&c.  The  quay;^ 
were  adorned  wuih  elegant  buildings;  it  Lad 
a grund  cathedral,  and  the  mo.st  elegant 
townhouse  in  Europe.  The  exchange,^  the 
castom  house,  the  arsenal,  the  palace  of  ju.^- 
tice.  a iheatre,  a publjc  library,  two  colle,ge.«, 
two  ho.spiuils,  a bridge  of  1560  feet  long, 
and  several  fine  churches,  adorned  this  eie-^ 
gaui  City,  previous  to  June,  1T03,  wivCij  it 
revolted  against  the  'conventicu.  In  the 
month  of  October,  w’hen  it  was  competed 
tv  'uramder- the  conventi<.t)  ordered  by  a -.p;. 


M A C 


M U C 


cree,  that  the  walls  and  public  hiiildin^i^s 
should  be  razed,  and  the  nfuiie  of  the  city 
changed  to  that  of  Viiie  Affranchie ; o5ZS 
persons  were  tried  before  the  revolutionary 
tribunal,  and  1682  were  either  beheaded  or 
shot  for  this  offence.  In  lliyi,  its  ancient 
name  was  restored ; and  the  friends  of  the 
victims  of  1793,  avengt-tl  their  death  by  the 
massacre  of  the  judges  ox  the  revolutionary 
tribunal,  and  of  aU'the  Jacobins  who  were 
then  imprisoned  at  Lyon.  The  river  formed 
an  excellent  harbour ; and  every  year  they 
held  four  celebrated  fairs.  It  lies  IS  miles 
jj  of  Vienne,  70  s by  w of  Geneva,  and  220 
SE  of  Paris.  Lon.  4 40  e,  lat.4.5  4G  N. 

LYONNOIS,  a late  province  in  the  s of 
France,  on  the  w side  of  tlie  Saone  and 
Khone,  39  miles  long  and  17  broad,  which 
now  forms  the  department  of  Rhone  and 
Loire.  Lyon  is  the  capital. 

Lyre,  a town  of  Norway,  eight  miles  ssw 
of  Bergen. 

LYS,  one  of  the  nine  new  departments  of 
France. formed  out  of  the  ci-devant  Austrian 
Netherlands.  The  chief  city  is  Bruges. 

LysohykiyH  town  in  the  palatinate  of  Lub* 
lin,  Poland,  20  miles  xxw  of  Lublin. 

LYSSIK  OSTROVA,or  Fox  Ist.ANDS, 
16  islands  in  the  N Archipelago,  between 
Kamtsebatka  and  America,  from  <52  to  <55 
degrees  x lat. 

'Ly-^ton,  a town  in  Devonshire,  four  miles 

from  Newport.  . r i 

Lyih,  a village  on  the  coast  of  N York- 
shire, noted  for  its  extensive  alium  works, 
tour  miles  wnw  of  YVliilby. 


AATEA,  one  of  the  Society  islands,  in 
the  South  sea.  Lon.  148  1 w,  lat.  17 

Mahra,  a town  in  Algiers,  on  the  gulf  of 
iona,  10  miles  w of  Bona. 

Macao,  a town  of  China,  in  the  province 
if  Canton,  .“iiluated  in  an  island  at  the  mouth 
if  the  rivor  Tae.  Here  is  a Portuguese  go- 
ernor,  as  well  as  a Chinese  mandarin  to 
ike  care  of  the  town  and’  neighbouring 
ountry.  The  inhabitants  pay  a tax  for  the 
iberty  of  exercising  their  religion,  choosing 
heir  own  magistrates,  and  living  according 
o their  owu  laws.  Lon.  US  oi  e,  lat.  22 
3 X. 

Macapa,  a town  situated  on  the  xw  bank 
if  Amazon  river,  w of  Cavisana  island, 

loutb  America.  , . . ^ 

Macarsca,  a sea  port  of  Dalmatia,  snuat- 
:d  on  tbe  gulf  of  Venice.  25  miles  sf.  ot 
Ipaiatra  ; is  a bi-hop's  s.  c.  In  J 

,re  many  subterranean  grottos.  Lun.  18 

M.ACAS,  the  southern  district  of  Quito,  a 
go  vernment  of  Peru,  in  South  America.  Its 
■auital  is  the  city  of  Macas,  seated  ou  one 
if  ?he  sources  of  the  Amazon,  1^0  miles  s b} 
i;  of  Quito.  Lon.  78  45  w,  lat.  ^ 40  s.  It 


produces,  in  great  plenty,  grain  and  fririf5„ 
copal,  and  wild  wax ; but  the  chief  occupa- 
tion of  the  country  people  is  the  c ultivation 
of  tobacco. 

MACA.SSAR,  a considerable  kingdom  of 
the  isL'ind  of  Celebes  in  the  Indian  ocean. 
In  the  mountains  there  are  quarries  of  very 
fine  stO’ic,  as  well  as  mines  of  gold  and  cop- 
per. The  soil  is  very  fertile,  and  there  are 
ripe  fruits  at  all  times  of  4he  year.  Tha 
Macassars  are  large,  robust,  courageousp 
and  much  addicted  to  war.  They  are  Ma- 
iiomeians  by  profession.  It  is  a Dutch  set- 
tlement. 

Macassar,  a large,  strong,  and  handsome 
town  of  the  island  of  Celebes,  capital  of  tlu?> 
above  kingdom.  It  is  situated  near  the 
mouth  of  a large  river,  which  runs  through 
the  kingdom  from  x to  s.  On  tbe  sw  coast^ 
and  at  the  s end  of  (he  sirait  of  Macassar,  it 
has  a fort  and  good  harbour.  The  houses 
are  built  on  thick  posts  to  guard  against 
inundations,  and  are  ascended  by  ladders. 
Here  resides  the  rajah  of  the  Maloyos,  who 
are  tributary  to  the  Dutch.  The  country 
abounds  in  horses,  cattle,  sheep,  and  gouts  ; 
produces  much  rice,  and  many  fish  are  taken <. 
Lon.  1 19  54  E,  lat.  5 9 s. 

Macclesfield,  a town  in  Cheshire,  situated 
near  the  river  Bollin  ; governed  by  a mayor, 
with  a market  on  Monday,  has  two  churches  j. 
and  a grammar  school  founded  by  Edward  VI. 
It  is  a large  handsome  town,  and  has  manu- 
factures of  cotton,  mohair,  twist,  hat-bands, 
buttons,  a,nd  thread.  In  1813,  it  contained 
12,899  inhabitants.  It  gives  the  title  oi 
earl  to  the  family  of  Parker.  It  is  36  miles 
E of  Chester,  and  167  xw  of  London.  Lon- 
2 17  w,lat.  53  15  N. 

Macduff,  a considerable  town  on  the  coast 
of  Banffshire,  with  a good  harbour.  It  con- 
tains above  1000  inhabitants,  six  miles  e of 
Banff. 

MACEDONIA,  a province  of  Turkey. 
Salonica  is  the  capital.  The  soil  is  fertile, 
producing  abundance  of  corn,  wine,  oil,  <fec. 

Maceira,  See  Maziera. 

Mater ata,  a considerable,  handsome,  and 
populous  town  of  Italy,  in  the  marquisate  of 
Ancona,  with  an  university.  It  contaius 
about  10,000  inhabitants,  and  is  reckoned 
the  capital  of  the  province.  One  of  the  gates 
is  coustructed  in  the  form  of  a triumphal 
arch.  It  is  seated  on  a hill,  near  the  Chien^ 
to,  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1797,  and 
lies  12  miles  sw  of  Loretto.  Lon.  13  27  e, 
lat.  43  20  N. 

Machala  a town  of  Guayaquil,  on  the 
coast  of  Tumbez,  in  Peru,  stands  near  tbe 
bay  of  Guayaquil.  The  vicinity  abounds 
with  excellent  cacas,  and  mangrove  trees ; 
80  miles  s ol  Guayaquil. 

Macheccul,  a town  in  the  department  oi 
Lower  Loire,  France,  on  the  river  Tenu,  20 
miles  sw  of  Nantes.  ^ 

Mcichtrry,  a town  in  tbe  terntwy  of 
Mewat,  Hindoostan,  ’<0  miles  ssw  of  Delhi. 

Machia,  a town  in  tbe  county  of  Molise, 
Naples,  12  cities  sw  of  Molise. 


MAC 


MUD 


-MA CHIAN,  one  of  the  Molucca  islands, 
in  the  Indian  ocean,  about  ZO  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, and  the  most  fertile  of  them 
all.  It  likewise  produces  the  best  cloves.  ■ 
It  is  in  possession  of  the  Dutch,  who  have  j 
here  three  inaccessible  forts.  Lon.  128  55 
£:,lat.  0 28n.  j 

a port  of  entr}*,  post  town,  and  j 
seat  of  justice  in  Washington  coimt}^,  dis-  | 
ti  ict  of  Maine,  situaied  on  a bay  of  its  own  j 
name,  20  miles  s\v  of  Pasaiiuiquody.  In  I 
1700,  it  contained  818  inhabitants.  Since 
that  time  it  has  rapidly  increased.  It  has  a 
consid^*rable  trade  in  hewed  timber,  lumber, 
and  fish.  Lon.  87  17  w,  lat.  44  48  n. 

Machicaco , Cape,  a promontory  in  the 
bay  of  Biscay,  Spain.  Lon.  2 43  w,  lat.  43 

28  X. 

Macliynleth,  a town  in  Montgomeryshire, 
Yf ales,  situated  on  the  river  Dysi,  over  which 
is  a bridge  into  Merionethshire,  with  a mar- 
ket on  Wednesday,  and  several  annual  fairs. 
Here  was  a Roman  station,  surrounded  by 
an  oval  wall  of  great  strength.  The  hall  in 
which  Owen  Glendwr  assembled  his  parlia- 
ment in  1402,  is  still  standing,  and  retains 
something  of  its  former  dignity,  although 
appropriated  to  common  uses.  It  is  37  miles 
w of  Montgomery,  and  20  w'Xw  of  London,  i 

Machlin,  or  Mauchline,  a towm  and  pa-  ! 
rish  in  Ayrshire.  The  town  of  Machlin,  si-  | 
mated  near  the  river  Ayr,  is  neatly  built,  I 
and  contains  about  1800  inhabitants.  It  I 
was  formerly  a bc^ough  of  barony,  and  has  | 
six  annual  fairs.  It  is  10  miles  e of  the  ! 
town  of  Ayr,  and  about  66  wsw  of  Edinburgh.  | 
In  1647,  on  an  adjoining  moor,  a battle  wms  i 
Ibiigiit  between  the  Covenanters  and  Royal-  j 
ists,  in  which  the  former  wmre  victorious.  I 
A tombstone  on  a green  near  the  town,  marks  i 
the  spot  where  five  men  stiffered  martyrdom  | 
in  1685.  The  parish  is  about  seven  miles  i 
long,  and  from  two  to  four  broad.  It  is  al- 
most all  arable,  and  the  soil  in  general  is  a 
rich  clayey  loam;  freestone,  lime,  coal, and 
iron-tone  are  wrought  in  the  parish.  Popu- 
lation about  1750.  i 

MAC-INTOSH,  a new  county  in  the  i 
lower  district  of  Georgia,  between  Liberty  i 
and  Clynn  counties,  on  the  Aiatahama  river. 

MACKERAN,  or  MACKRAN,-a  province 
of  Persia.  The  capital  is  of  the  same  name, 
and  is  100  miles  nw  of  Tatta. 

MACOCO,  a kingdom  of  Africa,  lying  to 
the  E of  Congo,  and  s of  the  equator. 

Macon,  or  Mason,  an  ancient  town  in  the 
department  of  Saone  and  Loire,  France, 
near  the  river  Saone,  lately  a bishop^s  see. 
The  vicinity  is  noted  for  its  wine,  35  miles  n 
of  Lyons,  and  188  se  of  Paris.  Lon.  4 48  e, 
lat.  46  20  N. 

Macreddin,  or  Carysfort.  See  Carysfort. 

Maori,  or  Afficnr/,  a town  in  Natolia,  Asi- 
atic Turkey,  on  a gulf  of  its  name,  in  the 
Mediterranean.  Here  are  many  remains  of 
Greek  iascriptions,  and  vestiges  of  an  old 
fort  and  an  amphitheatre,  150  miles  ss  of  j 
Smyrna.  1 


MACRO,  or  Macronisi,  an  island  of  the 
Archipelago,  near  the  coast  of  Livadia,  26 
miles  E of  Athens.  Lon.  24  16  e,  lat.  37 
30  X. 

Macroomp,  a town  in  Cork,  Munster, 
seated  on  the  Sullane,  in  a rocky  country, 
with  nn  ancient  castle  built  in  the  reign  of 
king  John,  in  which  was  born  the  celebrated 
admiral  Sir  \Yiliiarn  Pi  nn.  Here  are  ma- 
nufactures of  salt  and  worsted,  a mineral 
spring,  and  about  four  miles  to  the  xw  an 
oval  Danish  lortificaiion,  18  miles  w of 
Cork,  and  142  from  Dublin, 

Mactan,  See  Matan. 

Macula,  a sea,  port  in  the  province  Hadra- 
maut,  Arabia,  150  miles  sw  of  Sbibam.  Lon, 
47  50  K,  hit.  ^13  25  N. 

Maczua,  a small  island  in  the  Red  sea, 
near  the  coast  of  Abex. 

MADAGASCAR,  an  island  lying  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  Africa,  from  which  it  is  se- 
parated by  the  strait  of  Mosambique,  disco- 
vered by  the  Portuguese  in  1492,  about  900 
miles  in  length,  300  in  breadth,  and  2000  in 
circumference.  The  inhabitants  are  divided 
into  a number  of  tribes,  and  amount  to  more 
than  4,000,000.  The  natives,  called  Male- 
gaches,  are  commonly  tall  and  well  made, 
of  an  olive  complexion,  which  in  some  is 
pretty  dark.  Although  a populous  country, 
they  have  no  cities  or  towms,  but  a great  num- 
ber of  villages  at  a small  distance  from  each 
other,  compo^'cd  of  liuts.  They  have  neither 
windows  nor  chimneys,  and  the  roofs  are 
covered  with  reeds  or  leaves.  Those  that 
are  dressed  in  the  best  manner  have  a piece 
of  cotton  cloth,  or  silk,  wrapt  round  their 
middle  ; but  they  generally  make  little  use 
of  clothing.  There  are  a great  many  petty 
kings,  whose  riches  consist  in  cattle  and 
slaves,  and  they  are  ofien  at  war  with  each 
other.  They  are  very  superstitious,  prac- 
tise circumcision  and  polygamy.  They  have 
neither  churches  nor  priests.  Here  are 
great  numbers  of  locusts,  crocodiles,  came- 
lions,  and  other  animals  common  to  Africa. 
They  have  corn  and  grapes,  and  several  sorts 
of  excellent  honey  ; as  also  minerals  and  pre- 
cious stones ; and  there  are  only  some  parts 
on  the  coast  yet  known.  The  [irincipal  set- 
tlement on  the  E coast  is  port  Dauphin,  and 
Tomatave  is  mo^t  resorted  to  by  Europeans* 
Lat.  from  12  0 to  6 0 *. 

Maddin,  See  Modain. 

Madalena,  a river  which  has  its  source  in 
the  mountains  e of  Popayan,  Terra  Firma, 
flows  northerly  aliout  600  miles,  and  by  se- 
veral mouths,  falls  into  the  Caribean  r-ea, 
between  Carthagena  and  St  Manila. 

MADAME,  LsLE,  an  island  ou  the  xe 
side  of  (he  gut  of  Canso,  opposite  to  the  e 
extrcfuity  of  Nova  Scotia,  'i’he  isles  de 
Madame  are  dependant  on  Gape  BriUoa 
island. 

Miidderiy,Oi  parish  in  Perthshire,  l3ifig 
near  the  head  of  tiiC  vale  of  Siuuh^uirn,  ani 
watered  by  (he  river  Pow.  Fopuia'ion  about 
650, 


No.i9— 6d, 


L 


MAD 


MAD 


Maidisotvs  Cave^  the  largest  and  most 
celebrated  cave  in  Virginia.  It  extends  into 
the  earih  about  300  feet,  braneiung  into  sub- 
ordinate caverns.  The  vault  of  this  cave 
is  of  solid  limestone,  from  ZO  to  40  or  50 
feet  high,  through  w hich  water  is  continually 
exudating. 

MADEIRA,  an  island  of  the  Atlantic 
ocean,  in  the  form  of  a triangle,  240  miles 
N by  E oi  Teneriffe,  360  irom  Cape  Cantin. 
on  the  coast  of  Africa>  and  300  n of  the 
island  of  Ferro.  Were  it  properly  cultivated, 
Madeira  might  be  termed  the  garden  of  the 
W'orld.  It  abounds  in  every  kind  of  tropi- 
cal and  European  fruit ; as  oranges,  lemons 
of  a prodigious  size,  bananas,  citrons, 
peaches,  figs,  grapes,  plumbs,  and  straw ber- 
ties,  that  grow  wild  in  the  mountains  with 
astonishing  profusion.  The  sugar  cane  is 
aho  cultivated  with  success.  There  are 
very  few  reptiles  to  be  seen  in  the  island  ; 
the  lizard  is  the  m.ost  common.  Canary 
birds  and  goldfinches  are  found  in  the  moun- 
tains; ol  the  former,  numbers  are  sent  every 
year  to  England.  But  Madeira  is  princi- 
pally celebrated  for  its  wine,  which  it  pro- 
duces in  great  quantities,  and  which  keep 
best  in  the  hottest  climate  under  the  torrid 
zone.  This  island  is  about  55  miles  long, 
10  broad,  and  40  leagues  in  circumference, 
and  is  well  watered  and  peopled,  and  was 
discovered  by  the  Portuguese  iu  1419;  they 
found  it  uninhabited  ; next  year  they  planted 
a colony  here,  and  iiirnished  it  with  domestic 
animals  and  plants,  among  which  w’as  the 
sugar  cane  and  the  vine.  The  cedar  tree  is 
found  in  great  abundance ; and  the  dragon 
tree  is  a native  here.  The  Portuguese  trade 
with  the  island  has  considerably  declined  ; 
the  Britsh  factory  consists  of  more  than  20 
commercial  houses,  and  engross  the  greater 
part  of  its  cornm.erce.  The  inhabitants  are 
good  natiired,  sober,  frugal,  and  indolent. 
Funchal  is  the  capital.  In  1808,  it  surren- 
ilered  conditionally  to  the  English.  The 
island  lies  in  16  deg.  w Ion.  33  deg.  n lat. 

Maditty  or  Magyiay  a valley  of  Switzer- 
land. It  was  the  4ih  bailiwic  of  the  Swiss 
in  Italy,  and  has  a town  of  the  same  name. 


situiiied  on  the  river. 


Madley,  or  Madebj  Market^  a town  in  ! 
Shropshire,  situated  about  two  miles  e from 
the  iron  bridge  in  Colebrook  Dale.  The 
parish  is  about  10  miles  in  circumference, 
within  which  the  iron  trade  is  carried  on  to 
a great  extent,  and  the  population  is  near 
5000.  It  has  a market  on  Friday,  and  three 
annual  fairs.  It  is  nine  miles  n of  Bridge- 


north,  and  IIT  Nw  of  London;  and  it  has 
communication  with  the  Severn  by  a navi- 
gable  canal  lately  opened.  | 

MadoUy  St,  a parisJi  on  the  \ bank  of 
the  Tay,  near  the  western  extremity  of  the 
Carse  of  Gowrie.  The  surface  is  about  a 
square  mile,  and  is  mostly  arable  and  ler- 
tde.  Population  about  300. 

Madras,  or  Fort  St  George^  a fort  and 
town  of  the  peninsula  of  Hindoosiau,  on  tin- 


coast  of  Coromandel.  It  is  the  principal 
settlement  of  the  English  East  India  com- 
pany on  the  E side  of  the  peninsula,  and  is 
a fortre:-s  of  verj'  great  extent,  including 
within  it  a regular  w'ell  built  city.  It  is 
close  on  the  margin  of  the  Baj-  of  Bengal, 
from  which  it  has  a rich  and  beautiful  ap- 
pearance; the  houses  being  covered  wilh- 
ii  stucco  called  chunam,  which  in  itself  is 
I early  as  compact  as  the  finest  marble, 
and,  a'  it  bears  as  high  a polish,  is  equally 
s:  lendid.  They  consist  of  long  collcnades, 
with  open  porticos,  and  fiat  roofs;  and  the 
city  contains  many  handsome  and  spacious 
streets.  Some  time  before  the  ship  arrives 
at  her  anchoring  ground,  she  is  hailed  by 
the  boats  of  the  country,  filled  with  people 
of  business,  who  come  in  crowds  on  board. 
The  first  salutations  from  these  strangers  is 
by  bending  their  bodies  very  low,  touching 
the  deck  with  the  back  cf  the  hand,  and 
the  forehead,  three  times.  The  natives  first 
seen  in  India,  by  an  European  voyager,  are 
Hindoos,  the  original  inliabitanis  of  the 
peninsula.  In  this  part  of  India  they  are 
delicately  framed.  Correspondent  to  this 
delicacy  of  appearance  are  their  manners  -y 
mild,  tranquil,  and  sedulously  attentive.  From 
the  ship  a stranger  is  conveyed  on  shore  in 
a boat  of  the  country,  called  a Massoolah 
boat ; they  are  remarkably  light,  and  are 
managed  wdth  great  dexterity  by  the  natives. 
The  boat  is  driven,  as  the  sailors  say,  high 
and  dry  ; and  the  passengers  are  landed  on 
a fine  sandy  beach,  and  immedjately  enter 
the  fort  of  Madras.  The  appearance  of  the 
natives  is  extremely  varied  ; some  are 
wholly  naked,  and  others  so  clothed,  that 
, nothing  but  the  face  and  neck  is  to  be  dis- 
covered. There  is  a second  city,  called  the 
Black  town,  nearly  lour  miles  in  circuit,  se- 
parated from  Madras  by  the  breadth  of  a 
proper  esplanade  only.  Madras,  in  common 
with  ail  the  European  settlements  on  this 
I coast,  has  no  port  ior  shipping;  the  coast 
forming  nearly  a straight  line  ; and  it  is  in- 
commoded also  with  a high  and  dangerous 
surf.  Madras  was  settled  by  the  English 
about  the  year  1640,  taken  by  the  French 
in  1746,  restored  in  1748.  The  present  fort 
is  one  of  the  best  in  possession  of  tiie  Englisho 
It  is  100  miles  n by  e of  PoLdicherry,  and 
1758  SE  of  Bombay.  Lon.  80  25  e,  lat.  13 
5 N. 

MADRE  DE  DIOS,  an  island  in  the  Pa- 
cific ocean,  near  the  coast  of  Patagonia, 
180  miles  in  circumference.  Lon.  42  0 w', 
lat.  51  0 s. 

I iMadre  de  Papa,  a town  and  convent  of 
i Terra  Firma,  in  South  AmiTica,  situated  on 
the  river  Grande,  or  Magdalena.  It  is  the  re- 
sort of  many  pilgrims,  and  lies  50  miles  e 
of  Curtiiagena. 

Madrid,  the  capital  of  Spain,  in  New 
Castile,  .seated  on  the  Manzanares,  which 
is  ornamented  with  a handsome  bridge. 
It  was  formerly  an  inconsiderable  place 
belonging  to  the  archbishop  of  Toledo,  but 


MAD 


MAE 


^he  purity  of  the  air  induced  the  court  to 
remove  hither.  The  streets  indeed  are  very 
dirty,  especially  in  the  morning  ; but  the  hot 
rays  of  the  sun  soon  render  ibem  dry.  The 
city  contains  18  parishes,  77  chur  nes,  66 
convents,  39  colleges,  hospitals,  vv  ht)uses 
of  charity,  1<3  gates/and  aiiout  148,003  inha-  i 
^ bitants.  The  houses  are  ail  built  with  [ 
" brick ; the  streets  are  long,  broad,  and 
straight,  but  adorned  at  proper  distances  I 
with  handsome  fount  ains.  There  are  above  [ 
100  towiTs  or  stee[)les,  in  different  places,  ^ 
which  contribute  greatly  to  the  enibeil  sh- 
ment  of  the  city.  It  is  situated  on  a large 
plain,  surrounded  by  high  meuniains,  bui 
has  no  wall,  rampart,  or  ditch.  The  royal 
palace  is  in  each  front  470  feet  long,  and 
100  high,  so  that  this  immense  pile  lowers 
over  the  whole  country,  and  no  palace  in 
Europe  is  fitted  up  with  more  TO\al  magoi- 
ficence.  The  finest  square  in  Madrid  is  the 
Plaea  Mayor.  Here  the  market  is  held  : i 
hers  were  celebrated  formerly  the  au'.o  de  ! 
fes,  and  here  they  have  still  their  famous  bull  j 
fights.  Cassa-dei-Campo  is  a house  of ' 
pleasure  little  more  than  halt  a mile  from  Ma-  i 
drid,  with  very  fine  gardens,  pleasant  walks,  i 
and  a great  many  uncommon  animals 
Buea  Retire  is  on  this  side  the  river,  next  the  | 
town,  and  is  a proper  place  to  retire  to  in  the  I 
heat  of  summer,  there  being  a great  number 
of  fish  ponds,  grottoes,  tents,  groves,  and  her- 
mitages. Here  are  royal  manufactures  of 
saltpetre,  cards,  and  china,  but  the  court  is  ! 
the  chief  source  of  itswe  ilih.  This  city  was  j 
attacked  by  the  French  in  March  1808,  and  i 
the  royal  family  retired  into  Fran^-e:  Joseph  j 
Bonaparte,  as  king  of  .Spam,  took  possession  i[ 
of  it  on  the  20th  of  July,  but  he  and  his  ad-  ■; 
herents  on  the  3 !st.  In  December  following  ! 
it  admitted  the  French  under  Napoleon  with-  < 
out  resistance.  After  the  battle  of  Sala-  ■ 
manca,  in  1812,  the  allied  army  entered  the 
city,  bat  retired  alter  the  unsuccess iul  siege 
of  Burgos.  In  1813,  the  city  w'as  evacuated 
by  the  French,  and  on  .June  3d  it  was  in 
possession  of  the  allies.  It  is  265  miles  ne 
ol  Lisbon,  /.90  s by  w of  London,  52.5  ssw  of  ^ 
Paris,  and  750  Nw  of  liome.  Lou.  3 50  w,  i 
iat.  40  25  X.  I 

Madrid,  New,  a city  of  Louisiana,  situ-  j 
ated  cn  the  w side  of  the  Mississippi,  240  j 
miles  wsw  of  Frankfort  in  Kentucky.  From  | 
Its  siiuation  it  is  likely  to  become  a place  of  ! 
extensive  trade.  Lon.  89  50  wg  lat.36  34  n.  j 
Madrigal,  a towm  in  Oid  Castile,  stands  ! 
vn  a plain.  a..vl  abounds  in  excellent  wine  : it 
iO  miles  xe  of  Medma  del  Campo.  j 

Madrigal^  ii  town  of  S America,  in  the  i 
province  of  Popayan,  130  miles  s by  e of 
Popayaii.  Lon.  75  45  w,  lat.  0 50  N, 
Madrislo,  a tov.m  of  Italy,  in  Friuli,  30 
miles  A of  Venice. 

capital  of  Mocaranga,  Africa, 
has  an  elegant  royal  palace,  and  the  upper 
part  of  the  house  is  in  the  shape  of  a bell  j 
Lon.  29  40  e,  lat.  18  0 s.  | 

Madura,  a town  of  the  penins^a  of  Hin-  ! 


I doostan,  capital  of  a province  of  the  same 
name  on  the  coast  of  Coromandel,  is  f ^rti- 
lieii  v;iib  tow^ers  and  par -pets,  and  has  one 

f the  nmst  niagnifieent  pagodas  in  Hii  h a s- 
tau.  It  is  130  nuie  nke  of  Cape  Co  jii, 

• nd  270  SSW'  of  JVLiuras.  Lon.  78  12  f u 

9 55  N. 

Madura,  the  capital  of  an  island  a 

same  name,  m the  Indian  ocean,  o s 

coast,  75  miles  long  and  10  br  'u.  jf 

tlie  inland  of  Java,  taken  by  the  En;;  . ' i i 
1811.  The  island  is  governed  by.-.  . m, 

and  is  very  fertile,  j.anicularly  in  rice.  I -i. 
of  liie  tow  n 112  49  e,  lat.  12  .80  s. 

Maeler,?L  beautiful  lake  of  Swede  , 3 

miles  long,  and  20  miles  luoad,  situate 
tween  the  provinces  of  West,  anian  J 
Suilermanland.  Uco  tain-  several  fi  is- 
luiitis,  and,  w'hea  froz-  n over  in  Vvinte-  ff- 
furdsan  easy  eommuni  ation  between  the  in- 
terior of  Sweden,  and  the  city  ofStockbo  m. 

Maelstri  m,  a very  extraordinary  and  , n- 
gerous  whirlpool  which  lies  (3n  ihe  o-st 
of  Norway,  in  08  degrees  n iat.  i i e 
province  of  Nordland.  Betwixt  LoiC\-m 
and  Moskoe,  the  d^pth  of  the  water  i be- 
tween 36  and  40  fathoms  ; but  on  the  other 
side,  toward  Ver,  the  depth  decreases  so  a.s 
not  to  afford  a convenient  passage  for  a 
vessel,  without  the  risk  of  splitting  on  the 
rocks,  which  happens  even  in  the  calmest 
wu'ather  ; when  it  is  flood,  the  s ream  runs 
up  the  country  between  Lofoden  and  Moskpe 
with  a boisterous  rapidity  ; but  the  roar  of 
its  impetuous  ebb  to  the  sea  is  scarcely 
equalled  by  the  loudest  and  most  dreadful 
cataracts  ; the  noise  i)eing  heard  severqi 
leagues  off,  and  the  vortices  or  pits  ar<-  of 
such  extent  and  depth,  that  if  . ship  come 
within  its  attraction,  it  is  inevitably  absorbed 
and  carried  down  to  the  bottom,  and  therci 
beat  to  pieces  against  the  rocks  ; and  when 
the  water  relaxe>,  the  fragments  thereof  are 
thrown!  up  again.  But  these  inie-¥als  Q.f 
tranquillity  are  only  at  the  turn  Oi  .he  ebb^ 
and  flood  in  calm  weather,  ar-d  last  but  a. 
quarter  of  an  hour,  its  violence  gTtJciu*lly 
returning.  When  the  stream  is  most  bois- 
terous, and  its  fury  heightened  by  storm, 
it  is  dangerous  to  come  within  a Norway 
mile  of  it ; boats,  ships,  and  yachts  having 
been  carried  away,  by  not  guarding  against 
it,  before  they  were  wdthin  its  reach.  This 
stream  is  regulated  by  the  flux  and  reflux  of 
the  sea,  it  being  constantly  high  water  every 
six  hours. 

Maerna,  a town  in  Tyrol,  Germany,  23 
miles  wsw  of  Trent. 

Maeae,  or  Meuse,  a large  river  which 
rises  in  France,  n-  ar  the  viliare  of 
in  thedepartmem  of  IVieu-e.  At  Dort  It  re- 
ceives the  Merwe  ; and  it  enters  the  (Fer- 
man  ocean  by  . everal  han,  e: s,  on  which 
are  situated  Rotterdum,  the  Bnel,  an.-  ILi- 
veot-^duys. 

Maesland  Slays,  a town  of  land, 

near  the  mouth  of  the  Meuse,  k.e  miles  sw 
of  Delft,  and  iO  W’of  Rotterdam. 

U 2 


MAG 

I^&esirichtf  a town  in  the  late  AiistriaD 
Netherlands,  on  the  Meuse,  opposite  Wyck, 
with  which  it  has  communication  by  a 
stone  bridge.  It  has  fine  long  streets,  many 
churches  and  convents,  and  a college  for- 
merly belonging  to  the  Jesuits.  The  towm 
house  and  other  public  buildings  are  hand- 
some ; the  place  is  about  four  miles  in  cir- 
cunilerence.  It  has  manufactures  of  fire  aruts 
and  cloth.  Near  it  is  the  lofty  mountain 
ol  St  Peter,  with  a fortress  and  stone  quar- 
ry, with  suL-h  subterraneous  passages  and 
excavations  as  are  capable  of  containing 
40,000  people.  Maestricht  is  strongly  forti- 
fied, and  esteemed  one  of  the  strongest  places 
in  Europe.  In  this  city  threw*  oif  the 

ymke  of  Spain,  W'as  retaken  by  the  prince  of 
Parma,  in  15T9,  reduced  by  the  prince  of 
Orange  in  1032,  after  a severe  siege,  and 
confirm  d to  the  Dutch  in  1048.  In  16T3,  it 
was  taken  by  Louis  XIV,  invested  without 
successby  the  prince  of  Orange  in  1678,  and  j 
restored  to  the  Butch  in  1678.  It  was  in  i 
the  hands  of  the  French  in  1748,  and  again 
in  1794,  and  is  now^  the  capital  of  the  Low*er 
Meuse.  Population  about  18,000.  It  is 
15  miles  NNE  of  Liege,  and  55  e of  Brus- 
sels. ton.  5 48  E,  iat.  50  49  n. 

Maesyck,  a tow-n  in  the  terriiory  of  Liege, 
Netherlands,  situated  on  the  Meuse,  10  miles 
ssw^  of  Ruremolid.  . 

Maffra,  a town  in  E'stremadura,  Portugal, 
bes  a college  founded  in  1772.  On  the  spot 
where  12  Franciscans  lived  together  in  a 
but,  John  V.  in  consequence  of  a vow  made 
in  a severe  fit  of  sickness,  erected  a building 
oP ' uiicommon  magnificence.  The  towm 
stands  near  the  sea,  18  miles  nnw  of  Lisboa. 

Magadi,  or  Maghery,  a town  in  Mysore, 
Hiudoostan,  in  a country  abounding  with 
stone,  iron,  and  timber,  24  miles  w of  Ean- 
galoie. 

Magacton'Of  the  capital  of  a kingdom 
of  the  same  name,  on  the  coast  of  Ajan, 
Africa,  situated  on  a river  of  that  name, 
which  ioruis  a good  harbour,  with  a citadel. 
This  cit}  has  extensive  commerce,  and  ex- 
changes, gold,  ivory,  w'ax,  &c.  for  silk, 
cotton,  sptces,  and  drugs.  The  inundations 
of  the  river  leitilize  the  country.  The  in- 
habitants, w’ho  are  a mixture  of  several  | 
colours  are  stout  and  waarlike,  use  poisoned  | 
arrows  and  lances  in  w^ar,  and  all  speak  the  | 
Arabic  language.  The  king  and  his  court 
are  Mahometans.  Lon.  40  25  e,  lat.  2 I 
10  N.  i 

DIagdalina. 'd  river  of  Louisiana,  w’hich 
has  its  souiet  in  the  mountains  which  divide 
New  Jjexico  fro:e  T ouisic  no,  and  falls  into 
tiiH  gulf  of  Mexico,  to  the  sw  of  the  bay  oi 
St  Lewis. 

Magd.ilcii  Isles,  a cluster  of  small  isles 
NE  of  the  isle  of  St  .lohn-s,  and  nw  of  (hat 
of  C'ape  Breton,  in  tiie  gulf  of  St  Lawrei  ce, 
situated  b^  tweeti  47  13  and  47  42  n lat.  and  | 
()1  40  w'  Ion.  The  cbiei  support  of  the  few' 
inljabitanls  is  obtained  b}  fishing. 

MAGDEBURG,  a duchy  of  Germany, 


MAG 

in  Lower  Saxony.  It  is  divided  into  the 
4 circles  of  Holz,  Saal,  Jerich,  and  Ziesar. 
It  is  aboot  60  miles  in  length,  and  30  iu 
breadth,  and  belongs  to  the  king  of  Prussia; 
By  the  treaty  of  Tilsit  he  gave  up  that  part 
that  is  situated  on  the  n side  of  the  Elbe, 
The  salt  springs  are  sufficient  to  supply  all 
Germany  w'ith  that  article.  The  country  is 
in  some  parts  marshy  and  overgrown  with 
wood,  but  level,  and  in  general  fertile.  The 
capital  is  of  the  same  name. 

Magdeburg^  a large,  ancient,  handsome, 
and  trading  town  of  Germany,  capital  of  a 
duchy  of  the  same  name,  ou  the  left  bank  of 
the  Elbe,  wdth  a citadel.  The  cathedral 
contains  the  superb  mausoleum  of  Otho  the 
Great.  The  public  buildings  are  elegant. 
Here  are  manufactories  of  cotton  and  linen 
goods,  stockings,  gloves,  and  tobacco  ; but 
the  principal  are  those  of  woollen  and  silk. 
It  is  happily  situated  for  trade,  having  an 
easy  communication  with  Hamburgii  by 
the  Elbe,  and  lying  on  the  road  betw’een 
Upper  and  Lower  Germany.  It  is  also  the 
strongest  place  in  the  king  of  Prussia's 
dominions,  and  here  his  principal  magazines 
and  fouudaries  are  established.  The  Aus- 
trians took  it  by  storm  in  1631,  and  burnt 
the  town,  except  the  cathedral,  and  a few 
houses,  and  massacred  10,000  of  the  inha- 
bitants. In  1806,  it  came  into  the  bands  of 
the  French.  Population  about  26,000  ; 40 
miles  wsw*  of  Brandenburg,  and  120  se  of 
Hamburgh.  Lon.  11  53  e,  lat.  52  10  n. 

MAGEE,  an  island  on  the  coast  of  An- 
trim, Ulster.  It  is  six  miles  long  and  two 
broad,  a few  miles  nne  of  Carickfergus. 

! Magellan,  Straits  of,  at  the  s extremity 
I of  South  America,  lie  between  52  and  54 
I s lat.  and  betw*een  76  and  84  wlon.  These 
: straits  w-ere  discovered  by  Ferdinando  Ma- 
! gellan,  a Portuguese  in  the  service  of  Spain, 

I in  1520,  and  have  Patagonia  on  the  n,  and 
I the  islands  of  Terra  del  Fuego  on  the  s,  and 
i extend  from  e to  w,  110  leagues,  but  the 
breadth  in  some  places  falls  short  of  one. 
Navigators  now  prefer  the  passage  round 
Cape  Horn,  to  this  troublesome  and  danger- 
ous course. 

Maggeroe,  or  Mageron,  a large  island 
and  the  most  northerly  land  in  Europe,  on 
the  coast  of  Norw*ay.  It  terminates  on  the 
N in  an  immense  rock  called  North  Cape  ; 
on  the  s it  is  separated  from  the  continent 
by  a narrow*  channel.  Lon.  25  57  e,  lat, 
71  16  X. 

Magellania,  or  Terra  Magallanica,  a vast 
tract  of  land,  extending  from  (he  province 
cf  Rio  de  la  Plata,  quite  to  the  utmost  verge 
of  South  America,  viz.  from  lat.  35  deg.  to 
5i  deg.  s.  The  two  principal  nations  dis- 
covered by  (he  missionaries  are  the  Chuni- 
aijs  and  Huilians.  The  soil  is  generally 
barren,  so  that  the  inhabitants  live  misera- 
bly in  a cold,  inhospitable  climate.  The 
inlands  s of  the  straits  are  called  Terra  del 
Fuego. 

Maggiore,  or  Verhano,  a lake  ItalVc 


MAH 

It  is  computed  to  be  36  miles  long’,  four 
broad,  and  in  one  part  seven,  where  are  the  fa- 
mous Borromean  isles,  three  iu  number,  laid 
out  in  gardens  and  pleasure  grounds,  which 


M A I 


abound  with  lemon  and  orange  trees.  The 
Tessino  runs  through  it's'  w’hole  length. 
Among  the  mountains  are  beautiful  plains 
and  rich  valiies, 

Maghera,  a town  in  Londonderry,  Ireland, 
and  28  miles  EsEof  Londonderry. 

Magherafelt,  a town  in  the  county  of 
Londonderry/  Ireland,  with  a linen  manufac- 
ture, 17  miles  w of  Antrim. 

Magheralin,  or  Maralin,  a town  in  Domui, 

, Ulster,  pleasantly  seated  on  the  banks  of 
the  Laggan,  with  a handsome  church,  has 
fine  water  for  bleaching.  Here  stood  for- 
merly a monastery,  founded  by  St  Coiman 
in  the  7th  century.  It  lies  seven  miles  w^sw  i 
of  Lisburn. 

Magia,  a river  in  the  canton  of  Tessin, 
Swisserland,  runs  s through  a valley  of  the 
same  name,  and  falls  into  the  lake  Maggiore 
near  Locarno.  ^ 

Magia^  a town  in  the  canton  of  Tessjn, 
Swisserland,  on  the  Magia,  10  miles  nnw 
of  Locarno. 

Magliano,  a small,  but  populous  town  of 
Italy,  on  a mountain  near  the  Tiber,  capi- 
tal of  Sabina,  28  miles  n of  Rome.  Lon. 
12  35  E,  lat.  42  25  n. 

^ Magnavacca,  a town  and  fort  of  Italy 
in  Ferrarese,  at  the  mouth  of  the  lake  Co- 
macbio,  gulf  of  Venice,  three  miles  se  of  i 
€omachio.  I 

Magmsa  ; See  ManacMa.  ! 

Magny,  a town  in  the  department  of  Seine  I 
and  Oise,  France  32  miles  nw  of  Paris.  ‘ 
Magotzo,  a town  in  the  Milanese,  Italy,  at 
the  w end  of  a small  lake  that  communicates 
with  that  of  Maggiore,  12  miles  sse  of  Do- 
mo  d'Ossola,  and  36  nnw  of  Novara. 

Magra,  n river  of  Italy,  which  rises  in 
the  Appeniue  mountains  runs  by  Pontrenioli 
and  Sarsana,  and  falls  into  the  gulf  of  Ge- 
noa. ^ 

Mahaleu,  a handsome  and  considerable 
town  of  Egypt,  capital  of  Garbia.  It  car- 
ries on  a considerable  trade  in  linen,  cot- 
ton, and  sal  ammoniac,  and  the  iubabiiants 
have  ovens  to  hatch  chickens.  Lon.  30  31 
E.  lat.  31  30  N. 

Mahaltagh^  a town  in  Cork,  Munster, 
five  miles  e of  Macrcomp. 

Makdia  ; See  Medea. 

Mahanuddy,  or  Mahanaddy,  a river  of 
Hiudoostan,  which  rises  in  the  w part  of 
Berar,  and  falls  by  several  mouths  into  the 
bay  of  Bengal,  at  Catfacks.  At  the  mouth 
ot  the  principal  channel,  is  the  island  Co- 
jung,  or  Codjung. 

.V.  Hindoostan,  on 

the  Malabar  coast,  stands  on  a high  ground 
at  the  month  of  a river  ; it  was  taketf  from 
the  trenou,  in  1793,  by  the  British,  and  is  a 

mnf  especially  ill  carda- 

mons  and  black  pepper,  five  miles  ssE  of 
Tellechery,  and  32  nw  of  Calicut. 


Mahiderg,  a town  and  castle  of  Suabia 
in  Brisgau,  17  miles  n of  Friburg.  ' ^ 

Mahmoodabad,  a towm  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  17  miles  sse  of  Amedabado 
Mahmud  poor  y a town  of  Bengal,  Hin- 
doostan,  80  miles  ne  of  Calcutta. 

Mahomdy,  a town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
country  of  Oude,  70  miles  ww  of  Lucknow, 
and  150  ese  of  Delhi. 

Mahon,  a sea  port  at  the  s end  of  the 
island  of  Minorca.  The  harbour  called 
Port  Mahon,  upw’ards  of  four  miles  long,  is 
reckoned  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world.  Po- 
pulation about  7000,  27  miles  se  of  Citadel- 
la.  Lon.  4 18  E.  lat.  39  51  n. 

MAHRATTAS,  the  name  of  two  large 
states  of  India,  which  derive  their  name  from 
Mahrat,  an  ancient  province  of  the  Dec- 
can.  They  are  divided  into  the  Poonali  of 
Western  Mahrattas,  and  the  Berar  or  Eas- 
tern. Collectively,  they  occupy  all  the 
southern  part  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  with  a 
large  proportion  of  the  Deccan,  Malwa, 
Orissa,  Candeish,  and  Visiapour  j the  prin- 
cipal parts  or  Berar,  Guzerat,  and  Agimere, 
and  a small  part  of  Bowlatabad,  Agra,  and 
Allahabad,  are  comprised  within  their  ex- 
tensive empire,  which  extends  from  sea  to 
sea,  across  the  widest  part  of  the  peninsula  ; 
and  from  the  confines  of  Agra  norihw’ard 
to  the  river  Kistna  southward  ; forming  a 
tract  of  about  1,000  miles  long,  and  700 
broad.  ^ The  w^estern  state,  the  capital  of 
which  is  Poonah,  is  divided  among  a num- 
ber ot  chiefs  or  princes.  Nagpoiir  is  the 
capital  of  the  Eastern  Mahrattas,  Both 
these  states,  with  the  nizam  of  the  Deccan 
were  in  alliance  with  the  English  East 
Inciia  Company,  in  the  laie  war  against 
Tippco  Suhan,  by  w'hich  they  gained  some 
considerable  acquisitions,  as  liarponeljy. 
feoonda,  Cliittle-droog,  Bedanore,  Arc.  Their 
armies  are  chiefly  composed  of  light-horse, 
Mahrhury  ; See  Marchhurg. 

Mtthur,  a (own  in  tiie  territory  of  Berar 
Hindoostan,  capital  of  a circar  of  its  name' 
^ands  on  the  Chingonga,  which  falls  into’ 
Goria very,  140  miles  sw  of  Nagponr.  Lon. 

78  34  E,  lat.  19  24 

Slaida,  a (own  in  the  ( rovince  of  Cala- 
bria Ultra,  Naples.  In  1806,  a batile  was 
btught  between  5,000  British  and  8,000 
French,  in  its  vici - iij-,  in  which  the  former 
''.“•'(ors,  nine  miles  w^w  ol  .«qiiillace. 
Maidenhead,  a town  of  Berkshire,  siinatcd 
on  tile  river  Thames,  wdlh  a market  on 
Mednesday,  governed  by  a mayor,  lias  a 
bridge  over  the  Thami.s,  and  a trade  in 
timber,  malt,  and  meal.  It  has  a gaol, 
several  almshouses  and  tl.ree  liimaal  fairs! 

12  miles  E by  n of  Reading,  and  26  w^  by  n 
01  London. 

Maidenhead,  a small  neat  viliage  in  Hur.- 
terdon  county.  New  .Tersey.  The  township 
Cl  Maidenhead  contains  nearly  J,100  iiihe- 
bitants.. 

Maidenoi,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  ocean 
in  the  Nw  part  of  which  is  found  native  cop- 


M A I 


^er.  It  is  30  miles  long  and  nine  bioad. 
Loa.  167  10  w,  lat.  54  40  n. 

Maidstone,  a burgh  of  England,  in  Kent, 
with  a market  on  Thursday.  It  is  situated 
on  the  river  Medway,  is  a large  agreeable 
place,  and  the  seat  of  the  assizes,  and  of 
the  election  of  members  of  parliament  for 
the  coanty,  and  the  repository  of  standard 
weights  and  measures.  It  is  governed  by  a 
mayor.  Tne  liberties  extend  over  the  whole 
parish,  and  the  jurisdiction  of  the  magis- 
trates to  a greater  extent  over  the  river.  It 
sends  two  members  to  parliament,  elected 
by  the  freemen  in  the  old  church,  called  St. 
Faiths,  the  Dutch  inhabitants  have  worship 
according  to  the  form,  and  in  the  language 
of  their  own  country.  In  the  vicinity  are 
extensive  hop  plantations.  Here  are  some 
capital  paper-mills,  and  a manufactory  of 
linen  thread.  Population  in  1801, 8, 02T,  and 
in  1811,  9,443.  It  is  20  miles  v/  of  Canter- 
bury, and  35  ese  of  London.  Lon.  0 38  e, 
lat.  51  16  N. 

MailcoUa,  or  Milgotta,  a town  of  Hiu- 
doostan,  in  the  Mysiore.  It  is  a fortress,  and 
one  of  the  most  celebrated  places  of  Hindoo 
worship.  The  large  temple  is  magnificent, 
mid  the  jewels  belonging  to  it  of  great 
value.  Here,  in  1772,  the  Mahrattas  defeat- 
ed Hyder  Alii.  It  is  17  miles  n of  Seringa- 
patam. 

Maillezais,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Vendee,  France,  stands  on  an  island  formed 
by  the  Autize  and  Seure,  22  miles  ne  of 
Rochelle,  and  210  sw  of  Paris. 

MAINA,  a country  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  the  Morea,  lying  between  two  chains  of 
mountains  Vvhich  advance  intothesea.  The 
inhabitants  were  never  yet  subdued  by  the 
Turks.  They  have  a harbour  and  a town 
of  the  same  name,  seated  on  the  se  part  of 
the  bay  of  Coron.  Its  produce  is  cotton, 
galls,  nuts,  oil,  silk,  honey,  wax,  andkermes, 
and  exports  wool  and  raw  hides,  and  their 
language  is  bad  Greek,  46  miles  s by  w of 
Misitva.  Lon.  22  10  e,  lat.  36  S4  n. 

Mainbiirg,  a towm  of  Bavaria,  on  the 
Ambs,  18  miles  ese  of  Ingoistadt,  and  32 
^•NE  of  Munich. 

Maine,  a river  of  Germany,  which  rises 
in  the-  e side  of  Franconia.  It  runs  by 
Bamberg,  ^¥ir^zberg,  Aschafienburgh,  11  a- 
iiau,  and  FraiiCioit,  ar.d  unites  with  the 
Rhine  a iiliie  above  I\ier)tz. 

Maine,  a late  province  of  France,  now 
rbielly  farming  the  departments  of  tli* 
Maine  and  Sane. 

Maine,  a department  formed  out  of  the 
late  province  of  Maine,  45  niiles  long  from 
.\'  (o  s and  30  bwoed.  Laval  is  the  capital. 
Maine,  and  Loire,  a depart  njent  of  b ranee, 
called  from  the  two  rivers  of  the  same 
name.  It  contains  the  le.te  province  of 
Anjou,  being  58  miles  long  from  e to  w and 
45  bread.  Angers  is  the  capital. 

MAINE,  District  of,  belonging  to  Massa- 
chusetts, is  situated  between  lat.  43  and  48 
i5  N,  and  between  lou.  64  54  aci  70  39  w. 


MAI 

It  is  in  length,  on  an  average,  200  miles,  and 
its  average  breadth  100  miles.  It  is  divided 
into  five  counties,  viz.  York,  Cumberland, 
Lincoln,  Hancock,  and  Washington  : these 
are  sub-divided  into  near  200  incorporated 
townships  and  plantations  ; which  in  1800, 
contained  151,719  inhabitants,  in  1810, 
228,705.  The  chief  towms  are  Portland, 
the  metropolis  of  the  district,  York,  Pown- 
ill  borough,  Wicasset,  Hallowell,  Bath,  Wal- 
doborougli,  Penobscot,  and  Machias.  The 
chief  rivers  are  Penobscot,  Kennebeck, 
Saco,  Androscoggin,  St.  Croix,  <fec.  besides 
a vast  number  of  small  rivers.  The  most 
noted  lakes  are  Moosehead,  Scoodic,  Seba- 
cook,  and  Umbagog.  The  district  of 
Maine,  though  an  elevated  tract  of  country, 
cannot  be  called  mountainous.  A great 
proportion  of  the  lands  are  arable  and  ex- 
ceedingly fertile,  particularly  between  Pe- 
nobscot and  Kennebeck  rivers.  Hops  are 
the  spontaneous  growth  of  this  country ; 
as  well  as  white  pine,  spruce  trees,  maple, 
beech,  white  and  grey  oaks,  and  yellow 
birch.  The  principal  exports  of  this  country 
are  various  kinds  of  lumber,  as  pine  boards, 
ship  timber,  and  every  spec»es  of  split  lum- 
i ber  manufactured  from  pine  and  oak  these 
are  exported  from  the  various  ports  in  im- 
mense quantities.  A charter  for  a college 
has  been  granted  by  the  legislature,  and  five 
academies  incorporated  and  endovred  \vith 
handsome  grants  ot  public  lands.  In  1662, 
this  province  came  under  the  jurisdiction  oi 
Massachusetts,  and  was,  by  charter,  incor- 
porated with  it  in  I69i. 

Maineville,  a town  in  the  department  ot 
Eure,  France,  24  miles  ese  ot  Rouen. 

MAINLAND,  Orkney,  or  Pomona, 
the  principal  of  the  Orkney  islands,  is  24 
miles  long,  and  nine  broad ; and  divided 
into  nine  parochial  districts.  Kirkwal  is 

the  capital.  . , r t oi 

MAINLAND,  the  principal  of  the  felier- 

land  isles,  is  60  miles  long  from  n to  s,  its 
breadth,  which  varies  greatly,  selnom  ex- 
ceeding six  miles.  The  face  of  the  coun- 
try’ exhibits  a prospect  of  black,  ciaggj 
mountains,  and  marshy  plains,  interspersed 
with  some  verdant  spots,  which  appear 
smooth  and  fertile.  Neb  her  tree  nor  shrub 
is  to  be  seen  except  small  roan-tree.'.,  wil- 
llnvs,  juniper,  and  heather.  The  seas 
1 abound  with  fish,  such  as  the  cod,  turbo., 
cud  haddock;  but  particularly  at  certam 
^ «pason.s  with  shoals  of  herrings  ot  mere- 


dible  extent.  Lobsters,  oysters,  muscles, 
&c.  are  also  plcniiful.  The  hil  s are  co- 
verccl  with  sheep  of  a small  breed, 
with  remarkably  fine  wool.  Iheir 
horses  are  of  a diminutive  size,  but  remarK- 
ablv  strong  and  handsome,  and  are  well 
known  by  the  name  of  Shellies.  Manj^ 
rivulets,  and  considerable  lakes,  aboun.. 
with  salmon,  trout,  Arc.  and  a mine  of  cop- 
mu',  and  another  of  iron,  have  lutCiy  beeu 
opened  near  the  s extremity  of  this  island. 
There  is  an  immense  store  of  peat,  bpt  no 


M A K 


MAI. 


coal.  In  1T98,  the  island  contained  12,885 
inhabitants.  Worsted  stockings  and  mitts 
of  a rem:»rkably  fine  texture  are  manu- 
factured for  exportation,  the  principal 
occupatiou  is  fishing.  It  contains  eight 
parochial  districts.  Lerwick  is  the  capi- 
tal. 

Mains,  or  Mains  of  Finirif,  (ariciently 
Strathdighty,)  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  For- 
farshire, about  four  miles  long,  and  in  the 
middle  three  broad,  watered  by  the  Dighy, 
To  this,  in  1790,  was  annexed  the  small 
parish  of  Strathmartin.  Near  the  church 
is  an  old  ruinous  castle,  long  the  residence 
of  the  Grahams  of  Fintry.  The  soil  is  fer- 
tile and  highly  cultivated.  Population  near 
1,000. 

Maintenon,  a town  in  the  department  of  i 
Eure  and  Loire,  France,  stands  between  1 
two  mountains,  on  the  Eure,  and  has  a j 
collegiate  church  and  priory,  five  miles  n by 
E of  Chartres. 

MAJAMBO,  a territory  on  the  coast  of 
Guinea,  between  Biasara  and  Gabon,  which 
is  liitle  known. 

AJOPvCA,  an  island  belonging  to  Spain, 
in  the  Mediterranean  sea,  between  Ivica 
and  Minorca,  about  §0  miles  s of  the  Spa- 
nish coast.  It  is  about  (30  miles  in  length, 
and  45  in  breadth  ; is  a mountainous  coun- 
try, but  produces  good  corn,  olive  trees, 
and  delicate  wines.  The  inhabitants  are 
robust,  lively,  and  very  good  sailors.  The 
vrhole  coast  is  lined  with  strong  towers.  It 
has  many  fine  fountains  and  wells,  but  no 
rivers.  Palma  is  the  capital. 

a to'wn  in  Romania,  European 
Turkey,  seated  on  a deep  bay  in  the  Strait 
of  Gallipoli,  a little  above  the  Dardanelles,  j 
24  miles  sw  of  Gallipoli. 

Majumba.  See  Maijamha, 

Maire,  Le,  a strait  of  South  America,  be- 
tween Staten  Land,  and  Terra  del  Fuego,  in 
lat.  55  s. 

Mairono,  a town  and  district  of  Italy. 
The  district  contains  J 1 parishes  and  4,000 
souls,  besides  the  tbwn. 

Maisy,  a town  in  the  department  of  Cal- 
vados, France,  five  miles  n of  Jesigni,  and  i 
27  wxw’  of  Caen.  I 

MaU'ent,  St,  an  ancient  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  two  Sevres,  France,  with  a 
benedictine  abbey.  It  carries  on  a trade  in 
corn,  stockings,  and  woollen  stuffs,  and  is 
situated  on  the  Sevre,  26  miles  sw  of  Poi- 
tiers. 

MaJcurev,  a town  in  the  government  of  j 
Niznei  Novogorod,  Russia,  on  the  Volga,  ! 
24  miles  p:ne  of  Nisnei  Novogorod,  on  the  | 
river  Uiiza.  j 

Makarief,  or  Makarew,  a town  in  the  ! 
government  of  Kostroma,  capital  of  the  j 
province  of  Unza,  Russia.  It  is  80  miles 
E of  Kostroma.  Lon.  44  14  e,  lut.  58  I 
50  N. 

Maker,  a village  in  Cornwall,  on  an  emi- 
nence, the  w’  point  of  Hamoaze,  Plymouth. 
Here  is  a strong  battery  ; and  the  steeple  of 


the  church,  called  Maker  tower,  is  a well 
knowm  seamark.  Lon.  4 10  w,lat.  50  21 

Makerston,  a small  parish  in  Roxburgh- 
shire, about  six  miles  long,  and  five  broad, 
lying  on  the  n bank  of  the  Tweed.  Po- 
pulation about  259.  This  parish  about  60 
years  ago  contained  near  1000  inhabitants, 
hut  iKive  diminished  by  the  annexinfi:  of 
farms. 

Makoonda,  a town  in  the  country  of 
Allahabad,  Hindoostan,  66  miles  s of  Alla- 
habad, and  110  NNE  of  Gurrah.  Lon.  84 
37  E,  lat.  24  33  n. 

Makran,  See  Meeran, 

MALABAR,  a province  on  the  western 
coast  of  the  peninsula  of  Hindoostan,  lying 
between  those  of  Canara  and  Cochin,  130 
miles  long  and  60  broad.  It  is  divided 
among  several  petty  princes  and  states. 
The  people  are,  generally,  of  a dark,  olive 
complexion,  with  long  black  hair,  and  good 
features.  In  some  places  they  are  distin- 
guished into  tribes,  or  casts,  all  of  which 
are  brought  up  to  the  same  employments  as 
their  parents.  These  are  the  Gentoos,  or 
Hindoos.  Here  are  many  forests,  and  also 
much  well  cultivated  land.  The  oxen  and 
buffaloes  are  of  small  size  ; and  no  horses, 
asses,  cr  sheep,  are  reared  ; there  is  plenty 
of  poultry,  it  is  well  watered  by  rivers. 
It  was  ceded  to  the  English,  in  1792,  on  the 
conclusion  of  the  war  with  Tippoo.  Calicut 
is  the  capital. 

M A L A CCA,  or  Ma  l a y a , a large  peni  nsu- 
la  in  Asia,  containinga  kingdom  of  the  same 
name,  being  about  600  miles  in  length,  and 
150  in  breadlb.  It  produces  few  commo- 
dities for  trade,  except  tin  and  elephants^ 
teeth  ; b(tt  there  are  a great  many  excellent 
fruits  and  roots.  The  pine-apples  are  the 
best  in  the  world,  and  the  manjostain  and 
durain  are  also  very  delicious  fruits.  They 
have  plenty  of  cocoa  nuts,  the  shells  of 
which  will  hold  an  English  quart ; beside 
lemons,  oranges,  limes,  sugar-canes,  and 
mangoes.  The  religion  of  the  natives  is  a 
mixture  of  Mahometanism.  Their  lan- 
guage is  peculiarly  soft,  and  is  as  generally 
spoken  in  the  Indies  as  the  French  is  in 
Europe.  The  Malays  are  about  the  middU^ 
stature  ; their  complexion  tawny,  and  their 
hair  black  and  long  ; they  are  fond  of  navi- 
gation, war,  plunder,  emigration,  adven- 
tures, and  gallantry,  and  are  very  fero- 
cious ; and  the  most  treacherous  people  on 
earth.  The  inland  parts  are  inhabited  by  a 
savcvge  and  barbarous  people.  The  Portu- 
guse  had  a factory  in  the  town  of  Malacca, 
which  was  taken  from  them  by  the  Dutch, 
in  16^0,  and  is  now  in  possession  of  the  Bri- 
tish. Ir  lies  480  miles  se  of  Aeheen.  Lon 
102  5 E,  lat.  2 12 

Malacca,  a sea  port  and  capital  of  the 
kingdom  of  its  nature  in  f’ue  above  peninsula 
seated  on  the  strait  of  Malaya. 

Malaga,  an  ancient  and  i icii  town  in  Gra- 
nada, Spain,  with  a good  harbour.  It  is 
situated  on  the  Mediterranean,  amidst  bills 


M A L 


M A L 


and  fertile  vallies,  has  two  castles,  is  a i 
blshop^s  see,  and  contains  about  54,000  in-  i 
habitants.  Its  magnificent  cathedral  was  | 
iounded  by  Philip  II.  while  married  to  |i 
Mary  of  England,  and  their  united  arms  re- 
main over  the  gate.  It  has.  manufactures  1 
of  silk,  velvet,  shag,  paper,  hats,  stockings,^  | 
and  soap,  and  a trade  in  wines,  oils,  figs,  and  \ 
raisins,  I <5  miles  s of  Cordova,  and  70  wsw 
of  Granada.  Lon.  4 10  w,  lat.  33  35  n. 

Malaliidey  a town  and  bay  of  Dublin, 
six  miles  from  the  metropolis.  A cotton 
manufacture  is  established  here. 

Malamoecd , a small  island  and  sea  port 
of  Italy,  in  the  Laguiies  of  Venice,  five 
miles  s of  that  city.  The  town  contains  1 100 
inhabitants. 

Malatia^  a town  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  in  | 
Roum,  and  a bishop’s  see,  situated  on  the 
w side  of  the  Euphrates,  90  miles  wnw  of 
Diarbekir,  and  200  ne  of  Adana.  Lon.  68 
10  E,  lat.  37  28  n. 

Malawulbjj'ei  town  of  Mysore,  Hindoostan, 
divided  into  two  parts  by  a wall,  has  a mud  i 
fort,  and  an  extensive  garden  planted  by  the  ji 
late  sultans,  37  miles  e of  Seringapatam.  '] 

MALA Y A,  a peninsula  of  Asia,  the  natives  I 
of  which  are  called  Malays.  See  Malacca,  ' 

Malazkirdy  a town  of  Turkish  Armenia,  | 
seated  on  the  river  Aras,  near  its  junction 
with  the  Euphrates,  90  miles  se  of  Erzerum.  1 

Malchin,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Meek-  ' 
lenburg,  Lower  Saxony,  on  the  Peene,  at  | 
the  lake  Camrow,  22  miles  ese  of  Gustrow.  j 

Malcho^  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Meeklen-  ! 
burg,  Low^er  Saxony,  stands  between  the  ! 
lakes  Calpin  and  Plau,  23  miles  ssE  of 
Gustrow. 

Malden,  an  ancient  town  in  Essex,  situat- 
ed on  an  eminence,  near  the  confluence  of 
the  Chelmer  with  the  Blackwater.  Vessels 
of  a moderate  burden  come  up  to  the  bridge,  j 
but  large  ships  are  obliged  to  unload  at  a 
considerable  distance  below.  Malden  car- 
ries on  a considerable  trade,  chiefly  in  corn, 
coal,  iron,  wine,  and  brandy.  It  had 
three  churches,  one  of  which  was  long  ago 
converted  into  a free  sciiool.  The  market 
is  on  Saturday,  and  a fair,  September  18(h. 

It  is  governed  by  two  bailiffs,  eight  aider- 
men,  tfec.  and  sends  two  members  to  parlia- 
ment. Here  the  Romans  planted  their  first 
colony  in  Britain,  it  was  for  some  time  the 
residence  of  Allred  the  Great,  and  retains 
the  custom  of  borough  English,  by  which 
the  youngest  son,  or  in  default  of  issue,  the 
youngest  brother  succeeds  to  the  inheritance. 

It  is  37  miles  ne  of  London,  and  10  e of 
Chelmsford. 

Malden,  a town  in  IMassachusetts,  four 
miles  N of  Boston,  containing  1033  inhabi 
tants. 

MALDIVES,  a cluster  of  small  islands 
SNV  of  Ceylon,  in  the  East  Indies.  Tlie 
norther ])most,  called  by  the  Frencli,  the 
H;>ad  (ff  the  islands,  is  in  Ion.  73  4 E,  la.', 

7 5 N ; and  when  opposite  to  it  on  the  n, 
Topping  counted  32  islands,  the  farthest 


bearing  se  by  e.  They  are  low,  sandy, 
and  barren,  having  only  a few  cocoa  nut 
trees.  They  have  a king  in  one  of  the  is- 
lands called  Maldiva,  in  Ion.  75  35  e,  lat. 
4 15  X.  They  are  divided  into  13  provinces, 
each  have  a governor,  wlio  rules  with  op- 
pressive sway.  The  king  assumes  the  title 
of  sultan  of  the  Maldives,  king  of  13  pro- 
vinces, and  12,000  isles.  The  inhabitants, 
who  are  partly  Mahometans  and  partly  Pa- 
gans, supply  ships  with  dry  fish,  honey,  oil, 
cocoa  nuts  and  cordage. 

Malesherhes,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Loiret,  France,  11  miles  ne  of  Pluviers. 

MalestroU,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Morbihan,  France,  on  the  Oust,  37  miles 
E of  Port  Louis. 

Maltham,  a village  in  W Yorkshire,  sur- 
rounded with  hills  and  mountains,  distin- 
guished by  natural  curiosities,  and  among 
others  a lake  of  clear  and  cold  water,  on  an 
elevated  moor,  \vhich,  by  a subterraneous 
stream,  gives  rise  to  the  river  Aire,  six  miles 
E of  Settle. 

Malicollo,  one  of  the  largest  of  the  New' 
Hebrides,  in  the  South  sea.  It  is  about  20 
leagues  from  n to  s.  Its  inland  mountains 
are  very  high,  and  clad  with  forests.  The 
soil  is  cl  rich  and  fertile  mould.  Its  vege- 
table productions  are  luxuriant  and  in  great 
variety,;  cocoa-nuts,  bread-fruit,  bananas, 
sugar  canes,  yams,  eddoes,  turmeric,  and 
oranges.  Hogs,  and  common  poultry,  are 
their,  domestic  animals.  The  inhabitants 
appear  to  be  a race  somew'bat  different  from 
those  of  the  Friendly  and  Society  islands. 
Their  form, language,  and  manners,  are  vvide- 
ly  different.  They  seem  to  correspond,  In 
many  particulars,  with  the  natives  of  New' 
Guinea  and  Papua,  particularly  in  their 
black  colour  and  wmolly  hair.  They  are 
of  a slender  make,  have  lively  features,  and 
tie  a rope  fast  round  their  belly.  The  cli- 
mate of  Malicollo  is  very  warm,  but  not  at 
all  extraordinary  for  the  torrid  zone.  They 
go  almost  naked.  At  the  se  end  of  the 
island  is  a port  named  Sc^idwich  harbour. 
Lon.  167  53  e,  lat.  16  25  s. 

. Malin,  a town  in  Donegal,  Ireland,  on  a 
bay  of  the  same  name,  with  a very  ancient 
edifice  said  to  have  been  a monastery,  15 
miles  w of  Killabegs. 

Malin,  a viBage  of  Ireland,  23.  miles  n of 
Londonderry,  near  Malin  bead,  the  most 
northern  laud  in  Ireland,  about  16  leagues 
wsw  of  the  sw'  point  of  the  island  of  Islay, 
Scotland,  and  114  nnw  of  Dublin.  Lon.  7 
15  vv,  lat.  55  22  e. 

Malitics,  Sec  Mechlin, 

Malio,  Cape,  or  St  Angelo,  a cape  in  Mo- 
rea,  European  Turkey,  at  the  s entrance  of 
the  gulf  of  Napoli,  15  miles  e of  Malvasia. 

Malivagonga,  a river  of  Ceylon,  has  its 
source  to  the  se  of  Candy,  wmshes  that  city, 
and  after  a circuitous  course,  falls  into  the 
sea  at  Trincomule.  It  is  fordable  only  near 
its  head,  but  is  innavigable  on  account  of 
rocks. 


M A L 


M A.L 


Malkar,  n town  in  the  country  of  Gol- 
couda,  Hindocstan,  miles  sr  of  Colber^a, 
and  54  w of  Hydrabad.  Lon.  77  30  e,  lat. 

Malaiilleej  a town  in  the  department 
of  Lower  Loire,  France,  15  miles  n\v  of 
Nantes. 

Mailing,  West,  a town  in  Kent,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday ; six  mil(\s  w of  Maid-  ! 
stone,  and  20  E by  s of  Loudon.  |j 

Jlallotc,  a borou|j;h  of  Cork,  Ireland.  It  jl 
is  situated  on  tbe  Biackwater,  has  a tepid  , 
spring;  similar  to  the  iioi  wells  of  Bristol,  ) 
sent  two  members  to  the  Irish,  and  now  j 
sends  one  to  the  imperial  parliament,  17  | 
miles  NKW  of  Cork,  and  114  sw  of  Dublin.  1 

Malmedg,  a town  in  the  territory  of  I 
idege,  Netherlands,  situated  on  the  Ilecht, 
has  mineral  springs  equal  to  those  of  Spa, 
and  a Benedictine  Abbey,  23  miles  ese  of 
Liege.  Lon.  6 2 e,  lat.  50  18  N. 

Malmistru,  an  ancient  town  of  Natoiia, 
30  miles  ss  of  Terasso. 

Malnw,  a town  in  Sohonen,  Sweden, 
situated  on  the  Sound,  with  a large  hcirbour 
and  a strong  citadel.  It  has  several  wool- 
len manufactures,  and  lies  18  miles  e by  s of 
Cop>enbagau.  Lon.  13  7 e,  lat.  55.36  N. 

Malmsbury,  an  ancient  town  in  Wiltshire, 
with  a market  on  Saturday,  and  a woollen  ! 
manufacture,  pleasantly  situated  on  a hill,  i 
almost  surrounded  b}  the  Avon,  over  v/bicii  | 
It  has  six  bridges.  It  had  formerly  a large  i 
abbey,  whose  abbot  wore  a mitre,  and  sat  | 
in  parliament.  It  is  governed  by  an  alder-  jl 
man  and  12  capital  burgesses,  who  elect  | 
two  members  for  the  borough,  and  gives  ti-  I 
tie  of  earl  to  Sir  James  Harris,  a celebrated  i 
diplomatic  characier,  son  of  the  famous  I 
author  of  Hermes.  It  is  26  miles  E by  n of 
Bristol,  and  96  w of  London. 

^lulo,  St,  a sea-port  in  the  department 

Hie  and  Vilaine,  lately  an  Episcopal  see, 
with  a strong  castle.  It  is  situated  on  an 
island,  united  to  the  mainland  by  a cause- 
way ; has  a large,  well  frequented  harbour, 
but  difficult  of  access,  on  account  of  the 
rocks  that  surround  it ; and  is  a rich  trad- 
ing place  of  great  importance.  In  16P3, 
it  was  bombarded  by  the  British,  without 
success.  Butin  1758,  they  landed  in  Can- 
caile  bay,  went  by  land  to  St.  Malo,  and 
burnt  above  100  ships.  It  is  17  miles  \w  I 
of  Dol,  44  NNw  of  Rennes,  and  205  w of  j 
Paris,  Lon.  2 2 w,  lat.  48  39  n. 

Malojarosluul,  a town  in  the  government 
of  Kaluga,  Russia,  where,  on  the  12th  of  j 
October,  1 8 1 2,  a desperate  battle  was  fought  I 
betw^een  the  French  and  Russians,  on  the 
retreat  of  the  former  from  Moscow,  when 
they  were  defeated,  after  the  town  had  been 
taken  and  retaken  1 1 times,  and  finally  re- 
duced to  ashes,  36  miles  n of  Kaluga,  and 
66  sw  of  Moscow. 

Maloria,  a small  island  of  Tuscany,  10 
miles  of  Leghorn.  Lon.  10  24  e,  lat.  43 
34  N. 

Malpartida,aiowi\  in  Estremadura,  Spain, 
No. 


1 4 miles  s of  Placentia,  and  24  w of  Trux- 
illo. 

Malpas,  a town  in  Cheshire,  situated  on 
a high  hill  not  far  from  the  river  Dee.  It 
is  a handsome  place,  containing  three 
streets,  a fine  church,  grammar  school^ 
weekly  market  on  Monday,  and  a fair  in 
December.  It  is  15  miles  se  of  Chester^ 
and  166  Nw  of  London. 

Malplaquet,  a village  in  Hainault,  Ne- 
therlands ; famous  for  a bloody  victory  ob- 
tained by  the  British  under  the  duke  of  Alari- 
borough,  over  the  French,  in  1709.  It  is 
sometimes  called  the  battle  of  Blaregnies, 
from  an  adjoining  village.  It  is  seven  miles 
s by  e of  Mons. 

Malsesena,  a town  in  the  Veronese,  Italy, 
18  miles  nnw  of  Verona. 

MALTA,  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean, 
between  Africa  and  Sicily,  20  miles  long, 
and  12  broad.  It  was  formerly  reckoned 
a part  of  Africa,  but  now  belongs  to,  and  is 
the  most  southern  island  in  Europe.  It  con- 
tains two  cities  and  22  villages,  with  seve- 
ral commodious  harbours  on  the  coast  op- 
posue  Sicily.  The  port  of  St  Paul,  towards 
the  NE  end,  has  its  name,  in  consequence  of 
the  vessel  in  which  Paul  took  his  passage  to 
Rome,  having  been  wrecked  on  the  n point 
of  its  entrance.  It  was  anciently  little  else 
than  a barren  rock  ; but  such  quantities  of 
soil  have  been  brought  from  Alrica,  that  it 
is  now  become  a fertile  island.  They  sow 
Ibtle  corn,  but  they  cultivate  large  quanti- 
ties of  lemon,  cjttonitrees,  and  vines,  which 
produce  excellent  wine.  The  number  of  the 
inhabitants  is  said  to  be  about  90,000,  who 
speak  Arabic  and  Italian.  The  knights  of 
Malta,  formerly  called  the  knighis  of  Rhodes, 
or  the  order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  re- 
ceived this  island  with  that  of  Gozo,  iron» 
the  emperor  Charles  V.  in  1526,  and  remo- 
ved  hither  ia  1530.  They  consisted  of  eight 
nations,  but  now  they  are  only  seven,  the 
English  having  forsaken  them.  They  are 
obliged  to  suppress  all  pirates,  are  at  perpe- 
tual war  with  the  Turks  and  other  Maho- 
metans^ and  are  all  under  avow  of  celibacy 
and  chastity.  Malta  is  extremely  Well  for- 
tified ; the  ditches,  of  a vast  size,  arc  utl. 
cut  out  of  the  solid  rock,  and  extend  aiiiny 
miles.  This  island  was  taken  by  general 
Bonaparte  on  the  12th  of  June,  1798.  It 
was  soon  aiterwards  taken  by  Viie  British, 
and  still  remains  subject  to  our  arms.  It  is 
about  60  miles  S of  Sicily,  aitd  200  e of  Tu- 
nis in  Africa;  Sec  Ciim,  Vecchia,  and 
Valetta. 

Malton,  New,  a town  in  the  North  Riding 
of  Yorkshire,  situated  on  the  Dervvent,  over 
which  is-a  Slone  bridge  connecting  it  with 
old  Malton,  with  a market  on  Saturday  for 
horses,  black  catile  and  sheep,  and  three 
annual  fairs.  HCre  are  three  churches, 
and  good  inns.  It  is  gcW'^rced  by  a bailiif, 
chosen  at  the  court  leet  of  lord  Fitzwiiiiam, 
tbe  lord  of  the  ma,nor^  and  sent  Is  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament.  Here  are  the  remains 
M 


of  a CRS-tleaud  monastery.  It  is  weil  inha-  f 
hi  tod,  and  is  18  miles  ne  of  York,  and  213  i 
N by  vv  of  London. 

Maltoy,  a town  of  Barffr,  Hindoostan, 
stands  at  the  source  of  the  Tapty,  68  miles  ] 
Nw  of  Nagpour.  Lon.  78  <57  e,  lat.  2! 
44  K. 

Malvay  or  Mnllooiha^VL  river  of  Barbary, 
separating  Algiers  from  Fez.  It  has  its  I 
source  in  the  desert,  and  flows  n into  the  1 
Mediterrapean  ; !3  miies  from  its  mouth  are 
three  uninhabited  islands,  between  which 
vessels  flnd  safe  anchorage. 

Malnasia^  a small  island  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  on  the  e coast  of  the  Morea.  The 
capital  is  situated  on  the  sea -side,  at  the  foot 
of  a rock.  It  is  famous  for  its  rich  wine 
called  Malmsey.  It  is  50  miles  se  of  Mis- 
lira,  and  75  s of  Athens.  See  Napoli  di 
Malvasid. 

Malvern,  Great  and  Little  two  villages 
in  Worcestershire.  Great  Malvern  is  eight 
miles  w by  s of  Worcester.  The  nave  of  an 
ancient,  is  converted  into  the  parochial 
ohurch,  which  has  some  richly  painted  win- 
dows. Little  Malvern,  three  miles  s of  the  for- 
mer, is  romantically  seated  in  a cavity  of  the 
Malvern  hills.  Henry  VII,  his  queen,  and 
his  two  sons  were  so  fond  of  this  place,  that 
they  adorned  the  windows  of  the  church  with 
scripture  paintings,  part  of  which  still  re- 
main. At  each  of  these  places  is  a cele- 
brated chalybeate  spring,  one  of  them  cal- 
led the  Holy  Well. 

Malting,  a town  in  the  province  of  Dele- 
carlia,  Sweden,  55  miles  w of  Fahlmi.  Lon. 
15  20  E,  lat.  60  30  n. 

Malvernhills,  a ridge  of  bills  which  sepa- 
rate Worcestershire  from  Herefordshire,  and 
«.xteiid  from  n to  s about  seven  miles.  On 
the  summit  of  one  of  these  hills,  are  the  ex- 
tensive works  of  Herefordshire  beacon,  sup- 
posed to  have  been  a Roman  camp;  at  a 
later  period  it  was  occupied  by  Ow^en  Glen- 
, dower.  On  these  hills  are  two  medicinal 
springs,'  one  of  them  efficacious  in  inflam- 
matory and  putrid  cases,  and  the  other  in 
cancerous  complaints.  The  highest  of  these 
hills  is  1444  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
Malvern  Chase  contains  8078  acres,  of 
which  7356  are  in  Worcestershire,  619  in 
Heretiirdshjre,  and  103  in  Gloucestershire. 

MALWA,  a province  of  Hiridoostan  Pro- 
per. It  is  situated  nearly  under  the  tropic 
of  Cancer,  and  is  divided  among  the  Paish- 
w'ash  of  (he  vviesterii  Mahraltas,  and  two  of 
the  inferior  chiefs.  Sindia  and  Holkar. 
Oiigein  IS  the  capital  of  Sindia,  and  Indore 
of  Holkar.  It  is  L\je  of  the  most  elevated, 
..  f^xteiisive,  and  diversified  tracts  in  Hindoo- 
stan. 

Malzieu,  a towm  in  the  department  of 
. Lozere,  France,  20  miles  n\w  of  Mende. 

Mamars,  a town  in  the.  department  of 
Sane,  France,  on  the  Dive,  14  miles  w of 
• Belesme. 

Mtnnora,  a fort  and  towm  in  the  kingdom 
, of  Fez,  which  stands  on  an  emineice  on 


the  s bank  of  the  Seboo,  not  far  from'  its" 
mouth.  Here  are  immense  quantities  o5 
shebbel,  a species  of  salmon,  which  are  a 
staple  article  of  subsistence  to  the  inhabi- 
tants : 15  miles  nne  of  Sallee,  and  90  wnw 
of  Fez. 

MAN,  an  island  in  the  Irish  sea,  about 
30  miles  in  length,  iind  12  in  breadth.  It 
contains  17  parishes,  and  the  chief  tow^ns 
are  Ramsay,  Castletown  or  (‘astle  Rushen 
Dougla.ss,  and  Peel.  The  soil  is  good,  the 
air  is  healthy,  and  the  inhabitants  live  to  a 
very  old  age.  The  number  of  inhabitants 
is  about  30,000.*  They  have  a bishop,  cal- 
led the  bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man  ; he  has  no 
seat-da  the  British  parliament,  but  occupies 
the  highest  in  the  lower  house  of  convoca- 
tion. He  is  nominated  by  the  duke  of 
Athol,  and  has  a revenue  of  about  j6.1200 
j>ef  annum.  The  consistory  court  consists 
of  the  bisiiop,  the  arch-deacon,  two  vicars 
general,  and  an  episcopal  register.  A go- 
vernor and  lieutenant  governor,  are  ap- 
pointed by  the  crown.  Their  council  con- 
sists of  the  bishop,  the  attorney -general,  th® 
clerk  of  the  rolls,  and  two  deemsters.  The 
house  of  keys,  first  instituted  in  the  10th  cen- 
tury, is  the  legislative  body.  Its  members 
are  24  in  number.  The  two  Deemsters, 
above  named,  are  the  ordinary  judges,  who 
sometimes  decide  with,  and  sometimes  with- 
out a jury.  None  but  natives  are  allowed 
to  practise  at  the  bar,  nor  can  a native  be 
imprisoned  for  debt  unless  he  be  preparing 
to  leave  the  country.  The  island  is  exemp- 
ted from  land  tax,  assessed  taxes,  and  excise 
imposts  of  every  description.  Man  is  not 
represented  in  the  British  parliament.  The 
commodities  of  this  island  are  wool,  hides, 
tallow,  and  butter ; but  herrings  form  the 
I principal  part  of  their  exports.  There  are 
I quarries  of  good  stone,  rocks  of  lime-stone, 

I red  free-sto.ie,  and  good  slate,  with  some 
I mines  of  lead,  copper,  and  iron.  The  duke 
j of  Athol  was  formerly  lord  of  this  island, 
the  sovereignty  ofi  which  he  sold,  in  1765, 
to  the  crown,  reserving,  however,  the  ma- 
norial rights,  &c.  The  inhabitants  are 
shrewd,  polite,  hospitable,  and  much  at- 
tached to  their  native  soil,  and  to  the  cus- 
. toms  of  their  ancestors.  The  native  laif- 
guage  is  a dialect  of  the  Celtic,  and  is  simi- 
lar to  the  Erse  and  Irish.  Man  was  long 
the  residence,  and  under  the  government  of 
the  Druids.  It  is  37  miles  s of  Scotland, 
37  N of  Anglesea,  in  Wales,  27  w of  the 
coast  of  Cumberland,  and  47  e of  the  coast 
of  Ireland. 

Manachia,  an  ancient  and  considerable 
towm  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Natolia.  It 
was  known  b\\the  ancients  by  the  name  of 
Magnesia.  It  is  22  miles  n of  Smyrna.  It 
was  formerly  the  capital  of  the  Ottoman 
empire,  and  st.'^nds  at  the  foot  of  a moun- 
tain, on  the  river  Siirabat.  Lon.  27  6 E, 
lat,  38  45  N.  ' 

MANAAR,  an  i.«;land  of  Asia,  on  the  nw 
coast  of  the  island  of  Ceylon.  A chain  of 


MAN 

Tocks  run  from  this  island  to  the  continent 
'of  Hindoostan,  called  Adames  Bridge,  whicL  j 
can  only  be  passed  by  boats.  The  sea  tc 
the  s of  this,  between  Ceylon  and  (he  con 
tinent,  is  called  th*  Gull  of  Mauaar.  Th 
Portiigiiase  took  possession  of  tuis  isle  ir 
1560,  the  Dutch  took  it  from  them  in  i658 
and  the  English  took  it  from  the  Dutch  iu 
1795.  Lon.  97  30  e,  lat.  9 0 n. 

ManadOy  a town  and  Dutch  settlement 
•on  the  NE  part  of  the  island  of  Glebes,  de- 
fended by  a fort.  It  surrendered  to  the  Bri- 
tish in  1810.  Lon.  124  30  e,  lat.  1 8 N. 

Manapevy  a town  in  the  country  of  Tine- 
velly,  Hindoostau,  seated  on  a point  of  land 
projecting  into  the  gulf  of  Mauaar,  40 "miles 
SB  of  Palamcotta. 

MANATAULIN,  an  island  of  North 
America,  in  Lake  Huron,  100  miles  long, 
and  eight  broad. 

M anted y a towm  iu  the  province  of  Irak^ 
Persia,  150  miles  ese  of  Ispahan. 

Manhonay  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of 
Sabia,  in  Afiica,  on  the  sea-coast,  60  miles 
s of  Sofola.  Lon.  35  39  e,  lat.  21  15  s. 
Mancenilla,  a large  bay  on  the  n side  of 


MAN 

manufactures,  and  is  now  principally  coii"' 
spicuous  as  the  centre  of  the  cotton  trade> 
an  immense  business,  extending,  in  one  or 
other  of  its  opertiiions,  from  Funu^s  to  Derby 
V and  s,  and  from  HalitaJt  to  Liverpool  e 
and  Vv%  The  labours  of  a very  popuiaus 
neighbourhood  are  collected  at  Mauchesier, 
whence  they  are  sent  to  London,  Liverpool, 
lull,  (fee.  These  consist  of  a great  variety 
of  cotton  and  mixed  goods,  fitted  for  ah  sorts 
of  markets,  both  at  home  and  aoioad. 


The  manufacture  of  tapes,  and  otL 
I w’ares,  of  silk  goods,  and  of  hats,  is 
J fied  on  in  Manchester, 


Hispaniola,  about  4,000  fathoms  long  from 
w to  Ey  and  2,800  broad  from  n to  s.  The 
SE  part  of  the  bay  is  very  wide,  and  affords 
excellent  anchorage,  even  for  vessels  of  the 
first  size.  It  sw’urms  with  fish  ; and  here 
are  found  those  enormous  mullets  which  are 
the  pride  of  the  table  at  Cape  Francois. 
The  negroes  kill  the  alligators,  knock  out 
their  teeth,  and  sell  them  to  make  corals. 
The  plenty  of  fish  oiten  attracts  ships  of 
war  to  this  bay.  The  mouth  of  Massacre 
river  which  eaters  the  eastern  part  of  the 
bay,  lies  in  Ion.  79  9 w,  Paris,  lat.  19 
44  N. 

Jlancesfer,  a village  near  Atherstone,  on 
the  river  Anker,  ne  part  of  Warwickshire, 
w^here  was  a Roman  station,  on  the  Watt 
lingstreet.  Here  several  ancient  coins 
have  been  dug  up. 

Manckay  a territory  in  New  Castile,  Spain, 
sidiaterl  between  Audahtsia  and  the  river 
Guadiaua,  and  nearly  encircled  by  moun- 
tains, producing  antimony,  mercury,  and 
Vermillion.  Tnis  immense  plain  is  weii 
'cultivated  in  corn  and  vines,  is  intersected 
by  ridg  s of  gentle  hills  and  rocks,  wdtbout 
^closures  of  any  kind,  except  mud  walls 
round  the  villages.  There  are  few  trees. 
The  inhabitants  are  fond  of  music  and  danc- 
ing. Here  Cervaiiies  made  Don  Quixote 
perform  most  of  his  exploits,  (hiidad  Real 
IS  the  capital. 

MancUey  or  the  Channely  a department  of 
France.  It  is  surrounded  by  the  English 
i'haunel,  and  includes  the  w part  of  the  pro- 
v.nce  of  Normandy.  Coutauces  is  the  ca 
pital.  See  Cliannel. 

Mane  heater  y a large,  populous,  and  flou- 
rishing town  in  Lancashire,  situated  between 
the  rivers  irk  and  Irwel.  It  is  a place  of 


other  sroaii 
also  cai> 
From  these  various 
i sources  of  wealth  it  has  attained  greatei* 
opulence  than  almost  any  of  the  trading 
towns  in  England.  It  contains  14  churches, 
and  no  fewer  than  10  places  or  worship. 
There  are  several  elegant  public  buildings,,, 
the  college,  the  excuaege,  the  collegiate 
enureb,  another  large  church,  and  a spacious 
market-place.  The  churenes  and  obapeU 
of  the  establishment  are  12,  and  the  same 
number  of  places  of  worship  for  di!^sen{ers~; 
hut  thav  which  is  the  most  striking,  aad  re- 
flects the  greatest  honoiir  oa  tne  p.aoe,  is 
their  spacious  infirmary.  By  tuo  nvei  P- 
weli,  over  whiich  it  has  an  ancient  ard  .ofty 
stone  bridge,  it  has  a communication  wita 
the  Mersey,  and  all  the  late  various  eraen- 
tions  of  inland  navigation.  In  iSOI,  tlie 
number  of  inhabitants  was  84,020,  and 
98,573,  in  1811.  It  is  36  miles  £ by  N of 
Liverpool,  67  wsw  of  York,  and  182  nnw  of 
London.  Lon.  .2  iO  w,  lut.  53  27  N. 

Manchester y a small  fishing  town,  of 
Massachusetts,  in  Essex  county.  The. town- 
ship lies  SE  of  Wenham,  anu  it  is  aoc':-,t  30 
miles  NE  of  Boston.  It  coniams  96v> 
bitants. 

Manchester,  a post  town  of  Vermont,  m 
Benmugion  county,  seated  on  Batteu  river. 
Which  falls  into  the  Hudson,  above  Sar  ua- 
ga,  22  miles  n by  e of  Bennington,  and  59 
NE  of  Albany  in  New  York. 

Manchester,  a small  town  of  Virginia,  on 
(he  s side  of  Jaares  river,  opposite  R^cnmond, 
with  which  it  is  connected  oy  a bridge. 

Mdnciety  a town  in  the  department  of 
Gers,  France,  17  miles  sw  of  Condom. 

Mandaly  capital  of  a province  in  the* 
government  of  Bergen,  Norw  .y,  st.  /nds  near 
the  mouth  of  a river  of  its  name,  60  miles 
W'.w  of  Ghrisiiansaud.  Lon*  7 42  E,,  lat. 
58  2 N. 

Mandely  a town  in  the  depajtment  of  Es- 
caut,  France,  six  miles  s of  Courtray. 

Manderscheid,  a town  aud  younty,  annex- 
ed to  France,  and  included  in  the  department 
of  the  Saare,  iateo  Germany,  in  the  eletio- 
rate  of  Treves,  26  miles  nne  of  Treves. 

MANDINGO,  a kinglopi  of  Africa,  in 
ihe  w part  of  Negroland,  at  the  rise  of  the 
nv  M’S  Niger  and  Senegal,  near  the  Guuilna, 
200  miles  from  the  Atlantic.  The  natives 
are  a lively,  joyous  pi.-opie,  sociable,  mild/ 


great  anriquity,  and  has  been  long  noted  for  [ and  of  an  obliging  disposition.  The  men 
various  branches  of  the  linen, cotton  ^ are  abay- 


above middle  size,  strong  pud  capablo 
■ M2 


MAN 


MAN 


of  eulluring  great  labour.  Many  of  the- 
Mandingoes  keep  great  numbers  of  slaves. 
Slaves  born  in  their  families  are  treated  as 
their  ciiiidren. 

Mandria^  a small  desert  island,  in  the 
Archipelago,  between  Langos  and  Samoa. 

Mandshnrs,  or  Maneheiis^  a branch  of 
the  .11  )noul  Tartars,  who  inhabit  the  three 
provinces  of  Plastern  Tartary,  and  retain 
the  customs  they  brought  from  China,  Which 
their  ancestors  conquered  in  the  13tb  century, 
but  w’eie  expelled  by  the  Chinese  in  1368. 

Mmierhio^ii  towm  aiii  district  of  Italy. 
The  town  contains  3,000  souls;  the  quadra 
<5,000  in  ail  with  four  parishrs.  j 

Martfredorda,  a town  of  Maples,  with  a I 
good  harbour,  in  the  gulf  of  Venice,  with  a I 
castle^  and  is  'in  archbishop^s  ^ee.  It  ■ 
seated  on  a gulf  ot  the  ^anie  name.  It  a-  1 
bounds  w ith  all  sorts  of  veg<  tables,  30  mil  s | 
ENE  of  Lucera.  Lor*.  16  e,  lat.  41  35  n.  | 
Mangaloir,,  a sea-port  and  capital  of  the  | 
kingdom  of  Canara,  on  ih?  coast  of  Mala-  j 
bar.  it  is  situated  on  a ris.'ug  ground,  be-  i 
tween  two  arms  of  a salt  water  lake,  each  i! 
ol  which  receives  a river  from  the  Gauts.  || 
The  town  is  budt  alciig  -he  sides  of  the  I 
peninsuld,  and  has  a fort  in  the  centre,  j 
which  Tippoo  ordered  to  be  demolished  ; I 
ana  is  inhahite  ! by  Gentoos  and  Mahome- 
tans.  It  is  the  greatest  place  for  trade  of  |i 
any  in  the  kingdom.  It  exports  rice,  black  h 
pepper,  betel  nut,  sandal  wood,  cinnamon  and  | 
turmeric.  The  Porluguse  have  a factory  | 
here  for  rice.  The  fields  near  this  place  bear  ' 
two  crops  of  corn  in  a year.  Here  in  1784,  j 
a treaty  of  peace  w'as  signed  between  Tip-  j 
poo  and  the  English,  130  miles  nnw  of  Cali-  | 
out,  and  190  ssE  of  Goa.  Lon.  75  4 fi,  lat.  | 
12  N.  . I 

MANGEEA,  an  island  of  the  South  .sea,  j 
about  15  miles  in  circumference.  Captain  i 
Cook  could  not  find  a landing  place,  but  i 
such  of  the  inhabitants  as  came  oi  board  re- 
sembled the  people  of  Otaheite,  in  the  beauty 
of  their  person,  and  general  disposition. 
Lon.  IS8  16  w,  lat.  21  2T  s.^ 

Mangushlak^  a town  o»  Turramania,  on 
the  E coast  of  the  Caspsaii  sea.  Its  com-  i 
meroe  is  considerable.  j 

MANHEIM,  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
edties  ol  Germany,  in  the  late  palatinate  of 
the  Rhine.  I'be  inhabitants  are  computed  j 
at  24,060.  The  town  has  tl  iree  grand  | 
gates,  and  is  almost  entirely  surrounded  by 
Tthe  Neekar  and  the  Rhine.  The  streets  are 
all  siraiglit,  and  intersect  each  other  at 
right  angles.  lu  the  palace,  which  is  a 
iiK.guiricent  .'structure,  is  a cabinet  oi  naiural 
cunodiies  and  a gallery  oi  pictures.  The 
town  lias  been  often  taken  and  retaken  in 
the  late  war.s  between  the  French  and  Aus- 
trians In  1802,  it  was  ceded  to  the  elector  ' 
oi  Baden.  It  ,s  i7  miles  ne  of  Spire,  and 
42  s (it  Frankiort.  Lou.  8 34  p.  lat.  49  29  n. 

Manheim,  a town  ol  Pennsylvania,  in  the 
County  of  Lancaster.  It  is  11  miles  n by  w 
Lancaster,  and  77  w by  n of  Philadelphia. 


MANICA,  an  inland  kingdom  of  Cat?r®* 
ria,  has  a river  and  capital  of  its  name,  an*^ 
is  said  to  abound  with  mines  of  gold.  It  is 
little  known  to  Europeans. 

Manickdurg^  a town  of  the  deccan  of 
Hindoosian,  in  the  country  of  Berar,  five 
miles  SE  of  Chanda. 

Manickponr,o.  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
couniry  of  Oude,  30  miles  ^w  of  Allahabad, 
and  68  sse  of  Lucknow. 

Manilla^  the  capital  of  the  island  of  Lu- 
conia,  as  well  as  of  the  other  Philippine  is- 
lands, is  situated  on  a bay,  near  the  lake 
Bahia,  on  the  coast.  It  is  defended  by 
the  castle  of  St  Philip.  The  greater  part 
oi  the  public  buildings  are  of  wood,  on  ac- 
count of  the  frequency  of  earthquakes.  Tiie 
number  of  Christian  inhabitants  is  about 
12  000;  the  city  abounds  with  convents,  is 
an  archbishop’.--,  see,  and  there  is  an  inqui- 
sition. It  IS  only  two-thirds  of  a mile,  but 
has  very  extensive  suburbs.  The  port  pecu- 
liar to  the  city,  is  Cavete,  nine  miles  to  the 
sw ; and  is  the  usual  staiion  ot  the  ships 
employed  in  the  Accapulco  trade,  for  an 
account  of  which,  see  Lucouia.  The  inha- 
bitants of  Manilla  are  very  licentious  and 
wicked.  The  air  is  mild  and  temperate, 
and 'it  is  reckoned  the  most  healthy  of  all 
the  European  settlements  in  the  east.  By’’ 
an  earthquake  in  1617  a mountain  was 
levelled,  and  by  another  in  1625,  great  part 
of  this  city  was  destroyed,  and  3,000  per- 
sons perished.  In  1762,  the  city  was  taken 
by  storm,  by  the  English,  who  permitted  the 
arch-bishop  to  ransom  it  by  il.  1,000,000 
sterling,  but  a great  part  of  the  ransom 
was  never  paid.  Lon.  120  52  e,  lat.  14  36  n. 

Maningtree,  a town  in  Essex,  with  a mar- 
ket on  Tuesday,  situated  on  the  Stour,  here 
called  Maidngtree  Water.  Its  chief  im- 
ports are  corn,  iron,  deals,  and  coal : 1 1 
miles  w of  Harwich,  and  60  ene  of  Lon- 
don. 

Maniloulairiy  a cluster  of  islands  near 
the  northern  .shore  of  Lake  Huron. 

Man  of  Wavy  a celebrated  inn,  and  small 
village  o:  Ireland,  on  the  great  n road  from 
Dublin  to  Belfast,  13  miles  n of  Dublin. 
It  stands  on  an  eminence,  from  which  is 
one  of  ilie  richest  prospects  in  that  kingdom, 
including  the  city  of  Dublin,  &c. 

Manor,  a parish  in  Feebles-shire,  about 
nine  miles  long,  aud  three  broail,  lying  be- 
tween the  rivers  Ala  nor  aid  the  Tweeti.  In 
the  parish  is  a Roman  camp,  and  near  it  a 
strong  tower.  On  the  banks  of  the  rivers 
the  soil  is  fertile  and  the  scenery  pleasant, 
but  the  parish  in  general  is  rather  adapted 
to  pasturage  than  corn. 

Manosqnc,  a populous  tov  n in  the  dept, 
of  ihe  Lower  Alps,  France,  with  a castle, 
seated  on  the  Duran,  10  miles  s of  Forcai- 
quer,  a d 25  ne  of  Aix. 

Manpury,  a town  in  the  orunty  of  Dooab, 
Hir  doostan,  24  miles  E of  Agra. 

Manre^a,  a town  of  Cuialcnia,  Spain, 
seated  at  the  junction  of  the  Cardenero 


MAN 


MAR 


Kiid  tbe  Lobbregat ; bas  a castle  and  several 
l•onveIlts,  15  miles  s^e  of  Cardona,  and  20 
NW  of  Barcelona. 

Mans,  a rich,  large,  and  ancient  town, 
the  capital  of  the  department  of  Saite, 
France,  stands  on  a bill  by  the  Sarte,  near 
its  iunctioii  with  the  Huisne,  and  a bishop’s 
see.  It  was  formerly  very  populous,  but 
the  inhabitants  now  scarcely  amount  to 
14,000.  Its  wax  and  studs  are  famous.  It 
is  ^20  miles  s of  Alencon,  and  75  w by  n of 
Orleans,  Lon.  0 9 e,  lat.  48  0 n.  ^ 

Mansaroav,  a large  lake  of  Asia,  in  Thi- 
bet, supposed  to  be  the  source  of  the  sou- 
thernmost head  oi  the  Ganges.  It  is  1 15 
miles  in  circumference,  and  lies  in  about 
Ion.  79  0 E,  lat.  33  15  n. 

M ANSEL,  an  island  in  the  ne  part  of 
Hudson’s  bay.  Lat.  62  38  N. 

Mansfeldt,  a town  in  Upper  Saxony,  in  a 
county  of  its  name,  has  an  ancient  castle, 
on  a steep  rock^  eight  miles  kinw  of  Eisle- 
ben. 

Mamfeld,  a town  in  Nottinghamshire, 
siiucited  on  the  edge  of  the  forest  of  Sher-  | 
wood.  It  is  a pretty  large  town  has  a j 
great  trade  in  corn  and  malt,  and  stocking  i 
manufacture.  It  has  a market  on  I’nnrs-  > 
day  ; and  gives  the  title  of  Earl  to  a family 
of  the  name  of  Murray,  as  inheriting  the 
honours  of  a late  celebrated  judge.  In  1 
1801,  the  nopuiation  was  5988,  and  in  181 1, 
6816.  it  is  14  miles  n of  Nottingham,  and 
1.38  N by  w of  London. 

Mamilla,  a town  in  Leon,  Spain,  14  miles 
ssE  of  the  city  of  Leon. 

Manscra,  or  Mansenra,  a town  of  Egypt, 
on  the  E side  of  tbe  Nile.  Rice,  sal-ammo- 
niac, <fec.  are  its  principal  commodities, 
Here  too  are  extensive  chicken  ovens*  It  j 
is  24  miles  ssw  of  Damietta,  and  60  n of 
Cairo.  Lon.  32  0 e,  lat.  31  0 n.  | 

Manscra,  a town  which  stands  near  the  ' 
mouth  of  the  Guir,  in  the  kingdom  of  Fez, 
60  miles  w of  Mequinez. 

Mansura,  a town  in  Irak-Arabi,  Asiatic 
Turkey,  sealed  on  the  Euphrates,  at  its 
confluence  wdth  a branch  of  the  Tigris,  110 
miles  NKwof  Bassora. 

Manta,  a bay  of  G»iayaquil,  in  S Ame-  j 
rica.  There  is  also  a point  of  this  name  | 
on  the  adjacent  coast.  The  bay  has  its 
name  from  the  great  numbers  of  large  ! 
lish  called  mantas,  the  catching  of  which  | 
is  the  com.mon  employment  of  the  inhabi- 
tants. 

M^intaca,  See  Mataca, 

Mantes,  a considerable  town  in  the  dept, 
of  Seine  and  Oise,  France,  situated  on  the 
.Seine,  over  which  it  has  a bridge,  36  arches, 
the  great  arch  of  W'hich  is  120  feet  wide. 
Excellent  wines  are  produced  in  tlie  vici- 
nity. It  lies  31  miles  nw'  of  Paris. 

Mantua,  or  the  Mantuan,  a duchy  of 
Italy,  which  formed  part  of  the  late  Italian 
republic,  and  now  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy. 
It  lies  along  the  Po,  which  divides  it  into 
two  parts.  It  is  about  50  miles  in  length. 


and  30  in  breadth  ; is  fruitful  in  corn,  pas- 
tures, flax,  fruits,  and  excellent  wme.  Thu 
principal  rivers  are  the  Po,  the  Ogiio,  and 
tbe  Mincio.  Charles  IV.  duke  of  "Mantua, 
who  w'as  put  under  the  ban  of  the  empire, 
ior  the  part  which  he  took  in  the  dispute 
respecting  the  succession  ol  Spain,  died  in 
1708.  As  he  left  no  heirs,  the  house  of 
Austria  kept  possession  of  the  Mantuan  till 
1800,  when,  after  the  battle  of  Marengo,  it 
fell  into  the  bauds  of  the  French. 

Mantua,  a city  of  Italy,  the  capital  of  the 
late  republican  dept,  of  Mincio,  and  of  the 
duchy  of  Mantua.  It  is  situated  on  an  is- 
land, in  the  midst  of  a lake,  across  which 
there  are  iwo  causeways.  It  is  very  large, 
having  eight  gates,  2i  parishes,  and  about 
-20,000  inhabitants.  The  streets  are  broad 
and  straight,  aiid  the  bouses  well  built. 
The  cathedral  has  a noble  dome,  orna- 
mented w'ith  pilasiers  and  paintings  ; St.  An- 
thony’s church  is  noted  ior  relics,  and  the 
Franciscan  cbiircli  is  one  of  the  most  ele- 
gant of  that  order  in  Italy.  Here  are 
many  other  ehuiciies,  and  convents,  a Jew- 
ish synagogue,  a ducai  palace,  famous  for 
its  painfii;gs,  and  a university.  A village 
near  this  city  gave  birth  to  Virgil.  In  1797, 
altera  siege  of  eight  months,  this  city  ac- 
cepted of  terms  from  the  French.  It  sur- 
rendered to  the  Austrian  and  Russian  army 
in  1797.  Mantua  was  greatly  noted  for  its 
silks  and  silk  manufactures,  but  they  are 
now  much  decayed,  and  the  air  is  very 
unwholesome.  Tbe  situation  of  Mantua  is; 
so  very  strong,  and  so  well  fortified,  that  it 
is  accounted  one  of  the  most  considerable 
fortresses  in  Europe.  It  is  situated  on  the 
Mincio,  35  miles  ne  of  Parma,  25  sw'  of 
Verona,  and  90  ese  of  Milan.  Lon.  10 
50  E, lat.  45  10  N. 

Manzanares,  a town  in  the  district  of 
Mancha,  Spin,  seaied  near  the  Azuer, 
celebrated  for  its  wane,  28  miles  e by  n of 
Cuidad  Real. — Another  in  New  Castile,  near 
the  >‘Ouree  of  a river  of  its  name,  27  miles 
NNW  of  Aladrid, 

MAOUNA,  one  of  the  Navigators  islands, 
in  ihe  Paeilie  ocean.  Here,  in  1787,  Cap- 
tain Langle,  Len)anone  the  naturalist,  and 
nine  sailors,  belonging  to  captain  Peyroiise  s 
ship’s  company,  w^ere  massacred  by  the  na 
lives.  Lon.  109  0 w,  iat.  14  19  s. 

Mapimis,  a town  in  New  Biscay,  New 
Spain,  with  a fortress,  130  miles  n of  Du- 
rango. 

Maracai,  a towm  in  the  province  of  Cara- 
cas, Terra  Firma,  near  the  e end  of  the 
lal<e  Tocarigua,  20  miles  kn’e  of  Valencia. 

Maracaibo,  Maraccnjbo , or  Maracaya,  a 
small  but  rich  city  of  Vejiezuela,  in  S Ame- 
rica, seated  on  the  w side  of  the  ouiiet  of 
the  lake  of  its  name,  73  nhles  sw  of  Coro. 
It  it  well  built,  and  contains  about  4,000 
inhabitants.  Vessels  from  20  to  30  tons 
burden  frequent  this  port.  It  has  a great 
trade  in  skins,  chocolate,  and  tobacco. 
Ships  of  considerable  burden  are  built  here* 


MAR 

%i  lies  60  miles  v/  of  Venezuela,  and  33g 
s of  Rio  (le  ia  Kaehci, 

Maracaibo  Lake,  or  Gulf,  a large  collec- 
tion of  waters,  on  which  the  above  town 
is  situated.  It  is  near  120  miles  long,  and 
in  some  parts  50  in  breadth,  running  from  s 
to  N into  the  North  sea.  It  has  communi- 
cation with  the  gulf  of  Venezuela ; on  ius 
borders  are  several  ^Spanish  towns.  On  the 
iSE  side,  is  an  inexhaustible  quantity  of  mi- 
neral pitch,  the  vapour  from  which  becomes 
infianiable  in  the  open  air,  and  has  the  efiect 
of  pbosphcric  lights  in  the  night,  which  the 
sailors  stjle  Maracagho  Lanterns.  It 
abounds  with  all  sorts  of  fish,  some  of 
which  are  ver}"  large. 

Maraga,  a town  in  Aderbijan,  Persia.  It 
is  well  built,  wailed  has  a spacious  bazar, 
and  a glass  manufacture ; it  is  seatexl  on  a 
river,  10  miles  from  its  mouth,  in  lake  Or- 
mia,  and  60  s by  w of  Tabriz.  Lon.  46 
24  E,  lat.  37  20  n. 

Maranhao,  a small  island  at  the  mouth  of 
the  noted  rivers,  Maroau,  Topocoru,  and 
jSriOny,  on  the  ,n  ade  of  the  province  of  Ma- 
ranhao,  or  Alciranon,  in  Brazil.  The  is- 
land is  oblong,  45  miles  in  circuit,  veiy  fer- 
tile, and  well  inbabiied.  It  has  two  smab 
ler  towns,  viz.  St.  Aiidero  on  the  most  nor- 
thern point,  and  Jago  on  the  southi^ri). 
The  continent,  three  or  four  leagues  from 
the  island,  is  inhabited  by  the  4 apoytaparo 
and  Toupinambois  naiions.  The  capital  is 
Maragnan,  of  which  the  harbour  is  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  St.  Mary,  on  the  Atlantic, 
495  miles  nw  of  Cape  St.  Roque. 

MARANNAN,  a province  of  Brazil,  S 
America,  which  comprehends  a fertile  and 
populous  island,  of  i {2  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence. Mere  the  French  settled  in  1612, 
))ut  were  soon  expelled  by  the  Portuguese, 
who  have  held  it  ever  since.  Chief  town, 
St.  Lous, 

Marano,  a to\Vn  of  Italy,  in  Friuli,  on  the 
gulf  of  Venice,  containing  1,000  souls.  It 
lies  27  miles  s by  e of  Udina.  Lon.  12  5 e, 
lat.  45  52  N. 

Marancn.  See  Amazon. 

jSlarans,  a fowji  in  the  dept,  of  Low'cr 
Charente,  France,  stands  on  tlie  Sevre,  sur- 
rounded by  sail  marshes,  and  has  a consider- 
able trade  in  corn,  meat,  malt,  atul  salt  12 
miles  NXE  of  Rachelle,  and/21  w of  Niort. 

Marant,  or  Amoront,  a town  of  Persia, 
in  the  province  of  Aderbijan.  containing 
'2,500  houses,  each  havi  g a garden,  wittered 
by  canals  from  a ccniigucus  river.  Mere, 
accerdiug  to  tradirion,  Noah  was  buried. 
Co('hineal  is  lound  in  the  vicinity.  It  is  50 
miles  rc  of  Te.uri.s.  Lon.  47  46  e,  lat.  39  7 n. 

Morasa.  a town  in  Wangara,  Negmland, 
.^(ated  (.n  the  k side  of  tin.  Nbger,  160  miles 
>.’E  of  Chanara.  I on.  17  iO  e,  lat,  ia50  \. 

.Ihii'ascb,  a popuious  town  ol  Natolia, 
situated  between  'loiiriis  Aniitaurus  and  the 
Euphrates,  capital  of  a sa;  giacatt',  and  a 
bishop’s  see,  60  miles  e ol  Adana.  Lon.  30 
5 E,  la.t.  i>7  2 


MAR 

Marathon,  a village  of  Livadia,  Eur®- 
pean  Turkey,  formerly  a city,  10  miles 
from  Athens.  On  its  celebrated  plain, 
10,600  Greeks,  under  Miltiades,  routed 
120,000  Persians,  who  lost  above  10,000 
men,  and  many  ships. 

Maravi,  a lake  in  the  se  part  of  Africa, 
knowm  to  extend  300  miles  in  length,  and 
about  30  in  breadth,  has  a town  of  its  name 
at  the  southern  extremity.  Lon.  35  iO  E, 
lat.  13  10  N. 

MARAWAR,  a territory  in  the  Carnatic, 
Hindoosian,  s of  Tanjore,  60  miles  in  length 
and  40  in  breadth.  Chief  towns,  Ramanad, 
and  Tripatore. 

Maraicina,  a river  of  Guiana,  which  di- 
vides Cayenne  from  Surinam,  celebrated 
for  a peeble  called  the  Marawina  diamond. 
It  falls  into  the  Atlantic,  in  Ion.  53  48  w, 
lat.  5 58  X. 

Marazion,  or  Market  Jew,  a town  in 
Cornwall,  seated  on  a creek  of  Mountbay, 
with  cl  small  harbour,  a market  on  Thurs- 
day, and  two  annual  fairs,  four  miles  e of 
Penzance,  and  278  w by  s of  London. 

Marhach,  a tow  n of  Suabia,  in  Wirtem- 
herg,  on  the  Neckar,  nine  miles  nke  of 
Stutgard. 

Marbella,  a town  in  Granada,  Spain, 
stands  at  the  loot  of  high  mountains,  near 
i the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Verde,  28  miles  wsw 
j of  Malaga. 

i Marblehead,  a piort  of  entry,  and  post 
, town  of  the  L'^nited  States  of  America,  in 
j Essex  county,  Massachusetts  four  miles  se 
of  Salem,  and  19  ke  of  Boston,  containing 
5,601  inhabitants.  The  harbour  lies  in 
I front  of  the  town,  which  stands  on  a neck 
I of  land  in  Massachusetts  bay.  Here  are 
I three  churches,  and  the  harbour  is  defended 
I by  a battery  and  citadel.  Lon.  70  50  w, 

I lat.  42  27  K. 

jj  Marburg,  capinl  oi  Cp{er  Hesse,  seated 
j on  the  Lahn,  Germany.  The  town  is  strong, 

! with  a fortified  castle  on  the  top  of  a moun- 
t tain,  a university,  and  an  academy.  The 
I church  of  St.  Elizabeth,  a fine  structure, 

I stands  near  a house  of  the  Teutonic  order,  in 
I which  resides  the  commander  of  the  canioii 
[ of  Hesse.  The  French  took  it  in  1757,  sur- 
rendeied  it  to  the  allies  in  1759,  and  took 
it  again  next  year,  47  miles  sw  ol  Cassel. 
Low.  8 50  E,  lat.  50  48  N. 

Marca,  a small  island,  in  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
I nice,  about  five  miles  Lorn  Ragusa. 

MarcclUn,  St,  a handsome  town  in  the 
dept,  of  Is(‘re,  Prance,  stands  at  ihe  foot 
■ oi  a hill,  on  the  Isere,  in  a country  which 
produces  excellent  wine,  five  miles  irom  St. 
Antoine,  and  30  sse  of  Vienne. 

March,  a tow  n seated  on  the  Ncn,  in  the 
middie  of  the  isle  of  Fly,  Cam  bridge-shire, 
w iib  a naiiket  on  Friday.  Near  this  place, 
111  i730,  thiee  urns  luil  of  burnt  bones,  and 
son  e small  Reman  coins  w ere  dug  up,  eight 
miles  s by  e oi  Misbeacb,  26  new  ot  Cam- 
bridge^ and  8)  Nof  I endon. 

Ji archburg,  or  Marburg,  a town  in  Stirja, 


MAR 


MAR 


Germany,  capital  of  a circle  of  the  same 
name,  on  the  Drave,  with  two  castles,  amid 
good  vineyards  : 36  miles  sse  of  Gratz,  and 
100  ssw  of  Vienna. 

MarcMorf,  a town  in  the  territory  of 
Constance,  Sw^abia,  13  miles  ne  of  Con- 
stance. 

MARCHE,  a late  province  of  France, 
about  55  miles  in  lenajth,  and  25  in  breadth, 
and  pretty  fertile  in  corn  and  wine.  It  now 
chietly  forms  the  dpartment  of  Creuse. 

Marche,  a town  in  the  department  of  Vos- 
ges, near  the  source  of  the  Mouzon,  20  miles 
E of  Neufcbateaii,  and  40  s by  w of  Toui. 

Marche  En  Fameney  a town  in  Luxemburg. 
Netherlands,  on  the  Marsette,  2.3  miles  SE  of  j 
Namur,  and  35  kw  of  Luxemburg. 

Marcheck,  a town  of  Austria,  seated  on 
the  March,  has  an  ancient  castle,  and  is  on 
the  borders  of  lluugary  ; 23  miles  e by  n of 
Vienna. 

* Marchena,  a handsome,  ancient,  and  con- 
siderable town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  with 
a suburb  as  large  as  the  town,  stands  in  the 
centre  of  a plain,  abounding  with  olives,  38 
miles  ENE  of  Seville. 

Marchiennes,  a towm  in  the  department 
of  Nord,  France,  stands  in  a morass,  on  the 
Scarpe,  ^ven  miles  ene  of  Douay. 

Marchiennes,  a town  in  the  territory  of 
Liege,  Netherlands,  on  the  Sambre,  four 
miles  w of  Charleroy. 

Marcianisi,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Lavora,  Naples,  13  miles  nne  of  Naples. 

MarQig7n,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Saone  and  Loire,  France,  near  the  Loire, 
32  miles  w ot  Macon,  and  43  s by  w of 
Autun. 

MarcUlac,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Charente,  France,  13  miles  njvw  of  Angou- 
lesme. 

MARCK,  a territory  of  Westphalia.  It 
is  pretty  fertile,  and  is  held  by  (he  king  of 
Prussia.  Ham  is  the  capital. 

March,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Straits  of  Calais,  France,  six  miles  e of 
Calais. 

Marckolsheim,  a town  in  the  department 
of  the  Lower  Rhine,  France,  25  miles  s of 
Strasburg. 

Marco,  St,  a sea-port  of  East  Florida,  on 
a river  of  its  name,  at  its  intlux  into  Apa- 
lache  bay,  180  miles  wnw  of  St  Augustine. 
Lon.  84  38  w,  lat.  30  18  n. 

Marco  St,  a town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Citra,  on  the  Senito,  22  miles  n of  Cosenza. 

Marcou,  St,  two  small  islands  in  the 
English  cbaiinel,  near  the  coast  of  France, 
seven  miles  e of  La  Hogue. 

Marcus  Hook,  a town  of  Chester  county, 
Pennsylvania,  20  miles  belovv^  Philadelphia. 

Mardike,  a sea  port  in  the  department  of 
the  North,  France,  on  a canal  to  which  it 
gives  name,  four  miles  by  s of  Dunkirk. 

MAREB,  the  capital  of  a district  in  the 
province  of  Yemen,  Arabia,  100  miles  se 
of  Sanaa.  Loai.  47  dO  e,  lat.  15  44  N. 

Maree,*Loch,  a great  fresh-water  lake  in 


Ross-shirc,  18  miles  long,  and  in  some  parts' 
four  broad.  In  it  are  24  small  islands,  ou 
one  of  w'hich  is  a druidical  temple  and  a 
burying  ground  still  in  use  ; ne  of  this  lake 
is  a small  one  called  Loch  Fair.  These 
laJies  abound  with  salmon,  cliar,  and  trout. 

MAREMMES,  a district  of  Tuscany,  in 
the  Siennese,  divided  into  Maremme  de. 
la,  and  Maretnnie  di  qua,  on  the  w and  E 
sides  of  the  Orabroiie,  both  bounded  by  the 
sea  on  the  s. 

Marengo,  a village  in  the  Milanese,  fa- 
mous for  a decisive  victory  gained  over  the 
Austrians  June  14,  1800,  by  which  the 
French  again  became  masters  of  Lornbardyc 
It  now  belongs  to  France,  and  gives  name 
to  a new  department,  including  part  of  Mi- 
j lanese,  and  Piedmont ; it  stands  in  a plain, 
three  miles  se  of  Alexandria,  which  is  the 
chief  town. 

Marennes,  a town  in  the  department  oh 
Lower  Charente,  France.  It  is  32  miles 
Nw  of  Saintes. 

MARETIMO,an  island  on  the  west  coast 
of  Sicily,  about  10  miles  in  circumference, 
with  a castle  and  some  farm  houses.  It 
abounds  in  honey.  Lon.  12  3-5  e,  iat.  38 
5 N. 

MARDEN  ROCKS,  a jproup  of  rocky 
I islands,  ou  the  coast  of  Northumberland, 
j not  far  from  Tinmouth,  curiously  perforated 
j so  as  to  give  a passage  to  boats. 

I MAR,  FOREST  OF,  a district  of  Aber- 
i deeushire. 

I Margallaway,  a river  which  rises  in  the 
I district  of  Maine,  runs  s\v  to  Amariscoggin 
I river  Its  mouth  is  10  roods  wide. 

I Mar  gam,  a town  in  Glamorganshire, 

I Wales,  near  Llandalf,  seated  at  the  foot  of 
I a mountain  covered  with  oaks,  with  the  re- 
I mains  of  a large  abbey.  Here  are  ejiten- 

I sive  copper  works,  and  a market  on  Satur- 
! day  holden  opposite  to  them.  Here  is  a 

I I green-house  of  large  dimensions  for  the  re- 
li  ception  of  orange  trees,  with  an  apartment 
I afeach  end  for  ancient  marble  statue  work, 

I Near  the  church  is  a curious  runic  monu- 
ment, and  on  an  adjoining  h U a remarkable 

1 stone  mentioned  by  Cambden,  called  Main 
Lathy fOg,  iO  miles  sse  of  Neath,  and  188 
w of  London. 

MARGARITA, or  Santa  Margaretta 
DE  Las  Caraccas,  an  island  of  Terra 
Firma,  in  .South  America,  from  wdiich  it  is 
parted  by  a strait,  24  nules  wide;  08  miles 
w of  Paria,  or  New  Andalusia : discovered 
by  Columbus  in  14D8.  It  is  40  miles  in 
length,  and  15  in  breadth  ; and,  being  al- 
ways verdant,  affords  a most  agreeable 
prospect,  but  it  has  no  fresh  water.  In 
i026,  it  was  taken  by  the  Dutch,  and  its 
castle  demolished,  and  is -now  chielly  inha- 
bited by  the  natives.  Lon.  04  12  w,  lau 

11  10  N. 

MARGARET^s  ISLANDS,  in  the  N Pa- 
' cifie  ocean.  Lon.  141  12  e,  let.  21  40  n. 
I Margate,  a sea-port  in  Kent,  on  the  k 
[ side  of  the  isle  of  Tbanm-t;  whioli  l-es  rapid* 


M A R 


MAR 


ly  incr(*ased,  ©f  late  years,  by  the  great  re- 
sort to  it  by  sea-bathing.  There  are  regu- 
lar passage-boats  to  and  from  London,  It 
stands  on  the  side  of  a hill,  has  a stone  pier, 
a market  on  Saturday,  and  is  a member  of 
the  port  of  Dover,  It  is  14  miles  n of  Deal, 
IT  EN’Ti;  of  Canterbury,  and  T2  e by  s of  !l 
London.  Lon.  122  E,  iat.  51  24  n.  jj 

Margentkeim,  a town  of  Franconia,  16  1 
miles  s\T  of  Wirtzberg.  i 

Murgozza,  a town  in  the  Milanese,  Ital}*,  } 
stands  near  a small  lake  of  the  same  name,  j 
40  miles  Kw  of  Milan.  j 

MARIA,  or  St  Maria,  an  island  in  the  1 
Indian  ocean,  five  nliles  e of  Madagascar, 
45  miles  in  length,  and  seven  in  breadth. 

It  is  surrounded  by  rocks,  and  well  watered, 
for  it  rains  almost  every  day.  On  the 
coasts  are  found  ambergrise,  and  while 
coral  ; rice,  siigar-caiie,  legumes,  pine- 
apples, and  tobacco,  are  articles  of  produce. 
The  natives  call  it  Ibrahim.  Lon,  50  20  e, 
lat.  17  0 s. 

MARIA,  St,  one  of  the  Azores,  or  Wes- 
tern islands,  which  produces  plenty  of  wheat, 
and  has  about  500  inhabitants.  It  is  the 
most  soiitheru  of  these  islands,  and  has  a | 
town  of  the  same  name.  Lon.  25  9 w, 
laL  36  57  n. 

Mariaf  St,  a handsome  and  considerable 
town  in  Andalusia,  8phin,  18  miles  x of 
Cadiz. 

Maria,  St,  a town  of  Naples,  in  Lavora, 
37  miles  w of  Naples. 

Maria,  St,  capital  of  the  kingdom  of 
Matamba,  Congo,  on  a river  that  falls  into 
the.  Coanzo,  310  miles  e of  Loanda,  Lon.  18 
0 K,  lat.  8 50  N. 

3Iaria  Santa,  a town  of  the  audience  of 
Panama,  iu  South  America,  built  by  the 
Spaniards  after  the  discovery  of  the  gold 
mines  in  its  vicinity,  and  soon  after  taken 
by  the  English.  It  stands  on  the  gulf  of 
St  Michael,  at  the  influx  of  a river  of  its 
name.  Lon.  78  12  w,  lat.  7 43  n. 

MARlAGALANTE,oneof  the  Carribbee 
islands,  in  the  Atlantic  ocean,  belonging  to 
the  French.  It  is  of  an  elliptical  figure, 
lour  leagues  and  a-half  from  n to  s,  and 
three  from  e to  w.  It  lies  five  or  six  leagues 
SE  of  Guadaloupe.  It  is  indifferently  wa- 
tered, but  produces  great  quantities  of  cof- 
fee, cotton,  and  sugar.  In  1808,  it  was  ta- 
ken by  a British  frigate.  The  s end  is  30 
miles  N by  e of  Dominica.  Lon.  61  18  w, 
lat,  18  55  N. 

Maricger,  a town  in  the  diocese  of  Ar- 
busen,  Deiiinork,  seated  on  the  s side  of  a 
gulf,  which  communicates  w’iih  the  Categat. 
Its  chief  trade  is  in  lime  and  siono,  35  miles 
X by  w of  ArliU'jen.  Lon.  9 35  E,  lat.  56  42  n.  , 

Marian  Islands,  See  Ladrones. 

Mariano,  or  Marian,  a town  in  Verona, 
Italy.  It  contains  1380  souls. 

Maricello,  a town  in  Terra  di  Bari,  Na- 
ples, six  miles  KW  of  Gravina. 

Marie,  Cape  Dame,  iho  w'estermost  point 
'of  the  island  of  Hispaniola,  Lon.  76  51  w 


from  Paris,  lat.  18  38  n.  The  town  of  this 
name,  situated  on  the  cape,  is  24  miles  w of 
Jeremie. 

Marie,  Straits  of,  connect  lakes  Superior 
and  Huron. 

Mario  Aux  Mines,  a tow'n  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Vosges,  France.  It  is  famous 
for  its  silver  mines,  and  is  25  miles  nw  of 
New  Bri^ac. 

Marie,  St,  d^Arue,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Mont  Blanc,  France,  15  miles  wxw 
of  Chambery. 

Marienbnrg,  a handsome  town  of  Upp*:*! 
Saxony,  remarkable  for  its  rich  mines  of 
silver,  iron,  vitriol,  and  sulphur.  The  in- 
habitants have  manufactures  of  fine  lace, 
and  a medicinal  bith,  15  miles  sse  of 
Chemnitz, 

Marienhurg,  an  ancient  towm  nnd  palati* 
uate  of  Western  Prussia,  seated  on  the  e 
branch  of  the  Vistula,  24  miles  se  of  Dant- 
zic.  Lon.  19  8 E,  lat.  54  9 N. 

Marienhurg,  a town  in  the  department  c£ 
the  North,  France,  10  miles  sw  of  Charie* 
mont. 

Marienstadt,  a lowm  in  West  Gothland, 
Sweden,  at  the  sE  extremity  of  the  lake 
Wenner,  26  miles  nne  of  Scara,  and  35  ss 
of  Carlstadt. 

Marienwerder,  the  capital  of  West  Prus- 
sia, Its  spacious  palace  is  built  in  the 
Gothic  style,  the  cathedral  is  320  feet  long, 
has  strong  breast-works,  and  is  the  largest 
in  Prussia.  At  this  place,  in  1809,  Frederic  I. 
and  Peter  the  Great  bad  an  interview.  It  is 
situated  near  the  Vistula,  94  miles  sw'  of 
Konigsberg.  Lon.  IS  52  e,  lat.  53  50  n. 

Marietta,  a post  town  and  settlement  of 
the  United  States,  in  the  stale  of  Ohio,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Muskingum.  The  town  is 
laid  out  on  a regular  plan,  wdth  spacious 
streets  and  squares,  but  little  of  it  is  built. 
Here  is  a church,  a court-house,  and  an 
academy.  The  Campus  Martius,  foundetT 
by  the  Ohio  company  in  1718,  is  an  eleva- 
ted public  square,  the  fortification  is  of  hewn 
limber.  Mariette  has  a dock-yard  and  fort 
on  the  Muskingum.  lu  1800  was  discover- 
ed in  the  vicinity,  a tesselated  pavement, 
curious  antiques,  and  a large  human  skele- 
ton. It  is  36  miles  sw'  of  Wheeling,  80  b 
of  Chilicothe,  and  240  N by  w of  Washing- 
ton. Lon.  81  37  W’,  lat.  39  16  n. 

MarignanOySi  tovvn  in  the  Milanese,  Italy, 
on  the  Lambro,  10  miles  se  of  Milan. 

Marina,  a town  in  Campagua  di  Roma, 
Italy,  10  mites  ese  of  Rome. 

Marino,  St,  capital  of  a small  republic 
in  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Urbino,  stands  on 
a mountain,  and  was  lately  under  the  pro- 
tection of  the  pope ; 17  miles  nw  of  Urbino. 
Lon.  12  33  k,  lat.  43  54  n. 

Marino,  St,  a tow'n  in  the  province  of 
Ba«^ilioatu,  Napl  s,  nine  miles  s of  Tursi. 

Mark.  See  March. 

Marks,  St,  a towm  of  East  Florida,  at  the 
head  of  the  bay  of  Apftlachy,  160  miles  w 
of  St  Augustine. 


MAR 

Marky  Sty  a jurisdiction  in  the  w part  of 
the  island  of  St  Domingo,  coniaining  lour 
parishes.  The  town  of  St  Mark  lies  at  the 
head  of  a bay  of  its  name,  which  is  at  the 
head  of  the  bay  of  bite  of  Leogane.  Its 
comnaerce  is  considerable.  The  houses  are 
biiilt  of  free-stone,  with  which  the  neigh- 
bourhood abounds.  In  1794,  it  was  taken 
by  the  English  and  royalists.  It  is  26  leagues 
-sw  of  Cape  Francois.  Lon.  72  45  w,  lat.  19 
5 N. 

Market  WUy  a small  town  in  Armagh, 
Ulster.  Near  this  town  is  Gosford  castle, 
tbe  residence  of  the  present  lord  Gosford, 
seated  in  a delightful  spot.  This  was  a fa- 
vourite resort  of  dean  Swift,  to  which  he 
gave  the  name  of  Draper hill.  Here  is 
still  to  be  seen  a serpentine  gravel  walk,  in 
the  policy  v/hich  the  dean  formed  with  his 
own  hands,  and  is  called  Swift’s  walk ; 
about  eight  miles  e by  s of  Armagh,  and  10 
NNw  of  Newry. 

Market- Raisin,  a small  town  in  Lincoln- 
shire, stands  near  the  sources  of  the  Anklam, 
with  a market  on  Thursday,  14  miles  ne  of 
Lincoln. 

Market  Jew,  See  Marazion, 

Markinchy  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Fife- 
shire,  which  comprehends  about  7000  acres, 
with  a varied  surface,  but  in  general  a fertile 
soil.  And  besides  the  village  of  Mai  kinch, 
w'hich  contains  about  500  inhalntants,  there 
are  three  other  villages,  viz.  Balbirnie,  Bal- 
gonie,  Dubieside,  Population  3130.  The 
church  is  an  old  building,  with  a square 
steeple,  supporting  a spire.  It  belonged 
anciently  to  the  Culdees,  and  afterwards  to 
the  priory  of  St  Andrew’s.  The  village  of 
Markinch  has  a fine  south  exposure,  on  an 
oblong  hill,  and  is  about  half  a mile  e of 
the  road  from  Kinghorn  to  Dundee,  by 
Coupar,  seven  miles  nne  of  Kircaldy,  and 
18  from  Edinburgh  in  the  same  direction. 
In  this  parish  are  two  coal-works,  a bleach- 
field,  and  many  mills  on  the  Leven. 

Marlboroughy  a town  in  Wiltshire,  con- 
taining two  parishes,  and  about  500  houses, 
governed  by  a mayor,  two  justices,  12  aider- 
men,  <fec.  who  elect  two  members  of  parlia- 
ment. It  has  a market  on  Saturday.  Here 
are  some  remains  of  a castle,  in  which  a 
parliament  was  held  in  1267,  which  passed 
several  acts,  called  the  statues  of  Marl- 
bridge.  It  was  a Roman  station,  and  gives 
the  title  of  duke  to  the  family  of  Spencer. 
It  is  situated  on  the  river  Kennet,  26  miles 
N of  Salisbury,  43  e of  Bristol,  and  74  w of 
Loudon. 

Marlboroughy  Forty  an  English  factory  in 
Asia,  on  the  w coast  of  the  island  of  Suma- 
tra, three  miles  e of  Bencoohm. 

Marlboroughy  an  ancient  and  wealthy 
towm  in  Middlesex  county,  Massachusetts, 
h:KS  a manufacture  of  Spanish  brown,  from 
a kind  of  loam  found  in  its  vicinity,  25  miles 
w by  s of  Boston. 

Marlboroughy  a post  town  in  Cheshire 
county,  New  Hampshire,  26  miles  from  Ash- 
NO:  19-6(1. 


MAR 

1 bnrnham  in  Massachusetts,  aud  contains  *186 
I inhabitants,  70  miles  w by  s of  Portsmouth, 

Marlboroughy  Lowery  a town  of  Mary- 
land, situated  in  Calvert  county,  E side  of 
the  Patuxent,  24  miles  se  of  Washington 
city. 

Marlboroughy  Upper,  the  chief  tow'U  of 
! prince  George’s  county,  Maryland,  on  Ih© 
Hatavisit,  a branch  of  the  Patuxent.  It  is 
15  miles  e of  the  city  of  Washington. 

Marlheimy  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Lower  Rhine,  France,  nine  miles  w of 
Strasburg. 

Marlow,  Great,  a town  in  Buckingham- 
shire, pleasantly  situated  near  the  banks  of 
the  Thames,  under  the  Cheltern  hills.  It 
consists  of  two  principal  streets,  and  three 
smaller  ones.  It  has  been  much  improved 
of  late  years,  and  has  a bridge  over  the 
Thames  into  B,erkshire.  Here  are  manu- 
factures of  black  silk  lace,  paper,  thimbles, 
aud  lintseed  oil,  and  a considerable  trade  in 
meal,  malt,  wood,  &c.  It  has  a market 
on  Saturday,  and  lies  31  miles  w of  London. 
Marlow,  Little,  lies  to  the  ne. 

Marly  a village  and  royal  palace  of 
France,  celebrated  for  its  fine  gardens,  and 
water-works,  which  are  supplied  with  water 
raised  from  the  Seine  by  machinery.  It  is 
four  miles  N of  Versailles,  and  10  nw  of  Paris. 

Marmande,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Lot  and  Garonne,  France,  stands  on  the 
Garonne,  and  has  a trade  in  corn,  wine,  and 
brandy.  It  is  40  miles  se  of  Bordeaux,  and 
320  s by  w of  Paris.  Lon.  0 15  e,  lat.  44 
20  N. 

MARMORA,  an  island  in  the  sea  of  Mar- 
mora, 30  miles  in  circuit;  from  whose  mar- 
ble quarries  many  of  the  public*  edifices  ia 
Constantinople  were  built.  It  has  a town 
of  its  name.  Lon.  27  34  e,  lat.  40  28  n. 

Marmora,  or  White  Sea,  a sea  between 
Europe  and  Asia,  which  communicates  with 
the  Archipelago,  by  the  Dardanelles  on  the 
sw,  and  with  the  Black  sea,  by  the  strait  of 
Constantinople  on  the  ne.  It  is  120  miles 
in  length,  and  50  in  breadth,  and  was  anci- 
ently called  the  Propontis. 

Marmora,  a town  in  Calabria  Ultra,  Na- 
les,  16  miles  w of  St  Severino. 

MarmosetiSy  a harbour  irt  the  island  of 
Hispaniola.  It  lies  between  Cape  Rouge 
and  Grand  Port  Berhagne. 

Marne,  a toWn  in  Chorasan,  Persia,  200 
miles  N of  Herat. 

MARNE,  a department  of  France,  takes' 
its  name  from  a river  which  has  its  source 
near  Langres,  and  running  NW  falls  into  the 
Seine  a little  above  Paris.  It  is  60  miles 
long  Irom  e to  w.  and  45  broad,  including 
part  of  the  late  province  of  Champagne. 
Rheims  is  the  arohiepiscopal  see,  but  Cha- 
lons is  the  capital. 

MARNE,  UPPER,  a department  ^f 
France,  which  also  includes  part  of  Cham- 
pagne, and  is  70  miles  long  from  ne  to  sw, 
aud  from  22  to  35  hroad.  Chaumont  is  tbe 
capital. 

N 


MAR 

Marnochy  a parish  in  Banffshire,  about  ! 
10  miles  long,  and  four  or  five  broad.  The 
^ surface  rises  gradually  from  the  river  Do- 
^ veron,  which  bounds  it  on  the  s.  The  soil 
is  in  general  good.  The  exports  are  corn, 
butter,  cheese,  and  black  cattle.  General 
Gordon,  who  attained  that  rank  under  Peter 
the  Great  of  Russia,  and  wrote  the  history 
of  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden,  was  a native  of 
this  parish.  Population  near  1700. 

MarOy  a town  in  the  province  of  Oneglia, 
Italy,  stands  in  a valley,  eight  miles  nw  of 
Oneglia. 

Marocco.  See  Morocco* 

Marognay  a town  in  Romania,- situated 
near  the  Mediterranean,  and  a Greek  arch- 
bishop’s see,  70  miles  nw  of  Adrianople. 
Lon.  24  41  e,  lat.  40  59  n. 

Marotier,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Lower  Rhine,  France,  18  miles  nw  of 
Strasburg. 

Marpurgy  a considerable  town  of  Hesse 
Cassel,  with  a palace,  castle,  an  university, 
a handsome  square  tower,  and  a magnificent 
town  house. 

Marquartsteiiiy  a town  of  Bavaria,  with 
an  ancient  castle,  stands  near  the  river  Acha, 
22  miles  w of  Salzburg. 

MARQUESAS,  a group  of  islands  in  the 
South  sea,  five  in  number,  of  w'hich  the  most 
considerable  are  St  Christina,  St  Dominica, 
and  St  Pedro.  The  natives  are  of  large  sta- 
ture, well  made,  strong,  and  active,  and  of 
a tawny  complexion,  but  look  almost  black, 
by  being  punctured  over  tbe  whole  body. 
Some  of  the  women  are  nearly  as  fair  as 
Europeans.  They  go  mostly  naked.  Their 
drink  is  water  only.  The  products  of  these 
islands  are  bread-fruit,  bananas,  plantains, 
cocoa  nuts,  scarlet-beans,  pepper,  mulberries, 
of  the  bark  of  which  their  cloth  is  made. 
Their  government,  like  that  of  the  Society 
islands,  is  mcnarchial.  Indeed,  the  inhabi- 
iants.of  tbe  Marquesas,  .Society,  and  Friend- 
ly islands,  Easter  Island,  and  New  Zealand, 
seem  to  have  had  all  the  same  origin  : their 
language,  manners,  customs,  <fec.  bearing  a 
great  affinity  in  many  respects.  St  Christi- 
na, at  which  captain  Cook  lay  some  time  in 
hfs  second  voyage  is  in  Ion.  139"  9 w,  lat.  9* 
66  s.  To  the  nnw  of  the  Marquesas,  is  a 
group  sometimes  called  the  New  Marquesas. 
See  Ingraham  Islands, 

MARR,  an  extensive  district  of  Scotland, 
comprehending  the  country  between  the  Dee 
and  the  Don,  is  divided  into  Braemar  on^the 
w,  Midmar,  and  Cromar.  Marr  gave  the 
title  of  earl  to  the  family  of  Erskine,  who 
were  attainted  in  1715  for  their  attachment 
to  the  house  of  Stuart.  See  Braemar. 

Mdrsal,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Meurthe,  France,  stands  in  a marsh,  on  tbe 
Selle,  with  considerable  salt-works,.  17  miles 
BNE  of  Nancy.. 

Marsala y an  , ancient  and  populous  city  of  | 
Sicily,  stands  at  the  w^estern  extremity  of  j 
the  island,  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Lily-  1 
lb!teu«i.  The  taw'U  is  well' built,  and  sur- , 

H 


MAR 

rounded  by  a wall  with  six  bastions. 
harbour  was  desrtoy  ed  by  John  of  Austria, 
in  1562,  to  prevent  the  entrance  of  the  Turk- 
ish gallies,  but  small  vessels  still  find  a 
temporary  shelter  under  a long  reef  of  locks^ 
that  jut  out  into  the  port.  This  is  a place 
of  importance  from  its  fertile  vicinity,  58 
miles  wsw  of  Palermo.  Lon.  18  20  e,  lat. 

37  55  N. 

Marsauy  or  Mount  Marsnuy  a town  in  the 
department  of  Landes,  France,  and  capital 
of  a late  territory  of  the  same  name,  25 
miles  from  Dax. 

Marsanncy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Drome,  France,  eight  miles  nne  of  Monte- 
limar. 

Marsaquitery  an  aiioient  town  onthe  coast 
of  Algiers,  in  the  province  of  Mascara,  seat- 
ed on  a rock,  with  one  of  the  best  liatbours 
in  Africa.  It  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards 
in  1T32.  It  is  three  miles  from  Oran. 

Lon.  0 10  XV,  lat.  36  1 n. 

Marsasousoy  a sea  port  of  Barca,  Barba- 
ry, on  the  Mediterranean,  42  miles  w of 
Derna.  Lon.  21  2 e,  lat.  32  47  n. 

Marsch.  BeeMoraw, 

Marsdeiiy  a village  near  the  source  of  the- 
Colne,  W Yorkshire,  on  the  Huddersfield 
canal.  Here  are  extensive  cotton  mills^ 
seven  miles  sw^  of  Huddersfield. 

Marseilles y ?L  flourishing  sea  port  in  the 
department  of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone^ 
France,  lately  an  episcopal  see.  The  inha- 
bitants are  computed  at  90,000.  It  was  so 
celebrated  in  the  time  cf  the  Romans,  that 
Cicero  styled  it  the  Athens  of  the  Gauls,  anch 
Pliny  called  it  the  Mistress  of  Education.- 
It  is  situated  on  the  Mediterranean,  at  the 
vspper  end  of  a gulf  in  which  are  many  small 
islands.  It  is  divided  into  the  Old  town  and- 
the  New.  The  first  appears  like  an  amphi- 
theatre to  the  vessels  which  enter  the  port ; 
but  the  houses  are  mean,  and  the. streets  dir- 
ty, narrow',  and  steep.  The  New  Town  is 
in  every  respect,  a perfect  contrast  to  tbs- 
city,  with  which  it  has  a communication  by 
one  of  the  finest  streets  imaginable.  The 
other  streets  and  squares,  as  w’cil  as  tha 
public  buildings  in  general  are  very  elegant. 

With  respect  to  commerce,  Marseilles  has 
been  eminent  since  the  days  of  antiquity ; 
and  is  now  sometimes  called  Europe  i!i» 
Miniature,  on  account  of  the  variety  of  ^ 
dresses  and  languages.  The  port  is  a basin 
of  an  oval  form,  3480  feet  long,  by  960 
broad  at  it.s  widest  part)  with  IS-or  20  feet 
depth  of  water,  and  is  defended  by  a citadel 
and  fort.  In  the  environs  of  Marseilles  arc 
near  5000  little  country  boxes  of  the  citi- 
zens, called  Bastides.  The  late  lord  Gar- 
denstone,  in  his  Travelling  Memcraiidinns; 
mentions,  that  Marseilles  w as  a little  repub- 
lic withhi  itself,  and  enjoyed  a high  degree 
of  demoorative  freedom.  In  1720,  the  plague 
carried  of  50,000  of  the  inhabitants  of  this 
city.  In  1793  Marseilles  revolted  agains^/ 
the  FreiKjli  national  convention,  but  was 
soon  reduced.  Marseilles  is  15  miles  s 


MAR 


MAR 


13  NW  of  Tv)ulon,  and  363  s by  E of 
Paris.  Lon.  5 23  e,  lat.  43  IS  n. 

Marshfield,  a town  of  Gloucestershire, 
seated  on  the  Coteswold  hills,  with  a mar- 
ket  on  Tuesday.  It  consists  principally  of 
one  street,  is  o^overned  by  a bailiff,  and  has 
a large  church,  a charity  school,  and  a w^ell 
’ endowed  ciims-iiouse,  1 1 miles  e of  Bristol, 
and  103  w of  London. 

MARSHLAND,  a district  in  Yorkshire, 
between  the  rivers  Are,  Dun,  Ouse,  and 
Trent,  w'bich,  with  Marsh  ditch,  make  a 
river  island  several  miles  in  length  and 
-breadth. 

Marsico  Nvova,  a small  rich  town  in 
PrinciiT^to  Citra,  at  the  foot  of  the  Appe- 
nines,  Naples,  21  miles  nne  of  Policastro. 

Marsico  Vecchio,  a town  in  Basilicata, 
Naples,  near  the  Acre,  14  miles  s of  Poienza, 
and  23  ne  of  Policastro. 

MarsiUij,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Alarne,  France,  10  miles  s of  Suzanne. 

Marston,  a village  in  Yorkshire,  famous 
for  a bloody  battle  fought  on  its  moor,  July 
2d,  1644,  between  the  forces  of  Charles  I. 
under  prince  Rupert,  and  those  of  the  parli- 
ament, which  issued  in  a total  defeat  of  the 
former,  and  the  ruin  of  the  royal  cause  in 
this  part  of  England,  eight  miles  w by  s of 
York  city. 

Marstrand,  a small  rocky  island  of  Swe- 
den, in  the  Categat.  It  is  called  the  Gib- 
raltar of  Sweden.  The  island  is  about  two 
miles  in  circumference.  The  town,  which 
lies  on  the  eastern  ^ide,  contains  about 
1200  inhabitants.  The  castle  is  seated  on 
a rock,  and  is  used  as  a state  prison.  The 
harbour  is  very  secure  and  commodious. 
The  inhabitants  subsist  by  contraband 
trade,  by  the  ships  w'hich  take  refuge  here 
in  bad  weather,  and  by  the  herring  fishing. 
-It  is  20  miles  nw  of  Gotheborg.  Lon.  1 1 
30  E,  lat.  5T  N. 

Maria,  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  patrimony 
of  St  Peter,  at  the  efflux  of  a river  of  its 
name  from  the  lake  Bolsena,  10  miles  e of 
Castro. 

MARTABAN,  a province  of  Pegu,  on 
the  gulf  of  Bengal.  The  soil  is  fertile  in 
rice,  fruits,  and  wines  of  all  kinds.  Its 
capital  is  of  the  same  name.  It  w^n.s  a rich 
trading  place,  before  the  king  of  Birmah 
subdued  the  country,  who  caused  a number 
of  vessels  to  be  sunk  in  the  harbour,  which 
prevents  large  vessels  from  entering  it. 
Earthern-ware  and  fish  form  its  principal 
trade.  It  is  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Thaluan,  120  miles  se  of  Pegu,  Lon.  97 
36  E,  lat.  16  30  N. 

Martago,  a town  in  Leon,  Spain,  10  miles 
ssE  of  Cuidad  Rodrigo.. 

Martapura,  a city  of  Berneo,  capital  of 
the  kingdom  of  Banjermassin,  72  miles  ne 
of  Benjermassin,  and  100  se  of  Negara. 
Lon.  115  26  e,  lat  2 35  s. 

Martel,  a town  in  the  department  of  Lot, 
France,  near  the  river  Dordogne,  18  miles 
of  Sarlat* 


I Martha  Brae,  a small  town,  having, a 
harbour,  seven  leagues  w of  Montego  Point, 
in  .Tamaica. 

[i  MARTHA,  ST.  a province  on  the  coast 

I I of  Terra  Firma,  S America,  300  miles  in 
i length  and  200  in  breadth.  It  is  a moun- 
||  tainoiis  country,  and  the  land  very  high, 
jl  It  is  extremely  hot  on  the  sea  coast.  It 
I abounds  with  fruits  proper  to  the  climate, 

and  there  are  mines  of  gold  and  precious 
stones,  and  salt  works.  Here  the  celebrat** 
ed  ridge  of  mountains,  called  the  Andes, 
commences,  which  runs  s the  whole  length 
of  S America.  The  Spaniards  possess  but 
one'  part  of  this  province,  in  which  they  have 
built  Martha,  the  capital. 

Martha,  St,  a city  in  the  above  province, 
with  a harbour  in  the  North  sea,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Guyara,  about  124  miles  sE 
of  Carthagenac  The  houses  are  built  of 
canes,  and  covered  with  pal meto  leaves.  It 
has  been  on  the  decline,  since  the  Spanish 
fleets  no  longer  touch  here.  Its  harbour  is 
large,  convenient,  and  safe,  and  the  envi» 

1 rons  agreeable  and  fertile.  It  contains 
I about  3000  inhabitants,  who  carry  on  an 
I extensive  rich  trade,  and  make  great  quan- 
i tities  of  cottons,  stuffs,  <fec.  with  eartherm 
ware,  which  is  much  esteemed.  Lou.  74  4 
V/,  laL  J,1  27  N. 

MARTHA'S  VINEYARD,  an  island  of 
North  America,  near  the  coast  of  Massa- 
chusetts, 80  miles  s of  Boston,  21  miles 
long,  and  .six  broad,  and  with  Chabaquiddic 
Nomans  isle,  and  Elizabeth  isles,  constitute 
Duke  county.  The  inhabitants  subsist  by- 
fishing  and  agriculture.  Edgarton  is  the 
chief  town. 

Marthalen,  a town  in  the  canton  of  Zu- 
rich, Switzerland,  seated  near  the  Rhine, 
six  miles  s of  Schaffhausen. 

Martigao,  a town  in  Beira,  Portugal,  22 
miles  NE  of  Coimbra. 

Martignana,  a town  of  Piedmont,  stands 
near  the  Po,  four  miles  and  a-balf  w of  Sa- 
,luzzo. 

Martigues,  a sea  port  in  the  department 
of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone,  France,  near  a 
lake,  12  miles  long  and  five  broad,  which 
produces  excellent  salt.  It  is  20  miles  nw 
of  Marseilles. 

Martin,  Cape,  a promontory  of  Valencia, 
Spain,  which  separates  the  gulf  of  Alicant 
from  that  of  Valencia=.  Loc.  0 ,36  e,  lat. 
38  54  N. 

Martin,  St,  admail  town  in  the  isle  of 
Ree,  France,  with  a harbour  and  strong 
castle,  12  miles  wnw  of  Rochelle.  Lou.  1 
20  w,  lat.  46  13  n. 

MARTIN,  ST,  one  of  the  leeward  Ca- 
ribbee  islands  in  the  W Indies,  44  miles 
in  circumference.  It  has  neither  river  nor 
harbour,  but  several  salt  pits ; und  its  to- 
bacco, the  principal  commodity  cultivated, 
is  esteemed  the  best  in  the  Carribbee  islands,. 
It  was  long  possessed  by  the  Dutch  and 
French,  but,  in  1810,  was  taken  by  th^ 


MAR 


MAR 


British.  The  western  extremity  is  five  miles 
sof  Anguilla.  Lon.  63  8 w,  lat.  18  4 

Martin^Sy  Sty  a parish  of  Scotland,  in 
Perthshire,  to  which  that  of  Cambusmichael 
IS  annexed,  extending  about  lour  nules  in 
length,  and  one  in  breadth,  lying  n of  the 
Tay.  Population  above  1100,  about  five 
tniies  n of  Perth,  intersected  by  the  great 
road  to  Aberdeen  by  Coupar  of  Angus. 

Martinachy  a town  in  the  Valiais,  Swit- 
zerland, on  the  Dranse,  12  miles  sw  of 
Sion. 

MartinhOy  Sty  a town  in  Estremadura, 
Portugal,  12  miles  ne  of  Peniche. 

MARTINIQUE,  one  of  the  largest  of 
the  Caribjbee  islands,  situated  between  lat.  1 4 
and  15  n,  and  in  Ion.  61  w,  lying  about 
40  leagues  nw  of  Barbadoes,  and  22  s by  e 
of  Guadaloupe,  is  about  60  miles  in  length, 
and  30  in  breadth,  containing  about  260 
square  miles.  The  inland  part  of  it  is  hilly, 
and  gives  rise  to  a number  of  rivers  which 
enrich  the  island.  The  produce  is  sugar, 
cotton,  indigo,  ginger,  &c.  But  sugar  is 
here,  as  in  all  the  West  India  islands,  the 
principal  commodity,  of  which  they  export 
a considerable  quantity  annually.  Its  bays 
and  harbours  are  numerous,  safe,  and  com- 
modious, and  well  fortified.  It  is  divided 
into  28  parishes,  which  contain  about  the 
same  number  of  towns  and  villages,  and 
two  principal  towns.  Fort  Royal  and  St 
Pierre.  In  1770,  it  contained  12,450  white 
people;  1814  free  blacks  or  mulattoes  ; 
70,553  slaves,  and  443  fugitive  negroes. 
About  the  same  time  its  products  w^ere  com- 
l)uted  23,000,000  lbs.  of  sugar,  3,000,000 
lbs.  of  coffee,  600,000  lbs,  of  cotton,  and 
40,000  lbs.  of  cocoa.  The  island  is  now 
in  the  possession  of  the  British,  by  whom  it 
was  taken  from  the  French  in  1762,  and 
again  in  1794,  and  in  1809.  In  1806  it  sus- 
tained great  damage  by  a hurricane.  Fort 
Royal  is  the  capital. 

Martinshurgy  a post  of  town  of  Virginia, 
and  capital  of  Berkeley  county,  about  eight 
miles  s of  the  Potowmac,  is  seated  in  a fer- 
tile country.  It  has  two  churches,  and  is 
10  miles  wnw  of  Shepherdstown,  and  22  ne 
of  Winchester. 

MartinsvilleyihQ  capital  of  Henry  county, 
Virginia,  25  miles  s by  w of  Rocky  Mount, 
and  60  w of  Halifax. 


} 

i 


i 


Murtinvilley  a post  town,  and  the  capital 
of  Guilford  county,  in  N Carolina.  It  is 
seated  on  Buffalo  creek,  a branch  of  Haw 
fiver,  45  miles  n by  w of  Hillsborough,  and 
50  NE  of  Salisbury.  Lon.  79  43  w,  lat.  36 
5 N. 


Martocky  a town  in  Somersetshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  seven  miles  s of  Semer- 
ton,  and  130  w bys  of  London. 

Martorano,  a town  of  Calabria  Citra, 
Naples,  wght  miles  from  the  sea,  and  15  s 
of  Cozetiza.  •' 

Martorely  a town  of  Catalonia,  Spain,  at 
the  junction  of  the  Labragal  and  Noya,  18 
milis  NW  of  Barcelona. 


Martosy  a town  of  Andalusia,  Spain,  with 
a fortress  on  a rock,  eight  miles  s of  An- 
duxar,  and  10  w by  s of  Jaen^ 

MarUy  a town  of  Persia,  in  Cborazin, 
formerly  a magnificent  city,  and  the  resi- 
dence of  many  sultans,  but  after  the  defeat 
of  the  saltan  Sargiar,  in  the  12th  ceiitnry,  it 
was  laid  waste  by  the  Turcomans.  It  stands 
on  the  Margal,  150  miles  ene  of  Me^chel, 
and  240  n cf  Herat. 

Marr.aOy  a town  in  Alentejo,  Portugal, 
eight  miles  ne  of  Portalegre. 

Marvfjols,  a handsome  trading  town  in 
the  department  of  Lozere,  France,  on  the 
Colange,  10  miles  nw  of  Mende. 

MarviUe,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Meuse,  on  the  Oshein,  three  miles  x of  Ja» 
metz, 

Marghoroughy  capital  of  Queen’s  county, 
Leinster,  seated  on  the  Barrow.  It  had  its 
name  from  queen  Mary  of  England,  is  go- 
verned by  a burgo-master  and  bailiffs.  It 
has  the  remain.^  of  a castle  ; before  the  union 
sent  two  members  to  parliament;  and  has 
considerable  woollen  manufactures,  47  miles 
w of  Dublin.  Lon.  7 12  ve,  lat.  53  0 n. 

Margburgy  a village  in  Argyleshire,  near 
Fort  William,  had  its  name  from  queen 
Mary,  wife  of  king  W’illiani.  It  contains 
about  1200  inhabitants.  See  Fort  William, 

Marghnrgy  a village  in  Kinross-shire, 
on  the  road  from  Edinburgh  to  Perth. 

MargcuUery  a parish  in  Kincardineshire, 
about  six  miles  long  and  three  broad, 
washed  on  the  n by  the  Dee,  in  which  are 
salmon  fishings.  In  the  parish  are  gra- 
nite and  potter’s  earth.  Population  about 
700. 

Marg  Gerane’s  House y a name  given  to 
Dunmore  Head,  in  Kerry,  Munster,  the  most 
western  point  of  all  Europe. 

Margkirky  a parish  in  Kincardineshire, 
comprehending  about  7591  Scots  acres, 
bounded  on  the  s by  the  N E?k.  The  sur- 
face is  a beautiful  level,  and  the  soil  in 
general  fertile.  Besides  the  village  of  Ma- 
rykirk,  about  six  miles  n of  Montrose,  con- 
taining above  200  inhabitants,  there  is 
another  village  called  Lutbermoor,  which 
contains  about  the  same  number  of  people. 
The  population  of  the  parish  is  above  1500. 
In  t^  parish  is  Hatton,  the  seat  of  lord 
Aburthnot. 

MARYLAND,  one  of  the.  United  States 
of  America,  lies  between  hit.  37  5G  and  39 
44  N,  and  between  75  8 and  79  38  w Ion. 
It  is  about  134  miles  in  length,  and  110  in 
breadth,  and  contains  14,000  square  mile?, 
l-4th  of  which  is  w'ater.  It  is  divided  into 
19  counties,  1 1 of  which  are  on  the  western 
and  eight  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Chesa  peak 
bay.  Those  on  the  western  shore  are  Hart- 
ford, Baltimore,  Ann  Arundel,  FrederiCj 
Alleghany,  Washington,  Montgomery,  Cal- 
vert, Prince  George,  Charles,  and  St  Ma- 
ry’s ; those  on  the  astern  shore  are,  Cecil, 
Kent,  Queen  Ann,  Caroline,  Talbot,  Somer- 
set, Dorchester,  and  Worcester ; which,  in 


MAR 


MAS 


1801,  contained  altogether,  349,092  inhabi- 
tants, and  in  1810,  380,546.  Each  of  the 
counties  sends  four  representatives  to  the 
house  of  delegates  ; besides  which,  the  city 
of  Annapolis,  the  metropolis,  and  town  of 
Baltimore,  send  two  each.  The  chief  towns 
of  the  Stale,  besides  these  two,  are  Georgt- 
town  bordering  on  the  city  of  Washington, 
on  the  river  Patowmack,  Fredericktown, 
Hagarstowu,  and  Elktoii.  The  city  of 
Washington,  or  the  Federal  city,  was  ceded 
by  the  states  of  Virginia  and  Maryland,  to 
the  United  States,  and  by  them  established 
to  be  the  seat  of  their  government,  atler  the 
year  1800.  Chesapeak  bay  divides  this 
Slate  into  eastern  and  western  divisions. 
From  the  eastern  shore  in  Maryland,  among 
other  smaller  ones,  it  receives  Pokomoke, 
Nanticoke,  Choptank,  Chester,  and  Elk 
rivers  ; from  the  n the  rapid  Susquebannah  ; 
and  from  the  w',  Patapsco,  Severn,  Patuxent, 
and  Patowmack,  half  of  which  is  in  Mary- 
land, and  half  in  Virginia.  The  face  of  the 
country  is  uniformly  level,  and  low  in  most 
of  the  counties  on  the  eastern  shore,  and 
consequently  covered,  in  many  places,  with  i 
stagnant  water,  except  where  it  is  inter- 
sected by  numerous  creeks.  Wheat  and 
tobacco  are  the  staple  commodities.  In 
the  interior  country,  on  the  uplands,  consi- 
derable quantities  of  hemp  and  flax  are 
raised.  The  trade  of  Maryland  is  princi- 
pally carried  on  from  Baltimore,  with 
the  other  states,  with  the  West  Indies,  and 
with  some  parts  of  Europe*.  To  these 
places  thJy  send  annually  about  30,000 
hogsheads  of  tobacco,  besides  large  quan- 
tities of  wheat,  flour,  pig-iron,  lumber,  and 
corn  ; beans,  pork,  and  flax-seed,  in  smaller 
quantities  ; and  receive,  iu  return,  oloathing 
tor  themselves  and  negroes,  and  other  dry 
goods,  wines,  spirits,  sugars,  and  other 
West  India  commodities.  The  seminaries 
of  learning  are,  Washington  academy, 
Washington  college,  and  St.  Jehu's  college. 
Annapolis  is  the  capital. 

Maryport,  a neat,  modern,  well-built 
town  in  Cumberland,  with  a market  on  Fri- 
day. It  was  begun  about  the  middle  of  the 
16th  century,  end  since  that  time  has  ra- 
pidly increased.  In  1750,  it  was  a poor 
Ashing  town,  but  now  contains  3000  inhabi- 
tants. It  is  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Elleu.  It  has  a tolerable  harbour,  and 
quays  have  been  erected  at  a great  expence. 
The  coal-trade,  which  employs  many  ves- 
sels, from  50  to  250  tons  burden,  and  ship- 
building, are  the  principal  support  of  the 
town,  and  lately  an  extensive  cotton  manu- 
taciory  has  been  erected.  In  the  i reme- 
diate vicinity  is  the  Roman  station,  VirosU 
diuniy  where  several  altars  and  statues  have 
been  found.  Here  is  one  of  the  finest  glass- 
houses, in  Britain.  It  is  seven  miles  kw  of 
Cockermouth,  four  n of  Workington,  27  sw 
of  Carlisle,  and  297  nnw  of  London.  Lon. 
3 22  w,  lat.  54  35  N. 

jyjary  Pm,  ft  bay  in  Kiikmaiden;  Wig- 


toushirc,  on  the  s snore  of  Glenluce  bay, 
near  the  Mull  o"  Galloway. 

Mary  Riv>er,  St,  forms  a part  of  the  sou- 
thern boundary  line  of  the  United  States. 

It  runs  a course  of  150  miles,  and  enters 
the  ocean  between  the  points  of  Amelia  and 
Cumberland  islands,  in  lat  AO  44,  and  is 
navigable  lor  vessels  of  considerable  burden 
for  90  miles,  and  its  banks  affo»d  immense 
quantities  of  fine  timber  suited  for  the  West 
India  market. 

Mary’s  St,  a post  town  and  port  of  entry 
of  Campden  county,  Georgia,  situated  near 
the  mouth  of  St.  Mary's  river,  70  miles  s by 
w of  Newport,  and  129  s of  Savannah. 
Lon.  81  40  w,  lat.  30  45  n. 

MARY'S  St,  a county  of  the  United 
States,  in  Maryland,  on  the  peninsula,  be- 
tween Potowmac  and  Patuxent  rivers,  39 
miles  in  length,  and  15  in  breadth.  It  con- 
tains 15,544  inhabitants. 

Mary’s  Strait,  St,  a strait  of  North  Ame- 
rica, which  forms  the  communicaaon  be- 
tween Lake  Superior  and  Lake  Huron.  It 
I is  about  00  miles  long,  containing  a variety 
j of  islands,  at  the  upper  end  of  which  is  a 
I rapid,  which  can  be  descended  by  a careful 
pilot.  Here,  on  the  n side,  is  a factory, 
belonging  to  a company  at  Montreal,  con- 
sisting of  a saw-mill,  a bateau-yard,  and 
storehouses. 

Mary  ton,  a parish  in  Forfarshire,  on  the 
s bank  of  the  South  Esk,  nearly  opposite  to 
Montrose.  It  contains  about  3000  acres  of 
good  and  well  cultivated  land.  On  the  top 
of  Maryton-law,  from  which  is  a beautiful 
prospect,  is  an  artificial  mound,  probably  a 
signal  station,  or.  a feudal  tribunal  in  an- 
cient times.  Population  about  600. 

Marza  Siroco,  a small  gulf  on  the  $ 
side  of  the  isle  of  Malta.  Here,  in  1565, 
the  Turks  landed,  when  they  went  to  invest 
Valetta.  It  is  now  defended  by  three  forts. 

Marzilla,  a handsome  town  in  Navarre, 
Spain,  situated  near  the  river  Arragon,  30 
miles  s of  Pamplona. 

MASAFUERO,  a high  and  mountainous 
island  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  w of  Juan  Fer- 
nandez : it  is  of  a triangular  form,  about 
25  miles  in  circuit,  and  uninhabited.  It 
abounds  with  goats,  seals,  and  wood. 
There  is  no  safe  landing  place,  Lon.  81 
40  w,  lat.  33  40  s. 

MASBATE,  one  of  the  Philippine  islands, 
almost  in  the  centre  of  the  rest.  It  is  80 
miles  in  circumference,  and  the  inhabitants 
are  tributary  to  the  Spaniards.  Lon.  122 
25  E,  lat.  11  36  N. 

Masbrough,  a flourishing  village  on  the 
w side  of  the  bridge  of  Rotheram.  Here 
are  furnaces  for  melting  the  iron  out  of  the 
ore,  <fec.  At  these  extensive  iron- works 
they  make  great  quantities  of  goods  of  ham- 
mered and  cast-iron,  from  the  smallest 
article  to  the  largest  cannon  ; great  quan- 
tities of  which  are  exported. 

MASCARA>  the  western  province  of 

the  kingdom  of  Algiers,  370  miles  long,  and 


MAS 


MAS 


broad.  It  is  dry,  barren,  and  moun* 
taiiiovis,  except  on  the  n side,  which  aboiimis 
in  plains  of  corn,  fruit,  and  pastures.  The 
s part  is  inhabited  by  independent  wan- 
dering' tribes,  particularly  the  Angad  tribe. 

Maffcara,  the  capital  of  the  above  pro-  j 
Tince.  It  has  a strong  castle  in  which  the 
Bey  resides.  It  stands  in  a fertile  and  popu- 
lous district.  It  has  a great  number  of 
good  bouses,  and  newly  erected  mosques, 
and  lies  45  miles  ese  of  Oran,  and  190  sw 
of  Algiers.  Lon.  0 40  e,  lat.  35  54  w. 

Mascat,  B.  town  on  the  coast  of  Arabia  i 
Felix,  and  the  chief  town  in  the  province  of  ! 
Oman,  with  a castle  on  a rock,  and  an  | 
excellent  harbour ; the  cathedral,  built  by  1 
the  Portuguese,  is  now  the  king’s  palace.  I 
There  are  neither  trees,  shrubs,  nor  grass,  | 
to  be  seen  on  the  sea -coast  near  it,  and  only  | 
a few  date-trees  in  a valley  at  the  back  of  I 
the  town,  though  they  have  all  things  in 
plenty.  The  weather  is  so  hot  in  summer,  | 
that  no  people  are  to  be  seen  in  the  streets  I 
from  10  in  the  morning  till  four  in  the  after- 
noon. The  bazars,  or  market  places,  are 
covered  with  the  leaves  of  date-trees.  Their 
religion  is  Mahometanism.  The  products 
of  the  country  are  horses,  dates,  fine  brim- 
stone, coffee,  and  ruinoss,  a root  that  dyes 
red.  Mascat  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a chain 
of  mountains,  on  a small  bay  of  the  Ara- 
bian sea.  Lon.  57  26  e,  lat.  24  0 n. 

Mas  d’  AgenoiSy  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lot  and  Garronne,  France,  on  the 
Garonne,  24  miles  nw  of  Agen,  and  50  se  i 
of  Bourdeaux.  | 

Mas  d’  A^ily  a town  in  the  department  of  i 
Arriege,  France,  stands  on  the  rivulet  Rise, 
has  a beiiedictine  abbey,  eight  miles  sw  of 
Pamiers. 

Mashaniy  a town  in  the  N.  Riding  of  | 
Yorkshire,  with  a market  on  Tuesday,  situ-  i 
ated  on  the  river  Ure.  It  has  a cloth  manu-  | 
factory,  a rabbit  warren  in  the  vicinity,  and  j 
a fair  September  1 8th,  nine  miles  nw  of  Rip-  | 
pon,  and  218  nnw  of  London.  | 

Mashangury  a town  in  the  province  of 
Cahul,  Hindoostan,  situated  on  the  Sew'ard, 

48  miles  n of  Auock,and  130  ese  of  Cabul. 
Lon.  71  7 E,  lat.  33  54  n. 

Maskelync  IslCy  a small,  but  beautiful  is- 
land, lying  oft'  the  se  point  of  Mallicola, 
Pac I fi(?  ocean,  one  of  the  new  Hebrides. 
Lon.  176  55  E,lat.  16  32  s. 

MasOy  the  most  northerly  sea-port  of 
Norway,  seated  at  the  head  of  a bay  where 
vessels  lie  in  safety  at  any  season,  25  miles 
sw  of  the  North  Cape.  Lon.  25  2 e,  lai.  71 

0 N. 

MASON,  a county  of  the  United  States, 
in  Kentucky,  on  the  side  of  Ohio  river.  It 
contains  2267  inhabitants. 

MASOVIA,  a province  of  Great  Poland, 
containing  the  two  palatinates  of  Massovia 
Proper,  or  Czersk,  and  Ploczko.  It  be- 
longed to  Prussia,  but  at  the  peace  of 
Tilsit,  w'as  given  to  Saxony,  Warsaw  is 
the  capital. 


Masqtts  Peenwa,  a jurisdiction  of  Charcas 
in  Peru,  extending  above  30  leagues.  Its 
air  is  hot.  The  cdy  of  the  same  name.^ 
where  the  bishop  of  Santa  cr  uz  de  la  Sierra 
resides,  is  very  thinly  inhabited  ; but  there 
are  in  other  parts  of  it  several  populous 
tow'ns.  It  produces  all  kinds  of  gram  and 
fruits  ; honey  and  wax  constitute  a princi- 
pal part  of  its  trade. 

31assay  an  ancient,  populous,  and  hand- 
some town  of  Italy,  capital  of  a principa- 
lity of  its  name  situated  on  a plain  on  the 
! gulf  of  Genoa,  and  the  river  Frigida.  The 
town  and  its  territory  belonged  to  Tuscany, 
but  in  1806  it  was  given  to  Lucca.  It  is 
celebrated  for  its  fine  marble  quarries,  three 
miles  from  the  sea,  and  55  w by  n of 
Florence. 

Massay  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  Sienese, 
stands  on  a mountain  near  the  sea.  In  the 
vicinity  are  found  Boraz  and  Lapis  Lazuli, 
35  miles  sw  of  Sienna.  Lon.  1 1 8 e,  laL 
43  2 N. 

Massa,  a town  in  the  Terra  di  Lavora, 
Naples,  seated  on  the  s side  of  the  bay  of 
Naples,  30  miles  wsw  of  Salerno. 

MASSACHUSETTS  Proper,  which  with 
the  district  of  Maine,  constitutes  one  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  is  situated  be- 
tween lat  41  13,  and  43  52,  n,  and  between 
Ion.  69  57,  and  73  38,  w.  Its  greatest 
length  is  190  miles,  its  greatest  breadth  90 
miles.  Massachusetts  is  divided  into  1.2 
counties,  viz.  Suffolk,  Norfolk,  Essex,  Mid- 
dlesex, Hampshire,  Worcester,  Plymouth, 
Barnstable,  Duke’s  county,  Naut.»  jket,  Bris- 
tol, and  Berkshire,  exclusive  pf  five  for 
Maine.  The  population  of  Massachu- 
setts, by  the  census  of  1800,  was  422,  845, 
1810,  700,745.  This  is  the  only  state  in 
the  Union  in  which  there  are  uo  slaves. 
The  western  part  is  somewhat  mountainous. 
In  Massachusetts,  are  to  be  found  all  the 
varieties  of  soil,  from  very  good,  to  very 
bad,  capable  of  yielding  all  the  different 
productions  common  to  the  climate,  such  as 
Indian  corn,  rye,  wheat,  barley,  oats,  hemp, 
flax,  hops,  potatoes,  field- beans,  and  pease, 
apples,  pears,  peaches,  plums,- cherries,  <fec. 
The  northern,  middle,  and  western  parts  of 
the  state,  have,  generally  speaking,  a strong 
good  soil,  adapted  to  grazing  and  grain. 
The  staple  commodities  are  fish,  beef,  lum- 
ber, (fee.  This  state  is  well  watered  by 
small  rivers.  The  chi»f  capes  are  Ann, 
Cod,  Malabar,  Poge,  Gay  Head,  &c.  The 
most  noted  bays  are  Massachusetts,  Ipswich, 
Boston,  Plymouth,  Barnstable,  and  Buz- 
zards. The  chief  islands  are  Plumb  Island, 
Nantucket,  Martha’s  Vineyard,  Elizabeth 
islands,  and  numerous  small  isles  in  Boston 
bay.  Nails  have  been  made  here  in  such 
quantities,  as  to  prevent,  in  a great  measure, 
the  importation  of  them  from  Great  Britain 
The  machine  invented  by  Caleb  Leach,  of 
Plymouth,  will  cut  and  head  5000  nails  in 
a day,  under  the  direction  of  a youth  of 
either  sex*  There  is  a machine  for 


MAS 

eutting  nails  at  Newbury  port,  invented  by  I 
Mr  Jacob.  Perkins,  which  will  turn  out  | 
200,000  uails  in  a day.  There  are  duck  ; 
manufactories  at  Boston,  Salem,  Haverhill, 
and  Springfield,  w^hich  are  in  a promising 
way.  Manufactories  of  cotton  and  woollen 
have  been  attempted  with  various  success 
at  Beverley,  Worcester,  Boston,  and  Newbu- 
ry. There  are  upwards  of  20  paper  mills. 
There  are  many  other  manufactories  for 
cotton  and  wool  cards,  playing  cards,  shoes, 
lace,  wire,  <fec.  There  are  several  snuff, 
oil,  chocolate,  and  powder  mills  in  different 
parts  of  the  state,  and  a number  of  iron 
works  and  slitting  mills,  besides  other  mills, 
in  common  use  for  sawing  timber,  grinding 
grain,  and  fulling  cloth.  There  were  in 
1792,  62  distilleries.  There  are  indeed  few 
articles  necessary  to  the  comfort  and  conve- 
nience of  life,  that  are  not  manufactured  in 
this  state.  This  commonwealth  is  remark- 
able for  its  literary,  humane,  and  other  so- 
cieties. This  state,  including  the  district  of 
Maine,  owms  more  than  three  times  as  many 
tons  of  shipping  as  any  other  of  the  states, 
and  more  than  one  tlnrd  part  the  whole  of 
that  belongs  to  the  United  Suites.  The 
chief  towns  of  this  state,  besides  Boston, 
the  metropolis,  are  Salem,  Newbury  Port, 
Charlestown,  Worcester,  Plymouth,  Nor- 
thampton, Springbeld,  &c. 

Massachufietts  Bay,  a bay  of  N America, 
which  extends  eastward  of  Boston,  and  lies 
between  Cape  Ann  on  the  n,  and  Cape  Cod 
on  the  s.  It  as  well  as  the  state,  had  its 
name  from  a tribe  of  Indians,  who  formerly 
resided  here. 

Massacre,  a small  island  on  the  coast  of 
West  Florida,  two  miles  s of  Horn  island, 
and  10  from  the  mainland. 

Massafra,  a towm  of  Naples,  situated  at 
the  foot  of  the  Appenines,  16  miles  nw  of 
Taranto. 

Massagano,  a town  in  Angola  Congo, 
seated  on  the  Coanza,  and  capital  of  a pro- 
vince of  its  name,  140  miles  ese  of  Loanda. 
Lon.  14  30  E,  lat.  9 40  s. 

Massapa,  a town  of  Mocaranga,  seated 
on  a river,  near  which  are  gold  mines. 
Here  the  Portuguese  settled,  300  miles  nw 
of  Sofala.  Lon.  31  55  e,  lat.  18  5 s. 

Massarano,  a town  of  Piedmont,  capital 
of  a small  principality  of  the  same  name, 
40  miles  nne  of  Turin.  Lon.  8 14  e,  lat. 
45  38  N. 

Masseube,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Gers,  France,  14  miles  s of  Aueh. 

Masso,  a town  of  Prussian  Pomerania, 
with  a castle,  10  miles  n of  New  Stargard. 

Mastertown,  a village  in  the  neighbour- 
hood and  parish  of  Dumfermline,  Fileshire. 

Masiiahy  a town  of  Abyssinia,  situated  on 
an  island  in  the  Red  sea,  with  an  excellent 
harbour,  a few  of  the  houses  are  of  stone, 
some  of  them  two  stories  high,  but  in  gene- 
ral they  are  constructed  with  poles  and  bent 
grass.  Lon.  39  36  e,  lat.  1535  n. 

Masuiipatam,  a populous  city  «and  com- 


MAT 

mercial  sea  port  in  the  circar  of  Condapilly 
Hindoostan.  The  principal  trade  is  iu 
chintzes  and  painted  linen.  It  is  situated 
near  one  of  the  mouths  of  the  Kistna,  on  the 
w side  of  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  79  miles  .sw 
of  Rajamuiidry,  and  200  N of  Fort  St 
George.  Lon.  81  12  E,  lat.  16-  8 n. 

Masvazix,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Upper  Rhine,  France,  10  miles  N of  Bo- 
fort. 

Mata,  a town  in  Valencia,  Spain,  on  the 
sea  coast,  near  a lake  of  the  same  name, 
famous  for  the  great  abundance  of  salt  which 
it  produces,  28  miles  ssw  of  Alicant. 

Mataea,  or  Mantaca,  a safe  bay  on  the  n 
coast  of  the  island  of  Cuba,  35  miles  e of 
Havana.  Lon.  81  16  w,  lat.  23  12  n. 

Mat  ala,  a cape  and  town  on  the  e coast 
of  the  island  of  Candia,  30  miles  s of  Candia. 
Lon.  24  58  e,  lat.  34  46  N. 

MATAAIAN,  a country  of  Africa.  It  is- 
a dreary  country,  little  visited  by  Euro- 
peans. 

MATAMBA,  a kingdom  of  Congo,  s of 
Congo  Proper.  St  Maria  is  the  chief 
town. 

Matauzas,  a town  on  the  n coast  of  the 
island  of  Cuba,  on  a bay  of  its  name,  one 
of  the  safest  and  most  capacious  in  the  W 
Indies.  At  the  back  of  the  town;  which  is 
now  much  decayed,  is  a lofty  conical  moun- 
tain, that  serves  as  a sea  mark,  63  miles  e- 
of  Havana.  Lon.  81  30  w,  lat.  23  3 n. 

Matapan,  Cape,  situated  between  the  gulf 
of  Coroii  and  Colochina,  and  the  most  south- 
ern promontory  of  the  Morea.  Lon.  24  40  e, 
lat.  36  25  N. 

Matan,  or  Macton,  one  of  the  Philippine 
islands,  situated  on  the  e side  of  Zebu.  Here 
Magellan  was  killed  in  1521,  after  he  had 
conquered  Zebu. 

Mataran,  a large  town  of  Asia,  formerly 
the  capital  of  an  empire  of  that  name,  in  the 
island  of  Java.  It  stands  amidst  moun- 
tains, in  a fertile  and  populous  country. 
Lon,  1 i J 55  E,  lat.  7 15  s. 

Maiaro,  a town  in  Catalonia,  Spain,  re- 
markable for  its  glass  works,  and  excellent 
red  wiiie,  and  has  manufactures  of  cotton, 
silk,  and  lace.  It  is  situated  on  the  Medi- 
terranean, 17  miles  ne  of  Barcelona.  Lon« 
2 29  E,  lat.  41  30  n. 

Matchevis,  a town  in  the  palatinate  of 
Masovia,  Poland,  famous  for  a signal  defeat 
of  the  Poles  by  the  Russians  in  1794,  32 
miles  E of  Warsaw. 

Matcowitz,  a strong  town  in  the  county 
of  Scepus,  Upper  Hungary,  seated  on  a 
mountain,  185  miles  ne  of  Presburg. 

Matelica,  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  marqui- 
sate  of  Ancona,  15  miles  s of  Jesi. 

Matera,  a large  town  in  the  Terra 
d^Otranto,  Naples,  the  see  of  an  archbi-hop, 
seated  on  the  Canapro,45  miles  wnw  of  Ta- 
rento.  Lon.  16  34  e,  lat.  40  50  n. 

Materia.  See  Heliopolis, 

Mathan,  a town  of  Bornou,  seated  on  a 
small  river,  with  a royal  palace,  which 


M A U 

forms  a kind  of  citadel,  106  miles  sw  of 
Boruou. 

MATHEWS,  a county  of  Virginia,  lying 
on  the  w shore  of  the  bay  of  Chesapeak. 
it  is  about  18  miles  in  length  and  six  in 
breadth. 

Matlock,  a village  near  Wirksworth,  in 
Dejb)'Shire,  situated  on  the  Derwent.  Ii 
has  three  warm  baths,  which  are  much  fre- 
quented in  the  bathing  season.  The  baths 
are  about  two  miles  sW  of  the  town  and  have 
every  necessary  accommodation  for  com- 
pany. The  town  is  built  in  a romantic 
style,  along  the  side  of  a mountain.  Near 
the  bridge  are  two  chalybeate  springs,  and  a 
petrifying  spring  near  the  w bank  of  the 
river.  The  poorer  sort  of  people  sell  petri- 
factions, spars,  <fec.  A stupendous  rock  cal- 
led the  High  Tor,  rises  almost  perpendicular 
from  the  river  to  the  height  of  300  feet,  four 
miles  N of  Wirksworth. 

' Matsee  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Salzburg, 
Bavaria,  12  miles  n of  Salzburg. 

Mutsumay,  a sea  port  and  capital  of  a 
provmce  of  its  name  in  the  island  of  Jesso, 
tributary  to  Japan,  on  the  w coast  of  the 
narrow  part  of  the  island,  and  is  tne  princi- 
pal settlement  of  the  Japanese  in  this  terri- 
tory. Lon.  139  55  e,  iat.  42  0 n. 

Malta  de  Brazil,  a populous  town  in  the 
captainship  oi  Pernambuco,  in  Brazil,  about 
nine  leagues  from  Olinda. 

Mattheo,  St,  a town  in  Valencia.  Spain, 
10  imies  from  the  Mediterranean,  and  <58 
NNE  of  Valencia. 

MATTHEO,  ST,  an  island  of  Africa,  in 
the  Atlantic.  It  was  formerly  planted  by 
the  Portuguese,  but  is  now  deserted,  420 
miles  s by  w of  Cape  Palmas,  oo  the  coast 
ci  Guinea.  Lon.  8 10  w,  lat.  I 24  s. 

Matthew^s,  St,  a small  island  in  the  Indi- 
an ocean.  Lon.  123  «51  e,  lat.  5 23  s. 

Matura,  a sea  port  of  Ceylon,  on  a river 
near  the  southernmost  extremity  of  the  island, 
with  a small  fort.  The  vicinity  is  wild  and 
abounds  with  elephants,  which  are  here 
caught  for  exportation,  25  miles  ese  of  Gaile. 
Lon  80  28  e,  iat.  5 53  n. 

Matura,  a town  in  the  province  of  Agra, 
Hindoostan,  22  miles  ne  of  Agra,  and70ssE 
of  Delhi. 

Mauhal,  a town  in  the  territory  of  Canda- 
har,  70  miles  nne  of  Candahar. 

Mauheuge,  a fortified  town  in  the  dept, 
of  the  North,  France,  seated  on  the  Sambre. 
In  1793,  the  Austrians  invested  this  place, 
but  were  driven  from  their  position  by  the 
French  ; 15  miles  s of  Mons,  22  ese  of  Va- 
leuci<mnes,  and  40  sw  of  Brussels. 

Mauehlin.  See  Macliline, 

Mauldah,  a neat  city  in  Bengal,  situated 
near  the  n bank  of  ihe  Ganges,  is  a place  of 
trade,  and  produces  much  silk.  It  is  170 
miles  N of  Calcutta.  It  arose  out  of  the 
ruins  of  Gour,  which  are  still  to  be  seen  in 
its  vicinity.  Lon.  88  16  e,  lat.  25  10  n. 

MAULE,  a province  in  Chili,  which  ex- 
tends from  the  oceau  to  the  Andes^  is  120 


MAX 

miles  In  breadth,  and  abounds  in  grain,  winey 
fruit,  cheese,  and  gold.  Talea  is  the  capi- 
tal, and  the  Maule  the  principal  river# 

Mauleon,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Upper  Pyrenees,  France,  20  miles  sw  of 
Pau. 

Mauleon,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Lower  Pyrenees,  France,  28  miles  se  of 
Ti^rbes. 

Mauleon,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Vendee,  France,  with  an  ancient  castle  on  a 
rock,  near  the  Oict,  52  miles  xa  of  Rochel- 
le, and  52  nw  of  Poitiers. 

MAURA,  ST,  or  Leccadia,  an  island  in 
the  Mediterranean,  near  the  coast  of  Alba- 
nia, which  forms  part  of  the  republic  of  the 
seven  islands.  It  is  48  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence, and  produces  wine,  oil,  citrons,  al- 
monds, pomegranates,  and  was  taken  by  the 
British  in  1810,  15  miles  n of  the  island  of 
Cephalonia.  Lon.  20  46  e,  lat.  38  40  k. 

Maure,  St,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Indre  and  Loire,  France,  17  miles  sof  Tours, 
and  148  sw  of  Paris. 

Maurepas,  an  island  on  the  ne  coast  of 
Lake  Superior,  and  ne  of  Fontchartrain 
island. 

Mauriac,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Cantal,  France,  noted  for  its  excellent  horses. 
It  is  situated  near  the  Dordogne,  27  miles 
se  of  Tulle,  and  38  wnw^  of  St  Flour. 

Maurice,  St,  a small  town  of  the  country 
of  Valais,  Ssvisserland,  situated  on  the 
Rhone.  It  defends  the  entrance  into  Bern 
from  the  Lower  Valais,  16  miles  nw  of 
Martigny. 

Mauritius,  See  France,  Isle  of  , 

Maurua,  one  of  the  Society  islands,  in  the 
Southern  Pacific  ocean,  14  miles  w from 
Bolabola.  Lon.  152  32  w,  lat.  16  25  s. 

Mautern,  a town  of  Austria,  on  the  s side 
of  the  Danube,  connected  with  Stein  by  a 
long  wooden  bridge,  1 1 miles  n by  w of  St 
Pol  ton. 

MAWARALNAHAR,  the  country  of  the 
Usbec  Tartars.  It  is  very  populous,  and 
contains  a great  number  of  towns.  Samar- 
cand  is  <he  capital. 

Maws,  St,  a burgh  in  Cornw^all,  situated 
on  the  E side  of  Falmouth  haven,  four  mites 
from  the  town.  It  is  governed  by  a portreve, 
and  represented  in  parliament  by  two  mem- 
bers who  are  chosen  by  the  burgesses,  about 
20  in  number,  It  ims  neither  church,  cha- 
pel, meeting  house,  nor  market.  Henry  VIII. 
built  a castle  here,  opposite  to  Pendennis, 
for  the  better  security  of  the  harbour,  12 
miles  ssw  of  Grampound,  and  262  w by  s of 
London. 

Maccem,  a towm  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Mis- 
nia,  famous  for  a victory  obtained  by  the 
Austrians  over  the  Prussians  in  1759,  when 
20,000  Prussians  were  made  prisoners.  It 
is  10  miles  s of  Dresden. 

Maaimin,  St,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Var,  France,  stands  on  the  Argen,  20 
miles  s of  Aix,  and  21  n of  Toulon. 

a parish  in  Roxburghshire,  lyin^ 


MAY 

OD  the  s hank  of  the  Tiver  Tweed,  nearly 
four  miles  long  and  three  broad,  with  a good 
soil,  in  general  well  cultivaied.  Population 
about  370.  On  Rutherford  Common  in 
this  parish,  is  Ringiey  Hall,  an  ancient  cir> 
cular  encampment. 

May^  a small  island  in  the  mouth  of  the 
frith  of  Forth,  about  seven  miles  se  of  Crail, 
on  the  coast  of  Fife,  about  a mile  long  and 
three  quarters  broad  ; the  rocks  about  it 
render  it  almost  inaccessible  ; but  the  light- 
house on  a tower  4.5  feet  high  is  of  great 
benefit,  for  the  support  of  which,  twopence 
per  ton  is  exacted  of  all  ships  passing  up 
the  frith.  It  belongs  to  the  Parish  of  An- 
struther  Wester,  from  which  it  is  six  miles 
distant  to  the  se.  Its  sh^^ep  and  rabbits  are 
celebrated  for  the  fineness  of  their  fleece 
and  fur.  It  is  a resort  of  Solan  geese. 
Had  formerly  a priory  of  Augustines,  and 
a chapel  dedicated  to  St  Adrian,  who  is  said  I 
to  have  been  killed  by  the  Danes  in  870  and 
interred  here ; 28  miles  ene  of  Leith,  and 
14  N by  w of  Dunbar. 

MAY,  or  Mayo,  one  of  the  cape  de  Vejcl 
islands,  in  the  Atlantic  ocean,  near  300 
miles  from  Cape  Verd  in  Africa,  about  17 
miles  in  circumference.  The  soil  in  gene- 
ral is  very  barren,  and  water  scarce.  The 
chief  commodity  is  salt.  Pinosa  is  the 
principal  town.  The  inhabitants,  who  are 
negroes,  speak  the  Portuguese  language. 
Lon.  23  0 w,lat.  15  10  n. 

May,  Cape,  a cape  of  New  Jersey,  n side 
of  the  entrance  of  Delaware  bay.  Lon.  74 
64  w,  lat.  38  57  n. 

Mayamba,  or  Majumba,  a town  of  Africa, 
capital  of  a province  so  named,  in  Loango, 
on  the  coast  of  the  Atlantic,  seated  at  tne 
mouth  of  the  Banna  Logwood  is  its  chief 
article  of  commerce,  and  affords  a duty  of 
10  per  cent  to  the  king  of  Loango;  110 
miles  Nw  of  Loango.  Lon.  9 50  e,  lat.  3 20  s. 

Maybole,  a parish  and  town  in  Ayrshire. 
The  parish  is  about  12  miles  long  and  seven 
broad,  with  a surface  in  general  hilly,  but 
generally  fertile  and  well  cultivated,  water- 
ed by  the  Doon  and  Girvan.  The  town  of 
Maybole,  situated  uine  miles  s of  Ayr,  con- 
taius  above  1000  inbabiiants  who  carry  ou 
several  woollen  and  couon  manuiactures. 
It  is  a borough  of  barony,  and  has  four  an- 
nual fairs.  Here  is  an  old  building  called 
the  college,  formerly  the  parish  church, 
built  in  1371,  now  the  burying  place  of  the 
earl  of  Cassilis.  Population  of  the  parish 
about  3200 ; 84  miles  sw  by  w of  Edin- 
burgh. 

Mayen,  a town  in  the  d ’partment  of  the 
Rhine  and  Moselle,  France,  lately  of  Ger- 
many, in  the  electorate  of  Treves,  with  a 
castle  and  a collegiate  church,  stands  on  the 
Nette,  20  miles  w of  Coblentz,  and  43  ne  of 
Tr(  ves. 

Mayence.  See  3Ientz, 

MAYENNE,  a department  of  France, 
including  part  of  the  late  province  of  Maine, 
named  from  a river,  which  flows  s bv  the 
No.  19— 


' M A Z 

cities  of  Mayenne,  Laval,  and  Angers,  unites 
with  the  Sarte,  and  falls  into  the  Loire, 
The  capital  is  Laval. 

Mayenne,  a city  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  its  name,  seated  on  the  Mayenne, 
has  a castle  on  a rock,  45  miles  wnw  of 
Mans.  Lon.  0 43  w,  lat.  48  18  n. 

MAYENNE,  and  LOIRE,  a department 
of  France,  including  the  late  province  of 
Anjou,  has  its  name  from  two  rivers.  The 
Capital  is  Angers. 

MAYNAS,  a government  in  the  juris- 
diction of  Quito,  in  Peru.  Its  capital  is 
San  Francisco  de  Borja. 

Maynooth,  a neat  well  built  town  in  Kil- 
dare, Leinster.  Here  is  a college  for  stu- 
dents of  the  Roman  Catholic  persuasion. 
Here  the  family  of  Leinster  have  a superb 
seaty  with  fine  gardens,  a park  with  pictur- 
esque scenery,  and  a tower  from  which  is 
an  extensive  view  of  the  circumjacent  coun- 
try ; 12  miles  w o[  Dublin. 

MAYO,  a county  of  Ireland,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Connaught,  62  miles  long,  and  52 
broad.  It  is  bounded  on  the  w by  sligo ; 
on  the  N by  the  ocean  ; on  the  e and  ne  by 
Roscommoi)  ; and  on  the  s by  Galway.  It 
is  divided  into  68  parishes,  but  has  only  20 
standing  churches,  contains  about  140,000 
inhabitants,  and  sends  two  members  to  par- 
liament. Near  the  sea  it  is  mountainous ; 
but  in  the  interior  there  are  good  pastures, 
Ballinrobe  is  now  reckoned  the  chief  town, 
but  the  assizes  are  held  at  Castlebar. 

Mayo,  a village  in  the  above  county,  and 
once  its  capital,  and  famous  for  its  university, 
in  which  it  is  said  king  Alfred  the  Great  was 
educated.  It  is  now  a poor  place,  10  miles 
SE  of  Castlebar. 

Mayo.  See  May. 

Mayorga,  a town  of  Estremadura,  Por- 
tugal, near  the  Atlantic,  20  miles  w by  n of 
Lyra,  and  78  n of  Lisbon. 

Mayorga,  a town  in  Leon,  Spain,  seated 
on  the  Cea,  33  miles  sse  of  Leon. 

Maysville,  See  Limestone, 

Maywar,  See  Oadipour. 

Mayzaffran,  a considerable  river  in  Al- 
giers, nearly  eqeial  to  the  Shellit,  runs  into 
the  Mediterranean,  30  miles  w of  Algiers. 

Mazagan,  a strong  town  of  Morocco, 
near  the  Atlantic,  eight  miles  w of  Azamor, 
and  120  nw  of  Morocco.  Lou.  8 15  w, 
lat.  31  12  n. 

Mazalquiver,  a sea  port  of  Algiers,  lately 
subject  to  Spain.  See  Oran. 

M A Z A N DE R A N,  t he  ancient  Mauritani a, 
a province  ol  Persia.  The  mountains  are 
covered  with  trees,  and  the  vallies  are  fertile 
in  rice,  sugar,  fruit,  and  silk.  Sari  is  the 
capital. 

Mazara,  an  ancient  town  of  Sicily,  with 
a good  harbour.  It  is  built  on  the  ruins  of 
the  ancient  Sesinuntum,  and  is  famous  for  its 
churches  and  convents,  and  excellent  wine. 
Its  exports  are  wine,  brandy,  oil,  soda,  <fec. 
15  miles  sw  of  Palermo.  Lon.  12  36 
lat.  37  46  s, 


O 


M E A 

Mazarino,  a town  in  Val  di  Noto  Sicily, 
46  miles  wsw  of  Catania. 

Mazatlan,  a sea  port  in  Culiacan,  New 
Spain,  on  a river  of  the  same  name,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  gulf  of  California,  120  miles 
s of  Culiacan.  Lon.  106  6S  w,  lat.  23 
15  N. 

MAZIERA,  or  MACEIRA,  an  island  in 
the  Arabian  sea,  on  the  coast  of  Oman,  50 
miles  in  length  and  from  four  to  eight  broad. 
Lon,  50  30  b,  lat.  20  30  n. 

MeacOy  a large  and  celebrated  town  of 
the  island  of  Niphon,  in  Japan,  of  which  it 
was  formerly  the  capital.  It  is  the  great 
magazine  of  alb  the  manufactories.  The 
inhabitants  are  said  to  be  60,000  in  number. 
Lon.  134  25  e,  lat.  35  30  n. 

Meadiay  a town  of  Hungary,  in  the  Ban- 
nat  of  Temeswar.  It  was  taken  by  the 
Turks  in  1738  and  in  1780  ; 12  miles  e of 
Belgrade. 

Meao,  a small  island  of  the  Moluccas, 
with  a good  harbour.  Lon.  127  5 e,  lat.  1 
12  N. 

Mearns,  See  Kincardine, 

MearnSf  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Renfrew- 
shire, about  six  miles  in  length,  and  near 
four  in  breadth.  It  has  a common  of  about 
1 600  acres  called  Mearns  muir . The  church 
is  eight  miles  s of  Glasgow.  The  castle  of 
Mearns  is  a square  tower  of  considerable 
antiquity,  and  formerly  of  great  strength. 
Population  above  1700. 

MEATH,  or  E MEATH,  a county  of 
Ireland,  in  the  province  of  Leinster,  36  miles 
long,  and  35  broad ; bounded  on  the  n by 
Cavan  and  Louth;  on  the  e by  the  Irish 
channel  ; cn  the  s by  Kildare,  and  Dublin  ; 
and  on  the  w by  Longford  and  W Meath. 
It  contains  147  parishes,  containing  112,400 
inhabitants,  and  sends  two  members  to  par- 
liament, and  is  a fine  champaign  country, 
abounding  with  corn,  and  well  inhabited. 
It  formerly  consisted  of  several  small  bi- 
shoprics, which  were  gradually  united  into 
one  see,  and  in  the  12  century  received  the 
name  of  Meath.  It  has  neither  cathedral 
nor  chapter,  but  the  want  of  the  latter  is 
supplied  by  a synod  of  which  every  incum- 
bent is  a member.  The  episcopal  palace  is 
an  elegant  building  situated  at  Ardbraccan, 
near  Navan.  The  chief  town  is  Trim. 

MEATH,  WEST,  a county  of  Ireland,  in 
the  province  of  Leinster:  bounded  on  the  w 
by  Roscommon  ; on  the  n by  Longford  and 
Cavan ; on  the  e by  Meath,  Dublin,  and 
Kildare;  and  on  the  s by  King^s  county. 
Its  greatest  length  is  38  miles  ; its.  greatest 
breadth  24.  It  contains  62  parishes,  con- 
taining .70,000 -.inhabitants,  and  sends  three 
members  to  parliament.  It  is  very  fertile 
in  corn  and  pasturage,  and  has  several  small 
lakes  and  rivers.  The  chief  town  is  Mul- 
lingar, where  the  second  great  fair  in  the 
kingdom  for  v/ool  is  held. 

MeauXf  an  ancient  town  in  the  department 
of  Seine  and  Marne,  France,  and  is  a bishop’s 
see*  It  is  large,  handsome,  and  populous, 


MEG 

and  in  1421  stood  a siege  of  three  months 
against  the  English.  The  market  place  is 
a fine  peninsula  contiguous  to  the  town.  It 
is  10  miles  nw  of  Colomiers,  and  26  ne  of 
Paris,  Lon.  2 53  e,  lat.  48  58  n. 

Mecca^  an  ancient  and  famous  town  of 
Arabia  Deserta,  situated  on  a barren  spot, 
in  a valley,  surrounded  by  little  hills,  about 
a day’s  journey  from  the  Red  sea.  It  is 
celebrated  for  being  the  birth-place  of  Ma- 
homed. It  has  neither  walls  nor  gates,  and 
the  buildings  are  very  mean.  That  whiclt 
supports  it  is  the  annual  resort  of  many 
thousand  pilgrims  at  a certain  season  of  the 
year  ; for,  at  other  times,  the  shops  are 
scarcely  open.  Great  numbers  of  sheep  are 
sold  to  the  pilgrims.  Mecca  stands  in  a 
very  hot  climate,  and  the  inhabitants  usually 
sleep  on  the  tops  of  their  houses, .for  the 
sake  of  coolness.  Its  temple  has  42  doors, 
and  its  form  resembles  the  Royal  Exchange 
in  London,  but  is  near  10  times  as  large. 
The  Beat  Allah  which  stands  in  the  middle 
of  the  temple,  is  a square  structure,  each 
side  about  20  paces  long,  and  24  feet  high ; 
covered  all  over  from  top  to  bottom  with  a 
thick  sort  of  silk,  and  the  middle  embroider- 
ed with  letters-  of  gold,  each  letter  being 
about  two  feet  in  leugth,  and  two  inches- 
broad.  The  door  is  covered  with  silver 
plates,  and  there  is  a curtain  before  it,  thick 
with  gold  embroidery.  This  Beat  is  operi- 
but  two  days  in  the  space  of  six  weeks, 
namely,  one  day  for  the  men,  and  one  for 
the  women.  Alx)ut  12  paces  from  the  Beat 
is  a handsom®  tomb,  which  they  pretend  to 
be  the  sepulchre  of  Abraham,  and  they  af- 
firm that  he  erected  the  Beat  Allah* 
When  the  pilgrims  have  performed  their 
devotions  here,  they  repair  to  a hill,  where 
is  a cave,  to  which  they  pretend  Mohamed 
retired  to  perform  his  devotions,  to  which 
place  they  affirm  the  greater  part  of  the 
Coran  was  brought  to  hiin  by  tbeaugel  Ga- 
briel. This  hill,  however,  is  not  large 
enough  to  contain  them  all  at  once,  for 
there  are  no  less  than  70,000  pilgrims  every 
year.  Two  n)iles  from  the  town  in  the  hill 
where,  they  say,  Abraham  went  to  offer  his 
son  Isaac.  Mecca  is  governed  by  a sheriff, 
whose  revenue  in  increased  by  donations 
from  the  Mohamedan  sovereigns.  This 
city,  in  1803,  w'as  plundered  by  a sect  cal- 
led Wahabites,  from  their  founder,  Abdul 
Wahab.  They  destroyed  the  tombs,  as 
they  supj)Osed  they  encouraged  idolatry.  It 
is  34  miles  ene  of  Jidda,  the  sea^port  of 
Mecca,  aud  500  s by  e of  Medina.  Lon.  40 
55  E,  lat.  2 1 -48  N. 

Mechlin,  or  Malines,  a handsome  city  in 
Brabant,  Netherlands,  and  an  archbishop’s 
see.  It  consists  of  several  small  islands 
made  by  artificial  canals,  over  which  are 
many  bridges.  The  cathedral  is  a superb 
structure,  and  has  a lofty  steeple.  In  1706 
this  city  submitted  to  the  diike  of  Marlbo- 
rough, was  taken  by  the  French  in  1746, 
restored  in  1748,  taken  again  by  the  Frenck 


in  n’r2,  evacuated  next  year,  and  re-entered 
in  1794.  Here  is  a foundery  for  ordnance 
.-of  all  sorts,  and  manufactures  of  the  best 
Brabant  lace,  fine  linen,  damasks,  carpets, 
and  leather.  It  stands  on  the  Dyie,  10 
miles  NNE  ot  Brussels,  and  15  ssw  of  Ant- 
werp. Lon.  4 20  N,  lat.  51  2 n. 

MECHOACAN,  a province  of  Mexico. 

It  extends  70  leagues  along  the  coast,  and 
■still  farther  inland.  The  climate  is  good, 
and  the  soil  remarkably  fruitful.  There 
are  mines  of  silver,  and  a few  of  gold,  and 
copper.  Among  its  numerous  productions 
are  cocoa,  mechoacau  root,  several  odorifer- 
ous gums  and  balsams,  sarsaparilla,  am- 
bergris, vanilla,  cassia,  &c.  Mechoacau 
was  formerly  a kingdom,  but  the  Spaniards 
have  reduced  it  to  a bishopric^  in  which  are 
about  200  towns  of  civilized  natives. 

Mechoacan,  or  Valadolidy  an  episcopal 
city,  and  capital  of  the  above  province. 

It  is  seated  near  the  source  of  a river,  and 
is  supplied  with  water  by  a modern  aque- 
duct. The  inhabitants  are  estimated  at 
28,000;  and  is  about  130  miles  w by  n of 
Mexico.  Lon.  100  32  e,  lat.  20  0 n. 

Meckenheiniy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Rhine  and  Moselle,  France,  lately  of  Ger- 
many, in  the  electorate  of  Cologne,  on  the 
Erfft,  eight  miles  sw  of  Bonn. 

MECKLENBURG,  a duchy  of  Lower 
-Saxony,  Germany.  It  extends  135  miles  in 
length,  and  20  in  breadth  where  broadest. 
It  was  long  under  the  dominion  of  one 
prince,  but  on  the  demise  of  the  sovereign 
in  1592,  it  was  divided  between  the  two  sons  ; 
the  eldest  had  for  his  share  the  duchy  of 
Mecklenburg  Schwerin,  which  is  the  lar- 
gest ; and  the  youngest  that  of  Mecklenburg 
JStrelitz,  the  capital  of  which  is  New  Stre- 
litz  ; and  Schwerin  of  the  other.  -It  is 
one  of  the  most  fruitful  countries  in  Ger- 
many. 

MECKLENBURG,  a county  of  Virginia. 
It  contains  14,733  inhabitants.  The  capi- 
tal, which  is  of  the  same  name,  stands  near 
the  source  of  the  Roanoke  .river,  70  miles 
sw  of  Petersburg.  Lon.  78  50  w,  lat.  36 
42  x. 

MECKLENBURG,  a county  of  North 
Carolina,  in  Salisbury  district.  It  contains 
11,395  inhabitants.  Chief  town  Charlotte. 

Mekley,  See  Cassay, 

Mecon,  a river  which  has  its  source  on 
the  NE  ot  Thibet,  and  passes  sse  through  the 
province  of  Yunan  in  China,  and  the  king- 
dom of  Loo  and  Cambodia,  at  the  city  of 
the  latter  name,,  it  divides  into  two  branches, 
which  run  nearly  parallel  to  each  other  for 
200  miles  to  the  sea : the  easternmost  is 
called  Cambodia,  the  other  Oubegueme. 

MECRAN,  a province  of  Persia.  The 
southern  part  is  little  more  than  a desert ; 
the  northern  is  less  so ; but  the  soil  is  far 
from  fertile,  and  animals  are  rare* 

Mecrinos,  a town  in  Tralos  Montes,  Por- 
tugal, 15  miles  nne  of  Terre  de  Moncove, 
and  24  se  Mirandela. 


MEDALPADIA,  a maritime  province  in 
Nordland,  Sweden,  70  miles  long,  and  45 
broad.  It  is  mountainous  and  woody,  but 
interspersed  with  fertile  valleys,  lakes,  and 
rivers.  Sundeval  is  the  capital. 

MedeUySL  town  in  the  province  of  Titeri, 
Algiers,  stands  in  a country  abounding  in 
sheep,  corn,  and  fruit ; 35  miles  sw  ot  Al- 
giers. Lon.  2 10  E,  lat.  34  45  n. 

Medea f or.  enahdia,  a town  ot  Tunis,  on 
a peninsula  in  the  gulf  ot  Cabes.  It  was 
formerly-  cf  great  importance  ; 100  miles 
s by  E of  Tunis. 

Medebach,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  West- 
phalia, nine  miles  sw  of  Corbach. 

Medellin,  a towm  in  Estremadura,  Spain,, 
situated  on  the  Guadiana,  the  birth-place  of 
the  celebrated  Fernando  Cortes,  24  miles 
ESE  of  Merida. 

Medenbliek,  a town  in  W Friesland,  Hol- 
land, situated  on  the  Zuyder  Zee,  with  a 
good  harbour.  The  vicinity  is  remarkable 
for  rich  pastures,  and  the  principal  com- 
merce consists  in  timber  brought  from 
Sweden  and  Norway.  Madenblick  was 
taken  by  the  English  in  1790.  It  is  nine 
miles  N of  Hoorn,  and  28-  ne  of  Amsterdam- 
Lon.  4 51  E,lat.  52  46  n. 

Medford,  a pleasant,  thiriving  compact 
town  in  Middlesex  county,  Massachusets, 
stands  on  the  Mystic,  eight  miles  from  its 
mouth.  It  is  famous  for  brick-works  and 
distilleries:  four  miles  n of  Boston.  The 
township  was  incorporated  in  1630,  and  con- 
tains 1028  inhabitants. 

Medina,  a famous  town  of  Arabia,  be= 
tween  Arabia  Deserta  and  Arabia  Felix, 
celebrated  for  being  the  burial-place  of 
Mahomet.  It  is  but  a small,  poor  place, 
and  yet  is  walled  round,  and  has  a large 
mosque,  but  nothing  like  the  temple  at  Mec- 
ca. In  one  corner  is  a building  14  paces 
square,  with  great  windows,  and  brass  gates, 
and  in  the  middle  the  tomb  of  Mahomet,  in- 
closed with  curtains  like  a bed,  and  sur- 
rounded by  a vast  number  of  lamps.  The 
tomb  is  not  exposed  to  any,  except  the  eu- 
nuchs appointed  to  take  care  of  it,  and  to 

light  the  lamps.  It  is  called  the  city  of  the 
Prophet,  because  here  he  was  protected  by 
the  inhabitants  when  he  fled  from  Mecca ; 
and  here  he  was  invested  with  regal  power. 
The  time  of  his  death  was  in  637  : but  the 
Mahometan  epoch  begins  in  622,  from  the 
time  of  his  flight.  The  Wahabites  destroyed 
the  tomb  in  1803,  soon  after  their  devasta- 
tions at  Mecca.  It  is  situated  on  a plain, 
abounding  in  palm-trees,  200  miles  nw  of 
Mecca.  Lou.  50  33  e,  lat.  24  20  n. 

Medina,  Q.  town  in  Estremadura,  Spain, 
seated  at  the  foot  of  a mountain;  25  miles 
WNW  of  Lerena,  and  46  se  of  Badajoz. 

Medina  Celi,  an  ancient  town  and  duchy 
in  Old  Castile,  Spain,  situated  near  the  Xa- 
long,  40  miles  ne  of  Siguenza,  and  88  sw 
of  Saragossa. 

Medina  Del  Campo,  a large,  rich,  and 
ancient  town  in  Leon,  Spain.  It  is  a trading 

O 2 


MEG 

place,  and  is  situated  in  a country  abound- 
ing with  corn  and  wine,  3T  miles  se  of 
^XTid  ® Salamanca,  and  T5  nw 

Medina  del  Rio  Seceo,  an  ancient  and 
rich  town  in  Leon,  Spain,  seated  near  the 
Sequilo,  2!  miles  nw  of  Valladolid,  and 
o6  SSE  of  Leon.  ^ 

Medina  Sidonia,  a very  ancient  town  of 
Andalusia,  Spam,  with  a castle,  24  miles 
SE  of  Cadiz,  and  60  s of  Seville. 

Medingen,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Lune- 
burg  Lower  Saxony,  on  the  Ilmenau,  14 
miles  SSE  of  Luueburg. 

mediterranean,  the  name  of  the 
sea  between  Asia,  Africa,  and  Europe,  com- 
rnumcating  with  the  ocean  by  the  straits  of 
Gibraltar;  and  with  the  Black  sea  by  the 
Dardanelles,  the  sea  of  Marmora,  and  the 
strait  of  Constaminople.  It  is  of  great  ex- 
tent, bm  has  no  tide,  and  a couslant  cur- 
rent sets  in  from  the  Atlantic  through  the 
Strait  of  Gibraltar.  It  contains  several 
large  islands,  as  Majorca,  Sardinia,  Candia, 

^ c.  The  eastern  part,  bordering  on  A«ia 
IS  sometimes  called  the  Levant  sea.  Lon  6 
■w  to  72  E,  lat.  31  to  44  N. 

Medniki,  a town  in  Samogilia,  Poland, 
and  a bishop’s  see,  on  the  Warniiz,  40  miles 
E of  Memel. 

_ Medway,  a river  of  England,  which  rises 
in  Ashdown  forest,  in  Sussex,  and  entering 
Kent,  waters  Tunbridge,  and  from  Maid- 
stone IS  navigable  to  Rochester  ; below 
M hich,  at  Chatham,  it  is  a station  for  the 
royal  navy.  Dividing  it  into  two  branches,  j 
we  western  one  enters  the  mouth  of  the  ' 
^ames  at  the  Nore,  and  is  defended  by 
the  tort  ai  Sheerness;  the  eastern  branch, 
calle^  the  East  Swale,  passes  by  Queenbo- 
rough  and  Milton,  and  falls  into  the  German 
ocean,  below  Feversham. 

Medwi,  a town  of  Sweden,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  East  Gothland,  called  the  Swedish 
s>pa,  on  account  of  its  waters,  which  are 
vitriolic  and  sulphureous.  It  stands  near 
the  lake  Wetter.  The  lodging-houses  form 
one  street  of  uniform  buildings  painted  red, 
three  miles  from  Wad.siena. 

Medtibox,  a town  in  the  s of  Volhynia, 
Poland,  on  the  Bog,  20  miles  s of  Constan- 
unow, 

Meelahf  a town  in  the  province  of  Con- 
stautma,  Algiers,  stands  amidst  gardens 
abounding  with  excellent  herbs,  and  fruit, 
p^articalarly  pomegranates,  14  miles  nw  of 
Coustantina. 

Megaruy  an  ancient  town  of  Greece,  in 
Livadia,  European  Turkey,  now  much  re- 
cced, being  inhabited  by  poor  Greeks. 
Mere  are  some  valuable  remains  of  antiquity 
it  IS  24  miles  w of  Athens.  * 

Megeriy  ix  town  of  Holland,  ou  the  Meuse, 

12  miles  wsw  oi  Nimeguen. 

Megescavy  a town  and  country  of  Tran- 
sylvania, celebrated  for  excellent  wine. 


ME  K 


it  is  situated  on  the  Kotel. 

lat.  50  N, 


Lon.  25  20  e, 


Megna.  See  Burampooter, 

Mehuuy  an  ancient  town  in  the  de^iL  of 
Cher,  France.  It  is  situated  ip  a fertile 
plain,  on  the  Yevre.  Here  are  still  visible 
the  remainsof  a castle  built  by  Charles  XII. 
as  a place  of  retirement,  and  here  he  starved 
bim.self,  for  fear  of  being  poisoned  by  his 
son,  Louis  XI ; iO  miles  nw  of  Burges,  and 
105  s of  Paris. 

Mehun  Svr  Loire,  a town  in  the  dept,  of 
Loiret,  France,  on  the  Loire,  10  miles  sw  of 
Orleans. 

Meigle,  a parish  and  town  in  Perthshire, 
lying  in  the  centre  of  Strathmore.  The 
parish  is  near  five  miles  long,  and  from  one  to 
two  broad.  The  town  lof  Meigle  is  an  an- 
cient place,  has  a market  on  Wednesday, 
but  is  little  frequented,  • and  two  well 
attended  annual  fairs.  Meigle  is  the  seat 
of  a presbytery,  and  was  formerly  the  resi- 
dence of  the  bishops  of  Dunkeid,  to  tiie  mi- 
nister of  which  part  of  the  ecclesiastical 
revenues  are  still  paid.  In  the  church-yard 
is  a grand  monument  composed  of  diffe- 
rent stones,  ingeniously  joined,  and  deco- 
rated with  hieroglyphic  figures ; said  to  be 
that  of  Vanera,  wife  of  the  celebrated  Bri. 
tish  prince  Arthur,  who  flourished  in  the  0th 
century  ; 15  miles  nw  of  Dundee,  five  from 
Coupar  Angus,  and  58  n of  Edinburgh. 
Population  of  the  parish  about  950. 

MEINAU,  an  island  in  the  middle  of 
lake  Constance,  one  mile  in  circumietynce, 
which  produces  excellent  wine.  It  is  five 
miles  nw  of  Constance. 

Meinungeny  a town  in  Thuringia,  Upper 
Saxony,  capital  of  the  county  of  Henneberg, 
ha,s  a fine  ca.stle,  and  stands  among  moun- 
tains, on  the  Werra,  16  miles  nw  of  Hild- 
burghausin,  and  23  s of  Gotha.  Lon.  iO 
43  Ey  lat.  50  38  n. 

Meissen,  a rich,  populous,  and  consider- 
able town  in  Misnia,  Saxony,  capital  of  the 
margravate  of  its  name,  with  a castle,  fa- 
mous for  a manufacture  of  porcelain.  The 
cathedral  has  a very  high  steeple,  and  is 
the  burying  pltice  of  the  Saxon  princes  to 
the  year  1530.  The  Prussians,  iu  1757, 
burnt  down  the  bridge,  which  was  replaced 
by  one  of  a handsome  construction.  It  is 
situated  on  the  Meisse,  at  its  influx  into  the 
Elbe,  10  miles  nnw  of  Dresden.  Lon.  13 
31  R,  lat.  5 1 II  N. 

MEISSEN,  or  Misnia,  a margraviate 
of  Upper  Saxony,  about  100  miles  in  length, 
and  SO  in  breadth.  It  is  divided  into  five 
circles,  viz.  Aleissen,  Leipsic,  Erzgeburg, 
Voigtland,  and  Liistadt.  It  is  a very  fine 
country,  well  supplied  with  water,  and  pro- 
ducing corn  and  wdne,  metals,  and  ail  the 
conveniences  of  life. 

Meissenheim,  a town  in  the  dept,  of 
Same,  France,  lately  of  Germany,  duchy 
of  Deux  Fonts,  stands  on  the  Glau.  It  lies 
34  miles  n by  e of  Deux  Poms,  and  44  e 
of  Treves. 

MEKRAN,  a province  of  Persia,  s of 
Segistan,  about  500  miles  long,  and  350 


MEL 

Broad,  The  northern  part  is  sterile ; the 
middle,  diversified  with  plains,  valleys,  and 
mountains,  produces  wheat,  barley,  rice, 
dates,  and  cotton ; and  the  southern,  be 
tween  ifae  hills  and  the  sea,  affords  excellent 
pasturage.  Kedge  is  the  capital. 

Melassuy  a town  in  Natolia,  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, seated,  in  a plain,  near  a mountain 
abounding  with  white  marble.  Once  it 
had  many  elegant  public  buildings,  espe- 
cially temples.  It  is  still  a considerable 
place,  but  the  houses  are  mean  : 66  miles 
ssE  of  Smyrna.  Lou.  27  50  e,  lat.  37  15  N. 

Melazzo,  See  MUazzo, 

Melbourne  a village  in  Derbyshire,  where 
are  the  remains  of  an  ancient  castle,  with 
a manufacture  of  worsted  stockings,  eight 
miles  s by  e of  Derby. 

Melcky  a town  of  Austria,  on  a lofty  rock 
near  the  Danube,  with  a benedictine  abbey, 
10  miles  w ot  St.  Polton. 

Meleomb,  RegUy  a town  in  Dorsetshire, 
situated  on  an  arm  of  the  sea,  and  joined 
to  Weymouth  by  a timber  bridge,  and  has 
a drawbridge  in  the  middle  to  admit  the 
passage  of  ships  into  the  western  part  of  the 
harbour.  Meleomb  has  good  streets  and 
yards  for  merchandise,  is  a district  borough 
from  Weymoth,  to  w'hieh  it  is  joined  as  a 
port,  as  a corporation,  and  as  a market  town. 
Two  members  sit  in  parliament  for  Mel- 
comb,  and  two  for  Weymouth,  who  are 
chosen  by  the  same  electors.  It  is  eight 
miles  s of  Dorchester,  and  127  wsw  of  Lon- 
don. See  fVegmouth. 

Meldelay  a town  in  Romagna,  Italy,  eight 
miles  sw  of  Ravenna. 

Meldert,  a town  in  Brabant,  Netherlands, 
10  miles  se  of  Louvain. 

Meldorf,  an  ancient  and  considerable 
town  of  Holstein,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Myla,  22  miles  nnw  of  Gluckstadt. 

Meldrum,  a parish  in  Aberdeenshire,  five 
miles  long,  and  from  two  to  four  broad. 
Population  near  1,548.  The  parish  has  been 
from  time  immemorial,  the  property  of  the 
family  of  Wiguhart,  whose  house  at  old 
Meldrum  is  delightfully  situated. 

Meldruniy  Old,  a considerable  town  in 
the  above  parish,  is  a borough  of  barony, 
containing  780  inhabitants,  and  has  a good 
weekly  market,  a celebrated  porter  brew- 
ery, a branch  of  the  stocking  manufactory, 
and  a well  attended  fair ; 17  miles  knw  of 
Aberdeen. 

Melji,  a considerable  town  in  Basilicata, 
Naples,  with  a castle  on  a rock,  20  miles 
NNW  ofCirenza. 

Melfordy  or  Long  Melford,  a large,  well 
built  village  in  Suffolk,  four  miles  nw  of 
Sudbury  in  Suffolk,  has  a fair  on  Whit- 
Tuesday. 

Uelgaza,  A town  in  Entre  Douro  e Miiiho, 
Portugal,  on  the  Min  ho,  has  a strong  castle, 
27  miles  n by  e of  Braga. 

MELIDA,  an  island  of  Dalmatia,  in  the 
gulf  of  Venice,  and  republe  of  Ragusa, 
30  miles  in  length.  It  abounds  in  oranges, 


MEL 

citrons,  wine,  and  fish.  It  has  a benedic- 
tine abbey,  six  villages,  and  several  har- 
bours. Lon.  19  8 E,  iat.  43  5 n. 

MeliUa,  an  ancient  town  of  Fez,  on  the 
coast  of  the  Mediterranean.  The  Spaniards, 
who  took  it  in  1496,  built  a citadel,  and 
have  a garrison  here.  The  neighbourhood 
abounds  with  wax  and  honey.  It  is  75 
miles  w by  n of  Tremesan,  and  1 15  NB  of 
Fez.  Lon.  2 57  w,  lat.  34  58  n. 

MELINDA,  a kingdom  of  Africa,  on  th^ 
coast  of  Zauguebar.  The  capital  town  is 
of  the  same  name,  and  situated  a<  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Qiiilmanci,  in  an  agreeable  plain. 
It  is  a large,  populous  place,  in  wuich  the 
Portuguese  have  17  church-houses,  and 
nine  convents.  They  have  ware-houses 
well  provided  with  European  goods.  The 
vicinity  produces  gold,  elephants  teeth,  os- 
trich feathers,  wax,  aloes,  senna,  and  other 
drugs ; they  also  carry  on  that  infamous 
triffic  the  man-trade.  The  country  pro- 
duces plenty  of  rice,  sugar,  cocoa-nuts,  and 
other  tropical  fruits.  It  has  a good  har- 
bour, defended  by  a fort,  but  the  entrance 
is  incommoded  with  shoals,  and  rocks  under 
water.  The  inhabitants  consist  of  Chris- 
tians, and  negroes  which  last  have  their 
own  king  and  religion,  and  the  number  of 
both  is  said  to  amount  to  200,000.  The 
town  is  470  miles  sw  of  Magadoxa.  Lod. 
41  48  E,  lat.  2 J5  s. 

Melipilla,  capital  of  a province  of  its 
name,  in  Chili,  delightfully  situated  near 
the  Maypo.  In  the  vicinity  are  country- 
seats  belonging  to  the  principal  inhabitants 
of  St.  Jago.  The  province  abounds  with 
grain  and  wine ; 50  miles  sw  of  St.  Jago. 
Lon.  70  50  w,  lat.  33  40  s. 

^ Melitelloy  a town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di 
Noto,  eight  miles  w of  Leontini. 

Melith.  See  Malta, 

Melitopol,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Tauris,  Russia,  on  a lake,  about  12  miles 
from  the  sea  of  Azoph,  and  108  s of  Catha- 
rinenslaf.  Lon.  83  10  e,  lat.  46  22  n. 

Melksham,  a town  in  Wiltshire.  Fine 
broad  cloths  and  some  other  goods  are  ma- 
nufactured here.  It  has  a post  office,  and 
a market  every  other  Tuesday  for  cattle, 
11  miles  E of  Bath,  and  96  w of  London. 

Melle,  a town  in  Osnaburg,  Germany,  15 
miles  E by  s of  Osnaburg. 

Melle,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Two  Sevres,  France,  13  miles  s of  St. 
Maixent. 

Meller,  See  Maelar, 

Mellingen,  a town  in  Baden,  Switzer- 
land, on  the  Reufs,  five  miles  s by  w of 
Baden. 

Melnick,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Bunfzlau, 
Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Elbe,  with  a castle. 
The  neighbourhood  produces  excellent  red 
and  white  wine,  and  near  it  is  the  Augustine 
convenLof  Schophia,  18  miles  n of  Prague, 

MELORA,  an  island  on  the  coast  of 
Tuscany,  four  miles  w of  Leghorn. 

Meloui,  a town  of  Egypt,  seated  on  the 


MEM 

has  a remarkable  Mosque,  three  miles 
s of  Ashrnunein. 

Melrichstadty  a town  of  Franconia,  in 
the  principality  of  Wurtzburg,  on  the  Strut, 
2:^  miles  n by  e of  Schweinlurt. 

Melrose,  a town  in  Roxburghshire,  si- 
tuated on  the  s banks  of  the  Tweed,  at  the 
foot  of  the  Eilden  hills,  where  there  w'as 
formerly  a famous  abbey,  founded  by  Da- 
vid I.  in  the  12th  century,  for  Bernardine,  or 
Cistercian  monks.  Great  part  of  the  walls 
are  still  standing,  and  exhibit  fine  specimens 
of  grandeur  in  architecture,  sculpture,  cfec. 
part  of  it  was  used  till  lately,  for  the  pa- 
rish church.  The  steeple,  from  which  is  a 
charming  prospect,  is  75  feet  high.  The 
sculpture  is  in  a high  state  of  preservation, 
owing  to  the  excellence  and  durability  of  the 
stone.  These  rnins  are  allowed  by  travel- 
lers to  be  the  most  magnificent  and  entire  of 
any  in  Britain.  In  the  parish  are  the  villa- 
ges of  Darnick,  Gattonside,  famous  for 
fruit,  and  Newstead.  Melrose  was  long 
noted  for  the  linen  manufacture ; and  has 
now  considerable  woollen  manufactures.  i 
The  parish  is  about  seven  miles  long,  and 
nearly  the  same  broad,  with  a varied  sur- 
face. Population  about  2,600.  Melrose 
has  fairs  Thursday  before  Easter,  1st  Wed- 
nesday of  June,  August  12th,  and  Nov.  22d, 
35  miles  sw  by  s of  Berwick,  and  the  same 
distance  sse  of  Edinburgh. 

Melsungen,  a town  in  Lower.Hesse,  Ger- 
many, on  the  Fulda,  12  miles  s of  Cassel. 

Melton,  Mowbray,  a town  in  Leicester- 
shire, situated  on  the  Eye,  its  market  on 
Tuesday,  is  considerable  for  corn,  cattle, 
&c.  The  fine  cheese  called  Stilton  is  made 
in  the  vicinity.  It  has  a free  school  and 
fairs  in  January,  on  Whit-Tuesday,  and  Au- 
gust 21st.  It  is  the  largest  town  in  the 
county,  except  Leicester,  15  miles  s by  e 
of  Nottingham,  15  ne  of  Leicester,  and  105 
N by  w ol  London.  Lon.  0 50  w,  iat.  52 
48  N. 

Melun,  an  ancient  town  in  the  dept,  of 
Seine  and  Marne,  France,  stands  on  the 
Seine,  and  has  a trade,"  particularly  with 
Paris,  in  corn,  meal,  wine,  and  cheese,  10 
miles  from  Fountainbleau,  and  25  se  of  Pa- 
ris. Lon.  2 35  e lat.  48  30  N. 

Membrio,  a town  in  Estremadura,  Spain, 
21  miles  wswof  Alcantara. 

Memel,  a strong  tow^'n  of  E.  Prussia,  with 
a castle,  the  finest  harbour  in  the  Baltic, 
and  a very  extensive  commerce.  It  is  how'- 
ever,  ill  built,  and  its  streets  are  narrow  and 
dirty.  It  is  situated  on  a river  of  its  name, 
at  the  N extremity  of  the  Ciirische  Haflf,  an 
inlet  of  the  sea,  about  70  miles  in  length, 
which  is  here  joined  to  the  Baltic  by  a 
narrow  strait,  and  is  140  miles  ne  of  Dant- 
zic.  On  the  ne  side  of  the  entrance  into 
the  harbour  is  a light- house.  Here,  in  1802, 
the  king  of  Prussia  had  a conference  with 
the  emperor  of  Russia.  Ion.  21  16  e, 
lat.  55  46  N. 

Memmingen,  a handsome  and  strong  town 


MEN 

in  Snabia,  German}',  stands  in  a Morass 
and  is  defended  by  art.  It  has  a consider- 
able trade  in  hops,  salt,  paper,  cotton,  fus- 
tian, and  fine  linen.  In  the  vicinity,  in 
1795,  the  emigrants  under  the  prince  of 
Conde  were  defeated  by  the  French,  who 
in  1809  took  the  town  Irom  the  Austrians. 
It  stands  on  the  Ilier,  28  miles,  s by  e of 
Ulm.  Lon.  10  50  e,  lat.  48  3 n. 

3Ifnan,  a large  river  of  Siam,  which 
passes  by  the  city  of  Siam,  and  falls  into 
the  gulf  of  Siam  below  Hancock.  In  this 
river  are  several  singular  fish  aud  croco^ 
diles,  and  its  fruitful  shores  are  annoyed 
with  monkeys,  musketos,  and  fire-flies. 

Menanedbo,  a town  of  Sumatra,  capital 
of  a small  kingdom  of  the  same  name,  250 
miles  from  the  Straits  of  Sunda. 

Mendali,  a town  in  Kurdistan,  Asiatic 
Turkey,  on  the  frontiers  of  Irak,  Arabi  and 
Irak  Agemi,  surrounded  with  gardens,  is 
the  residence  of  a Bey,  80  miles  nne  of 
Bagdad,  and  100  sse  of  Kerkouk. 

Mende,  an  ancient  town,  capital  of  the 
department  'of  Lozere,  France,  and  a 
bishop^s  see.  It  is  very  populous,  has 
manufactures  of  serges,  and  other  woollen 
stuffs.  One  of  the  steeples  of  the  cathedral, 
and  the  fountains  are  remarkable.  It  stands 
on  the  Lot,  35  miles  sv/  of  Puy,  and  210  s 
by  E of  Paris.  Lon.  3 30  e,  lat.  44  31  n. 

Mendelsham,  a town  in  Sufi'olk,  had 
formerly  a weekly  market,  and  still  an 
annual  fair  on  holy  Thursday.  Here 
were  found  a massy  silver  crown  and  a 
gold  ear-ring,  with  a runic  or  Sclavonian 
inscription,  18  miles  E by  n of  Bury  SL 
Edmunds, 

Mendip  hills,  a lofty  mineral  tfack,  in 
the  NE  quarter  of  Somersetshire,  abounding 
in  coal,  lead,  and  calamine.  Copper 
manganese,  bole,  and  red  ochre,  are  also 
found  iu  these  hills.  In  1798,  at  the  bot- 
tom of  a deep  ravine,  in  tbe  vicinity  of  tbe 
village  of  Berrington,  was  discovered  a 
great  quantify  of  human  bones,  a large  por- 
tion of  them  incorporated  with  the  solid 
rock,  and  part  of  them  incrusted  with  a 
calcareous  cement, 

Mendon,  a post-town  in  Worcester  coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  37  miles  sw  of  Boston. 

Mendoza,  a jurisdiction  of  Chili,  in 
South  America.  It  has  a town  of  the  same 
name,  and  lies  on  the  e side  of  the  Cordil- 
lera, in  a plain,  ornamented  with  gardens, 
well  watered  by  canals  ; about  100  miles 
ENE  of  Si.  Jago.  Lou.  70  12  w,  lat.  34 
0 s. 

MENDRAH,  a province  and  . town  of 
Fezzan,  in  Africa,  remarkable  for  the  quan- 
tity of  trona,  a kind  of  fossil  alkali,  which 
floats  on  the  surface,  or  settles  on  the  banks 
of  its  numerous  floating  lakes.  The  soil  in 
genercjl  is  level  and  barren,  60  miles  s of 
Mourzouk. 

Mendrisio,  capital  of  one  of  the  four 
Italian  Bailiwics,  annexed  to  the  late  Ita- 
lian republic,  which  extends  18  and  a- half 


MEN 


M E R 


Square  miles,  situated  between  the  lakes  of 
Como  aud  Lugano.  Here  are  several  con- 
vents, seven  miles  w by  n of  Como. 

Menehould,  St,  an  ancient  and  consider- 
able town  in  the  department  of  the  Marne, 
France,  seated  in  a morass  on  the  Aisne^ 
between  two  rocks.  Here  in  179^,  the 
French  arrested  the  progress  of  the  Prus-  | 
sians,  and  at  length  compelled  them  to  re- 
treat; ‘20  miles  ne  of  Chalons. 

Menerbe,  a populous  borough  and  district 
of  Italy,  three  miles  nne  of  Legnano,  near 
Padua.  The  district  contains  three  parishes. 

Megeringhausen,  a town  and  castle  in  the 
county  of  Waldeck,  Germany,  eight  miles 
NE  of  Corbach. 

Mengalag,  or  Mingalay,  one  of  the  wes- 
tern islands  of  Scotland,'  about  12  miles  s ot  | 

Burray.  . . I 

Mengen,  a town  of  Austrian  Su  Una,  in  i 
the  county  of  Hohenberg,  on  the  Danube, 
ZO  miles  ese  of  Rothweil,  and  33  sw  of 
Ulm. 

Menin,  a handsome  town  in  the  Nether- 
lands, Flanders,  lately  in  the  department  of 
Lvs,  France,  stands  on  the  Lys  ; it  has  been 
often  taken,  the  last  time  by  the  French  in 
1794  ; eight  miles  se  of  Ypres,  and  10  n of 
Lisle.  ^ 

Menniuir,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  For- 
farshire, about  five  miles  long,  and  two 
broad.  The  population  of  the  parish  is  near 
1,000. 

Menton,  a (own  in  the  department  of  the 
Maritime  Alps,  Italy,  situated  near  the  sea, 
five  miles  ene  of  Monaco. 

MentZf  a late  archbishopric  and  elec- 
torate of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  the 
Lower  Rhine,  <50  miles  long,  and  20  broad. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Rhine,  the 
Maine,  the  Jaxt,  and  the  Lahn.  In  1798 
ihe  whole  of  this  archbishopric  to  the  right 
of  the  Maine,  excepting  the  bailiwick  of 
Aschaffeiiburg,  and  those  parts  between  the 
Maine,  the  county  of  Darmstadt,  and  Er- 
bach,  was  ceded  to  France.  At  this  period 
the  archbishopric  and  electorate,  then  the 
first  state  of  the  empire,  w as  moved  to  Ratis- 
bon,  and  all  the  other  bishoprics  secularized. 
It  abounds  in  corn,  fine  fruit  gardens,  and, 
excellent  wines. 

MeniZy  or  Mayenee,  a considerable  city, 
late  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  the  Lower 
Rhine,  annexed  to  France,  in  October  1797, 
capital  of  the  department  of  Mont  Tonnere, 
and  a bishop^s  see.  It  was  the  capital  of 
the  electorate  of  Meniz.  The  palace  called 
Martiiisburg  is  partly  ancient  and  partly 
modern.  The  university  built  in  1477,  has 
of  late  received  considerable  improvements. 
In  the  cathedral  are  several  jewels,  some 
relics,  and  a large  w^ardrobe  of  sacerdotal 
garments.  St  Rocky's  Hospital  is  remark- 
able for  its  printing  office  and  manufactures 
of  stuffs  and  stockings.  Mentz  is  one  of 
the  places  which  claim  the  invention  of 
printing.  Mentz  is  well  fortified  and  esteem- 
ed one  of  the  barrier  fortresses.  It  has 


accordingly  been  often  taken.  It  is  situa- 
ted on  the  Rhine,  over  which  is  a bridge  of 
boats  below  the  influx  of  the  Maine,  com- 
municating w’ith  Cassel,  and  is  20  miles  nw 
of  Worms,  22  wsw  of  Franck  fort,  and  7R 
E by  N of  Treves.  Lon.  8 10  e,  lat.  49 
<58  N. 

Menvf,  a town  of  Egypt,  near  a branch 
of  the  Nile,  which  flows  to  Rosetta.  The 
vicinity  is  well  cultivated  and  fertile  ; four 
miles  NNw  of  Cairo. 

3Ienzala,  a towm  of  %ypt,  near  a lake 
of  its  name,  which  is  60  miles  in  length,  and 
separated  by  a narrow  slip  of  land  from  the 
Mediterranean,  20  miles  sse  of  Damietta,. 
and  73  nxe  of  Cairo.  Lon.  32  2 e,  lat.  31 
3 N. 

Meppen,  a town  in  Westphalia,  princi- 
pality of  Munster,  stands  at  the  junction  of 
the  Ems  and  Hase  ; 10  miles  n of  Lingen. 

Meqmnenza,  a town  in  Art  agon,  Spain, 
with  a castle,  at  the  junction  of  the  Ebro, 
and  Segrea,  in  a fertile  country,  28  miles 
ESE  of  Saragossa,  and  180  ene  of  Madrid. 

Mequinez,  a city  of  Fez,  and  in  the  em- 
pire of  Morocco.  It  is  now  the  capital  of 
the  whole  empire,  to  which  the  bashaws  and 
alcayds  resort  with  their  tribute,  aud  pre- 
sents every  two  or  three  years.  In  the  mid- 
dle of  the  city,  the  Jews  have  a place  to 
themselves,  the  gates  of  which  are  locked 
I and  guarded  every  night.  The  emperor^s 
palace  stands  on  the  s side,  and  is  more 
stately  than  that  of  Fez,  and  which  on  ac- 
count of  the  salubrity  of  the  air,  he  prefers 
to  Fez.  Close  byMequinez,  on  the  nw  side, 
stands  a large  negro  town,  which  takes  up 
as  much  ground  as  the  city,  but  the  houses 
i are  not  so  high,  nor  so  well  built.  The  in- 
j habitants  amount  to  110,000,  and  are  all 
blacks,  or  of  a dark  tawny  colour  ; and 
thence  the  emperor  recruits  the  soldiers  lor 
his  courts.  The  houses  are  very  good,  and 
the  streets  exceedingly  narrow,  but  the  light 
comes  in  at  the  back  of  the  houses,  whera 
there  is  a square  court  and  a fountain  in  tha 
middle  of  it,  if  the  house  belongs  to  a person 
of  distinction.  The  houses  have  flat  roofs, 
aud  the  women  who  live  in  the  upper  apart- 
ments, often  visit  each  other  from  the  tops 
of  the  houses  ; 40  miles  w of  Fez.  Lon.  6 
0 w,  lat.  33  40  N. 

Mer,  a town  in  the  department  of  Loire 
and  Cher,  France,  1 1 miles  nnw  of  Blois. 

Meran,  a handsome,  trading  town  of  Ty- 
rol, capital  of  Erschland,  seated  on  the 
Passer,  near  its  junction  with  the  Adige.  It 
has  six  churches  and  convents ; 12  miles 
NNW  of  Botzen.  Lou.  1 1 <5  e,  lat.  46  39  n. 

Meranha^  a town  in  Aderbijan,  Persia, 
seated  near  the  se  border  of  lake  Urmia, 
the  coast  of  which  abounds  with  the  marble 
of  Tabriz  ; 60  miles  ssw  of  Tabriz. 

MERCER,  a county  of  Kentucky.  Har- 
rodsburg  is  the  capital. 

Merdin,  a town  in  Diarbeck,  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, seated  near  the  top  of  a mountain,  and 
on  tfae  summit  is  a castle.  It  belongs  to  th« 


Turks,  who  have  a garrison  here.  Wine, 
cotton,  and  brandy  are  produced  here.  It 
is  45  miles  se  of  Diarbekir. 

Mere,  a town  of  Wiltshire,  with  a mar- 
ket on  Tuesday,  and  manufactures  of  dow- 

las,  bed-ticks,  and  other  linen  goods.  It 
has  three  annual  fairs;  28  miles  w of  Salis- 
bury, and  100  w by  s of  London. 

Merecz,  a town  of  Lithuania,  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Merecz  and  Beresino,  30  miles  n 
of  Grodona. 

Mareega,  a town  of  Algiers,  in  the  pro* 
tince  of  Mascara,  famous  for  its  hot  baths, 
25  miles  se  of  Shershel,  and  50  sw  of  Al- 
giers. 

Mergentheim,  capital  of  a district  in 
Franconia,  seated  on  the  Tauber,  and  sub- 
ject to  the  grand  master  of  the  Teutonic 
order,  who  resides  in  the  castle  of  Newen- 
haus,  which  stands  on  the  Kirtzberg,  a 
mountain  in  the  vicinity.  This  order  was 
instituted  in  1190,  in  the  time,  and  on  oc- 
casion of  the  crusades  in  Palestine  ; and  the 
grand  master  has  resided  here  since  the  16th 
century,  28  miles  ssw  of  Wurtzburg.  Lon. 
9 52  E,  lat.  49  30  n. 

Merghen,  or  Merguen,  a city  iu  the  pro- 
vince of  Tcitcicar,  eastern  Tartary,  seated 
on  the  Nonni,  140  miles  n by  e of  Tciticar. 
Lon.  124  55  e,  lat.  49  10  n. 

Mergui,  a sea-port  on  the  w coast  of 
Siam,  with  an  excellent  harbour.  It  was 
taKeii  from  the  Siamese  by  the  Birmans. 
It  lies  208  miles  sw  of  Siam.  Lon.  98  9 e 

lat.  12  12  N. 

^ Merida,  a strong  tow'n  in  Estramadura, 
Spain,  stands  in  an  extensive  fruit tul  place 
on  the  Guadiaua,  over  which  is  an  elegant 
Roman  Bridge.  The  town  was  built  by 
the  Romans  before  the  birth  of  Christ.  In 
it  are  remains  of  antiquity,  particularly  a 
triumphal  arch  ; 42  miles  e of  Badaioz 
Lon.  5 58  w,  lat.  38  47  n. 

Merida,  a town  of  New  Spain,  capital  of 
Yucatan,  seated  in  an  arid  plain.  It  is  a 
bishop’s  see.  Population  about  ] 0,000.  Si- 
sal is  its  sea-port  ; 30  miles  s of  the  gulf  of 
Mexico.  Lon.  89  0 w,  lat.  20  56  n. 

Merida,  a town  of  New  Granada,  there 
are  some  gold  mines  near  it.  It  is  about 
54  mi'es  irom  Lake  Maracaybo. 

Merida,  a town  in  the  province  of  Vene- 
zuela, Terra  Firma,  in  a country  which 
abounds  with  all  kinds  of  fruit,  160  miles  s 
of  Venezuela.  Lou.  7»  0 w,  lat.  8 30  n. 

MERIONETHSHIRE,  a county  of 
North  Wales,  bounded  on  the  n by  Caernar- 
voohire  and  Deubigsbire ; on  the  e by  (be 
latter  county  and  that  of  Montgomery  ; on 
^lie  s by  a small  , an  of  Cardiganshire;  and 
on  the  w by  the  Irish  sea.  It  extends  36 
riiilcs  from  n lo  s,  and  is  34  wide  in  its 
Lro.idest  part.  The  face  of  this  country  is 
\ari  d throughout  ; it  is  well  clothed  with 
wood.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Dee 
and  Dysi.  Merionethshire  coniains  five 
hundreds,  four  market  tow'ns,  23  parishes, , 
Wi  1801,  29,506  inhabitants,  and  in  1811, 


30,924.  Here  is  the  Cader  Idris,  one  of  the 
highest  mountains  of  Wales.  It  sends  ooo 
member  to  parliament.  Harlech  is  the  ca- 
pital, and  Dolgeily  the  largest  town. 

Meritch,  a fortress  and  city  of  the  Deccan 
of  Hindoossan,  in  the  terrliory  of  Visiapour, 
seat  near  the  n bank  of  the  Kistua,  It 
was  taken  by  HyderAlly  in  1778  ; 62  miles 
sw  of  Visiapour. 

Merk,  a river  of  Dutch  Brabant,  which 
nows  by  Beda,  below  which  it  turns  w,  and 
unites  with  one  of  the  mouths  of  the  Meuse, 
opposite  the  island  of  Overflackee,  in  Hol- 
land. 

Mero,  a strong  town  in  the  kingdom  of 
Pegu,  140  milcssw  of  Pegu.  Lon.  98  36  e. 
lat.  16  0 N.  * 

MERO,  a district  in  the  state  of  Tennes- 
see, on  the  banks  of  Cumberland  river.  It 
comprehends  the  countries  of  Davidson, 
Sumner,  Grainger,  Robertson,  and  Montgo- 
mery. It  contains  about  14,390  inhabitants. 
Nashville  is  the  capital. 

Merou,  a t|?wn  iii  Korasan,  Persia,  in  a 
fruitful  country,  which  produces  salt;  112 
miles  sw  of  Bokhara.  Lon.  64  25  e,  lat.  37 
40  N.  ' 

Merrimack,  a river  of  the  United  States. 
This  river  is  formed  by  (he  confluence  of 
Pemigewasset  and  Winnipiseogee  rivers,  in 
about  lat.  43  26  n,  and  centre  of  New 
Hampshire.  It  runs  s nil  it  enters  Massa- 
chusetts, then  turns  e and  falls  into  the  ocean 
at  Newbury.  This  river  is  navigable  for 
vessels  of  burden  about  20  miles  from  its 
mouth,  where  it  is  obstructed  by  the  first 
rapids,  called  Mitchels  Eddy,  a little  above 
Haverhill.  Seven  bridges  have  been  thrown 
over  this  fine  river.  A canal  is  now  in  pro- 
cess to  open  a communication  between  the 
waters  of  the  Merrimack  at  Chelmsford  and 
the  harbour  of  Boston,  through  Mystick 
river. 

Mersburg,  a town  in  Thuringia,  Upper 
Saxony,  capital  of  a principality,  containing 
one  burgh,  seven  towns,  and  225  villages. 
The  principal  edifices  are  the  castle,  the 
cathedral,  and  the  academy.  The  chief 
empioj  nient  of  the  inhabitants  is  the  brew- 
ing and  exportation  of  strong  beer.  It 
stands  on  the  Salle,  10  miles  kw  of  Leipsic. 
Lon.  12  13  E,lat.  51  23  n. 

Mersburg,  a town  in  the  late  bishopric  of 
Constance,  Swabia,  stands  on  the  n side  of 
the  lake  of  Constance.  It  has  a castle,  a 
Dominican  convent,  and  an  academy  for 
secular  clergy  ; six  miles  ne  of  Constance. 

MERSE,  one  of  the  three  great  divisions 
of  Berwickshire ; See  Berwickshire, 

Mersey,  a river  of  England,  which  has  its 
source  iu  the  n extremity  of  the  Peak  io 
Derbyshire,  meets  the  Tame  at  Stockport, 
and  lower  down,  the  Irwel,  and  the  Weaver 
at  Frodsham.  It  is  the  i)oundary  between 
Cheshire  and  Lancashire  for  near  60  miles, 
35  of  which  are  navigable  for  vessels  of 
considerable  burden.  It  passes  by  Man- 
Chester,  and  Warrington,  and  enters  the  Irish 


M E S 


M E S 


sea  below  Liverpool,  Besides  salmon,  this 
river  affords  smelts,  here  called  sparlings,  | 
of  a remarkable  size  and  fiavonr.  i 

MERSEY,  an  island  in  Essex,  in  the  | 
month  of  the  Coin,  live  miles  long,  and  two 
broad,  s of  Colchester.  In  it  are  two  pa- 
rishes called  East  and  West  Mersey,  seven, 
miles  s of  Colchester.  In  one  of  the  church- 
yards is  a Mosaic  pavement. 

Merthyr  Tydmly  a town  of  S Wales,  in 
Glamorganshire,  situated  on  the  Taf,  in  the 
midst  ot  iron  and  coal  mines,  and  lime-stone 
quarries,  by  which  it  has  emerged,  within 
these  few  years,  from  an  obscure  village  to 
be  a place  of  great  trade,  population,  and 
importance.  Early  in  1794,  a canal  was 
opened  between  Merthyr-Tydvil  and  Car- 
diff. The  remains  of  Morlas  Castle  are  i 
still  to  be  seen,  three  miles  to  the  n.  Po-  1 
pulatioD  said  to  be  about  10,000.  Merthyr-  j 
Tydvil  has  markets  on  Wed.  and  Sat.  and  j 
several  annual  fairs.  It  is  16  miles  n of  j 
Caerphilly,  24  nnw  of  Cardiff,  and  171  w j 
of  London.  m I 

Merfol^y  a town  in  Alenrejo,  Portugal, 
near  the  Guadiana,  60  miles  s of  Evora,  and 
100  SE  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  7 37  w,  lat.  37 
41  N. 

Merton,  a town  in  Surry,  on  the  Wandle, 
seven  miles  sw  of  London.  It  has  two  ca-  | 
lico-manufactories,  and  a copper-mill.  | 
Here  was  a celebrated  abbey,  where  Henry 
the  III.  held  a parliament,  in  1236,  by  j 
which  w^ere  enacted  the  provisions  of  Mer- 
ton, the  most  ancient  body  of  laws,  except 
Magna  Charta,  The  walls  which  surround 
the  site  of  the  abbey  include  about  60  acres, 
but  no  part  of  the  building  remains,  except 
the  E window  of  a chapel. 

Mertoun,  a parish  in  Berwickshire,  ex- 
tending about  six  miles  along  the  n bank  of 
the  Tweed,  with  a breadth  of  near  three  i 
miles.  Besides  Dryburgh,  the  seat  of  the  | 
Earl  of  Buchan,  in  this  parish'  is  the  elegant  1 
Mansion  of  Hugh  Scot  of  Harden,  Esqr.  the 
only  grandson  of  Hugh,  late  earl  of  March-  j 
mont.  Population  in  1801,  <535,  in  1811, 
614.  The  parish  is  fertile  and  well  culti- 
vated, a moss  in  winch  there  is  a great  j 
quantity  of  marl,  w’as  drained  several  years  I 
ago  at  a great  expence,  by  a tunnel  car- 
ried through  a hill.  See  Dryburgh. 

Meru,  or  Meru  Shahjean,  See  Mam,  j 
Meru  a!  liud,  a town  of  Sharasan,  Persia,  j 
on  the^'Murgah,  140  miles  Nby  f of  Herat.  I 
Meroe,  the  n branch  of  the  river  Meuse,  I 
■on  which  stands  the  city  of  Rotterdam.  j 
Merville.,  a town  in  the  department  of  the  | 
North,  Fraiice,  seated  on  the.  Lis,  10  miie.s 
6E  of  Cassel,  and  24  sw  of  Menin.  | 

Mesched,  or  Mesghid,  a capital  of  the  || 
province  of  Korasaa,  Persia,  encoinpas.sed  ij 
by  a strong  wall,  10  miles  in  circuit.  Two  |{ 
of  its  12  districts  are  in  ruins.  Population  j 
50,000,  The  houses,  and  even  the  ark  or 
palace  are  meanly  built,  but  it  is  celebra- 
ted for  the  superb  sepulchre  of  Isman  Risa, 
of  the  family  of  Ali.  The  barar  is  three 
No.  20— 6rf. 


miles'  in  length  and  is  well  supplied  with 
provisions  and  fruits.  It  stands  on  a river 
of  its  name,  has  manufaptures  of  the  finest 
velvet,  pottery,  and  skins,  and  is  a great 
thoroughfare  of  caravans  from  India,  and 
all  parts  of  Persia.  It  is  situated  120  miles 
SE  of  the  Caspian  sea,  170  ene  of  Astera- 
bad,  and  470  ne  of  Ispahan.  Lon.  57  20  e, 
lat.  37  36  N. 

Mesehed  Ali,  or  Nejiff,  a town  in  Irak 
Arabi,  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  lake  Nejiff,  or  Rahema,  which  by  a 
canal  has  communication  with  the  Euph- 
rates. Here  was  interred  Ali  the  son-in- 
law,  and  one  of  the  successors  of  Mahomed, 
who.se  tomb  is  the  annual  resort  of  a vast 
number  of  Persian  pilgrims,  1 iO  miles  s of 
Bagdad.  Lon,  44  50  E,lat.  32  5 n. 

Mesched  Hossein,  or  Kerhella,  a town  in 
Irah  Arabi,  on  a canal  drawn  from  the 
Euphrates.  In  the  vicinity  was  slain 
Hossein,  the  son  of  Ali,  to  whose  tomb  nu- 
merous pilgrims  of  the  sect  of  Ali  resort  from 
all  quarters,  65  miles  ssw  of  Bagdad. 

Meschede,  a town  of  Westphalia,  on  the 
Roer,  has  a collegiate  church,  seven  miles 
SE  of  Arensberg. 

Meserisch,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Iglau, 
Moravia,  17  miles  e of  Iglau. 

Meserisch,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Prerau, 
Moravia,  30  miles  e by  s of  Olmutz. 

Meskirch,  a fine  town  of  Suabia,  in  the 
county  of  Furstenburg,  17  miles  n of  Uber- 
lingen. 

Messa,  a town  of  Morocco,  on  a river  of 
its  name,  near  the  Atlantic.  In  the  vicinity 
is  a mosque,  in  which  are  the  bones  of  ti 
w^hale,  supposed  by  the  inhabitants  to  be 
those  of  the  whale  which  swallowed  Jon.ah, 
165  miles  sw  of  Morocco.  Lon.  10  46  w, 
lat.  28  58  N. 

Messalonge,  a town  in  Lavadia,  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  stands  on  the  se  side  of  a salt 
ic»ke,  20  miles  w by  s of  Lepanto. 

MESS  AS  AGUES,  a tribe  of  North  Ame- 
rican Indians,  who  inhabit  the  country  be- 
tween Lakes  Huron  and  Superior.  They 
have  about  1,500  w'arriors. 

Messing,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Aichstat,  Franconia,  14  miles  nne  of  Aich- 
stat. 

Messina,  an  ancient  large,  and  handsome 
city  of  Sicily,  with  a strong  citadel  a :•  1 se** 
veral  forts  and  is  the  see  of  an  aroahisliop, 
seated  on  the  Faro,  or  strait  of  Messina, 
which  separates  Sicily  from  Calabria.  ho 
cathedral  is  much  admired  for  its  fine  Goiaio 
front.  Here  are  about  50  other  churches, 
and  numerous  convents.  In  1780  it  suffer- 
ed severely,  and  in  17S3  was  half  denivyii- 
shed  by  (in  earthquake.  The  new  houses 
are  generally  two  stor  e.s  high.  It  is  abotit 
five  miles  in  ciroumlerence  has  lour  large 
suburbs,  and  contains  about  00,0‘J*5  inualn- 
tauts.  The  harbour  whose  quay  e.b  vt'  a 
mile  in  length,  is  one  ot  the  safe.st  ..v  t iO 
Mediterranean,  and  in  the  form  of  elinlf- 
moon.  It  is  five  miles  in  circumference, 
P 


S 


find  very  deep.  The  viceroy  of  Sicily  re-  i 
sides  here,  six  months  in  the  year  ; and  it  is  | 
a place  of  great  trade  in  silk,  oil,  fruit,  corn,  i 
and  excellent  wine.  It  is  situated  on  .he 
sea-side,  125  miles  e of  Palermo,  210  s by 
E of  Rome.  Lon.  15  56  e,  lat.  38  10 

Mestirata,  a sea  port  of  Tripoli,  Bar- 
bary, capital  of  a district  of  its  name,  with 
an  old  castle  the  residence  of  the  governor^ 
seated  on  Cape  Masurata,  at  the  w extre- 
mity of  the  gulf  of  Sibra.  It  has  a great 
trade  by  caravans  to  Fezzan  and  other  parts 
in  the  interior  of  Africa,  120  miles  ese  of 
Tripoli.  Lon.  14  58  e,  lat.  32  0 n. 

Mestre,  a populous  tov,’n  of  Italy,  in  Do- 
gado.  It  is  eight  miles  nw  of  Venice,  and 
15  >Jw  of  Padua. 

Metapura  ; See  Mariapura. 

Metauro,  one  of  the  eight  new  depart- 
ments into  which  the  Roman  republic  was 
divided,  in  March  1898.  Ancona  is  the 
capital. 

Metelen,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Munster,  Westphalia,  19  miles  nw  of  Mun- 
ster. 

METELIN,  or  Mytei.ene,  an  island  of 
the  Archipelago,  anciently  called  Lesbos, 

of  Scio,  almost  at  the  entrance  of  the  gulf 
of  Gueslro.  It  is  about  100  miles  in  cir- 
cumference. It  is  rather  mountainous,  and 
has  many  hot  springs  and  the  soil  is  good, 
and  the  mountains  cool,  being  covered  with 
W’ood.  It  produces  good  wheat,  excellent 
oil,  and  the  best  figs  in  the  Archipielago. 
It  is  subject  to  the  Turks,  and  Castro  is  the 
capital. 

MetMlly  a town  in  Fifeshire,  situated  on 
the  coast  of  the  Frith  of  Forth,  with  an  ex- 
cellent harbour,  whence  salt  and  coal  are 
. exported  in  considerable  quantities.  It  is 
included  in  the  parish  of  Easter  Wyrass. 

, ; Alethill  was  erected  into  a free  borough  of 
1^,  barony,  by  the  bishop  of  St.  Andrews,  in 
1662,  with  a weekly  market  and  two  annual 
fairs.  In  1794,  it  contained  514  inhabi- 
tants, about  20  miles  "ne  of  Edinburgh. 

Methliek,c\  parish  in  Aberdeenshire,  six 
miles  long,  and  five  broad.  The  inhabi- 
tants, about  1,200  in  number,  are  much  em- 
ployed in  knitting  stockings.  Dr.  Ciiegne, 
late  physician  in  Bath,  and  Dr.  Maitland, 
who  first  practised  innoculaiion  in  Britain, 
were  both  natives  of  this  parish. 

Methten^  a parish  and  village  in  Perth- 
shire. 'i'he  parish  is  live  miles  long,  and 
near  four  broad.  The  arable  soil  is  mostly 
clay  and  Icam.  The  village  of  Metliveu  is 
a flourishing  place,  with  an  aueieni  castle, 
on  the  turnpike  road  from  Perth  to  Crieff. 
Here,  in  1506,  King  Robert  Biiice  was  de- 
feated by  the  English,  *n;d  Cfueen  Margaret, 
widow  of  James  IV.  died  at  Methven  Castle, 
lu  the  parish  are  two  paper  mills,  and  the 
«oiton  works  of  Cromwell  park.  Popula- 
tici>,  in  1801,  2,073.  The  village  is  six 
miles  w of  Perth. 

H'ieilarokJy  a town^,^in  Norfolk,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesdiiy,  famous  for  the  excel- 


M E u 

lent  rabbits  bred  in  the  viciuly,  15  miles 
Nw  of  Thetford,  84  xke  of  London. 

Metling,  or  Moiling,  a town  of  Carniola, 
Germany  stands  on  the  Kulp  on  the  frontiers 
of  Croatia,  15  miles  nw  of  Carlstadt,  and 
40  SE  of  Laubacb. 

Metro,  a river  of  Italy,  which  has  its 
source  in  Tuscany,  flows  through  the  duchy 
of  Urbino,  and  fulls  unto  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
near  Fano. 

MetropoU,  a town  in  the  island  of  Candia, 
stands  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Gortiniai^of 
which  many  vestiges  are  still  visible,  22 
miles  ssw  of  Candia. 

Metz,  an  ancient  and  large  town  in  the 
department  of  Moselle,  France,  and  a bi- 
shopls  see.  The  Jews,  about  3,000,  live  in 
a part  of  the  town  by  themselves,  where  they 
ha-ve  a synagogue.  The  inhabitants  are 
computed  at  40,000,  besides  a numerous  gar- 
rison. It  has  three  citadels,  ex.celleiit  for- 
tifications, and  noble  barracks.  Thesweet- 
i meats  made  here  are  much  esteemed.  It  is 
j situated  at  th|^confiuence  of  the  rivers  Mo- 
' selle  and  Seilre,  25  miles  n by  w of  Nanci, 

! 37  s of  Luxemburg,  and  190  ne  of  Paris, 
i Lon.  6 10  E,  lat.  49  7 n, 
i Meudon,  a village  of  France,  seated  on 
; the  Seine,  celebrated  for  a magnificent  pa- 
I lace,  six  miles  se  of  Paris. 

I Meulan,  an  ancient  town  in  the  depart- , 
j ment  of  the  Seine  and  Oise,  France,  con- 
i structed  in  the  form  of  an  amphitbealie, 
j stands  on  the  Seine,  over  which  are  two 
; bridges,  20  miles  nw  of  Paris. 

I Menrs,  or  Mcers,  a towm  of  France,  in 
! the  department  of  Boer,  lately  cf  Germany, 

! in  the  electorate  of  Cologne,  with  a castle. 

I It  was  a place  of  great  strength  previous  io 
[ 1764,  when  it  w^as  dismantled.  It  is  14 
miles  s by  w of  Wesel,  and  17  sEof  Gelders. 

I MEURTHE,  a department  of  France, 
i It  extends  65  miles  from  e to  w,  and  35 
I from  N to  s.  It  includes  part  ot  the  late 
' province  of  Lorrain,  and  has  its  name 
' from  a river,  which  has  its  source  in  the  de- 
i partment  of  Vosgesj  and  runs  by  Luneville 
i and  Nancy  into  the  Moselle.  Nancy  is  the 
i capital. 

j Meuse,  a river,  that  rises  in  the  depart- 
! ment  of  Marne,  near  the  village  of  Meuse, 

! France,  passes  Verdun,  Sleiiay,  Sedan,  Don- 
cherry,  Mezieres,  and  Charieville,  enters  the 
i Netherlands  at  Civet,  runs  to  Cbarlcmout, 
i Dinaut,  Namur,  Huj^,  Liege,  Maestrioht, 
Ruipmcr.d,  Venlo,  Grave,  Eattenhurg,  Ra- 
vesiein,  Gorciim,  (where  it  meets  the  V aal.) 

' and  Worcum.  At  Dorr  it  separates  into 
j four  branches,  of  which  the  most  northern 
: is  Merve,  and  after  tormir.g  the  islands  cf 
I Ysselmonde,  Voorn,  and  Overflackee,  iall 
I into  the  German  ocean  below  Gorce,  Hel- 
! -voetsluys,  and  Briel. 

MEUSE,  a department  of  France.  ^ It 
includes  the  late  duchy  of  Bcr  ; is  TO  miles 
long  from  n to  s and  30  broad,  it  takes  its 
name  from  the  above  iher.  Bar-le-duc 
the  capital. 


\ 


M E X 

MEUSE,  Lower,  one  of  the  new  depart- 
ments of  Frc^iioe,  lornied  out  of  the  lute 
bishopric  of  Liege,  and  duchy  of  Limburgh. 
Maestricht  is  the  capital. 

BIEWUT,  ’a  hilly  and  woody  tract  of 
Hindoo.'tuu  Proper,  lying  on  the  s\v  of  Del- 
hi, and  on  the  w oi  Agra,  from  k to  w it  is 
i80,  and  from  n to  s about  190  miles. 
Mewut  is  almost  entirely  subject  to  Mada- 
jce  Sindia,  a M.ihratta  chief.  The  Mewatte, 
iia^  been  ever  characterized  as  the  most 
bnital  and  savage,  and  are  still  noted  as 
thieves  and  robbers.  The  country  has 
strong  fortresses  on  steep  hills. 

MEW  ISLAND,  an  island  in  Down, 
Ulster,  at  the  s entrance  of  Carrickfergus 
bay,  one  league  and  a-half  e of  Noulhead. 
It  has  a light  house.  Lon.  5 22  lat. 
54  39  N. 

Mexhorough;,  a town  in  W Yorkshire, 
six  miles  nL  of  P.otherani. 

Mexicano,  or  Adages,  a river  on  the  con- 
fines of  Louisiana,  which  falls  into  the  gulf 
of  Mexico.  (ff 

MEXICO,  or  New  Spain,  a large  coun- 
try of  North  Arr»erica,  bounded  on  the  n by 
New  Mexico,  on  the  e,  by  the  gulf  of  Mexi- 
co, and  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  on  the  s 
and  w by  South  America,  and  the  South 
Sea  ; being  above  2,000  miles  in  length, 
and  from  00  to  600  in  breadth;  and  lying 
between  81  and  ilO  degrees  w longitude, 
and  between  seven  and  .30  degrees  n latitude. 
It  is  divided  into  23  provinces,  the  principal 
of  which  is  that  of  Mexico,  and  contains 
many  mines  of  gold,  silver,  iron,  and  alum, 
sulphur,  vitriol,  cinnabar,  ochre,  copper, 
tin,  quicksilver,  diamond,  amethysts,  eats 
eyes,  turquoises,  cornelians,  and  some  green 
stones  are  found.  There  are  moinitains  of 
loadstone,  and  abundance  of  the  famous 
stone,  of  a glossy  substance,  sernitrantna- 
rent,  generally  of  black,  called  itztli,  of 
which  the  Indians  make  looking  glasses, 
<fec ; there  are  quarries  of  exquisite  marble, 
jasper,  and  porphyry.  Its  indigo  and 
cocoa  are  superior  to  any  in  America,  and 
cochineal  is  almost  peculiar  to  this  coun- 
try. It  produces  abundance  of  Indian 
corn,  cabbage-trees,  cocoa-nuts,  rane- 
iias,  plantains,  pine-apples,  and  several 
other  fruits,  gums  and  drugs  proper  to  the 
climate.  Among  the  quadrupeds  are  the 
puma,  jaquar,  bears,  elks,  wolves,  foxes, 
deer,  &c.  Horned  cattle  multiply  wiih 
such  rapidity,  that  in  its  vast  plains  they 
are  found  in  herds  of  30,  and  40,000,  and 
are  killed  merely  for  the  bides,  which  form 
an  extensive  article  of  commerce  with  Euro- 
peans ; the  birds  of  which  there  are  above 
200  species  peculiar  to  this  country,  have 
many  of  them  the  most  beautiful  plumage. 
The  inhabitants  are  native  Spaniards,  Creo- 
les, Mulattos,  Metifs,  tfec.  This  country  is 
divided  into  three  audiences,  Guadalaxara, 
Mexico,  and  Guatimala,  and  subdivided  into 
the  following  provinces,  viz.  Guadalaxara, 
Culiacan,  Cinaloa,  Sonora,  N«vv  Biscay. 

\ 

\ 


M E X 

and  Zacatecas ; Mexico,  Mechoachan,  Co.» 
hahuiia,  Texas,  New  Leon,  Panuco,  Tlas- 
cala,  Guaxaca,  Tobasco,  and  Jucatan; 
Guatimala,  Soconusco,  Chiapa,  Vera  Paz, 
Honduras,  Nicaragua,  Costa  Rico,  and  ^ 

Veiagua.  It  is  governed  by  a Spanish 
viceroy,  W'bo  is  changed  every  five  years, 
in  general  it  is  a mountainous  country,  in- 
termixed wiih  many  rich  valleys;  but  the 
highest  mountains  itre  near  the  coast  of  the 
South  sea,  many  of  which  are  volcanoes « 

The  eastern  shore  is  a flat,  level  country^ 
full  of  bogs  and  morasses,  overflowed  ia 
the  rainy  season,  which  is  at  the  same  time 
as  our  summer.  The  hills  between  lb© 
mountains  and  the  flat  country  are  best  in- 
habited, because  there  the  air  is  most  tem- 
perate. The  revenues  of  the  crown,  w^hich 
are  great,  arise  from  a fifth  part  of  th© 
gold  and  silver,  and  from  the  duties  and 
customs,  as  well  as  the  lands  held  of  th© 
crown. 

MEXICO,  one  of  the  three  audiencesj, 
and  a province  of  New  Spain.  The  pro- 
vince is  mouniaiiious,  interspersed  with  ex- 
tensive valiies,  and  immense  plains,  in  which 
are  produced  all  the  necessaries  of  life  in 
great  abundance  ; its  silver  mines  are  richer 
Than  those  of  any  other  province.  The 
roads,  lakes,  and  rivers  afford  everv  facility 
to  commerce  and  domestic  intercourse. 

Mexico,  a town  of  North  America,  capi- 
tal of  New  Spain.  It  'was  a flourishing 
place  before  the  Spaniards  entered  the  coun- 
try. It  wais  situated  on  several  islands  lu  a 
salt-water  lake  called  Tezcues,  to  which 
there  was  no  entrance,  but  by  three  cause- 
w'ays,  above  two  miles  in  length  each,  the 
circuit  of  the  city,  exclusive  of  the  suburbs 
was  eight  miles.  It  contained  about  50,000 
houses  with  several  large  temples,  lull  of  , 
rich  idols,  and  three  palaces  where  the 
emperor*  of  Mexico  resided.  Alexico  was 
taken  by  Ferdinando  Cortez,  in  1521,  after 
a siege  of  three  months.  As  the  Mexicans 
defended  themselves  from  street  to  street, 
it  was  almost  ruined  but  afterwards  re- 
built by  the  Spaniards.  It  now  contains 
about  35,000  houses,  built  of  stone  and  ; . 
brick,  to  which  they  have  added  a suburb 
of  3,000  houses  inhabited  by  (he  native 
Americans.  It  is  a handsome  place  witb^^'^.^ 
Large,  clean  wide  streets,  in  which  a: 

great  number  of  magnificent  structures,  fouFv:^ 
public  churches,  36  monasteries,  and  2^ 
nunneries,  with  each  a church.  The  reve-^ 
nues  of  the  grand  cathedral  Amounted  to 
<£.80,000  a year  of  which  the  archbishop  has 
£.20,000  and  the  great  convent  of  St.  Fran- 
cis collects  from  alms  alone  a revenue  of 
£.20,000  a year.  Here  are  a tribunal  of 
inqusition,  a mint,  a treasuryj  and  a univer- 
sity. This  city  contains  above  140,000 
inhabitants.  It  is  the  usual  residence  of 
the  viceroy  of  New  Spain.  The  goldsmiths 
here  are  immensely  rich,  and  it  carries  on  a 
gteat  trade  to  Europe  by  St  John  de  Ulva, 
and  to  Asia  by  Acapulco.  < Mexico  is  swp- 
P 2 


' ^ 

'll 


M E Y 

plkid  with  fresh  water,  by  an  aqueduct  of  ^ 
three  miles  in  length.  The  Spaniards  do  , 
not  make  a tenth  part  of  the  inhabitants,  the  j 
others  being  Negroes,  Muiattoes,  native  I 
Americans,  and  a mixture  of  them  all.  In  | 
1629,  40,000  persons  in  this  city  were  | 
drowned  by  an  inuntkition.  The  lake  I 
which  occasioned  this  disaster  has  since  | 
been  drained  by  a conduit  through  a moun- 
tain. On  this  lake,  and  the  fresh  water 
lakes  of  Xochimilco,  and  Chaleo  are  float- 
ing gardens,  generally  about  40  yards  long, 
and  15  broad,  with  about  a foot  of  elevation 
above  the  water,  and  are  easily  removed  to 
a different  s(ation  at  the  pleasure  of  the 
owner.  It  is  180  miles  nne  of  Acapulco, 
on  the  South  sea,  and  200  w by  n of  Vera 
CTuz.  Lon.  996  w,  lat.  19  26  n. 

MEXICO,  New,  a large  country  of 
North  America,  bounded  on  the  w by  the 
gulf  of  California,  on  the  s by  New  Spain, 
on  the  E by  Florida,  and  on  the  n by  an  un- 
known country  ; lying  between  79  and  108 
deg.  w Ion.  and  23  and  43  deg.  n lat.  and 
being  about  2,000  miles  long,  and  1,600 
broad.  The  air  is  very  temperate,  and  the 
soil  generally  fertile.  The  mountainous  dis- 
trict on  the  N border  is  reckoned  the  highest 
land  on  this  part  of  the  continent.  Hence 
issue  the  Rio  del  Norte,  the  Colerado, 
Arkansa,  Platte,  and  other  rivers,  which 
flow  in  various  directions.  One  of  the 
ynountains,  near  the  rise  of  the  Arkansa,  is 
10,580  feet  above  the  level  of  the  piai», 
through  which  the  river  flows,  and  the 
plair;  is  supposed  to  be  8000  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea.  It  is  inhabited  by  a great 
number  of  people,  whose  languages  and  cus- 
toms are  very  different ; some  v/ander  about, 
and  others  dwell  in  towns  and  villages. 
The  principal  of  the  Spanish  colonies  are 
those  of  St.  Barbe,  and  Santa  Fe,  the  capi- 
tal town. 

Medico j Gulf  of,  an  immence  gulf  of 
North  America,  lying  between  the  ? coast  I 
of  East  Florida,  and  the  yE  point  of  Jacatan. 

Meyuhoim,  a city  of  Pegu.  It  has  a 
number  of  temples  and  spacious  monasteries 
and  stretches  along  the  sw  bank  of  the 
Irawaddy  for  two  miles.  The  vicinity  is 
uncommonly  fruitful  in  rice.  Here  the 
king  of  Birmah  has  extensive  granaries,  for 
tlie  supply  of  any  part  of  the  empire,  that 
nay  be  visited  with  scarcity.  It  is  85 
miles  Nw  of  Pegu.  Lon.  95  8 e, lat.  18  18  n. 

Meyenbcrg,  a town  of  Brandenburg,  in 
the  Mark  of  Pregnitz,  22  miles  ne  of  Per- 
ieberg,  and  60  nnw  of  Berlin, 

Maycttfeid,  a handsome  town  in  the  Ori- 
sons, and  league  of  the  Ten  Jo.risdicticns, 
Swisseriand,  situated  on  the  Iltime,  the 
couniry  produces  excellent  ^vine,  and 
through  this  plaee  grraf  quantities  of  goods 
pass  between  Germany  and  Italy.  It  is  15 
miles  N by  e of  Coire.  Lon.  9 37  e,  lat. 

46  59  X. 

Meyrveis,  a town  in  the  department  of ! 


MIC 

Lozere,  France,  23  miles  s of  Mend,  and- 
27  w of  Aiais. 

Mezana,  a town  of  Naples,  in  Basilicata,. 
17  miles  ssw  of  Tarsi. 

Mezemna,  a sea  port  of  Fez,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Nocor,  on  the  Mediterranean, 
98  miles  ese  of  Tetuan.  Lon.  3 45  w,  lat. 
35  15  X. 

Mezen,  capital  of  a province  in  the 
government  of  Archangel,  Russia,  on  a 
river  of  its  name,  160  miles  ene  of  Archan- 
gel. Lon.  44  58  e,  lat.  65  25  n. 

Mcizeres,  a town  in  the  department  o£ 
Ardennes,  France,  with  a citadel,  stands  on 
an  island  in  the  Meuse,  12  miles  xw  by  x of 
Seden,  and  127  xe  of  Paris. 

Mezin,  a small  town  in  the  department  of 
Lot  and  Garonne,  France.  .It  is  nine  miles 
xw  of  Condom. 

Miaco,  a city  in  the  isle  of  Niphon,  Ja- 
pan, with  a fortified  palace.'  It  is  the  se» 
cond  city  in  the  empire,  and,  the  spiritual 
capital.  It  is  seated  in-land,  on  a fina 
plain,  and  is  ^d  to  contain  600,000  inha- 
bitants. Her^are  the  imperial  mint,  and 
the  principal  manufactures,  the  Diara’s 
court  being  literary,  all  books  are  printed , 
here,  160  miles  wsw  of  Jedo;  Lon.  136^ 
10  E,  lat.  35  30  X. 

Miami,  Great,  a river  of  the  United* 
States,  in  the  North  Western  Territory,, 
which  runs  s by  w and  falls  into  the  Ohio, 
just  above  Columbia,  604  miles  from  the 
mouth  of  that  river.  It  has  a navigation 
which  approaches  the  navigable  waters  of 
lake  Erie. 

Miami,  Little,  another  river  of  the  North 
Western  Territory,  which  also  falls  into 
the  Ohio,  20  miles  e of  the  Great  Miami, 
and  21  below  Cincinnate. 

Miami,  of  the  lake,  a river  in  the  State 
of  Ohio,  whose  head  waters,  are  near  those 
of  the  Wabasti,  which  joins  it,  in  lat.  41 
20,  and  taking  a xe  course  of  90  miles,, 
enters  Miamis  Bay,  at  the  w extremity  of 
lake  Erie.  . A s branch  of  this  river  com- 
municates with  the  great  Miami,  by  a por- 
tage of  five  miles. 

MTAMIS,  a nation  of  North  American 
Indians,  who  dwell  between  the  Miami,  and 
s of  lake  Michigan.  Their  country  is  reck- 
oned among  the  most  fertile  belonging  to 
the  United  States.  They  can  raise  300 
warriors. 

MIATA,  one  of  the  Society  islands. 
Lon.  148  6 W',  lat.  17  52  x. 

Miauna,  a town  in  the  province  of  Adir- 
beitzan,  where  M.  Tbuvenot,  the  celebrated 
traveller  died,  on  his  return  from  Ispahan, 
Persia,  80  miles  se  of  Tabriz. 

Mipha,  a cape  of  Dalmatia,  which 
streiches  into  the  gulf  of  Venice,  near  the 
town  of  Zara. 

MICHAEL,  St,  the  most  fertile  and  po- 
pulous island  of  the  Azores.  It  is  54  miles 
long,  ami  from  six  to  15  broad,  and  contains 
nearly  80,000  inhabitants.  On  the  casters 


M I C 


M I D 


side,  in  a valley,  are  a number  of  sulphure- 
ous springs,  some  of  them  hot  and  some 
cold,  also  boiling  fountains.  One  mile  to 
the  Nw,  in  June  1811,  a volcioiic  island 
arose  with  a tremendous  eruption.  When 
quiescent  it  stood  from  200  to  300  feet  above 
the  sea,  and  was  a mile  in  circuit.  It  was 
called  Sabrina,  from  the  first  ship  that  ap- 
proached it  ; but  in  October  following,  it 
gradually  disappeared,  leaving  an  extensive 
shoal.  Villa  Franca,  and  Puntadef  Guda, 
are  the  principal  towns.  The  latter  is  the 
capital.  Lon.  2<5  42  w,  lat.  37  47  n. 

Michael^  St,  a town  in  Cornwall,  which 
has  neither  market  nor  fair  does  not  con- 
tain above  30  houses,  is  a borough  by  pre- 
scription, and  represented  by  two  members 
in  parliament.  It  stands  on  the  great  road 
to  the  Landseud,  and  eight  miles  sw  of  St 
Colurnb,  and  230  w by  s of  London. 

Michael,  St,  a considerable  town  in  the 
department  of  Meuse,  France,  seated  on  the 
Meuse,  wdth  a rich  library  of  a Benedictine 
abbey,  and  a fine  hospital,  20  miles  ne  of 
Bar-le-Duc. 

Michael.  St.  a sea  port  in  the  province  of 
Nicaragua,  New  Spain,  on  the  river  St  Mi- 
chael, and  1 10  miles  nw  of  Leon,  Lon.  8T 
45  w,  lat,  12  25  N. 

Michael,  St,  a city  and  capital  of  Tucu- 
man  seated  in  a feniio  vailey,  at  the  foot 
is  a chain  of  rugged  mountains.  It  has  a 
cathedral,  two  convents,  and  a college 
which  belonged  to  the  Jesuits.  The  trade 
consists  in  oxen  tamed  for  carts,  mules,  and 
timber,  700  miles  h\v  of  Buenos  Ayres. 
Lon.  64  45  w,  lat.  26  49  n. 

Michael,  St,  a tovvn  in  Mechoachan, 
New  Spain,  famous  for  its  cotton  manufac- 
tures, 20  miles  e of  Guanaxuato. 

Michael  de  Puira.  St,  a town  of  Peru,  in 
Quito,  stands  near  the  mouth  of  the  Piura, 
and  was  the  seat  of  the  first  Spanish  colony 
in  Peru,  325  miles  ssw  of  Quito,  Lorn  80 
40  w,  lat.  5 10  s. 

Michael  de  Ibarra,  St,  a town  in  the 
province  of  Qnito,  Peru,  capital  of  a juris- 
diction of  the  same  name,  has  an  elegant 
church,  a college,  and  several  convents,  70 
miles  NE  of  Quito,  Lou.  77  30  w,  lat.  0 
25  K. 

Michael,  gulf  of , >S^,that  part  of  the  Paci- 
fic ocean,  which  was  first  discovered  by 
the  Spaniards,  alter  their  march  across  the 
isthmiis  of  Darien.  It  lies  e of  Panama. 

Michigan,  a lake  of  N America,  280 
miles  long,  and  fro.u  50  to  60  broad.  It  is 
navigable  by  vessels  of  any  burden.  On 
the  NW  are  two  bays,  the  one  to  the  s called 
Greeubay,  the  other  to  the  x called  Noquat 
bay.  Michigan  communicates  with  the 
NW  end  ot  lake  Huron,  at  its  ne  extremity, 
by  the  strait  of  Michilirnakinac. 

MICHIGAN,  a territory  of  the  United 
Stales  of  Auierica,  including  tSiC  lake  of  its 
name,  is  bounded  on  the  e by  lakes  Huron, 

Clare,  and  Erie,  s by  the  state  of  OLiC)_, 
and  Indiana,  w by  the  territory  of  Illinois. 


W and  N by  lake  Superior.  The  soil  is  in  ge- 
|i  neral  marshy  and  poor,  and  great  part  of  it 
I inundated  six  njonths  in  the  year,  but  it  pos- 
j sesses  great  advantages  from  its  navigaiiun 
I and  fisheries.  In  ISiO  the  population  was 
) 5485.  Detroit  is  ilie  capital. 

Michiilimakinac,  Little,  a river  in  the 
North-Western  Territory,  whose  moutk  is 
50  j ards  wide,  and  has  between  30  and  4t> 
small  islands  at  its  mouth.  It  runs  a k\v 
course,  and  is  navigable  about  90  miles. 
Its  mouth  is  195  miles  rom  the  Misissippi. 

MICHILLTMAKINAC,  an  island,  fort, 
and  village,  on  the  sw  side  of  the  straits  of 
j the  same  name.  In  1812,  the  fort  was  ta- 
ken by  the  British.  It  is  about  200  miitos 
, NNw  from  Detroit.  Lon.  84  30  w,  lat.  45 
48  N.  , 

Michiilimakinac  Strait,  a strait  of  N 
America,  which  unites  the  lakes  of  Michi- 
gan and  Huron.  It  is  six  miles  wide. 

MICCMACKS,  an  Indian  nation  who 
I inhabit  the  country  between  the  Shapody 
j mountains,  and  the  gulf  of  St  Lawrence  in 
I Nova  Seoila,  oppo  dte  to  St  John^s  island. 

1 Middlehie,  a parish  in  Durnfries-shire, 
j which,  with  those  of  Pennersaughs,  and 
Carruthers  annexed,  is  as)out  nine  miles  long 
and  lour  and  a-haif  broad.  Population 
about  1500.  It  abounds  with  free-stone 
I and  limestone,  and  exports  to  a consider- 
I able  amount  annually  black,  cattle,  sheep, 

I bacon,  oats,  and  barley.  The  parish  de- 
I rives  its  name  from  the  Roman  work  near 
the  eiiurch,  from  its  po.?ition  between  Ne- 
j therby  in  Cumberland  and  Upperby  in  E^-k  ■ 

! dale-muir. 

I Middlehorough,  the  Kamaskett,  of  the 
j|  ancient  Indians,  a town  in  Plymouth  coun- 
j|  ty,  AfasNaehuseits,  40  miles  s by  e of  Bos- 
j|  ton.  Great  quantities  of  s;:aiis  are  made 

II  here,  particularly  in  the  winter. 

|j  Middieh'urg,  a large,  haudsome,  riph,  and 
j commercial  city  of  Holland,  capital  of  the 
I iskind  of  Waicheren,  and  of  all  Zealand, 
i'  The  streets,  s^quare.®,  aaid  public  buildings., 
j are  magnificent,  particularly  the  towu- 
i house, ^ (once  a famous  abbey,}  ornamente(f 
! with  the  statues  of  the  ancient  counts  and 
countesses  of  Holland.  The  harbour  is 
commodious.  It  contains  about  30,000  hi- 
halilants.  It  has  a commurdcadoii  with 
the  sea  by  a canal,  wlfoh  will  be.e-i  ihe 
largest  vpsels.  In  1809,  it  was  taken  by 
the  British,  but  was  soon  after  evacuated, 
20  miles  ne  of  Bruge.s,  SO  nxw  of  Ghent, 
and  72  sw  of  Amsurdam.  Lon.  3 37  h, 
lat.  51  29  N. 

Middlehurg,  a town  nf  Flanders,  Nctln  f- 
luiids.fiye  miles  sf.  of  Slav:-. 

Middlehurg,  one  of  the  Friendly  ifdcxds 
See  Kaooive, 

j Middlehurg,  a })ost  town  of  V'enn'm^  ai.d 
i capital  of  Addison  county,  seatca  on  the  i. 
i;  side  of  Oiler  Creek,  an^'  i'es  several  suv 
i mills,  33  miles  n by  v/  of  Lu  lan  ^,  37  s o: 
||  Lurl iiigto}',  and  IG5  K ed  L:  linington. 

Sh'cf d leha :n,  e iC'isxi  in  th.  N iCdiug  of 


M I D 


M I D 


Yorkshire.  It  has  a market  on  Monday  ; 
'Elands  on  the  Eure.  Here  are  the  remains 
of  a castie,  in  which  Ptiohard  III.  was 
born,  1 1 miles  s by  w of  P».ichmond,  and 
255  NNw  of  London. 

MIDDLESEX,  a county  of  En^rland, 
bounded  n by  Hertfordshire,  e by  Essex,  s 
by  Surry  and  a corner  of  Kent,  and  w by 
Buckinghamshire.  It  is  one  of  the  smallest 
counties  in  England,  being*  only  about  22 
miles  from  e to  w,  and  17  from  n to  s,  but 
it  is  much  the  richest  and  most  populous,  and 
pays  more  taxes  than  any  10  beside.  Tt  is 
divided  into  six  hundreds  and  98  parishes,  be- 
sides those  in  London  and  Westminster ; has 
those  two  cities,  six  market  towns,  and 
sends  eight  members  to  parliament.  In 
1801,  the  number  of  houses  was  estimated  at 
1]2,912,  and  of  inhabitants  at  8 18,129,  and 
in  181 1, 953,276.  The  air  is  healthy,  but 
(he  soil,  in  general,  being  a lean  gravel,  is 
naturally  of  little  fertility.  There  are  still 
however,  very  extensive  tracts  of  unculti- 
vated heath.  Besides  the  Thames,  the  Lea, 
and  the  Coin,  which  are  its  boundaries  to 
the  s,  the  se,  and  the  w,  Middlesex  is  water- 
ed by  several  small  streams,  one  of  which, 
called  the  New  River,  is  artificially  brought 
from  Amwtdl,  in  Herts,  for  the  purpose  of 
supplying  TiOndon  with  water. 

MIDDLESEX,  a county  of  Massachu- 
setts, bounded  N by  the  state  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, E by  Essex  county,  s by  Siiflblk,  and 
w by  Worcester  county.  Its  figure  is  nearly 
equal  to  a scpiare  of  40  miles  on  a side  : its 
greatest  length  being  52,  and  its  greatest 
breadth  42  miles.  It  has  42  to wui ships, 
which  contain  42,737  inhabitants.  The  ri^- 
iigious  societies  are  55  of  Congregalion- 
alists,  six  of  Baptists,  and  some  Presbyte- 
rians. It.  was  made  a courdy.in  1643.  It 
is  watered  by  five  principal  rivers,  Merri- 
mack, Charles,  Concord,  Nashua,  and  Mys- 
tic ; beMdes  smaller  streams.  The  chief 
towns  are  Charlestown,  Cambridge,  and 
Concord.  Charlestown  is  the  only  s(-‘a  port 
in  the  county  ; Concord  is  tiie  most  respite- 
table  inland  town.  The  air  is  generally  se- 
rene, and  the  temperature  mild.  The  soil 
is  various.  It  produces  the  timber,  grain, 
and  fruit,  which  are  common  throughout 
the  state. 

MIDDLESEX,  a maritime  county  of 
Connecticut,  bounded  n by  Hartford  county, 
s by  Long  Island  sound,  e by  New'  London 
county,  and  w by  New  Haven.  Its  great- 
est lengtli  is  about  30  miles,  and  its  greatest 
breadth  J9.  Ii  is  divided  into  six  townships, 
containing  18,855  inhabitants.  Middleton 
is  the  chief  town. 

MIDDLESEX,  a county  of  New  Jersey, 
. iKiunded  \ by  Essex,  Kwand  wliy  .Somer.'^et, 
sw  by  Burlington,  se  by  Monmouth,  e by 
I’ariion  bay  and  part  of  Staten  island.  It 
contains  10,9  56  inhabitants.  Chief  town, 
New  Brunswick. 

MIDDLESEX,  a county  of  Virginia,  on 
the  s side  of  ilappahhunncck  riv<?r,  on  Che- 


! 

i 


i 


1 

! 


j 

1 

! 

t! 

t 


sapeak  bay,  about  35  miles  in  length,  and 
seven  in  breadth,  containing  4140  irihabi" 
tanis.  Urbannah  is  the  chief  town. 

Middlesex  canal,  in  Massachusetts,  will, 
no  doubt,  be  of  great  importance  to  the 
states  of  Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire. 
It  was  opened  in  1797,  at  a vast  expence,  by 
an  incorporated  company.  The  canal  is  24 
feet  wide  at  the  bottom,  32  at  the  top,  and 
six  feet  deep. 

MIDDLE  STATES,  one  of  the  grand 
divisions  of  the  United  Slates,  comprehending 
the  states  of  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Penii- 
.sylvania,  Delatvare,  and  the  territory  n’w  of 
the  Ohio. 

Middleton,  a village  in  Mid-Lothian,  with 
a stage  inn,  on  the  road  to  Carlisle,  12  miles 
SE  of  Edinburgh. 

Middleton,  a city  and  post  town  of  Con- 
necticut, and  the  capital  of  Middlesex 
county,  has  two  churches,  a naval  olfiee, 
and  a considerable  trade.  It  is  seated  ou 
the  Nw  side  of  Connecticut  river,  14  miles 
s of  Hartford,  and  209  NE  of  Philadelphia. 
Lon.  72  24  w,  lat.  41  34  m. 

Middleton,  a towm  in  Cork,  Munster,  si- 
tuated on  the  NE  angle  of  Cork  harbour. 
It  has  an  extensive  woollen  manufacture,  a 
free  school,  and  gives  the  title  of  viscount 
Middleton  to  the  family  of  Broderick  ; 14 
mile.s  E of  Cork  harbour. 

Mi  idleton,  a town  in  Lancashire,  on  the 
Rochdale  canal,  wdth  a market  on  Friday, 
has  a large  twist  maeufaclure,  bleaching, 
and  the  cotton  trade  in  all  its  branches,  six 
mile.s  N by  e of  Manchester,  and  188  nnw 
of  London.  In  1770,  this  town  consisted  of 
about  20  hou-ses,  in  1794,  it  contained  more 
than  500,  and  upwards  of  2000  inhabitants. 
It  has  three  well  attended  annual  fairs,  an 
elegant  town  house,  and  a free  grammar 
school,  w’ith  two  master.^. 

Middletony  or  Stoneij  a village 

in  Derbyshire,  on  the  road  from  Btixtou  to 
Chesterfield,  intersected  by  a rivulet,  seated 
in  a deep  ravine,  called  Middleton  dale,  and 
surrounded  with  highly  picturesque  scenery. 
Here  are  a bath  similar  to  that  of  Matlock, 
three  warm  petrifying  .springs,  and  a cha- 
lybeate spring.  Near  the  dale  is  a grotto 
furnished  with  the  most  elegant  fossils  of 
Derbyshire.  Population  480,  some  of  whom 
are  employed  in  lime-works,  but  the  greater 
part  in  the  lead  mines,  about  five  miles  n of 
Bakewell. 

Middletown,  a towm  of  Rhode-island, 
about  two  miles  from  Ntnvport. 

Middletown,  a snrall  post  town  in  New- 
castle county,  Delaware,  on  Apequinmy 
cre(‘k,  21  miles  ssw  of  Wilmington. 

Middleloum,  a tov^mship  in  Monmouth 
county,  New  .iersey,  which  contains  3226 
inhabitants.  The  centre  is  50  miles  e by  x 
ol  Trenton,  and  30  sw  by  s of  New  York 
cit} . 

Middletown,  a flourishing  town  in  Dau- 
phin county,  Pennsylvania,  seated  on  Sw.'t- 
tara  creek  ; ha«  a great  trade  iu  corn.  U 


six  miles  s of  Hummelston,  and  62  w ])y 
N of  PhiUidelpbia.  Loa.  T6  44  w,  lat.  40 
13  N. 

MiddlewicJi,  a town  in  Cheshire,  seated 
near  the  confluence  of  the  Dane  tind  th(‘ 
Ci-ooke,  between  Nantwich  and  Norwich. 
Here  are  brine  pits,  from  which  great  quan- 
tities of  salt  are  manufactured.  It  is  an 
ancient  borough,  governed  by  its  burgesses, 
and  has  the  same  privileges  as  the  other 
suiting  towns.  It  has  a market  on  Tuesday, 
and  fairs  July  25th  and  Holy  Thursday  ; 
24  miles  e of  Chester,  and  167  nw  of  Lon- 
don. 

Midhursf^  a large  borough  in  Sussex, 
seated  on  the  Arun,  with  a market  on  Thurs- 
day, sends  two  members  to  parliament,  11 
miles  N by  e of  Chichester,  and  50  w by  s 
of  London. 

Midlam,  a town  in  the  N Riding  of  York- 
shire, 10  miles  s of  Richmond. 

Mid-Mar,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Aber^ 
deeusbire,  about  six  miles  long  by  five  broad, 
situated  between  the  Dee  and  the  Don. 
Population  about  800.  In  this  parish  are 
some  mineral  springs,  three  Draidical  tem- 
ples, and  two  tumuli,  one  of  these  last  is  said 
to  mark  the  spot  where  a chief  of  the  name  i 
of  Douglass  fell,  in  a battle  between  Wal- 
lace and  Camming. 

Miecliau,  or  Miezaoa,  a handsome  town 
of  Poland,  10  miles  .se  by  e of  Thorn. 

Midnapour,  a town  in  Orissa,  Hindoostan, 
capital  of  a district  belonging  to  the  English 
E India  company,  stands  near  a river  which 
joins  the  Hoagly,  70  miles  w by  s of  Calcut- 
ta. Lon.  87  25  E,lat.  22  30  n. 

Mies,  a tow'n  in  the  circle  of  Pilseh,  Eo- 
liemia,  on  theMisa,  18  miles  w of  Pilsen. 

MIFFIN,  a county  of  Pennsylvania,  sur- 
rounded by  Lycoming,  Franklin,  Cumber- 
land, Northiiniberland,  Dauphin,  and  Hun- 
tingdon counties.  It  contains  1851  square 
miles,  and  is  divided  into  eight  townships. 
Chief  town,  Lewiston. 

Migliana,  a town  in  Principato  Ultra, 

■ Naples,  15  miles  we  of  Conza. 

Mikalidi,  or  Mikulitza,  a town  in  Natolia, 
Asiatic  Turkey,  on  a river  of  its  nanw, 
which  falls  into  the  sea  of  Marmora.  Two 
miles  below  the  town  is  a fort,  and  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  a harbour,  w'hence  grain, 
fruit,  silk,  and  wool  are  exported,  55  miles 
WNw^  of  Bursa.  Lon.  28  42  R,lat.  40  18  n. 

MILAN,  or  Milanese,  a late  duchy 
and  considerable  country  of  Italy,  included 
in  the  late  Italian  republic,  being  150  miles 
in  length,  and  78  in  breadth.  The  soil  is 
every  where  fertile  in  corn,  wine,  fruits, 
rice,  and  olives.  Here  are  fine  canals  for 
the  purpose  of  irrigation.  It  has  some  lead 
and  copper  mine.s,  excellent  cattle,  and 
cheese.  The  rivers  are  the  Secchia,  Tv  sin, 
Adda,  Po,  and  Oglio.  There  are  likewise 
several  lakes,  the  three  principal  of  which 
are  those  of  Maggiore,  Como,  and  Luango. 
This  country  was  taken  by  the  French  in 
1706,  and  formed  part  of  the  Cisalpine  re- 


public, in  1799,  it  was  taken  by  the  allies. 
In  1800,  the  French  again  became  masters 
of  it  after  the  battle  oF  Marengo,  and  toge- 
ther with  Piedmont  the  w part  of  it  was  an- 
nexed  to  France.  See  Piedmont, 

Milan,  a city  of  Italy,  in  the  late  Italian 
ri'pubiic,  capital  of  the  department  of  Olona. 
It  is  the  largest  city  in  Italy,  except  Rome, 
but  aUIiough  it  is  thought  rather  to  exceed 
Naples  in  size,  it  only  contains  about  150,000 
inbabitaiits.  It  is  situated  in  a pleasant  plain, 
between  the  rivers  Adda  and  Tesin.  It  is 
aboiu  10  miles  in  circumference.  There 
are  230  churches,  of  which  96  are  parochial, 
90  coDvenis,  100  religious  fraternities,  and  a 
number  of  hospitals  and  schools.  The  ca- 
thedral is  the  finest  structme,  being  500  feet 
long,  200  broad,  and  400  high,  built  entirely 
of  white  marble,  supported  by  52  column.s, 
and  in  pet- work,  statues  and  carving,  sur- 
passes all  churches  in  the  world.  The 
most  striking  objeci  in  the  interior  is  the 
subterranean  chapel,  in  w^hich  is  the  tomb 
of  St  Charles  Borromes.  It  is  situated  im- 
mediately under  the  dome,  is  of  an  octan- 
gular form,  lined  with  silver  pannels,  repre- 
senting the  principal  actions  of  the  life  of 
this  archbishop,  whose  body  lle.s  in  a shrine 
of  rock  chrystal,  behind  the  altar,  dressed  in 
Pontificals,  it  stands  in  the  centre  of  the 
city,  and  next  to  St  Peter’s,  i.s  the  most  con- 
siderable in  Italy.  The  college  of  St  Am- 
brose has  a library,  which,  beside  a prodigi- 
ous number  of  manuscripts,  contains  45,000 
printed  iiooks.  Its  superb  gallery  is  adorn- 
ed with  rich  paintings,  statue-,  and  gems,  but 
the  latter,  with  the  mo^t  \aluable  of  the 
books  and  manuscripts,  have  b en  conveyed 
to  Paris.  The  mo.sl  considerable  commerce 
of  the  inhabitants  is  in  grain,  (especially 
rice,)  cattle, and  cheese,  which  they  export; 
and  they  have  mauiifeciures  of  s;lk  and  vel- 
vet stuffs,  stokings,  handkerchiefs,  ribbons, 
gold  and  silver  laces,  and  embroideries, 
woollen  and  linen  cloths,  glass,  and  earthen 
ware  in  imitation  of  China.  Milan  has  no 
other  fortifications  than  a high  wall  and 
ramparts ; there  are  22  gates.  The  cita- 
del, called  Gastello  di-Porta  Zobia,  is,  how- 
ever, a place  of  great  streiigih.  It  w'as  tho 
ancient  capital  of  Lombariiy,  and  niade  tlis 
capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy  by  Napoleon 
Bonaparte,  who  wars  here  crowned  king  of 
Italy,  on  the  26th  of  May,  1805.  It  ha» 
been  often  taken  in  the  wars  that  have  de- 
solated Italy.  In  1796,  the  French  made  h 
the  capital  of  the  Cisalpine  republic.  It  was> 
retaken  by  the  Austrians  in  1799,  but  re- 
gained by  the  French  in  the  following  year. 
It  i.s  70  miles  n of  Genoa,  165  nw  of  Flo- 
rence,  and  270  nw  of  Rome.  Lon.  9 12  e, 
lat.  45  IS  N. 

Milozzo,  or  Melozzo,  a handsome  .sea  por' 
of  Sicily,  in  Val  de  Demona,  .seated  on  the 
w side  of  a bay  of  its  name,  and  divided 
into  the  upper  and  lower  towns.  The  for- 
mer, on  a promontory,  is  very  strong  the 
latter  on  a rich  plain,  has  a fine  square^ 


M I L 


M I L 


•with  a superb  founlaiu.  It  is  18  miles  w 
’by  N of  Messina.  Lon.  15  34  E,  lat.  38 

IS  N.  ^ 

Milhorn  Port,  a town  consisting  of  about 
200  houses,  in  J^oniersetsliire,  borders  of 
Dorsetshire,  seated  on  a branch  of  the  Par- 
ret.  It  has  no  market,  and  never  had  a 
corporation,  but  is  governed  by  nine  capital 
baihtTs,  two  of  whom  preside  yearly  by  ro- 
tation. It  sends  two  members  to  parliament, 
chosen  by  the  inhabitants  paying  scot  and 
lot,  about  110  in  number.  Here  are  rnanu- 
factures  of  w'ooUen  cloth,  linen,  and  hosiery, 
two  miles  e by  n of  Sberborn,  38  w by  s of 
Salisbury,  and  114  w by  s of  London. 

Mildenhall,  a large  and  populous  town  in 
Suffolk,  seated  on  the  Larke,  with  a market 
ou  Friday,  noted  for  fish  and  wild  fowl. 
The  steeple  of  the  church  Is  120  feet  high, 
12  miles  nw  of  Bury,  and  TO  miles  nne  of 
London. 

Milesimo,  or  Miifsimo,  a towm  of  Italy, 
in  Montserrat,  iO  miles  e of  Ceva. 

MiJeto,  a town  in  Calabria  Ultra,  Naples, 
ft  was  nearly  demolished  by  an  earthquake, 
"in/lTSS,  eight  miles  e by  n of  Niotera. 

Mileto,  the  ancient  Miletus,  in  Natolia, 
Asiatic  Turkey,  64  miles  s of  Smyrna.  Lon. 
2T  ]4  E,  lat.  38  22  N. 

Milfield,  a small  village  of  Northumber- 
land, near  Wooler,  formerly  the  residence 
of  the  Saxon  kings  of  Bernicia. 

Milfird,  a post  tovni  of  the  state  of  Dela- 
ware, in  Sussex  county,  n side  of  Muspilion 
creek,  12  miles  w of  its  mouth  in  Delaware 
bay,  ar?d  19  s by  e of  Dover. 

Mdfcrd,  a tewm  in  Northaniptou  county, 
Benusylvania,  w side  of  Deiawaia  river,  120 
miles  above  Philadelphia. 

Milford,  a po-.t  town  of  roiinecticut,  cn 
Loiig-islaiul  Soujid,  in  Newhaven  county, 
10  miles  sw  of  Newhaven. 

Milford,  a sea  port  town  on  a deep  inlet 
•of  the  Irish  sea,  on  the  coast  of  Pembroke- 
shire, in  South  Wales,  which  branches  off 
into  so  nuiny  creeks,  secured  from  all  winds. 


I 

I 

I 


'hat  it  is  esteemed  the  sai'esl  and  nicest  eapa-  j 
cions  havbour  in  Great  Britain,  TiiC  towu  ! 
slrmds  on  the  ♦ide  of  H-iliord  Haven,  has  a j 
market  on  Tuesday  and  Sacarday,  At  the 
entrance  of  the  lK\rbouv,  on  the  \v  side,  cull-  ) 
ed  Hi  AniPs,  is  an  old  light  house,  and  a | 
block-house.  Here  a^e  two  batteries,  an  j 
observatory,  and  a (iock-yard  for  the  kiug^s 
^ ships.  Here  the  earl  of  Riciimond,  after-  | 
wards  Henry  Vi  I.  landed  on  his  expedition  | 
agaiii.st  Ritdiard  ill.  A packet  liOaL  sails  j 
lauice  everf  day  except  Tuesday,  for  Water-  j 
ford  in  Ireland.  The  town  of  Milford  is  six  j 
males  w>'w  of  IVnibroke,  and  262  w by  n j 
of  r vitinon.  Lon.  5 3 w,  hit.  51  44  N. 

?'I}.titciry  Toii'iu^hips,  in  the  state  ol  New  ' 
York.  The  legislature  of  the  state  granted  i 
one  n^illion  and  a half  acres  ol  land,  as  a 
gratuity  to  the  otHcers  and  soldiers  of  the 
jine  of  this  state.  'I  his  pleasant  country  i j 
divided  into  25  townships.  This  tract  is  well 
w'alered  by  a multitude  of  lakes  ^nd  rivers. 


Mililsch,  a town  and  capital  of  a lord- 
ship  of  its  name  in  Silesia,  seated  on  the 
Bartoh,  frontiers  of  Poland,  27  miles  nne  of 
Breslau.  Lon.  17  23  e,  lat.  51  52  n. 

Milhaud,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Aveiron,  France,  on  the  Tarn,  28  miles  SE  of 
Rhodes,  50  Nw  of  Montpellier,  and  142  s of 
Paris. 

MillePs  Toivii,  in  Northampton  count)', 
Pennsylvania,  on  a branch  of  Little  Leigh 
river,  is  44  miles  nnw  of  Philadelphia. 

MILL  ISLAND,  an  island  of  North  Ame^ 
rica,  near  the  nw  end  of  Hudson’s  straits. 
Lon.  80  30  v/,  lat.  04  36  n. 

Mill  Isles,  a group  of  rocks,  and  a small 
town,  two  miles  ss  of  Donaghadee,  Ire- 
land. 

Mill street,  a small  towm  in  Cork,  Mun- 
ster, on  the  Black w’ater,  among  the  Mus- 
kerry  mountains,  has  a good  inn,  and  bar- 
racks for  two  companies  of  soldiers,  28  miles 
v/Nw  of  Cork,  and  136  from  Dublin. 

MHUoivn,  a town  in  Kerry,  Munster,  near 
the  river  Mang,  two  miles  from  its  mouth, 
seven  s by  of  Tralee,  and  152  irom  Dublin. 

Milndthor-t,  a village  in  the  county  of 
Ivnross,  vulgarly  called  Mills  of  Forth, 
parish  of  Orwell,  has  a large  distillery.  It 
has  a neat  appearance,  and  contains  about 
500  inhabitants,  it  lies  about  a mile  n of 
Kin-ro.'S. 

MILO,  the  ancient  Melos,  an  island  of 
the  Archipelago,  about  50  miles  in  circum- 
ference, with  one  of  the  best  and  largest 
harbours  in  the  Mediterranean,  which  serves 
as  a retreat  for  all  vessels  that  go  to  and 
from  the  Levant.  It  produces  excellent 
fruits,  delicate  wine,  and  abounds  in  very 
good  cattle,  especially  goats,  and  bas  mines 
of  iron  and  sulphur.  The  inhabitants,  who 
are  ail  Greeks,  except  the  cadi,  are  good 
sailors.  Xn  this  island  are  several  curious 
subterranean  galleries,  formed  of  old  stone 
quarries,  the  roofs  of  which  are  covered 
with  genuine  capillary  or  pliuive  allum, 
and  the  crevices  of  the  rocks  filled  with 
pure  sulphur.  Here  is  a waiwode,  who  is  a 
Greek,  and  three  consuls,  who  can  depose 
the  cad',  when  he  fails  in  his  duty  ; here  are 
likewise  two  bishops,  one  of  the  Greek, and 
the  other  of  the  Latin  church.  On  the  e 
sido  of  the  island  is  a town  of  the  same 
name,  60  miles  n of  Cendia.  Lon.  25  0 e, 
lat.  36  41  N. 

Seo  Lerna, 

?diltenbery,  a town  in  the  late  electorate 
of  Meuiz,  G^'rmany,o«  rhe  Maine,  with  a 
castle  Oil  a hi.l,  26  miles  sse  of  Asehaffen- 
burg. 

Milthorp,ii  .small  market  town  in  West- 
morejand,  on  the  Betha,  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Ken,  with  a market  on  Tuesday.  Mil- 
tbrop  is  the  only  port  in  the  county  ; and 
hence  tlie  fine  Westmoreland  elates  are  ex- 
ported to  Liverpool,  Loiidon,  Hull,  Arc.  eight 
miles  s of  Kendal,  and.  255  nnw  of  Lon-^ 
don. 

Milton,  or  Ahley  Milton,  a small  town 


I 


M I N 

ID  Drosetshire.  Here  was  an  Abbey,  found- 
ed by  king  Athaistan,  on  the  site  of  which, 
in  1T71,  the  earl  of  Dorchester  built  a large 
Gothic  mansion,  to  which  the  abbey  church 
is  now  a private  chapel.  The  town  with 
its  church  and  almshouse  were  bnilt  by  the 
same  nobleman  ; seven  miles  sw  of  Blanford. 

Milton,  a town  of  Kent,  near  the  isle  of 
Sheppey,  on  the  e branch  of  the  Medway, 
governed  by  a portreve,  who  has  authority 
to  inspect  the  weights  and  measures  over 
the  whole  hundred  of  Milton,  has  a market 
on  Saturday  and  is  celebrated  for  its  oysters. 
Here  once  stood  a palace  of  the  kings  of 
Kent.  It  is  14  miles  ne  of  Maidstone,  and 
40  E of  London. 

Milton,  the  Uncataquisset,  or  Unqety, 
of  the  ancient  Indians,  a towmship  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, in  Norfolk  county,  stands  near 
the  Naponset.  It  was  incorporated  in  1662, 
and  contains  about  1000  inhabitants.  It  is 
seven  miles  s of  Boston. 

Milton,  a towm  in  Virginia,  Albermarle 
county,  on  the  Rivanna,  T6  miles  w^nw  of 
Richmond. 

Miltown,  a small  Ushing  village  in  the 
county  of  Kineardiae,  parish  of  Ecelesgrieg 
containing  about  200  inhabitants, 

Mina,  a town  with  a strong  fort  in  Ker- 
man Persia,  seated  on  the  Ibrahim,  near 
its  entrance  into  the  strait  of  Ormus,  stands 
in  a country  abounding  with  grain,  dates, 
and  cattle.  The  houses  are  well  built,  190 
miles  s of  Kerman.  Lon.  56  40  e,  lat.  26 
40  N. 

Minas,  Basin  of,  or  Les  Mines  Bay,  a 
gulf  on  the  se  side  of  the  bay  of  Fundy. 
It  is  about  30  leagues  from  the  entrance^)! 
Annapolis,  and  10  from  Bedford  bay.  It  is 
12  leagues  in  length,  and  three  in  breadth. 

Minch,  a great  arm  of  the  sea  on  the  w 
coast  of  Scotland,  which  separates  the  Isle 
of  Sky  from  Long  island. 

Muichiag- Hampton  ; See  Hampton.  , 

MINCTO,  a department  of  the  late  Ita- 
lian republic,  containing  123,640  inhabi- 
tants. Mantua  is  the  capital. 

Mincio,  a river  of  Italy.  It  rises  from 
the  Lake  of  Garda,  at  Peschiera  forms  the 
Lake  that  surrounds  the  city  of  the  Mantua, 
and  runs  into  the  Po  near  Sachelta. 

Minchindorf,  a town  of  Austria,  on  the 
Triessing,  six  miles  ene  of  Baden. 

MINDANAO,  a large  island  of  Asia,  in 
the  Eastern  ocean,  and  one  of  the  Philip- 
pines, 180  miles  long,  and  120  broad.  It  is 
a mountainous  country,  full  of  hills  and  val- 
leys, with  a mould  generally  deep,  black, 
and  fruitful.  Some  of  the  ’mountains  yield 
very  good  gold ; and  the  valleys  are  v/ell 
watered  with  rivulets.  The  libby  trees  pro- 
duce the  sago.  It  produces  the  bread  fruit 
tree,  and  the  various  sorts  of  fruits  proper  to 
the  climate,  beside  plenty  of  rice.  They 
have  horses,  beeves,  buffaloes,  goats,  deer, 
monkeys,  guanoes,  Ijats  of  a very  large  size, 
lizards,  and  snakes.  Their  fowls  are  ducks, 
hens,  pigeons,  parrots,  parroquets,  and  turtle 
No.  20^  (id. 


M I N 

doves,  besides  many  small  birds.  Tho  air 
is  temperate.  The  winds  are  easterly  one 
part  of  the  year,  and  westerly  the  other, 
while  the  former  blo\f^  it  is  fair  weather, 
while  the  latter  it  is  stormy,  rainy,  and 
tempestuous.  Near  the  centre  of  the  island 
is  a lake  called  Lano,  about  60  miles  in  cir- 
cuit, and  in  the  s a volcano  of  constant 
eruption.  The  inhabitants  are  of  a mean 
low  stature,  with  small  limbs,  and  little 
heads,  small  black  eyes,  short  low  noses, 
and  pretty  large  mouths,  and  their  com- 
plexion tawny.  The  chief  trades  are  gold- 
smiths, blacksmiths,  and  carpenters,  who 
can  build  pretty  good  vessels.  Polygamy 
is  practised  here.  The  saltan  has  a queen, 
beside  20  other  women,  their  religion  is  Ma- 
hometanism. Their  houses  are  built  on 
posts,  from  14  to  20  feet  high.  Those  who 
have  been  far  up  the  country  say  that  the 
people  are  all  blacks,  and  go  quite  naked. 
The  principal  town  of  the  same  name  is 
pretty  large,  and  is  situated  on  the  eastern 
coast.  Lon.  125  0 w,  lat.  6 0 n, 

Mindleheim,  a town  of  Suabia,  with  a 
castle  on  a mountain,  the  capital  of  a small 
territory  between  the  Iller  and  Lech,  subject 
to  the  house  of  Bavaria.  It  is  23  miles 
sw  of  Augsburg.  Lon.  10  32  e,  lat,  48  2 n. 

Minden,  a considerable  fortified  town  of 
Westphalia,  and  capital  of  a territory  of  the 
same  name,  situated  on  the  Weser,  which 
renders  it  a trading  place.  The  cathedral 
and  chapterhouse  are  noble  structures.  Be- 
sides its  navigation,  it  has  breweries,  sugar- 
houses,  a wax  manufacture.  In  the  vici- 
nity prince  Frederic  of  Brunswick  defeated 
the  French  in  1759.  It  is  43  miles  e of 
Osnaburg,  and  37  w of  Hanover.  Lon.  5 
56  E,  lat  52  19  n. 

MINDORO,  one  of  the  Philippine  islands, 

I 50  miles  in  circumference,  separated  from 
I Laconia  by  a narrow  channel.  The  in- 
I habitants  are  idolaters,  and  pay  tribute  to 
the  Spaniards.  Its  numerous  mountains 
abound  in  palm  trees,  and  all  sorts  of 

Minehead,  a sea-port  and  borough  in  So- 
mersetshire, seated  on  the  Bristol  channel, 
with  a good  harbour,  and  Market  on  Wed- 
nesday, and  has  a considerable  trade  iu 
wool,  herrings,  and  coals.  It  is  31  miles 
N of  Exeter,  and  163  w by  s of  London. 
Lon.  3 34  w,  lat.  51  12  n. 

Mineo,  a town  in  Val  di  Nota,  Sicily,  36 
miles  NNw  of  Noto. 

Minerva,  a town  of  Naples,  in  Otranto, 
20  miles  ese  of  Malera. 

MINGRELIA,  a province  of  Asia,  which 
formerly  made  part  of  Georgia,  on  the  e 
coast  of  the  Black  sea.  It  is  governed  by 
a prince,  who  is  tributary  to  the  sovereign 
I of  Imerilia,  but  in  1803  put  himself  under 
the  protection  of  Russia.  The  customs  and 
manners  of  this  country,  its  surfax^e  and  pro- 
I ductions  are  similar  to  those  of  Imeritia, 
Ptucki  is  the  capital. 

MINCtUN  islands,  on  the  n side  of 

Q 


M I N 

the  month  of  the  river  St.  Lawrence.  Lon. 
63  23  w,  lat.  50  15  n. 

MinhOy  a river  of  Spain,  which  has  its 
source  in  the  me  of  (^Hicia,^uns  by  Lugo, 
Orease,  and  Tuy,  and  dividing  Portugal 
from  Galieia,  fails  into  the  Atlantic  ocean 
at  Caniinha. 

Minie,  a town  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Nile.  Egypt,  90  miles  s of  Fayoum. 

Minnihive,  a village  of  Scotland,  parish 
of'Giencairn,  united  to  Dunreggan,  seated 
near  the  confluence  of  ihe  rivers  Craig- 
davroch^  Castleiern,  and  Dalguhat,  which 
form  ibe  Cairn,  has  a post  office,  and  a fair 
in  July,  about  15  miles  from  New  Gallo- 
way, 16  nhles  nw  of  Dumfries,  and  65  sw 
by  s of  Edinburgh. 

M>nni()uff^  a parish  and  village  in  the  w 
part  of  Kirkcudbrightshire,  on  the  n side  of 
the  river  Cree,  24  miles  long  and  12  broad. 
The  surface  is  mountainous  and  rugged, 
■ana  great  part  of  it  employed  in  sheep 
walks,  and  the  rearing  of  black  cattle.  In  ! 
it  a e lead  mines.  Near  the  vestiges  of  an  | 
encampment  on  the  banks  of  the  Cree,  an- 
cient bra.ss  weapons  have  been  found.  Po- 
pukiiiGD  above  1600. 

^ MhiGrcino,  a town  in  Terra  di  Bari,  Na- 
ples. 24  miles  wsw,  of  Trani. 

Mi, NORCA,  a coasiderabie  island  of  the 
Mediterranean,  50  miles  of  Tvlajorca. 
It  IS  about  34  miles  in  length,  and  12  in 
bread 'h,  and  chiefly  valuable  tor  its  excel- 
b n-  larbour.  It  is  a mountainous  country,  | 
with  some  fruitful  valleys,  where  there  are  i 
ex  'ei'  nt  mmes  : w.aeat,  barlej  , and  maize  | 
are  cultivated,  but  not  in  sufficient  quanti-  i 
lie  for  the  inhabitants.'  Corn  is  imported  | 
from  Savdiniai*  Vegetables  and  wild  fowl  j 
are  pk^nty.  Vestiges  of  the  Romans  and  | 
Alv)ors  are  visible.  In  1708,  it  was  taken  ; 
from  the  Spaniards,  by  the  Briiish,  and 
confirmed  to  th  m by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht.  I 
It  was  retaken  by  the  Spaniards,  in  1782, 
and  onfirmed  to  them,  by  the  peace  of  1783. 
It  ■ te  taken  again  by  the  Briiish,  in  1798, 
wua,Mit.  I be  los.«  of  a man,  and  given  up  at 
the  peace  of  1802.  Ciigdella  is  the  capii  *1, 
b.  vv'.  ich  here  are  Port  Mahon,  Labor, 
and  L ro.  del. 

^ jh'i/it-n)  a town  in  Principato  Citeriore, 
N.ai-iev  on  the  guit  of  Salerno,  four  mile.-. 
XJL  o!  Amalfi. 

Ih'ms/i.  a town  o!  Lithuania  and  ct^-lai 
ot  a palaiinate  of  the  same  viaimo  has  tw^o 
ci  -.'-ieis.  Part  ol  its  riches  consists  in  the 
h ntey  ^Mcdticed  l)>  the  bee.- wifb  whicn  !■ 
for  s s abound,  6o  miles  x of  Stuez,  80  exe 
of  Novogrodeck,  and  100  se  of  Muina. 
L<  . 27  5'n  h , ic-.t. 54  0 N. 

3ivcitva}:j  an  island  on  the  w coast  of  Su- 
matra, ocean, 40  mues  in  luigih,  and 

Hv-:.'  e ad  L.  Ion  97  38  E,  lat.  0 25 

JMintOy  a parish  and  village  of  Scotland, 
in  KoaLu, li.-li.re.  Tne  par.sb  bounded  on 
the  s b\  iie  Teviot,  is  near  four  miles  i 
length,  by  .two  and  a-haif  iu  breadth,  ai 
inclosed  and  well  cultivated.  The  village 


M I R 

of  Minto,  from  which  the  family  of  Elliot 
take  the  Briiish  title  of  Baron,  contains 
above  100  inhabitants.  Population  near 
500.  At  Hassendean,  is  a valuable  nursury. 

MiolanSj  a town  and  fort  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Low^er  Alps,  f'rance,  stands  on  a 
rook,  six  miles  ne  of  Montmeiian. 

Miossy  a lake  of  Norway,  in  the  province 
of  Hodemarke.  It  extends  from  n to  s 
and  is  90  miles  in  circumference.  It 
contains  an  island  about  ten  miles  iu  circum- 
ference. 

Miquelon,  a small  desert  island  sw  of 
Cape  Mary,  in  Newfoundland,  the  most 
westerly  of  the  three  islands  of  St.  Pierre, 
ceded  to  the  French  in  1763,  for  curing  and 
drying  their  fish.  It  was  taken  by  the 
English  in  1793,  and  restored  in  1802.  Lon. 
56  10  w,  lat.  46  42  n. 

Mira,  a town  in  Beiia,  Portugal,  16  miles 
NW  of  Coimbra. 

Miraka,  a town  in  the  Morea,  Ihiropean 
Turkey,  on  the  Alpheus,  and  on  the  site  of 
the  ancient  Olympia,  36  miles  nw  of  Tripo- 
lizza. 

Miranda,  capital  of  the  province  of  Tra 
los  Montes,  Portugal  seated  on  a rock, 
dear  the  Douro,  and  a bishop^s  see.  Ii.s 
fortifications  were  demolished  by  the  explo- 
sion of  the  powder  magazine,  when  it  wt^^ 
invested  by  the  Spaniards,  in  1762  ; 32  miles 
ESE  of  Braganza,  and  J j5  ene  of  Oporto. 
Lon.  6 32  w,  iat,41  46  e. 

Miranda  de  Corvo,  a town  in  Beira,  For- 
tugal,  15  miles  SE  of  Coimbra. 

Miranda  de  Ebro,  a town  in  old  Castile, 
Spain,  with  a castle,  on  the  Ebro,  over 
which  is  a bridge.  The  country  around 
produces  excellent  wine,  37  miles  ne  of 
Burgos,  and  46  s of  Biiboa. 

Mirande,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Gers,  France,  seated  on  the  Baise,  and  ha.s 
a trade  in  wool,  down,  and  eathers  of  geese. 
It  is  15  miles  sw  of  Aueb. 

Mirandela,  a town  in  Tra  los  Alontes, 
Portugal,  28  miles  ne  of  Lamego,  and  30 
sw' of  Braganza. 

Mirandola,  a large  city  in  the  Modenese, 
capital  of  a duchy  of  Italy,  of  the  same 
name,  with  a citadel  and  fort.  It  is  a 
bishop’s  see.  Beside  the  cathedral  it  con- 
tains nine  churches,  and  convents,  20  miles 
se  of  Mantua,  and  20  nne  of  Modena.  Lon. 
11  19  E,  lat.  44  52  n. 

Miravel,  a town,  with  a strong  castle,  in 
E-tramadura,  Spain,  stands  on  the  side  of  a 
hill,  iO  miles  s by  w of  Placentia,  and  38 
ENE  oi  Alcantara. 

Mir^d)alais,^\I\  interior  towui  in  the  French 
part  of  Hispaniola,  12  leagues  n of  Port-au- 
Prince. 

Mirebeau,  a town  in  the  department  of 
France,  noted  for  the  strength  and  beauty  of 
Its  as.se.s.  It  is  14  miles  n by  w of  Poitiers. 
\ii<i  175  .sw  of  Pari.s. 

Mireco^irt,  a consiilcrable  town  in  the  de- 
partment OI  Vosges,  France.  It  is  situated 
on  the  Modon,  and  celebrated  for  fine  lace, 


M I S 


M I T 


aiul  violins,  27  miles  s of  Nanci',  and  SO  se 
of  Toiil. 

iMiremont,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Dordogne,  France.  in  the  ^ vrdnity  ol  • 
wiiieb  IS  a noted  cavern,  called  Chisean, 
near  the  Viziere,  ahout  15  nules  e of  Ber- 
gerac. 

Mirepohz\  a town  in  the  department  of 
Arriege,  France,  on  the  Gers,  lately  an 
episcopal  see,  15  nuies  ene  of  Foix,  and  43 
ssE  of  Tolouse. 

Miroa'y  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Mc'ck- 
lenbiirg,  Lower  Saxon}',  has  a castle,  1 1 
miles  w of  Strelitz. 

Mirrimichi,  a bay,  river,  and  port,  on  the 
NE  coast  of  New  Bninswiok. 

Misa^no,  a town  in  Otranto,  Naples, 
nine  miles  sse  oi  Ostiini. 

Miselmeri,  a town  in  Val  di  Mazara, 
Sicily,  at  the  foot  of  a Inli,  nine  miles  ssE 
of  Paienno. 

Miserden^  a village  in  Gloucestershire, 
two  miles  from  Bisley,  and  nine  from  Gloii-  | 
cester.  Here  is  an  ancient  extensive  park, 
in  which  is  a circular  mound,  now  over-! 
grown  with  trees,  on  xvhioh  a castle,  } 
Built  by  king  John.  Part  of  the  moat  is  still  | 
visible.  i 

Misery,  an  isle  between  Salem  and  Cape 
Ann,  in  Massachusetts. 

Misitray  the  ancient  Sparta,  a very  an- 
cient and  celebrated  town  of  Greece,  capital 
of  the  Alorea,  an  archbishop’s,  see,  with  a 
citadel.  It  is  divided  into  four  parts,  the  | 
castle,  the  town,  and  two  large  suburbs.  | 
There  is  a great  number  of  Christians,  and  I 
so  many  Jews,  that  they  have  three  syua-  j 
g'ogues.  The  pripxdpai  church  is  one  of  the  | 
molt  elegant  in  the  world.  In  the  vicinity  j 
are  the  ruins  or  ancient  Sparta.  In  1687,  it  j 
was  taken  by  the  Venetians,  but  retaken  by  j 
the  Turks.  In  1770,  it  was  taken  by  the  I 
Russians.  It  is  situated  on  the  Vasilipo-  jj 
tamo,  30  miies  s of  Tripolizza,  100  sw  of  jj 
Athens,  and  90  n by  e of  Lepanto.  Lon.  | 
23  36  E,  lat.  37  14  n. 

Misnia,  See  Meissen. 

Missisippiy  a noble  river  of  N America, 
which  with  its  eastern  branches,  waters 
five-eights  of  the  United  States,  forms  the 
western  boundary,  and  separates  them  from 
the  Spanish  province  of  Louisiana  and  the 
Indian  country.  Its  source  is  from  the  k 
side  of  the  Ptcd  Cedar  lake,  Lon.  95  2 w, 
iat.  27  48  N,  from  w^hence  to  the  gulf  of 
Mexico  its  lengiii  is  3000  miles.  Its  gene- 
ral course  is  from  n to  s ; below  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Ohio,  its  course  is  exceedingly 
crooked,  and  it  contains  many  small  islands. 
The  largest  of  its  tributary  streams  are  the 
Missouri,  and  the  Arkanza.  It  is  navigable 
to  .St.  Anthony ^s  fall  in  lat.  44.  On  both 
sides  of  this  river  are  salt  springs  or  licks, 
which  produce  excellent  salt.  Some  ac- 
count of  the  valuable  productions  on  the 
banks  of  this  mujeslic  river,  and  the  lands 
W'hich  its  branches  w'ater,  will  be  seen  under 
the  description  of  Louisiana,  West  Florida, 


I Tennonesse,  Georgia,  &c.  An  island  of  con- 
siderable size  is  formed  by  its  mouths^ 
besides  many  smaller  isles.  These  mouths 
are  situated  between  the  lat.  of  29  deg.  and 
30  deg.  N,  and  between  the  Ion.  of  89  deg. 
and  90  deg.  w. 

MISSISIPI,  a territory  of  the  United 
States,  bounded  on  the  e by  Georgia,  s by 
W Florida,  w by  the  river  of  its  name, 
and  N by  Tenuesse,  In  1810,  the  popula- 
tion was  40,352. 

Missouri,  a river  in  Louisiana,  which 
falls  into  the  Mis.sisippi  from  the  westward, 
18  miles  below  the  mou<h  of  the  iiiinois, 
195  above  the  mouth  of  tlie  Ohio,  and  about 
1160  miles  from  the  Baiize,  or  mouths  of 
the  Missisippi,  in  the  gulf  of  Mexico.  It  is 
said  to  be  navigable  1300  miles.  It  is  deep 
and  rapid.  Its  banks  are  in  general  rich 
and  beautiful,  and  the  water  muddy.  In 
[804-5,  the  whole  length  of  this  river  was 
explored  by  captains  Lewis  and  Clarke,  who 
gave  the  names  of  Jafferson,  Maddison,  and 
CaMatiki,  to  Thve  three  rivers  that  ferm^the 
head  of  the  Missouri.  ^ 

MIS.SOUR1S,  one  of  the  Indian  nations 
wdio  inhabit  the  banks  of  the  above  river, 
having,  it  is  said,  1500  warriors. 

Mistassin,  Lake,  a lake  lying  e of  the 
s part  of  Jameses  bay.  New  Britain,  sur- 
rounded by  mountains,  called  the  Great 
Mistassins.  The  .ake  is  above  250  miles  in 
circumference ; and  is  formed  of  the  Mis- 
tassin and  other  rivers  from  ifie  mountains. 
Its  outlet  is  the  Rupert. 

MISTINSIN3,  an  Indian  nation  \vho  in- 
habits on  the  southern  side  of  the  take  of 
the  same  name  in  Lower  Canada. 

MistrettOy  a town  in  Val  di  Demoiui;* 
Sicily,  and  a bishop’s  see,  stands  on  tb(3 
Sacanafle,  60  miles  esk  of  Palermo,  and  72 
wsw  of  Messina. 

Mitehamy  a village  in  Surry,  on  the  Wan- 
dle,  on  which  are  some  snuff-mills,  and  ca- 
lico priiited  manufactures.  In  the  chan- 
cel of  ihe  church,  is  the  monument  of  aider- 
man  Sir  Ambrose  Crow  ley,  celebrated  in  the 
Tatier,  No.  73,  by  the  name  oi  Sir.  Hum- 
phrey Greenkat.  It  is  eight  miies  sw  of 
London. 

Miteheldean,  a town  in  GioueeStershire, 
.stands  at  ilie  n extremity -of  ihe  forest  of 
Dean,  has  a market  on  Monday,  i2  ur.lesw 
of  Gloucester,  and  i 16  w by  x ol  l,«ri  ;on. 

MitchelPs  tou  n.  Q.  lown  in  Lork,  Mon- 
ster. Here  is  a handsome  building  called 
a coil  ge,  founded  by  the  late  lord  Kteg- 
ston,  lor  the  support  of  12  decay(‘d  kicies, 
and  as  many  gentlemen,  each  of  whom  ; 
besides ' a neat  house,  uas  an  annuity  Of 
£.40  per  annum.  In  the  .icimty  i^  a iiam- 
ral  cave  the  body  of  which  is  lOO  feet 
long  and  00  high,  With  several  if-hg  bi'm- 
clies.  It  is  27  miles  n by  E oi  i.  oik,  aadp 
102  from  Dublin.  vl ' 

MITCHIG  vMAS,  an  Indian  raiion,  whoL' 
with  the  Pioiia^,  mhabit  near  the  seitUif* 
merits  in  the  lUi iiois  country. 

a 


M O C 

Mittau,  a city,  and  the  capital  of  Cour- 
land.  There  is  a large  ducal  palace,  two 
Lutheran  churches,  a beautiful  Calvinist 
church,  and  a popish  church.  It  is  situated 
on  the  Aa,  45  miles  e of  Goidingen,  and 
270  NNE  of  M^arsaw. 

MiUenwaldyix  town  in  Bavaria,  county  of 
Werdenfels,  on  the.Iser,  12  miles  n of 
In.sprue. 

. Mittenwatdj  a town  in  the  Middle  Mark, 
Brandenburg,  16  miles  sse  of  Berlin. 

Mitterburg^  a town  of  Istria,  capital  of  a 
count}^  of  tlie  same  name,  15  miles  w of 
Fiume.  and  30  ss  of  Trieste. 

Mittlewaldy  a town  in  the  county  of 
Glatz,  Siberia,  near  the  source  of  the 
Neisse,  18  miles  s of  Glatz. 

MO  AGES,  islands  on  the  n coast  of  S 
America  in  the  entrance  of  the  gulf  of, Ve- 
nezuela. They  are  eight  or  nine  in  number. 

Moat^  or  Moategrenogue,  a town  of  West 
Meath,  in  Leinster,  52  miles  w of  Dublin. 

Mobile,  a large  navigable  river,  formed 
by  the  Tumbiche  and  Tascaloosa,  in  the 
Missisippi  territory.  After  a course  of  100 
miles,  it  separates  intd  two  streams  before 
it  enters  W Florida.  The  w branch  retains 
the  name  of  Mobile,  the  other  takes  the 
name  of  Tensaw.  They  run  parallel  and  are 
navigable,  and  fall  into  Mobile  bay,  which 
stretches  1 1 leagues  s to  the  gulf  of  Mex- 
ico. 

Mobile y a city  of  West  Florida.  It  is 
pretty  regular,  of  an  oblong  figure,  and  si- 
tuated on  the  w bank  of  the  river.  It  has 
a regular  fortress  of  brick,  a handsome 
square  of  barracks,  and  a number  of  ele- 
gant houses.  It  is  33  miles  n of  Mobile 
point,  and  40  below  the  junction  of  the  two 
principal  branches  of  Mobile  river,  and  90 
•WNW  of  Pensacola.  Lon.  88  18  w,  lat.  30 
37  N. 

MOCARANGA,  or  Mocar.a,  a kingdom 
on  the  coast  of  Caffreria,  mistakenly  called 
Mouopolapa,  which  is  the  title  of  its  sove- 
reign. It  produces  millet,  rice,  and  sugar- 
canes,  abounds  in  blac^  cattle,  elephants, 
o.5triebes,  and  wild  beasts.  The  chief  of  its 
rivers  is  the  Tanibera,  The  natives  go  na- 
ked almost  to  the  girdle.  Their  religion  is 
pagan,  but  they  believe  in  one  God,  the  crea- 
tor of  the  world  The  men  take  as  man}' 
wives  as  they  please.  The  houses  are  cou- 
ftrvictecl  of  y^^ood  and  plaster:  but  there  are 
few  towns  here.  The  Portuguese  had  a 
settlement  here  in  1560,  but  they  were  all 
murdered  or  expelled.  The  capital  is  Ma- 
dragan. 

Mocaumpoury  a town  in  Napal,  Hindoos- 
U\n,  capital  of  a district  of  the  same  name, 
seated  on  the  Kurru,  48  miles  sse  of  Cat- 
mandu.  Lon,  84  27  e,  lat,  67  35  n. 

. Mocha y or  Mokha,  a considerable  town 
of  Arabia  Felix,  surrounded  by  walls,  with 
two  forts.  This  town  carries  on  a great 
trade,  especially  in  coffee ; and  the  inhabi- 
tants are  reckoned  at  18,000,  without  com- 
prehending, the  poor  Avmenians,  or  the 


M O E 

Jews,  who  inhabit  the  suburbs.  The  wo- 
men except  a few  of  the  poorer  sort,  never 
appear  on  the  streets  in  the  day  time,  but 
visit  each  other  in  the  evening.  It  is  situo,- 
ted  near  the  straits  of  Babel-Mandel,  140 
miles  ssw  of  Sana,  and  630  sse  of  Mecca. 
Lon.  44  55  e,  lat,  13  10 

Mochrum,  a parish  in  Wigtonshire,  lO 
miles  long,  and  from  four  to  five  broad, 
lying  on  the  e of  the  bay  of  Luce.  There 
is  marl  in  this  pari.-h.  Near  the  church  is 
a large  earthen  mound.  On  the  shore  are 
vestiges  of  a Saxon  camp,  and  of  * a church 
called  St.  Finians.  In  the  interior  stands 
the  ancient  castle  of  Mcckruni,  the  seat  of 
the  Dunbars  of  Mockrum.  The  castle  is 
surrounded  by  lakes.  Population  above  1 100. 

Mocoa,  a city  of  Terra  Firrna,  in  South 
America,  seated  at  the  source  of  Oronoko 
rive?. 

Modaitiy  or  Madain,  a towm  in  Irak 
Arabi,  Asiatic  Turkey,  near  the  Tigris,  on 
the  site  of  the  ancient  Cresipon,  22  miles 
ssE  of  Bagdad. 

Modbury,  a town  in  Devonshire,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday,  and  a manufacture  of 
plush,  stands  between  two  hills,  36  miles 
ssw^  of  Exeter,  and  208  wsw  of  London.^  ' 

MODENESE,  or  Modena,  a duchy  of 
Italy,  included  in  the  late  Italian  Repub- 
lic of  the  Modenese,  and  a bis  hop  see.  It 
is  about  65  miles  in  length,  and  35  in 
breadth,  and  the  soil  is  very  fertile  in  corn, 
wine,  oil,  and  fruits  of  different  kinds. 
When  this  duchy  and  that  of  Mirandola 
w'ere  annexed  to  the  Italian  Republic,  in 
1797,  they  contained  211,448  inhabitants. 
They  were  both  erected  into  the  depart- 
ment of  Panaro. 

Modena^  an  ancient  city  of  Italy,  in  the 
late  Italian  Republic,  and  capital  of  the 
department  of  Panoro,  and  it  is  situated  be- 
tween the  rivers  Secchia  and  Panora,  and 
is  a large  handsome  place.  The  ducal  pa- 
lace is  of  vast  size  and  contains  a member 
of  elegant  paintings.  The  cathedral,  seve- 
ral of  the  churches  and  monasteries,  are 
handsome  structures.  The  inhabitants 
amount  to  30,000.  It  is  22  miles  n\v  of 
Bologna,  and  60  nw  of  Florence. 

MODER,  or  Mother  and  Daughters 
Islands,  a long  island  tw'o  leagues  e by  s 
of  the  Father,  or  Vaadar  island,  with  two 
small  ones,  near  Cayenne,  on  the  e coast  of 
S America,  in  about  iat.  5 n,1oij.  52  w. 

Modica,  a town  and  river  of  Sicily,  10 
miles  w of  Nota. 

Modon,  an  ancient  and  handsome  towm  of 
Greece,  in  the  Moreau,  with  a sale  and  com- 
modious harbour,  stands  on  a promontory 
projecting  iuto  the  sea  of  Sapienza,  15  miles 
w of  CoroD.  Lon.  21  31  e,  lat.  36  53  xv. 

31odziry  a tow  n of  Lithuania,  capital  of 
a fertile  district  of  the  same  name,  85  miles 
sE  of  Stuezk. 

Moeskirchy  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Furstenburg,  Swabia,  18  miles  w of  Con- 
stance. 


M O G 


M O H 


Moevrs.  See  J/eurs.  i 

Moffatj  a parisu  aud  town  in  Bumfries- 
stire/  on  the  borders  of  Lanarkshire.  The 
parish,  which  is  watered  by  the  rivers  An- 
nan and  Moffat,  is  about  \5  miles  long  and 
nine  broad  ; the  surface  of  which  being  in 
general  rugged  and  mountainous,  is  chiefly 
devoted  to  sheep  pasture.  The  town  ot 
Moflfat  is  situated  in  a valley  near  the 
Annan,  surrounded  with  delightful  scenery.  ' 
The  roads  from  Edinburgh  to  Dumfries,  and 
from  Carlisle  to  Glasgow,  pass  through  the 
town.  In  the  parish  is  a Roman  highwa} , 
W'hich  led  from  the  Esk  to  Stirling,  and 
also  vestiges  of  a British  camp,  and  a 
druidical  temple ; there  are  two  conical 
mounds,  and  the  ruins  of  many  towers. 
Hartfel  spaw  (See  Hartfel,)  is  within  a mile 
and  a- half  of  the  town.  It  has  a manu- 
facture of  coarse  woollen  stuffs,  btit  is 
chiefly  supported  by  its  mineral  springs. 
Moffat  has  fairs  June  5d4th,  July  29th,  Oct. 
20ih,  and  first  Tuesday  of  Nov.  O.  S.  It  is 
20  miles  n by  e of  Dumfries,  and  s by  e 
of  Edinburgh. 

Moffat  Hills,  the  highest  mountains  in 
the  s of  Scotland,  of  which  Hartfel  is  the 
most  elevated  ; and  from  them  descends,  in 
different  directions,  the  Tweed,  the  Clyde, 
and  the  Annan,  whose  sources  are  but  little 
distant  from  each  other. 

MOGADOR,  an  island,  town,  and  castle 
of  Morocco,  near  Cape  Ozem.  The  town 
is  surrounded  by  walls,  with  batteries,  and 
at  high  tide  is  nearly  encompassed  by  the 
sea.  The  port  is  formed  by  a channel  be- 
tween the  island  and  the  mainland.  The 
streets  are  all  straight,  and  the  houses  are 
handsome,  90  miles  wsw  of  Morocco. 

MOGARA,  an  island  of  Italy,  on  the 
coast  of  Friuli.  Lon.  13  98  E,  lat.  45  47  n. 

Moguer,  a town  in  Andalusia,  Spain, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Tinto,  48  rhiles  w of 
Seville 

MOGULS,  COUNTRY  OF  THE,  or 
Western  Chinese  TArifARY,  is  bounded 
on  the  N by  Siberia,  e by  Easiern  Tartary, 
s by  the  Great  w^all  of  China  and  Lea- Tong, 
and  w by  Independent  Tartary.  The  Mo- 
gul Tartars  have  neither  towns,  villages, 
nor  houses;  they  wander  in  hordes,  and  live 
under  tents,  which  they  remove  from  one 
place  to  another,  according  as  the  tempe- 
rature of  the  different  seasons,  or  the  wants 
of  their  flocks  require.  They  are  naturally 
clownish,  and  dirty  in  their  dress,  as  well  as 
in  their  tents.  During  the  summer,  they 
live  only  on  milk,  using  without  distinction 
that  of  I he  cow,  mare,  ewe,  goat,  and  ca- 
mel. Their  ordinary  drink  is  warm  water, 
in  which  a little  coarse  tea  1-as  been  in- 
fused. The  Moguls  are  free,  open,  and 
sincere.  polygamy  is^  pera  itted  among 
them ; but  they  generally  have  only  one 
wife.  They  burn  the  bodies  of  their  dead, 
and  carry  the  ashes  to  eminences,  where 
they  inter  them,  and  cover  the  grave  with  a 
heap  of  stones,  over  which  they  plant  a 


great  number  of  small  standards.-  They 
are  unacquainted  with  the  use  of  money, 
at)d  trade  only  by  barter.  Although  the 
Moguls  might  appropriate  to  themselves  tha 
spoils  or  a great  number  of  animals,  the 
skins  which  they  use  fur  clothing  are  ge- 
neraily  those  of  their  sheep.  They  wear  the 
wool  inmost,  and  the  skin  on  tjie  outside. 
The  religion  of  the  Mogul  Tartars  is  con- 
fined to  the  worship  ot  Fo.  All  the  Moguls 
are  governed  Itv  khans,  or  particular  princes 
independent  of  each  other  ; but  all  subject  to 
the  emperor  of  China,  vrhom  they  consider 
as  the  grand  khan  of  the  Tartars.  Ail  th» 
Mogul  nations  under  the  Chinese  govern- 
ment may  be  divided  into  four  principal 
tribes,  which  are  the  Moguls,  properly  so 
called,  the  Kalkas,  the  Ortons,  and  the  Tar- 
tars of  Konkonar. 

Mohedz,  a town  of  Lower  Hungary,  in 
the  county  of  Baraniwar,  situated  at  tho 
conflux  of  the  Corasse  with  the  Danube. 
Here,  in  1526,  Louis,  the  last  king  of  Hun- 
gary, was  defeated  by  the  Turks  under 
Solyman  II.  wdth  the  loss  of  22,000  men, 

! and  after  the  battle  lost  his  life  by  the  fall 
! of  his  horse  into  a mu  idy  brook.  This  was 
j the  scene  of  another  battle  fought  betw^eeu 
i the  Christians  under  prince  Charles  of  Lor- 
I rain,  and  the  Turks  who  lost  10,000  men, 
i with  their  cannon  and  baggage,  23  miles 
I N by  E of  Esseck.  Lon.  19  56  e,  lat.  45 
I 43  N. 

I Mohawk,  a river  in  New  York,  rises  fo 
I the  northward  of  Fort  Stanwix,  and  falls  in- 
; to  Hudson  river,  by  three  mouths,  opposite 
ijto  the  cities  of  Lasinburgh  and  Toy,  from 
I seven  to  ten  miles  n of  Albany.  This  fine 
I river  is  now  navigable  for  boats,  from 
I Sheaectady,  nearly  or  quite  to  its  source, 
i the  locks  and  canals  round  the  Little  falls, 

I 56  miles  above  Albany,  having  been  com- 
j pleted  in  the  autumn  of  1795.  The  Co- 
hoes in  this  river  are  a great  curiosity. 

I Mohawk,  a town  on  the  s side  of  the  river 
j|  of  Its  name,  in  Montgomery  county,  New 
I York.  The  township,  in  1790,  contained 
4440  inhabitants. 

I MOHAWKS,  an  Indian  nation,  acknow- 
ledged by  the  other  tribes  of  the  six  nations 
to  be  the  true  old  heads  of  the  confedera- 
cy.’^ About  300  of  this  nation  now  reside  in 
Upper  Canada. 

MOHEGAN,  an  Indian  nation  situated 
between  Norwich  and  New  London  ia 
Connecticut. 

MOHfCCONS,  a tribe  of  Indians,  who 
inhabit  on  a branch  of  the  Susquehanuah, 
between  Chagner  and  Owegy. 

Mohil,  or  Moyle,  a town  m Leitrim,  Con- 
naught, nine  miles  e of  Carrick  on  Shannon 

MOHIL  A,  one  of  the  Comora  islands, 
between  the  n end  of  the  island  of  Mada- 
gascar, and  the  continent  of  Africa.  Th» 
inland  parts  are  mountainous  and  woody  ; 
villages  are  scattered  here  and  there.  The 
natives  are  black,  v/ith  great  heads,  large 
; iips^  li.ht  no^es,  sharp  chins,  and  sfreng 


MOL 

limbs.  It  produces  plenty  of  animals,  and 
provisions,  such  as  buffaloes,  goats,  tortoises, 
hens,  large  bat^  camel  ions,  rice,  pease,  ho- 
ney, cocoa  nuts,  plantains,  oranges,  lemons, 
citrons,  pine  apples,  cucumbers,  tamarinds, 
and  sugar  canes.  It  has  a good  road  for 
ships.  Lon.  43  50  e,  la(.  12  25  s. 

MOHILEF,  or  Mogilev,  one  of  the  4! 
govenanents  of  the  Russian  empire,  contain- 
ing 12  districts,  part  of  Lithuania,  dismem- 
bered from  Poland  in  1'7T2.  Its  capital  is 
Pdohil  1,  a populous  and  well  built  town,  si- 
tuated on  the  Dnieper,  by  the  division  of  Po- 
land, the  towns  with  its  territory  was  ceded 
to  Russia,  in  1773,  and  constituted  an  areh- 
bisbopric  of  the  Roman  church,  with  an  as- 
sistant bishop,  36  miles  s of  Ortza,  340  ene 
of  Warsaw,  and  364  s of  Petersburg.  Lon. 
30  14  E,lat.53  30  n. 

Mohvin,  a town  in  Nei:<  wark,  Branden-  | 
burg,  1 8 miles  nnv/  of  Custrin. 

Mohrungen,  a town  of  Prussia,  in  the 
province  of  Oberiand,  situated  on  a lake  of  , 
the  same  name,  has  an  old  castle,  formerly 
a convent,  belonging  to  the  knights  of  the 
Teutonic  order,  by  whose  wars  the  town 
has  frequently  suffered,  56  miles  ssw  of  Ko- 
nigsberg,  and  56  se  of  Dantzic.  j 

Mojaisk,  a town  in  the  government  of  j 
Moscow,  Russia.  It  is  fortified,  and  pretty  j 
extensive,  stands  near  the  Moskva,  60  miles  } 
w.sw  of  Moscow. 

Mqilah,  a town  and  fort  seated  on  the 
coast  of  the  Bed  Sea,  Arabia  Petrea,  130 
miles  s of  Acaba,  and  180  Nw  of  Medina. 
Lon.  33  50  e,  lat.  27  30  n. 

MOINS,  an  i land  and  Iowa  in  the  lake 
and  department  of  Morbihaii,  France,  five 
miles  ssw  of  Vannes. 

Moira,  a town  of  Ireland,  in  Down,  Ul- 
ster, 76  miles  N of  Dublin,  and  15  ssw  of 
Belfast.  It  is  noted  for  its  linen  manufac- 
ture. It  give's  the  title  of  earl  to  the  family 
of  Rawdon,  who  have  a superb  seat,  and 
most  elegant  pleasure  grounds,  and  gardens 
in  the  vicinity.  Vf hen  king  William  III. 
arrived  at  this  place  he  said  it  was  the  gar- 
den of  Ireland.  In  the  town  is  a handsome 
church  and  a charity  school. 

Moirom,  a towm  in  the  department  of 
Isere,  Franco,  cn  the  Isere,  25  miles  se  of 
Vienne. 

Mola  dl  Bari,  a town  in  Terra  di  Bari, 
Naple.s,  cn  the  gulf  of  Venice,  17  miles  e of 
Bari. 

Mola  di  Gaeia,  a towm  in  Terra  di  Lavo- 
ra,  Naples,  near  the  sea,  three  miles  \e  of 
Oaeta. 

Mold,  a neat  little  town  of  N Wales,  in 
Flintshire,  whore  the  assizes  are  held,  with 
a market  on  Saturday,  seated  at  the  foot  oic 
lofty  mountain,  on  which^was  an  ancieu 
castle.  The  population  in  1801,  was  423.:. 
and  in  1811,  5083,  five  miles  s of  Flint,  aiu: 
188  Nw  of  London.  Lon.  2 50  w,  iat. 

12  N. 

MOLDAVIA,  a pr  inco  of  Turkey 
in  Europe,  280  miles  in  length,  and  from 


MO  L 

3016  130  in  breadth.  The  principal  rivers  are 
the  Pruth,  Moldau,  and  Bardalach.  The 
soil  is  rich,  and  it  abounds  in  good  pastures, 
which  feed  a great  number  of  hors-es,  oxen^ 
and  sheep ; it  also  produces,  corn,  pulse, 
honey,  wax,  fruits,  with  plenty  of  game,  fish,' 
The  inhabitants  are  Christians 
of  t.he  Greek  church.  The  prince  is  styled 
hospodar,  is  tributary  to  the  Turks.  By 
the  peace  of  1812,  that  part  of  this  country 
E of  the  Pnith  was  ceded  to  Russia.  Jas.say 
is  the  capital.  Chotzin  is  also  a town  of 
inipcrtance. 

Mole,  a river  of  England,  in  Surry,  which 
runs  under  ground  from  Soxhill,  near  Bark- 
ing, till  it  appear.s  again,  near  Leatherhead, 
and  afierw’iirds  enters  (he  Thames  bstween 
E and  w Mouisey,  opposite  to  Hampton 
Court. 

Mole,  is  situated  in  the  nw  part  of  the 
island  of  St  Domingo,  two  leagues  e of 
Cape  St  Nicholas,  and  is  often  called  by 
that  name.  The  Mole,  though  inferior  by 
a great  deal  to  Cape  Francois  and  Port  au- 
Prince,  is  the  first  port  in  the  island  for  fafe- 
ty  in  time  of  war,  being  strongly  forti^cd  • 
both  by  nature  and  art.  Lon.  75  48  w,  iat. 
19  50  N.  See  Nicholas  St. 

Molfetta,  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples, 
in  the  Terra  di  Bari,  situated  on  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  10  miles  w by  n of  Bari. 

MoHeres,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Lot,  France,  1 1 miles  n of  Montauban,  and 
16  s of  Cahors. 

Molina,  a strong  town  of  New  Castile, 
situated  on  the  Gallo,  in  a territory  abound- 
ing in  pasture.^,  50  miles  exe  of  Siguenza, 
and  88  ene  of  Madrid.  Lon.  i 53  w,  Iat.  * 
41  ION. 

MOLISE,  a territory  of  Naples.  It  is 
in  the  form  of  a iriangie,  v/ho.se  sides  are 
39  miles  in  length,  is  a mountainous  coun- 
try, but  fertile  in  corn,  wine,  saffron,  and 
silk.  In  1805,  upwards  of  20,000  of  the 
inhabitants  perished  by  an  earthquake.  The 
capital  is  of  the  same  name,  has  a castle, 
50  miles  n of  Naples,  in  Ion.  14  43  e,  Iat.  41 
63  N. 

Mollen,  a strong  town  of  Lower  Sa  o ny, 
in  the  duchy  of  Lawenburg,  seated  on  the 
Stecknitz,  12  miles  e of  Lawenburg,  and 
14  s of  Lubec. 

' Molodegno,  a town  in  the  p.alaliuate  of 
Wilna,  Lithuania.  At  this  place,  Novem- 
l)er  29,  1812,  Bonaparte  left  the  miserable 
remains  of  his  army,  on  their  retreat  from 
Moscow,  surrounded  by  an  escort  of  officers, 
went  to  Smorgani,  whence  he  was  con- 
ducted to  Wilna,  by  a detachment  sent  from 
that  city,  from  which  he  immediately  set  off 
in  di.<jguise  Tor  his  capital,  38  miles  nw  of 
Min.sk,  and  72  e<e  of  Wilna. 

Molslieim.,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  liower  Rhine,  France,  stands  on  the 
Crusch,  10  miles  w by  s of  Strasburg. 

MOLUCCAS,  or  Spick  Islands,  a clus- 
ter of  smiill  islands  in  the  Eastern  ocean, 

E of  Ceiclres,  the  largest  not  more  than  SO 


MON 

miles  ill  circumference.  They  stretch  from 
Mortti  in  the  n to  Bantla  in  the  s,  and  from 
Bouro  in  the  w to  Mysoul  in  the  e.  The 
other  principal  ones  are  Tern  ate,  Amhoyiia, 
Tydore,  Machian,  Motyr,  Ceram,  Oiiby, 
Gilolo,  and  Bachian.  They  produce  oran- 
C^es,  lemons,  and  other  fruits ; and  are  most 
remarkable  for  spices,  especially  cloves, 
but  except  Guilolo,  have  neither  corn,  rice, 
nor  caitlc.  The  shores  are  variegated  with 
rocks  of  coral.  They  have  very  dangerous 
land  crocodiles.  The  natives  are  Pagans, 
but  there  are  many  Mahometans.  These 
islands  were  discovered  by  the  Portuguese  in 
1511.  About  the  year  1617,  the  Dutch 
supplanted  the  Portuguese.  In  1719,  by  a 
convention  the  Dutch  allowed  the  English 
one  third  of  the  produce,  but  afterwards  under  ; 
pretence  of  a plot;  put  them  to  death  by  the 
most  cruel  tortures.  Amboyna  is  the  prin- 
cipal Dutch  settlement.  ‘ 

MolvAtZj  a town  of  Silesia,  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Brieg,  ctjlebrated  for  h,  victory 
gained  by  the  Prussians  over  the  Austrians 
m 1741.  It  is  four  miles  w of  Brieg. 

MOMB.AZA,  a country  of  Africa,  in 
Zauguebar,  subject  to  the  Portuguese, 
whence  they  export  gold,  ivory,  rice,  liesb, 
and  other  provisions,  with  which  they  sup- 
ply the  settlements  in  Brazil. 

A'lomhaza,  a city  of  Africa,  in  an  island 
formerly  a peninsula  of  the  same  name, 
situated  on  the  eastern  coast,  in  the  country 
of  Mombaza,  in  Zauguebar,  75  miles  ssw*of 
Melinda,  and  subject  to  Portugal.  It  is  de- 
fended by  a strong  citadel,  has  a commodi- 
ous harbour  for  large  vessels,  and  a good 
trade.  The  king  of  Melinda,  quarrel  ng; 
with  the  Portuguese  governor,  took  the 
castle  by  assault  in  1631.  turned  Moimme- 
dan,  and  put  all  the  Christians  to  death;  but 
in  1729,  the  Portuguese  recovered  this  ter- 
ritory. Lon.  39  30  e,  lat,  3 15  s. 

Momjiot,  a town  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Nile,  Egypt,  has  a manufactuie  of  linen,  20 
miles  xxw  of  Siout. 

Mompo,  a town  in  the  province  of  Car- 
thagena,  Terra  Firma,  stands  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Madalena,  120  miles  sse  of 
Cartbagena. 

MONA,  an  island  of  Denmark,  in  the 
BaPic,  sw  of  the  island  -of  Zealand,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  a narrow  channeL 
Btegc  is  the  capital.  Lon.  12  30  e,  lat.  55 

20  N. 

Moncif  or  La  Guenon,,  or  The  Mone,  a 
.small  island,  J I and  one-fourth  leagues  from 
the  .sw  point  of  the  island  of  St  Domingo, 
and  14  aiid  one  half  w of  the  sw  point  of 
the  island  of  Porto  Kico.  It  is  two 
leagues  from  e to  v.g  and  a little  more  from' 
N ta  s.  It  has  several  ports  lor  small  ves- 
sels, and  plenty  of  good  water.  Its  fruit 
trees,  particularly  the  orange,  are  much  ex- 
tolled. A league  and  a- half  Nwof  Mona  is 
a very  small  island,  called  Moniipte,  or  the 
Little  Monkey. 

Monaco^  a small  handsome  tqw’n  of  Italy, 


MON 

capital  of  a territory  o the  same  name,  be- 
tween the  territory  of  Genoa  and  the  country 
of  Nice.  It  has  a good  harbour,  and  is  very 
strong  by  nature,  being  situated  on  a craggy 
hill  that  projects  into  the  sea.  It  has  a cita- 
del and  other  fortilications.  It  is  eight  miles 
w of  Ventimiglia,  and  12  ne  of  Nice.  Lon. 
7 30  E,  lat.  43  44  n. 

M,ONAGHAN,  a county  in  the  province 
of  Ulster,  32  miles  in  length,  and  22  in 
breadth,  bounded  on  the  n by  Tyrone,  e by 
Armagh,  se  by  Louth,  sw  by  Cavan,  and 
w by  Fermanagh.  It  contains  24  parishes, 
and  about  117,000  inhabitants.  It  is  a 
mountainous  and.  boggy  tract,  but  in  some 
pdacves  well  improved.  The  third  part  of  it 
is  O 'cupied  b}  Lowgh  Erne.  The  linen 
trade  of  this  county  is  averaged  at  £.104,000 
j annua liy.  It  s.  nds  two  members  to  the 

united  parliament. 

Monaghan,  the  capital  of  the  above  ooua- 
ty.  It  was  ioiiiaed  wdth  a castle  and  a 
fort  against  the  Irish,  in  the  reign  of  queen 
Elisabeth.  Dere  the  assizes  are  held  It 
is  21  miles  s by  w-  of  Dungannon,  40  of 
Belfast,  and  76  nnw  of  Dublin.  Lon.  7 4 
w,  lat,  54  16  N. 

Monance,  St,  a town  and  parish  in  Fife- 
shire,  on  liie  coast  cf  the  Frith  of  Forth. 
It  is  about  one  mile  and  a- half  long,  and 
one  mile  broad ; and,  except  a small  part 
on  the  coast,  is  wholly  arable.  The  (own 
of  St  Monance  has  a considerable  harbour, 
whence  the  coal  is  exponed.  The  parish 
i church  is  part  of  an  old  convent.  Popula- 
I tion  above  500. — about  a mile  w of  Pitteii- 
I weem. 

I Monastcer,  an  ancient  town  of  Tunis, 

! pleasantly  situated  on  the  e coa.'^t,  on  a cape 
of  its  name.  Lon.  11  6 e,  lat.  35  50  n. 

Monaster  Boyce,  a parish  in  Louth,  Lein- 
ster, Ireland,  wi;h  some  ruins  of  an  abi.ey, 
founded  by  Baetlus  early  in  the  6th  century. 
Here  is  a round  tow'^er  ] 10  feet  high,  50  feet 
round  the  base,  divided  into  five  stories.  At 
the  south  side  of  the  church  are  tw^o  huge 
stone  crosses,  on  one  of  w^hich  is  an  inscrip- 
tion in  Irish  characters,  in  which  is  still  le- 
gible the  name  of  Muredagh,  king  of  Ire- 
land, who  (lied  in  534. 

Monasierevan,  a town  in  Kildare,  Lein- 
ster,  situated  on  the  Barrow,  where  a branch 
of  the  Grand  Canal  is  united  wnth  that  river, 
hereby  opening  a pa^-sage  betw<  eii  the  me- 
tropolis and  the  province  of  Munster,  seven 
j miles  w of  Kildare,  14  sw  of  Noas,  and  about 
I 30  sw  by  s of  Dublin, 
j Monblanc,  a town  in  Catalonia,  Spain,  on 
the  Francoli,  16  miles  nkw^  of  Tarragona. 

Moncallier,  a town  of  Piedmont,  stand** 
on  an  eminence,  near  ihe  Fo,  five  mile  - se  of 
Turin. 

Moncalvo,  a town  in  Moutierrat,  Pied- 
mont, stands  on  a mountain,  12  miles  sw  of 
Casal. 

Moncaon,  a towm  of  Portugal,  in  Entre- 
Douro-e-Minho,  with  a strong  castle,seated 
near  the  Minho.  The  Spauiards  have  often 


MON 


MON 


rattemptcd  to  take  st,  but  in  vain.  tt  is 
eight  miles  se  ol  Tiiy,  and  24  n of  Braga. 

Monhaboit,  \i  oWy  of  the  Birm  .n  empire. 
46  miles  n of  Unamerapoora.  In  1762,  i 
was  only  a small  town  under  the  governmen 
of  Alompra,  who  soon  afterwards  became 
the  deliveTer  of  his  country,  and  the  con- 
queror of  Pegu. 

Moncon,  a town  in  Arragon,  Spain,  at 
the  junction  of  the  Sola  with  the  Cinoa,  10 
miles  ssE  of  I3xiibastro,  and  .50  e of  Sara- 
gossa. 

Moncontovry  a town  in  the  department  of 
Cotes  du  Nord,  France,  12  miles  sse  of  St 
Brieuc,  aad  39  sw  of  8t  Maio. 

Moneontonr,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Vienne,  France,  27  miles  nw  of  Poitiers. 

Motidego,  a river  of  Ponugal,  whtch  has 
its  source  near  Guarda,  ftows  through  Beira, 
by  Coimbra,  and  falls  into  the  Atlantic  near  ! 
Cape  Mondego. 

Mondonnedo,  a city  in  Galicia,  Spain, 
and  a bishop’s  see,  on  a small  river,  in  a 
fruitful  country,  60  miles  ne  of  Compcstella. 
Lon.  7 iO  w,  lai.  43  30  n. 

Mondoubleau,  a to^vn  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Loire  and  Cher,  with  a castle,  I 
Jo  mile.s  ki^'w  of  Vendomme  j 

Mondoin,  the  largest  and  most  populous  I 
town  in  Piedmont,  and  a bishop’s  see,  situ- 
ated on  a mountam  near  the  Eiero.  Besides 
the  cathedral,  here  are  live  churches,  a uni- 
versity, and  12  convents.  The  country 
around  affords  fine  marble,  excellent  wina, 
and  good  chesnuts.  Here,  in  1796,  the 
French  defeated  the  Austrians,  and  made 
them.selves  masters  of  the  territory  of  the 
king  of  Sardinia,  eight  miles  Nw  of  Ceva, 
and  35  se  of  Turin.  Lon.  8 3 e,  iat.  44 
25  N. 

Mondragoriy  a tov/n  of  Naples,  in  Lavora, 
stands  near  the  sea,  celebrated  lor  its  medi- 
cinal w-aters,  13  miles  nw  of  Capua. 

Mondragon,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Tarn,  France,  12  miles  nnw  of  Ca^tres. 

Mondragon y a town  in  Biscay,  Spain,  fa- 
mous for  an  excellent  iron  miue,  and  several 
medicinal  springs,  24  miles  ws'w  of  St  Se-  i 
bastian. 

Monedie^  a parish  in  Perthshire,  nearly 
three  miles  in  leiigih  and  the  same  in  breadth, 
lying  about  six  miles  nw  from  Perth.  The 
soil  is  various,  but  g really  improved  of  late 
years.  Popuiaiion  of  the  united  parish  1157 
by  t!io  late  census,  which  is  considerably 
less  ihan  in  179!.  A good  d^al  of  flax  is 
reared.  The  parish  is  famous  for  bees.  Here 
was  a palace  ol  the  bisho  of  Dunkeld,  and 
the  pretoriuin  of  a Roman  camp  is  still  visi- 
ble. It  is  noted  for  the  tomb  of  Bessie  Bell 
and  Mary  Gray,  on  the  bank  of  the  Almond, 
which  is  now  surrouDcled  with  a stone  wail, 
on  which  their  names  are  engraved. 

Monembasia.  Sec  Napoli  ii  .^lalvasia. 

Mo  clou  Islands,  in  the  Noith  Western 
Territory , lie  on  the  e side  of  lake  Michi- 
gan, towards  its  N end,  and  southward  of 
Beaver  inlands. 


Monegall,  a town  in  King’s  county,  Ire- 
land, 28  miles  wsw  of  Maryborough,  and  38 
sw  of  Philiptown. 

Moneyynore,  a town  of  Ireland,  in  Derry, 
Ulster,  13  miles  n by  e of  Dungannon,  35 
SSE  of  Londonderry,  and  83  from  Dublin. 

Monfalcona,  a market  town  in  Friuli, 
Italy,  containing  1200  inhabitants.  It  gives 
name  to  a fertile  district,  25  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, containing  20  villages,  but  only 
4600  souls. 

MONFIAjan  island  on  the  coast  of  Zan- 
giiebar,  tributary  to  Portugal.  It  is  situated 
to  the  NE  of  Quiloa.  Lon.  40  50  e,  lat.  T 
50  s. 

Monjlanguin,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Lot  and  Garonne,  France,  27  miles  nne  of 
A gen. 

Monforte,  a town  in  Beira,  Portugal,  IT 
miles  SE  of  Cassel  Branco. 

Monforte,  a town  in  Aleutejo,  Portugal, 
21  miles  s of  Portalegre. 

Monforte,  a town  in  Galicia,  Spain,  with 
a castle,  10  miles  nne  of  Orense. 

Monghir,  a large  town  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  with  a fort,  situated  on  the  Ganges, 
80  miles  e by  s of  Patna,  and  230  nw  of 
Calcutta.  Lon.  86  36  e,  lat.  25  24  n. 

Mongon,  on  the  coast  of  Peru,  4 leagues 
from  Bermejo  island.  Casma  is  four  leagues 
N of  it.  It  is  known  by  a mountain  in  the 
immediate  vicinity,  which  is  seen  at  a great- 
er distance  than  any  other  on  the  coast. 

Monguls  See  Moguls. 

Monhegan,  or  Menliegan,  a small  island 
in  the  Atlantic  ocean,  12  miles  se  of  Pema- 
quid  Point,  in  Lincoln  county,  district  of 
Maine,  and  in  iat.  43  42  n.  North  of  it  are 
a number  of  small  isles  at  the  mouth  of  St 
George’s  river. 

Monheim,  a town  of  Bavaria,  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Neuburg,  eight  miles  n of  Dona- 
wert. 

Monheim,  a town  of  Germany,  nine  miles 
S5E  of  Dusseldorp. 

Monicedam,  or  Monikendam,  a town  of 
Holland,  situated  on  the  Zuyder  Zee,  has 
I manufactures  of  silk  and  soap,  eight  miles 
NE  of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  4 98  e,  lat.  52 
18  N.  ■ 

Monifieth,  a parish  in  Forfarshire,  lying 
on  the  Frith  of  Tay.  It  is  six  miles  long, 
and  three  and  a-balf  broad  at  its  sw  extre- 
mity, from  which  it  narrows  in  a wedge-like 
form.  The  surface  is  almost  all  arable  and 
fertile.  It  is  watered  by  the  Dichty,  near 
the  mouth  of  which  stands  the  village  of 
Mouifieth,  containing  near  200  inhabitants. 
There  are  two  other  villages  in  the  parish, 
viz.  Dramsturdy  moor,  and  East-Ferry, 
near  Broughty  castle.  Population  above 
1400. 

Monikie,  a parish  in  Forfarshire,  about  six 
miles  long,  and  four  broad,  at  its  northern 
extremity,  narrowing  gradually  till  its  ter- 
mination in  the  sandy  desert  at  the  mouth  ©f 
the  Tay.  The  soil  is  various.  Population 

1 about  1240. 

■I 


MON 

Moimnail,  a parish  in  Fifeshire,  about 
four  miles  louo'  by  three  broad.  Melville 
House  and  Rulhven  easile  adorn  the  sur- 
face of  a country,  all  of  which  is  arable,  ex- 
cept sortie  small  hills  which  are  covered  with 
plantations.  Population  about  1200. 
tham,  a village  in  this  parish,  has  an  annual 
fair  in  the  first  week  in  June.  Dowdy  Cairy 
Know,  is  said  to  have  been  the  scene  of  a 
sanguinary  battle  between  the  Scots  and 
Danes.  . , , ^ 

Monjoy,  a town  of  France,  in  the  depait- 
wentof  Roer,  19  miles  s of  Juliers. 

Monistrol,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Upper  Loire,  France,  14  miles  sw  oi  St 
Etienne. 

a parish  in  Perthshire,  to  which. 
Strowan  was  united.  The  united  parish  is 
situated  in  the  upper  part  of  Stratherne,  w 
of  Crieff,  and  is  of  a triangular  form,  eight 
miles  long  by  six  broad.  The  general  ap- 
pearance is  hilly,  but  the  vallies  on  the 
banks  of  the  Erne  produce  rich  crops. 
Ochtertyre,  the  seat  of  Sir  P.  Murray,  with 
a beautiful  front  of  polished  granite,  toge- 
ther wdth  the  lake  of  Monivaird,  and  the 
surrounding  hills  and  mountains,  present  a 
scene  particularly  beautiful  and  romantic. 
The  situation  of  Lawers,  environed  on  all 
sides  bj"  tall  trees,  is  also  delightful.  The 
Erne  winds  through  the  town,  and  the  fer- 
tile vale  of  Stratherne  is  included  in  the 
beautiful  prospect  which  the  house  of  Lawers 
commands.  Population  is  about  1020.  In 
this  district  are  the  vestiges  of  two  Roman 
stations,  of  a castle,  and  two  druidical  tem- 
ples. One  of  its  numerous  tumuli,  called 
Cairn  Cbeanichin,  is  sliid  to  mark  the  spot 
where  Kenneth  IV.  was  killed  by  Malcolm, 
w'ho  succeeded  him  by  the  name  of  Mal- 
colm II. 

Monivea,  a town  in  Galway,  Connaught, 
Ireland,  five  miles  nne  of  Athenry.  Here 
is  a flourishing  manufacture  of  linen. 

Mojikey  Island,  an  island  in  the  Thames, 
beiween  Maidenhead  and  Windsor,  in  which 
the  duke  of  Marlborough  had  a seat. 

Monkland,  New,  a parish  in  Lanarkshire, 
It  is  the  most  northerly  parish  in  Lanark- 
shire ; the  whole  district,  or  both  e and  w 
Monkland,  is  about  10  miles  long  from  e 
to  w,  and  eight  broad  at  the  middle.  This 
extensive  parish  was  divided  into  two  in 
1640.  The  tithes  formerly  belonged  to  the 
monks  of  Newbottle,  and  now  to  the  uni- 
versity of  Glasgow.  The  coals  of  this  dis- 
trict are  conveyed  to  Glasgow  by  the  Monk- 
land  canal.  At  a place  called  Kipps,  in  this 
parish,  are  the  remains  of  a chapel  where 
the  Monks  of  NewdDOttle  held  their  courts, 
and  near  it  an  upright  stone  where  persons 
who  were  convicted  of  witchcraft  suffered. 
Near  Airdrie  is  a chalybeate  spring  called 
Monkland  well.  It  is  a very  fertile  coun- 
try. Airdrie  is  the  only  town  in  the  parish. 
Coal  and  ironstone  of  the  finest  Quality 
No.  20 — Qd, 


MON 

are  found  on  every  farm.  Population  aboui 
4613. 

3Ionkland,  Old,  lying  between  the  above 
parish  and  the  Clyde.  The  general  appear- 
ance is  charming,  the  villas  of  the  merL-hant^ 
of  Glasgow  giving  it  the  appearance  of  au 
extensive  garden.  The  principal  manufac- 
tures are  a brick  and  tyle  work,  and  pottery, 
several  bleachfields  and  printfields,  and  the 
extensive  Clyde  iron  works,  Popuiation 
about  4006. 

Monkion  Hall,  a village  in  Mid  Lothian, 
in  the  parish  of  Inveresk,  containing  about 
ITO  inhabitants. 

Monktown  and  Prestick,  ah  united  pa- 
rish in  Ayrshire,  about  four  miles  long  by 
three  broad.  Monktown  derived  its  i .m© 
from  a convent  dependent  on  the  abbey  of 
Paisley.  The  soil  varies  from  sandy  downs 
covered  with  bent,  to  a rich  loam  or  clay, 
and  is  highly  improved.  Kincase,  a licuse 
built  by  king  Roher*.  Bruce,  for  the  recep- 
tion of  eight  lepers,  stands  in  this  parish  ; 
the  revenues  of  which  are  imw  applied  to 
the  support  of  poor  diseased  persons  of  other 
descriptions.  Near  the  church  Is  an  ele- 
gant monument  to  the  memory  of  the  late 
governor  Macrae  of  Madras.  Monk  ton  is 
three  miles  nnw  of  Ayr — See  Prestick. 
There  are  two  villages,  viz.  Monk  ton  and 
Prestick,  the  former  containing  about  230, 
and  the  tatter,  266  inhabitants.  Population 
about  980. 

^ Monmouth,  the  county  town  of  Mon- 
mouthshire, pleasantly  situated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  rivers  Wye  and  Mynnow^ 
winch  almost  surround  it.  Over  the  latter 
is  a very  ancient  bridge  and  gateway,  one® 
a barrier  against  the  Welsh.  It  was  for- 
merly defended  by  a wall  and  ditch,  and 
had  a castle  in  the  centre,  now  in  ruins.  It 
contains  two  churches,  one  of  which  is 
founded  on  the  ruins  of  a priory.  Here 
was  born  the  Warlike  Henry  V,  called  Henry 
of  Monmouth.  The  population  in  ISIi, 
was  3503.  It  is  governed  by  a mayor,  two' 
bailiffs,  a recorder,  15  common  council  men, 
and  a town  clerk.  It  is  a large  and  hand- 
some town,  carries  on  a good  trade  with 
Bristol  by  the  Wye,  and  has  a market  on 
Saturday,  and  fairs  Whit-Tuesday,  Sept.  4, 
and  Nov.  22.  It  joins  with  the  boroughs  of 
Usk  and  Newport  in  sending  a member  to 
parliament.  It  is  21  miles  w of  Gloucester, 
and  129  N by  w of  London.  Lon.  2 46  w, 
lat.  51  49  N. 

Monmouth,  a town  in  Lincoln  county, 
district  of  Maine,  seated  on  the  e side  of  the 
Androscoggin,  15  miles  w by  s of  Harring- 
ton, and  48  n of  Portland. 

MONMOUTH,  (3L  large  maritime  coordy 
of  New  Jersey,  80  miles  in  lengti>,  and  from 
25  to  40  in  breadth.  It  ts  divided  into  six 
townships,  and  contains  a’oove  16,918  inha- 
bitants, including  1596  ftiav.es.  The  face  of 
the  country  is  generully  level. 

E 


MON 

Monmouth,  or  Freehold,  the  capital  of  the 
above  county,  miles  n by  e of  Philadel- 
phia. See  Freehold, 

MONMOUTHSHIRE,  a county  of 
England,  bounded  on  the  e by  Gloucester- 
shire, SE  by  the  mouth  of  the  Severn,  and  w 
and  sw  by  the  counties  of  Brecknock  and 
Glamorgan.  From  n tos  24  miles,  and 
from  E to  w 20.  It  is  divided  into  six  hun- 
dreds ; and  contains  seven  market  towns, 
122  parishes,  and  in  1811,  62,127  inhabi-  | 
tants,  and  sends  three  members  to  parlia- 
ment. The  river  Usk  divides  it  into  two 
unequal  portions.  The  eastern  and  largest 
part  is  a tract  fertile  on  the  whole,  in  corn, 
and  pasture,  and  well  wooded,  abounding 
with  limestone.  The  smaller  western  por- 
tion is  mountainous,  devoted  to  the  feeding 
of  sheep.  It  has  several  long  narrow  valleys, 
watered  by  streams  that  fall  into  the  Bristol 
channel.  All  the  rivers,  particularly  the 
Wye  and  the  Usk,  abound  with  fish,  espe- 
cially salmon  and  trout.  The  people  use 
the  Welsh  language,  but  the  English  tongue 
is  coming  into  use.  The  chief  manufacture 
of  the  county  is  flannel. 

MONO-EMUGE,  or  Nimaama,  a re- 
gion in  the  interior  of  Africa,  bounded  on 
the  N by  Abyssinia,  e by  Zanguebar,  s by 
Mocaranga,  and  w by  Congo.  It  is  said  to 
be  of  vast  extent,  but  it  is  little  known  by 
Europeans. 

Monomotapa.  See  Mocaranga. 

Monongahela,  a river  of  the  United  States, 
a branch  of  the  Ohio,  rises  at  the  foot  of  the 
Laurel  Mountain,  Virginia  directs  its  course 
N by  Morgantown,  whence  it  becomes  navi- 
gable, enters  Pennsylvania,  and  passes  by 
Redstone  to  Pittsburg,  below  which  its  name 
is  lost  in  the  Ohio.  It  is  400  yards  broad 
at  its  junction  with  the  Alleghany  at  Pitts- 
burg ; and  is  deep,  gentle,  and  navigable 
With  batteaux  and  barges  beyond  Redstone 
creek,  and  still  further  with  lighter  craft. 
The  bills  opposite  Pittsburg,  which  are  at 
least  300  feet  high,  appe^ar  to  one  solid 
body  of  coal. 

MONONGALIA,  a county  in  the  nw 
part  of  Virginia,  about  40  miles  long  and 
30  broad,  containing  4768  inhabitants,  in- 
cluding 154  slaves. 

Monopoli,  a town  of  Naples,  in  the  Terra 
di  Bari,  on  the  coast  of  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
28  miles  ese  of  Ban. 

Monpazier,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Dordogne,  France.  It  is  18  miles  sw  of 
Sarlat. 

Monpox,  a city  of  Terra  Firma,  about 
75  miles  se  by  e of  Tolu. 

Monqucgna,  or  Monqnega,  a town  in  the 
bishopric  of  Arequipa,  Peru,  capital  of  a 
country  of  its  name,  has  an  extensive  com- 
merce in  wine  and  brandy,  which  are  much 
valued,  iOO  miles  se  of  Arequipa.  Lon.  71 
40  w,  lat.  17  34  s. 

Monreale,  a town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Ma- 
zara,  and  an  archbisbop-s  see,  with  an  elegant  ! 


MON 

cathedral,  near  which  is  the  celebrated  con- 
vent of  St  Martino.  The  town  is  neatly 
built,  and  stands  on  a hill,  four  miles  w by  s 
of  Palermo. 

Mans,  an  ancient,  large,  and  rich  city  of 
the  late  province  of  Hainault,  and  now  ca- 
pital of  the  French  department  of  Jemappe, 
It  has  several  manufactures,  and  a good 
trade.  The  most  remarkable  structures  are 
the  castle,  the  arsenal,  the  great  church,  and 
I the  town  house.  Mons  has  been  several 
times  taken  by  the  Austrians,  Dutch,  and 
French,  by  the  latter  in  1792,  after  the  bat- 
tle of  Jemappe.  It  stands  partly  on  a hill,, 
and  partly  on  a plain,  in  a marshy  soil,  on 
the  rivers  Haine  and  Trouille,  17  miles  ne 
of  Tournay,  and  37  w of  Namur.  Lon.  3 
57  E,  lat.  50  27  n. 

Monsanto,  a frontier  town  in]  Spain,  in 
the  province  of  Estremadura.  Lon.  6 20  w, 
lat.  39  40  N. 

Monsaraz,  a town  of  Alentejo,  Portu- 
gal, situated  on  the  Guadiana,  25  miles  sw 
of  Elvas. 

Monsol,  a town  of  Anziko,  Guinea,  th© 
residence  of  the  micoco  or  king,  380  miles 
ne  of  St  Salvador.  Lon.  17  16  e,  lat.  0 
40  s. 

Monstier,  See  Moustiers. 

Mont  Blanc.  See  Blanc  Mont. 

Mont  Blanc,  the  name  given  by  the 
French  to  the  conquered  duchy  of  Savoy, 
which  they  added  as  a new  department  to 
France. 

Mont  de  Marsan^  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Landes,  France,  oh  the  Medouse, 
30  miles  ne  of  Dax.  Lon.  0 30  w,  lat.  43 
55  N. 

Mont  St  Michael,  a strong  town  in  the 
department  of  Mancbe,  France,  seated  ou  a 
rock  in  the  sea,accessible  only  at  lo  w water. 
It  gave  name  to  the  military  order  of  St 
Michael.  Its  late  Benedictine  abbeys  served 
at  once  for  a castle  and  state-prison,  and  its 
prior  was  governor  of  the  town,  10  miles  sw 
of  Avanches.  Lon.  1 30  w,  lat.  48  37  n. 

Mont  Tonnere,  has  its  name  from  a ridge 
of  mountains  near  the  Rhine,  and  gives 
name  to  a new  department  of  France,  in- 
cluding the  duchy  of  Deux  Pouts,  the  pala- 
tinate of  the  Rhine,  and  part  of  the  electo- 
rate of  Mentz.  Mentz  is  the  capital. 

Montabaur,  a fortified  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  electorate  of  Treves,  now  annexed  to 
France,  with  an  elegant  palace.  It  lies  be- 
tween Coblentz  and  Lirnpurg,  seven  miles  n 
of  Nassau. 

Montagnano,  a fertile  district  of  the  late 
Maritime  division  of  Austria,  in  Padua, 
containing  one  town,  10  villages,  and  22,000 
souls. 

Montagnano,  a flourishing  town  in  the 
above  district  surrounded  with  walls,  and 
containing  6200  inhabitants. 

Montagne.  See  Montagno. 

Montag niac,  a considerable  town  of  Na- 
tolia*  It  carries  on  a great  trade,  especially 


M O N 

\a  fruits,  and  is  situated  on  a bay  of  the  ] 
same  name,  12  miles  from  Barza,  and  60 
SE  of  Constantinople, 

MontagnOf  a department  of  the  late  Ita- 
lian republic,  containing  160,040  inhabi- 
tants. Lecco  is  the  capital. 

Montagu,  the  largest  of  the  small  islands 
in  Prince  William^s  sound,  in  the  Pacific 
ocean.  It  is  50  miles  long  and  12  broad, 
near  the  w coast  of  America.  Lon.  137  30 
w,  lat.  60  0 N. 

Montagu  Island,  one  of  the  New  He- 
brides, in  the  South  Pacific  ocean,  situated 
near  Sandwich  island.  Lon.  168  31  e,  lat. 
17  26  s. 

Montaigu,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Vendee,  France,  24  mfles  w of  Mauleon, 
and  40  nnw  of  Fontenay  le  Compte. 

Montaigne,  or  Scherpenhuel,  a town  in 
Brabant,  Netherlands.  It  is  celebrated 
for  an  image  of  the  Virgin,  resorted  to  by 
a great  number  of  people,  14  miles  ne  of 
Louvain. 

Montalcino,  a small  populous  town  of 
Tuscany,  17  miles  sse  of  Sienna. 

Montalegre,  a town  in  Tralos  Montes, 
Portugal,  25  miles  ne  of  Braga,  and  42  w 
of  Braganza. 

Montalmn,  a town  in  Arragon,  Spain,  on 
the  Rio  Martin,  has  a strong  citadel,  44 
miles  s of  Saragossa,  and  92  n by  w of  Va- 
lencia. 

Montalvao,  a town  in  Alentejo,  Portugal, 
on  the  frontiers  of  Spain,  18  miles  nne  of 
Portalegre. 

Montanches,  a town  in  Estremadura, 
Spain,  seated  at  the  foot  of  a chain  of  moun- 
tains, 18  miles  n by  e of  Merida. 

Montagril,  a town  in  Alentejo,  Portugal, 
28  miles  se  of  Santarem,  and  33  nnw  of 
Evora. 

Montargis,  a considerable  towm  in  the 
department  of  Loiret,  France.  The  mustard 
and  cutlery  of  this  place  are  excellent,  and 
from  the  river  Loing  is  a navigable  canal 
hence  to  the  Seine.  It  is  situated  near  a 
fine  forest,  15  miles  s of  Nemours,  and  62  s 
of  Paris. 

Montauhan,  a handsome  and  commercial 
town,  capital  of  the  department  of  Tarn  and 
Garonne,  France,  lately  an  episcopal  see. 

It  was  taken  from  the  Hugenots  in  1629,  | 
and  its  fortifications  demolished.  The  in-  j 
habitants  amount  to  40,000,  and  have  ma-  | 
nufactures  of  silk  stockings  and  stuffs,  serges, 
shalloons,  &c.  It  is  situated  on  an  emi- 
nence on  the  Tarn,  30  miles  n of  Toulouse, 
and  32  s of  Cahors. 

Montbazon,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Indre  and  Loire,  France,  with  an  ancient 
castle  on  a hill,  eight  miles  s of  Tours,  and 
135  sw  of  Paris. 

Montbelliard,  the  capital  of  a late  te/ritory 
of  the  same  na\ne,  France.  It  is  situated 
on  the  Savourense,  at  its  junction  w’ith  the 
Luzine.  Belore  the  revolution  it  belonged 
to  Germany,  although  it  was  isolated  by 


MON 


France,  between  the  department  of  Doubs, 
and  that  of  the  Upper  Rhine,  33  miles  w 
of  Basle,  and  47  ene  of  Besanon.  Lon.  6 
56  E,  lat.  47  30  n. 

Montbrison,  a considerable  town  in  the 
department  of  the  Rhone  and  Loire,  France, 
seated  on  the  Veviz,  and  famous  for  its 
medicinal  w^aters,  40  miles  w of  Vienne,  40 
wsw  of  Lyon,  and  76  sse  of  Moulins.  Lon. 

4 7 e,  lat.  45  34  n. 

Montdauphin,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Upper  Alps,  France  ,12  miles  ne  of  Em- 
brun,  situated  on  a craggy  mountain,  almost 
surrounded  by  the  Durance.  Lon.  6 45  e, 
lat.  44  40  N. 

Montdidier,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Somme,  France,  seated  on  a mountain. 
Here  the  kings  of  France  formerly  had  a 
palace,  22  miles  sss  of  Amiens,  and  58  n by 
e of  Paris, 

Monte  Alcino,  a town  in  the  Sienese, 
Tuscany,  celebrated  for  the  best  wine  in 
Italy,  24  miles  sse  of  Sienna. 

Monte  Alto,  a town  in  the  marquisate  of 
Ancona,  Italy.  It  is  situated  14  miles  ssw 
of  Fermo. 

Monte  Cassino,  a town  of  Naples,  in 
1 Terra  di  Lavora,  w’ith  a celebrated  Benedic- 
tine abbey,  18  miles  sse  of  Sora. 

Monte  Chiaro,  a town  and  district  of  the 
Bresciano,  1 8 miles  se  of  Brescia.  The  town 
contains  about  5600  souls,  and  the  district 
6800. 

iHonfcec/i/n,  a considerable  town  of  Italy, 
in  Reggio,  10  miles  se  of  Parma. 

Monte  Christo,  a cape,  bay,  towui  and  ri- 
ver, on  the  N side  of  the  island  of  St  Domin- 
go. The  cape,  called  by  the  French  Cape 
la  Grange,  is  a high  bill  in  form  of  a tent. 
Lon.  7 44  w,  lat.  19  51  n. 

Monte  Faleo,  a town  in  the  duchy  of 
Spoletto,  Italy,  by  the  Clitunno,  12  miles  w 
of  Spoletto. 

Monte  Falcone,  a town  in  Friuli,  Italy, 
near  the  Ponzano,  has  a castle,  18  miles 
WNW  of  Frieste. 

Monte  Fiascone,  a small  but  populous 
town  of  Italy,  situated  near  the  lake  Bol- 
seua,  in  the  Patrimony  of  St  Peter,  in  a 
country  abounding  with  excellent  wine,  12 
miles  sw  of  Orvieto,  12  nnw  of  Viterbo,  and 
45  Nw  of  Rome. 

Monte  Forte,  a town  of  Naples  in  Princi- 
pato  Ultra,  18  miles  sw  of  Beuevento. 

Monte  Fossoli,  a town  of  Tuscany,  in 
Pisano,  28  miles  wsw  of  Florence. 

MONTECCHIO.  MAGGIORE,  a dis- 
trict and  town  in  the  late  Maritinve  Austria, 
The  district  contains  the  town  and  seven 
villages.  The  town  is  about  Ji  miles  ssw 
of  Vicenza. 

Montego  Bay,  on  the  n side  of  the  island 
lof  .Jamaica,  20  miles  e by  n of  Lucca  har- 
bour. This  was  formerly  a flourishing 
town.  It  w^as  almost  totally  destroyed  by 
an  accidental  fire,  in  July  1795.  Lon.  78 

5 w,  lat.  18  40  N. 


4 


MON 

Monteiih^  or  Menieithy  Stewarlry  ofy  one  j 
of  the  ancient  divisions  of  Perthshire^  com- 
prp-iiedin^  ihe  sw  part  of  the  county. 

Mo'i^teUuy  Lochy  a beautiful  lake  in  the 
above  district,  about  five  miles  in  circumfer-  j 
ence,  containing  two  beautiful  islands,  in  j| 
one  of  whioh,  Murdao,  duke  of  Albany,  who 
was  four  years  regent  of  Scotland,  in  the  I 
minority  of  James  I.  and  beheaded  on  Go-  j 
vane  hill,  near  Stirling,  in  1423,  for  treason,  ‘ 
his  wife  Isabella,  and  two  sons  were  inter- 
red, seven  miles  w of  Doune. 

Monte  Leone,  a town  of  Naples,  in  Cala- 
bria Ultra,  12  miles  ne  of  Nikotera. 

Monte  Leone,  a town  of  Naples,  in  Priu- 
cipato  Ultra,  nine  miles  n of  Benevento. 

Montelimart,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Drome,  France,  with  an  ancient  citadel,  and 
manufactures  of  wool,  silk,  and  leather. 

It  is  a populous  trading  place,  and  situated 
in  a fertile  plain  near  the  Rhone,  25  miles 
s of  Valence,  and  30  n of  Orange. 

Montelovez,  capital  of  the  province  of 
Cobahuila,  New  Spain,  seated  on  a rivulet, 
has  two  public  squares  and'seven  churches, 
and  is  the  chief  military  depot  for  this  pro- 
vince and  Texas,  310  miles  n of  Zacatecas. 
Lon.  101  30w,lat.  26  33  n. 

Monte  Marano,  a populous  town  of  Na- 
ples, in  Principato  Ultra,  near  the  Calore, 
18  miles  s of  Benevento. 

Monte  Mor  0 Novo,  a considerable  town 
of  Portugal,  in  Alentejo,  on  the  Canna,  1<5 
miles  wNw  of  Evora,  and  dO  e by  s of 
Lidon. 

Monte  Mor  O VeUio,  a town  of  Portugal, 
in  Eeira,  with  a castle  on  the  Alondego, 
10  miles  sw  of  Coimbra,  and  83  n by  e of 
Lisbon. 

MONTE-NEGRO,  a mountainous  dis- 
trict of  Albania.  The  Inhabitants,  the 
jaiontenegrins,  profess  the  Christian  re- 
ligion, and  bear  a mortal  hatred  to  the 
Turks. 

Monte  Poloso,  a town  in  Basilicato,  Na- 
ples, seated  near  the  Basiento,  14  miles  e of 
Acerenza. 

Monte  Put cicmo,^ town  of  Tuscany,  near 
the  Cilia  no,  in  a country  famous  for  excel- 
lent wine,  28  miles  se  of  Sienna,  and  50  s 
by  E of  Florence. 

Mordereau,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Seine  and  Alarne,  France,  seated  on  the 
Seine,  at  the  junction  of  the  Yonne.  It 
has  cl  trade  in  corn,  cheese,  and  cloth  ; 1>5 
miles  SE  of  Aleiun. 

Montesii,  a town  and  fortress  in  Valencia, 
Spain,  five  miles  nw  of  Xativa. 

^ Monte  Sancto,  lonwriy  called  Mount 
Athos,  a mountain  cf  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  rvlaceiioni.':,  on  the  gulf  of  Contessa, 
inhuiiit'd  hy  Greek  monks,  who  have  seven 
eouveriis  cunstructed  like  forts,  17  miles  s of 
S(‘h''iiicbi. 

' St  Angels,  a town  in  Capitanato. 
Xru'ies.  It  is  about  seven  miles  n of  Alan- 
IiiXioniac 


MON 

Montesquieu,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Upper  Garonne,  France,  15  miles  sse  of 
Toulouse. 

Monte  Velino,  a mountain  of  Italy,  being;^ 
8400  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean, supposed  to  be  the  most  lofty  of  the 
Appeiiiiies,  46  miles  ne  of  Rome. 

Monte  Verde,  a town  in  Principato  Ul- 
teriore,  Naples.  It  is  situated  16  miles  ne 
of  Conza. 

Monte  Video,  a bay  and  town  of  Para- 
guay, in  South  America,  surrounded  by  a 
strong  wall,  seated  at  the  foot  of  a lofty 
conical  mountain,  on  the  n side  of  the  river 
Plata,  60  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  was 
taken  by  the  English  in  1807  ; but  soon 
evacuated.  Its  chief  trade  consists  in  hides. 
Provisions  are  cheap  and  abundant.  Popu- 
lation about  20,000.  It  is  140  miles  e of 
Beunos  Ayres.  Lon.  56  25  N,  lat.  34 

50  s. 

MontecMo,  a town  in  the  Modenese,  Italy.. 
In  this  vicinity,  the  French  defeated  the 
Austrians,  in  1736.  It  is  eight  miles  nw  of 
Reggio. 

Montery,  a seaport  and  capital  of  a juris- 
diction rJ  its  name,  in  New  Albion.  It  has 
an  area  of  300  yards  long,  and  250  broad,  is 
walled  round,  has  a fort,  and  stands  on  the 
SE  of  a spacious  bay  of  its  name.  Lon.  121 

51  w,  lat.  36  36  n. 

Montery,  capital  of  New  Leon,  New 
Spain,  seated  near  the  source  of  the  Tigre, 
which  falls  into  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  and  is 
a bishop’s  see, 230  miles  nne  of  Zacatecas. 
Lon.  100  0 w,  lat;  26  10  n. 

Monteresso,  a town  in  Val  di  Noto,  Sicily, 
stands  on  the  side  of  a mountain,  28  miles  w 
of  Syracuse. 

Montesqniou,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Gers,  France,  11  miles  wsw  of  Aueb. 

MonfJhTand,  a suburb  of  Clermont, 
France. 

Montferrat,  a duchy  of  Itevly.  It  con- 
tains 200  towns,  and  is  very  fertile,  abound- 
ing in  corn,  wine,  oil,  and  silk,  and  belongs 
to  the  king  of  Sardinia.  Casal  is  the  capi- 
tal. See  Piedmont. 

Montfort,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Seine  and  Oise,  France,  16  miles  w of 
Versailles. 

Montfort,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Tile  and  Vilaine,  France,  12  miles  w of 
Rennes. 

Montfort,  a handsome  town  of  Utrecht, 
Holland,  on  the  Yssel,  seven  miles  sw  of 
Utrecht. 

Montfort,  a town  of  Suabia,  on  the  con- 
fines of  Tyrol,  16  miles  s of  Lindau,  and 
six  N of  Feldkircb. 

Montfort  de  Lemos,  an  ancient  town  of 
Galicia,  25  miles  ne  of  Orense. 

Montgatz,  or  Munkats,  a town  in  the 
county  of  Pereezas,  Lower  Hungary,  seated 
on  a craggy  rock,  has  a fortress  composed 
of  three  castles,  is  surrounded  by  a morass, 
and  is  nearly  impregnable.  In  1688,  it 


MON 

nirrendered  to  the  Austrians  after  being 
defended  three  years  by  the  princess  Ra- 
gotsky,  wife  of  count  Tekeli ; 52  miles 
ESE  of  Cassovia.  Lon.  21  58  e,  lat.  40 

26  N.  ^ ^ 

Montgomery^  the  county  town  or  Mont- 
gomeryshire, in  Wales  ; a small,  neat  town, 
without  much  trade,  stands  on  the  side  of 
a hill,  near  the  Severn.  It  is  governed  by 
two  bailififs,  and  a town  clerk,  and  sends 
one  member  to  parliament.  It  had  walls 
and  a castle  which  were  demolished  in  the 
cw'il  wars,  is  now  a small  place,  and  the 
population  on  the  decrease.  In  1801,  the 
i nlK-ibif ants  were  9T2,  in  1811,  932.  It  has 
a market  on  Thursday,  and  two  annual 
fairs.  It  is  26  miles  sw  by  w of  Hereford, 
and  168  nw  of  London.  Lon.  3 5 w,  lat. 
52  26  N. 

MONTGOMEPtY,  a county  of  New 
York,  it  consisted  of  11  towuiships,  which 
contained  28,848  inhabitants,  according 
to  the  census  of  1T91.  Chief  town  is 
Johnston. 

Montgomery^  a towm  of  Maryland,  capital 
of  a county  of  its  name.  It  is  12 
miles  N of  Washington,  and  23  s of  Balti- 
more. 

MONTGOMERY,  a county  in  Penn- 
sylvania, 33  miles  in  length,  and  17  in 
breadth,  nw*  of  Philadelphia  county.  It  is 
divided  into  26  townships,  and  contains 
22,929  inhabitants.  In  this  county,  many 
years  ago,  were  96  grist  mills,  61  saw  mills, 
10  paper  mills,  six  fulling  mills,  and  four 
forges.  Norritown  is  the  capital. 

MONTGOMERY,  a county  of  Vir- 
ginia, s of  Botetourt  county.  It  is  about 
100  miles  in  length,  and  44  in  breadth, 
and  contaius  some  lead  mines.  Chief  town, 
Christiansburgh. 

MONTGOMERYSHIRE,  a county  of 
North  Wales,  bounded  n by  Merionethshire 
and  Denbighshire,  ke  and  e by  Shropshire, 
s by  Radnorshire,  sw  by  Cardiganshire,  and 

by  part  of  Merionethshire.  Tt  extends  36 
miles  from  n to  s,  and  nearly  the  same 
from  E to  w”,  containing  nine  hundreds,  five 
market  towns,  53  parishes,  and  about  9098 
houses,  and  51,931  inhabitants,  and  sends 
two  members  to  parliament.  The  air  is 
salubrious ; and,  though  barren  in  many 
parts,  it  has  a great  mixtiiie  of  fertile 
vale  and  plain.  Its  riches  proceed  from  its 
sheep  and  wool.  This  county  also  affords 
mineral  treasures,  particularly  lead ; and 
it  abounds  with  slate  and  lime.  Its  prin- 
cipal rivers  are  the  Severn,  Vyrnew,  and 
Tanat.  The  assizes  are  always  held  at 
Wes  h pool. 

Montguioriy  a town  in  the  department  ol 
Lower  Charente,  France,  43  miles  sse  of 
Saintes. 

Monti  Della  CAefnera,  anci'  rdly  Acrocer- 
nunia^  a tract  of  mountains  which  separate 
the  Ionian  from  the  Adriatic  sea. 

Montil,  a town  in  New  Castile,  Spain,  22 


MON 

miles  w by  Alcara,  and  70  ese  of  Cal^ 

trava . 

Montignne,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Dordogne,  France,  21  ipiles  ese  of  Peri- 
gueux. 

Mont  ilia  i a towm  in  Andalusia,  Spain, 

18  miles  sse  of  Cordova. 

Mont  Joijf  a town  in  the  late  duchy  of 
Juliers,  France,  lately  of  Germany,  seated 
among  rugged  rocks,  with  a fortified  castle 
on  a hill,  19  miles  s of  Juliers. 

Montwilliers,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Lower  Seine,  France,  six  miles  n of 
Havre,  and  95  Nw  of  Paris. 

Montlieul,  a town  in  the  department  of 
France,  Low'er  Charente,  40  miles  sse  of 
Saintes,  and  205  se  of  Paris. 

Montlouis,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Eastern  Pyrenees,  France,  with  a fortress, 
on  a rock  at  the  foot  of  the  Pyrenees,  for 
the  defence  of  the  frontiers,  40  miles  w by 
s of  Perpignan,  and  430  s of  Paris.  Lon. 

2 5 E,  lat.  42  30  n. 

Montloucony  a town  in  the  department  of 
Allier,  France,  on  the  Cher,  35  miles  w'sw 
of  Moulins,  and  15T  s of  Paris. 

Montlonel,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Ain,  France,  on  the  Seraine  nine  miles  se 
of  Trevoux. 

Montmaranlt,  a town  in  the  departmetit 
of  Allier,  France.  It  is  28  miles  sw  of 
Moulins. 

Montmedyf  a town  in  the  department  of 
Meuse,  France,  on  the  Cher,  which  divides 
into  the  Upper  and  the  Lo'wer  Towm,  21 
miles  N or  Verdun,  and  135  ne  of  Paris. 

Montmeiian,  a town  of  Savoy,  with  a 
castle.  In  1705,  it  was  taken  by  the  French, 
who  razed  its  fortifications,  eight  miles  se  of 
Chamberry,  and  27  ne  of  Grenoble. 

Montniivel,  a town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Marne,  40  miles  w by  s of  Cha- 
lons, and  55  e of  Paris. 

Monimorency,  a town  in  the  department 
of  the  Seine  and  Oise,  France,  Stands  near  * 
the  Seine,  10  miles  n ol  Paris. 

Montmorin,  a new  town  on  the  n bank  of 
Ohio  river,  18  miles  below  Pittsbtirg. 

Montmorillon,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Vienne,  France,  on  the  Gartenrite,  over 
wd(ieh  is  a bridge.  It  is  25  miles  se  of 
Poitiers. 

MONTONA,  a burgh  and  district  of 
Italy,  in  Istria.  The  latter  extends  from 
the  Quieto  to  Pisino,  and  comprehends  se- 
veral enormous  forests. 

Montpellier^  one  of  the  largest,  richest, 
and  most  beautiful  cities  in  the  department 
of  Herault,  France,  and  late  province  of 
Languedoc,  a bishop’s  see,  with  a oitade), 
and  an  university,  in  which  is  a medical 
department.  The  cath ‘dral  was  partly  de-  , 
molished  by  the  Huguenots,  but  has  been 
rebuilt.  The  numbe^r  oj  inhabitants  is  com- 
puted at  32,000.  Its  tradf!  consists  in  silks, 
blankets,  cotton  goods,  printed  calicoes, 
gauzes,  hides,  liquors  univeri-ally  esteem- 


MON 

The  air  is  healthy,  aud  a number 
of  persons  fioek  hither,  from  all  parts,  to 
recover  their  health.  Montpellier  is  five 
miles  from  the  Mediterranean,  upon  a hill 
near  the  Lez  which  is  navigable,  and  the 
yitmlet  Merdanson,  v/hicli,  by  subterraneous 
canals,  is  conveyed  into  different  parts  of 
the  city,  situated  2T  miles  sw  of  Nesmes, 
and  47  ne  of  Narbonne.  Lon.  3 62  e, 
lot.  43  36  K. 

MontpensieTf  a town  in  the  department  of 
Puys  de  Dome,  France,  20  miles  ne  of 
Clermont. 

Montqnhitter,  a parish  in  Aberdeenshire, 
near  Tureff,  about  nine  miles  long  from  n to 
s,  by  six  broad  from  e to  w.  The  general 
appearance  is  wild  and  rugged,  and  abounds 
with  morasses.  There  is  only  one  village 
in  the  parish,  viz.  that  called  Cuminestone, 
containing  400,  inhabitants.  The  inhabi- 
tants spin  and  knit  for  the  manufactures  of 
Aberdeen.  A field  near  Lendrum  in  this 
parish,  is  said  to  have  been  the  scene  of  a 
battie,  between  Donald  Bane  and  the  forces 
cf  Mai  com  Canmore,  led  on  fey  the  Thane 
of  Buchan,  which  continued  three  days, 
and  terminated  in  favour  of  the  latter.  The 
field  is  almost  covered  by  Tumuli ; and 
is  said  never  to  have  been  reaped  without  strife 
and  even  bloodshed  ! ! ! 

MONTREAL,  an  isle  of  North  Ame- 
rica, in  the  river  St  Lawuence,  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Utawas,  about  28  miles  in  length, 
and  10  in  breadth,  and  takes  its  name  from 
a high  mountain  in  the  middle  of  the  island 
called  by  the  French,  Mont  Real,  and 
covered  wuth  trees  and  shrubs.  The  soil  is 
fertile,  and  the  air  is  in  general  pretty  v/hole- 
some. 

Montreal^  a town  in  Arragcn,  Spain,  with 
a castle,  on  the  Xiloca,  26  miles  nw  of 
Terruel,  and  40  se  of  Calatayiid. 

Montreal^  a city  in  Lower  Canada,  next 
in  rank  to  Quebec,  stands  on  the  e side  of 
the  island  of  its  name,  the  lower  part  ex- 
tending along  the  river  St* Lawrence,  which 
at  this  place  is  three  miles  broa.l,  and  so 
deep  that  ships  can  lie  close  to  the  shore. 
From  the  shore  is  a gradual  ascent  to  the 
upper  town,  wiiich  contains  the  cathedral,  j 
an  English  church,  the  government  hou^-e,  ! 
and  a spacious  court-house.  The  chief  | 
trade  is  in  furs  ; goods  and  merchandise  for 
the  upper  country  are  carted  hence  to  the 
village  of  Chine,  eight  miles  higher  up,  the 
navigation  of  the  river  foiir  miles  above  the 
city,  being  interrupted  by  he  rapids  of  | 
St  Louis.  Population  in  ISOb,  was  esti-  * 
mated  at  12,000.  This^ity  was  surrendered 
by  the  Fr^-nch  in  176?';  110  miles  n of 
Crown  Point,  aiid  170  sv/  of  Quebec.  Lon. 
73  { 8 w,  hit.  4G  33  N. 

a town  in  the  department  cf 
the  Rhine  and  Moselle,  lately  of  Germany, 
in  the  electorate  of  Treves,  seated  ou  the 
Elz,  and  lies  about  20  miles  w by  n of 
Cobientz. 


MON 

Montreal^  in  Sicily  ; see  Monreale* 

Montreuil,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Straits  of  Calais,  France,  stands  on  a 
hill,  near  the  month  of  the  Canche,  situ- 
ated 10  miles  nw  of  Hesdin,  and  36  s of 
Calais. 

Montreuil  Bellamy  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Mayenue  and  Loire,  France,  on 
the  Touet,  10  miles  ssw  of  Saumur,  and 
165  from  Paris. 

Montrose,  a town  and  sea-port  in  Angus- 
shire,  situated  on  a peninsula  formed  by  the 
South  Esk,  and  a large  expanse  of  water  on 
the  w of  the  town,  formed  by  the  Esk  and 
the  sea,  which  is  almost  dry  at  low  water. 
It  is  well  built  and  regular  ; and  reckoned 
one  of  the  neatest  towns  of  its  size  in  Great 
Britain.  It  consists  of  a fine  broad  main 
street,  and  a number  of  by-lanes.  The  chief 
buildings  are  the  old  town  house,  lately  fit- 
ted up  for  a prison ; the  new  town  house, 
the  Episcopal  chapel,  and  the  Lunatic  hos- 
pital. The  public  schools  are  much  es- 
teemed. In  1886,  a Public  Library  was 
established.  A fine  draw- bridge  has  lately 
been  erected,  forming  a communication  with 
the  town  and  opposite  side  of  the  South  Esk. 
The  harbour  is  commodious,  admitting  ves- 
sels of  large  burden,  with  safe  anchorage. 
There  is  a dry  and  wet  dock  here.  The 
principal  manufactures  are  malt,  linen  yarn, 
thread,  sheeting,  sail-cloth,  an  extensive  tan- 
work,  and  several  roperies.  The  salmon 
fisheries  on  the  N and  S Esk,  form  a valu- 
able branch  of  commerce.  Besides  a num- 
ber of  trading  vessels  to  the  Baltic,  and  other 
places,  some  ships  are  fitted  out  from  this 
port  for  the  Greenland  whale  fishery.  The 
house  in  which  was  born  the  great  marquis 
of  Montrose  is  still  standing  ; and  on  a hill 
which  commands  the  tow^n,  are  the  remains 
of  a castle.  It  is  governed  by  a provost, 
three  bailies,  a dean  of  guild,  treasurer,  hos- 
pital master,  10  merchant  counsellors,  and 
two  counsellors  fj^om  the  trades.  It  joins 
with  Aberdeen,  Arbroath,  Bervie,  and  Bre- 
chin, in  sending  a member  to  parliament. 
The  parish  of  Montrose,  the  church  of  which 
is  collegiate,  is  about  three  miles  long  by 
tw'O  and  a-haif  broad,  lying  betw'eea  the 
rivers  N and  S Esk.  It  is  level  and  well 
cultivated,  and  the  country  part  of  the  parish 
contains  about  1000  inhabitants.  There  are 
several  mineral  springs,  one  of  which  is  said 
to  possess  nearly  the  same  qualities  with  that 
of  Harrowgate.,  Population  of  the  town 
and  parish  8956  in  1811.  Here  the  pre- 
tender landed  in  December,  1715,  and  em- 
liarked  in  February  following.  The  town 
is  12  miles  kne  of  Arbroath,  30  from  Dun- 
dee, nearly  in  the  same  direction  ; and  70 
by  Dundee  water,  ne  by  n of  Edinburgh. 
See  Inch  Brayock.  Lon.  2 22  w,  lat.  66 
41  N. 

Monfsau  Jeoiiy  a town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Upper  Marne,  16  miles  s of 
Langres,  and  145  from  Paris. 


MON 

Montserraty  a high  mountain  of  Spain, 
in  Catalonia.  This  mountain  is  said  to  be 

12  miles  in  circumference,  and  3300  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  On  it  is  a large 
monastery,  dedicated  to  the  Virgin,  inhabi- 
ted by  noble  Benedictine  Monks,  of  several 
nations,  who  entertain  all  who  come  out  of 
curiosity  or  devotion,  for  three  days,  gratis. 
Here  are  also  13  hermitages,  the  most  beau- 
tiful of  w'hich  is  that  of  ^uta  Ana,  the  resi- 
dence of  the  mountain  vicar,  or  father  of  all 
the  hermits.  In  1808,  the  monks  and  pea- 
santry repelled  two  attacks  made  by  the 
French  on  this  mountain ; who  early  in 
the  following  year,  succeeded  in  entering 
the  monastery,  but  were  compelled  to  re- 
treat the  next  morning.  In  1811,  the 
French  again  obtained  possession,  when 
they  burned  the  church,  and  every  thing 
that  might  be  useful  for  its  future  establish- 
ment. It  is  situated  24  miles  nw  of  Barce- 
lona. 

MONTSERRAT,  an  island  in  the  West 
Indies,  discovered  in  1493,  by  Columbus, 
who  gave  it  its  name  as  it  resembles  the 
above  mountain.  It  is  about  nine  miles  in 
length,  and  as  much  in  breadth,  and  of  an 
oval  form.  The  hills  are  clothed  with  ce- 
dar and  other  trees.  The  principal  exports 
are  sugar,  cotton,  and  rum.  It  belongs  to 
the  British,  30  miles  sw  of  Antigua.  Lon. 
92  17  w,  lat.  16  4.5  n. 

Mont  St.  AndrCy  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Sambre  and  Meuse,  two  miles  n of 
Ramillies  and  12  n of  Namur. 

Monymusky  a parish  of  Scotland,  in 
Aberdeenshire,  in  the  district  of  Garioch, 
about  seven  miles  long,  and  from  four  to 
five  broad,  intersected  by  the  Don.  The 
greater  part  of  the  arable  land  lies  on  the 
banks  of  the  Don.  Monymusk,  the  seat  of 
Sir  Archibald  Grant,  is  an  elegant  building. 
Population  in  1801,  901,  but  has  decreased 
much  within  the  last  12  years.  The  parish 
contains  large  tracts  of  natural  and  planted 
wood,  ironstone,  and  some  mineral  springs. 
In  J790  the  crop  w’as  almost  wholly  de- 
stroyed by  hail  which  accompanied  a thun- 
der storm  July  30th,  and  fell  in  such  quan- 
tity, that  it  was  not  wholly  dissolved  for  two 
days.  The  village  of  Monymusk,  is  seated 
five  miles  sw  of  Inver ury,  and  18  xw  of 
Aberdee.n,  has  fairs,  second  Wednesday 
of  February,  and  third  Wednesday  of 
August. 

Monizingeuy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Rhine  and  Moseile,  France,  lately  of  Ger- 
many, circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  on  the  Nake, 

13  miles  w by  s of  Creutznacb. 

Monztty  a town  in  the  Milanese,  Italy,  on 
the  Lamhro,  celebrated  for  the  treasury  of 
St.  John  the  Baptist.  Here  is  the  iron 
crown  with  which  the  ItrJian  kings  wo.re 
crowned,  and  afterwards  the  emperors  of 
Germany  when  they  asserted  their  rights,  as 
kings  of  Lombardy.  Here  in  1774,  Char- 
lemagne, after  taking  Desiderias  king  of 


M o R 

Lombardy  prisoner,  was  crowned,  eigh* 
miles  NE  of  Milan. 

Momiey  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Perth- 
shire, about  12  miles  long  and  seven  broad, 

N of  Crieff.  .It  is  exceedingly  mountainous. 

Not  above  one  third  is  araMe.  The  only 
habitable  part  is  in  two  vallies,  seperated  by 
a ridge  of  hills  four  miles  broad.  On  the 
s side  of  which  the  inhabitants  speak  Eng- 
lish, on  the  X side  Gaelic,  In  the  parish 
are  several  caves,  remains  of  ancient  forts, 
camps,  and  a number  of  tumuli.  At  a 
small  camp,  called  Combal  Cults,  it  is  be- 
lieved that  Combal  the  grandfather  of  Fin- 
gal  fell.  It  is  said  that  Ossian  lies  here. 

His  tomb  consists  of  four  grey  stones  cover- 
ed v/ith  one  of  immense  size.  The  village 
of  Monzie,  three  miles  n of  Crieff,  has  “a 
fair  in  August.  In  the  vicinity,  the  Skeg- 
gie  falls  55  feet  over  a rugged  rock,  and  at 
some  distance  the  Keltie  90  feet  over  a slop- 
ing rock.  Population  about  1157. 

Monzon.  See  Moncon. 

Moonziey  a small  parish  in  Fifeshire, 
being  only  two  miles  and  a-half  long  by  one 
and  a-half  broad,  containing  liOO  acres, 
lying  about  two  miles  from  Cupar.  Popu- 
lation 201. 

MOORE,  a comity  of  North  Carolina,  in 
Fayette  district.  It  contains  3770  inhabi- 
tants. Chief  town,  Alfordstone. 

Moony  Mountains  of  the,  mountains  ex- 
tending from  Negroland,  Africa,  through 
Abysiuia,  to  the  Indian  ocean.  They  are 
higher  than  those  of  Atlas. 

MoorJieldSy  a post-town,  and  the  capital 
of  Hardy  county  Virginia,  on  the  s branch 
of  the  Potomac.  It  is  situated  45  miles  w 
by  s of  Winchester.  Lon.  79  20  w,  lat, 

39  8 N. 

Moorshedahady  a large  ill  built  city  of 
Hiudoostan  Proper,  stands  near  the  western 
arm  of  the  Ganges,  and  was  the  capital  of 
Bengal  before  the  settlement  of  the  Eng- 
lish; 112  miles  n of  Calcutta.  Lon.  88 
27  E,  lat.  24  15  n. 

Moose  Forty  a settlement  of  the  Hudson 
bay  Company,  on  the  s part  of  James  bay, 
near  the  influx  of  a river  of  its  name.  Lon. 

80  2 w,  lat.  51  15  n. 

Moosehillocky  the  highest  of  the  chain  of 
mountains  in  New  Hampshire, 

MOOSE  ISLAND,  on  the  coast  of  the 
district  of  Maine,  at  the  mouth  of  Shoedick 
river,  contains  about  30  families. 

Mooshy  or  Moushy  a town  in  Kurdistan, 
Asiatic  Turkey,  seated  on  an  eminence; 
washed  by  the  Euphrates,  over  which  is  a 
bridge,  and  has  a trade  in  Mtinna  and  To- 
bacco, 40  miles  nnw  of  Belles. 

Mootapilly,  a (own  in  the  Guntoor  circar, 
Hindoostan,  situated  near  the  mouth  of  ^ 
the  Gandegaina.  Lon.  80  10  e,  lat.  15 
35  N. 

Mora,  a town  in  Dalecarlia,  Sv.(?tlen, 
)iear  w’hioh  is  ilie  ncre  whence  Gustav  us 
harungued  the  luulvcanuij’*-,  and  coF 


M O R 


M O R 


lected  the  troops  with  which  be  drove 
Christian  II.  of  Denmark  from  Stockholm. 
It  stands  near  the  w end  of  the  lake  SiljaH;, 
60  miles  nw  of  Fahlun. 

Mora,  a town  in  Catalonia,  Spain,  on  the 
Kbro,  (3  miles  n of  Tortosa. 

Mora,  a town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 
18  miles  se  of  Toledo. 

Mora,  a town  in  Alentejo,  Portugal,  on 
the  Odivor.  It  is  situated  29  miles  nw  of 
Evora. 

Morant  point,  the  most  easterly  promon- 
tory of  Jamaica,  on  the  sw  side  of  the  point 
at  the  distance  of  about  four  leagues  is  a 
harbour  and  river  of  the  same  name.  Eon. 
76  7 w,lat.  IT  57  n. 

Moral,  or  Murton^  a rich,  trading,  and 
considerable  tow'n  of  Switzerland,  capital  of 
a bailiwick  of  the  same  name,  with  a castle, 
seated  on  the  se  side  of  a lake  of  its  name, 
parallel  with  the  lake  of  Newchatel,  into 
which  it  flows  by  the  Broye.  In  1746, 
this  town  was  besieged  by  the  duke  of  Bur- 
gundy, whose  army  of  30,000  men  were 
all  slain,  and  their  bones  are  kept  here  in  a 
charnel  house.  It  is  situated  about  iO 
miles  w by  s of  Bern,  and  10  ne  of  Fri- 
burg. 

Moratalaz,3,  town  in  New  Castile,  Spain, 
22  miles  e of  Cuidad  Real. 

Moratella,  a town  in  Murcia,  Spain,  34 
miles  ssw  of  Chinchilla. 

Morava,  a river  of  European  Turkey, 
which  has  its  source  in  Bulgaria,  passes 
through  Servia,  by  Nissa,  and  unites  with 
the  Danube,  at  Semendria. 

MORAVIA,  The  MARacisATE  of,  a 
province  annexed  to  the  kingdom  of  Bohe- 
mia. It  is  a mountainous  country,  vvatered 
by  a number  of  rivers  and  brooks.  It  })ro- 
duces  hemp  and  flax,  and  more  corn  than 
supplies  the  inhabitants.  The  principal 
manufactures  are  cloth,  iron,  glass,  paper, 
and  gunpowder.  The  XJnkas,  Fratrum,  or, 
Brethren,  called  Moravians,  take  their 
name  from  it,  but  the  inhabitants  in  gene- 
ral are  Roman  Catholics.  It  is  divided 
into  seven  circles,  Oimutz,  Brun,  Iglaw 
Znaym,  llradesch,  Prerau,  and  Teschen. 
It  has  its  own  form  of  government.  Ol- 
mutz  is  tba  capital. 

Moraw,  or  Morsh,  a large  river  of  Ger- 
many, which  has  jts  source  on  the  conflnes 
of  Bohemia  and  Silesia,  passes  through 
Moravia,  by  Oimutz,  and  Hradesch,  meets 
the  Teya  on  the  borders  of  Austria  and 
Hungary,  separates  these  countries  as  far  as 
the  Danube,  into  which  it  fails,  15  miles 
above  Presbiirg. 

MORAY3H1RE,  Murfavshire,  or 
Elginshire,  a county  bounded  on  the  n 
by  ihe  Moray  Frith,  e and  se  by  BamlTshire, 
sw  by  Invcri:css-sliiiv,  and  w by  Inverness 
aufi  Nairn,  exu'uding  aboiu-  42  miles  iu 
length,  and  on  an  average  20  in  breadth. 
The  soiitliern  part  is  rocky  and  mountain- 
ous ; and  the  iiorthern  ports  are- rich  and 


fertile.  It  contains  two  royal  boroughs. 
Elgin,  the  county  town,  and  Forres ; and 
several  considerable  towiis.*  The  only 
mineial  substances  yet  discKered  are  free- 
stone, lime-stone,  and  mart.  Morayshire  is 
divided  into  one  parochial  district;  which 
ooDtnined  26,705  inhabitants  in  1801,  and 
28,lG8,  in  1811.  It  contains  some  very  ex- 
tensive w’oods.  The  principal  rivers,  are 
ihe  Sppy,  Findhorn,  anti  Lossie.  It  is  said 
to  have  (he  purest  air  and  best  climate  of 
any  part  of  Scotland. 

Moray,  or  Murray  Frilh,  a considerable 
inlet  of  the  German  Ocean,  the  JEsturiursi 
Vavaris  of  the  ancient  geographers.  Its 
breadth  opposite  Fort  George,  is  only  about 
two  miles,  but  above  it  expands  into  a con- 
siderable bay  with  safe  anchorage,  at  Inver- 
ness to  which  it  extends  in  a sw  direction, 
and  thence  nw  to  Beauly.  The  rivers 
Beauly  and  Ness  fall  into  it. 

Morhack,  or  Mtirhack,  a town  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Lower  Rhine,  France,  42 
miles  SE  of  Strasburg. 

Morbattle,  a pastoral  parish  in  Roxburgh- 
shire, lying  at  the  foot  of  the  Cheviot  hills, 
and  watered  by  the  rivulets,  Bowmont,  and 
Kail.  The  village  of  Morbattle,  lies  about 
eight  miles  e from  Jedburgh,  and  about  as 
many  s of  Kelso.  Population  of  the  parish 
about  785,  of  whom  200  reside  in  the 
village.  The  sod  of  the  arable  part  of  the 
parish  is  fertile,  highly  improved,  and  pro- 
duces early  and  abundant  crops.  In  the 
parish  are  circles  of  upright  stone,  called 
Tryst  stones,  the  vestiges  of  some  encamp- 
ments, the  ruins  of  two  castles. 

Morbegno,  a town  of  Sv/isserland,  said 
to  be  the  handsomest  and  most  commercial 
town  in  the  Vaiteliue,  sealed  on  the 
Adda.  It  is  12  miles  se‘  of  Chiavenna, 
and  30  n of  Bergamo.  Lon.  9 36  e,  lat. 
46  8 N. 

Morbeys,  or  OmmirahiJi^  a river  which 
has  its  source  in  the  mount  Atlas,  divides 
the  kingdoms  of  Morocco  and  Tex,  and  fails 
into  the  Atlantic  at  Azamor. 

MORBIHAN,  a department  of  France, 
of  which  \'anner  is  the  capital.  It  takes  its 
name  from  a small  bay  betsveen  that  town 
and  the  island  of  Belleisle.  The  entrance 
of  the  bay  is  strait,  but  it  extends  within  and 
contains  about  30  small  islands. 

Morecone,  a town  iu  the  country  of  Mo- 
lise, Naples,  situated  about  19  miles  sse  of 
Molise. 

Moi'dington,  a parish  in  the  se  corner  of 
Berwickshire,  immediately  adjoining  to' 
Berwick  bounds  on  the  n.  Its  form  is  ir- 
regular, being  a’uout  four  miles  long  and 
iwo  broad  at  the  extremities,  The  soil  on 
the  banks  of  the  Whitadder  on  the  s is  fer- 
tile, and  the  whole  parish  under  the  best 
mode  of  cultivation.  At  Nobchester  are 
the  remains  of  a large  Danish  camp,  and 
near  it  is  a smaller  one,  w’here  persons 
charged  with  witchcraft  sufifered.  At  Lam- 


M O R 


M O R 


JTierton  are  remains  of  a chapel^  in  v/hich 
James  IV,  of  ScotUind,  was  married  to 
Margaret,  daughter  of  Henry  VI f.  of 
England,  in' 1503.  At  Lammerton  toli 
house,  clandestine  mrirridges  are  celebrated, 
and  in  some  instances  the  regular  marriages 
of  parties  who  preier  the  Scotch,  to  the 
English  mode  of  performing  that  ceremony. 
Here  are  annual  horseraces  in  July.  The 
parish  of  Lammerton  was  annexed  to  it  in 
1050.  Population  330  in  1801,  and  in 
1811,  275,  being  a decrease  of  55. 

MOREA,  formerly  called  PELOPON- 
NESUS, a peninsula  on  the  s part  of 
Greece,  to  which  it  is  joined  by  the  isthmus 
of  Corinth,  lying  between  the  gulfs  of  Le- 1 
panto  and  Engia.  It  is  180  miles  in  length,  j 
and  130  in  breadth.  The  air  is  temperate,  | 
and  the  soil  fertile,  except  in  the  middle^  i 
which  is  mountainous.  Mulberry  trees,  for  j 
the  feeding  of  silk  w'orrns  abound.  The  j 
chief  rivers  are  the  Alpheus,  Visiiipotamo,  ! 
and  Stromio.  The  Venetians  took  it  from  i 
the  Turks,  in  1687,  who  regained  it,  in 
1715.  Tripolizza  is  the  capital,  but  Misi- 
tra  is  the  largest  town. 

Morel/a,  a town  in  Valencia,  Spain,  seat-  i 
ed  among  high  mountains.  In  1705,  it  was 
nearly  destroyed  by  the  army  of  Philip  V.  I 
32  miles  sw  of  Tortosa,  and  57  nne  of  Se-  ! 
gorbe.  I 

Moresby y a village  in  Cumberland,  with  a j 
harbour  on  the  Solway  frith.  The  church 
stands  on  a beautiful  eminence  ; at  its  w j 
end  are  traces  of  a Homan  work,  120  paces 
square,  supposed  to  have  been  the  station  of 
a detachment  of  the  Nervi i.  Altars  and 
other  antiquities  with  inscriptions,  have  been 
dug  up  here.  Several  caverns  have  been 
di.»covered  called  Picts^  holes,  two  miles  n } 
of  Whitehaven. 

Moret,  a town  in  the  department  of  Seine,  ' 
and  Marne,  France,  stands  near  the  Seine,  j' 
on  tue  Orleans  canal.  It  is  12  miles  sse  of  | 
Meiun.  ' - I 

Moreton,  or  Moreton  Hampstead^  a town  I 
in  Devonshire.  The  inhabitants  are  much, 
engaged  in  the  woollen  trade.  It  has  a i 
market  on  Saturday  noted  for  yarn,  and  three  | 
annjixjl ; lairs.  The  population  amounts  to  j 
1700.  Here  are  traces  of  tvvo  forts  or  cas- 
tJes,  and  in  the  viciiiity  are  a cromlech,  and  | 
a 'druidical  temple.  Aioreton  lies  12  miles  j 
\v^\v  oi  Exetei-,  and  about  18-5  vv  by  s of  i' 
London.  ' I 

Moreton,  a town  in  Gloucestershire,  si-  ! 
tuated  on  the  Fosmway,  29  miles  ese  of  J 
J^orcester,  and  S3  w'xw  of  Loudon.  I 

Moi'etta,  a town  of  Piedmont,  stands  on  ' 
a small  river  that  falls  into  the  Po,  16  milc.s  j 
•s  of  Turin.  | 

MORGAN  DISTRICT,  in  North  Ca- ! 
rolisia,  is  divided  into  the  comities  of  Burke,  | 
^VViikes,  Rutherford,  Lincoln,  and  Buncomb,  I 
contains  32,292  inhabitants,  including  j 
2693  .sUivPs.  ! 

Mijrcjantvn'n^  a post  town  of  the  United  i 
No,  20  - ! 


States,  in  Burke  county,  and  chief  town  of 
the  above  district  seatea  near  Catabaw  river. 
It  contains  about  30  houses,  a court  house, 
^and  gaol.  It  is  situated  about  68  miles 
w of  Saiisbuy.  Lon.  81  53  w.  iat.  35 
47  N, 

Morgantown,  a post  town  of  Virginia,  and 
slnre  town  of  Monaghalia  county,  on  the  e 
side  of  the  Moiiougahela,  about  30  miles 
from  Brownsville.  Lon.  86  iO  w,  lat.  39 
34  N. 

Morganza,  a towm  in  Washington  county, 
Pennsylvania,  seated  at  the  junction  of  the 
e and  w branches  of  Chartier  river,  which 
flows  N by  E into  the  Ohio,  live  miles  below 
Pittsburg.  Here  have  been  built  and  laden 
boats  carrying  betw'een  two  and  300  barrels 
of  flour  for  New  Orleans.  To  the  same 
place  are  sent  apple-spiriis,  cider,  butter, 
cheese,  and  bacon;  13  miles  sw  of  Pitts- 
• burg. 

Morges,  a handsome  and  rich  town  of 
Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of  Berne,  and 
capital  of  a bailiwic,  with  a castle.  Hence 
goods  are  sent  to  other  places  from  the  lake 
of  Geneva,  on  wdiich  the  town  stands,  by  a 
canal.  It  is  a place  of  some  trade,  and  is 
situated  about  five  miles  wsw  of  Lausan- 
ne. 

Morham,  a small  parish  in  Haddingtoo- 
shire,  s of  that  town,  contains  254  inlmbi- 
(aots. 

Moristen,  a river  in  Inverness-shire, 
which  rises  in  Glenshiel,  passes  through 
Glenmoriston,  has  many  curious  curves, 
forms  a beautiful  cascade,  fails  into  Loch 
Ness,  and  has  a good  salmon  fishery  at  its 
mouth. 

Moringen,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Furstenburg,  Swabia.  It  is  14  miles  nne 
of  Schah hausen. 

Moringen,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Bruns- 
v/ick,  Lower  Saxony,  on  the  Mohr,  12 
miles  NNw  of  Gottingen. 

Moritz,  St,  a town  in  the  canton  of  Gri- 
sons,  has  a celebrated  mineral  spring,  25 
miles  NXE  of  Chiavenna. 

MORLACHIA,  a mountainous  country 
of  Dalmatia,  the  iniiabitants  of  which  are 
called  Morlaeks  or  Iviolacchi.  They  are 
s?Ai\  by  some  to  be  of  Walachian  extraction. 
From  consecrated  friendships  among  the 
Morlacchi,  and  other  nations  of  the  same! 
origin,  it  should  seem  that  the  sworn  hro^ 
thers  arose.  They  inhabit  the  pleasant 
valiies  of  Koter,  along  the  rivers,  Kerlia, 
Catina,  Narenta,  and  among  the  inland 
mountains  of  Dalmatia.  The  many  sturies 
told  of  their  cruelty  and  avarice,  can  be 
true  only  of  a few  depraved  individtials,  for 
friendship  is  the  mo^t  striking  trait  of  Ibeir 
caaracter.  They  are  oareineiy  sensible  of 
mild  ireatraem,  for  which  they  will  per- 
form any  po-silde  service,  iuit  injureh  or 
insulted,  are  implacabic.  The}  are  hospita- 
ble, from  the  highest  to  the  lowest,  to  all 
who  arc  in  want.  They  are  not  well  in- 


M O II 


M O R 


formed  on  tbe  subject  of  religion,  fmd  be- 
lieve in  the  reality  of  fairies,  encbaiuments, 
nocturnal  apparitions,  and  sortileges.  Seg- 
na  is  the  capital. 

MorlaiXj  a sea  port  in  the  department  of 
Finisterre,  France,  with  a castle,  seated  on 
a,  river  of  its  name,  the  church  of  Notre- 
dame  is  a singular  edifice,  and  the  hospital 
is  a handsome  building.  Tbe  inhabiiants 
carry  on  a considerable  trade  iu  linen, 
hemp,  and  tobacco,  30  miles  ene  of  Brest. 
Lon.  3 <51  w,  lat.  48  38  k. 

Mcro  Custle  is  on  the  point  or  headland, 
pn  the  K side  of  the  channel  of  the  Havan 
nah,  on  the  nw  part  of  the  island  of  Cuba,  j 
and  the  first  of  two  strong  castles  for  the  i 
defence  of  the  channel  against  the  approach 
of  an  enemy ^s  ships.  It  is  fortified  v/itii  , 
bastions,  and  furnished  with  60  pieces  of 
cannon,  24  pounders.  On  a wall  running 
from  the  castle  are  12  long  brass  cannon, 
36  pounders,  and  on  a signal  tower  between 
the  castle  ai]d  the  sea,  a man  stands  to  in- 
form when  vessels  approach. 

MOROCCO,  an  empire  of  Africa,  com- 
prehending a considerable  part  of  the  an- 
cient Mauritania,  lying  between  28  and  36 
deg.  N lat.  Its  greatest  length,  from  ne  to 
sw  being  above  590  miles,  and  where  broad- 
est, not  more  than  380.  The  s part  of  the 
empire  cordains  the  kingdoms  of  Suez, 
Tarudant,  Morocco  Proper,  Tafiiet,  and 
Sugulmessa  ; the  n part  those  of  Fez, 
Meqiiines,  and  Tremecen  ; but  the  latter 
having  been  conquered  by  tbe  Turks  of  i 
• Algiers  is  now  a part  of  that  regency. 
The  atr  of  this  country  is  very  pure,  espe- 
cially to  the  N of  Mount  Atlas.  The  soil  is 
fertile,  and  the  fruits,  as  well  as  the  pas- 
tures are  excellent ; but  the  country  is  not 
properly  cultivated.  The  inhabitants  are 
Alahometans  ; skilful  in  managing  a horse, 
or  wielding  a lance  ; jealous,  deceitful, 
superstitions  and  cruel.  There  are  two 
sorts  of  inhabitants  ; the  Arabs,  who  dwell  i 
in  moveable  villages,  composed  of  about 
100  tents  ; and  the  Bereberies,  whQ  are  the 
ancient  in  habitants,  and  dwell  in  cities  and 
towns.  There  are  a number  of  Christian 
slaves  some  merchants,  and  a vast  number 
of  Jews  upon  the  coast.  The  latter  carry 
on  almost  all  the  trade,  especially  with  the 
Negroes,  to  whom  they  send  large  caravans 
with  wooliei)  goods',  silk,  salt,  <fcc.  and  get  in 
return  slaves,  gold  dfist,  and  elephants’  teeth. 
Large  caravans  go  annually  to  'Mecca, 
both  for  merchandize  and  devotion.  Their 
commodities  are  v’oollen  uutiiufactures, 
]\b)rocco  bcaiUi’r,  indigo,  cochti.eal,  and 
’“■  'f  ostrich  leathers,  in  return  for  which,  they 
^ have  silks,  n usiins,  calicoes,  coltee,  and 
drugs.  In  the  desert^,  uro  lions,  tigers,  and 
ic'aj.ards,  ana.  serpent.s  of  several  kinds. 
Tile  Iruiis  are  dates,  figs,  almonds,  lemons, 
oranges,  pomegranates,  and  many  others. 
T l ey  have  also  liax  and  hemp,  but  little 
timber.  The  naval  force  consists  chiefly 
.of  rovers.  The  emperor  is  absolute,  and 


often  exercises  great  cruelties.  He  can 
bring  100,000  men  half  foot,  half  horse,  but 
they  are  not  expert  in  the  art  of  war. 

jkorocco,  one  of  the  capitals  of  the  above 
empire,  for  there  are  two  others,  Mequinez 
and  Fez,  seated  in  a beautiful  valley,  bound- 
ed by  a chain  of  mountains  on  the  n side, 
and  those  of  Atlas,  from  which  it  is  distant 
about  20  miles  on  the  s and  e.  It  is  in- 
closed by  strong  walls,  built  of  tabby  ; the 
circumference  of  which  is  about  eight  miles. 
In  the  royal  palace  here  the  emperor  spends 
the  fast  days  during  the  months  of  October 
and  November.  The  mosques,  caravansa- 
ries, palaces  of  the  xerifFes,  public  baths, 
and  squares  are  numerous,  but  much  dilapi- 
dated. The  principal  houses  are  inclosed'in 
gardens ; the  inhabitants  are  estiniuted  at 
270,000,  about  one  third  of  what  it  contain- 
ed before  Mequinez  and  Fez,  were  made 
the  residence  of  the  court.  The  Jews  have 
a separate  town,  walled  in,  and  under  the 
charge  of  an  alcade,  appointed  by  the  em- 
peror. They  have  a market  of  their  own, 
and  wden  they  enter  a palace,  a market,  or 
Moorish  town  they  are  compelled  to  go  bare- 
footed. Morocco  is  90  miles  e of  Mogo- 
dore,  and  400  s of  Gibraltar.  Lon.  8 10  w, 
lat.  31  57  N. 

Mirouy  a town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
near  which  is  a mine  of  precious  stones,  36 
miles  SE  of  Seville. 

MOROTOI,  one  of  the  Seindwich  islands, 
i about  two  leagues  and  a half  wnw  of  Mo- 
I wee  Island.  It  is  computed  to  contain 
^ 36,000  inhabitants.  On  tJie  s and  w sides 
I are  several  bays.  It  has  little  wood ; 

I yams  are  the  principal  produce.  Lon.  117 
i 14  w,  lat.  21  10  X. 

j Morpeihy  a borough  in  Northumberland, 

! situated  on  the  n bank  of  the  Wandspeck, 

J on  the  opposite  side  of  which  are  the  church 
I and  the  ruins  of  a castle.  Here  is  the  couu- 
I ty  gaol,  an  hospital,  anil  a free  grammar 
i school,  founded  by  Edward  VI.  Near  the 
I market  place  is  a tower  with  eight  bells. 
Its  Saturdays’  market  is  well  supplied  with 
corn  and  provisions.  The  market  on  Wed- 
nesday, is  one  of  the  most  noted  in  the  x of 
England,  for  cattle  and  sheep,  particularly 
for  those  fit  for  the  butcher.  The  earl  of 
Carlisle,  who  is  lord  of  the  Manor,  has  also 
the  title  of  nscount  Morpeth  ; Being  a great 
thoroughfare,  it  is  furnished  with  a number 
of  good  inns.  It  has  txvo  annual  fairs,  is 
I governed  by  two  banifis,  and  seven  alder- 
, men,  and  sends  two  meuibers  to  parliament. 
It  is  14  miles  n of  Newcanle,  29  n of 
Durham-,  and  about  299-  x by  v;  of  Lou- 
don. 

MORRIS,  ^ county  on  the  northern  line 
of  Nexv  Jersfjy,  of  Bergen  county.  It  is 
tiboiu  25  mfhel  lonj-,  and  20  broe.d  ; it  is  divid- 
ed into  lUe  towiisniiis : and  contains  about 
156,809  acres  of  improved,  and  30,429  acres 
of  unimproved  land.  ife“e  are  seven  rich 
iron  mines.  There  are  also  two  furnaces, 
two  slitting  and  rolling-mills,  35  forges  and 


M O R 


MO  S 


llre-works,  37  saw-miils,  ami  43  grist-mills. 
There  are  17,216  inhabitants,  of  whom  636 
are  slaves. 

Morristown,  the  capital  of  Morris  count}^, 
has  two  churches,  and  an  acadeii)}',  19 
miles  xvv  of  Nesvark,  and  50  n by  e of  | 
Trenton,  and  about  I GO  ne  of  Philadelphia. 

Morsoiiayh  xow’w  in  the  count)^  of  Mo- 
li.-e,  Naples,  14  miles  xs  of  Molise. 

Mortayne,  a town  in  the  dept,  of  Lower 
Lharente,  France,  on  the  Gironde,  24  miles 
wsw  of  Saiatcs. 

Mortagne,  a town  in  the  department  of 
ibe  North,  France,  at  the  junciion  of  the 
J^carpe  and  Scheldt,  eight  miles  se  of  Toiir- 
nay. 

Mortagne,  ca  town  in  the  dept,  of  Vendee, 
France,  the  scene  of  a battle  in  1793,  be- 
tween the  republicans  and  royalists,  in 
%7hicii  the  iaiter  lost  20,000  men,  27  miles  ese 
of  Nantes,  and  30  x of  Fontenay  le  Compte. 

Mortagne,  a town  in  the  dept,  of  the 
Orne,  France,  well  known  for  its  serges 
and  tanneries,  19  miles  ese  of  Seez,  and  70 
wsw  of  Paris. 

Mortain,  a towat  in  the  department  of 
Manche,  France,  seated  on  the  rivulet  Lan- 
ces, amidst  craggy  rocks,  20  miles  e of 
ilvranches. 

Mortara,  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mila- 
nese, district  of  Lumeilo,  22  miles  sw  of 
Milan. 

MORTAY,  the  most  southern  island  of 
the  Moluccas,  80  miles  iu  circumference,  | 
thinly  inhabited,  and  full  of  Sago  trees, 
which  are  cut  by  the  people  of  Giloio.  It 
is  subject  to  the  sultan  of  Ternate.  Lon. 
120  0 E,  lat.  3 0 N. 


MORTER,  an  island  on  the  coast  of 
Dalmatia,  supposed  to  be  the  Colentum  of 
Pliny.  It  is  13  miles  in  circumference, 
and  chiefly  inhabited  by  pirates. 

Mortlach,  a parish  in  Bamffshire,  12 
miles  long  a?!d  nearly  as  much  in  breadth, 
the  greater  part  is  coarse  pasture,  only  one- 
twentieth  being  cultivated.  The  village  of 
Mortlach  lies  about  six  miles  sw  of  Keith. 
Its  vicinity  is  celebrated  for  a signal  victory  I 
gained  over  the  Danes  by  Malcolm  II.  in  ! 
iOIO,  in  gratitude  for  which  he  added  24  | 
foot  to  the  church,  and  erected  it  into  a bi-  j 
shopric,  which  was  tiansiated  to  Aberdeen  ! 
by  David  I.  in  1139.  In  October,  1504,  | 
the  earl  of  Huntly  defeated  the  earl  of  Ar- 
gyle,  in  a battle  fought  at  glenlivet.  On 
the  scene  of  the  former  battle,  are  many 
tumuli,  some  erect  stones,  and  vestiges  of 
an  entrenchment.  The  church  exhibits 
marks  o;  antiquity,  particularly  some  mo- 
numents engraven  with  Saxon  characters. 
Near  Achendune  castle  in  the  Glacks  of 
Balloch,  lived  Roy^s  wife  of  Aldivalloch,’^ 
and  not  far  distant,  Tibby  Fowler  P the 
Glen,^^  the  heroines^of  two  famous  Scotch 
ballads.  Population  about  1876,  six  miles 
few  of  Keith. 


Morilake,  a large  village  in  Surrey,  on 
ibe  Thames  ; the  rnaiior-hou;e  was  for 

! 


centuries  flie  residence  of  the  archbishops 
of  Canterbury,  seven  miles  w by  s of  Lou- 
don. 

MORTO  ISLAND,  on  the  coast  of  Peru. 
It  is  also  called  St.  Clara.  It  is  two  miles 
in  length  ; and  is  about  five  leagues  xxe 
from  ihe  nver  Tumbez,  and  27  leagues  from 
Guyaquil, 

Morton,  a parish  in  Dumfries-shire,  about 
six  miles  long  by  three  and  a-half  broad. 
The  village  of  Thornhill  in  this  parish  is 
pleasantly  situated  near  the  Nith.  Popu- 
lation about  1255.  In  this  parish  are  the 
remains  of  the  once  strong  castle  of  Mor- 
ton, surrounded  by  a natural  Ibsse ; see 
Thornhill. 

Mormedro,  an  ancient  town  of  Valencia, 
Spain,  qn  the  site  of  the  ancient  Saguntum, 
with  a strong  castle  called  Sagunta,  laken 
by  the  French  in  1811,  situated  on  a river 
of  the  same  name.  Here  are  the  remains 
of  a Roman  amphitheatre.  It  has  a trade 
in  brandy,  four  miles  from  the  sea,  aud  16 
N by  E ot  Valencia. 

31orven,  a parish  and  district  in  Argyll- 
shire, extending  20  miles  along  the  Sound 
of  Mull,  its  greaiest  breadth  being  10  miles, 
containing  about  3083  mbabitants.  It  has 
two  small  churches  without  seais  or  bells ; 
the  one  called  i elLColumkill,  or  Cell  of 
Cohimbus,  and  iyvo  schools,  one  of  which 
is  endowed  by  the  society  for  prop.. gating 
Christian  knowledge.  At  Ardterenish  are 
the  ruins  of  a castle  in  which  Donald  of  the 
Isles  held  his  court. 

uMosa,  a town  in  Yemen,  Arabia,  25  miles 
N by  E of  Mocha. 

MOSArvlBlQ.UE,  a kingdom  of  Africa, 
on  the  coast  of  Zanguebar,  consisting  partly 
of  three  islands,  the  principal  of  which,  as 
well  as  its  capital,  is  of  the  same  name. 
The  island  is  not  more  than  three  miles  in 
length,  and  half  as  much  in  breadth,  and 
is  dbout  two  miles  from  (he  continent. 
The  other  two  called  St  George  and  St 
James,  lie  on  each  side  of  it,  facing  the 
continent.  The  .soil  of  the  islands  is  sandy, 
but  in  some  parts  produces  citrons,  oranges, 
and  other  fruits.  The  soil  oh  the  conti- 
nent yields  luxuriant  crops  of  rice,  mullet, 
fruit,  pulse  roots,  and  other  esculents.  It 
abounds  in  cattle,  and  sheep  with  large  tails. 
Here  are|  stags,  baars  and  elephants.  The 
couniry  is  rich  in  gold,  washed  down  from 
tlie  mountains.  The  Europeans  receive  for 
their  goods,  ivory,  ebony,  slaves,  silver, 
cattle,  copper,  and  wax.  The  town  is 
large,  hand-sorrie,  and  rich.  It  is  an  im- 
portant settlement  to  the  Portuguese.  Their 
ships  always  call  here  in  going  to  the  K 
Indies;  the  harbour  is  extremely  commo- 
dious. Lon.  41  10  E,  lat.  15  5 s. 

Mosamhiqne,  a channel  or  .strait  of  the 
Indian  Ocean,  between  the  i.sland  of  Mada- 
gascar and  the  coast  of  Africa,  240  miles 
over  w’here  narrowest. 

jtJoshach,  a handsome  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  lafe  palatinate  of  the  Fthine,  with  a 
.'s  2 


M O S M O S 


castle,  and  manufactures  of  cloth  aad  salt,  fj 
seated  on  the  Neckar,  18  miles  e of  Hei-  j 
clelberg.  i 

Mosburcjy  a town  at  the  junction  of  the 
Amber  and  Isser,  Bavaria,  nine  miles  w of  | 
Landshiit. 

Moscovy.  See  Russia. 

MOSCOW,  one  of  the  most  ancient  pro* 
Tinces  of  Russia,  formerly  a duchy,  but  now 
one  of  the  41  governments  of  that  vast  em-  i 
pire,  bounded  on  the  n by  Tver,  k by  great  j 
Volodimir,  s by  Calugo  andr  Resan,  and  w : 
by  Tver  and  Smolensko.  It  is  a fertile  ! 
country,  and  abounds  in  asparagus.  Its 
capital  is  of  the  same  name. 

Moscow,  the  capital  of  the  government 
of  Moscow,  and  formerly  of  the  v/hole  em-  j 
pire.  It  may  be  considered  as  a town 
built  upon  the  Asiatic  model,  but  gradu- 
ally becoming  more  and  more  European ; 
exhibiting,  in  its  {.resent  state,  a mixture  I 
of  discordant  architecture.  The  Moskva, 
from  which  the  city  takes  its  name,  flows 
through  it  in  a winding  channel,  but  ex- 
cepting in  spring  is  only  navigable  for  rafts. 
Moscow  is  certain :y  tbe  largest  town  in 
Europe;  its  circumference, -within  tbe  ram- 
part that  incloses  the  suburbs,  being  W 
miles ; its  population  corresponds  in  no  de- 
gree with  its  extent.  It  consists  of  five 
divisions ; the  Kremlin,  Khitaigorod,  Biel- 
gorod,  Samlainogorod,  and  Sioboda.  The 
Kremlin  is  in  the  centre,  is  the  highest  part 
of  the  city,  and  none  of  its  houses  are  con- 
structed of  wood,  is  surrounded  by  high 
walls  of  stone  and  brick ; and  contains  the 
uacient  palace  of  the  Czars,  the  birth-place 
of  Peter  the  great,)  the  cathedral  with  seven 
towers,  several  churches,  with  beautiful 
spires,  two  convents,  the  patriarchial  palace, 
and  the  arsenal.  It  is  two  miles  in  circum- 
ference. The  Rhitaigorod,  contains  the 
university,  the  printing  house,  and  many  | 
other  public  buildings.  It  is  the  only  street 
in  which  the  buildings  stand  close  to  each 
other,  and  are  stuccoed  or  white-washed. 

It  contains  wdthin  the  ramparts,  250,000. 
The  places  of  public  worship  amount  to 
above  1500  ; of  these  484  are  of  the  politi- 
_C-il  establishment.  Some  of  tbe  churches  j 
are  built  of  brick,  but  the  greater  part  are  j 
of  wood,  painted  red  ; some  have  domes  of  j 
c opper,  others  of  tin,  gilt,  or  painted  green,  | 
and  man}'  are  rooiled  with  wood.  They  are  j 
richl}"  ornamented  within,  cind  the  pietuies  ! 
of  the  ^'aints  are  decorated  with  gold,  silver,  j 
and  precious  stones.  Some  of  their  bells ‘j 
are  of  a sinpgndous  size  ; one  of  wbicb  | 
weighs  432,000  pounds,  and  is  the  largest  in  ; 
th^  known  world.  This  bell,  was  the  gift  1 
of  Boris  Gudenof,  and  is  held  in  such  vene-  j 
ration  by  the  natives,  that  (liey  visit  it  on  j 
festival  days.  The  sovereigt^s  of  Russia  | 
were  lormerly  buried  in  tbe  cathedral  of  St.  j 
Michael.  The  cathedral  of  the  assumption  I 
of  the  Virgin  Mary  is  the  most  superb  in  j 
the  city.  In  it  the  sovereigns  of  Russia  hnvo 
been  crowned  for  a long  period.  The 


foundling  hospital,  fonraied  by  Catherine  IL 
of  a quadrangular  form,  is  capable  of  coi> 
taining  8000  children.  The  palace  of  Pe- 
trosky,  the  residence  of  the  sovereigns,  when 
they  are  at  this  part  of  the  empire,  stands 
two  miles  x of  the  city.  Moscow  is  the 
centre  of  the  inland  commerce  of  Russia, 
particularly  connecting  the  trade  between 
Europe  and  Siberia.  Tbe  navigation  to 
this  city  is  formed  solely  by  the  Moskva, 
which  falling  into  the  Occa,  near  Colemna, 
communicates,  by  that  river,  with  the  Vol- 
ga. But' as  the  Moskva  is  navigable  in  tbe 
spring  only,  upon  the'  melting  of  the  snows, 
the  principal  merchandise  is  conveyed  upon 
sledges  in  winter.  On  the  llih  of  Septem- 
ber, 1812,  Moscow  xvas  entered  by  the 
French  under  Napoleon  Bonaparte.  Prince 
Kutusoff,  previous  to  its  evacuation,  had 
destroyed  the  magazines,  and  made  the  other 
necessary  arrangements.  When  the  French 
entered,  a tremendous  conflict  ensued  be- 
tw'een  them,  and  the  remaining  inhabitants 
and  troops,  set  the  city  on  fire  in  all 
quarters.  The  flames  spread  with  terrific 
activity  among  the  wooden  houses,  which 
continued  burning  for  seven  days,  when  lit- 
tle remained  except  the  Kremlin.  After  a 
severe  affair  of  ou' posts,  Bonaparte  finding 
it  impossible  to  rernair:  in  the  city,  offered 
to  negociate ; but  prince  Kutusoff,  who  had 
made  a flank  movement,  four  nhles  to  the 
s,  rejected  the  proposal  with  disdain.  On 
the  18th,  the  whole  French  army,  except  a 
garrison  left  in  the  Kremlin,  was  in  full  re- 
treat. On  the  22d,  the  garrison  w’as  com- 
pelled to  evacuate  their  post,  and  the  Rus- 
sians regained  possession.  ^Tiiis  city  is  425 
miles  s'e  of  Petersburgh.  Lon.  37  33  e,  lato 
55  46  N. 

Mosdock,  a town  and  fortress  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Caucasia,  Russia.  It  has  a Rus- 
sian, a catholic,  and  two  Armenian  churches, 
and  stands  on  the  Terek,  65  miles  ese  of 
Georgie’wsk. 

Mose,  a towui  oq  the  bank  of  the  Tabasco, 
in  the  bottom  of  Cambeachy  gulf,  to  which 
small  barges  may  go  up. 

MOSELLE,  a department  of  France,  so 
named  from  a river  which  rises  in  the  mona- 
tains  of  the  Verges,  w’aters  Epinal  and 
Toni,  joins  the  Meurte  below  Nancy,  and 
flowing  by  Metz,  Theonville,  and  Treves, 
falls  into  the  Rhine  at  Coblentz.  Metz  is 
the  capital. 

Mosenia,  a town  in  the  province  of  Ku- 
sistan;  Persia,  22  miles  sw  of  Suster. 

Moskoei  See  Maelstroom.  • 

MOSQUITO  COUNTRY,  a district  of 
Mexico,  having  the  North  sea  on  the  n,  and 
Nicaragua  on  the  s,  and  Honduras  on  the  w. 
The  natives  are  tall,  well  made,  strong  and 
nimbl'^.  They  are  implacable  enemies  to 
the  Spaniards. 

Mirsquito  Island,  one  of  the  small  Virgin 
islands,  in  the  V»Tst  indies,  near  the  n coast 
of  Virgin  Gordo. 

MOSQUITO  SHORE,  a country  of 


MOT 

New  Spain,  in  North  America.  I5  ing  on  , 
the  Atlantic  ocean.  In  magnitude  it  ex-  i 
oeeds  the  kingdom  of  Fortugal ; is  \veii  i 
watered  by  navigable  rivers  and  lakes;! 
abounds  in  fish,  game,  and  provisions  of  all  , 
sorts,  furnishes  every  necessary  lor  raising 
cattle  and  stock  on  plantations  oi  every 
kind,  and  to  any  extent ; and  is  clothed 
with  woods  producing  timber  for  every  use 
find  purpose  at  land  or  sea.  The  soil  is 
superior  to  that  of  the  West  India  islands  ; 
the  air  and  climate  are  more  salubrious, 
and  the  destructive  rava'ges  of  hurricanes 
and  earthquakes  have  never  been  felt 
here.  Morasses,  inaccessible  mountains, 
and  a coast  full  of  recks  and  shoals  have 
frustrated  every  attempt  of  the  Spaniards 
against  the  natives.  They  put  themselves 
under  the  protection  of  Britain,  when  the 
duke  of  Albemarle  was  governor  of  Jamai- 
ca, and  they  were  steady  in  their  alliance ; 
but  in  1786,  the  British  in  consideration  of 
certain  cessions  on  the  coast  ot  Jucatan, 
agreed  to  evacuate  this  country. 

3l0SSy  a sea  port  in  the  province  of  Ag-  | 
gerhuys,  Norway,  e side  of  Christiania  bay,  j 
at  the  mouth  of  a river  of  the  same  name,  i 
It  has  a large  iron  foundery,  and  many  saw 
mills;  28  miles  s of  Christiania.  Lon.  10 
d8  E,  lat.  68  38  N. 

. Moasel.  See  31uscle  Bay. 

Mosskif'ch,  a town  with  a fine  castle,  in 
Swabia,  21  miles  n of  Constance. 

3Iossuia,  a town  at  the  month  of  the 
Onzo,  in  the  kingdom  of  Congo,  220  miles 
w of  St  Salvador.  Lon.  12  10  e,  lat.  7 60  s. 

Mostagan,  an  ancient  town  of  Algiers, 
with  a castle  and  a good  harbour,  in  the 
province  of  Mascara,  60  miles  ene  of  Oran. 
Lon.  0 30  E,  lat.  36  20  iv. 

Mostar,  a sea  port  of  Turkish  DMmatia, 
seated  on  the  Narenza,  a Greek  archbishop’s 
see;  20  miles  ne  of  Narenza.  Lon.  18 
37  E,  lat.  43  48  n. 

Mosulf  a city  in  Diarbek,  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, defended  by  high  vrails,  a castle,  and 
citadel,  seated  on  the  Tigris.  Several  of 
The  houses  are  gone  to  decay,  but  it  has  a 
great  trade  in  silks,  cottons  of  all  sorts,  and 
cloth.  In  the  vicinity  is  a mosque,  in  which 
it  is  pretended  ihe  prophet  Jonah  lies,  and 
this  town  is  believed  by  the  inhabitants  to 
stand  cn  the  site  of  the  ancient  Nineveh. 
The  inhabitants  are  ?»Iabomedans ; but  there 
are  a number  of  Christians.  This  city  was 
besieged  by  the  Persians  in  1743.  In  1758, 
owing  to  the  severity  of  the  preceding  winter, 
and  the  immense  swarms  of  locusts,  it  was 
visited  with  a severe  famine;  190  miles 
.sE  of  Diarbekor,  and  220  wa’W  of  Bagdad. 
Lon.  48  5 e,  lat.  3G  21  k. 

Molala,  a river  of  Sweden,  which  is.sues 
from  -the  NE  side  ob  lake  Wetter,  runs  to 
NordkU. ping, and  in  its  oour.'e  through  one  oft 
the  richest  valleys  of  Sweden,  forms  some 
lakes,  and  /receives  several  tributary  river.«, 
before  it  enters  the  Baltic.  See  Nord- 
kio})ing. 


M O U 

3Tt>lalay  a town  in  E Gothland,  Sweden, 
stands  Oil  the  n side  of  the  above  river, 
where  it  issdes  Irom  the  lake  Wetter,  20 
miles  WNW  of  Liivkoping, 

MOT  I K,  one  of  the  Molucca  islands,  of 
great  value  on  account  ol  its  spices ; 20 
miles  in  circumference.  Lon,  127  0 e,  lat. 

0 10  N. 

Mo  tola,,  a town  in  Terra  d'  Otranto, 
Naples,  15  miles  nw  of  Taranto. 

Moirico,  a town  in  Guipuscoa,  Spain, 
on  ihe  bay  of  Biscay,  18  miles  w ol  Sebas- 
tian. 

Motta,  a towui  in  Trevisano,  Italy,  at  the 
junction  of  the  Livenza  and  Mottigano,  18 
miles  NE  of  Treviso. 

Motta,  a town  in  Capitanata,  Naples, 
three  miles  ese  of  Volturara. 

Mottling.  See  Metling. 

Motril,  a town  of  Granada,  with  a good 
harbour,  and  a rich  fishery,  situated  on  the 
Mediterranean,  37  miles  se  of  Granada. 
Lon.  3 28  w,  lat.  36  32  N. 

MOTTE  ISLE,  a .small  island  in  Lake 
Champlain,  about  eight  miles  in  length,  and 
two  in  breadth,  distant  two  miles  w of  North 
Hero  island,  qoataiiiing  47  inhabitants. 

AJouab,  the  capital  of  Yemen,  between 
Danar  and  Sana.  It  is  the  usual  residence 
of  the  king  of  Yemen,  and  is  situated  in  a 
fertile  country,  90  miles  se  of  Sana.  Lon. 
46  36  E,  lat.  *14  20  N. 

31oudon,  the  principal  burgh  of  a baili- 
wick of  the  same  name,  Switzerland,  in  the 
Pay.s  de  Valid,  whth  a castle,  on  the  top 
of  a mountain.  It  is  12  miles  nne  of 
Lausanne. 

Moulin,  a parish  near  Blair  Athol,  in 
Perthshire,  13  miles  long,  intersected  by  the 
great  road  from  Perth  to  Inverne.ss,  and 
watered  by  the  Ga.rry,  the  Tumel,  <fec.  It 
is  very  mountainous,  with  only  1950  acres 
of  arable  land.  The  parish  abounds  vvith 
marl  and  lime-stone,  and  has  a good  mill- 
stone quarry.  Much  Pax  is  reared  in  the 
parish  and  spun  into  yarn  for  sale.  Captain 
Campbell,  who  bravely  deleiided  the  Scottish 
Colony  of  Darien,  was  a native  of  this 
parish.  The  village  of  Moulin  coutains 
aliout  200  inhabitants,  and  the  small  village 
of  Pitioehrie,  about  160.  The  village  of 
Moulin  has  an  annual  fair,  February  26ti). 
In  the  vicinity  are  the  ruins  of  a castle,  80 
feet  long,  and  76  wide.  In  a marie  pit 
was  found  some  years  ago,  the  skull  of  an 
animal  of  uncommon  shape,  and  surprising 
magnitude. 

31oiilins,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Ailier,  France,  situated  on  the  river  Allier, 
over  which  is  a fine  bridge,  and  lately  a. 
bishop's  see.  It  contains  between  16,000 
and  17,000  inhabitants.  The  streets  are 
handsome,  and  the  houses  of  the  Visitation, 
and  of  the  late  Chartrenx,  are  magnificent. 
The  cutlery  of  Moulins  is  much  eslenned. 
It  is  30  miles  s'of  Nevers,  and  66  N of  Cler- 
mont. Lon.  3 20  E,  lat.  46  34  n. 

31uulikfi  cn  Gilbert,  a town  in  the  depart- 


M O U 


M O U 


raent  of  Nievre,  France,  at  the  foot  of  the 
mountains  of  Morvan,  five  miles  sw  of  Clia- 
teaii  Chi  non. 

Moulins  la  Marche^  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Orne,  France,  ‘^4  miles  NEof  Aien- 
con. 

MOULTON;  a province  of  Hindoostou 
Proper.  Its  products  are  cotton,  wine,  su^ar, 
opium,  galls,  brimstone,  Arc.  It  was  for- 
merly subject  to  the  Seiks  ; but  Moultan  the 
capital  has  been  garrisoned  by  the  king  of 
Candahar,  ever  since  1779. 

Moulton^  the  capital  of  the  above  pro- 
vince. Theveuot  describes  it  as  a oily  of 
small  extent,  having  a Hindoo  temple  of 
great  celebrity.  The  sect  of  Hindoos  called 
Catry ; supposed  to  be  the  Catheri,  or  Ca 
thei,  with  whom  Alexander  engaged  on  the 
banks  of  the  river  Maili.  Moiilten  is  situat- 
ed on  one  of  the  branches  of  the  Indus,  2J0 
miles  sw  of  Lahore,  and  310  se  of  Canda-  i 
bar.  Lon.  TO  40  e,  lat.  29  52  n. 

Monllonboroughf  a post  towm  in  Stafford  | 
county,  New  Hampshire,  18  miles  e by  n | 
of  Portsmouth,  Population  565. 

Moulton  South,  a tovrn  in  Devonshire, 
seated  on  an  eminence,  by  the  river  Moule,  ' 
with  a market  on  Saturday,  12  miles  se  of  ■ 
Barnstaple,  and  178  w b^*  s of  London.  It  ! 
is  governed  by  a mayor,  and  has  manufac-  j 
tures  of  Serges,  shaioons,  and  felts.  The  1 
Saturday  immediately  before  iVpril  10th.  ! 
and  Michaelmas  day,  are  great  markets  or  I 
fairs.  N Moulton,  two  miles  distant,  has  | 
two  annual  fairs.  It  anciently  a royal  | 
demesne,  and  seat  members  to  parliament  in  j 
the  reign  of  Edward  I.  jj 

Mount  Blair,  a mountain  in  the  parish  of 
Alyth,  Perthshire,  the  height  is  1300  feet. 
Three  miles  s stands  King-seat  which  is  ] 
1,179  feet  high,  and  beautifully  covered  with  } 
wood  on  one  side.  . j 

Mount  Cassel,  a town  of  France,  in  the  ! 
department  of  the  North.  It  is  15  miles  sw  ! 
of  Ypres,  and  15  se  by  s of  Dunkirk.  j 

Mount  Charles,  a towm  ia  the  county  of  j 
Donegal,  Ireland,  four  miles  wsw  of  Done- 
gal.  t 

MOUNT  DESERT,  an  island  on  the  1 
coast  of  Hancock  county,  district  of  Maine,  j 
about  15  miles  long,  and  {2  broad.  It  is  a 1 
valuable  tract  of  land,  intersected  in  the  | 
middle  by  the  waters  flowing  into  the  s side  j 
from  the  sea,  and  the  n part  is  separated  j 
from  Trenton,  on  the  mainland,  by  a chan- 
nel nin  miles  wide.  In  1970,  it  contained 
744  inhabitants 

Mounthollg,  a town  in  Burlington  coun- 
ty, New  Jersey,  n side  of  Anocous  creek, 
seven  miles  se  of  Burlington, 

Mountmellick,  a pretty  neat  town  in 
Queen^s  county,  Leinsier,  seated  on  the  Bar- 
row.  The  wool-combing,  malting,  and  tan- 
ning businesses,  with  the  cotton  manufacuire 
and  bleaching,  are  carried  on  here.  Fivi? 
miles  N of  Maryborough,  and  41  w of  Dub- 
lin. 

Mount  Pleasant,  a township  in  W Ches- 


ter county.  New  York,  containing  1924 
inhabitants.  Also  a township  in  York  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania. 

Mount  Pleasant,  a village  of  Maryland, 
situated  partly  in  each  of  the  counties  of 
Queen  Ann  and  Caroline,  11  miles  e of  the 
lowni  of  Church-hill. 

Mountsbay,  a bay  on  the  s coast  of  Coni'’ 
wall,  between  the  Landes  end,  and  the 
Lizard  point.  A lofty  peninsulated  rock, 
called  St  Michael,  rises  within  it,  near  the 
town  of  Marazion,  to  which  there  is  a pas- 
sage at  low  waller.  Here  is  a considerables 
pilchard  fishery. 

Mountreath,  a town  in  Queen  county,  Ire- 
land ; serges,  stuffs,  and  other  woiiens  am 
manufactured  here.  It  has  some  iron-works, 
which  suffer  from  the  scarcity  of  cbarcoai. 

Mountsorrel,  a town  in  Leicestershire,  so 
named  from  a high  mount,  adjoining  to  the 
town,  of  dusky  red  stone,  extremely  hard, 
of  which  the  town  is  built  and  paved.  It 
Stands  on  the  Loar,  and  has  a market  on 
Monday,  20  miles  ssk  of  Derby,  and  i05 
Ni\w  of  London. 

Mount  Vernon,  the  seat  of  George  Wash- 
ington, late  president  of  the  United  States, 
pleasantly  situated  on  the  Virginia  bank  of 
Patowmac  river,  in  Fairfax  county,  Virginia 
where  the  river  is  nearly  two  miles  wide, 
nine  miles  below'  Alexandria,  and  280  from 
the  sea. 

Moura,  a town  of  Portugal,  in  Alentejo, 
with  an  old  castle,  near  the  junction  of  the 
Ardilla  and  the  Guadiana,  34  miles  sse  of 
Evora. 

Motiraon,  a tow'n  in  Alentejo,  Portugal, 
on  the  borders  of  Spain,  wdth  a castle,  near 
the  Guadiana,  28  miles  e by  s of  Evora. 

Mourzouk,  the  capital  of  Fezzau,  in 
i\lrica,  situated  on  a small  river,  and  sup- 
plied with  water  from  a multitude  of  springs. 
It  is  surrounded  by  a high  w’all,  has  three 
gates,  at  which  is  collected  a tax  on  all 
goods  which  are  brought  into  the  city,  ex- 
cept provisions.  The  sultan  resides  in  the 
fortress.  The  vast  ruins  ol  ancient  build- 
ings form  a striking  contrast  to  the  cottages 
of  eanii  and  sasd,  that  constitute  the  habita- 
tions of  its  present  Arab  inhabitants.  A 
caravan  sets  out  annually  from  Mesurata  to 
this  place ; and  hence  the  Fezzariers  them- 
selves dispatch,  every  year,  a ctiravan  to 
Cashna,  and  another  to  Bornou.  It  is  290 
miles  s of  Mesurata.  and  700  nw'  of  Bornou. 
Lon.  15  35  e,  lai.  27  54  n. 

Mouseivald,  a parish  in  Dumfries-shire, 
betw'eeu  four  and  a-hulf  and  five  miles  long, 
and  tw'o  broad,  lying  on  the  e side  of  Lochar 
moss  and  river.  The  surface  is  most  level 
and  may  be  all  cultivated.  Besides  the 
siuall  village  of  Mouse waid which  stands 
seven  miles  e by  s of  Dumfries,  on  one  of 
the  rouds  to  Annan,  there  are  tyvo  of  less 
note.  In  the  parish  are  five  strong  square 
lowers,  and  several  tumuli,  at  the  largest  of 
which  courts  were  anciently  held.  Popula- 
tion about  760. 


V 


Ms 


M o y 

Moussy,  a river  of  Hindoostan,  passes 


through  the  territory  of  Golcondu,  and 
unites  with  the  Kistna,  on  the  borders  of  the 
circar  of  PalnauJ. 

Moustiersy  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Lower  Alps,  France,  seated  between  two 
craggy  ntoiiutains,  has  a uiauntaclure  oi 
porcelain,  nine  miles  e of  Riez. 

MomtierSy  or  Monstiers,  a town  of  Savoy, 
at  the  junction  of  the  Doiron  and  Isere,  is 
surrounded  with  craggy  mountains,  lately  a 
bishop’s  see.  Good  salt  is  made  in  the  vi- 
cinity, 27  miles  e by  s of  Chambery.  Lon. 

6 32''e,  lat.  45  32  n. 

MOWEE,  one  of  the  Sandwich  islands, 
162  miles  in  circumference.  The  tops  of 
the  mountains,  which  rise  to  a great  height, 
are  entirely  bare,  and  of  a reddish  brown 
colour,  but  the  country  has  the  appearance 
of  verdure  and  fertility.  A low  isthmus 
divides  it  into  two  circular  peninsulas,  of 
which  the  one  is  doable  the  size  of  the  other. 
Near  the  w extremity  of  the  western  penin- 
sula, is  an  extensite  bay  with  a sandy  beach, 
shaded  with  cocoa-nut  trees.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  computed  at  65,000.  Lon.  175 
56  w,  lat.  20  53  n. 

May  and  Dalrossie,  an  united  parish  in 
ihe  county  of  Inverness  and  district  of  Ba- 
denocb.  It  is  about  30  miles  in  iength,  and 
five  in  breadth,  with  a bleak,  barren,  rugged, 
and  mountainous  surface.  The  river  Find- 
horn  takes  its  rise  in  the  hills  of  this  parish. 
Besides  considerable  tracts  of  natural  wood,, 
there  are  several  thriving  plantations.  The 
road  from  Perth  to  Inverness  passes  through 
the  parish.  Population  near  1400.  The 
church  is  fO  miles  s of  Inverness,  near  the 
lull  of  Daimagarrie.  In  the  parish  are  a 
number  of  roes  and  red  deer.  The  inhabi- 
tants retain  the  language,  dress,  customs 
simple  style  of  building,  and  mode  of  agri- 
culture, of  tbeir  Caledonian  ancestors.  In 
this  parish  is  a lake  of  its  name,  one  mile 


MUG 

Mouzon,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Ardennes,  France,  stands  on  the  Meuse, 
Here  is  a manufacture  of  serges,  nine  miles 
SE  of  Sedan. 

Mozcislawy  or  MscislaWy  a strong  town 
of  Lithuania,  capital  of  a palatinate  of  the 
same  name,  situated  on  the  Sors,  on  the 
frontiers  of  Russia,  now  subject  to  Russia 
and  in  ihe  government  of  Mohilef,  50  miles 
s of  Smolensk,  and  64  ene  of  Mohiief.  Lon, 

32  E,  lat.  54  28  N. 

MoziVy  a town  in  the  palatinate  of  Minsk, 
Lithuania,  on  the  Pripet,  140  miles  sse  of 
Minsk.  Lon.  29  30  e,  lat.  52  10  N. 

Mscliethay  a town  of  Asiatic  Georgia, 
seated  on  the  Kur,  immediately  belcw  the 
junction  of  the  Aragivi.  It  was  once  a 
magnificent  city,  as  is  evident  from  its  ruins, 
and  capital  of  the  country.  The  old  church 
is  one  of  the  finest  edifices  in  Georgia.  Here 
many  of  the  kings  and  princes  have  been 
buried,  15  miles  nw  of  Tefiis. 

Mucheluy  a town  in  Thurlogia,  Upper 
Saxony,  eight  miles  wswo;  Mcrsburgh. 

Mucidan,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Dordogne,  France,  on  the  river  Die,  IS 
miles  sw  of  Perigueux. 

Mvcky  one  of  the  Hebrides,  belonging  to 
Argyllshire,  about  three  miles  in  length  and 
one  in  breadth,  lying  four  miles  w of  the 
island  of  Eigg.  Its  name  in  Gaelic  denotes 
the  island  of  Swine.  The  soil  is  good,  and 
cattle  of  a good  size  are  reared.  Kelp  is 
manufactured  on  its  shores,  and  oil  extracted 
from  the  livers  of  the  sunfish. 

Muckart,  a parish  in  Perthshire,  about 
I five  miles  long,  and  Irom  two  to  three  broad, 

I containi  Dg  about  4500  acres,  three- fourths 
j of  which  are  arable.  Population  about 
1 540. 

j Muckenherg,  a town  in  Misnia,  Upper 
I Saxony,  22  miles  ns  of  Meissen, 
i MUCllUSS,  a most  enchanting  peninsula, 
indenting  the  e side  of  the  famous  lake  of 


and  one-quarter  long,  and  half  a mile  broad,  ji  Killarney,  so  far  as  aVuost  to  divide  it  into 
ill  weich  is  an  island  containing  two  acres,  |j  two,  one  and  a-lialf,  and  a-half  broad, 


in  which  are  vestiges  of  a street.  In  this 
island  was  a garrison  of  400  men  in  1442, 
and  was  the  residence  of  the  lairds  of  Mac- 
kintosh, \v!io  have  still  a house  in  it. 

Moif.  See  Dyke, 

jS'logy  a river  which  has  its  source  in  the 
mountain  of  Knocknashee,  Ireland,  county 
of  Sligo,  flows  ssw  15  nniles,  turns  n near 
Foxlbr:!,  receives  the  waters  of  Loch  Colt 
and  Loch  Conn,  and  falls  into  Kiilalla  bay 
about  12  miles  from  its  source.  On  its 
banks  are  three  ancient  round  towers,  and 
the  ruins  of  five  magnificent  abbeys  ; and 
over  it  are  five  stone  brklges,  and  three 
ferries. 

liJoyallen,  a town  in  Down,  Ulster,  where 
the  I'.nen  manufacture;  is  carried  on,  three 
miles  from  Purtadown,  and  63  from  Dublin. 

MogemiCy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Meurte,  France,  celebrated  for  its  salt  - 
spring,  twm  ipiles  ese  of  Vic,  and  16  e of 
Nancy. 


beautifully  diversified  with  lawuis,  thickets, 
and  rocks,  together  with  many  artificial 
decorations.  Here  is  an  elegant  mansion 
of  the  proprietor,  also  the  remains  of  au 
abbey.  See  Killarney. 

Muevy  or  Mue/ir,  a river  which  has  its 
source  in  the  duchy  of  Saizbiirgh,  runs 
through  Stiria,  by  Muerau,  Indenburg,  Muer, 
Gratz,  and  Lutenburg,  and  unites  with  the 
Drave,  near  Canischa,  in  Hungary. 

MueVy  a town  in  Styria,  Germany,  on 
the  Muer,  25  miles  nw  ol  Gratz. 

Muerauy  a town  in  Styria,  Germany, 

I stands  on  an  eminence,  near  the  Muer,  has  a 
i citadel,  22  miles  w of  Judenburg. 

I Mugehiy  New,  a town  in  Misnia,  Upper 
! Saxony,  has  a castle,  called  Rugetlial.  At 
j some  distance  is  the  village  of  old  Mngeln, 
18  miles  w by  n of  Meissen. 

Mugia,  a tov/n  in  Galicia,  Spain,  on  the 
w coast,  four  miles  w'nw  of  Compoiteiia. 

Muglia,  a town  in  Istria,  Italy,  has  a 


©astln,  ami  harbour  for  small  craft,  five 
miles  SE  of  Trieste. 

Mvglitz^  a tov/n  in  the  circle  of  Ohnutz, 
liloravia,  22  miles  wnw  of  Oimutz. 

Mnlilberg^  a tov/n  in  Misnia,  Upper  Sax- 
ony, seaterJ  on  the  Elbe,  has  a castle,  30 
miles  Nwof  Dresden. 

]\luick^  a river  ia  Aberdeenshire,  which 
rises  from  a lake  of  the  same  name,  and 
gives  the  name  of  Glenniuick  to  the  parish 
through  which  it  runs  to  the  Dee. 

Muir  avo  ns  hire,  a parish  in  the  se  corner 
of  Stirlingshire,  about  six  miles  long  and 
two  broad,  lying  on  the  w bank  of  the  Avon, 
which,  within  the  Jrounds  of  the  parish, 
drives  17  mills.  Population  above  iiOO. 

Mtiirhonse^  or  Murroes,  a parish  in  For- 
farshire, about  14  miles  from  Dundee,  on 
the  road  to  Brechin.  Its  extent  is  small, 
but  the  greater  part  is  arable.  Population 
about  600. 

Muirkirkj  a parish  in  the  county  of  Ayr, 
and  district,  of  Kyle,  the  surface  of  w'hich 
being  hilly  and  mostly  covered  with  heath, 
is  appropriated  to  sheep  pasture.  Muirkirk 
is  noted  for  its  iron  works.  Peat,  coal,  lime, 
and  free  stone  abound.  Population  about 
2600.  At  the  village, v early  in  August,  is  a 
fair  particularly  for  lambs.  In  the  parish, 
are  a number  of  stones  erected  to  the  me- 
mory of  persons  wdio  suffered  during  the 
last  persecution.  The  village  is  25  miles  e 
of  Ayr,  and  51  sw  of  Edinburgh. 

Mujacar,  a sea  port  in  Grenada,  Spain, 
seated  on  a bay  of  the  Alediterranean,  has  a 
castle  on  an  eminence,  40  miles  ne  of 
Almeria.  Lon.  I 55  w,  iat,  37  7 n. 

Muldau,  or  MoMau,  a river  of  Bohemia, 
wdiich  has  its  source  on  the  borders  of  Ba- 
varia, runs  by  Budweis  and  Prague,  and 
enters  tbe  Elbe,  opposite  Melnich. 

Muldorfy  a town  on  the  n bank  of  the 
Inn,  Bavaria,  23  miles  sse  of  Landshut. 

Mulhatisen,  a late  Imperial  and  Han- 
seatic town  of  Germany,  in  Thuringia,  ca- 
pital of  a territory  of  its  name,  ceded  to 
Prussia  in  1802,  situated  in  a fertile  coun- 
try, on  the  Unstrut.  The  inhabitants,  about 
9000,  are  Lutherans.  Here  is  a convent  of  i 


Augustine  nuns,  and  some  fiourishing  schools, 
13  miles  ne  of  Eisenach,  and  17  nnw  of 
Gotha.  Lon.  10  37 


E,  lat.  31  iO.N. 

Muthausen,  a towu  of  Alsace,  which 
forms  a part  of  the  Eelvetic  confederacy. 
The  walls  of  the  town  inclose  a circumle- 
rence  of  iifile  more  than  two  miles  : and  its 
whob'  lerrifory  is  coiiiUied  within  a precinct 
of  eight  mii{‘s.  It  contains  about  6000  in- 
habitants, who  ere  Protestants;  and  there 
are  2000  people  in  its  adjacent  villages.  If 
owes  its  present  flourishing  state  to  its 
manufactuies,  which  ennsest  cluetly  of  print- 
ed  lifiens  and  ccitons.  The  sapreoic  pewTr 
resides  in  the  great  aiul  little  council,  con- 
sisting together  of  78  persons,  drawn  from 
the  burghers,  w’ho^e  number  amounts  to 
7C0,  distributed  into  six  tribes,  13  miles  ^E 
of  Pasle. 


f Mulheim,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Berg, 
: Westphalia,  stands  near  the  Rhine,  tbre« 
miles  NE  of  Cologne. 

Muhvaddy,  a river  which  has  its  source 
at  the  foot  of  Adams  Peak,  Ceylon,  60 
miles  NE  of  Columbo,  runs  westward,  and 
before  it  reaches  tbe  sea  divides  into  several 
branches;  the  largest  of  which,  called  the 
Alutwal,  enters  the  sea,  three  miles  from  the 
fort  of  Columbo,  and  is  navigable. 

MULL,  one  of  the  Western  islands  of 
Scotland,  about  27  miles  in  length,  and  in 
some  places  of  an,  equal  breadth,  separated 
from  the  mainland  of  Argyllshire  by  a chan- 
nel about  three  miles  broad,  called  the  Sound 
of  Mull.  There  are  many  good  natural 
harbours ; but  there  is  only  one  village, 
called  Tobermorey.  The  soil  is  unfavour- 
able for  corn,  being  for  the  most  part  rocky 
and  barren.  Mull  is  calculated  to  contain 
423  square  miles,  and  is  divided  into  the 
three  parochial  districts  of  .Kilfinichen,  Kil- 
ninian,  and  Torosay,  which  comprehend  the 
adjacent  isles  of  Staff,  Ulva,  <fec.  containing 
alioarether  8367  in  +tiio 


altogether  8367  inhabitants.  loc-^this  island 
is  an  annual  fair  for  black  cattle,  which 
commences  on  tbe  13th  of  May,  and  is  con- 
tinued on  the  i3th,  17th,  and  19th,  in  ditler- 
ent  parts  of  the  island.  The  inhabitants  in 
general  speak  Gaelic,  and  understand  Eng- 
lish. The  prevailing  surname  is  M‘Lean. 

Mully  Sound  of,  a narrow  arm  of  the  sea, 
lying  between  the  island  of  Mull,  and  the 
mainland  of  Argyll,  and  Inverness-shire. 
It  is  in  general  from  two  to  10  rt^iles  broad, 
aj'.d  affords  safe  anchorage  for  vessels  of 
any  burden. 

Mull  of  Galloway.  See  Galloway  Mull  of . 

Mullingar,  the  countj^  town  of  W Meath, 
in  Leinster,  Ireland.  It  holds  a great  W'ool- 
mart,  is  a place  of  good  trade,  and  is  situated 
on  the  Foyle,  43  miles  w by  n of  Dublin. 
Lon.  7 15  w,  lat.  53  30  n. 

Mulma,  or  Mullnvia,  a large  rwer  of 
Africa,  which  has  its  source  in  Mount  Atlas, 
and  dividing  the  empire  of  Morocco  from 
Algiers,  falls  into  the  Mediterranean. 

Midrose,  a tovvn  in  the  Aliddle  Mark, 
Brandenburg,  seated  on  a canal  between  the 
j Spree  and  Oder,  10  miles  sw  of  Frankfort. 

I Munehherg,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
1 Bayreuth,  Franconia,  10  miles  e of  Cuhn- 
baeh. 

Munchenberg,  a town  of  Brandenburg,  in 
the  Middle  lilark.  A colony  of  Frencn  re- 
fugees have  introduced  the  silk  and  woollen 
manufactures  here,  to  great  advantage.  It 
is  34  miles  e of  Berlin. 

Munda,  a town)  in  Grenada,  Spain,  30 
miles  WNW  of  Malaga. 

Mundcn,  a tov  ij  of  Lower  Saxony,  is 
the  u'uchy  of  Brun wick,  on  the  Werra,  at 
(h(‘ juuotion  of  the  Ftdda,  where  they  form 
the  Weser.  In  the  vicinity  are  found  good 
millstones.  It  was  sevi  ral  times  taken  by 
French  in  the  war  of  1756,  who  retained 
it  till  (762,  10  miles  NE  of  Cassel,  and  15 
sw  of  Gottingen, 


M U N 

Munduy  a very  anoiiuu  city  of  Hindoos- 
taii  Proper,  in  the  province  of  Malvva,  of 
which  it  was  anciently  the  capital,  li 
was  then  22  miles  in  circumference,  and 
dontained  many  monumenis  of  ancient 
grandeur,  but  it  is  falleu  into  decay.  It  is 
46  miles  S of  Ougein,  and  110  nnw  of  Bur- 
hanipour.  Lon.  75  47  E,lat.  22  50  n. 

Mungo,  St,  a parish  in  Duinfries-shire, 
abOi  t 4 miles  square,  watered  by  the  Miik 
and  tile  Annan.  The  surface  is  level,  and 
the  soil  is  in  general  a rich  and  fertile 
loam.  The  banks  of  the  Milk  are  covered 
with  natural  wood.  On  a pleasant  sloping- 
hill  stands  the  delightful  mansion  of  Castle- 
Milk,  which  gives  the  title  of  baronet  to  a 
branch  of  the  family  of  Stewart.  Popu- 
lation about  650.  The  church  anciently 
belonged  to  the  archbishopric  of  Glasgow, 
and  was  dedicated  to  its  p itron  saint. 

Muii glare,  a town  of  Candahar,  in  the 
country  of  Cabul,  125  miles  w of  Cashmere, 
and  135  e of  Cabul.  Lon.  71  15  e,  lat. 
34  15  N. 

Munghulhaut,  a town  in  Bengal,  Hin- 
doostan,  on  the  Durlah,  w’ith  a manufac- 
ture of  coarse  cotton  cloths,  20  miles  nne 
of  Rungpour. 

MwdocJig,  a fishing  village  in  Ross-shire, 
situated  on  the  N coast  of  the  Moray  Frith, 
on  a bay  of  the  same  name. 

Munia,  or  Menie,  an  ancient  and  consi- 
derable tdwn  in  Egypt,  situated  on  the  Nile, 
140  miles  s of  Cairo.  The  vessels  that  go 
down  the  Nile  are  obliged  to  stop  here  and 
pay  certain  duties.  It  is  140  miles  s of 
Cairo. 

Munich,  the  capital  of  Bavaria.  The 
bouses  are  high,  and  the  streets  large  and 
spacious,  with  canals  in  many  of  them. 
The  palace  of  the  king  is  a stupendous  struc- 
ture, magnificently  adorned.  The  cabinet 
of  curiosities,  the  library,  the  arsenal,  and 
the  ducal  gardens,  attract  the  attention  of 
travellers.  The  cathedral  contains  the 
tomb  of  the  emperors,  of  black  marble, 
adorned  with  statues  of  bronze.  The  con- 
vent of  the  Theatines,  and  ti:e  college  for- 
merly belonging  to  the  .lesuiis,  are  worthy 
of  notice.  In  the  vicinity  are  the  palaces 
of  Nymphenburg  and  Sehlesheim.  In  the 
wars  of  Germany,  Munich  has  been  often 
taken,  and  by  the  French  in  1796  and  1800. 
There  are  many  fine  buildings,  both  public 
and  private.  Here  are  manufactures  of 
silk,  velvet,  woollen  cloths,  and  tapestry. 
It  is  situated  on  the  Iser,  33  miles  ese  of 
Augsburg,  and  62  s by  w oi  Ratisbon.  Lon. 
11  30  E,  lat.  48  10  N. 

Munkatz.  See  Montgatz. 

Munner^tadt,  a town  in  the  principality 
of  Wurtzburg,  Franconia,  on  the  i^auer,  13 
mile  s Nof  Schweinfurt. 

Munngpoar,  capital  of  the^  territory  of 
Cassay.  In  1774,  it  was  taken  and  plun- 
dered by  the  Birmans,  210  miles  xnw  of 
Tjmmerapoora,  and  4i0  e by  k of  Calcutta. 
Loii.  94  40  lat.  24  30  n. 

11 


M U N 

Munster,  a sovereign  bishopric  in  WesG 
phalia,  120  miles  in  length,  and  80  in 
.»r<  adth.  The  country  of  Munster  is  on  tho 
whole  level.  It  has  fruitful  plains,  fine 
voods,  extensive  heaths  that  feed  many  cat- 
tle, and  exhaustless  quarries  of  stone.  It 
'ontains  1360  square  miles,  and  is  divided 
iiuo  the  upper  and  lower  principality.  The 
chief  rivers  are  the  Enn  , Lippe,  Vecht,  and 
oerkel.  In  1802  tlie  bishopric  was  secu- 
larized and  given  to  the  king  of  Pru-sia, 
who,  at  the  peace  of  Tilsit,"  ceded  it  to 
Westphalia. 

Munster,  a large,  fortified,  rich,  popu- 
lous, and  famous  city  of  Germany,  capital 
ol  Westphalia.  It  is  surrounded  with 
ramparts  and  double  ditches.  Its  strong 
citadel  was  demolished  in  1765,  and  re- 
placed by  a superb  palace.  A tailor  called 
John  of  Lyden,  leader  of  the  Anabaptists, 
obtained  possession  of  this  city  in  1515.  la 
1536,  it  was  retaken,  after  14  months  siege, 
and  JoJin  of  Lyden,  was  tortured  ,to  death 
with  red  hot  pincers.  The  cathedral,  the 
library,  and  many  antiquities,  are  w-orthy  of 
notice.  The  famous  treaty,  called  the  trea- 
ty of  Westphalia,  was  concluded  here  in 
1648,  which  terminated  the  religious  w^ars 
of  30  years.  In  the  war  of  1756,  this  city 
stood  several  sieges,  and  was  taken  in  t759. 
It  stands  on  the  Aa,  50  miles  ene  of  Wesel, 
and  52  wnw  of  Paderhorn.  Lon.  7 49  e, 
iat.  51  55  N. 

MUNSTER,  one  of  the  four  provinces  of 
Ireland.  It  is  about  135  miles  in  length, 
and  120  in  breadth.  It  contains  the  coun- 
ties of  Clare,  Tipperary,  Wateridrd,  Cork, 
Limerick,  and  Kerry.  There  are  many 
bays,  harbours,  and  rich  towns  ; anl  the 
air  is  mild  and  temperate.  Some  places 
are  mountainous,  but  the  valieys  are  em- 
bellished with  corn  fields.  The  most  gene- 
ral commodities  are  corn,  cattle,  wood, 
wool,  and  fish.  The  principal  towm  is  Cork. 

Munsterberg,  the  capital  of  a prineipaiity 
of  the  same  name,  Silesia.  The  inhabiiants 
cultivate  great  quantities  of  hops.  It  is  si- 
tuated on  the  Ohlau,  13  miles  nw  of  Neisse. 
Lon.  17  3 E,  lat.  50  31  n. 

Munsingen,  a town  in  the  duchy  of 
Wertemberg,  Sw'abia,  has  a castle,  20  miles 
w of  U!m. 

Munster,  a town  in  the  canton  of  Lu- 
cerne, Swisseriand,  12  miles  nnw  of  Lu- 
cerne. 

Munster,  a town  in  the  canton  of  Grisons^ 
Swisseriand,  15  miles  n of  Bornio. 

Munster,  a town  in  the  department  of  Up- 
per Rhine,  France,  9 miles  wsw  of  Colmar  , 

Munster  Eyjfel,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Roer,  France,  in  the  duchy  of  Ju- 
tiers,  lately  of  Germa*  y,  16  miles  ssw  of 
Cologne. 

Mumter  Meinfeld,  a town  in  the  depart- 
mento|- Rhine  and  Moselle,  France,  lately 
of  Germany,  electorate  of  Treves,  12  nitlei^ 
sw  of  C^bleniz. 

Munzkpherg,  a town  in  Watteravia,  Gei* 
T 


M U S 

irnaisr  with  a castle,  8 miles  s of  Gres- 
seii. 

MURANO,  an  island  and  town  of  Italy, 
about  three  miles  n by  e of  Venice,  formerly 
a very  flourishing  place,  and  still  containing 
palaces  that  bear  the  marks  of  former  mag- 
nificence, though  now  in  a state  of  decay. 
The  island  is  said  to  contain  20,000  inha- 
bitants. Here  are  made  the  celebrated 
Venetian  looking-glasses. 

Mm^aty  a town  in  the  department  of  Can- 
tal,  France,  near  the  source  of  the  Aleg- 
Eion,  12  miles  nw  of  St  Flour. 

MURCIA,  a province  of  Spain,  on  the 
coast  of  the  Mediterranean.  It  is  about 
62  miles  in  length,  and  58  in  breadth.  Its 
principal  river  is  the  Segura.  The  soil  is 
dry,  produces  little  corn  or  \vine ; but  there 
is  plenty  of  oranges,  citrons,  lemons,  olives, 
almonds,  mulberries,  riCe,  pulse,  and  sugar. 
It  has  also  a great  deal  of  silk.  The  vale 
of  Murcia  is  noted  for  the  richness  and 
variety  of  its  cultur®.  Its  mountains  are 
adorned  with  odoriferous  plants  and  *hrubs. 

Murcia,  the  capital  of  the  above  pro- 
vince, and  a bishop^s  see.  It  stands  in  a 
plain,  which  abounds  in  fine  gardens,  in 
which  are  the  best  fruits  in  Spain.  The 
altar  of  its  lofty  Cathedral,  is  of  massive 
silver.  It  is  situated  on  the  river  Segura, 
27  miles  n of  Carthagena,  and  212  se 
of  Madrid.  Population,  about  50,000. 
Lon.  I 16  w,  lat.  37  58  n. 

Mur  de  Barrez,  a town  in  the  depart- 
Tnent  of  Aveiron,  France,  32  miles  n by  e 
of  Rhodez. 

Muret,  a town  in  the  department  of  Upper 
Garonne,  France,  on  the  Garonne,  10  miles 
s of  Toulouse. 

Murfreesh'orough,  the  capital  of  Gates 
county,  North  Carolina,  It  carries  on  a 
small  trade  with  Edenton,  and  the  other  sea- 
port towns.  It  is  seated  on  the  Meherrin, 
50  miles  E by  n of  Halifax,  49  knw  of 
Edenton,  and  422  sw  of  Philadelphia. 

Murhard,  a town  in  the  dUchy  of  Wir- 
temberg,  Swabia,  on  the  Mur,  has  a Bene- 
dictine abbey,  eight  miles  s of  Haliei 

Mura,  a town  at  the  foot  of  the  Appe- 
nines,  in  Basilicata,  Naples,  12  miles  se 
of  Conza. 

Muros,  a town  in  GaUcia,  Spain,  seated 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Tambro,  29  miles  w by 
s of  Cbmpostella. 

Murray  Frit  hi  See  Morey, 

Musa,  a walled  town  in  Yemen,  Arabia, 
18  miles  e of  Mocha. 

Miishvai,  See  Mashrat. 

Muscle  Bay^  a bay  of  Afdca,  on  the  s 
coast,  has  its  name  from  the  vast  abundance 
of  muscles,  and  of  their  shells  found  on  its 
shore.  At  the  entrance  on  the  v/  point,  is 
a high  rock  called  cape  St.  Blaise.  It  is 
exposi'd  to  the  se  winds,  but  the  anchorage 
is  good.  Lon.  22  50  e,  lat.  33  40  s. 

Mnscc,  capital  of  a lordsnip  of  its  name, 
in  Lusaiia,  seateil  on  the  Neisse,  with  a 
Cftitie,  25  miles  w.\w  of  Goriitz. 


M tr  s 

Muso,  a town  in  New  Grenada,  Terri^ 
Firma,  on  the  Madalena,  70  miles  nnw  of 
St.  Fe. 

MUSKOGULGE,  Muscogee,  or  Creek 
Indians,  inhabit  the  middle  parts  of  Georgia. 
The  Creek,  or  Muscogulge  language  is 
spoken  throughout  the  confederacy,  as 
also  by  their  friends  and  allies  the  Nat- 
chez. It  is  difficult  to  account  for  their 
excellent  policy  in  civil  government  ; it 
cannot  derive  its  efficacy  from  coercive 
laws,  for  they  have  no  such  artificial  sys- 
tem. The  Muskogulges  allow  of  poly- 
gamy. The  Creek  confederacy  have  55 
towns,  besides  many  villages.  Their  whole 
number,  some  years  since,  w'as  17,280, 
of  which  5860  were  fighting  men,  They 
are  a w’ell  made,  expert,  hardy,  sagacious, 
polite,  people,  extremely  jealous  of  their 
rights.  Thefy  are  faithful  friends,  but  inve- 
terate enemies  ; hospitable  to  strangers,  and 
honest  in  their  dealings.  The  country 
which  they  claim  is  bounded  northward 
by  about  the  34th  degree  of  latitude ; and 
extends  from  the  Tombeckbee,  or  Mobille 
river,  to  thd  Atlantic  ocean,  though  they 
have  ceded  a part  of  this  tract  on  the  sea- 
coast,  by  different  treaties,  to  the  state  of 
Georgia.  Their  principal  towns  lie  in  lat. 
32  and  Ion.  11  20  from  Philadelphia.  The 
soil  is  fruitful  in  a high  degree,  and  well 
xvatered,  abounding  in  creeks  and  rivulets, 
from  whence  they  are  called  the  Creek 
Indians. 

31ushingum,  that  is,  Elk'^s  Bye,  a navi- 
gable river  of  the  Stale  of  Ohio,  which 
unites  with  the  Ohio,  at  Marietta.  It  is 
navigable  by  large  batteaux  and  barges 
to  the  Three  Legs,  110  miles  from  its 
mouth,  and  by  small  boats  to  the  lake 
at  its  head,  45  miles  farther.  Whence,  by 
a short  portage,  a communication  is  opened 
with  lake  Erie.  A valuable  salt  spring  has 
been  very  lately  discovered,  eight  miles 
from  this  river,  and  50  from  Marietta,  call- 
ed the  Big  Spring. 

Musselburgh,  a considerable  sea  port 
towm  in  Edinburghshire,  six  miles  e of 
Edinburgh.  The  suburb  of  Fisherrow  is 
united  to  Musselburgh,  by  a bridge  over  the 
Esk,  and  considered  as  forming  part  of  the 
burgh,  being  under  the  same  magistracy. 
The  town  is  a burgh  of  regality  under  the 
duke  of  Buccleugh.  Its  jurisdiction  ex- 
tends two  miles  and  a-half  along  the  shore, 
including  W Pans  and  Newbiggin  on  the  E 
with  Bridge-end,  Timber,  Bush,  Spring  Gar- 
den, and  Magdalene  Pans,  on  the  w.  It 
was  anciently  called  Mnsselburghshiro. 
It  was  erected  into  a burgh  of  regality, 
soon  after  the  death  of  Thomas  Randolf, 
earl  of  Murray,  who  died  in  1332,  in  a 
house  yet  standing  near  the  e end  of  the 
town.  It  contains  about  4000  inhabitants, 
nearly  d.vitl-d  between  it  and  Fisherrow. 
It  is  governed  by  a council  of  18,  including 
two  bailies,  and  a treausurer ; its  amiuai 
revenue  is  tibove  15001.  It  bus  manufau- 


M Y C 


NAB 


Iftrcs  of  cloth,  fustiaiv,  handkerchiefs, 
earthernware,  soap,  starch,  &e.  and  a con- 
wderable  trade,  particularly  with  the  Bal- 
tic. Here  are  several  schools  in  high  re- 
pute, a number  of  private  asylums  tor  luna- 
tics, and  barracks  for  soldiers.  The  golf 
and  toot  ball  are  gimes  much  practised 
here,  a grand  match  is  annually  played 
lor  a silver  cup,  and  the  royal  company  of 
archers  annually  shoot  here  for  an  ancient 
silver  arrow.  It  has  seven  incorporated 
Trades.  Tlie  women  carry  salt,  fish,  &c. 
to  Edinburgh.  Fair  i^d  Tuesday  ot  Au- 
gust. 

Mustiigamf  or  Mustvganmmy  a sea  port 
of  Algiers,  in  the  province  of  Mwsoata, 
with  a castle,  140  miles  wsw  of  the  city  of 
Algiers.  Lon.  0 30  e,  Uu.  38  'xiO  n. 

Musueluy  a town  in  Andalusia,  Spain,  on 
the  Guadalipuiver,  seven  miles  ne  of  Jaen, 
and  50  n of  Granada. 

Mitswell  mu,  a village  in  Middlesex, 
five  miles  from  London,  celebrated  for  the 
extent  and  variety  of  its  views.  A piece  of 
ground  and  a medicinal  well  here,  formerly 
belonged  to  the  knights  of  St.  John  of  Jeru- 
salem. 

Muteodu,  a town  in  Mysore,  Hindoostan, 
celebrated  for  a manufacture  of  glass  rings, 
worn  on  the  wrists  of  its  native  women,  34 
miles  w of  Sera. 

Muthill,  a parish  and  village  in  Perth- 
shire. The  parish  is  from  eight  to  iO  miles 
long,  and  from  six  to  nine  broad.  The  sur- 
face is  hilly,  and  the  soH  various.  It  is 
situated  on  the  great  military  road  to  Inver.- 
ness,  four  miles  s of  Crieff.  About  a mile 
distant  stands  Drummond  Gastle,  the  an- 
cienf  seat  of  the  noble  famil}*  of  Perth. 
In  this  parish  also  is  Ardoch,  the  seat  of 
Sir  William  Stirling,  and  noted  for  a very 
complete  Homan  encampment,  large  horns 
of  elks  and  deer,  and  the  head  and  horns  of 
a mountain  hull,  have  lieen  foimd  in  marl 
pits.  Here  are  a number  of  erect  stones, 
tumuli,  druidical  circles,  and  old  chapels. 
Muthill  has  several  annual  fairs.  Popula- 
tion near  3000, 

TUutschen,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Misnia.  In  the  neighbourhood  is  found  a 
kiiid  of  crystals,  called  Mutschen  diamonds. 
It  is  20  miles  e of  Leipsic. 

Muyden,  a strong  town  on  the  Zuyder 
Zee,  S Holland,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Vecht^ 
si.x  miles  ese  of  Arastv^rdani.  ’ 

MYCONI,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago^ 
about  20  miles  in  circumference,  Tiie  har- 
bour is  v<*ry  open,  and  deep  enough  for  the 
largest  sliips,  where  they  may  ride  secure 
from  the  north  wind.  The  soil  is  dry,  and 
the  mountains  are  of  a great  height.  Wa- 
ter is  very  scarce  in  summer,  but  in  the 
finvn  is  a great  well,  the  only  one  in  the 
island.  Its  grapes  and  figs  are  excellent. 
It  abounds  in  rabbits,  woodcocks,  turtle 
doves,  and  wheat  ears.  Almost  ail  (he  in- 
habitants are  Greeks*.  Several  European 


nations  have  consuls  here.  Lon.  25  21  E, 
lat.  3T  38  X. 

Myfad,  a town  in  Montgomeryshire, 
Wales,  on  the  Fyrnwy,  with  a mai-ket  ou 
Friday,  12  miles  xnw  of  Montgomery,  and 
190  Nw  of  London. 

Mysol,  the  most  eastern  of  the  Molucco 
islands,  of  a triangular  siiape,  and  bold 
shore.  The  villages  are  built  upon  posts  in 
the  water.  The  bird  of  Paradi.se  frequent 
the  forests,  and  are  taken  in  great  numbers. 
Lon.  130*0  E,  lat.  2 0 s, 

MYSORE,  a kingdom  in  the  peninsula 
of  Hindoostan,  lately  subject  to  Tippoo 
Sultan,  extending  from  11  30  to  15  0 n lat. 
and  in  the  n part  from  T4  58  to  T8  35  k 
Ion.  and  lies  between  the  w and  e ridges  of 
the  Gauis.  The  extent  of  Tippoo^s  territory, 
from  X to  s was  about  550  miles;  its 
breadth,  in  the  ^yidest  place,  330  miles, 
but  proceeding  to  the  s it  diminished  till  it 
ends  in  a point.  The  territory  is  now 
much  circumscribed ; and  in  general  is 
dry,  rugged,  mountainous,  and  barren  ; so 
that  sustenance  for  men  and  animals  cannot 
he  rai.sed  upon  it  hut  by  the  most  persever- 
ing industry  in  its  inhabitants.  The  domi- 
nions of  the  Rajah  of  Mysore,  now  consist 
of  three  great  distriet.s,  Patna  to  the  s,  Na- 
gara  to  the  nw',  and  Cliatratnal  to  the  ne. 
These  have  their  names  from  the  three 
places  where  the  oifices  of  government  aro 
sealed. 

Mysore,  the  ancient  capital  of  the  king- 
dom of  the  same  name,  seated  in  a valley 
with  a well  buiit  fort.  There  are  no  build- 
ings permitted  on  the  Esplanade.  The 
palace  is  .small,  but  neat.  It  was  ruined 
by  the  two  late  sultans,  but  since  the  Bri- 
ti.sh  restored  the  ancient  family,  in  IT99, 
and  made  it  the  rajalPs  seat  of  government, 
I many  buildings  have  been  erected,  10  miles 
I s of  Seringapatam.  Lon.  70  50  e,  lai.  12 
I 15  N. 

I Mytelcna,  See  Metelcn^ 


N 


I "^TAAS,  the  county  town,  and,  alternately 

j with  Atby,  the  assize  town  of  Kildare, 

ij  in  Leiaster,  formerly  the  residence  of  the 

II  kings  of  Leinster.  Here  several  parliaments 
jj  were  held.  It  is  situated  on  a branch  of 
j|  Ibe  Liffey,  on  the  great  post-road  between 
1 1 Dublin  arid  Munster,  near  the  Grand  Canal, 

|l  12  miles  e by  x of  Kildare,  and  120  sw  of 
I Dublin. 

I Nah,  a river  of  Germany,  which  has  iti 
||  source  in  mount  Fichtelhnrg,  principality  > 
j of  Bayreuth,  pas.ses  through  the  palatinate 
} of  Bavaria,  'and  unites  with  the  Danube,  a 
i iitrle  above  Ratisbon. 

' NuL-al,  a towm  of  Africa,  in  Tunis , 

I supposed  to  have  been  the  ancient  Neapolis 
j.  T 2 


NAG 

seated  near  the  sea.  It  has  several  relics 
of  aniiquity,  and  is  famed  for  pottery.  It 
is  34  miles  sse  of  Tunis.  Lon.  10  19  e, 
lat.  35  13  N. 

Nabburg,  a town  of  Bavaria,  on  the 
Nab,  10  miles  ese  of  Amberg, 

NablonSy  a town  of  Asia,  capital  of  the 
country  anciently  called  SaxMaria,  situated 
near  Sicbem,  on  the  ruins  of  the  Grecian 
Neaprlis.  It  stands  in  a charming  valley, 
amidst  rich  gardens,  in  a country  abound- 
ing with  all  the  necessaries  of  life.  In  the 
vicinity  is  Jacobis  well;  and  many  sepul- 
chres, hewn  out  of  rock.  Here  travellers 
may  still  contemplate  the  spot  where  the 
remains  of  Joseph,  Eieazar,  and  Joshua 
were  laid.  The  town  is  governed  by  a 
sbeili,  subject  to  the  Pacha  of  Damascus  ; 
the  inhabitants  send  their  manufactures  and 
other  articles  of  trade  to  a great  distance 
on  camels,  and  are  deemed  the  richest  peo- 
ple in  Syria.  Nablous  is  30  miles  N of 
Jerusalem,  and  90  ssw  of  Damascus.  ' 

Nadeegsda,  See  Kuriles. 

NaefelSy  a town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  j 
canton  of  Glaris.  Near  this  place,  in  1388, 
a victory  was  obtained  by  350  troops  of  | 
Glaris  assi-  ted  by  50  Schweitzers,  over 
15,000  Austrians,  in  memory  of  which 
transaction,  a chapel  was  built  on  the 
spot,  and  rebuilt  in  1799.  It  is  four  miles 
N of  Glaris. 

Naerden,  a considerable  town  of  S Hol- 
land, in  the  late  republican  department  of ' 
Amstel,  at  the  head  of  the  canals,  on  the 
^uyder-Zee.  It  was  taken  by  Fernando 
de  Toledo,  son  of  the  duke  of  Alva,  in  1572, 
and  all  the  inhabitants  massacred.  It  was  I 
taken  by  the  French,  in  1672,  and  retaken  I 
by  the  prince  of  Orange  in  1673,  14  miles  | 
ESE  of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  5 11  e,  lat.  52  i 
J9  N.  , j 

NagamaJigala^  a town  in  Mysore,  Hin-  | 
doostan,  with  a citadel,  fortified  with  mud  | 
walls.  In  the  fort  are  two  large  temples,  I 
and  a ruinous  palace.  In  the  outer  town 
a wide  street  extends  all  round,  with  short 
lanes  on  each  side  to  the  outer  and  inner 
wail,  30  miles  n of  Seringapatarn. 

Nagara,  or  Egder-nagaraj  capital  of  the 
NW  district  of  Mysore,  Hlndoostan,  formerly 
called  Eidderurn,  and  by  the  Fairopeans 
Beddenore,  or  Bednore.  Its  present  name 
was  given  it  by  Hyder,  who  took  it  in  1763, 
and  made  it  his  principal  arsenal.  The 
British  took  it  in  1783,  but  Tippo  retook 
it  soon  after.  On  his  final  defeat,  in 
1799,  it  vras  ceded  to  the  Rajah  of  Mysore, 
the  British  retain  a garrison  in  the  fort. 
Its  want  of  manufactures  is  partly  siippii'^'d  i 
i>y  a trade  in  pepper,  betel  nuts,  sandal  I 
wood,  and  cardamons,  and  by  a variety  of 
articles  brought  from  distant  places.  The 
ciiy  contains  upw^ards  of  1600  houses,  and  j 
is  on  the  increase,  79  miles  n by  e of 
Mangalore,  and  150  kw  of  Seringapatarn. 
Lon.  78  8 E,  lat.  13  48  n. 

'Nagaz,  a town  of  Candahar,  province  ol 


N A I 

Cabul,  on  the  Cowmul,  70  jniles  w by  k 
of  Attock,  and  120  s of  Cabul. 

Nageruy  a town  in  Old  Castile,  Spain, 
with  a fort,  three  miles  nw  of  Calahorra, 
and  138  n of  Madrid. 

Nagibania^  a town  of  Transylvania,  on 
the  confines  of  Upper  Hungary,  and  on  the 
river  Zarud ; near  which  there  are  silver 
mines. 

Nagoldy  a towm  of  Wirtemburg,  situated 
on  a river  of  the  same  name,  with  a castle 
in  ruins,  15  miles  w of  Tubingen. 

Nagvre,  a town  in  the  territory  of  Agi- 
mere,  Hindoostan,  50  miles  nw  of  Agimere, 
Lon.  71  48  e,  lat.  27  9 n. 

NagpoifTy  the  capital  of  that  part  of 
Berar,  a subah  of  the  Deccan  of  Hindoo- 
stan, which  is  subject  to  Moodajee  B*  cn- 
stah,  the  chief  of  the  Eastern  Mahrcstias. 
It  is  a city  of  modero  date;  but  is  poorly 
built,  and  open  and  defenceless.  It  is  afiO 
miles  w by  s of  Calcutta.  Lon.  79  46  e, 
lat.  21  19  N. 

Nagyhanjay  a mine  towm  of  Hungary, 
and  one  of  the  royal  free  towns.  The 
gold  and  silver  mines  produce  a great  deal 
of  metal  which  is  coined  here,  it  is  30 
miles  NE  of  Zatmar.  Lon.  22  54  e,  lat.  48 
10  N. 

Nahe,  a river  of  France,  lately  of  Ger« 
many,  rises  in  the  department  of  Sarre, 
takes  its  course  by  Kirn  Montzinger,  Sober- 
heim,  and  Creutzuach,  and  falls  into  the 
Ptbine  at  Bingen. 

NAIRN,  a county  of  Scotland,  bound- 
ed N by  Murray  Frith,  and  inclosed  on 
every  other  side  by  the  counties  of  Inver- 
ness and  Murray.  Its  extent  irom  to  s 
is  about  15  miles  and  its  breadth  about  12. 
The  soil,  though  rocky,  is  rich,  and  in 
general  well  cultivated.  It  is  divided  Into 
four  parochial  districts,  w'hich  contained, 
in  1801,  8257  inhabitants,  and  in  1811, 
8251  i It  sends  a member  to  parliament 
alternately  with  the  county  of  Cromarty. 
The  valued  rent  is  15,1621.  10s.  lid. 
Scots  and  the  real  land  rent  estimated  at 
SOOOi.  Sterling. 

Nairn,  a river  of  Scotland,  W'hich  rises 
in  the  high  mountainous  district  of  Bade- 
Rocli,  in  Inveiness-shire,  and  after  a ne 
course  of  about  25  miles,  falls  into  the 
Moray  Frith,  at  the  royal  borough  of 
Nairn. 

Nairn,  a royal  borough,  the  county 
town  of  Nairnshire,  situated  near  the  en- 
trance of  the  Moray  Frith,  in  the  centre 
of  the  sea  coast  of  the  county,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Nairn,  w side  of  the  river.  Tt  is  a 
neat  town,  containing  about  liOO  inhabi- 
tants, governed  by  a provost,  three  bailies, 
a dean  of  guild,  treasurer,  and  12  coun- 
sellors. It  has  a small  but  convenient 
harbour ; and  there  is  a productive  salmon 
I 'ishery  at  the  mouth  ot  the  river.  The 
parish  extends  aboin  eight  miles  from  n tos, 
a>)(J  six  from  e to  w‘,  ihe  soil  U generally 
rich  and  fertile.  Population  including  the" 


NAM 

town,  2215,  in  1801,  and  in  1811,  2504. 
In  this  parish  are  the  ruins  of  Rait  castle, 
and  of  Finlay^s  castle  auoiently  the  seat  of 
the  Cumines.  The  church  was  formerly 
attached  to  the  deanery  of  Auldearn. 
Narin  has  six  annual  fairs ; and  unites  with 
Forres,  Fortrose,  and  Inverness  in  sendings  a 
member  to  parliament,  15  miles  e oi  Inver- 
ness, and  220  n by  w of  Edinburgh.  Lon. 
8 G w,lat.  57  38  N. 

Naksivan,  a town,  and  an  Armenian 
settlement,  in  the  province  of  Rastof, 
Russia,  founded  by  Catharine  11.  has  four 
churches,  and  two  bazars  well  supplied 
v.ith  Turkish  goods.  It  has  a considerable 
inland  trade,  and  stands  on  the  Don,  two 
miles  E of  Rastof. 

Naksivatif  capital  of  a province  of  its 
name,  in  Persian  Armenia,  once  a large 
city,  but  ruined  by  Abbas  I,  Its  bazars, 
caravansaries,  and  public  baths  are  worthy 
of  notice,  90  miles  se  of  Envan,  and  90 
EE  of  Tabriz.  Lon.  45  45  e,  lat.  39  8 N. 

Namptwich,  or  Nantwich,  a large  well 
built  town  in  Cheshire,  on  the  river  Weaver, 
V hich  runs  through  the  middle  of  it,  and 
rear  the  Chester  Canal.  Here  are  salt 
springs,  from  which  they  make  great  qiian- 
tiesof  white  salt.  There  are  also  manufac- 
tures of  cotton  and  shoes,  and  the  principal 
dairies  of  Cheshire  are  about  this  town. 
The  inhabitants  thus  carry  on  a brisk  trade, 
which  is  much  favoured  by  the  Chester 
canal,  which  here  forms  a broad  bason. 
The  market  is  on  Saturday.  It  has  a free 
school,  and  a charity  school.  In  a house 
near  the  end  of  the  town,  long  the  residence 
of  the  Wilbraham  family,  James  I.  was 
entertained.  And  the  widow  of  the  great 
Milton,  daughter  of  a Mr.  Minshul,  spent  the 
latter  part  oi  her  days  in  it.  It  is  26  miles 
SE  of  Chester,  and  164  nw  of  London. 

Nayndau,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Ereslaw,  Silesia,  with  a castle,  amid  mo* 
rasses,  on  the  Weyda,  23  miles  ese  of 
Breslau. 

Nanmr.  a large  and  rich  town  of  France 
in  the  Austrian  Netherlands,  lately  the 
capital  of  the  department  of  Sambre  and 
Meuse,  and  a bishopric  under  the  modern 
arch-bishop  of  Malines.  It  is  32  miles  svr 
of  Brussels.  It  has  a castle,  on  a rock,  in 
the  middle  of  the  town,  and  several  forts, 
and  seated  beiw'een  two  mountains,  at  the 
junction  of  the  Meuse  and  Sambre.  The 
inhabitants  are  computed  at  20,000.  Fire 
ar  cs,  sw'ords,  and  various  kinds  of  cutlery 
are  made  here.  Lon.  4 45  E,  iat.  50  29  n, 

NAMUR,  a county,  and  one  of  the  ten 
catholic  provinces  of  the  Netherlands,  lying 
betw'een  the  rivers  Sambre  and  Bleuse ; 
W’hen  annexed  to  France,  it  formed  the  chief 
part  of  the  department  of  the  Sambre  and 
Meuse,  which  rivers  divide  it  into  three 
ptirts  of  nearly  equal  extent.  It  is  fertile, 
and  has  several  forests,  marble  quarries, 
and  mines  of  irou^  lead  and  coal.  It  is 


NAN 

about  30  miles  in  length,  and  20  In  breadth 
Namur  w^as  the  capital. 

Nancyy  a large  and  handsome  city,  in 
the  department  of  Meurthe,  France,  and  a 
bishopric  under  the  modern  archbishop  of 
Resaucoii,  seated  in  A delightful  plain,  near 
the  Meurte.  It  contains  about  34,000 
inhabitants  ; and  is  divided  into  the  Old  and 
New  Town,  w hich  are  separated  by  a canal. 
The  old  town,  is  rich  and  populous,  and 
contains  the  palace  of  the  ancient  dukes 
of  Lorrain.  Their  tombs  are  in  a .saloon 
adjoining  the  church  of  the  late  Cordeliers. 
The  new  town  Is  one  of  the  finest  in  Europe. 
The  cathedral  is  a magnificent  structure. 
It  is  10  miles  E of  Tcul.  62  se  of  Luxem- 
burg, and  175  E of  Paris.  Lon.  6 10  E, 
lat.  48  42  N. 

Nander,  a towm  in  the  province  of  Dow- 
latabad,  Hindoostan,  132  miles  nnW  of 
Hydrabad. 

Nandidroog,  a powerful  fortress  of  My- 
sore, Hindoostan,  garrisoned  by  British 
troops,  since  the  restoration  of  the  Rajah, 
in  1799,  25  miles  n by  e of  Biingaiore,  and 
64  ESE  of  Sera. 

NANFIO,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
a little  N os  Santorini,  16  miles  in  circum- 
ference. It  has  no  harbour ; and  there  ar» 
not  springs  sufficient  to  water  the  fields. 
The  trade  of  the  inhabitants,  who  are  all 
Greeks,  consists  in  onions,  honey,  and  wax* 
Here  are  still  visible  the  ruins  of  the  temple 
of  Apollo,  consisting  chiefly  of  marble 
columns.  Lon.  26  10  e,  lat.  36  15  n. 

Nangasakif  a large  and  famous  city  of 
Japan,  in  the  island  of  Ximo-Fisen ; with 
a well  frequented  harbour,  the  only  one  in  the 
empire  to  which  foreign  ships  may  resort. 
The  inhabitants  carry  on  a great  trade  with 
the  Chinese  and  Dutch.  The  latter  are 
not  permitted  to  enter  the  city  except  when 
their  ships  arrive,  and  then  they  are  obliged 
to  deliver  up  their  guns  and  sails,  as  a pledge 
of  tueir  good  behaviour.  Lon.  130  15  b 
lat.  32  45  N. 

NangiSy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Seine,  and  Marne,  France,  12  miles  w of 
Provins,  and  14  e of  Melun. 

Nankang,  a city  of  the  first  rank,  in  tW 
province  of  Kiang«si,  China,  seated  on  the 
lake  Poyang,  637  miles  s of  Peking.  Lon. 
113  58  E,  lat.  29  33  n. 

Nanking,  the  capital  of  the  province  of 
Kiangnan,  China.  It  is  the  largest  in 
China,  being  17  miles  in  circumference, 
and  about  three  miles  distant  from  th© 
great  river  Vang-tse-Chiang,  from  which 
canals  are  cut  so  large,  that  vessels  may 
enter  the  town.  The  streets  are  narrow, 
but  handsome  and  well  paved,  and  on  each 
side  are  shops  neatly  lurnished.  The  pub- 
lic buildings  are  mean,  except  a few  tem- 
ples, the  city  gates,  and  a tower  of  porce- 
lain 200  feet  high.  It  was  formerly  thq| 
imperial  city,  whence  it  was  called  Nan- 
king, denoting  the  southern  court.  It  i« 


N A N 

greatly  diminished  of  its  former  splendor, 
the  palace  is  destroyed,  and  a third  part  of 
the  city  is  desolate.  They  have  several 
manufactures  in  silk  and  wood.  The  nirm-  ■ 
ber  of  inbahiianfs  is  said  to  be  1,000^000, 
without  comprehending  the  garrison  ot 
40,000  men.  Here  the  physicians'  have 
their  principal  academy.  It  is  situated  on 
the  Kiam,  500  mites  s of  Pekin.  Lon.  iJ8 

47  E,  lat.  32  5 N. 

Nan-r}gan,  a ci!y  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Kiang-si,  China,  stands  at 
the  foot  of  the  mountain  Me-lin,  near  the 
rise  of  the  Kankiang,  amidst  plantations  of 
«ugar-cane,  200  miles  ke  ol  Canton,  and 
^)00  sw  of  Peking.  Lon.  113  38  e,  lat,  24 

48  N. 

Nan-ning  a city  of  the  first  rank,  in  the 
province  of  Quang  si,  China,  1 145  miles 
sswof  Peking.  Lon.  107  45  E,lat.  22  44  n. 

Nan-tchangy  the  capital  of  the  province 
of  Kiang-si,  China,  seated  on  the  Kan-kiang, 
which  runs  into  the  lake  Po-yang.  Its  only 
trade  consists  in  porcelain ; the  country  is 
so  much  cultivated,  that  the  pastures  are 
barely  sufficient  for  the  fiocks,  695  miles 
SOI  Peking.  Lon.  115  30  e,  lat.  28  36  n. 

Nansemondy  a county  of  the  United  States, 
in  Virginia,  on  the  s side  of  St  James's  ri- 
ver, and  w of  Norfolk  county,  on  the  N 
Carolina  line.  It  is  about  44  miles  long, 
and  24  broad  ; and  contains  9010  inhabi- 
tants, including  3817  slaves. 

Nantes,  the  capital  of  the  department  of 
liower  Loire,  Pkanee,  and  a bishopric  under 
the  modern  archbishop  of  Tours,  with  an 
university,  and  a castle  on  the  side  of  the 
Loire.  The  cathedral  contains  the  tombs 
of  the  ancient  dukes  of  Bretagne,  whose 
residence  was  here.  Besides  the  cathedral, 
there  are  1 1 churches.  It  is  one  of  the 
most  considerable  places  in  the  empire, 
rid  is  inhabited  by  the  richest  merchants. 
The  bridges  over  the  Loire,  are  almost  a 
league  in  length.  Large  vessels  cannot 
come  higher  than  port  Louvai,  12  miles 
from  the  city.  In  the  territory  of  Nantes, 
•much  salt  is  made,  both  at  the  salt  pits  of 
Guerande  and  Croific,  and  at  the  bay  of 
Bourgneuf.  The  famous  edict  of  Henry 
JV.,  in  favour  of  the  protestants,  was  pro- 
mulgated in  this  ci:y,  in  1598,  and  was  re- 
voked by  Louis  XIV.,  in  1685.  The  su 
burbs  are  so  large  that  they  exceed  the  city. 
The  inbahitanls  are  computed  at  60.000. 
It  is  58  miles  s by  e of  Rennes,  and  217  sw 
of  Paris.  Lon.  1 33  w’,  lat.  47  13  n. 

Nantwich.  See  Namptwich. 

Nan  yang,  a city  of  the  first  rank,  in  the 
province  of  Ho-nan,  China,  on  a .small  river 
amid^f  mountains,  100  miles  s of  Ho-nau. 

Nan  yong,  a ci(y  of  the  fir.st  rank,  in  the 
province  of  Quang-tong,  near  the  source  of 
the  Pei-kir,ng,  170  miles  nne  of  Canton. 

NantZyii  town  in  the  department  of  Avei- 
ron,  France,  12  miles  e of  Miciuui. 

Nantua,  a town  .n  the  department  of  Aim, 
France,  situated  at  the  exlrc;.  ky  of  the  j 


NAP 

j great  lake  of  the  same  name,  has  manu- 
j facture-j  of  nankeen,  chintzes,  taffetas,  and 
! gauzes,  18  miles  e of  Bourg. 

I Nantucket,  an  island  of  North  America, 

I in  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  of  which  it 
is  a county.  It  lies  to  the  s ot  Cape  Cod, 
and  is  15  miles  long,  and  1 1 broad,  witii 
ony^  one  towm,  formerly  called  Sherburne, 
but  now  Nantucket.  The  greater  part  of 
the  inhai)  tains  are  w'halers  and  fishermen. 
The  harbour  has  a bar  of  sand,  on  which, 
are  only  seven  feet  and  a-half  of  water 
at  ebb  tide,  but  within  it  has  12  and  14- 
feet,  The  island  contains  5G00  inhabitants, 
and  sends  one  representative  to  the  general 
court.  There  is  a duck  manufactory 
here,  and  10  spermaceti  works.  The  in- 
habitants are  mostly  Quakers.  The  town 
is  93  miles  sse  of  Boston.  Lon.  10  30  w, 
lat.  41  20  N. 

NAPAUL,  or  nepaul,  a territory  of 
Asia,  between  the  mountains  of  Hamnialeh 
on  the  N,  and  Bahar  on  the  s,  governed  by 
a rajah,  W'ho  is  subject  to  Thibet.  The  na- 
tives consist  chiefly  of  the  two  superior 
classes  of  Hindoos,  and  of  a Chinese  race, 
called  Newars.  They  arc  very  superstiti- 
ous. This  country  is  very  mountainous 
and  w'oody,  ai|d  has  mines  of  copper  and 
iron.  Catmandu  is  the  capital. 

NAPLES,  a kingdom  in  the  s part  qf 
Italy.  Its  greatest  length,  from  xw  to  si, 
is  2S0  miles,  and  from  ne  to  sw,  from  96 
to  100.  It  is  divided  into  12  provinces,  viz. 
Terra  de  Lavaro,  (the  ancient  Campania 
Felix)  Principato  Citra,  and  Ultra,  Molise, 
Basilicata,  Calabria  Citra  and  Ultra,  Abruz- 
zo  Citra  and  Ultra,  Capitanala,  Terra  da 
Bari,  and  Terra  de  Otranto,  the  last  three 
formed  the  ancient  Opuiia,  now  called 
Puglia,  on  the  b side  of  the  kingdom.  The 
climate  is  extremely  hot  in  summer;  but 
the  most  disagreeable  part  of  it  is  ihe  siroc- 
co, or  SE  wind,  which  is  very  common  in 
spring.  In  winter  there  is  seldom  any  ic© 
or  snow,  except  on  the  mountains.  On  ao^ 
count  of  its  fertility,  the  country  has  been 
termed  a terrestrial  paradi.se;  it  abounds 
wilh  all  .sorts  of  grain,  tlie  finest  fruits  and 
vegetables  of  all  kinds,  with  rice,  flax,  oil, 
wine,  saiTron,  amd  manna.  It  affords  also 
alum,  vitriol,  sulpLiir,  rock  crystal,  marble, 
and  several  sorts  of  minerals,  together  with 
fine  wool  and  silk.  Waistcoats,  caps, 
.stockings,  and  gloves,  are  made  of  the  hair 
or  fiiaiuents  of  a shell-fish,  which  are  warm- 
er than  those  of  wool,  and  of  a beautiful 
glossy  green.  The  principal  mountains  are 
tlie  Appenines,  and  the  celebrated  volcano. 
Mount  Vesuvius.  One  of  the  greatest  in- 
conveniences to  which  this  kingdom  is  ex- 
posed is  earthquakes,  but  these  the  eruptions 
! (d’  Mount  Vesuvius  contribute  in  some  mea- 
I sure  to  prevent.  The  established  religion 
is  the  Roman  Catholic;  but  the  .Tews  are 
allowed  to  settle  here.  The  inhabitants  of 
this  country  have  at  all  times  berne  a very 
indifferent  character  among  other  nations. 


a.S  XX 

Gluttony  is  a prevailing  vice,  while  ebriefy  j 
is  rare.  Finery  is  the  predominant  passion  | 
of  the  women,  nor  is  chastity  their  charac-  | 
teristic  virtue.  The  breach  of  the  conjugal  | 
vow  sometimes  occasions  assassinations 
among  the  lower  classes.  Among  its  nu- 
merous rivers  the  Garigliano  and  the  V o- 
turno  are  the  chief.  The  Normans  pos- 
sessed themselves  of  this  country,  iii  the 
llth  century,  and  their  sovereigns  had  the 
successive  titles  of  coiints,  dukes,  and 
kings  of  Puglia.  Peter  liT.,  king  of  Arra- 
gon,  caused'  all  the  Normans  ill  the  island 
of  Sicily  to  be  massacred  in  and  this 

massacre  was  called,  the  Sicilian  vespers. 
NVheh  Puglia  was  joined  to  Sicily,  the  so- 
vereigns took  the  title  of  king  of  the  two 
Sicilies.  F’rance  and  Spain  afterwards 
contended  with  various  success,  for  the  so- 
vereignty till  1T07,  when  it  was  taken  by 
prince  Eugene,  and  ceded  to  the  emperor  at 
the  peace  of  Rastadt.  Ill  1T.34,  it  ap;ain 
came  under  the  sway  of  Spain.  In  1799, 
it  was  subjected  to  the  French,  and  first 
given  to  Joseph  Bonaparte,  and  when  he 
Svas  translated  to  the  throne  of  Spain,  the 
crown  of  Naples  was  given  to  Joachim 
Murat,  whose  arniy  was  defeated,  and  he 
Lirnseif  obliged  to  abdicate  the  throne  in 
18i<5. 

Naples^  an  ancient,  large,  rich,  and  tra- 
ding city  of  Ital5',  one  of  the  finest  in  the 
world,  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  the  same 
name,  with  an  university.  The  houses,  in 
general,  are  five  or  six  stories  high,  and  flat 
at  the  top.  Naples  is  admirably  situated  | 
for  commerce,  and  no  kingdom  produces  j 
the  necessaries  and  liixuries  of  life  in  greater  | 
profusion  ; yet  trade  is  in  a languishing  | 
condition.  The  chief  atticie.s  manufactured 
here  are  silk  stockings,  soap,  snufi'  boxes 
of  tortoise-shell,  or  of  the  lava  of  Mount 
Vesuvius  ; tables,  and  ornamental  furni-  i 
ture,  of  marble.  The  number  of  inhabi-  j 
tants  is  computed  at  400,000.  The  number  | 
of  priests,  monks,  fiddlers,  lawyers,  nobility,  I 
footmen,  and  vagabonds,  is  immense ; and 
the  last  alone  are  computed  at  above  30,000.  ! 
The  nobility  were  exce.ssively  fohd  of  splen-  | 
dour  and  show.  The  cathedral  is  a grand  | 
Gothic  edifice ; and  of  all  the  palaces,  ; 
that  of  the  king  is  the  most  magnificent,  j 
The  harbour,  which  is  spacious,  is  protected  I 
by  a mole.  The  jbay  of  Naples  i.s  one  of  j 
the  finest  in  the  world,  30  miles  in  diameter  | 
and  the  greater  part  of  it  sheltered  by  woods  | 
and  mountains.  Many  of  its  streets  are  | 
more  crowded  than  in  London.  The  tor-  | 
tress  of  St  Eimo,  which  is  built  on  a.  momi-  ! 
tain  of  its  name,  has  the  entire  comiuand  of 
the  town.  On  the  same  mountain  is  the 
convent  of  the  Cartliusians,  on  wiiich  great 
sums  have  been  expended,  to  render  it  equal  ; 
to  the  situation.  In  Naples  the  king  counts 
above  100  persons,  with  the  title  of  prince, 
and  more  with  that  of  duke.  The  churches 
and  convents  are  largi^r  and  funiished  with 
& greater  ipjaulity  of  gold  and  silver  cr«ci- 


A jX 

fixes,  vessels,  and  other  ornaments,  thaa 
I those  in  Rome.  The  hospitals,  and  ciian--' 
table  foundations,  are  numerous;  many  of 
them  well  endowed,  and  all  of  them  well 
regulah'd,  well  attended,  and  clean.  T« 
1709,  Naples  was  taken  by  the  Froich,  who 
were  expelled  by  the  Austrians  and  Russians, 
aided  by  a British  fleet,  but  they  soon  re- 
gained possession  which  they  retained  till 
181.5.  In  1803,  it  suffered  greatly  by  an 
earthquake,  liO  miles  sfi  of  Rome.  Lou 
14  17  E,  lat.  40  .50  n. 

Napoli  di  Malcasia,  a sea  port  in  the 
Morca,  situated  on  the  little  island  of 
Malvasia,  at  the  entrance  of  the  gulph  of 
Napoli  di  Rcmania,  called  by  the  Turks 
Monemba  ia ; and  an  archbisbop^s  see. 
It  is  celebrated  for  the  excellent  wine  called 
Malmsey.  It  has  a fine  harbour,  and  a 
long  wooden  bridge,  which  joins  it  to  the 
continent.  It  was  the  ancient  Epidaurus, 
famed  for  the  temple  of  Esoulaplus,  39 
miles  SE  of  Misitra.  Lon.  22  S8  e,  lat.  36 
S3  N. 

Napoli  di  B.Gniamay  a sea  port  in  the 
Morea  ; situated  at  the  bottom  of  a bay  of 
the  Scime  name,  and  ah  archbishop  s see. 
It  has  a large  harbour,  with  a narrow 
mouth,  through  which  one  ship  only  can 
enter  at  a lime.  The  towm  and  Jiarbour  are 
defended  by  large  batteries,  planted  on  th« 
side  of  a mountain,  on  the  top  of  which  is 
a citadel.  This  town,  which  the  Greeks 
stili  call  Nauplia,  was  taken  by  the  Turks 
in  171.5.  It  is  a large  pla.ce,  inhabited 
by  60,090  Greeks,  besides  people  of  dif- 
ferent nations.  It  is  34  miles  e by  \ of 
Tripoliaza,  and  .56  sw  of  Athens.  Lon.  22 
44  K,  lat.  37  42  N. 

Napolose.  See  Nations. 

Nara,  a towh  in  the  island  of  Niplion, 
Japan,  \viih  a large  castle,  25  miles  nw  of 
Pdeacow. 

N'arastnghapura,  a town  in  Mysore,  Kin- 
doostan,  on  the  Cavery,  immediately  below 
the  juncUon  of  the  ICapini.  It  is  well  built, 
has  two  considerable  temples,  stands  in 
a fertile  country,  and  is  20  miles  ese  of 
Priysore. 

Narberihy  a town  in  Pembrokeshire, 
Wales,  seated  on  a hil],  with  a market  on 
Ohiursday,  and  four  annual  fairs,  12  miie» 
NE  of  Pembroke,  and  242  w by  n of  London. 

Nforbonne,  an  ancitmt  city  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Aude,  France.  It  was  the  capital 
of  that  pan  of  Gaul,  which  the  Romans 
called  Gallia  Narboneusis.  The  canal 
from  the  xlube,  through  the  city  to  the  Me- 
diterranean, was  cut  by  the  Romans.  Here 
the.  emperot  ?Jarcu.s  Aiireliiis  w'as  born. 
Some  Homan  in-cripticiis  are  sliil  to  b;? 
seen.  It  was  lately  an  archliisiiop'S  see, 
and  the  ca.thedrai  has  a noble  choir.  Nar- 
bonne  is  famous  for  its  honey,  five  miles 
from  tiie  sea,  aiid  80  ese  of  Toulouse.  Lon. 
3 0 R,  lat.  43  1 1 N. 

N arbor oifgk.  an  island  on  ibe  coast  of 
Chiii,  in  the  Pacific  ccuan.  Uere,  in  the 


N A R 

reign  of  Charles  II.,  Sir  John  Nafborough 
refreshed  his  men,  on  his  voyage  to  the  SI 
Seas.  Lon.  74  35  w,  lat.  45  0 n. 

NardOy  a town  in  Terra  d’Otranto 
Naples,  22  miles  w by  n of  Otranto. 

Narenza,  a ruinous  town  of  Venetian 
I>diiijatia,  supposed  to  be  the  remains  of  the 
former  celebrated  town  Narona,  on  a river 
of  its  name,  is  an  archbishop^s  see,  eight 
miles  from  Citchut,  and  42  wnw  of  Ragusa. 

Nariniy  a town  in  the  government  of  To- 
bolski,  Siberia,  stands  at  the  junction  of 
the  Ket  and  Obey,  surrounded  by  palisades 
and  wooden  towers.  Foxes,  ermines,  and 
sables,  abound  in  the  vicinity,  400  miles  e 
by  N of  Tobolski.  Lon.  8J  15  e,  lat.  59 

10  N. 

Narnalla,  a town  in  the  province  of  Berar, 
Hindoostan,  33  njiles  wnw  of  Ellichpour, 
and  72  e of  Burhampour. 

Narniy  a very  ancient^  rich,  and  hand 
some  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Spo- 
letto,  seated  on  the  summit  of  a hill,  clothed 
with  olives,  and  its  base  washed  by  the  Nar, 
or  Nera.  Here  are  the  remains  of  a marble 
bridge,  built  by  Augustus,  and  of  an  aque- 
duct, which  brought  water  from  a spring  15 
miles  distant,  20  miles  wsw  of  Spoletto,  and 
40  N of  Rome. 

Narova,  a river  which  issues  from  the 
lake  Peipus,  Russia,  and  eight  miles 
below  Narva,  falls  into  the  gulf  of  Finland, 
celebrated  for  two  cataracis,  but  they  are 
not  equal  to  that  of  the  Rhine  at  Lauffen. 

Naraganset  hay^  in  the  state  of  Rhode 
Island,  lies  s and  n between  the  main  land 
in  the  e and  w.  In  it  are  many  fertile  and 
beautiful  islands,  the  chief  of  w^hich  are 
Rhode,  Cononicut,  Prudence,  Patience, 
Hope,  Dyers,  and  Hog.  It  affords  line  fish, 
Oysters,  and  lobsters,  in  great  abundance. 
On  Beaver  Tail,  at  the  end  of  Cononicut,  is 
a light-house.  Lon.  71  20  k,  lat.  41  22  n. 

NaraguqguSy  a town  in  Washington  coun- 
ty, district  of  Maine,  on  a bay  of  the  same 
name,  16  miles  ne  of  Goidsborough,  and  63 
E of  Penobscot. 

Narsingapataniy  a town  of  Hindoostan, 
and  territory  of  Cattack.  situated  near  the 
coast  of  the  bay  of  Bengal,  44  miles  s of 
Catbvok,  and  about  400  se  of  Bombay. 

Narva,  a town  of  the  Russian  empire,  in 
Ingi'ia,  or  the  government  of  Petersburgh, 
seated  on  the  Narova.  The  houses  are 
built  of  brick,  stuccoed  white.  In  the  su- 
burbs called  Ivangorod,  are  the  stupendous 
ruins  of  an  ancient  fortress,  built  by  Ivan 
Basillowitz  the  Great,  which  impended  over 
the  steep  banks  of  ilie  L'arova.  Here,  in 
1700,  Ch.mies  XII.  of  Sweden  gained  a vic- 
tory over  Peter  the  Grear  ive  years  after, 
the  czuT  took  the  town  by  assault,  and  by 
bis  own  {>ersonal  exertions,  saved  it  From 
massacre  and  ;;iUage.  The  prmcipal  ex- 
ports from  it,  are  hemp,  flax,  limb.m,  and 
corn,  eight  miles  Ijom  the  mouth  Oi  the  Na- 
rdva,  and  9i>  wsv.  of  Petersburgh.  Lon,  27 
52  E,lttt.  59  IS  N, 


N A f 

Narwa,  a town  in  the  province  of  Agra, 
Hindoostan,  near  the  Sinde,  115  miles  s of 
Agra.  Lon.  78  17  e,  lat  25  40  N. 

Nasebij,  a village  in  Northamptonshire, 
celebrated  for  a signal  victory  gained  by 
the  parliamentary  army,  over  the  royalists, 
in  1645,  13  miles  nnw  of  Northampton. 

Nasca,  a sea  port  in  the  audience  of  Lima, 
Peru,  has  a good  harbour,  and  is  seated  in 
a country,  which  is  fertile  in  sugar  and 
wine.  Lon.  75  10  w,  lat.  14  55  s. 

NASH,  a county  of  North  Carolina,  in 
Halifax  district,  containing  7393  inhabi- 
tants, of  whom  2009  are  slaves.  There  is 
a large  and  valuable  body  of  iron  ore  in  thi$ 
county. 

Nashville,  the  chief  town  of  Mero  dis- 
irict,  in  the  state  of  Tennesse,  pleasantly 
situated  in  Davidson  county,  on  Cumberland 
river,  where  it  is  200  yards  broad.  It  is 
170  miles  w of  Knoxville.  Lon.  86  58  w, 
lat.  36  3 N. 

NASSAU,  a very  fertile  country  of  Ger- 
many, in  Westerwald.  It  contains  mines 
of  iron,  copper,  and  lead.  The  surface  is 
for  the  most  part  mountainous  and  woody, 
but  there  are  fertile  places.  The  house  of 
Nassau  is  divided  into  many  branches,  which 
have  their  distinctive  titles  from  the  princi- 
pal towms  in  the  several  districts. 

Nassau,  the  capital  of  the  above  country, 
on  the  Lahn.  On  a high  mountain,  on  the 
other  side  of  the  river,  opposite  the  town, 
i formerly  stood  Nassauberg,  the  original  seat 
of  the  Nassau  family,  and  a place  of  great 
antiquity,  12  mjles  se  of  Coblentz,  and  32 
WNW  of  Frankfort.  Lon.  7 52  e,  lat  50 
16  N. 

Nassau,  the  chief  town  of  Providence 
island,  one  of  the  Bahamas,  and  the  seat  of 
government.  It  is  the  only  port  of  entry, 
except  at  Turk^s  island 

Nassau  Road,  on  the  coast  of  W Florida, 
lies  w of  Mobile  bay,  five  leagues  to  the  n 
of  Ship  island,  and  within  the  n end  of  the 
Chandeleurs  or  Myrtle  islands.  It  is  one  of 
the  best  roads  for  large  vessels  on  ihe  xvhole 
coast  of  Florida. 

NASSAU,  an  island  on  the  w side  of  the 
island  of  Sumatra,  Indian  ocean,  120  n.iles 
in  circumference.  It  is  covered  with  ver- 
dure, and  abounds  in  forests.  The  inhabi- 
tants resemble  the  Malays  in  colour,  and 
the  Otaheitans  in  personal  appearance,  and 
simplicity  of  manners.  Lon.  99  40  e,  lat. 
2 50  s. 

Nussiick,  a town  in  the  province  of  Guz- 
zerat,  Hindoostan.  95  miles  sw  of  Surat. 
Lon.  73  49  e,  lat.  19  50  n. 

Nastadt,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Upper 
Rhine,  Germany,  38  miles  w by  n of 
Frankfort. 

Nata,  a sea  port  in  the  government  of 
Panama,  Terra  Finna,  on  the  bay  of  Pana- 
ma. The  vicinity  is  f+^rlile ; 68  miles  sw 
of  Panama.  Lon.  81  5 w,  lat  8 36  n. 

NATAL,  a country  on  the  se  coost  of 
Africa,  lying  ne  of  the  Caps  of  Good  Hope, 


N A V 

Inhaliited  by  the  Boshmen.  It  was  discov- 
ered by  the  Portugese  on  Christmas  day, 
1498,  which  suggested  its  present  name. 
It  originally  extended  500  miles  along  the 
coast,  but  the  southern  half  being  now^  in- 
elude{l  in  the  colony  of  the  Cape,  the  name 
is  restricted  to  that  part  which  lies  in  Caf- 
fraria.  It  has  a river  and  bay  of  its  name. 
See  Hottentots.  Lon.  31  30  E,lat.  290  s. 

Natal,  a cape  and  town  on  the  s shore  of 
the  Rio  Grande,  on  the  ne  coast  of  Brazil, 
in  S America.  On  this  point  is  the  castle 
of  the  Three  Kings,  or  Fortalezza  des  Tres 
Magos.  The  town  of  Natal  is  three  leagues 
from  the  castle,  before  which  is  good  an- 
chorage for  ships,  in  from  four  to  hve  fa- 
thoms , and  well  secured  from  winds. 

NATCHEZ,  a powerful  nation  of  Indians 
w^ho  formerly  inhabited  the  country  on  the 
E side  of  the  Missisippi.  Nothing  now  re- 
mains of  this  nation  but  the  name,  by 
W'hich  the  country  continues  to  be  called. 

Natchez,  a town,  with  a strong  fort  in 
the  state  of  Georgia,  N America,  seated  on 
the  Mississippi.  Cotton  gro\vs  in  the  vici- 
nity, and  is  its  staple  article  of  trade,  520 
miles  w of  Savanna.  Lon.  91  31  w,  lat. 
31  34  N. 

Natchitoches,  a town  in  Louisiana,  on 
the  river  Rouge,  or  Red  river,  which  falls 
into  the  Mississippi,  with  a fort,  90  miles 
wNw  of  Natchez  in  Georgia.  Lon.  93  30  w, 
lat.  31  48  N. 

NatU'Adad,  a sea  port  in  the  province  of 
Guadalaxara,  New  Spain,  on  a bay  of  the 
Pacific  ocean,  150  miles  sw  of  Guadalax* 
^ra.  Lon.  105  53  wy,  lat.  19  48  n. 

NATOLTA,  a country  formerly  called 
Asia  Minor,  the  most  western  part  of  Tur- 
key in  Asia.  It  is  a large  peninsula,  ex- 
tending from  the  river  Euphrates,  as  far  as 
the  Areiiiifelago,  the  sea  of  Marmora,  the 
Dardanelles,  and  the  strait  of  Constantinople, 
which  separate  it  from  Europe,  on  the  w. 
The  air  is  temperate  and  wholesome,  and 
the  soil  is  generally  fertile.  It  is  crossed 
by  a chain  of  mountains,  formerly  called 
Taurus,  from  e to  w,  and  watered  by  a 
number  of  rivers.  It  produces  corn,  fruits 
of  various  kinds,  tobacco,  cotton,  and  silk. 
Kintaga  is  the  capital. 

Natolieo,  a town  in  Livadia,  European 
Turkey,  stands  at  the  n part  of  a salt  marsh, 
20  miles  w of  Lepanto. 

Nattam,  a town  and  fortress  in  the  coun- 
try of  Madura,  Hindoostan,  18  miles  n of 
Madura,  and  45  ssw  of  Trinchiuopoly. 

Nattore,  a town  in  Bengal,  Hindoostan, 
67  miles  ene  of  Moorshedabad. 

Natunz,  a town  in  Irak  Agemi,  Persia, 
with  a fort,  seated  on  a valley,  which  for 
eight  miles,  is  a continued  garden  of  fruit 
trees,  watered  by  numerous  streams  from 
the  mountains.  Here  silk  of  the  best  qua- 
lity is  produced,  63  miles  wnw  of  Ispahan. 

Nauen,  a towm  in  the  Middle  Mark, 
Brandenburg,  18  miles  wnw  of  Berlin. 

Naca,  a district  and  town  of  Italy,  the 

n 


N A V 

j Brcsciano,  the  former  coiitaining  eight 
I parishes  and  5000  souls,  the  lattr^r  1500. 

Navavin,  a large  and  populous  town  of 
Turkey  in  Europe,  on  the  w coast  of  the 
Morca,  v.'itli  an  excellent  harbour.  It  is  the 
residence  of  a bey,  was  taken  by  the  Rus- 
sians in  ITTO,  eight  miles  ne  of  Modon,a»id 
17  WNW  of  Koron.  Lon.  2134  e,  lat.  3T 

2 N. 

Navan,  a town  io  the  county  of  Meath, 
Ireland,  seated  at  the  coiiiluence  of  the 
Boyne  and  Black  water,  over  each  of  which 
is  a bridge.  The  town  was  forjeerly  sur- 
rounded ])y  a wall,  and  of  considerable  im- 
portance. On  the  site  of  an  ancient  abbey, 
barracks  capable  of  containing  a troop  of 
horse  arc  erected.  Navan  sent  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament  before  the  union,  about 
eight  miles  nne  of  Trim,  and  28  nnw  of 
Dublin. 

NAVARRE,  a kingdom  of  Europe,  lying 
between  France  and  Spain,  and  divided  into 
the  Upper  and  Lower.  The  Upper  belongs 
to  Spain,  and  is  about  75  miles  in  length, 
and  69  in  breadth.  The  air  is  more  mild, 
temperate,  and  w'holesome,  than  in  the 
neighbouring  provinces  of  Spain,  and  is 
pretty  fertile,  abounding  in  game,  and  iron 
mines.  The  inhabitants  are  polite,  lively, 
and  laborious.  It  is  divided  into  live  dis- 
tricts, whose  capital  towms  are  Pampeluna, 
Estella,  Tudela,  Olita,  and  St.  Guesca. 
Lower  Navarre  belongs  to  France,  and  is 
included  in  the  late  territory  of  Basques, 
and  department  of  the  Lower  Pyrenees.  It 
is  separated  from  Spanish  Navarre  by  tha 
Pyrenees,  and  is  a mountainous  barren 
country,  about  20  miles  in  length,  and  12 
in  breadth.  From  this  country  the  kings 
of  France  talre  the  title  of  king  of  Navarre. 
See  Palais  St, 

NAVARRE  NEW,  a province  of  New 
Mexico,  on  the  ne  side  of  the  gulf  of  Cali- 
fornio, which  separates  it  from  the  penin 
sula  of  Californio,  on  the  sw.  Sbe  Sonora^ 

Navarreins,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Lower  Pyrenees,  France,  on  the  Gave 
d’Oleron,  26  miles  se  of  Bayonne. 

Navasia,  a small  island  in  the  Windward 
passage,  or  strait  betw'een  Cuba  and  Hispa- 
niola in  the  West  Indies. 

Naver  or  Naverri  Loch,  a lake  of  Scot- 
land, in  Sutherlandshire,  in  the  parish  of 
Far,  six  miles  long  by  three  broad,  from 
which  issnes  a river  of  the  same  name. 

Nevesink,  Harbour,  on  the  sea-coast  of 
Monmouth  county,  New  Jersey,  lies  in 
lat.  40  24  N,  having  Jumping  point  on  the 
N,  and  is  two  miles  and  a-half  s of  the  n 
end  of  Sandy  Hook  island  ; and  its  mouth  i* 
five  miles  from  the  town  of  Shrewsbury. 

Naridad,  a town  of  Mechoacan,  a pro- 
vince of  Mexico,  with  a harbour  on  the 
N Pacific  ocean,  156  miles  w of  Mexico 
city. 

NAVIGATORS^  ISLANDS,  a cluster  of 
islands  in  the  S Pacific  ocean.  They 
wipr®  drseovered  bv  M.  De  Bougainville, 


N A X 

and  exploded  by  the  unfortunate  De  la  1 
Perouse,  in  1787.  They  are  10  in  number,  f 
and  called  by  the  natives  Opoun,  LeonCy 
Fanfauey  Maouna,  Oifolava,  Calinssse,  PolUy 
Shika,  Ossamoy  and  Onera,  Opoun,  the 
most  easterly  as  'w^ell  as  the  most  southerly  I 
of  these  islands,  lies  in  Ion.  160  7 w,  lat. 
14  7 N.  Seven  of  these  islands  are  small ; 
but  Maoiine,  Oycilava,  and  Pola,  rank 
among*  the  largest  and  most  beautiful 
islands  of  the  S Pacific  ocean.  These 
islarus  combine  the  advantages  of  a soil 
fruitful  without  culture,  and  a climate 
wbicb.  render  clothing  unnecessary.  They 
prorluee  the  bread-fruit,  cocoa-nut,  the  ba- 
nana, the  guava,  and  the  orange,  in  abun- 
dance. The  inhabitants  are  in  general 
strong  and  handsome,  scarcely  a man  be- 
lov/  six  feet,  and  the  women  in  proportion. 
They  go  almost  naked,  and  have  their  bodies 
thickly  tattooed.  The  inhabitants  of  these 
islands,  though  in  their  disposition  they  ap- 
pear to  be  thievish,  treacherous,  and  fero- 
oious,  cultivate  several  arts  with  success. 
Their  villages  are  situated  on  creeks,  and 
have  no  communication  by  roads  on  land,  i 
but  pass  from  one  to  another  in  canoes ; see  | 
Maouna,  j 

Naumburgy  a towm  in  Lower  Hesse,  Ger-  i 
many,  on  the  Eider,  11  miles  w^sw  of 
Cassel. 

Naumburgy  a town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
in  Thuringia,  capital  of  a bishopric  united 
to  the  electoral  house  of  Saxony,  seated  on 
the  Soal,  with  a small  citadel.  The  cathe- 
dral is  noted  for  elegant  paintings,  altar, 
and  subterranean  chapels.  The  inhabitants 
manufacture  stockings  and  turnery  wares ; 
they  have  excellent  red  wine.  It  is  37 
miles  ENE  of  Erfurt,  and  GO  w of  Dresden. 
Lon.  12  0 E,  lat.  51  11  n. 

Naumburgy  a towm  in  the  principality  of 
Sagan,  Silesia,  on  the  Bober,  14  miles  n by 
w of  Sagan. 

Naumburgy  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Jauer,  Silesia,  on  the  Queiss,  37  miles  wnw 
of  Jauer. 

Nauplia.  See  Napoli  de  Romania. 

Naxkow,  a towm  in  the  isle  of  Laland, 
Denmark,  with  a harbour  commodious  for 
trade,  and  a plentiful  fishery.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  a wall,  and  is  the  capital  of 
the  island.  It  is  70  miles  sw  of  Copen- 
hagen. Lon.  11  31  E,  lat.  54  52  n. 

NAXOS,  or  Naxia,  a considerable  is- 
land of  the  Archipelago,  25  miles  iu  length, 
and  50  in  circumference.  The  whole  is- 
land is  covered  with  orange,  olive,  lemon, 
cedar,  citron,  pomegranate,  fig,  and  mul- 
berry trees.  It  has  no  harbour;  yet  the 
inhabitants  carry  on  a considerable  trade 
-in  barley,  wine,  figs,  cotton,  silk,  flax, 
cheese,  salt,  oxen,  sheep,  mules,  and  oil. 
It  is  inhabited  both  by  Greeks  and  Latins, 
but  so  thin  of  people,  that  the  whole  island 
does  not  contain  above  8000  inhabitants. 
The  women  paint,  blacken  their  eye  brows 
and  eye-lashes,  and  wear  patches,  uisule  of 


NE  A 

a black  shining  talc  found  in  the  island; 
Here  are  no  antiquities,  except  the  remains 
of  a temple  of  Bacchus.  Zla,  which  signi- 
fies the  mountain  of  Jupiter,  is  the  highest  in 
the  island. 

Nascosy  or  Naxia,  the  capital  of  the  above 
island,  over  against  the  isle  of  Paros,  and 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  places  in  the 
Archipelago,  seated  on  the  s side  of  the 
island,  defended  by  a castle.  Here  are 
both  a Greek  and  a Latin  archbishop.  It 
has  no  harbour,  but  a considerable  trade  in 
the  produce  cf  the  island.  Lon.  25  32  e, 
lat.  37  8 N. 

Nayakanahullyy  a towm  in  Mysore,  Hin- 
doostan,  with  a citadel,  fortified  strongly 
with  mud  walls.  A broad  street  extends 
all  round  the  town,  with  lanes  on  each  side. 
Here  is  a manufacture  of  coarse  cotton 
cloth,  and  the  vicinity  abounds  with  palm- 
gardens,  34  miles  sw’  of  Sera. 

NayreSy  nobles  and  soldiers  of  Calicut, 
which  is  hence  also  called  the  country  of 
the  Nayres,  See  Calicut. 

Nazurethy  a village  of  Palestine,  in  Sy- 
ria, famous  for  being  the  residence  of  our 
Saviour  in  the  early  part  of  his  life,  and 
then  the  capital  city  of  Galilee.  It  stands 
on  the  B side  of  a rocky  eminence.  * Here 
is  a convent  of  the  monks  of  St.  Francis. 
It  is  18  miles  se  of  Acre,  and  CO  ne  of 
Jerusalem. 

Nazarethy  a beautiful  towm  of  the  United 
States,  in  Northampton  county,  Pennsyl- 
vania, inhabited  by  Moravians,  situated  10 
miles  N of  Bethlehem,  and  63  n by  w of 
Philadelphia.  It  consists  of  two  principal 
streets.  The  number  of  inhabitants  in  the 
town  and  farms  belonging  to  it,  about 
450. 

Nazcy  or  Lindeness,  the  most  southern 
promontory  of  Norway.  Lon.  7 17  e,  lat. 
58  1 N. 

Naze  Pointy  on  the  coast  of  Essex  with 
the  North  Foreland,  in  Kent,  60  miles  to 
the  s forms  the  mouth  of  the  Thames.  Lon. 
J 19  E,  lat,  51  51  N. 

Neagh,  Lough.  See  Lough  Neagh. 

NEAPOLITAN,  or  Pakthenopian  re- 
public, a short-lived  democratic  state  of 
Italy,  erected  by  the  French  in  January 
1799,  upon  the  conquest  of  Naples  and  the 
flight  of  the  king.  See  Naples. 

Neath,  a large  and  ancient  town  of 
Glamorganshire,  in  S Wales,  with  a market 
on  Wednesday  and  Saturday,  and  three 
annual  fairs,  situated  on  a river  of  the  same 
name,  near  the  Bristol  channel,  over  which 
is  a bridge,  where  small  vessels  come  to 
load  coal.  In  the  neighbourhood  are  iron 
forges,  smelting  works  for  copper,  and 
many  coal  mines.  On  the  other  side  of  the 
river  are  the  ruins  of  an  extensive  abbey* 
Population  about  3000.  It  is  27  miles  sw 
of  Brecknock,  32  i^w  of  Llanuoaff,  and  198 
NW  of  London. 

Neath,  a river  which  has  its  source  in 
BiecknoaksUiie,  passes  through  Glamor- 


NEE 

fl^nshire,  by  the  town  of  Neatb^  and  enters 
wanscabay. 

Keby  a river  of  the  Isle  of  Man,  which 
flows  Nw  into  the  Irish  sea  at  Peel  Castle. 

NcbiOy  or  Nebbio,  a ruined  city  of  Corsica, 
Oil  the  a side  of  the  island,  one  mile  from 
St.  Fiorenzo. 

NEBOCSAN,  a late  district  of  France, 
in  the  government  of  Guienne  and  Gascony 
St.  Gaudens  was  the  capital.  It  is  now 
in  the  department  of  Upper  Garonne. 

Nehra,  a town  in  Thuringia,  Upper 
Saxony,  stands  on  the  Unstrut,  12  miles 
KNW  of  Naumburg. 

Necau,  a tow^n  in  Biledulgerid,  Barbary, 
140  miles  w by  a of  Gademis,  and  170  sse 
of  Tuggurt.  Lon.  7 45  e,  lat.  30  30  n. 

Necessity y Forty  in  Virginia,  is  situated 
in  the  Great  Meadow,  within  four  miles  of 
the  w,  bounds  of  Maryland,  238  miles  e by 
N of  Alexandria.  This  spot  will  remain 
famous  in  the  history  of  America,  as  one 
of  the  first  scenes  of  general  Washington’s 
talents  as  a commander.  Here  with  300 
men  he  defeated  the  French,  in  1753,  when 
he  was  only  22  years  of  age. 

Neckary  a river  of  Germany,  which  has 
its  source  in  the  Black  Forest,  and  after 
passing  by  Rothweil,  Tubingen,  Eslingen, 
Heilbicc,  and  Heidelberg,  falls  into  the 
Rhine  at  Manheim. 

NeckarelZy  a town  in  the  circle  of  the 
Lower  Rhine,  Germany,  on  the  Neckar, 
20  miles  e of  Heidelberg. 

Neckargemundy  a town  in  the  circle  of 
the  Lower  Rhine,  Germany,  seated  on  the 
Neckar,  five  miles  e of  Heidelburg. 

Neckersulm,  a town  of  Swabia,  at  the 
junction  of  the  Neckar,  and  Sulm,  five 
miles  N of  Heilbron. 

Ned  Romay  an  ancient  town  of  Algiers, 
Africa,  in  the  province  of  Mascara,  built 
by  the  Romans,  in  a fertile  soil,  surrounded 
by  magnificent  ruins,  10  miles  from  the 
sea,  and  50  wsw  of  Oran,  Lon.  0 38  e,  lat. 
35  40  N. 

NEDS  JED,  an  extensive  province  of 
Arabia,  immediately  sof  the  desert  of  Syria. 
It  is  partly  divided  among  several  schiechs, 
partly  inhabited  by  the  Bedouins.  The 
soil  is  in  many  parts  fertile. 

Needham y a town  in  SuiTolk,  on  the  Or- 
well; with  a market  cn  ViTednesdciy.  It 
fcas  some  trade  in  Suffolk  blues  and  cloths ; 
the  poorer  sort  of  women  are  employed  in 
spinning  and  weaving  bone-lace.  It  is  10 
miles  N\Y  of  Ipswich,  and  74  ne  of  Lon- 
don. 

Needlesy  two  rocks  at  the  w end  of  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  so  called  from  their  sharp 
extremities.  There  were  formerly  three 
of  those  lofty,  wdiite  clefts,  but  the  highest 
w hich  stood  120  feet  above  low  water,  fell 
some  years  ago.  Here  is  a light  house. 
Lon.  1 33  w,  lat.  50  44  n. 

Needwood  Feresty  in  Staffordshire,  be- 
tw'ecn  the  Trent,  Dove,  and  Blythe,  is  said 
w exce^ed  ail  the  forests  in  England,  in  the 


N E G 

excellency  of  its  soil,  and  the  fineness  of  its 
turf. 

NEEHEEHEOU,  one  of  the  Sandwich 
islands,  about  five  leagues  w from  Atooi, 
containing  about  10,000  inhabitants.  The 
E coast  IS  high,  and  rises  abruptly  from 
the  sea,  the  rest  consists  of  lower  ground. 
Its  place  of  anchorage  is  in  ion.  160  15  w, 
lat.  21  50  N. 

Neerwinderty  a village  of  the  Netherlands, 
a little  N by  w of  Landen  ; hence  the  famous 
battles  of  Landen  are  sometimes  called 
the  battles  of  Neerwinden.  See  Landen, 

NeJ'tay  a populous  'town  of  Tunis,  250 
miles  s by  w of  Tunis.  Lon.  9 25  e,  lat. 
30  0 N. 

Nefyiiy  a corporate  town  in  Carnarvon- 
shire, Wales,  with  a market  on  Saturday, 
seated  on  the  Irish  sea,  and  has  a small 
pier.  Here,  in  1284,  Edward  I.  celebrated 
his  triumph  on  the  conquest  of  Wales,  21 
miles  s by  w of  Carmarthen,  and  249  nw 
of  London.  ^ 

NEGADA,  or  Akegada,  one  of  the 
Caribbee  islands  in  the  West  Indies.  It 
is  low  and  desert,  encompassed  with 
shoals  and  sand-banks.  It  is  50  miles 
NW  of  Anguilla.  Lon.  63  5 w,  lat.  18 

6 N. 

Negapatam,  a neat  city  in  the  kingdom 
of  Tanjore,  Hindoostan,  on  the  coast  of 
Coromandel.  The  Dutch  took  it  from  the 
Portuguese,  and  in  1782  it  came  into  the 
possession  of  the  British.  Its  port  is  not 
large,  but  it  has  an  extensive  trade  with 
most  of  the  nations  of  India,  52  miles  e of 
Tanjore,  and  166  s by  w of  Madras.  Lon. 
79  56  E,  lat.  10  46  N. 

Negaray  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Ban- 
jermassin.  Isle  of  Borneo,  stands  on  the  e 
side  of  the  Banjer,  90  miles  n of  its  mouth, 
at  the  town  of  Banjennassin.  Lon.  114  0 
E,  lat.  I 40  s. 

Negomhoy  a sea-port  on  the  w coast  of 
Ceylon,  has  a fort  erected  by  the  Portuguese. 
In  1640,  it  w:as  taken  by  the  Dutch, 
who  ceded  it  to  the  British  in  1796,  J6 
miles  N of  Columbo.  Lon.  79  55  e,  lat.  7 
20  N. 

NEGRAIS,  an  island  on  the  e side  of 
the  bay  of  Bengal,  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  Bassien  river,  the  mo£.t  w^estern  branch 
of  the  Irrawhaddy,  cuid  has  a good  harbour. 
Lon.  94  30  e,  lat.  16  0 s. 

Negrily  Harbour  North y at  the  w end  of 
the  island  of  Jamaica,  has  North  Negril 
Point  on  the  n wdiich  is  the  most  w^estorly 
point  of  the  island.  Lon.  78  17  w,  lat.  18 
27  E. 

Negro  CapOy  a promontory  on  the  coast 
of  Benguela,  Africa.  Lon.  11  40  e,  lat. 
16  15  N. 

Negroland'y  or  Negritia,  a tract  of  laud 
in  Africa,  through  wdiich  the  river  Niger  is 
supposed  to  run.  The  Arabs  call  ii  Soudan, 
that  is  the  land  of  (he  blacks.  It  extends 
from  Ion.  10  w,  to  27  e,  and  from  lat.  10  to 
25  N,  It  is  very  Hide  known  by  Euro 
U 2 


N E I 

pean?.  Some  parts  on  the  Niger  are  said  j 
to  bf?  very  fertile,  other  pans  are  sandy  | 
and  desert.  The  population  iiiust  be  great,  j 
considering  the  vast  suppiy  of  slaves  it  has 
afforded  to  the  traders.  Ifoniou  is  the  chief 
territory  that  is  knovv’n.  The  inhabitants 
need  little  clothing,  a slight  degree  of  exer- 
tion procures  the  necessaries  of  life,  except 
salt,  which  they  obtain  from  Zahara  by 
caravans  of  trading  Arabs,  and  it  is  pro- 
verbial of  a mans  riches  to  say  that  he  eats 
salt  to  his  food.  Domestic  slavery  prevails 
among  all  the  Negro  nations.  Their  know- 
ledge wdth  regard  to  religion,  is  very  limit- 
ed. The  Europeans  have  many  settle- 
ments on  th©  coast,  where  they  barter 
European  goods  for  gold  dust,  elephants 
teeth,  gums,  and  drugs ; and  traffic  in 
slaves. 

NEGROFONT,  an  island  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  the  largest  in  the  Archipelago. 

It  was  anciently  called  Eubcsa,  and  is  near 
the  N coast  of  Livadia,  from  which  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  a strait,  over  which  is  a bridge. 

It  is  about  90  miles  in  length  and  25  in 
breadth,  and  abounds  in  corn,  wine,  fruits, 
flesh,  fish,  and  fowls.  A ridge  of  mountains 
extends  its  whole  length,  many  of  them 
covered  with  continual  snow. 

Negropontf  a large  city,  the  capital  of 
the  above  island,  with  a harbour  wdiich  is 
commonly  the  station  of  the  Turkish  ships, 
seated  on  a broad  flat  peninsula,  wdiich 
forms  the  narrowest  part  of  the  strait  of  its 
name.  The  walls  of  the  town  in  which 
the  Turks  and  Jews  reside,  are  two  miles 
and  a-half  in  circumference,  but  the  suburbs, 
where  the  Christians  live,  are  much  larger, 
it  is  the  see  of  a Greek  archbishop;  and 
povisions  are  here  very  cheap.  In  1469, 
it  was  taken  from  the  Venetians,  who,  in 
1688,  attemided  to  retake  it,  without  effect. 

It  is  30  miles  ne  of  Athens.  Lon.  24  8 e, 
lat,  38  30  N. 

NeUa'^end,  or  Nehaundf  a towm  in  Irak, 
Persia,  celebrated  for  a battle  between  Jez-  | 
degerd,  king  of  Persia,  and  the  Califf  Omar, 
in  638,  in  which  the  former  lost  both  his  |, 
life  and  bis  kingdom,  <50  miles  s of  Hama- 
dan,  and  90  b by  s of  Kirmansha. 

Neidcnhnrg,  a town  of  Prussia,  has  a 
castle  on  a mountain,  75  miles  e of  Culm. 
Lon.  20  20  e,  lat.  53  22  n. 

Seidmatein,  a town  in  Low’er  Hesse, 
Germany,  nine  miles  ssw  of  Cassel. 

Nfjiff.  fe'ee  lifts  eked  AIL 

Nt'fw,  the  setu  of  the  government  of  one 
of  the  Rajuia  islands,  of  the  same  name, 
li  nas  a large  harbour,  with  a narrow  en- 
ti autre.  Two  forts  defend  the  bay.  Lon. 
1^9  30  fi,  iat.  4 50  s. 

NcLui>iir.  See  Nisapotfr. 

NER?AE,  or  Nevssk,  a large  principa- 
lity of  Germany,  in  Silesia,  called  also 
Guotkac,  from  this  district  being  joined 
to  it.  Neisse  is  the  capital.  It  belongs  to 
the  bishop  of  Breslaw. 

a handiOine  town  of  Germany, 


N E O 

in  Silesia.  It  is  surrounded  by  thick  w^alls 
tmd  deep  ditches.  Here  is  a superb  palace, 
but  the  castle  of  the  small  town  of  Ott- 
rnacha  adjacent,  is  the  seat  of  government. 
The  air  is  very  v/holesome,  provisions  cheap, 
and  the  inhabitants  curry  on  a considerable 
trade  in  linens  and  wine.  It  stands  on  a 
river  of  its  name,  and  w'as  taken  by  the 
Prussians  in  1741,  who,  after  the  peace  of 
1742,  built  a citadel,  w^hich  they  named 
Prussia.  The  Austrians,  in  1758,  be- 
seiged  it  without  success.  In  1807  it  w^a« 
taken  by  the  French,  48  miles  s by  e of 
Breslaw.  Lon.  17  20  e,  lat.  50  24  n. 

Neitra,  a town  of  Hungary,  with  a col- 
lege and  a castle,  seated  on  a river  of  its 
name,  is  a bishop’s  see,  34  miles  n of 
Gran. 

Nelimram,  a town  in  the  peninsula  of 
Hiudoosian,  on  the  w coast,  33  miles  ne 
of  Mangalore,  and  40  nw  of  Tellichery. 

Nellenburg,  a town  of  Snabia,  capital  of 
a landgraviate  of  the  same  name,  wdth  a 
citadel  on  a mountain,  22  miles  n of  Con- 
stance. Lon  9 5 E,  lat.  47  57  n. 

NELSON,  a county  of  the  United 
States,  in  Kentucky.  Chief  town,  Bairds- 
town. 

Nemours,  a towni  in  the  department  of 
Seine  and  Marne,  France,  10  miles  s 
of  Fountaiiibleau,  and  45  sse  of  Paris. 

Nellore,  a towm  and  fortress  in  the  Car- 
nale,  Hindoostan,  by  the  Peunar,  85  miles 
N by  w of  Madras.  Lon.  79  57  e,  lat.  14 
26  N. 

Nemea,  a town  in  the  Morea,  European 
Turkey,  famous  in  ancient  times  for  a tem- 
ple of  Jupiter,  some  vestiges  of  w’hich  are 
still  visible,  and  for  its  games,  19  miles  n 
of  Argos. 

Nemi,  a town  in  Campana  de  Boma, 
Italy,  seated  on  a lake  of  its  name,  wdth  a 
castle.  It  stands  on  a rock,  from  the  base 
of  which  issues  the  fountain  of  Egerio,  seven 
miles  SSE  of  Rome. 

Nen  or  Nine,  a river,  the  principal  one 
ill  Northamptonshire.  It  rises  in  the  w part 
of  the  county,  is  navigable  at  Northampton, 
and  falls  into  the  Lincolnshire  w'^ash.  It 
also  by  several  channels  communicates 
with  the  great  Ouse. 

Nenogh,  a town  of  Ireland,  in  Tipperary, 
Munster,  with  a castle,  on  a branch  of  the 
Shannon,  30  miles  nnw  of  Cashel,  and  75 
from  Dublin. 

Nenthorn,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Ber- 
wickshire, bordering  on  Roxburghshire, 
four  miles  in  length  and  near  as  much  in 
breadth.  The  surface  is  in  general  rich, 
and  well  cultivated.  Population  in  1801, 
395,  and  in  1811,  398. 

Neoniinas  Hirer,  on  the  coast  of  Pi  ru,  is 
12  or  14  leagues  to  the  kw  of  Bonaveniura 
river.  It  is  a large  river,  and  falls  into  the 
ocean  by  two  mouths. 

NeoVs,  St.  a large  well  built  town  in 
IluiJiingdoushire,  situated  on  the  Ouse,  over 
which  is  a stone  bridge.  St.  Neots  has  a 


N E S 

Stone  bridge.  St.  Neots  has  a market  on 
Thursday, and  fairs  Jan.  29,  Ascension  day, 
June  23,  Aug.  1,  and  December  17.  It  is 
20  miles  wsw  of  Cambridge,  and  <56  nnw 
of  London. 

Neoundahydi  town  in  the  territory  of  Bir- 
mah,  seated  on  the  Irahwaddy,  wiiich  has 
flourished  in  proportion  as  the  ancient  city 
of  Pagahm  has  decayed.  Here  japanned 
ware  is  manufactured  in  great  abundance, 
four  miles  of  Pagahm. 

Nepean  Island,  in  the  South  Pacific 
ocean,  opposite  Port  Hunter,  on  the  s coast 
of  Norfolk  island.  It  consists  entirely  of 
one  mass  of  sand. 

Nepean  Sound,  an  extensive  water  on  the 
Nw  coast  of  South  America,  containing  a 
number  of  islands,  in  some  charts  called 
Princess  Pvoyal  islands. 

Nepi,  an  ancient  town  in  the  pope's  terri- 
tory, Italy,  on  the  Triglio,  20  miies  n of 
Rome. 

Nerac,  a town  in  the  department  of  Lot 
and  Garonne,  divided  into  Great  and  Little 
Nerac,  by  the  river  Baise.  It  was  the  re- 
sidence of  the  lords  of  Albert,  whose  mag- 
nificent castle  is  now  in  ruins,  16  miies 
wsw  of  Agen,  and  67  se  of  Bordeaux. 
Lon.  0 18  E,  lat.  44  8 n. 

Nerbudda,  a river  which  has  its  source 
i!i  a lake  on  the  s borders  of  Allahabad, 
Hindoostan  ; it  runs  700  miles,  receives 
many  tributary  streams,  divides  Hindoostan 
Proper  from  the  Decan,  and  falls  into  the 
gulf  of  Cambay,  below  Baroach. 

Nerenherg,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Rhine  and  Moselle,  Franca,  in  the  late 
archbishopric  of  Cologne,  26  miles  w of 
Coblentz. 

Neresheim,  a town  in  the  county  of  Ot- 
tingen,  Swabia,  has  a Benedictine  abbey, 
whose  abbot  v/as  a prelate  of  the  empire,  15 
miles  WNW  of  Doiiawert. 

Neronde,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Loire,  France,  18  miles  nne  of  Montbri.son. 

NEPtiCIA,  a province  of  Sweden,  in  the 
division  of  Sweden  Proper,  has  large  forests 
of  pine  and  birch,  and  numerous  mines  and 
forges.  Orebo  is  the  only  considerable 
town. 

NEPcO,  an  island  of  the  East  Indies,  the 
second  of  the  Banda  islands.  The  Dutch 
have  a settlement  here,  called  Fort  Ncissau. 
Lon.  120  45  e,  lat.  4 40  n. 

Nerondes,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Cher,  France,  20  miles  ese  of  Bourges. 

NERSCHINK,  a province  in  the  Rus- 
sian government  of  Irkutsk,  sometimes 
called  D^louria.  It  is  mountainous,  but 
yields  excellent  pasture  for  cattle,  and  con- 
tains some  considerable  silver  mines.  Its 
Ocipital  is  of  the  .same  name,  situated  on  the 
Nereha,  at  the  influx  of  the  Shiska,  440 
miles  E of  Irkutsk.  Lon.  117  34  E,  lat. 
51  52  N. 

Neshit’s  Harbour,  on  the  coast  of  New 
Britain,  in  North  America,  where  the  Mo- 
ravians attempted  to  settle  in  1752^  but  did 


N E U 

not  succeed  till  1764,  when  they  were  pro* 
tected  by  the  British. 

Nesle,  a town  in  the  department  of  Somme, 
France,  stands  on  the  Lingoii,  25  miles  ese 
of  Amiens. 

Ness  Loch,  a beautiful  lake  of  Scotland, 

I in  Inverness-shire,  22  miles  long,  atid  for 
the  most  part  one  broad.  Its  general  depth 
is  from  60  to  135  fathoms.  It  forms  part 
of  the  Caledonian  canal  Its  outlet  is  the 
river  Ness.  The  lalce  and  river  never 
fi*eeze  in  the  most  intense  wini*cr?.  The 
garrison  of  Fort  Augustus,  at  its  s extre- 
mity, is  supplied  with  .stores  by  a king  s 
galley,  which  navigates  this  lake.  Its 
borders  present  a striking  view  of  rugged 
precipices,  wood,  pasture,  and  cultivated 
lands. 

I Nesting,  a parish  in  Shetland,  composed 
j of  the  united  parishes  of  Nesting,  Lunnes- 
ting,  Whalsay,  and  the  Skerries,  It  con- 
tains nearly  1800  inhabitants,  who  devote 
their  aitemion  chiefly  to  fishing.  The  mi- 
nister’s stipend  is  paid  in  butter  and  oil. 

Nestved,  a town  in  the  island  of  Zealand, 
Denmark,  on  the  Ne.ss,  38  miles  sw  of  Co- 
penhagen. 

NETHERLANDS,  or  The  Low  Coun- 
tries, a large  country  of  Europe,  anciently 
called  Gallia  Belgica.  In  the  fifth  cen- 
tury, the  Franks  coining  to  settle  in  Gaul» 
founded  a new  kingdom,  to  which  thej- 
gave  the  name  of  France.  In  the  ninth 
j century,  the  sons  of  Louis  the  Pious,  having 
I divided  the  dominions  of  their  father,  a new 
! kingdom  Wcis  forme<i,  comprehendirig  Ger- 
i many  and  France.  In  1794,  the  Nelher- 
j lands  were  subdued  by  the  French,  and  in 
j 1796,  the  convention  passed  a decree,  form- 
ing them  into  an  integral  part  of  tbance, 
and  dividing  them  into  nine  departments, 
Dyle,  Forets,  Jemappe,  Lis,  Meu.se  Low’^er, 
j Nethes,  (two)  Outhe,  Sambre  and  Meuse, 

! and  Scheldt;  which  see.  The  Netherlands 
I in  general  are  269  miles  long,  and  from  100 
to  200  broad.  The  principal  livers  are  the 
Scheldt,  Pihine,  Maese,  Moselle,  and  Lis. 
The  air  i.s  temperate  ; but  the  mouths  of  the 
rivers  and  harbours  are  frozen  up  in  winter, 
j The  soil  is  extremely  fertile  in  corn  anti 
! pastures ; and  there  are  several  fine  manu- 
( lacturcs  of  lace,  lawns,  can^bric,  tapestry, 
d:c.  Brussels  is  the  ciiief  town  ; see  IJoS- 
land,  or  Dutch  Netherlands. 

NETHES,  TWO,  a new  deparlmfciit  id 
France,  comprehendrng  the  n part  of  Aus- 
trian Brabant,  and  take.s  its  name  from  two 
rivers  which  have  their  source  on  the  e 
border,  and  ut  ile  at  Liere.  Antwerp  is  filie 
capital. 

Netchkan,  a town  in  Voitiand,  Upp  '^r 
Saxony,  stands  on  the  Golsch,  12  miles  a w 
of  Zwickau. 

Nettnno,  a town  in  Campagna  di  Rom  i, 
Italy  seated  at  the  mouih  of  the  Lojaoiua, 
near  the  ruins  of  ancient  Antium,  24  miles  s 
by  E oi  Rome. 

Neuhurg  a town  of  Bavaria,  and  capi  U I 


N E V 


N E U 


of  the  duchy  of  the  same  name,  90  miles 
K\  E of  Augsburg. 

Neuburg,  capital  of  a principality  of  the 
same  name,  Bavaria,  seated  on  a hill  near 
the  Danube,  with  a castle,  in  wdiich  is  a 
hall  of  an  uncommon  size,  adorned  with 
portraits.  Its  fortifications  are  much  de- 
cayed, 32  miles  kne  of  Augsburg,  and 
60  sw  of  Amberg.  Lon.  11  13  e,  lat.  48 
43  N. 

Neuhurgy  capital  of  a palatinate  of  Ba- 
varia, on  the  Schwarza,  17  miles  esk  of 
Amberg. 

Neuburg,a  town  of  Swabia , in  the  Bris- 
gan,  by  the  Rhine,  12  miles  s of  Erisack. 

Neuburg,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Wir- 
femberg,  Swabia,  on  the  Entz,  25  miles  w 
of  Stutgard. 

Nevers,  a considerable  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Nievre,  France,  It  is  15  miles 
nw  of  Moulins, 

Neyfchateauy  a handsome,  populous  town 
in  the  department  of  Vosges,  France,  on 
the  Meuse.  The  vicinity  is  fertile  in  corn 
and  wine,  25  miles  sw  of  Nancy. 

NEUFCHATEL,  a territory  of  Switzer- 
land, which,  with  that  of  Vallengin,  forms 
one  principality,  between  the  lake  Nenf- 
chatel  and  the  frontier  of  France,  contaiiv- 
ivjg  in  length,  from  Ntos,  about  12  leagues, 
and  about  six  in  its  greatest  breadth.  It  is 
a hilly  country,  in  which  are  several  rivers 
and  lakes.  In  it  are  large  vineyards,  num- 
bers of  cattle  on  the  mountains,  and  deer  in 
the  forests.  In  the  districts  of  Cressier  and 
Lauderon,  the  inhabitants  are  mostly  Catho- 
lics, but  in  the  others  they  are  Protestants. 
In  1 806,  the  v/hole  was  ceded  to  France  by 
the  king  of  Prusjtia,  and  soon  after  confered 
on  marshall  Berthier,  with  the  title  of  prince 
and  duke  of  Neufchatel.  The  air  is  healthy 
and  temperate,  but  the  soil  is  not  every- 
where equally  fertile.  The  people  are  inge- 
nious, polite,  active  and  industrious. 

Nevfchatel,  ix  handsome  town  of  Swit- 
zerland, capital  of  the  principality  of  the 
same  name,  containing  not  more  than  30C0 
people,  seated  partly  on  the  side  of  Mount 
Jura,  cind  partly  on  a plain.  It  has  an  ele-  | 
gant  town -house,  an  excellent  causeway 
leading  to  tlie  valley  of  St  Imier,  maniifac- 
tmes  of  printed  cottons  and  linens,  and  ex- 
ports wine  of  superior  quality,  25  miles  ke 
of  Lusanr.e,  and  25  w of  Berne.  Lcn.  70  e, 
lat.  47  5 N. 

Neifhai/s,  a town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
duchy  of  Bremen,  near  the  month  of  the  j 
Oste,  formerly  a place  of  great  trade,  j 
xybich  is  now  much  interrupted  by  a sand 
bank  which  has  risen  ni  the  mouth  of  the 
Oslo.  It  is  19  miles  nw  of  Siadc. 

.\cvi(l\s  Crossy  a place  near  Durham, 
where  15,000  of  tl'.e  Scots  were  slain. 

NEVIS,  an  island  less  than  a league  se 
of  the  pininsnla  of  St.  Christopher's,  one  of  j 
til*!!  Caribbees.  This  beautiful  little  spot  j 
is  nothing  more  than  a singlfj  mountain,  | 
rising  like  a cone  in  an  easy  ascent  from  | 


the  sea ; the  cire^mference  of  its  base  not 
exceeding  24  miles.  The  island  is  well 
watered,  and  the  land  fertile.  Here  is  a 
v/arm  bath,  similar  in  quality  to  those  of 
Bath  in  England.  The  island  is  divided 
into  five  parishes.  It  has  one  town  (Char- 
lestown,) which  is  a port  of  entry.  There 
are  two  other  shipping  places,  viz.  Indian 
Castle,  and  New  Castle.  Nevis  contains 
600  whites,  and  10,000  blacks.  Charles- 
town is  the  capital.  Lon.  62  40  w lat 
17  18  N.  ’ ■ 

Nevis,  a river  of  Scotland,  which  rise* 
near  the  mountaiu  of  Ben-nevis,  in  Inver- 
ness-shire, and  falls  into  Locheil,  near 
Fort  William,  and  has  .swept  away  part 
of  the  fort.  This  river  exhibits  a grand 
cascade,  of  extraordinary  height,  as  does 
one  of  its  tributaries  that  descends  from  th» 
mountain  Ben-nevis. 

Neumarkty  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Breslaw,  Silesia.  It  is  famous  throughout 
Silesia  for  its  v/aggons.  Near  this  place, 
at  the  village  ot  Leuthen,  the  Prussians 
gained  a decisive  victory  over  the  Imperial- 
ists in  1757,  20  miles  w by  n of  Breslaw. 

Neufchateau,  a town  in  Luxemburg,  Ne- 
therlands, 16  miles  sw  of  Bastogne, 

Neu-wiedy  a neat  commercial  town  of 
Germany,  capital  of  the  lower  county  of 
Wied,  with  a fine  castle,  on  the  e bank  of 
the  Rhine,  7 miles  nw  of  Coblentz, 

Nevfchately  a lake  of  Swisserland,  ex- 
tending from  sw  to  ne  from  the  town  of 
Yverdiin,  to  that  of  Neutchatel,  20  miles 
long  and  four  broad ; and  has  a communi- 
cation by  a narrow  outlet  with  the  lake  of 
Biel,  at  its  ne  extremity. 

Neuchatel,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Lower  Seine,  France,  seated  on  the  Arques, 
and  famous  for  cheese,  20  miles  se  of  Dieppe, 
and  75  nw  of  Paris. 

Neunstein,  a town  and  castle  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Hohenloe,  Franconia,  eight  miles 
WNW  of  Halle,  in  Swabia. 

NeverUy  a village  in  Pembrokeshire, 
V/alcs,  near  a river  of  its  name.  In  the 
church -yard  is  a square  stone,  13  feet  high 
and  two  broad,  circular  at  the  top.  Its 
sides  are  carved  with  knot-w^ork  of  different 
patterns.  On  it  also  is  a cross  ; two  miles 
NE  of  Newport. 

Neversy  capital  of  the  department  of 
Nievre,  France,  on  the  Lovre,  at  the  influx 
of  the  Nievre,  stands  on  the  side  of  a hill, 
noted  for  the  ancient  ducal  palace,  in  which 
Jolin  Casimer,  kiLgof  Poland,  died  in  1672. 
Here  are  other  elegant  buildings  and  a hand- 
some stone  bridge.  W'orks  of  enamel,  chi- 
na, and  glass,  are  its  chief  manufactures ; 
15  miles  knw  of  Moulins,  and  145  s by  e of 
Paris.  Lon.  3 9 e,  lat.  46  59  n. 

Nevfferiy  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Wirtem- 
berg,  Swabia,  with  a fortress  called  Hohe- 
neutien,  17  miles  se  of  Stutgard. 

Neugarteny  a town  with  a strong  castle  in 
Fuither  Fomeranici,  15  miles  n of  New  Star^ 
ganl. 


N E U 

Newhauself  a town  situated  in  a marshy 
^lain,  on  the  Neitra,  Upper  Hungary,  43 
miles  ESE  of  Presburg. 

Neukirchen,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Hesse  Cassel,  Germany,  on  the  Fulda,  32 
miles  ssE  of  Cassel. 

Neumagerif  a town  in  the  department  of 
Sarre,  France,  electorate  of  Treves,  lately 
of  Germany,  on  the  Moselle,  17  miles  ne  of 
Treves. 

Neurnarky  a town  in  Carniola,  Germa- 
ny, 28  miles  Nw  of  Laubach. 

Neurnarky  a town  in  the  palatinate  of  Ba- 
varia, 22  miles  sw  of  Amberg. 

Neuniarky  a town  on  the  river  Ross  Bava- 
ria, 17  miles  se  of  Landshut.  Another  30 
miles  NW  of  Ratisbon. 

NeurodCy  a town  in  the  county  of  Glats, 
Silesia,  on  the  Wotitz,  eight  miles  nnw  of 
Glatz. 

Neusy  a navigable  river  of  N.  Carolina, 
W'hich  enters  Pemplico  sound,  below  the 
town  of  New  hern. 

NeusaltZy  a town  in  the  priimipality  of 
Glogau,  Silesia,  on  the  Oder,  17  miles  nw 
of  Glogau. 

NematZy  a strong  town  and  fortress  for- 
merly called  Peterweradein,  Scharz,  Hun- 
gary, on  the  Danube,  opposite  Peterwara- 
dein,  in  Sclavonia,  is  a Greek  bishop^s  see. 

Neusidhy  a town  of  Hungary,  n end  of  a 
lake  of  its  name,  w’hich  is  20  miles  in  length 
and  six  in  breadth,  16  miles  ssw  of  Presburg. 

Neusoly  a town  of  Upper  Hungary,  with  a 
large  castle,  in  which  is  a church  covered 
w’ilh  copper,  seated  on  the  Gran.  The  most 
extensive  copper  mines  in  Hungary  are  in 
the  neighbouring  mountains,  22  miles  n by 
£ of  Schemnit^. 

Neustadty  a town  of  Austria,  on  the  fron- 
tiers of  Hungary,  with  an  arsenal  and  a 
castle;  and  h^as  the  staple  right  over  all 
goods  from  Italy,  28  miles  s by  w of  Vien- 
na. Lon.  16  18  E,  lat.  47  50  N. 

Neustadty  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Wurtzburg,  Franconia,  on  the  Saal,  16 
miles  N by  E of  Schweinfurt. 

Neustadty  capital  of  the  lower  part  of 
the  principality  of  Bayreuth,  Franconia, 
with  a castle  on  the  Aisch.  In  the  church  i 
library  are  many  curiosities,  32  miles  ese 
of  Wurtzburg.  Lon.  10  43  e,  lat.  49  38  n. 

Neustadty  a town  in  Misnia,  Upper  Saxo- 
ry,  capital  of  a circle  of  its  name,  on  the 
Orla,  has  tw’o  churches,  a castle,  and  a 
mine  office.  The  castle  of  Arnshaugh 
stands  on  a mountain  in  the  vicinity,  46 
miles  ssw  of  Leipsic.  Lon.  116  49  e,  lat. 
50  45  N. 

Neustadty  a towni  in  the  duchy  of  Wir- 
temburg,  Swabia,  on  the  Koher,  12  miles 
NNE  of  Hailbron. 

Neustadty  a town  in  the  Middle  Mark, 
Brandenburgh,  on  the  Finow  canal,  J’,ns 
manufactures  of  cloth  and  cutlery,  and  ex- 
tensive breweries  ; 31  miles  ne  of  Berlin. 

Neustadty  a town  in  the  Mark  of  Preg- 
5}it2,  Br^ndeubtirg^  on  tha?  Dos&«,  noted  fur 


NEW 

its  manufacture  of  plate  glass,  eight  mile* 
EXE  of  Havelberg. 

Neustadty  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Cobourg,  Upper  Saxony,  eight  miles  ne  of 
Coburg. 

Neustadty  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Bruns- 
wick, Luneburg,  Lower  Saxony,  on  th® 
Leina,  has  a castle,  15  miles  nnw  of  Hano- 
ver. 

Neustadty  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Meck- 
lenburg, Lower  Saxony,  has  a castle,  17 
miles  s of  Schwerin. 

Neustadty  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Hol- 
stein, Lower  Saxony,  has  a commodious 
harbour  on  the  Baltic,  20  miles  n by  e of 
Liibeck.  Lon.  10  57  e,  lat.  54  10  n. 

Neustadty  a town  in  the  palatinate  of 
Bavaria,  on  the  Nab,  with  a castle,  27 
miles  NNE  of  Amberg. 

Neustadty  a town  at  the  junction  of  th» 
Abenst  with  the  Danube,  Bavaria,  16  milei 
E by  N of  Ingolstadt. 

Neustadty  a town  in  the  county  of  Mark, 
Westphalia,  at  the  foot  of  a mountain,  50 
miles  ESE  of  Dussledorf. 

Neustadty  a town  on  the  borders  of 
the  county  of  Glatz,  Bohemia,  13>  milei 
NE  of  Ivonigingratz. 

Neustadty  a town  in  the  circle  of  Pilissn^ 
Bohemia,  35  miles  w by  s of  Pilsen. 

Neustadty  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Oppelin,  Silesia,  14  miles  se  of  Neisse. 

Neustadty  a town  in  the  circle  of  Olmutz, 
Moravia,  10  miles  nw  of  Olmntz. 

Neustadty  a town  in  the  department  of 
Mont  Tonnsre,  France,  lately  of  Germany, 
in  the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  on  the  Spire^. 
bach,  14  miles  w of  Spire. 

Neustadtely  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Glogau,  Silesia,  17  miles  e by  n of  Sagan. 

Neuvilley  a town  in  the  late  bishopric  of 
Basel,  Swisserland,  nine  miles  ne  of  Neu- 
chatel. 

Newhoroughy  or  Gcreg,  a borough  in  the 
county  of  Wexford,  Ireland,  25  miles  n by 
E of  Wexford,  and  47  s of  Dublin. 

Newhurg,  a village  14  miles  ne  of  Aber- 
deen. Its  exports  are  corn  and  meal,  the 
imports  lime,  coal,  and  timber. 

Newburgh,  a town  in  Ulster  county. 
New  York,  stands  on  the  w side  of  the  Hud- 
son river.  Here  is  much  ship-building,  33 
miles  s of  Kingston,  and  54  N of  Nav/ 
York. 

Newahheg,  a par'sh  and  village  of  Scot- 
land, in  Kirkcudbrightshire,  on  the  s bank* 
of  the  Nith.  It  is  about  eight  miles  long, 
and  two  and  a-half  broad.  The  village  of 
Newabbey,  containing  above  200  inhabi- 
tants, is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  great 
road  from  Dumfries  to  Kirkcudbright.  In 
the  centre  of  a fine  level  field  stands  a largti 
and  venerable  abbey,  which  gave  name  to 
the  parish.  It  is  of  gothic  structure,  194 
feet  long,  102  broad  at  the  cross,  66  at  tha 
ends,  and  has  a tower  90  feet  high,  founded 
in  the  12th.  century  by  the  mother  of  John 
Baliol,  king  cf  Sputiund.  Th<#  of 


NEW 


NEW 


the  parish  formerly  was  Kirkinder.  Popu- 
lation above  800. 

Newark,  a town  lately  laid  out  by  the 
British  in  Upper  Canada,  v.ith  a fort  called  | 
fort  Georg:e,  on  the  w side  of  the  Niagara,  1 
where  it  enters  into  lake  Ontario,  opposite  | 
the  town  and  fort  of  Niagara,  39  miles  n of  j 
fort  Erie.  } 

Newin,  or  Nenpi,  a town  in  Carnarvon-  I 
shire,  Vitales,  has  a market  oa  Saturday,  j 
Here,  in  1284,  Edward  I.  celebrated  his 
triumph  on  the  conquest  of  Wales.  It  is  one 
of  the  boroughs  cia  sed  with  Carnarvon  in 
sending  a member  to  parliament.  A se- 
questered vale,  near  this  town,  is  said  to 
have  been  the  retreat  of  ^'ortyea  v/hea  he  | 
lied  from  his  countrymen,  who  were  enra- 
ged at  his  inviting  the  Saxons  into  Britain, 
in  the  fifth  century.  It  stands  on  St.  | 
George’s  channel,  21  miles  s by  w of  Car- 
narvon, and  219  wnw  of  London. 

Newark  upo7i  Trent,  a town  in  Notting- 
hamshire, situated  on  the  river  Trent,  go-  \ 
verned  by  a mayor,  with  a market  on  Wed-  jl 
nesday,  has  a bridge  over  each  branch  of  |i 
the  Trent,  and  a causeway  formed  at  the  !] 
expence  of  12,0001.  Its  once  handsome  |j 
castle  is  now  in  ruins.  The  church  is  a |) 
fine  Gothic  structure,  with  a handsome  |j 
spire.  On  Beacon  hill,  in  the  vicinity,  are  jj 
the  most  considerable  quarries  of  gypsum,  I 
in  England.  It  has  a free-sehool,  and  sends  i 
two  members  to  parliament,  elected  by  the 
house-holders  paying  scot  and  lot.  Here, 
in  the  midst  of  Uxcables,  died  king  John, 
and  here  Charles  I.,  after  he  was  defeated  ' 
at  Naseby,  put  himself  into  the  hands  of  the 
Scotch  army,  after  which  it  was  demolished, 
though  several  towers  of  great  height  and  | 
strengih  remain.  It  has  a good  trade.  In  1 
1801,  it  contained  OT30  inhabitants,  and  in 
1811,  T930, 17  miles  ke  of  Nottingham,  and  : 
120  N by  w of  London.  Lon.  0 43  w,  lat. 
53  6 N. 

Newbattle,  or  Newbottle,  a parish  in 
Edinburgshire,  of  an  irregular  triangular 
figure,  each  side  of  w’hich  extends  about 
four  miles.  The  church  and  village  are 
about  a mile  s of  Dalkeith.  The  mansion 
of  Newbattie  abbey,  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
village,  is  the  seat  of  the  marquis  of  Lothi- 
an, and  stands  on  the  site  of  an  ancient  ab- 
bey built  by  David  I.,  for  monks  of  the 
Sistersian  order.  The  parish  is  iiitersecied  ! 
by  the  s Esk,  and  is  seven  miles  se  of  Edin- 
burgh. Population,  1332. 

New  Bedford,  a post-town  and  port  of 
entry  in  Bristol  county,  Massachusetts, 
situated  on  a small  bay  which  ^ets  up  n 
from  Buzzard’s  bay,  58  miles  s of  Boston. 

NEWSERN,  one  of  the  eastern  mari- 
time districts  of  North  Carolina.  It  com- 
prehends the  counties  of  Catavret,  Jone>, 
Craven,  Beaufort,  Hyde,  Pitt,  Wayne, 
Glasgow,  Lenoir,  and  Johnston;  and  con- 
tains\bOve  60,000  inhabitants. 

Newbern,  the  capital  of  the  above  dis- 
trict, is  a post-town  and  port  of  entry,  situa- 


ted in  Craven  county,  on  a sandy  point  of 
land  formed  by  the  conflux  of  the  Neus 
and  Trent,  containing  about  400  houses, 
ail  built  of  wood,  and  has  a considerablo 
trade  in  lumber,  turpentine,  pitch,  tar,  and 
corn.  It  is  96  miles  ese  of  Raleigh. 
Lon.  77  30  w,  lat.  35  10  n. 

Newhiggen,  a small  fishing-town  in  Nor- 
thumberland, on  the  coast  of  S Coquet  is- 
land, on  a bay  to  w^bich  it  gives  name, 
seven  miles  r of  Morpeth. 

Newborough,  a town  in  the  isle  of  Angle- 
sea,  North  Wales,  .seated  on  the  river  Bri- 
ant,  governed  by  a mayor,  with  a market 
on  Tuesday.  It  is  10  miles  sw  of  Beau- 
maris, and  250  nw  of  London. 

New  Bridge,  a town  in  Kildare,  Lein- 
ster, Ireland,  five  miles  sw  of  Naas. 

Newburgh,  a town  in  Fifeshire,  on  the  s 
bank  of  the  Tay,  six  miles  n of  Falkland, 
and  10  E of  Perth,  containing  about  1552 
souls.  The  parish  contains  the  tow  n,  and 
a small  district  of  rich  land,  population  of 
the  whole  about  2000.  The  harbour  is 
good,  and  there  is  a passage  boat  to  Errol, 
It  consists  of  one  long  street,  with  suburbs 
at  each  end,  and  a lane  from  the  centre  to 
the  shore.  Weaving  of  silesias,  osnaburghs^ 
and  brown  linen,  are  the  chief  manufac- 
tures. 

Newburn,  a parish  in  Fifeshire,  lying  on 
the  coast  of  the  Frith  of  Forth,  near  Largo 
bay.  It  is  about  three  miles  and  a-half 
long,  and  two  broad,  having  a fertile  soil. 
Population  about  400.  The  grammar- 
school  is  well  endow^ed,  and  in  great  re- 
pute. Several  of  the  inhabitants  are  Inde- 
pendants. 

Newbury,  a large  w^ell- frequented  towm 
in  Berkshire,  situated  on  the  river  Kennet, 
on  the  great  road  from  London  to  Bristol. 
It  is  a well  built  town  with  spacious  streets,  a 
large  market-place,  and  an  elegant  towui- 
hail.  The  trade  of  Newbury  has  lately 
been  much  increased  by  a navigable  canal 
to  Bristol  and  Bath  from  Reading.  The 
government  of  the  towm  is  vested  in  a may- 
or, high  steward,  aldermen,  <fcc.  It  is  a 
place  of  great  antiquity,  and  has  manufac- 
tures of  broad  cloths,  shalloons,  and  drug- 
gets, and  a trade  in  malt.  The  market  is 
on  Thursday.  Two  battles  were  fought 
near  this  town,  with  dubious  issue,  between 
the  forces  of  king  Charles  I.,  and  thos« 
of  the  parliament,  in  1643  and  1644,  in  the 
latter  of  which  the  great  lord  Falkland  M'as 
killed.  ..  It  is  16  miles  w of  Reading,  26  % 
of  Exford,  and  56  w of  London. 

Newbury  Port,  a sea  port  of  Massachu- 
setts, in  E.s.sex  county,  seated  on  the  Merri- 
mac,  with  six  cliurches,  a court-house,  and 
a gaol.  The  harbour  is  safe  and  commo- 
dious, and  the  business  of  ship-building  is 
carried  on  laregly.  Much  rum  is  distilled 
here,  and  it  has  an  extensive  trade  with  the 
West  Indies.  It  is  tw'O  miles  from  the  sea, 
and  35  nke  of  Boston.  Lon.  70  50  w,, 
lat.  42  48  N. 


NEW 

Newhur^f  capital  of  Orange  county,  Ver- 
tnont,  on  the  Connecticut,  opposite  Haver- 
ijill,  in  Newhampshire,  <50  miles  n of  Wind- 
sor. Lon.  72  2 \v,  lat.  44  5 N. 

a sm^ll  town  in  Caermarthen- 
?hire.  South  Wales,  situated  on  the  Tyvy, 
with  a market  on  Friday,  and  had  a line 
castle,  now  in  mins,  17  miles  nnw  of  Caer- 
Riaertben,  a'ud  230  wnw  of  London. 

Newcastle,  a borough  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Dublin,  11  miles  wsw  of  Dublin. 

NewGiisile,'or  Newcastle  Under  Line,  a 
considerable  and  well  built  town  in  Staf- 
fordshire, situated  on  the  e side  of  a branch 
ci  the  Trent,  called  Line  or  Lime^  It  had 
four  churches,  now'  reduced  to  one,  and  the 
castle  whence  it  had  its  name  is  cpiite  de-  i 
molished.  Here  is  a manufactory  of  cloth,  | 
but  the  chief  trade  is  in  hats.  The  town  is  j 
governed  by  a mayor,  tw'o  bailiffs,  and  24 
ecramon  council-men,  has  a court  for  pleas 
of  any  sum  below  401.,  and  sends  two  mem-  1 
bers  to  parliament.  In  1801  the  population  j 
was  4604,  in  1811,6175.  In  the  vicinity 
are  glass-works  and  potteries.  Has  a small 
theatre,  an  elegant  building  for  the  educa- 
tion of  young  ladies,  and  a great  number 
of  aim-houses.  It  has  a market  on  Mon- 
day, and  fairs  Easter-Monday,  Whit-Mon- 
day, July  6,  first  Monday  in  Sept,  and  Nov. 

for  cattle.  It  is  15  miles  n by  w of 
Stafford,  and  149  icnw  of  London. 

Newcastle,  a town  in  the  county  of  Li- 
merick, Ireland,  26  miles  sw  of  Limerick. 

Newcastle,  or  Newcastle  Upon  Tyne,  the 
largest  town  in  Noi’thumberland,  situated 
on  the  Tyne,  which  is  here  a fine  and  deep  ! 
river ; so  that  ships  of  300  or  400  tons  bur- 
den may  safely  come  up  to  the  town.  The 
towji  may  be  considered  as  divided  into  two  | 
parts,  joined  by  a bridge.  The  town  rises 
on  the  N bank  of  the  river,  where  the  streets  j 
upon  the  ascent  are  exceedingly  steep.  Of 
late  great  improvements  have  been  mtide  in 
the  town,  by  removing  obstructions,  opening 
new  streets,  and  paving  the  principal  old 
ones.  The  exchange,  churches,  and  other 
public  buildings  are  elegant;  and  the  quay 
tor  Icinding  goods,  is  long  and  large.  Here 
is  a mansion  house  for  the  mayor,  a siir- 
g'’on.s^  hall,  aud  a large  hospital  for  the  sup- 
port of  aged  keelmen,  Ncw'casUe  is  situa- 
K-d  at  the  entrance  of  the  great  collieries, 
v;hich  have  for  centuries  supplied  London 
and  iT.any  other  towns.  This  trade  has 
been  the  source  of  great  opulence  to  New- 
castle. It  also  possesses  manufactories  of  j| 
steel,  iron,  and  woollen  cloth  ; and  in  the  i 
town  and  vicinity  are  several  glass-houses,  m 
It  exports  large  quantities  of  lead,  salt  sal-  l| 
nion,  butter,  tallow,  and  grindstones.  The  jj 
suburbs  are  chiefiy  inhcibited  by  keel  men,  |) 
employed  in  carrying  the  coal  down  the 
river  in  keels,  or  lighters,  to  the  large  ships.  I 
Newcastle  was  made  burgh  by  Mulliam 
Ibe  Conqueror,  and  the 'first  charter  which 
was  granted  to  the  townsmen  for  digging  | 
coal  was  by  Henry  HI.  ia  1239,  The  i 
U ' 


NEW 

town  is  governed  by  a mayor,  19  aldermea, 
a recorder,  a sheriff,  a town  clerk,  &c.  and 
sends  two  members  to  parliament,  elected 
by  the  freemeii.  Market  days,  Tuesttays 
and  Saturdays.  Its  two  annual  fairs  last 
nine  days  e.  .ch.  The  number  of  inhabitants 
in  ISO  I,  was  28,366,  and  in  18U,  27,587. 
It  is  14  miles  n of  Durham,  04  s of  Berwick, 
94  N of  York,  and  270  n of  London.  Lon. 
I 14  w,  lat  .54  57  n. 

Newcastle,  a town  of  Delaware,  capital 
of  a county  of  the  same  name.  It  was 
called  Stockholm  by  the  Swedes,  who  set- 
tled here  in  1627,  and  afterwards  New 
Amsterdam  by  the  Dutch,  who  took  it  from 
the  Swedes,  and  by  the  English,  it  was, 
called  Newcastle.  It  has  two  churches 
and  is  the  oldest  town  on  the  Delaware 
It  is  35  miles  sw  of  Philadelphia.  Lon.  75 
28  w,  lat.  39  40  n. 

Newcastle,  a town  in  Hanover  county, 
Virginia,  on  the  Pamunkey,  a branch  of 
York  river,  24  miles  ne  of  Richmond. 

Newdigate,  a village  in  Surry,  five  miles 
ssE  of-  Dorking,  celebrated  for  a medicinal 
spring  similar  in  quality  to  that  of  Epsom. 

Newenherg y a town  in  the  Tyrol,  Ger- 
many, three  miles  nw  of  Fcldkirch. 

Newenden,  a small  village  in  Kent,  an- 
ciently a large  city,  and  had  the  oldest 
Carmelite  priory  in  England,  founded  in 
1241,  seated  on  the  Rother,  over  which  it 
has  a bridge  into  Sussex,  eight  miles  nw  of 
Rye. 

Newenlmm,  Cape,  a lofty  promontory 
on  the  w coast  of  N America,  forming  the 
N point  of  Bristol  bay.  Lon.  162  24  \y, 
lat.  58  42  N. 

Newent,  a town  in  Gloucestershire,  situa- 
ted on  a branch  of  the  Severn,  with  a mar- 
ket on  Friday,  eight  miles  nw  of  Glou- 
cester, and  112  wnw  of  London. 

New  Forest,  a forest  of  England,  in 
Hampshire,  si  mated  in  that  par,t  of  the 
county  w'hich  is  bounded  e by  Southampton 
water,  and  s by  the  English  channel,  it  is 
20  miles  long,  and  15  broad.  It  was 
afforested  by  William  I.  and  was  then  10 
miles  longer.  In  this  forest  his  son  William 
Rufus  was  killed  by  an  arrow,  shot  by 
Walter  Tyrrel,  which  accidentally  glanced 
against  a tree,  and  the  site  is  now  marked 
by  a triangular  stone  which  was  erected 
in  1745.  This  forest  has  advantages  of 
situation,  with  respect  to  conveycinee  by 
water  carriage,  and  vicinity  to  the  dock- 
yards, siipcrior  to  every  other  forest  in  Eng- 
land. The  lord  Warden  is  appointed  by 
letters  patent,  during  the  king^s  pleausure, 
and  all  the  courts  are  held  atLyndhurst,  It 
contains  many  handsome  villages,  and  the 
ruins  of  several  castles. 

NEWFOUNDLAND,  a largo  island  on 
the  eastern  6oast  of  North  Anunica,  be- 
tween 47  and  52  deg  n lat.  It  is  a moun- 
tainous barren  country,  and  is  much  colder 
than  England.  It  has  .'cveral  commodious 
b«»ys  and  harhgurs;,  and  there  are  about 


NEW 

SOO  English  families  who  continue  there 
ail  the  year*^  beside  the  garrison  of  St.  John’s 
Placentia,  and  other  forts.  In  the  fishing 
season  it  is  resorted  to  by  at  least  10,000 
peOf.de,  on  account  of  the  fishing  banks  to 
the  E of  this  island.  The  great  fishing' 
banks  extends  from  n to  s and  is  almost  of 
a triangular  shape.  The  island  is  <588 
miles  in  length  from  n to  s,  and  290  in 
breadth,  at  the  base,  from  e to  w.  There 
is  plenty  of  venison,  fish,  and  fowls,  hut  very 
little  corn,  fruit,  or  cattle.  The  great 
bank  is  <580  miles  long,  and  230  broad, 
abounding  with  immense  numbers  of  small 
fish  which  serve  as  food  for  the  cod.  The 
inhabitants  are  employed  in  winter  in  cutting 
wood.  That  part  of  it  used  for  fuel  is  drawn 
home  by  the  dogs,  which  are  harnessed  for 
that  purpose.  It  was  discovered  by  Sebas- 
tian Cabot  in  1496,  and  ceded  to  the  English 
in  1713.  The  principal  settlement  is  St. 
John. 

Neiv  Elver,  an  artificial  river  of  England 
broiio'lit  from  Amwell  in  Hertfordshire  to 
isliiCion,  for  the  supply  of  the  capital  with 
Vv^at'A.  It  was  completed  by  Sir  Hugh 
Middleton,  a citisen  of  London,  in  1613,' 
who  expended  his  whole  fortune  on  the 
undertaking.  Since,  it  has  been  extended 
to  Chadwell,  and  also  increased  by  a canal 
from  the  river  Lea.  It  is  under  the  manage- 
ment of  a corporation  called  the  New 
River  Company,  and  including  its  windings 
is  42  miles  in  length. 

Nevj  Year  Harbonr,  a commodious  har- 
bour, on  the  N coast  of  Statenland.  Lon. 
64  1 i w,  lat.  <54  49  s. 

Neiv  Year  Islands,  small  islands  near 
New  Year  Harbour,  n of  Statenland. 

Neivjane,  capital  of  Windham  county, 
Vermont,  on  the  Yfest  river,  38  miles  ene 
of  Bennington,  and  96  w^nw  of  Boston. 

Netvhall,  an  ancient  edifice,  seated  in  a 
romantic  pastoral  country,  on  the  banks  of 
the  N Esk,  the  classic  ground  of  Allan 
Hamsay^s  Gentle  Shepherd,  three  miles 
above  Fenny cuik  house,  cind  12  s of  Edin- 
burgh. 

Newhaven,  a small  town  in  Sussex,  situ- 
ate 1 at  the  month  of  tiie  Ouse,  with  a bat- 
tery at  the  entrance  of  the  river,  navigable 
for  small  craft  to  Lewes.  It  has  a 
oiiay  on  the  e side  ; and  is  <56  .miles  s of 
liondon, 

Newhaven,  a bealibfnl,  pleasant,  and 
flourishing  town  of  North  America,  in  the 
state  of  Connecticut,  in  a county  of  the 
same  name.  Near  the  centre  is  the  square, 
which  contains  the  statediouse,  two  college 
edifices,  a chapel,  three  churches  for  con- 
gregationalists,  and  one  lor  episcopalians. 
It  carries  on  a considerable  trade  with 
NeVv'  York  and  the  West  India  islands,  has 
manufactures  of  linen,  cotton,  peper,  but- 
tons, and  bard-teclh,  and  is  seated  at  the 
head  of  a bay,  four  miles  e of  Long  Island 
Sound.  Its  harl  cnr  has  safe  anchorage, 
3tBd  is  deiei2ded  by  a lort,  and  is  132  miles 


NEW 

NE  of  New  York.  Lon.  72  S3  wu  lat.  41 

16  N. 

Newhaven,  a village  in  Mid  Lothian,  two 
miles  N of  Edinburgh,  on  the  Frith  of  Forth 
inhabited  by  fishermen  and  frequented  by 
sea-bathers.  Near  it  is  a battery  for  the 
defence  of  Leith  harbour.  The  town  is 
about  a mile  w of  Leith. 

Newhills,  a parish  in  Aberdeenshire,  a 
few  miles  nw  of  Aberdeen,  about  six  miles 
and  a-half  in  diameter.  Part  of  this  parish 
is  mountainous,  but  the  ne  side,  which  is 
watered  by  the  Don  is  fertile.  Here  are 
extensive  beds  of  granite,  great  quantities  of 
wdiieh  are  exported  to  London.  It  has  a 
paper,  and  a small  w^oollen  manufactory, 
and  at  Greenburn,  three  annual  fairs  for 
cattle  and  hardware.  Population  about 
1300. 

Newington,  or  Stoke  Newington,  a plea- 
sant village  in  Middlesex,  on  the  road  to 
Ware,  three  miles  n of  Loudon. 

Newington  Butts,  a village  in  Surry, 
between  the  end  of  Southwark,  and  Keu- 
nington  Common.  It  gives  name  to  a 
ranch  esteemed  peach.  The  draper’s  and 
fishmongers  companies  of  London,  have 
tiieir  alms-houses  here. 

Newington  Green,  a mile  sw  of  Newing- 
ton Stoke,  is  a pleasant  village  in  form  of  a 
square.  Here  is  an  old  house  .said  to  have 
been  the  residence  of  Henry  VIII.  Here, 
for  many  years,  the  celebrated  Dr.  Price 
w^as  minister  to  a congregation  of  dissenters, 

Newland,  an  extensive  village  and  parish 
in  the  w of  Gloucestershire.  The  village  is 
about  four  miles  se  of  Monmouth.  Au 
inhabitant  here  has  a strong  oak  craddle,  iu 
which,  it  is  said,  king  Henry  VIII.  slept. 

Newlnnds,  a parish  in  Peebles-shire, 
lying  on  the  borders  of  Mid  Lothian.  Po- 
pulation near  1000,  In  the  parish  are 
chalybeate  springs,  ironstone,  iron  ore,  coal, 
lime,  manganese,  and  red  and  yellow  ochre. 
The  two  last  are  converted  into  paint  at  a 
manufactory  called  La  Mancha,  The 
district  is  adapted  to  pasturage,  and  the 
stipend  consists  of  laud. 

Newmarket,  a town  partly  in  Cambridge- 
shire and  partly  in  Suffolk,  consisting  chiefly 
i of  one  well  built  street ; and  is  14  miles  e 
of  Cambridge,  and  60  n by  e of  London, 
It  is  the  most  celebrated  place  in  England 
for  horse  raxes,  and  here  Charles  II.  built 
a house  for  the  sake  of  this  amusement. 
The  market  is  on  Thursday.  It  has  two 
annual  fairs,  and  in  the  vicinity  are  many 
elegant  seals  of  the  nobility  and  gmutry. 

Newmarket,  a small  town  of  Flintshire, 
North  Wales,  four  miles  ne  of  St.  Asaph. 

Newmarket,  a town  in  the  county  of 
jCork,  Ireland,  on  tlie  Dalva,  31  miles  xw 
of  Cork. 

Newmarket,  a town  in  Amherst  county, 
Virginia,  stands  on  the  n side  of  Janies^ 
River,  at  the  influx  of  the  Tyne,  100  miles 
w of  ilicbmoncl. 

New  Miins,  a village  iu  the  county  of 


Ayr,  &nd  parish  of  Loudon,  which  was 
erected  into  a borough  of  barony,  by  king 
James  IV.  It  contains  about  250  muslin 
weavers,  and  more  than  1000  inhabitants. 
It  is  pleasantly  seated  on  the  banks  of  the 
Irvine,  about  seven  miles  e by  n of  Kilmar- 
nock, and  is  under  the  superiority  of  the 
countess  of  Loudon,  and  Moira. 

Newnhanif  a town  in  Gloucestershire, 
with  a market  on  Friday,  on  the  w side 
of  the  Severn,  12  miles  wsvv  of  Gloucester, 
and  120  wnw  of  London. 

Newport^  a town  in  Mayo,  Connaught, 
Ireland,  stands  at  the  se  extremity  of  a bay 
of  Its  name,  called  also  Clew  bay,  in  which 
are  many  small  islands,  has  a considerable 
trade,  12  miles  sw  of  Castlebar,  and  123 
from  Dublin. 

Newport^  a town  of  Tipperary,  consisting 
of  small  detached  buildings,  three  miles  to 
the  sw,  at  Castle  Connel,  is  a chalybeate 
spring  resembling  in  quality  the  Goman 
Spa.  At  Newport  is  a charity  school,  and 
the  remains  of  Derryleagh  castle,  eight 
miles  NE  of  Limerick,  and  86  sw  of  Dublin. 

Newport^  a town  in  the  isle  of  Wight, 
governed  by  a mayor,  on  the  river  Cowes, 
navigable  to  it  for  small  vessels.  It  con- 
sists of  five  parallel  streets,  crossed  by  three 
others  at  right  angles.  The  situation  of 
Newport  is  elevated  and  pleasant,  and  more 
favourable  to  commerce  than  that  of  Caris- 
brook,  hence  it  is  now  considered  the  metro- 
polis of  the  island,  and  the  town  is  in  general 
a scene  of  great  bustle.  Market  days 
Wednesday  and  Saturday,  an  annual  fair 
which  begins  on  Whitsun  Monday,  and  con- 
tinues for  three  days.  It  has  a manufacture 
of  starch.  It  is  17  miles  s of  Southampton, 
and  91  sw  of  London.  Lon.  I 16  w,  lat. 
50  42  N. 

Newport,  a town  in  Shropshire,  with  a 
handsome  free-school  and  a market  house, 
and  a market  on  Saturday,  17  miles  e of 
Siirewsbiiry,  and  140  nw  of  London. 

Newport,  a town  in  Monmouthshire,  S 
Wales,  on  the  Usk,  over  which  is  a hand- 
some bridge.  It  has  a good  harbour, 
whence  it  has  its  name.  It  has  a market 
on  Saturday,  and  was  formerly  defended 
by  walls  and  a castle,  some  remains  of 
w’hich  are  still  visible,  19  miles  sw  of  Mon- 
mouth, and  1 18  w by  N of  London. 

Nev-port,  a town  of  Pembrokeshire,  S 
Wales,  at  the  foot  of  a high  hill  near  the 
sea  shore,  at  the  bottom  of  a bay  of  the 
same  name,  at  the  month  of  the  Nefern. 
It  is  governed  by  a mayor,  with  a market 
on  Saturday,  and  the  remains  of  a castle, 
18  miles  ne  of  St.  David%  and  250  Wi\w  of 
London. 

Newport,  a town  in  Cornwall,  214  miles 
w by  s of  London,  and  three  of  Laun- 
ceston. 

Newport,  a sea  port  of  the  United  States, 
in  Pthode  Island,  chief  town  of  a county  of 
its  name,  seated  on  a gradual  ascent,  at  |! 
Ihfi  /jw  end  of  RJioik  Islcuid,  about  five 


miles  from  the  sea.  Here  are  10  houses 
for  public  worship,  a state-house,  an  aca- 
demy, and  a public  library.  Its  harbour 
is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world.  To  the 
west  of  the  town  is  Goat  Island,  on  whiclx 
stands  Fort  Washington.  It  has  a consider- 
ble  trade.  It  is  80  miles  ke  of  New  York. 
Lon,  71  15  w,  lat.  41  25  n. 

Neurpoi^t,  a town  in  Newcastle  county, 
Delaware,  seated  on  the  n side  of  Christiana 
Creek,  31  miles  sw  of  Philadelphia. 

Newport,  a town  of  Maryland,  Charles 
county,  11  miles  neoI  Port  Tobacco,  and 
22  ssE  of  Washington. 

Newport,  or  Newport  Bridge,  a towm  in 
Liberty  county,  Georgia,  stands  on  a navi- 
gable Creek,  eight  miles  above  Sunbury, 
and  34  ssw  of  Savanna. 

New  Port  Glasgow,  See  Glasgow  Port, 

Newport  Pagnell,  a town  in  Buckingham- 
shire, on  the  Ouse  ; noted  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  bone  lace.  It  is  an  ancient  and  popu- 
lous town,  has  a market  on  Saturday,  and 
one  on  Wednesday  for  bone  lace  ; with  six 
annual  fairs.  It  is  14  miles  ene  of  Buck- 
ingham, and  50  nnw  of  London. 

Newport  Pratt,  a sea  port  of  Ireland,  in 
in  the  county  of  Mayo,  near  the  mouth  of 
a river  which  runs  into  Clewbay,  eight  miles 
w of  Castlebar. 

Newry,  a considerable  town  in  Down,, 
Ulster,  at  the  foot  of  a steep  hill,  on  a river 
of  the  same  name,  crossed  by  stone  bridges  ; 
it  is  now  so  much  improved  in  its  trade  and 
buildings,  that  it  is  the  largest  town  in  the 
county.  By  means  of  the  Newry  canal,  it 
has  communication  with  Lough  Neagh. 
Vessels  of  200  tons  burden  can  come  up  to 
the  town  from  Carlingford  bay.  It  has  a 
good  trade  in  tobacco,  wine,  spirits,  tea, 
coffee,  cfec.  and  exports  neat  cattle,  hogs, 
butter,  and  great  quantities  of  linen  cloth, 
from  its  hall  annually.  This  town  was 
burned  by  the  duke  of  Berwick,  in  1689. 
It  sends  one  member  to  parliament,  elected 
by  every  man  who  has  a boiling  pot,  who 
are  therefore  called  pot-wallopers,  24  miles 
wsw  of  Downpatrick,  and  60  n of  Dubiin. 
Lon.  6 20  w,  lat.  54  15  n. 

Newry,  a river  of  Ireland  which  separates 
the  counties  of  Armagh  and  Down,  and 
falls  into  Carlingford  l)ay,  two  miles  below 
Neury. 

Newsol,  a town  of  Upper  Hungary,  with 
a large  castle.  In  the  castle  is  a church, 
covered  with  copper  ; and  near  the  town 
are  the  greatest  copper  mines  in  Hungary, 
It  is  10  miles  n of.Chremnitz. 

Newton,  a small  town  in  Lancashire,  five 
miles  N of  Warrington.  It  is  a borough  by 
prescription,  is  governed  by  a steward,^ 
bailiffs,  &c,  and  sends  two  members  to  par-  . 
liament,  elected  by  about  36  voters.  He.'-e 
are  good  inns.  The  Sankey  canal  from  St. 
Helens  to  the  Alersey  passes  near  this  place. 
Its  uiarket  is  disused,  hut  it  has  well  attend- 
ed fairs,  May  17th,  and  August  i2th, 
miles  of  Loudon. 

X 2 


NEW 


N G A 


Newton,  a town  in  Montgomcrysbirey  on  ’ 
tbft  Seve-h),  with  a market  on  Saturday,  { 
and  six  annual  fairs;  177  miles  wnw  of 
London.  ] 

Newton,  a borough  of  Hampshire^  in  the 
isle  of  Wight,  seated  on  a bay  of  as  name, 
which  at  high  waU  i admits  vesse's  of 
tons  i .rrden,  but  is  iittle  frequented.  Its 
market  is  disused.  It  is  governed  by  a 
rnayo^,  and  12  burgesses,  and  sends  two 
members  to  parliament,  five  miles  w of  j 
New^yort,  Id  s of  Southampton,  and  96  sw 
of  London.  1 

Ncvjion  Bv-sheJ,  a large  town  of  Devon-  | 
shire,  on  the  Te  gn,  has  a market  on  Wed-  ' 
iiesday.  arid  ■ lauufdcture  of  woollen  cloths, 
ia  iniies  s by  w of  Exeter,  and  188  wsw  of 
London. 

Newton,  a parish  in  Mid  Lothian,  about 
three  miles  in  diameter;  with  a level  surface 
and  a fertile  soil,  situated  between  Edin-  | 
fcurgh  axd  Dalkeith.  Its  extensive  coalieries 
have  been  wrought  for  more  than  two  een-  ; 
turies.  rcrukdion  above  1060.  | 

Neii'tbn  Stewart,  late  Newton  Douglass,  \ 
a town  in  Wigtonshire,  on  the  river  | 
Cree,  navigable  Cor  small  vessels  within  two  ! 
miles  of  the  town  Manufactures  of  cotton, 
carpets,  and  tanworks,  have  been  commenc- 
ed here  with  success.  It  contains  about  1200 
inhabitants,  32  miles  ene  of  Portpatrick, 
eight  miles  nw  of  Wigton,  aO  ssw  of  Dum-  j 
fries,  and  96  sw  by  s of  Edinburgh. 

Newtown,  a town  seated  on  the  n banks 
of  the  river  Ayr,  over  which  are  two  bridges 
connecting  with  the  old  town  of  Ayr.  It 
has  a considerable  trade,  a fishery,  a rope 
work,  and  a shipbuilding  yard,  and  up- 
v/ards  of  1700  inhabitants.  It  is  a burgh 
of  barony,  governed  by  24  burgesses,  who 
elect  cine  counsellors  including  two  bailies, 
and  a treasurer,  biennially.  The  liberties 
of  this  lowm  extend  one  mile  and  a quarter 
in  length,  and  one  in  breadth,  and  was  onc« 
part  of  the  parish  of  Prestick,  but  was  erect- 
ed into  a separate  parish  in  1779.  It  has 
very  productive  coal  works. 

Newtown,  a village  in  Renfrewshire,  s of 
Paisley  in  the  parish  of  Mearns,  noted  for 
several  large  printfields.  Population  above 
200. 

Newtown,  chief  of  Sussex  county,  New 
Jersey,  near  the  Delaware,  60  miles  n of 
Trenton.  Lon.  75  2 w,  lat.  41  3 n. 

Newtown,  a town  in  Tioga  county,  Nexv 
York,  near  Tioga  river.  Here  the  judicial 
courts  are  held  in  February,  50  miles  w by 
N of  Union,  and  70  se  of  Williamsburg. 

Newtown,  a town  of  Connecticut,  in  Fair- 
field  county,,  nine  miles  e by  n of  Danbury^ 
and  26  nw  of  Newhaven. 

Newtonardes,  a borough  in  Down,  Ul- 
ster, 87  miles  from  Dublin,  agreeably  situ- 
ated on  the  northern  point  of  the  lake  of 
Strangfurd.  The  principal,  and  most  bene- 
ficial trade  is  in  the  linen  manulacture, 
particularly  fine  diaper  licti),  eight  miles  e j 


of,  Belfast,  and  about  the  same  distance  sw* 
of  Donnaghadee. 

Newion-barry,  a town  in  Wexford,  Lein- 
ster, on  the  Sianey,  two  miles  n by  vv  of 
V/exford,  and  47  s by  w of  Dublin. 

Newtown,  Mor.nt  Kennedy,  a town  in 
Wicklow,  Leinster,  17  miles  s by  e of  Dub- 
lin. 

Newtown,  capital  of  Buck';  county,  Pen- 
sylvania,  seated  five  miles  from  the  Dela- 
ware, and  has  a church,  an  academy,  and 
a court-house,  20  miles  of  Philadel- 
phia. Lon.  75  1 w,  lat.  40  14  n. 

Newtown  Limaeadij,  a borough  in  the 
county  of  Derry,  Ulster,  sealed  on  the  Roe, 
near  the  e side  of  Lough  Foyle,  17  miles 
ene  of  Londonderry,  and  106  xw  of  Dublin^ 

Newtyld,  or  Newtyle,  a parish  and  village 
in  Forfarshire.  The  parish  is  about  13 
miles  long,  near  t wo  broad,  with  a fiat  sur- 
face, and  a fertile  soil.  Upon  this  road, 
about  three  miles  from  Meigle,  stands  the 
village  of  Newtyle,  containing  above  200 
inhabitants,  mostly  weavers.  Population 
of  the  pcirish  near  600.  Near  the  village  are 
the  ruins  of  the  castle  of  Katten,  built  by 
i Lawrence  lord  Olipbant  in  1575. 

Neii'toU’Stewart,  a town  in  the  county  of 
' Tyrone,  Ireland,  on  the  Moyle,  two  miles 
w of  which  is  Barons  court  belonging  to  the 
marquis  of  Abercoih,  said  to  be  one  of  the 
completest  models  of  a nohlemarPs  villa,  32 
miles  wNw  of  Dungannon,  and  90  nxw  of 
of  Dublin. 

Neyland,  a town  in  Suffolk,  on  the  Stour, 
over  w hich  there  is  a bridge  at  this  place  to 
Essex?  with  a market  on  Friday.  This 
town  was  long  noted  for  the  w oollen  mar.u- 
facture,  but  this  is  now^  much  declined,  ex- 
cept for  says  and  bays,  though  the  town  has 
yet  a considerable  trade.  In  the  church- 
yard are  many  marble  monuments  to  the 
memory  af  clothiers.  It  has  a charity 
school,  and  a fair  October  2,  It  is  16  miles 
sw  of  Ipswich,  and  57  ne  of  London. 

Neijrac,  a town  in  the  department  of 
j Aveiron,  France,  18  miles  n of  Rhodes. 

I Neyva,  a bay  and  river  of  St.  Domingo. 

' The  river  has  its  source  in  the  mountains 
I near  the  centre  of  the  island,  runs  w"  to  St. 

I Juan,  and  then  s through  a beautiful  valley, 

I into  the  hetul  of  the  bay. 

1 Neyra,  a town  near  the  Madalena,  New 
I Grenada,  J30  miles  sw  of  St.  Fe  de  Bogota. 

! Nez  in,  a town  in  the  government  of  Tcher- 
I nigof,  Kiissia.has  a good  fur  trade,  28  miles 
I SE  of  Tchernigof. 

I Ngau’cliang,  a first  rank  city  in  the  pro- 
1 vinoe  of  Koie-tcheou.  Its  territory  is  moun- 
I tainous,  and  has  several  garrisoned  forts,  to 
overawe  the  independant  mountaineers, 
1,000  miles  ssw  of  Peking,  Lou.  116  45  e 
lat.  26  i2N. 

Ngan-Ki/ig,  a city  of  China,  capital  of  the 
vv  part  of  the  province  of  Kiang-nan,  seated 
onihe  Kian-ku,  defended  by  a fort,  575  miles 
I £ of  Peking,  Lon,  116  45  E,  fat.  30  J's 


t 


N I C 

Ngan-LOy  a city  of  China  of  the  first  | 
rank,  in  the  province  of  Hou-qnang,  seated 
in  avast  plain,  on  the  river  Han,  has  a con- 
siderable trade,  575  miles  ssw  of  Peking. 
Lon.  112  3E,lat,3i  J4  n. 

Niagroy  a river  of  North  America,  which 
forms  the  communication  between  Lake 
Erie  and  Lake  Ontario,  and  runs  from  n to 
s about  30  miles.  Fort  Erie  stands  at  the 
head  of  the  river,  on  the  w bank,  and  on  the 
E bank,  IS  miles  below,  is  fort  Slusher, 
W'here  commence  the  cataracts  which  rank 
among  the  greatest  natural  curiosities  in  the 
world.  Here  the  river  is  740  yards  wide. 
The  ball  mile,  immediately  above  the  cata- 
ract is  a rapid,  in  the  course  of  which  the 
water  falls  50  feet.  It  there  dashes  v/ith 
astonishing  grandeur  down  a precipice  140 
feet  perpendicular,  in  distinct  and  colateral 
sheets,  and  in  a rapid  extending  to  six  miles 
below,  falls  iOO  feet  more,  the  river  then 
flows  in  a deep  channel  till  it  enters  lake 
Ontario,  at  Fort  Niagara.  This  vast  body 
-of  water  in  its  fall  produces  a sound  which 
s heard  at  the  distance  of  20  miles,  and  in 
a deaf  day  with  a fair  wind,  40  and  even  50 
miles.  From  the  descent  of  tins  river  the 
jgurfa'ee’bf  Lake  Erie  is  about  300  feet  high- 
er than  Lake  Ontario. 

Niagariiy  a town  and  fort  in  Ontario 
county,  E side  of  the  Niagara,  where  it  en- 
ters Lake  Ontario,  opposite  Newark  in  IJp- 
per  Canada.  The  tort  was  built  by  the 
French  in  1751,  taken  by  the  British  in 
1759,  ceded  (o  the  United  States  in  1794, 
and  retaken  by  the  British  in  lSi3.  It  is 
] G miles  below  the  cataracts,  and  SO  nw 
of  Williamsburg'li.  Lon,  79  4 w,  lat,  48 

16  N. 

Nias,  a small  island  near  the  w coast  of 
the  island  of  Sumatra,  ceiebrated  for  the 
lieauty  of  its  wmrnen,  w'ho  are  purchased  by 
the  Dutch  and  Portuguese.  Lon.  9T  0 e, 
lat.  0 40  N. 

Nibe,  a town  of  North  Jutland,  Denmark, 
nine  miles  wsw  of  Alburg. 

Nihiano,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Piacen- 
za, Italy,  16  miles  sw  of  Piacenza. 

NICARAGUA,  a maritime  province  of 
North  America,  in  New  Spain,  and  in  the 
audience  of  Guatimala,  being  400  miles  in 
length  from  P to  w,  and  120  in  breadth 
from  N to  s.  It  is  one  of  the  most  fruitful 
provinces  in  Mexico^  and  is  well  watered  by 
lakes  and  rivers.  This  country  produces 
plenty  of  sugar,  cochineal,  and  fine  choco- 
late. Leon  de  Nicaragua  is  the  capital. 

Nicaragua,  a lake  of  New  Spain,  in  a pro- 
vince of  its  name,  350  miles  in  circumfe- 
rence. The  sw  extremity  is  only  a few 
leagues  from  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  the  se 
end  communicates  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
by  the  river  St.  Juan.  It  has  several  islands 
jn  it,  and  abounds  with  fishes,  but  is  in- 
fested with  crocodiles. 

Nicaragua,  a city  iii  a province  of  the 
same  name.  New  Spain,  seated  sw  of  the 
lake  at  some  distance^  and  near  the  mouth, 


N I c 

[ of  a river,  which  falls  into  the  Pacifio 
Ocean,  120  miles  se  of  Leon  de  Nicaragua, 
Lon.  SO  10  w,lat.  II  15  w. 

NICARIA,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
between  Samos  and  Tino,  about  50  01110^10 
circumference,  and  full  of  rocks.  It  was 
anciently  called  Icaria.  These  people  are 
of  the  Greek  church,  and  about  3000  in 
number.  Lon.  26  30  e,  lat.  37  40  n. 

Nicastro,  a town  in  Calabria  Ultra,  Na- 
ples, wiili  a castle,  17  miles  sse  of  Coseuza, 

NICE,  a county  of  Italy.  It  was  an- 
ciently an  appendage  of  Provence  in  France, 
but  afterwards  belonged  to  the  king  of  Sar- 
dinia. Now  included  in  the  department  of 
the  Alps.  It  is  26  miles  long,  and  18  broad  ; 
and  contains  about  120,000  inhabitants. 

Nice,  an  ancient,  handsome,  and  conside- 
rable town,  on  the  confines  of  France  and 
Italy,  capital  of  the  county  of  the  samo 
name,  now  of  the  department  of  the  Alps, 
and  a bishop’s  see.  It  has  a harbour  cal- 
led Limpia,  from  a small  river  that  runs 
into  it.  The  towm  is  of  a triangular  form, 
and  confined  in  its  situation,  having  the  rivet 
Pagtion  on  the  w,a  high  rock  on  the  e, 
and  the  Mediterranean  ou  the  s.  It  has  beea 
often  taken  by  the  French,  and  last  of  all 
in  1192.  The  Austrians  tack  it  in  1800,  but 
held  it  only  a week.  The  inhabitants  ex- 
port sweet  oil,  silk,  wine,  cordials,  rice, 
oranges,  lemons,  ansi  all  sorts  of  diiecl 
fruits.  It  is  four  miles  e of  the  mouih  of 
the  Var,  and  83  s by  w of  Turin.  Lon.  7 
16  E,  lat.  43  42  n, 

Nice,  a city  of  Anatolia.  See  hnic. 

Nichadiirg,  a town  in  Korasan,  Persia, 
the  largest  and  richest  in  that  quarter,  cele- 
brated for  a mine  of  turquois-stones  in 
vicinity,  37  miles  sof  Alesehed. 

Nicholas,  NI,  atQvvn  in  the  departmentof 
Meurthe,  France,  situated  on  the  Meurtho 
with  an  elegant  church,  to  which  pilgrims 
) formerly  resorted,  seven  miles  se  of  AMncyi 

Nicholas,  Si,  a sea*port  of  Russia,  situ- 
ated at  the  mouth  of  the  Dwina,  on  the 
White  sea,  six  miles  s of  Archangel. 

NICHOLAS,  ST,  one  of  the  largest  of 
the  Cape  do  Verd  islands.  It  is  pleasantly 
situated  between  St.  Jago  and  St.  Lucia,  75 
miles  long,  and  is  the  residence  of  the  bi- 
shop of  the  isles.  Lon.  14  19  w,  lat  16 
32  N. 

Nicholas,  St,  or  Mole,  a cape,  harbour, 
and  tov/n,  at  the  nw  extremity  of  St.  Do- 
mingo. The  cape  or  mole  is  strongly  for- 
tified botli  by  nature  and  art,  and  commands 
the  w^indward  passage.  Cape  St  Nicholas 
I stands  four  miles  to  the  sse.  The  town  is 
seated  at  the  head  of  the  harbour,  'which 
stretches  four  miles  betv/een  the  two  capes. 
Ships  of  any  burden,  even  in  a hurrieanu, 
may  ride  in  the  harbour.  It  was  taken  by 
the  English,  aided  by  the- royalists,  in  1793, 
and  evacuated  in  1798.  Lon.  73  26  w, 
lat.  iO  50  N.  .See  Domingo,  St,  the  iiland  cj, 

Nicholas  Island,  ii  small  island  of  Cuba, 

I ou  (ho  cuast,  Lon.  TOv^Ow,  lat.  33  59  n. 


N I C 

Nicker,  one  of  the  smaller  Virgin  islands^ 
situated  between  Anegada  and  Virgin  Corda, 
on  the  latter  of  which  it  is  dependant.  Lon. 
6:5  5 \y,  lat,  18  30  n. 

NICOBAR  ISLANDS,  at  the  entrance  of 
the  gulf  of  Bengal.  Th^  natives  are  tall  and 
of  extreme  idolence,  with  long  faces,  black 
eyes,  black  lank  hair,  and  dark  copper- 
coloured  skins.  They  have  no  corn,  but  a 
fruit  which  serves  them  instead  of  bread  and 
they  catch  plenty  of  fish.  They  have  yams, 
sweet  potatoes,  and  the  edible  bird-nests,  so 
much  esteemed  in  China.  Dogs  and  hogs 
are  the  principal  animais.  The  inhabitants 
have  no  towns,  but  live  in  huts,  and  go  al- 
most naked  except  a cloth  about  the  waist, 
with  a small  string  hanging  behind.  These 
islands  extend  northward  from  the  n point 
of  Sumatra.  The  largest,  which  gives 
name  to  the  rest,  is  about  25  miles  in  length, 
and  10  in  breadth.  Its  s end  is  in  ion.  94 
23  E,  and  lat.  6 30  n. 

Nicolayef,  a city  in  the  government  of 
Catiierinenslaf,  Russia,  stands  at  the  e side 
of  the  Ingul,  at  its  junction  with  the  Bog. 
The  greater  part  of  the  bouses  are  of  wood, 
but  the  public  edifices  are  built  of  a white 
calcareous  stone.  ,Along  the  banks  of  the 
Ingul  are  placed  the  admiralty,  with  maga- 
zines, work-shops,  wet  and  dry  docks,  and 
every  thing  necessary  for  the  building.  It 
is  now  the  capital  of  the  naval  establish- 
ment of  the  Black  sea,  being  more  easy  of 
access  than  the  Cherson,  thei  junction  of 
of  the  Bog  and  the  Dnieper,  12  miles  to  the 
Sare,  the  remains  of  the  Greek  city  Oibio- 
poilo  ; 30  miles  nne  of  Oczakof,  and  42 
Kw  of  Cherson.  Lon.  30  48  e,  lat.  46  58  n. 

Nicola,  SI,  the  most  considerable  and  best 
peopled  of  the  isles  of  Tremeti,  in  the  gulf 
of  Venice.  It  has  a harbour,  defended  by  a 
fortress,  in  which  is  an  abbey  and  a church, 
and  lies  in  Ion.  15  37  e,  and  lat.  42  10  n. 

Nicolsburg,  a town  of  Moravia,  on  the 
frontiers  of  Austria,  with  a castle  on  a 
mountain,  12  miles  ne  of  Loab. 

Nicomedia,  a town  of  Turkey  in  Asia, 
in  Natolia,  now  called  Ischmit,  or  Schrnit. 
H was  formerly  a very  large  place,  as  ap- 
pears by  the  ruins,  and  now  contains  30,000 
inhabitants,  who  consist  of  Greeks,  Arme- 
nians, and  Turks.  It  is  still  a place  of 
consequence,  and  carries  on  a trade  in  silk, 
cotton,  glass,  and  earthen  ware.  It  is  35 
miles  Nw  of  Isnic. 

Nicopoli,  a town  of  Bulgaria,  European 
Turkey,  on  the  Danube,  at  the  influx  of  the 
Osma,  famous  for  the  first  battle  iought 
between  the  Turks  and  the  Christians  in 
1396,  in  which  Sigismud  was  defeated  and 
20,000  of  his  troops  killed.  It  is  six  miles 
ssw  of  Buchorest,  and  150  nnw  of  Adria- 
liople.  Lon.  25  43  e,  lat.  44  16  n. 

Nicopoli,  or  Glanisli,  a town  in  Turkish 
Armenia,  built  by  Pompey,  in  commemora- 
tion of  a victory  obtained  over  Mithridates, 
15  miles  s of  Avzernm. 

Nicosia,  th»  capital  of  the  island  of  Cy- 


N I E 

prus,  stands  on  a plain,  near  the  mountain 
Olympus.  It  is  abo\it  three  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, but  was  formerly  nine.  There 
are  plantations  of  olives,  almonds,  lemons, 
oianges,  mulberries,  and  cypress  trees,  in- 
terspersed among  the  houses,  which  give  the 
town  a most  beautiful  appearance.  Tb® 
bazar  is  extensive,  well  supplied  with  pro* 
visions,  and  remarkably  clean.  The  mer- 
chants meet  to  transact  business  in  the 
church  of  St  Nicholas  ; that  of  St.  Sophia 
is  converted  into  a Turkish  mosque.  In 
1570,  after  a siege  of  45  days,  the  Turks 
took  it  by  assault.  It  is  100  miles  w of 
Tripoli.  Lon.  33  36  e,  lat.  35  16  n. 

Nicosia,  a town  in  Val  di  Demona,  .Sicily, 
50  miles  w by  s of  Taormina. 

Nicotera,  a sea-port  of  Naples,  in  Cala- 
bria Clteriore,  35  miles  nke  of  Reggio,  and 
185  SE  of  Naples.  Lon.  16  39  e,  lat.  38 
34  N. 

Nicoya,  or  St,  Lucar,  a town  of  Costo 
Rico,  in  Mexico,  seated  on  the  Dispensa, 
w'hich  falls  into  the  bay  of  Salinas,  having 
a harbour  on  a bay  of  the  North  Pacific 
ocean,  98  miles  wnw  of  of  Cartago,  in  Ion. 
85  40  w,  lat.  10  40  N. 

Nicsara,  or  Niksar,  a town  in  Rium,  Asi- 
atic Turkey,  in  a fertile  valley,  near  the 
Kelke,  watered  by  a stream  that  turns 
many  saw-mills,  26  miles  nne  of  Tocat, 

Nidau,  or  Nidoiv,  a handsome  town  of 
Switzerland;  capital  of  a territory  of  the 
same  name,  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  seated 
on  the  lake  Biel,  with  a castle,  15  miles 
NW  of  Bern. 

Nidda,  a town  in  Watteravia,  Germany, 
on  a river  of  its  name,  20  miles  ne  of 
Frankfort. 

Nidecken,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Roer,  France,  in  the  duchy  of  Juliers,  lately 
of  Germany,  seated  on  a rock,  12  miles  ese 
of  .Tuliers. 

Niderdale,  axaWey  in  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  v/atered  by  the  Nid,  a rapid  run- 
ning river,  which  in  Niderdale  forest  runs 
several  miles  under  ground,  and  after  it 
emerges,  w^ashes  Ripley  and  Knaresborough. 
On  its  banks,  on  many  places,  is  much  ro- 
mantic scenery.  It  joins  the  Ouse  at  Nun 
Monktown,  six  miles  nw  of  York. 

Nidjibabad,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Glide,  Hindoostan,  80  miles  nne  of  Delhi. 
Lon.  78  41  E,lat.  29  35  N. 

Niebta,  a town  with  a castle,  in  Andalu- 
sia, Spain,  on  the  Tinto,  48  miles  w of  Se- 
ville. 

Nielston,  a parish  and  village  in  Renfrew- 
shire. The  parish  is  about  five  miles  long 
and  three  broad.  The  low  grounds  on  each 
side  of  these  hills  are  tolerably  lertile.  The 
village  of  Nielston  contains  near  500  inha- 
bitants, chiefly  emplojed  in  the  cotton  ma- 
nufacture, as  are  also  those  of  the  villages 
ol  Barhead,  and  Uplamoor,  both  in  this  pa- 
rish, also  several  great  coiton-mills,  an  ex- 
tensive print-field,  many  bleach-fielus,  and 
several  tumuli,  one  of  which  on  the  Farar 


N I G 

n«zebill,  is  surrounded  by  a stone  wall.  Po- 
pulation about  3,800. 

Niemeck,  a town  of  Saxony  Proper,  seated 
on  the  Adda,  18  miles  n of  Wittenberg, 

Niemecz,  a strong  town  in  Jlloldavia, 
European  Turkey,  on  a mountain,  by  a 
river  of  its  name,  76  miles  wsw  of  Jassv. 
Lon.  26  16  E,lat,  46  58  n. 

Niemen,  a river  of  Poland,  which  has  its 
source  in  Lithuania,  rims  by  Bielica,  and 
Grodno,  passes  throughout  part  of  Samogitia, 
and  falls  into  the  Curisch  Half,  by  several 
mouths,  the  principal  and  most  northern  of 
which  is  called  the  Russ. 

Nienburg,  a rich  town  in  Westphalia, 
county  of  Haga.  It  carries  on  a consider- 
able trade  in  corn  and  wool,  and  is  situated 
on  the  M’eser,  30  miles  nw  of  Hanover. 
Lon.  9 IS  E,  lat.  52  39  n. 

Nienhurg^  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Munster,  Westphalia,  on  the  Dinkel,  33 
miles  NW  of  Munster. 

Nienburg,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Anhalt-Cothen,  Upper  Saxony,  on  the  Saal, 
with  a palace  belonging  to  the  prince,  eight 
miles  NW  of  Cothen. 

NtenJiaus,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Paderborn,  Westphalia,  on  the  Lippe,  with  a 
castle,  the  residence  of  the  prince,  two  miles 
KNE  of  Paderborn, 

NienJic.us,  a town  in  the  county  of  Beu- 
theim,  Westphalia,  on  the  Dinkei,  with  a 
citadel  in  ruins,  16  miles  NNwof  Bentheim. 

Nieper,  See  Dnieper, 

Niester,  See  Dniester, 

Nieuport,  a sea-port  of  Flanders,  near  the 
German  ocean,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Yperlee. 
Here  are  sluices  by  which  the  country  can 
be  inundated.  Here,  in  1006,  prince  Mau- 
rice defeated  the  Spaniards.  It  has  been 
often  taken  in  succeeding  wars ; the  last 
time  by  the  French  in  1794.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  chiefly  fishermen.  It  is  six  miles 
NE  of  Fumes,  and  nine  sw  of  Ostend.  Lon, 
2 45  E,  lat.  51  8 x. 

Nieiipcrt,  a town  of  Holland,  on  the  Leek, 
15  miles  e of  Rotterdam. 

NIEVIIE,  a department  of  France,  con- 
taining the  late  province  of  Niverncis.  It 
takes  its  name  from  a small  river,  which  has- 
its  source  near  Champlemy  and  falls  into 
the  Loire,  at  Nevers,  which  is  the  capital. 

^'iger,  a river  supposed  to  be  one  of  the 
largest  in  Africa.  Its  rise  and  termination 
are  unknown,  it  flows  n.  through  the  king- 
dom of  Mandingo,  and  then  in  an  easterly 
direction  through  the  territories  of  Bamba- 
m,  Tombuctoo,  Trocur,  and  Ghana,  to 
W angara,  where  it  separates  into  several 
branches,  and  is  supposed  to  disappear  in  the 
snudy  deserts  to  the  e and  s of  that  country. 
The  Africans  have  two  names  for  this  river, 
namely,  Neel  il  Abeed,  or  the  River  of  the 
Nf^groes  ; and  Ned  ii  Kibeer,  or  the  Great 
River.  In  the  rainy  season,  the  Niger 
swells  above  its  banks,  floods  the  aiijacerit 
lauds,  and  often  sweeps  before  it  the  cattle 
ftud  cottages  of  the  inhabitants. 


N I L 

Nigg,  a parish  in  the  ne  border  of  Kin* 
cardinesbire,  containing  about  3376  acres 
separated  on  the  n from  the  city  of  Aber- 
deen by  the  river  Dee,  pretty  fertile  both  in 
corn,  and  pasturage,  it  exports  kelp  and 
granite  paving  stones.  The  villages  of  Cove 
and  Torry,  are  inhabited  by  fishermen.  In 
the  parish  are  the  ruins  of  a building  which 
belonged  to  the  abbey  of  Arbroath.  Popu- 
lation above  1140. 

Nigg,  a parish  in  Ross-shire,  above  five 
miles  long,  and  from  two  to  three  broad, 
forming  a peninsula  on  the  n side  of  the 
Frith  of  Cromar(y,  nearly  opposite  to  the 
town  of  that  name,  the  district  is  fertile,  and 
populous.  The  church  was  formerly  an 
appendage  of  the  see  of  Ross,  and  the  bishop 
occasionally  resided  here.  In  the  parish  is 
a large  obelisk,  with  ancient  engravings, 
said  to  have  been  erected  on  the  grave  in 
which  three  sons  of  a king  cf  Denmark, 
who  w’ere  shipwrecked  on  this  coast,  were 
interred.  Population  above  1440. 

Nignuy  a river  on  the  s side  of  the  island 
of  Hispaniola.  Its  mouth  is  seven  leagues 
E of  the  Nisao.  The  parish  and  small  town 
of  Nigua  contain  about  2500  persons,  part- 
ly free  people  of  colour. 

Nikeping^  a well  built  town,  the  capital 
of  Sudermania,  Sweden.  The  town  is  situa- 
ted in  a pleasant  and  healthy  country  w of 
the  Baltic,  60  miles  sw  of  Stockholm. 

Nigono,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Modena, 
Italy,  22  miles  sw  of  Modena. 

Nigritia  ; See  Negroland, 

Nile,  a great  river  of  Africa,  which  rises 
at  the  foot  of  a high  mountain  in  Abyssinia, 
near  the  village  of  Geesb,  in  Ion.  36  55  e, 
lat.  10  59  N,  It  flows  first  through  the  lake 
Dembea,  then  winds  towards  its  source, 
which  it  leaves  25  miles  to  the  e and  enters 
into  Nubia,  through  which  country  it  makes 
a sinuous  course,  and  forms  some  cataracts. 
Then,  entering  Egypt,  it  runs  almost  directly 
s till  it  reaches  Cairo,  a little  below  which 
it  divides  into  two  great  branches,  which  with 
the  Mediterranean  Sea,  form  the  island  cal- 
led Delta.  The  ancients  reckoned  1 i mouths 
of  the  Nile,  of  which  seven  vverc  considera- 
ble ; but  now  there  are  only  two  that  are 
navigable  at  all  times;  and  those  are  at 
Rosetta  and  Damietta.  Between  Old  Cairo 
and  Ghizeh,  in  the  middle  of  the  river,  is  the 
isle  of  Rodda,  which  is  nearly  as  long  as 
Old  Cairo,  and  500  paces  broad  in  the  mid- 
dle ; and  the  front  of  the  Mekias  takes  up 
all  the  breadth  of  the  southern  part.  This 
is  the  work  of  the  Saracens  and  takes  its- 
name  from  its  use,  signifying  measure. 
Here  they  observe  every  day,  by  n;eans  of 
a graduated  column,  the  increase  or  decrease 
of  the  water  of  the  Nile;  and  thence  the 
public  criers  regulate  the  proclamations 
they  make  of  these  events,  at  different  hours, 
through  the  city.  It  overflows  regularly 
every  year,  from  the  15th  of  the  6th  month, 
to  the  I7th  of  the  9th  month,  when  it  begins 
to  decrease.  The  fertility  of  Egypt  de- 


pends  upon  the  overflowing  of  the  Nile ; 
nod  they  reckon  it  will  be  a bad  year  when 
it  is  le-s  than  14  cubits,  and  above  18. 
This  river  affords  plenty  of  fish,  and  breeds 
a great  number  of  crocodiles,  which  are 
very  large  and  dangerouSv  During  the  in- 
undation, the  little  towns  standing  upon 
eminences,  look  like  so  many  islands  : and 
they  go  from  one  to  the  other  by  boats. 
In  Cairo  there  is  a canal  called  Khalis, 
which  is  opened  when  the  water  is  high 
enough.  This  inundation  of  the  Nile  is 
caused  by  the  periodical  rains  which  fall 
every  year  between  the  tropics,  and  more 
particularly  in  Abyssinia,  which  is  full  of 
high  mountains. 

Nhneama  ; See  Mono  Emnge, 

Ninhcgueiiy  a large,  handsome,  and  eom- 
mercial  town  of  Holland,  capital  of  Guel- 
clcrlaiul,  and  of  the  late  republican  depart- 
ipent  of  the  Rhine,  with  an  ancient  palace, 
a citadel,  and  several  forts.  It  is  also 
capital  of  a county  of  its  name,  or  of  the 
island  of  Betuwe,  the  ancient  Eatavia.  it 
has  handsome  churches,  and  a maguiticent 
town-house.  Here,  is  16T8,  several  treaties 
of  peace  were  concluded.  It  was  taken  by 
the  French  in  1T94..  The  inhabitants  sub- 
sist by  its  trade  with  Germany,  and  brewing 
of  ale.  It  is  situated  on  the  Waal,  10  miles 
w of  CTeves,  and  35  sb  of  Utrecht.  Lon. 
6 53  E,  iat.  51  51  n. 

Nimptschy  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Brieg  Silesia,  with  a castle  on  aii  eminence, 
15  miles  ese  of  Schw'eidiiitz. 

; Nimpo,  a sea-port  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Chekiang.  The  Chinese  merchants 
of  Siam  and  Batavia  go  thither  yearly  to 
buy  silks  ; and  they  have  a great  trade  to  Ja- 
pan, it  being  but  two  days  sail  distant  from  it. 

NINETY  SIX,  a district  of  the  upper 
county  of  S Carolina,  W of  Orangeburg 
didriet,  comprehending  the  counties  of 
Edgefield,  Abbeville,  Laurens,  and  New- 
bury. It  contains  33,674  white  inhabitants ; 
sends  12  representatives  and  four  senators 
1.0  the  state  legislature.  It  produces  consi- 
th'rable  quantities  of  tobacco  for  exporta- 
tion. The  chief  town  was  formerly  of  the 
same  name,  but  is  now-  called  Cambridge. 

Ning-koue^  a city  of  the  first  rank,  in 
tlie  province  of  Kiang-nan,  China  noted  lor 
its  nianufact’ires  of  paper,  made  of  a species 
of  n’cd.  U is  seated,  amidst  pleasant  lulls 
and  mountains  covered  with  wood,  and 
abounding  with  n'iCdioivial  plants,  on  a river 
which  falls  into  the  Kiang-hu.  Lon.  118 
25  E,  lat.  3i  2 N. 

Kiog-po,  called  by  Europeans  Liampo, 
an  exci’Uent  sea-port  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Tclie-kiang,  noted  for  its  excellent 
silk  maiuiiacturcs.  It  is  situated  on  the 
E coast,  opposite  Japan,  660  miles  sse  of 
Peking.  Lon.  120  18  e,  lat.  29  5?  N. 

Ah'al.'ow,  St,  a considerable  town  and 
parish  of  Scotland,  in  Stirlingshire.  The 
niedium  length  of  the  parish  is  about  ten 
miles,  and  its  breadth  sjx,  in  tho  parish  arc 


coallerifis,  limeworks,  and  mineral  springs. 
In  1746  the  church  was  converted  into  a 
magazine  by  the  rebels,  and  either  by  ac- 
cident or  design  was  blowm  up  when  they 
hastily  abandoned  and  Stirling  castle.  The 
steeple  remained  entire  at  some  distance 
from  which  the  parish  church  was  rebuilt. 
The  town  of  St  Ninians  is  a considerable 
manufacturing  place,  of  cotton-cloth,  lea- 
ther and  nails,  containing  about  3500  inha- 
bitants. About  30  years  ago,  the  parishion- 
ers purchased  the  patronage  or  advowson, 
and  since  that  time  every  head  of  a family, 
who  is  in  communion  with  the  established 
clitivch,  has  a vote  in  the  election  of  the 
minister,  who  is  by  law  obliged  to  keep  an 
assistant.  Population  near  7000. 

Ninove,  a town  in  Flanders,  Netherlands, 
on  the  Deader,  with  an  Abbey,  13  miles  w 
of  Brussels. 

NIO,  an  island  in  the  Archipelago,  s of 
Naxia,  an{nantly  called  los,  35  miles  in  cir- 
cumference. It  is  fertile  in  corn,  but  hav© 
very  little  wood  or  oil.  The  inhabitants  are 
Greeks,  and  remarkable  for  their  hospitality 
and  simplicity  of  manners.  Lon.  25  35  b, 
lat.  36  43  X. 

Nion,  capital  of  a bailiwich,  canton  of 
Bern,  on  the  lake  of  Geneva,  has  an  excel- 
lent manufacture  of  porcelain,  J2  miles  n 
by  E of  Geneva. 

Niof-:,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Drome,  France,  on  the  Aigues,  over  which 
is  a lofty  Roman  bridge  of  one  arch.  There 
is  a mineral  spring  here  called  Pontias,  and 
some  manufactures  of  soap  and  woollen 
cloth.  It  is  21  miles  ese  of  Montelimar, 
and  38  sse  of  Valence. 

Niort,  a considerable  trading  town  in  the 
department  of  the  two  Sevres,  France. 
They  manufacture  druggets,  serges,  and 
other  coarse  woollen  goods.  Its  dry  sweet- 
meats arc  much  esteemed.  It  stands  on  the 
Sevre  Niortoise,  and  is  31  miles  xe  of  Ro- 
chelle, and  46  wsw  of  Poitiers.  Lou.  0 S3  w, 
lat.  46  20  N. 

NIPHON,  an  island  of  Asia,  and  the 
largest  of  Japan,  being  750  miles  in  length 
and  150  in  breadth,  containing  55  provinces. 
It  wa.s  discovered  by  the  Portuguese,  in 
1542,  being  put  on  shore  in  a storm.  The 
chief  town  is  Jeddo. 

Nima,  a town  in  the  province  of  Vene- 
zuela, Terra  Firma,  140  miles  se  of  Vene- 
zuela. 

Nisao,  a river  of  St  Domingo,  w hich  en- 
ters the  sea,  on  the  w side  of  a cape  to 
which  it  gives  name.  It  admits  vessels  of 
less  than  20  feet  water,  and  is  a mahogany- 
port,  28  miles  wsw  of  St  Domingo. 

iS^mpour,  or  Neisabur,  a city  in  Kbora- 
san,  Persia,  once  very  extensive,  but  great 
part  of  it  reduced  to  ruins  by  the  Tartars. 
The  vicinity  abounds  with  the  most  delicious 
fruits.  Population  15,000.  It  is  90  miles  s 
by  K of  Mesehed,  and  140  w of  Bistan. 

Ntsihin,  or  Nisbin,  a town  and  fortress  in 
Diarbek,  Asifitic  Turkey,  seated  in  a vast 


N I X 


N O M 


plain,  and  now  greatly  decayed,  T8  miles 
E of  Diarbekar. 

Nishnei  NovogGrod^  a populous  town  of 
Russia.  It  is  situated  at  the  confluence 
of  tbe  Volga  and  tbe  Occa,  230  miles  e by 
N of  Moscow. 

Nisida,  a small  island  on  the  coast  of  Na- 
ples. It  has  a small  harbour  called  Por- 
to Pavoiie.  The  island  is  very  fertile,  and 
laid  out  in  slopes  and  terraces  like  a gar- 
den, five  miles  Vv£V>^  of  Naples. 

NismeSf  an  ancient,  large,  and  flourishing 
town  in  the  department  of  Garde,  France, 
lately  a bishop^s  see^.  stands  in  a plain 
abounding  in  wine  and  oil.  It  has  a Ro- 
man amphitheatre,  and  a temple  of  Diana 
in  ruins.  The  Maison  Quartee,  or  tlie  j 
sqilare  house  is  one  of  the  best  pieces  of  ar- 
chitecture of  the  Ccrintbian  order  in  the 
World.  Nine  miles  to  the  ne  is  a lofty  Ro- 
man aqueduct,  called  Font  du  Gard,  which, 
passing  across  the  valley  and  the  river 
Gard,  conveys  tbe  spring  of  Eure,  near 
Uz?s,  to  this  city.  The  citadel  vras  built 
by  Louis  XIV.  The  number  of  inhabi- 
tants is  computed  at  about  50,IK}0 ; they  i 
are  chiefly  Calvinists.  It  is  12  miles  nw 
of  Arles,  and  7,5  jce  of  Narbonne.  Lon.  4 
19  E.  lat.  43  50  N. 

Nissa,  a strongtown  in  Servia,  European 
Turkey, seated  on  a river  of  the  same  name, 
taken  by  the  EIuDgaria,ns  in  1737,  and  re- 
taken by  the  Turks  the  following  year,  20  I 
miles  E of  Ptecop,  and  120  se  of  Belgrade. 
Lon.  22 '32  e,  iat.  43  32  n.  | 

?Jithy  a river  of  Scotland,  which  rises  ! 
near  Dalmellington,  in  the  se  part  of  Ayr-  j 
sliire,  at  New  Cumnock,  receives  the  Afion, 
enters  Dumfries-shire  at  Corsencon,  passes 
Sanquhar,  has  a romantic  course  from 
thence  to  the  stately  ducal  castle  of  Diim- 
ianrig,  where  it  enters  a valley  to  which  it 
gives  the  name  of  Nitbsdaie.  A little 
above  Dumiries,  it  joins  the  Cairn,  and 
their  united  streams  form  a fine  rest uary  in 
the  Solway  Frith,  about  60  miles  fronr  its 
source. 

Nitria,  a famous  desert  of  Egypt,  37 
miles  in  length,  on  the  coast  of  the  Medi- 
terranean. From  its  lakes  are  procured  the  j 
nitrum  of  the  ancients,  and  its  numerous 
monasteries  are  now  reduced  to  four. 

iSivelley  a town  in  Brabant,  Netherlands, 
on  the  Thienne,  with  a manufacture  of  cam- 
brics, 1,5  miles  s of  Brussels. 

SivtrnoiSy  a late  province  of  France,  be- 
tween Berry,  Burgundy,  and  Bourboimois. 

Its  principal  rivers  are  the  Loire,  Allier,  and 
Yonne.  It  is  pretty  fertile,  and  has  mines 
of  iron.  It  now  forms  the  department  of 
Nievre,  of  which  Nevers  is  the  capital. 

Nixaboury  a town  in  Khorasan,  Persia, 

80  miles  s of  Mesched.  Lon.  61  32  e,  lat  1 
35  40  N. 

NixapOy  a considerable  town  of  New 
Spain,  in  the  province  of  Guaxaca,  with  a 
Dominican  convent.  The  vicinity  abounds 
in  sugar,  indigo,  and  cochineal.  It  is  30 
11 


I miles  SE  of  Antequera.  Lon.  97  15  w,  iat. 
16  42  n. 

A'/xo-fifo^y  a post  town  of  North  Caro- 
lin,a,  iind  capital  ot  Pasquotank  coumy, 
seated  on  a northern  water  of  Albenmrie 
sound,  28  miles  ene  of  Edeuloii. 

Nizampaiam  a town  in  tbe'  cirear  of  Gun « 
toor,  Kiudoostan,  stands  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Kistnah,  34  miles  >s\v  of  Masiilipatam. 

Nlzza  della  Pagl.lay  a town  in  Montferat 
Piedmont,  on  the  IJeibo,  14  miles  si-:  of  Aste. 

NcGnacmry  a considerable  town  ci  Kin- 
doostan  Proper,  capital  of  a district  on  ti^e 
( coast  of  ilie  gulf  of  Cidcb,  inhabited  by  a 
piratical  tribe,  called  Somgarians,  iflO  raiies 
wsw  oj  Aniedabad.  It  is  300  miles  kw  of 
I Bopibay.  Lon.  69  30  e,  lat,  22  22  n. 

' Ncakoiey  a town  of  Napaul,  with  a tem- 
ple, seated  on  the  brow  of  a hill,  15  rniios 
NNw  of  Catiiia,ndu. 

. Noaillesy  a town  in  the  deparlmeiR  of  Vi- 
eiina,  France  six  miles  sss  of  Poitiers. 

NrbheVy  a town  in  Meath,  Ireland,  29 
miles  from  Trim. 

Isocnriy  a.  ‘own  in  the  duchy  of  Spoletto, 
Italy,  at  the:  foot  of  the  Appenines,  18  miles 
N£  of  Spoietto. 

Noccra  cieili  Pagani,  a town  in  Princi- 
pato  Citra,  Naples,  eight  miles  of  Sa- 
lerno. 

Nogaroy  a town  in  the  departmentef  Gers, 
France,  21  miles  sw  of  Condom,  and  2T 
WNwofAiich. 

Nogarcoty  a town  of  Napaul,  with  a fa- 
mous pagoda,  ,50  noiles  ne  of  Catmandu. 

Nogeni  le  liotrouy  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Eure  and  Loire,  France,  on  the 
Huisne,  35  miles  ne  of  Alans. 

Ncgent  mr  Seiney  a,  town  in  tbe  depart- 
ment of  Aube,  France,  on  the  Seine,  25 
miles  NW  of  Troyes. 

NGirniGUtifTy  ^ town  of  France,  a ii:l  ca- 
pital of  an  isle  of  the  same  name,  win  oh 
lies  in  the  mouth  of  the  Loire.  It  is  12 
miles  long  and  eight  broad,  and  has  rich  pas- 
tures. The  town  is  del'endetl  by  a fort. 
The  English  failed  in  their  attempt  to  take 
it  in  1795.  Lon.  2 10  w, lat.  47  0 n. 

Ncir  CapCy  a promontory  on  the  sw  ex- 
tremity of  Terra  del  Fuega,  at  the  entrance 
of  the  strait  of  Alagelian.  Lon.  73  13  w, 
lat.  54  30  s. 

Nclay  a town  in  Terra  de  Lavoro,  Naples, 
once  a rich  Roman  colony,  celebrated  for 
the  silk  spun  in  the  neighbourhood,  12  mil.  s 
ENE  of  Naples. 

Nolly  a town  in  Genoa,  Italy,  with  a bi* 
shop^s  see,  and  a good  harbour,  30  miles  sw 
of  Genoa.  Lon.  8 41  e,  lat.  44  8 n. 

Nomhre  de  DioSy  a town  in  the  province 
of  Dorien,  Terra  Firma,  once  a place  of 
considerable  trade,  30  miles  e of  Porto 
Bello. 

Nomhre  de  Dios,  a town  in  New  Biscay, 
New  Spain,  45  miles  se  of  Durango. 

Nomenyy  a town  in  the  department  of  Mu- 
erte,  France,  on  the  Seille,  15  miles  n of 
Nancy. 


Y 


NOR 

Nofiy  Cape,  a promontory  opposite  the 
Canary  islands,  in  the  kingdom  of  Sus, 
wbiek  the  Portuguese  reckoned  impassable, 
in  their  first  attempts  to  explore  the  w coast 
of  Africa,  but  which  they  doubted  in  1412. 
Lon.  li  50  w,  lat.  28  38  n. 

NONA,  a fertile  island  of  Dalmatia,  20 
miles  lo'^r;  from  e to  w,  and  10  broad,  con- 
1 lining'  one  town  of  the  same  name,  and  22 
V..  ages.  Nona  was  formevly  a splendid 
city,  but  is  gone  to  decay.  Its  harbour 
does  not  admit  large  vessels,  seven  miles  n 
by  w of  Zara.  The  natives  cultivate  to- 
bacco. 

Nontreu,  a town  in  the  deparment  of 
Dordagne,  France,  21  miles  k of  Perigeux. 

Nooh'eeva,  one  of  the  Ingraham  islands, 
situated  about  10  leagues  sw  of  Ooahoona. 
Lon.  140  w,  lat.  8 .58  s. 

Nooika  Sound.  See  King  George^s 
Sound. 

Noopour,  a town  in  Guzerat,  Hiodoostan, 
55  miles  e of  Surat,  and  142  w of  Burham- 
pour.  Lcn.  73  50  e,  lat.  21  i I N. 

Nora,  a town  in  Westrnania,  Sweden,  17 
miles  NK’w  of  Oretro,  and  56  w by  s of 
Westerns. 

Norherg,  a town  in  Westmania,  Sw'eden, 
w'hicb  has  the  best  iron  mines  in  the  pro- 
vince, and  the  ore  is  conveyed  by  a canal  to 
Stroemsbolm,  30  miles  nnw  of  \Yesteras. 

Norcia,  a town  in  the  dueby  of  Spoletto, 
amid  mountains,  on  the  Fredara,  20  miles 
SE  of  Spoletto. 

NOIiD,  the  most  northern  department  of 
France,  including  the  late  p’ovinces  of 
Hainault,  Flanders,  and  Cambrises.  Douay 
is  the  capital. 

Norden,  a seaport  of  Westphalia,  in  East 
Friesland,  and  a considerable  place  of  trade, 
with  a good  harbour,  four  miies  from  the 
German  ocean,  and  14  e of  Embden. 

Nordbtirg.  a town  at  the  n extremity  of 
the  isio  of  Alsou,  Denmark,  has  a castle 
nine  miles  isiNWM’if  Sundenherg. 

Nordgaii.  See  Bavaria,  palatinate  of. 
Nordhausen,  an  ancient  towm  of  Upper 
Saxony,  in  Thuringia,  with  seven  Lutheran 
churches,  and  a well  built  orphan-house. 
It  has  a considerable  trade  in  corn  and  bran- 
dy, rape  and  lint-seeds,  oils,  and  manufac- 
tures of  marble  and  alabaster.  It  w^as  ce- 
ded to  Prussia  in  1802.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Lorgo,  35  miles  itne  of  Erfurt.  Lon.  10 
15  E,  lat.  51  30  N. 

Nordheim,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Bruns- 
wick, Lower  Saxony,  on  the  Rhume,  at  its 
junction  with  the  Leina,  10  miles  n of  Got- 


Nordkioping,  one  of  the  largest  towms  in 
Sweden,  in  the  province  of  East  Gothland. 
It  covers  a greet t space  of  ground,  being  10  j 
miles  in  circumierence  ; but  the  hoyses  are  1 
small  and  scattered,  and  the  inhabitants  do  j 
not  exceed  10,000.  The  Motala  enters  it  1 
by  four  distinct  streams,  which  form  a series 
of  cataracts,  and  surround  several  rocky 
islands,  covered  with  buildings,  but  at  the 


■ NOR 

centre  of  the  town,  and  a little  below  iiie 
main  bridge,  it  is  navigable  for  small  ves- 
sels to  the  Bronie,  a long  and  narrow  bay 
of  the  Baltic.  Here  are  many  fabrics  of 
cloth  manufactures,  of  pamper,  and  fire  arms, 
some  sugar  houses,  50  mills  for  grinding 
corn,  one  for  sniifi,  and  a brass -foundery. 
Corn  is  exported  hence  in  great  quantities  ; 
and  a salmon  fisherry  gives  employment 
and  riches  to  many  of  its  inhabitants.  It 
is  24  miles  ne  of  Linkiping,  and  90  sw  of 
Stockholm.  Lon.  16  10  E,iat.  58  35  n. 

NOKDLAND,  one  of  the  Uve  grand  di- 
visions of  Sweden,  bounded  on  the  e by  the 
gulf  of  Bothnia,  on  the  w by  Norv/ay  and 
Sweden  Proper,  on  the  n by  Lapland,  and 
s by  Sweden  Proper.  It  contains  six  pro- 
vinces. 

Nordlingen,  a town  of  Suabia,  late  fre# 
and  imperial,  fortified  in  the  ancient  man- 
ner. Here,  inl702,  was  concluded  the  league 
of  the  five  western  circles  of  Gernmny  ; in 
1796,  itwms  taken  by  the  French,  and  was 
ceded  to  Bavaria  in  1802.  It  stands  on  the 
Eger,  and  is  a commercial  pkiee,  36  miles^ 
KNW  of  Augsburg.  Lon.  10  34  e,  lat.  48 
50  N.  . , 

Ndrdmaling,  a town  in  Angermania, 
Sweden,  near  a bay  of  the  gulf  of  Bothnia, 
24  miles  sw  of  Uma,  and  70  xe  of  Herno- 
sand. 

Nordon,  a town  of  Dorsetshire,  one  mil® 

N of  Corfe,  famous  for  the  best  pipe-clay. 

Nordstrand,  an  island  on  the  w coa.st  of 
S Jutland,  Denmark,  12  miles  long  and  dvo 
broad.  It  has  a town  called  Ham,  28  miles 
w of  Sleswick.  Lon.  9 0 E,lat.  54  40  n. 

Nore,  a noted  place  in  the  Thames,  at  the 
point  of  a sand,  which  runs  oil  from  the  isle 
of  Grain  to  the  E.  A light  is  fixed  here  on 
a floating  vessel.  Lon.  0 44. 

NORFOLK,  a county  of  England,  boun- 
ded N and  E by  the  German  ocean,  w by 
Cambridgeshire,  Lincolnshire,  and  the 
Wash,  and  s and  sh  by  Suffolk,  It  extends 
about  77  miles  from  E to  w,  and  45  from  n 
to  s.  It  contains  32  hundreds,  one  city,  32 
market" towns,  724  parishes,  and  in  1801, 
47,617  houses,  and  273,371  inhabitants,  and 
in  ISll,  291,999,  and  sends  12  members  to 
parliament,  Norfolk  gives  the  title  of 
duke  and  earl  to  the  chief  of  the  family 
ot  Howard,  who  is  the  premier,  duke,  earl, 
and  baron,  in  England,  next  to  the  blood 
royal,  and  hereditary  earl  marshal.  The 
manufactures  of  Norlolk  are  woollen,  wor- 
sted, and  silks.  The  face  of  the  country 
varies  less  than  in  most  tracts  of  equal 
extent  in  England.  Tiiere  is  not  one  hill 
of  any  considerable  height  in  the  vs’hole 
county.  The  county,  in  general,  is  ar.ible 
laud,  varying  in  its  degrees  ol  tertiliiy. 
Turnips  are  much  cultivated.  The  fenny 
parts  yield  great  quantities  of  butter,  which 
is  sent  to  London  under  the  name  of  Cam- 
bridge butter.  The  .sheep  are  a hardy  small 
breed,  much  valued  for  their  mutton.  On 
the  sea  coast,  herrings  and  mackarel  art 


NOR 

benight  in  great  plenty.  The  air  of  this 
county  is  sharp  and  piercing,  which  throws 
the-  seasons  more  backward  than  in  other 
countries  under  the  same  latitude  : but  it  is 
very  wholesome,  particularly  in  the  inland 
parts.  Turkeys  are  reared  to  a lai^e  size, 
the  sand  hills  abound  with  rabbits,  and 
there  is  plenty  of  game,  particularly  large 
pheasants.  The  manufactures  are  worsted, 
woollens,  and  silks.  Norwich  is  the  capi- 
tal. The  principal  rivers  are  the  Great 
and  Little  Ouse,  Nen,  Waveny,  Yare,  and 
Bure. 

NORFOLK,  a populous,  maritime  coun- 
ty of  Massachusetts,  lately  taken  from  the 
sojithern  part  of  Suffolk  county,  lies  to  the 
s around  the  town  and  harbour  of  Boston, 
and  oonlains  20  townships.  The  population 
about  24,280. 

Norfolk,  a port  of  entry,  post4own,  and 
seat  of  justice,  on  the  e side  of  Elizabeth 
Tiver,  below  the  couduence  of  the  eastern 
branch,  capital  of  a county  of  its  name. 
It  is  the  most  considerable  conmercial 
town  in  Virginia.  The  harboar  is  safe  and 
commodious,  aaid  large  enough  to  contain 
300  ships.  It  contains  about  2059  iri- 
babitaiits.  It  carries  on  a brisk  trade  to 
the  West  Indies,  Europe,  and  the  different 
states  and  constitutes,  with  Portsmouth, 
which  stands  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
river,  a port  of  entry.  The  exports  are  corn, 
flour,  tobacco,  slaves,  and  lumber.  It  has 
two  churches,  an  academy,  and  a theatre. 
It  is  39  miles  ne  of  Suffolk,  and  389  se  of 
Philadelphia.  Lon.  76  23  w,  iat.  30  55  n. 

NORFOLK  ISLAND,  an  island  in  the 
South  Pacific  ocean,  lying  e of  New  South 
Wales,  and  settled  by  a colony  of  convicts, 
subordinate  to  that  government,  discovered 
by  Captain  Cook  in  1774,  who  found  it  unin- 
habited. It  is  very  hilly,  and  covered  with 
wood,  the  spring  is  perceptible  in  August, 
but  the  trees  are  in  a constant  state  of  ver- 
dure. It  is  well  supplied  with  water ; the 
cliffs  round  the  coast  are  840  feet  perpendi- 
cular. The  settiement  is  in  Sydney  bay, 
?)ut  it  was  abandoned  in  1813.  Lon,  168 
12  E,  lat.  29  48. 

Norham,  a small  town  in  the  detached 
parr  of  Durham  called  Norhanishire,  seated 
on  the  Tweed,  eight  miles  sw  of  Berwick.  ! 
It  is  of  great  antiquity,  and  supposed  to  have  | 
been  built  by  the  bishop  of  Lindisferne  and 
the  church  had  the  privilege  of  sanctuary. 
Its  castle,  on  tJie  edge  of  a rock,  overlook- 
ing the  Tweed,  is  now  in  ruins  and  was  of- 
ten taken  and  retaken  in  the  border  wars. 
The  vicinity  is  fertile,  ami  salmon  are  ta- 
ken in  the  river,  over  which  there  is  a ferry 
at  this  place. 

NorhohiiyOi  town  in  the  diocese  of  Christi- 
ansand,  Norway,  16  miles  nne  of  CiirisUan- 
sand. 

NORMANDY,  a late  p’-ovince  of  France, 
on  the  English  channel, and  Ailanlic  ocean,  i 
about  150  miles  in  length,  80  in  breadth,  j 
aipd  600  in  circumference.  If  is  one  of  the  ij 


NOR 

most  fertile  tracts  in  France,  and  abounds 
in  all  its  productions,  excepi  wine.  It  con- 
tains iron  and  copper,  and  has  a great  num- 
ber of  rivers  and  harbours.  It  now  forms 
the  departments  of  Calvados,  Eure,  the 
Channel,  Orne,  Lower  Seine,  and  part  of 
the  Eure  and  Loire. 

Norridgewock,  a town  in  Lincoln  county 
district  of  Maine,  on  the  Kennefaeok,  10 
mik>s  w by  n of  Canaan. 

Norris,  a town  in  Armagh,  Ulster. 

Noirilo/i,  the  principal  town  in  Mont- 
gomery county,  Pennsylvania,  is  about  20 
miles  N\v  of  Philadeipiiia,  on  the  n bank  of 
the  Schuylkill.  Here  is  a handsome  stona 
edifice  for  the  preservation  of  records;  also 
an  observatory,  in  which  the  celebrated 
Dr  Ritienhouse,  agreeable  to  his  own  re- 
quest, was  interred,  June  1796.  Lon.  75 
24  w,  lat.  40  10  n. 

Norristown,  a village  in  the  parish  of 
Kincardine,  Perthshire,  joined  to  the  viilaga 
of  Tiiornfaill,  both  which  contain  about  600 
inhabitants. 

Norfclga,  or  Nor  Telgo,  a sea -port  of 
Sweden  in  the  province  of  Upland.  In  1719, 
it  suffered  much  from  ravages  committed 
by  tile  Russians,  30  miles  ne  of  Stockholm. 
Lon.  10  3d  E,  lat.  50  44  n. 

North  Cape,  a stupendous  rock  at  the  n 
extremity  of  the  island  Maggeroe,  on  the 
coast  of  Norway,  and  the  most  nor- 
thern promontory  of  Europe.  Lon.  25  57  e, 
lat.  71  12  N, 

North  Sea,  the  name  of  that  part  of  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  w'hich  lies  to  the  n of 
Great  Britain,  and  Ireland,  it  is  sometimes 
given  to  that  part  lying  e of  Great  Britain, 
called  the  German  Ocean. 

North  ; See  Nord, 

Northall,  a village  in  Middlesex,  on  the 
N side  of  Enfield  eiiace,  two  miles  n of 
Barnet. 

Northallerton,  a town  in  the  N Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  a market  on  Wednesday,  seat- 
ed on  a rivulet,  which  a mile  below  fails  into 
the  river  Whisk.  The  gaol  was  lately  erected 
on  the  plan  recommended  by  the  great 
Howard.  This  town  is  governed  l)y  a 
bailiff'  appointed  by  the  bishop  of  Durham 
by  a patent  for  life.  It  sends  two  members 
to  parliament.  In  the  vicinity  a famous 
battle  was  fo\ight  between  the  Scots  and 
English,  called  the  battle  of  Standardhill, 
in  1 138.  Here  are  two  noted  annual  horse 
fairs,  January  2,  and  .St  Bartholomew  day. 
It  is  a large  well  built  trading  place,  and.  is 
32  miles  nnvv  of  York,  and  222  n by  w of 
London. 

Northampton,  the  capital  of  Noidhamp- 
tonsbire,  situated  on  the  river  Ne.i,  wldi -ii 
has  been  made  navigable  to  lo  nih  governed 
b}"  a mayor,  v.utb  a market  on  S tuirday. 

It  is  well  built,  aiid  l'.a.s  a spacicn  markets 
place,  four  churches,  a good  Ir  .e  s ? e>ol, 
and  a county  iniirmarv  and  gaol.  It  was 
formcily  surrounded  w/tn  wails  aiui»h  d a 
castle,  the  walls  of  which  are  \ ct  stC":;jj,i;ga 

y 2 


NOR 

16T,'>  the  town  was  almost  entirely  con- 
fumed  by  fire.  In  the  meadows  adjoining? 
the  town  a bati)*-*  was  fought  in  1460,  be-  | 
tween  ffenry  VL  and  the  Kcuse  of  York, 
in  which  the  former  was  tlefeated  and  taken 
prisoner.  'J\vo  miles  to  the  s is  Queens  Cross, 
erected  by  Edward  I.  in  memory  of  Queen 
Eleanor.  Every  householder  not  receiving 
alms  has  a vote  in  the  election  of  the  two 
members  by  which  it  is  represented  in  par- 
liament. Its  principal  manufacture  is  that 
of  boots  and  shoes,  of  which  many  are  made 
here,  and  in  other  parts  of  the  county,  for  ex- 
portation. The  horse  fa,irs  are  greatly  re- 
§ .rted  to.  This  town  contained  in  1801, 

**■  fOiiO  inbabitants,  and  in  1811,  842T.  Ii  is 
so  miles  w of  Cambridge,  and  66  nw  of 
London.  Lcn,  I 11  w,  ikt,  52  11  n. 

>70F4.THAMPT0N,ii  large  uneven  county 
of  Pennsylvania,  with  a town  of  the  same 
name  on  the  Leigh,  18  miles  wsw  of  Easton. 

It  is  divided  into  2T  townships,  and  contains 
24,250  inhabitants. 

KORTHAIvIPTON,  a county  of  Halifax 
district.  North  Caroliua,  bounded  n by  the 
state  of  Virginia,  containing  9881  inha- 
bitants. 

NORTHAMPTON,  a maritime  county 
of  Virginia,  situated  on  the  point  of  the  pe-  j 
uinsula  which  forms  the  e side  of  the  entrance  j 
into  Chesapeuk  bay.  Its  southern  extre- 
mity is  cape  Charles,  off  which  is  the  small 
island  called  Smith’s  island.  The  county 
contains  6889  inbabitants. 

Northampton^  a post  towm,  and  capital 
of  Hampshire  county,  Massachusetts,  situa- 
ted oil  the  w side  of  Connecticut  river,  40 
miles  N of  Hartford  in  Ccimecticut,  and  100 
w of  Boston.  Its  township  vvas  incorpora- 
ted in  1685,  and  contains  1628  inhabitants. 
It  has  a considerable  trade.  Lou.  72  38  w, 
lat.  42  24  N.* 

NORTHAMPTONSHIllE,  a county  of 
England ; bounded  kw  by  Leicestershire 
and  liutlandshire ; n by  Lincolnshire  ; e by 
the  counties  of  Cambridge,  Huntingdon,  and 
Bedford  ; 8 by  Bucks  and  Oxfordshire ; and 
w 'by  that  comity  and  V/arwickshire,  60 
miles  long,  and  22  where  broadest.  It  is, 
divided  into  20  hundreds,  containing  ! city, 
i i market-towns,  sends  nine  members  to 
praiiaincm,  and  in  1801,  contained  131,757 
innabitunis,  and  in  1811,141,353,  and  304 
pavi-hts.  9his  county  is  said  to  contain 
less  waste  ground  and  more  seats  of  the  no- 
biidy  and  gentry  than  any  other  in  England. 
'1  he  greatest  defect  is  the  scarcity  of  fevvel. 
Ii  contains  part  of  its  ancient  forests,  parti- 
cuk.rly  those  of  Rockingdiam  on  ihe  nw, 
atid  Sa.lcey  on  the  s.  The  principal  rivers 
are  the  Ncii,  and  Vdi  liand.  It  . is  also  part- 
ly watMvd  by  the  Ouse,  Learn,  Cher  well, 
and  Avon.  Tiu' air  of  tins  coauvy  i.s  very 
. beailiiy.  exooi.ding  in  the  nb  pari  near  Pe- 
terborough. Noitliamptonshiie  is,  in  a 
mannev,  proveidnally  rc;>:arded  as  a fine 
and  p]e:u;uit,  c«,)ii‘!iv  Tlie  products  of 
this  CGun!%  ui t a'i  general,  the  same  with 


NOR 

those  of  other  farming  counties.  It  is,  in* 
deed,  particularly  celebrated  for  its  grazing 
land.  Wood  for  the  dyers  is  cultivated  ; 
but  the  county  is  not  distinguished  far  ma- 
nufactures, except  the  trifling  one  of  bone 
lace.  The  county  town  is  Nort.hampton. 

North  Carry,  a considerable  town  in 
Somersetshire,  situated  on  the  Tone,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday  well  supplied  with  pro- 
visions, and  a fair  August  1st.  It  is  six  miles 
E of  Taunton,  134  w by  s of  London,  and 
20  sw  of  Wells. 

NORTHERN  xiRCHTPELAGO,  con- 
sists of  several  groups  of  islands,  which  are 
situated  between  the  eastern  coast  of  Kamts- 
chatka,  in  Asia,  and  the  western  coast  of 
xlmerioa.  These  islands  are  frequented  on 
account  of  their  valuable  furs. 

Northferry,  a village  situated  on  a penir^ 
suia  jutting  into  the  n side  of  the  Forth,  on 
(he  w of  Inverkeithing,  Fifesbire,  opposite 
(bueensferry  on  the  s,  from  which  to  th's 
village,  the  ferry  boats  regularly  ply. 
Population  upwmrds  of  300.  In  the  vicinity 
are  quarries  of  stones  much  esteemed  for 
paving. 

Ncrthjieet,  a village  in  Kent,  on  th© 
banks  of  the  Thames,  one  mile  w of  Graves- 
end, and  21  from  London  The  church  is 
very  large,  and  contains  fragments  of 
monuments  as  old  as  the  14th  century. 
Large  quantities  of  lime  are  made  here,  and 
extraneous  fcssiLs  have  been  dug  up.. 

North  Jlentpsieod,  a township  of  New 
York,  ill  Queen’s  county,  Long  Island. 
Of  its  inlmbitants,  232  were  qualified  elec- 
tors in  1796. 

North  Kingstown,  a town  in  Washingtou 
county,  Pi  hole  Island,  which  carries  on 
considerable  trade  in  the  fislierie.s,  besides 
I some  to  the  West  Indies.  It  is  eight  miles 
KW  of  Newport.  The  township  contains 
2907  inhabitants. 

Northleach,  a town  in  Gloucestershire, 
situated  among  the  Cotswold  Hills,  near  the 
source  of  the  Ihtle  river  Leach.  It  is  go- 
verned by  a bailiff  and  two  constables. 
The  church  is  of  greHt  antiquity  and  con- 
tains some  monuments  of  rich  clothiers  as 
old  .•  the  L5tli  century.  Here  are  .'•'everal 
I almshouses,  and  a well  endowed  free-school. 

I Its  .clothing  trade,  formerly  considerable,  is 
I now  much  declined.  It  has  a considerable 
corn  market  every  ^Yednesday,  and  tire© 
annual  fairs.  It  is  23  miles  e of  Gfouces- 
ter,  and  81  w by  n of  London. 

Northinavcn,  a parish  of  Scotland,  situa- 
ted at  the  northern  extremity  of  the  main- 
: land  of  Shetland.  It  is  a peninsula,  about 
i 20  niiies  long,  and  12  broad,  connected  to 
the  parish  of  Idelting  by  an  isthmus  about 
! 100  yard.-  broad  at  high  water.  Population 
' about  2000.  The  shor«‘s  are  iudemed  with 
1 det'p  bays  which  abound  with  fish.  la  the 
' parish  are  morasses  in  which  trees  are 
! fomid,  though  no  wood  grows  here  at  pre- 
■ sent.  The  spots  which  are  cultivated  round 
I the  coast  do  uot  afford  a sutticjeiit  supply  for 


ibe  inhabitants  who  are  expert  fishers  and 
knitters.  Of  the  numerous  islands  around 
the  coast  none  are  inhabifed  but  Lamba. 
Here  are  ruins  of  pictish  houses,  orduiiS, 
watch-houses,  <fec.  The  exports  are  a variety 
of  fish,  beef,  butter,  tallow,  kelp,  and  hides, 
calf,  otter,  and  seal  skins,  stockings,  gloves, 
and  caps. 

North'  Mountain,  one  of  the  ridges  of  the 
Alleghany  mountains,  which  extends  through 
Virginia  and  Pennsylvania.  There  is  a 
curious  syphon  fountain  in  Virginia,  near 
the  intersection  of  lord  Fairfax's  boundary 
with  the  North  mountain,  not  far  from 
Broek^s  gap,  on  the  stream  of  which  is  a 
grist  mill,  which  grinds  two  bushels  of 
grain  at  every  flood  of  the  spring. 

Northcrp,  a town  of  Wales,  in  Flintshire, 
near  which  are  manufactures  of  coarse 
earthen  ware,  fire-bricks,  (fee.  It  is  11 
miles  Kw  of  Chester,  and  199  kw  of 
London. 

^70PcT^IUMBEllLAND,  a county  of 
England,  receiving  its  name  from  being 
situated  n of  the  Humber.  In  the  Saxon 
^ heptarchy  it  was  a part  of  the  kingdom  of 
the  Northumbrians ; which  included  also 
Yorkshire,  Lancashire,  Durham,  Cumber- 
land, and  Westmoreland.  It  is  bounded  e 
by  the  German  ocean  ; s by  Durham  ; w 
and  sw  by  Cumberland  ; and  nw  and  n by 
Scotland,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the 
Tweed.  It  extends  about  70  miles  from  n 
to  s,  and  50  from  e to  w'  ; it  is  divided  into 
six  wards,  and  contains  10  markets  low'ns, 
88  parishes,  and  in  1801,  157,101  inhabi- 
tants, and  in  1811,  164,415.  The  air  is 
not  so  cold  as  might  be  imagined  from  the 
latitude  in  which  it  lies.  The  soil  is  vra-ions, 
the  eastern  part  being  fruitful,  having  very 
. good  w'heat,  and  most  sorts  of  corn,  with 
rich  meadows  on  the  banks  of  the  rivers  : 
but  the  western  part  is  generally  barren,  it 
being  mostly  heathy  and  mountainous. 
The  SE  part  abounds  with  pit-coal ; the  sw 
angle  has  very  rich  lead-mines,  but  very 
little  wood.  This  country  is  well  v atered 
by  rivers  ; the  principal  of  which  are  the 
Tyne,  Tweed,  Blythe,  \7ensbec*k,  Tyne,  and 
Coquet.  Alnwick  is  the  county-town ; but 
the  largest  and  richest  is  Newcastle,  at 
which 'the  assizes  are  held.  This  county 
gives  the  title  of  earl,  and  since  1 766,  that  of 
duke  to  the  ancient  and  powerful  family  of 
Piercy. 

Northumberland,  a flourishing  post  town 
in  a county  of  the  same  name,  seated  at  the 
junction  of  the  e and  w branches  of  the 
Susquehana.  lit  is  two  miles  n by  w of 
Sun  bury,  and  112  nw  of  Philadelphia. 

NORTHUMBERLAND,  a county  of 
Virginia;  bounded  e by  Cbesapce.k  hay, 
and  w by  Richmond.  It  contains  9i63 
inhabitants.  The  court-house,  where  a 
post-ofllce  is  kept,  is  12  miles  from  Kin- 
sale. 

NORTHUMBERLAND  ISLANDS^/  a 


chain  of  islands,  on  the  Pacific  ocean,  near 
the  r:E  coast  of  New  Holland. 

Ncrtkumberland  Strait,  llie  s part  of  tho 
gulf  of  St.  Laurence,  situated  bctwr'cn  thtv 
coast  of  New  Brunswick,  and  Nova  Scotia, 
and  the  island  of  St,  John. 

NORTH  Vi^EST  COAST  OF  AMERI- 
CA. The  country  on  the  nw  part  of  tlm 
continent  of  America,  lying  on  the  Pacifio 
ocean,  is  i>u,s  denominated.  According  to 
accounts  given  Ity  voyagers  to  this  coast, 
it  has,  with  very  little  deviation,  the  apnear- 
aiice  of  one  continued  forest.  On  the  coast 
are  many  islands,  spacious  bays,  commodious 
harbours,  and  mouths  of  navigable  rivers; 
among  the  former  are  Washington,  or 
Queen  Charlotte  s island.  The  coast  is 
inhabited  by  numerous  small  tribes  of  In- 
dians; eacli  appearing  to  be  independent 
and  governed  by  its  ovui  chief.  They  differ 
from  each  other  in  their  language  and  cus- 
toms, and  are  frequently  at  w^ar.  The  in^ 
habitants  have  })een  computed  at  10,000, 
from  N'colka  sound  to  Cock's  river,  an  ex- 
tent of  about  1000  miles.  The  inhabitants 
subsist  wiioiiy  by  fishing  and  limiting. 
Their  clothing  is  the  skins  of  animals  and 
birds.  The  chief  object  of  civilized  nations 
in  navigating  this  coast,  has  hitherto  been  to 
traffic  with  the  natives  for  furs. 

Ncrthwich,  a town  in  Cheshire,  situated 
near  the  Dan,  at  its  junction  wdth  the 
Weaver,  chiefly  noted  for  its  salt  works. 
Immense  quantities  of  solid  rock  salt  are 
dug  here  from  mines  of  great  depth,  and 
I much  of  il^  in  its  crude  state  is  sent  to 
! Liverpool  for  exportation.  Tiie  clear  annual 
I duty  received  by  government  for  Cheshire 
{ salt  amounts  to  200,0001.  Here  i.s  a well 
! endowed  free  grammar  school.  The  week- 
jj  ly  market  is"  on  Friday,  at  wbieii  much 
ij  public  business  is  traitsacted,  and  at  its  faiis, 

! July  22d,  August  24th,  and  December  6th. 

: It  is  20  miles  ne  of  Chester,  and  174  ivw  of 
ii  London. 

I Norton,  a town  of  Massachussets,  Bristol 
county,  noted  for  its  nail  manufacture.  It 
has  also  a maniifaclure  of  ochre  similar  to 
.that  of  I’anton,  28  miles  s of  Boston. 

Nortcii,  See  Chipping  Norton. 

Norton  Sound,  an  inlet  of  the  sea,  on  il-o 
w coast  of  North  America,  discot  (Ted  by 
captain  Cook  in  his  last  voyage.  It  (uners 
between  cape  Denbigh  on  the"'E,  and  cape 
Danby  on  the  w.  The  latter  is  in  ion.  162 
55  w,  lat.  64  30  n. 

Norwalk,  a town  in  Fairfield  comdy, 
Connecticut,  has  two  churches,  sojne  iron 
works,  and  trades  with  New  York,  and  ihe 
Vfest  Indies,  and  stands  on  mi  inlet  of  l.cmg 
Island  Sound,  50  miles  ne  of  New  York. 
Lon.  73  25  w,  lat.  41  8 n. 

NOP«.WAY,  a kingdem  in  the  n of  Eu- 
rope, the  most  westerly  part  of  the  ancicnr 
Scandinavia.  It  is  divided  into  the  flnir 
governments  of  Aggeriiuys,  or  Chrisliana, 

■ Bergen,  Drumtheim  and  VJardhiiys,  H is 


NOR 

ssatumlly  formed  into  two  divisions,  Nor- 
thern aiid'Southern,  cr  Proper  Norway,  sepa- 
rated from  each  other  by  the  small  Swedish 
province  of  Herndalil.  Northern  Norway  is 
a long  and  narrow  slip  of  land,  extending  as 
far  as  cape  North,  the  most  northernly 
point  of  Europe,  beyond  7]  deg.  n lat.  and 
IS  bounded  w and  n by  the  Northern  ocean  ; 
E by  Sweuisli  and  Russian  Lapland ; and  s 
by  Sweden.  It  is  divided  into  Nordland  and 
Finmark,  and  comprehended  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Drontheim.  Southern  Norway  is 
bounded  n and  e by  Sweden  ; and  s and  w 
by  the  Northern  ocean.  Its  breadth  is  from 
40  to  2S0  miles.  Ths  Norwegians  support 
their  own  army,  which  amounts  to  24,000 
foot,  and  6000  horse.  The  Political  Code, 
called  the  Norway  Law,  was  compiled  at 
the  command  of  Christian  V.  by  Grieffel- 
feld,  the  great  legislator  of  his  country. 
JBy  this  law  the  peasants  are  free,  except  a 
fe\v  on  some  nobles  estates  near  Fredericstadt. 
The  peasantry  are  framk,  open,  and  undaunt- 
ed ; but  not  insolent ; never  fawning  to  their 
superiors,  ^-et  pay  proper  respect  to  those 
above  them.  From  its  K)cky  soil,  and  nor- 
thern position,  Norway  is  not  populous  in 
proportion  to  its  extent.  Coxe  has  caloula- 
ed  the  number  of  inhabitants  to  be  7ti0,0{)0, 
who  like  the  Swiss  mountainers,  are  ex- 
ceedingly attached  to  their  country.  The 
same  causes  which  affect  the  population  of 
Norway,  operate  likewise  on  the  state  of 
tillage ; for,  although  in  some  places  vege- 
tation is  so  quick,  that  (ho  corn  is  sown  and 
cut  in  six  or  seven  weeks,  yet  the  country 
does  not  produce  suiToient  corn  for  its  own 
consumption.  The  horses  are  small,  but 
strong,  very  active,  and  hardy.  Tiie  fish- 
eries, parti eularly  on  the  w coast,  afford 
employment  and  wealth  to  the  uatives.  i 
The  extensive  forests  of  oak  and  pine  pro- 
duce timber  spars,  beams,  and  planks,  be- 
sides charcoal,  turpentine,  bark,  fuel,  and 
even  manure,  and  the  birch.  The  bark  of 
which  is  used  as  a covering  for  their  houses, 
not  only  supplies  them  with  fuel,  but  also 
affords  a kind  of  wune.  The  wild  animals' 
are  the  bear,  lynx,  w oil,  fox,  and  hare.  But 
the  most  remarkable  creature  is  the  lem- 
ming, or  Norw'egian  mouse  of  a redish 
colour,  and  about  five  inches  long.  These 
animals  proceed  in  immense  numbers  from 
the  1 idge  of  Kolen  towards  the  sea,  devoiir- 
intr  ev  er3^  product  of  the  soil  in  their  course, 
and  at  last  seem  to  devour  each  other. 
The  general  exports  of  Norway  are  tallow, 
butter,  salt,  dried  fish,  timber  and  planks, 
horses  and  horned  cattle,  silver,  alum,  ; 
Pnisiian  blue,  impper,  and  iron.  It  was  ; 
formerly  govercvcd  by  its  own  hereditaij 
sovereigns.  On  the  death  of  Hagen  V.  in 
wntiiout  male  issue,  his  grandson,  in 
the  female  line,  Magnus  Smek,  sovereign  of 
both  Sweden  and  Norway,  whose  son  Hagen  j 
VI.  husband  of  the  celebrated  Margaret,  j 
died  in  1380,  when  Norway  was  united  to  ^ 
Denmark  by  their  sou  O.lof  V,  He  dying  : 


N O S 

without  issue,  Margaret  herself  was  raised 
to  the  throne,  on  her  decease  it  descended 
with  Denmark  and  Sweden  to  her  nephew 
Eric.  Sweden  was  afterwards  separated 
from  Denmark  by  Gustavas  Vasa.  Nor- 
vvay  was  ceded  to  Sweden  in  the  year  1814, 
in  lieu  of  Swedish  Pomerania,  but  is  now 
united  to  the  crown  of  Den.-nark.  Christia- 
nia is  the  capital,  but  Be  gen  is  the  most 
populous  city. 

Norwich,  an  anoent,  large,  and  populous 
city  ill  Norfolk,  aiil  a bishop's  see,  situated 
on  the  Yare,  xvhich  runs  through  it,  and  is 
navigable  from  thence  to  Yarmouth,  with- 
out locks.  Although  it  is  a place  of  con- 
siderable extent,  the  population  is  not  so 
great  as  might  be  expected,  as  ii  contains 
a number  of  gardens  and  orchards.  In  1801 , 
the  number  of  inhabitants  was  36,854,  and 
in  1811,  37,236.  Norwich  has  a good  pub- 
lic library,  a city  and  eouaty  bospiial,  a 
lofty  market-house  of  freestone,  and  a bride- 
w’ell  built  of  Hints.  Besides  the  cathedral, 
there  are  36  parish  churches,  two  churches 
for  the  Flemings,  sonic  dissenting  meeting 
houses,  and  a Roman  catholic  chapel,  a 
free  school  founded  by  Edward  VI.  and 
several  charitable  foundations.  The  palace 
of  the  ancient  dukes  of  Norfolk  is  converted 
into  a work -house.  In  the  vicinity  are  the 
remains  of  the  castle  of  Kett,  the  tanner,  by 
v/hose  rebellion,  in  the  reign  of  Edward  VI. 
the  city  was  reduced  almost  to  ruins. 
Norwich  is  a county  of  itself,  governed  by 
a mayor.  It  gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the 
duke  of  Gordon,  and  is  represented  in  parlia- 
ment by  two  members  elected  by  the  free- 
holders and  freemen  duly  enrolled.  Nor- 
wich long  took  the  lead,  in  point  of  com- 
mercial consequence,  among  the  inland 
towns.  For  this  it  was  indebted  to  its  great 
manufactures  of  crapes,  bombazeens,  and 
stuffs  of  various  kinds,  which  are  still  con- 
sidcreabie,  though  somewhat  declined.  It  is 
well  supplied  with  provisions,  which  are 
prepared  in  the  neatest  manner.  The  week- 
ly markets  are  on  Wednesday,  Friday,  and 
Saturday.  It  is  43  miles  n of  Ipswich,  108 
NE  of  London.  Lon.  1 20  E,  lat.  52  40  n. 

Norwich,  a city  of  Connecticut,  in  New 
London  oounlj^,on  the  Spetucketat  the  influx 
of  the  Quinabang,  whose  united  streams  form 
the  Thames,  12  miles  n of  New  London, 
and  40  se  of  Hartford.  The  inhabiiants 
manufacture  paper  of  all  kinds,  stockings, 
clocks,  and  watches,  chaises,  buttons,  stone 
and  eartliern  ware,  oil,  chocolate,  wire, 
bells,  anchors,  and  all  kinds  of  forge-work. 
Tlie  city  contains  about  3900  iiibabitauts. 
The  courts  of  law  are  held  alternately  at 
New  London  and  Norwich,  Lon.  72  3 w, 
lat.  41  20  N. 

Norwich,  a town  in  Windsor  county, 
Vermont,  on  the  Connecticut,  opposite 
Hanover  in  New  Hampshire,  20  miles  n of 
Windsor. 

Noss,  one  of  the  smaller,  yet  one  of  the 
finest  and  most  fertile  of  the  Shetland  Isles^ 


affording  excellent  sheep  pasture,  and 
abounding  with  rabbits.  About  249  leet 
from  this  island,  rises  an  insular  rock,  150 
feet  high  inaccessible  on  all  sides,  and  inha- 
bited by  immense  flocks  of  sea  fowl,  of  a 
very  delicate  flavour.  It  lies  to  the  se  of 
the  island  of  Bressay. 

Noasen,  a town  in  Misnia,  Upper  Saxony, 
on  the  Frey  burg,  Muldau,  18  miles  w ol 
Dresden. 

Notchengong,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Berar,  Hindoostan,  47  miles  ssw  of  Nag- 
pour,  and  75  ssw  oi  Ellichpour. 

Noteburg,  a town  in  the  government  of 
Petersburgh,  Russia,  situated  on  an  island 
in  the  lake  Ladoga,  at  the  place  where  the 
Neva  issues.  It  has  a good  citadel,  and  was 
the  capital  of  the  province  of  Ingria,  before 
Petersburgh  w as  built  from  which  it  is  25 
miles  E.  Lon.  31  9 e,  lat.  59  50  n. 

NotOy  a city  and  capital  of  V.  l do  Noto, 
Sicily.  In  1093,  it  vras  greatly  injured  by 
an  earthquake,  and  rebuilt  on  a better  site. 

It  has  handsome  buildings,  and  good  strecvs. 
Besides  all  the  necessaries  of  life,  the  vici- 
nity produces  excellent  wine.  Population 
about  16,000.  Noto  is  100  miles  ssw  of 
Messina.  Lon.  15  14  e,  lat.  33  53  n. 

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE,  a county  of 
England;  bounded  n by  Yorkshire ; n and 
E by  Lincolnshire ; s by  Leicestershire,  and 
w by  Derbyshire.  Its  greatest  length  is 
48  miles  ; its  greatest  breadth  about  20.  It 
is  divided  into  eight  hundreds  ; contains  nine 
market  towns,  and  in  1801,  140,350  inhabi- 
tants, in  IS  1 1, 162,000 ; and  208  parishes, and 
sends  eight  members  to  parliament.  The  mid- 
dle and  w'estern  peirts  were  formerly  occuped 
by  the  extensive  forest  of  Shirwood,  but  the 
wood  has  been  muen  cleared,  and  the  extent 
of  the  forest  contracted  by  inclosures. 
Being  agreeably  situated  between  the  moun- 
tainous county  of  Derbyshire,  on  the  one 
band,  and  the  flat  of  Lincolnshire  on  the 
other,  it  enjoys  such  a temperature  of  soil 
and  climate,  as  to  render  it  one  of  the  most 
fertile  and  agreeable  counties  in  England. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Trent  and  Idle. 
A canal  from  Chesterfleid-  in  Derbyshire 
passes  across  the  northern  part  of  this  coun- 
ty, and  joins  the  Trent  just  as  that 
river  ceases  to  be  its  boundary.  The 
chief  products  of  this  county  are  pit- 
coal.  Their  other  commodities  are  maU, 
wool,  liquorice,  woad,  fish,  and  fov/1. 
Their  manufactures  chiefly  consist  of 
frame-w’ork,  knitting,  glass,  and  ear- 
then-ware.  The  principal  town  is  Not- 
tingham. 

Nottingham,  a town  which  gives  name  to 
Nottinghamshire,  pleasantly  situated  on  a 
rocky  eminence,  above  the  meadows  box- 
deri.  g tie  Trent,  governed  by  a mayor  wiih 
a market  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday. 
At  the  w end,  on  a rocky  eminence,  is  a 
magnificent  modern  castle,  the  proper^^  of  ; 
[be  Duke  of  Newcastle,  built  on  the  siife  of  j 
an  aucieiU  fortress,  celebrsilud  lo  1 


history.  It  is  large  and  populous, 
guish^  by  its  spacious  market-place,  aoA 
noted  as  one  of  the  principal  seats  of  the 
stocking  manufacture;  particularly  of  the 
finer  kinds,  as  those  of  silk  and  cotton.  It 
has  also  a nriannfactory  of  coarse  earthea 
w^are.  The  streets  are  well  paved.  Popu- 
lation in  I SOI,  28,861,  and  in  1811,  34,253. 

It  has  three  parish  churches,  and  many  dis- 
senting meeting-houses.  It  is  noted  for  its  ex- 
cellent ale.  Here  Charles  I. set  up  his  stan- 
' dard  at  the  commencement  of  the  civil  war, 
which  terminated  in  bis  ruin.  Heavy  goods 
are  brought  hitlier  from  London  by  sea,  and 
upon  the  river  Trent ; and  many  coal-pits, 
within  three  or  four  miles  of  the  (own,  af- 
ford plenty  of  fuel,  at  little  expenee.  It  is 
16  miles  E of  Derby,  and  ]24  n by  w of 
London.  Lon.  1 2 w,  lat,  52  58  n. 

NoUiagliam,  a town  in  Frinee  George? 
county  Maryland,  on  liie  Patuxent,  20  miles 
SE  of  WaHiir.gton. 

Nottingham,  a towm  in  Rockingham 
county,  Newhampshire,  14  miles  nnw  of 
Exeter. 

NOVA  SCOTIA,  New  Scotland,  or 
Acadia, a British  province  of  North  America, 
separated  ne  from  Cape  Breton  island,  by 
the  gut  of  Canso.  Its  length  is  about  235 
miles  Irom  cape  Sable  on  the  sw  to  cape 
Canso  on  the  ne.  Its  extreme  breadth  is 
88  miles ; but  between  the  head  of  Halifax 
harbour  and  the  town  of  Windsor  it  is  only 
about  22  miles  broad.  Nova  Scotia  is  ac- 
commodated with  many  spacious  harbours, 
bays,  and  coves  of  shelter,  equal  to  any  in 
the  world.  The  southern  shores  present  to 
the  eye  of  a stranger  rather  an  unfavoura- 
ble appearance,  being  in  general  broken 
and  stony.  The  gradual  improvements  in 
husbandry,  wdiich  has  been  encouraged  by 
the  efforts  and  experiments  of  the  agricul- 
tural society  lately  established  here,  afford 
some  good  ground  to  expect  that  Nova  Scotia 
may  become  a flourishing  colony,  the  at- 
mosphere, for  a great  part  of  the  year,  is 
clouded  with  a thick  fog,  wdiich  is  unfa- 
vourable to  health,  and  for  four  months  of 
the  year  it  is  intensely  cold.  The  soil,  ex- 
cept on  the  banks  of  its  numerous  small  ri- 
vers,  is  thin  and  barren.  The  coast  abounds 
wdth  cod,  salmon,  mackarel,  herring,  ale 
wives,  trout,  &c.  Nova  Scotia  is  divided 
, into  eight  counties,  via  Hants,  Halifax, 
Kingb,  Annapolis,  Cumberland,  Sunbury, 
Queen's,  and  Lunenburg.  These  are  sub- 
divided into  above  40  townships.  The 
whole  population  of  Nova  Scotia,  New 
Brunswick,  and  the  islands  adjoining,  isesti- 
I mated  at  about  56,000.  Nova  Scotia  was 
j confirmed  to  Gieat  Britain  in  1760.  HaL- 
! lax  is  the  metropolis. 

I NOVA  ZEMBLA,  an  island  in  the  frozen 
ocean  separated  from  the  continent  of  Rus- 
1 sia,  by  the  strait  ol  Waigatz,  500  miles  in 
length  and  irom  lOo  to  200  in  breadth.  It 
was  discovered  by  the  English  in  1553,  and 
is  said  to  b3  extremely  desolate,  producing 


N O V 

neither  trees  nor  vegetables  except  moss  and  > 
some  Arctic  plants^  1 1 is  not  supposed  to  have  | 
any  human  inhabitant^.  Its  animals  are  j 
M'hito  bears^  white  luxes,  elks,  rein-deer  and  | 
rabbits.  In  L59t5,  the  crew  of  a Dutch  ves-  ; 
sel  which  was  cast  away  on  this  coast  were  i 
obliged  to  winter  here,  and  preserved  their  ! 
lives  with  great  difficulty.  Lon.  52  to  78  e, 
lat.  70  to  78  N. 

No  vale.se y a town  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
C’enis,  Piedmont,  40  miles  nw  of  Turin. 

NovoUcy  a town  in  Trevisano,  Italy,  ten 
miles  sw  of  Treviso. 

Noraray  ix  in  the  Milanese^  lialy, 

seated  on  an  czninence,  near  the  Agogna. 
It  contains  17  churches,  beside  the  cathe- 
dral, 30  miles  w by  s of  Milan.  Lon.  i-5  ' 

0 E.  lat.  40  18  N. 

NcviUczay  a town  in  the  Modeiiese,  Italy, 
w ith  a castle,  capital  of  a small  principa- 
lity, 17  miles  e by  n of  Parma,  and  id  anw 
of  Modena. 

Nov'i,  a fortified  town  of  Croatia,  seated 
on  the  right  bank  of  thc'Unna,  taken  by 
thc  Anslnmis  in  1789,  52  miles  se  of  Carl- 
siadt.  Lon.  16  53  e,  lat.  45  S a. 

Nevi,  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  state  of  Ge- 
noa, with  a strong  castle  on  a mountaiti. 

Jt  is  the  chief  depot  for  goods  going  from 
Genoa  to  the  n part  of  Italy  and  Germany. 
Herein  1799  the  French  were  defeated  by 
the  A.iistrians  and  Russians  with  the  loss  of 
10,000  men,  and  general  Joubert  was  killed, 
27  miles  nnav  of  Genoa. 

A^ovi  Bazar y a town  in  Servia,  European 
Turkey,  near  the  Oresco,  72  miles  ^y  of 
Nissa,  and  10  3 s of  Belgrade.  Lon.  21 

1 E,  lat.  43  35  N. 

Nomgrady  a town  of  Upper  Hungary,  ca- 
pital of  a county  of  its  name,  seated  on  a 
mountain,  with  a castle,  near  the  Danube, 
25  miles  N of  Enda. 

Novigvody  a town  of  Dalmatia,  with  a 
castle,  on  a lake  of  its  name,  near  the  gulf 
of  Venice,  IT  miles  E o.f  Nona,  and  25  kw 
of  Zara. 

Novigrady  a strong  place  in  Servia,  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  near  the  Danube,  35  miles 
N of  Nissa. 

Novigoredy  a toxvn  in  the  palatinate  of 
Mosovia,  Lithuania,  on  the  Narexv,  80  miles 
ANE  of  Warsaw. 

Novogorod  Niznciy  capital  of  a Russian 
government  of  the  same  name,  and  arch- 
bishop^s  see.  Its  castle  is  surrounded  by  stone 
walls,  nnd  besides  two  cathedrals,  it  has  28 
pa.T'ish  churches  and  five  convents.  It  has 
rich  shops  and  a good  trade  and  is  seated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Oka,  and  Volga,  280 
miles  E by  n of  Moscow.  Lon.  46  30  k, 
lat.  56  34  N. 

Novogorody  one  of. the  most  ancient  cities 
of  Russia,  in  the  government  of  the  same 
name.  It  was  formerly  called  Great  Novo- 
gorod,  to  distinguish  it  from  other  towns 
of  that  name.  It  was  long  governed  by  its 
own  dukes,  its  territory  was  extensive. 


NUB 

SucliWds  its  strength  and  opulence  as 
give  rise  to  tile  proverb,  Vfho  can  resist 
the  gods  and  the  great  Novogorod.^^  It 
w^as  toiaily  eclipsed  when  Peter  the  Great 
■ trnnsicvred  to  Petershurgh  all  the  commerce 
of  the  Baltic  which  oefore  had  centered 
here.  The  town  is  seaitd  on  both  sides  of 
tile  VolkoT,  which  divides  it  into  the  tra- 
ding part,  aiid  the  cpuarlrr  of  St.  Sophia.; 
In  the  cathedral  of  the  latter  several  prin- 
ces of  tile  ducal  family  of  Russia  are  inter- 
red. i-  corlains  about  TOGO  peoplo,  and  is 
seated  at  the  a exiremby  of'tiie  lake  Je-- 
men.  125  miles  sse  of  Petersburg.  Lon. 
3i  45  E,  iat.  53  25  n. 

Novogorod  Severskiy  capital  of  a Kus- 
1 sian  government  of  its  name,  on  the  Desna,- 
310  miles  sw  of  Ivloscow.  ^ Lon.  32  40  e, 
lat.  52  20  N. 

Ncvoof'cdeky  capital  of  a palatinate  of  its 
name,  Lithuania,  seated  on  a hill,  in  a largei 
plain;  80  miles  s by  e of  Wilna.  Lon.  26 
8 E,  iat.  53  25  n.  . 

Novomergorody  a town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Catberinensiaffi,  Russia,  136  miles 
WAW  of  Catharinenslaff. 

I Noutrtiy  a town  in  the  palatinate  of  Cra- 
cow, Poland,  with  gold  and  silver  mines  in 
the  vicinity,  30  miles  s of  Cracow. 

Nouidwor,  a town  in  the  palatinate  of 
Novogrodek,  Lithuania,  80  miles  sw  of  No- 
vogrodek. 

Noocatiy  or  Noxantony  a town  in  New- 
castle county,  'Dela\rare,  17  miles  s of 
Wilmington,  and  21  n of  Dover, 

NogUy  a town  in  Gallkcia,  Spain,  seated 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Tainbro.  The  princi- 
pal trade  is  ship-building,  15  miles  w of 
Compostella. 

Noyon,  a town  in  the  department  of  Oise, 
France,  the  birth-place  of  the  celebrated 
Calvin,  stands  near  the  Oise,  .22  miles  nw 
of  Soissons,  and  60  n by  e of  Paris. 

Noyers,  a town  in  the  department  of  Yon- 
ne  France,  on  the  Serin,  17  miles  se  of 
Auxerre. 

Nozeroyy  a town  in  the  department  of  Ju- 
ra, France,  with  a castle,  on  a mountain, 
W miles  se  of  Salins. 

NUBIA,  a kingdom  of  Africa,  bounded 
N by  Egypt,  e by  the  Red  sea,  s by  Abyssi-  . 
nia,  and  w by  Bornou.  The  river  Nile 
runs  through  it,  on  the  banks  of  which,  and 
those  of  the  other  rivers,  it  is  pretty  fniitlul. 
but  in  other  places,  barren,  sandy,  and  in 
want  of  water.  The  inhabitants,  who  pro- 
fess to  be  Mahomedans,  make  their  broad 
and  drink  of  a small  round  seed  called 
doeay  or  seffy  which  is  a kind  of  millet. 
The  walls  of  their  bouses  are  mud,  and  co- 
vered with  reeds.  The  better  sort  wear  a 
kind  of  vest,  but  have  no  covering  for  their 
head,  legs,  and  feet.  The  common  people 
wrap  a piece  of  linen  cloth  about  them,  and 
the  children  go  quite  naked.  The  produc- 
tions of  this  country  are  gold,  elephants' 
teeth,  civet,  and  sandal  wood  ; and  they  sell 


N U R 


N Y S 


men  into  Egypt.  The  principal  towns  known 
to  Europeans  are  Dangola  and  Sennaar. 

Nubdada,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  ocean, 
with  three  small  ones  near  it,  w by  s of  Ce- 
rientes,  on  the  coast  of  Mexico,  and  e of 
Iloco  Portida. 

NueZy  a town  in  the  province  of  Leon, 
Spain,  on  the  frontiers  of  Portugal,  15  miles 
E of  Braganza,  and  4S  w of  Zamora. 

NuitZy  a town  in  the  department  of  Cote 
d’Or,  France,  at  the  foot  of  a mountain, 
famous  for  excellent  wines,  15  miles  ssw  of 
Dijon. 

Nides,  a town  in  Valencia,  Spain,  near 
the  sea,  30  miles  nne  of  Valencia. 

NUN,  or  Vied  de  Nun,  a province  in  the 
s part  of  the  kingdom  of  Sus,  subject  to  the 
emperor  of  Morocco.  It  is  inhabited  by 
Arabs,  and  has  a river  of  its  name  which 
falls  into  the  Atlantic  n of  cape  Non. 

Nundydroog,  a town  and  fortress  of  Hin- 
doostan,  capital  of  a considerable  district 
in  the  Mysore,  on  the  top  of  a mountain, 
1700  feet  in  height.  In  1792,  it  was  taken 
by  the  English*  It  is  70  miles  of  Serin- 
gapatam. 

Nuneatony  a town  in  Warwickshire, 
eight  miles  n by  e of  Coventry,  with  a mar- 
ket on  Saturday,  seated  on  the  Ankier,  for- 
merly celebrated  for  a nunnery.  It  is  a 
large,  well  built  town.  The  chief  manu- 
facture is  that  of  ribbons. 

Nunjimgodiiy  a town  in  Mysore,  Hin- 
doostan,  seated  in  the  Fork  formed  by  the 
junction  of  the  Eaundini  with  the  Kapini, 
with  a large  temple  and  a ruinous  fort,  12 
miles  s by  E of  Mysore. 

Nunnyy  a village  in  Somersetshire,  re- 
markable for  the  ruins  of  a once  strong 
castle,  tlie  walls  of  which  remain : it  was 
taken  by  the  parliament's  forces  in  1645, 
two  miles  sw  of  Frome. 

Nuiishroughy  a town  of  Northumberland, 
near  Hexham. 

Nuremberg,  or  Nurenberg,  one  of  the 
most  handsome  and  flourishing  places  of 
Germany,  capital  of  Franconia,  and  a late 
free  and  imperial  city,  with  an  university. 
It  is  about  six  miles  in  circumference,  sur- 
rounded by  high  walls.  Through  the  mid- 
dle of  the  town  flows  the  river  Pegnitz, 
over  which  are  six  stone,  and  several  wood- 
en bridges.  The  inhabitants  are  estimated 
at  30,000.  Here  is  a famous  academy  for 
painting,  an  anatomical  theatre,  a public 
library,  an  ancient  castle,  and  the  best  ar- 
senal in  Germany.  It  is  famous  for  toys. 
The  religion  is  the  Lutheran,  but  the  church 
of  the  Holy  Ghost  has  a number  of  relies. 
No  Jew  can  enter  the  city  without  paying  a 
tax,  and  are  not  permitted  to  remain  in  it  a 
single  night.  Their  maps  and  prints  are  in 
high  esteem,  as  well  as  their  musical  and 
mathematical  instruments.  The  citizens 
have  obtained  a ^considerable  territory, 
which  is  30  miles  in  diameter,  and  100  in 
circumference,  and  in  which  are  two  large 
forests,  Tbeir  manufactures  are  conveyed  [ 


all  over  Europe,  by  means  of  two  great 
fairs.  This  city  and  territory  was  ceded  to 
Bavaria  by  the  treaty  of  Tilsit.  It  is  55 
miles  Nw  of  Ratisbon,  seated  near  the  n ex- 
tremity of  the  lake  Jemeii,  95  n by  w of 
Munich,  and  125  sse  of  Petersburgh.  Lon. 
31  45  E,  lat.58  25  n. 

Nurtingeii)  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Wir- 
temberg,  Swabia,  seated  on  the  Neckar, 
with  an  hospital  founded  in  1487,  said  to  be 
the  richest  foundation  in  the  duchy,  14  miles 
SE  of  Stutgard, 

Nuscoy  a town  in  Principato  Ultra,  Na- 
ples, eight  miles  x by  w of  Couza. 

Nusserpeur,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Sindy,  Hindoostan,  on  the  Sindy,  12  miles 
sw  of  Hydrafcad. 

Nuys,  a,  town  in  the  department  of  Roer, 
France,  lately  of  Germany,  in  the  archbi^ 
shopric  of  Cologne,  seated  on  the  Erfft 
near  its  influx  into  the  Rhine,  with  a coii 
lege  of  Augustine  canons.  It  has  a trad® 
in  coal  and  dials,  and  was  taken  by  th® 
French  in  1794,  22  miles  nnw  of  Coloa-ne 
Lon.  6 52  E,  lat.  51  II  X.  ^ * 

Nyborg,  a sea  port  of  Denmark,  on  the  e 
coast  of  the  isle  of  Fanen,  seated  on  a bay 
of  the  Great  Belt.  The  ancient  palace  in 
which  Christian  II.  was  born,  now  serves 
for  a magazine  and  arsenal,  10  miles  e of 
Odensee.  Lon.  10  40  e,  lat.  55  30  x. 

Nykoping,  a town  in  N Jutland,  Den- 
mark, bn  the  E side  of  the  island  of  Mors 
I which  is  formed  by  branches  of  the  gulf  of 
Lymford  on  which  it  stands,  40  miles  w by 
s of  Alburg.  Lon.  8 36  e,  lat.  56  52  x. 

Nykopmg,  capital  of  Sudermania,  Swe- 
den, with  a harbour  on  a river  of  its  name 
near  the  Baltic.  Here  are  the  remains  of  a 
strong  castle,  70  miles  sw  of  Stockholm. 
Lon.  17  27  E,  lat.  58  35  x. 

Nykoping,  a sea  port  of  Denmark,  capital 
of  the  isle  of  Falster,  seated  on  a narro  •/ 
channel,  opposite  the  isle  of  Laland,  Her® 
IS  a royal  palace,  and  one  of  the  best  en- 
dowed hospitals  in  the  kingdom,  60  miles 
ssw  of  Copenhagen.  Lou.  11  58  e,  lat. 
54  50  X. 

NYLAND,  a province  of  Sweden,  in  Fin- 
land, on  the  gulf  of  Finland,  to  the  w of 
Carelia.  It  is  120  miles  long,  and  from  30 
to  60  broad  ; and  is  a pleasant  fertile  coun- 
try. The  chief  trade  is  in  corn,  cattle, 
planks,  linen,  and  dried  fish.  The  see  of 
Borgo  is  in  this  province,  but  Helsingfors  is 
the  chief  town. 

Nyslot,  a town  in  the  government  of  Wi- 
burg,  Russia,  on  the  lake  Saima,  has  « 
strong  eastle  on  a rock  in  a river.  In  1714, 
the  Russians  took  it  from  the  Swedes,  but 
restored  it  at  the  peace  of  Nystadt ; by  tha 
treaty  of  Abo  it  returned  to  the  Russians, 
50  miles  xw  of  Wiburg. 

Nyslot,  a town  in  the  government  of  Li- 
vonia, Russia,  stands  amid  marshes  on  th® 
Narova,  and  has  a castle,  two  miles  s Ijy  w 
of  Narva. 

Nystudi,  a town  of  Sweden,  in  Fiolarjil 

Z 


O B D 

Proper,  on  a bay  of  the  gulph  of  Bothnia, 
has  a good  harbour,  and  a trade  in  all  kinds 
of  wooden  vessels.  Here,  in  1721,  a peace 
w'as  concludeil  between  Sweden  and  Russia, 
56  miles  nw  of  Abo.  Lon.  21  31  e,  lat. 
61  10  N. 

Nystcdy  a town  on  the  se  coast  of  the  isle 
of  Laiand,  Denmark,  has  a good  trade  to 
the  northern  provinces  of  Germany,  19  miles 
ESE  of  Naxkow. 


O 


1 ■; 


OAKHAM,  or  OkeJiam,  the  capital  of 
Rutlandf-hire,  pleasantly  situated  in  a 
rich  valley,  called  the  Vale  cfCatmose.  It  is 
a well  built  town,  and  consists  of  two  pa- 
rishes. The  assizes  and  county  meetings 
are  held  in  the  hall  of  an  ancient  castle. 
Every  peer  who  enters  this  lordship  forfeits 
a shoe  from  the  horse  on  which  he  rides,  to 
the  lord,  and  many  appear  (some  of  them  of 
curious  workmanship,  and  gilt,)  nailed  to 
the  hall  door  of  the  castle.  In  1749,  four 
silver  pennies  of  the  latter  Mercian  kings 
were  found  here.  1 1 has  a canal  to  Melton 
Mowbray.  Oakham  has  a market  on  Sa- 
turday, and  three  annual  fairs.  It  is  28 
miles  s by  E of  Nottingham,  and  95  n by  w 
of  London.  Lon.  0 40  w,  lat.  52  42  n. 

OakhamptoUf  a town  in  Devonshire,  situ- 
ated on  the  Oke,  near  the  borders  of  Dart- 
moor, governed  by  a mayor,  with  a market 
on  Saturday.  It  is  an  ancient  town,  but 
BOW  much  decayed.  It  has  a small  manu- 
facture of  serges,  and  the  ruins  of  a castle 
dismantled  by  Henry  VIII.  It  is  represen- 
ted in  parliament  by  two  members,  is  24 
miles  w of  Exeter,  and  195  w by  s of 
London. 

Oakingham,  or  Wokingham^  a towm  situ* 

^ ated  in  the  Hundred  of  Sunning,  within  the 
precincts  of  Windsor  Forest,  partly  in  Berk- 
shire, and  partly  in  the  insulated  part  of 
Wiltshire,  celebrated  for|  plenty  of  poultry. 
The  towm  consists  chiefly  of  four  streets 
which  meet  in  a large  area,  where  the  mar- 
ket house  is  situated.  Here  are  held  all 
the  courts  for  W’indsor  forest.  Four  miles 
to  the  ssE  are  vestiges  of  Roman  entrench- 
ments, called  CiBsar’s  camp.  The  inhabi- 
tants have  manufactures  of  denims,  gauzes, 
shoes,  and  sorting  of  w^ool.  The  market  is 
on  Tuesday.  It  is  eight  miles  se  of  Rea- 
ding, and  31  w by  s of  London. 

Oaks  Creek.  See  Caniaderago. 

Oathluwy  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Forfar- 
shire, five  miles  long  and  two  broad,  watered 
by  the  s Esk . The  general  appearance  is  j 
flat.  The  soil  is  chiefly  a cold  wet  clay.  | 
Population  about  400.  It  is  about  15  miles  | 
NNW  of  Forfar. 

Oaxaca.  See  Giiaxaca. 

Obdach,  a town  in  Stiria,  Germany,  at 
the  junction  of  the  Achza  and  Traun,  nine 
miles  SE  of  Judeuburg. 


o c H 

Obatiy  a flourishing  village  in  Argylshire, 
on  the  sea  coast,  three  miles  s of  Loch 
Etive.  It  is  an  excellent  fishing  station, 
and  has  a good  harbour,  capable  of  contain- 
ing 500  vessels,  sheltered  on  the  w by  the 
island  of  Kerera.  This  place  has  a custom 
house,  and  has  often  been  the  rendezvous  of 
the  herring  busses ; it  contains  about  000 
iiihabiianis,  has  some  coasting  trade,  and  is 
24  miles  nw  of  Inverary.  Lon.  5 22  w, 
iat.  56  28  N. 

Oherkircli,  a town  of  Swabia,  about  35 
miles  E of  Strasburg,  and  50  w by  s of 
Stutgard. 

Obernbergy  a town  of  Bavaria,  with  a 
castle,  on  the  Inn,  12  miles  ssw'  of  Passau. 

Oberndorfy  a town  in  the  county  of  Ho- 
heuberg,  Swabia,  on  the  Neckar,-  eight 
miles  NNE  of  RotWeil. 

OberkircheHy  a town  in  the  county  of 


Schauenburg,  Westphalia,  five  miles  e 


Buckeburg. 

Ohersteijiy  a late  county  of  Germany,  in 
the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  included  in  the 
department  of  the  Sarre  and  Moselle. 

Obersteiriy  a town  of  Germany,  in  lh« 
late  county  of  that  name,  now  annexed  to 
France,  and  included  in  the  department  of 
Sarre  and  Moselle,  30  miles  e of  Treves. 

ObidoSy  a town  in  Estremadura,  Portu- 
gal, with  a strong  castle,  on  a rock,  13 
miles  , E of  Peniche,  and  38  nne  of  Lisbon. 

Obojany  a town  in  the  government  of 
Kursk,  Russia,  at  the  junction  of  the  Obo- 
janka  and  the  Psiol,  39  miles  s by  w of 
Kursk. 

Obcllahy  a strong  town  in  Irak,  Persia, 
on  a branch  of  the  Tigris,  near  Bassora. 

OhshaiQy  a gulf  in  the  Frozen  ocean,  Si- 
beria, 360  miles  from  n to  s,  tind  from  45  to 
60  broad.  On  the  e side  near  the  middle, 
branches  out  the  gulf  of  Tazow'skaia,  140 
mjiles  long  and  .30  broad.  The  sw’  extremi- 
ty of  the  gulf  of  Obskai,  w'here  the  river 
Oby  enters  it,  is  in  Ion.  69  15  e,  let.  66 
55  N. 

Obvinsky  a town  in  the  government  of 
Perm,  Russia,  on  the  Kama,  60  miles  n 
of  Perm.  Lon.  56  0 e,  lat.  58  44  n. 

Ohyy  the  largest  river  of  Siberia  and  of 
the  Russian  empire,  which  rises  in  the  de- 
sert of  Ischimska,  from  the  lake  Altyn. 
In  its  course  nw*  and  w by  Koiivan,  Narim 
and  Surgut,  it  meets  the  Grtysh  from  To- 
bolsk, then  running  n and  ne,  after  a course 
of  1900  miles  it  enters  the  gulf  of  Obscaia. 
It  is  navigable  almost  to  its  source,  and 
abounds  with  islands  and  fish. 

Oeannuy  a towm  in  New  Castile,  Spain, 
stands  on  a plain,  24  miles  ene  of  Toledo, 
and  27  s by  e of  Madrid. 

Ocanna,  a tow'n  in  the  province  of  St. 
Martha,  Terra  Firma,  on  the  Rio  de  Oro, 
240  miles  s by  e of  St.  Martha.  Lon.  73. 
26  w,  lat.  7 40  N. 

Ochuy  Ochotsk.  See  Oka,  Okotsk. 

Ochil  Hills,  in  Scoiland,  stretch  from 
the  parish  of  Duniblane  in  Perthshire  east- 


ODE 


O E S 


ward  for  many  miles  through  Clackmannan- 
shire, the  s part  of  Perthshire,  and  termi- 
nate near  the  river  Erne,  into  the  county 
of  Fife.  The  highest  hill  called  Bencloch, 
or  Bencleugh,  is  2420  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea.  These  hills  are  green  and  af- 
ford excellent  sheep  pasture. 

Ochiltreey  a parish  and  village  in 
Ayrshire.  The  parish  is  about  6 miles 
long  and  5 broad,  watered  by  the  Lugar 
and  the  Coyle.  The  surface  is  pretty  le- 
vel ; the  soil  strong  clay  mixed  with  moss, 
but  generally  arable,  and  productive.  The 
village  of  Cchiitree,  containing  nearly  300 
inhabitants,  is  situated  about  J 1 miles  ese 
from  Ayr.  It  has  a handsome  church. 
In  the  parish  is  an  old  square  tower  called 
Aucheucloigb,  and  the  ruins  of  an  old  edi- 
fice .hat  belonged  formerly  to  the  Lords  of 
Ochiltree.  Population  of  the  parish  about 
1300. 

Ochrida^  a strong  town  in  Albania,  Eu- 
ropean Turkey,  on  the  nw  side  of  a lake 
of  its  name,  formed  by  the  river  Drino,  an 
archbishop’s  see ; 76  miles  e of  Durazzo. 
Lon.  21  3 E,  lat.  41  40  n. 

Ochsenfurty  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Wurtzbnrg,  Franconia,  on  the  Maine,  10 
miles  ss  of  Wurtzburg. 

Ochsenliauseuy  a town  of  Swabia,  near 
which  is  a l^^te  magnificent  abbey,  14  miles 
s of  Uim,  ana  40  wsw  of  Augsburg. 

Oeker,  a river  which  has  its  source  in 
the  s part  of  the  duchy  of  Brunswick,  and 
running,  by  Gostar,  Wolfenbuttle,  and 
Brunswick,  unites  with  the  Alier,  e of 
Zell. 

Oeoay  a sea  port  on  a river  and  bay  of 
its  name,  in  St.  Domingo,  with  large  salt 
works  and  plenty  of  fresh  water,  beeves, 
sheep,  and  hogs ; 45  miles  w of  St.  Domin- 
go. Lon.  70  56  w,  lat.  18  15  n. 

Oeona  Forty  on  the  co*ast  of  Peru,  on 
the  South  Pacific  ocean,  is  11  leagues  nw 
of  Quiloa,  and  a bold  coast,  14  leagues  ss 
of  Attico, 

Oczakewy  or  Otchakof,  a strong  sea  port 
and  fortress  in  the  government  of  Cathri-  ! 
nenslaf,  P^u.ssia.  It  has  been  often  contest-  ' 
ed  by  the  Turks  and  Russians,  and  stormed  I 
by  tlie  latter,  in  1788,  and  confirmed  to  | 
them  by  the  subsequent  peace.  It  is  seated 
near  the  Black  Scvi,  and  is  the  quay  of  the 
important  rivers,  the  Bog  and  Dnieper,  50 
miles  w of  Cherson,  and  100  n by  e of 
Constantinople.  Lon.  30  30  e,  lat.  46  35  n. 

Oddenu,  See  George  del  Mina. 

Odenbachy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Mont-Tonnere,  France,  lately  Germany,  in 
the  duchy  of  Dieux  Fonts,  on  the  Gian,  34 
miles  sw  of  Mentz. 

Odensecy  eapited  of  the  isle  of  Funen, 
Denm^-rk,  and  a bishop’s  see,  stands  on  a 
river,  six  miles  from  the  bay  of  Stegestrand. 

It  is  noted  for  leather  and  gloves,  and  has 
manufactures  of  cloth,  sugar,  and  soap ; 00 
miles  w by  s of  Copenhagen.  Lon,  10  17  E,  i 
lat.  55  30  N.  1 


OdeTy  a river  which  rises  in  the  moun^ 
tains  of  Moravia,  Germany,  runs  n to  Oder- 
berg,  and  passing  Oppelen,  Brieslau,  and 
Glogaii  in  Silesia,  Crosen,  Frankfort,  Cus- 
trin,  and  Frinw'alt,  in  Brandenburg;  and 
Gartz,  Stettin,  Carnin,  Wollin,  Usedom, 
and  Wolgart,  in  Pomerania,  enters  th© 
Baltic  by  three  channels,  between  which 
lie  the  islands  of  Usedom  and  Wollin.  Be- 
low Stettin  it  forms  a large  lake  or  bay 
called  Gross  Haff. 

Oderhet'gy  a towm  with  a castle,  on  the 
confines  of  Silesia,  Moravia,  on  the  Oder, 
at  the  junction  of  the  Elsa,  18  miles  nnw 
of  Teschen. 

Oderhergy  a town  in  the  middle  Mark, 
Brandenburg,  on  the  Oder,  25  miles,  nw  of 
Custrin. 

Odernheimy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Mont  Tonnere,  France,  lately  of  Germany, 
Palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  on  the  Seitz,  14 
miles  s of  Mentz. 

Odernheimy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Mont  Tonnere,  France,  lately  of  Germany, 
duchy  of  Dieux  Pouts,  on  the  Giau,  near 
its  junction  with  the  Nahe,  28  miles  sw  of 
Mentz. 

Odessa,  a sea  port  in  the  government  of 
Catherinenslaff,  Russia,  on  a gulf  of  the 
Black  sea,  with  a fortress.  It  exports 
corn  ; 44  miles  w by  s of  Oczakow.  Lon* 
29  24  E,  lat.  46  28  n. 

Odeijpour,  capital  of  Jushpour,  in  the 
province  of  Orissa,  Hindoostan,  00  miles 
NE  of  Ruttunpoiir.  Lon.  83  22  e,  lat.  22 
37  N.  ' 

Odiham,  a town  in  Hampshire,  with  the 
remains  of  a castle,  and  a market  on  Satur- 
day, seated  on  the  Basinstoke  canal.  It  is 
24  miles  ne  of  Winchester,  and  42  w by  s 
of  London. 

Oeh^feld,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Magde- 
burg, Lower  Saxony,  on  the  Alier,  22  miles 
NS  of  Brunswick. 

Oederan,  a town  in  Misnia,  Upper 
Saxony,  iiear  the  Flohe,  nine  miles  ene  of 
Chemnitz. 

OELAND,  a fertile  island  of  Finland, 
about  80  miles  in  length,  and  nine  in  breadth, 
separated  from  Gothland  by  a strait  J2 
miles  broad  in  the  narrowest  part.  The 
s part  is  level  and  fertile,  the  n part  has 
fine  forests,  and  freestone  quarries.  Both 
parts  abound  in  allum  mines.  Borksholm 
is  the  capital,  22  miles  ene  of  Calmar, 
Lon.  16  50  E,  lat.  56  48  n. 

Ocls,  a town  of  Silesia,  capital  of  a prin- 
cipality of  the  same  name,  on  the  Oels,  IT 
miles  ENE  of  Breslaw.  Lon.  17  31  e,  lat. 
51  12  N. 

OclsnitZy  a town  in  Voigtland,  Upper 
Saxony,  on  the  Elster,  six  miles  s by  e of 
Plauen. 

Oepen,  or  Eupen,  a town  in  Limburg^ 
Netherlands,  on  the  Weze,  with  considera!)le 
manufactures  of  cloth  ; four  miles  ene  of 
Limburg. 

OESEL,  an  island  of  the  Baltic,  on  th® 
Z 2 


O H I 

coast  of  Livonia,  and  at  the  entrance  of 
the  gulf  of  Riga,  74  miles  long  and  50 
broad,  defended  by  two  forts,  and  belongs 
to  Russia.  The  capital  is  Aurensburg, 
eight  miles  s of  the  isle  of  Daglia. 

Oetting,  a town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Inn, 
eight  miies  nw  of  Burkhausen. 

Oettingen,  a town  of  Swabia,  capital  of 
a county  of  its  name,  on  the  Wirnitz,  has  a 
well  endowed  college,  12  miles  nnw  of 
Donawert,  and  18  s of  Anspaoh.  Lon.  10 
40  E,  lat.  48  50  N. 

Offals  Bike,  an  entrenchment  which  runs 
through  Herefordshire,  Shropshire,  Mont- 
gomeryshire, Denbighshire,  and  Flintshire, 
from  the  Wye  to  the  Dee,  cast  up  by  Offa, 
a Saxon  king,  to  defend  England  from  the 
incursions  of  the  "Welsh. 

Offanto,  a river  of  Naples,  the  ancient 
Aufidus,  which  has  its  soure  in  the  Apen- 
nines, flows  by  Conza  and  Monte  Verde, 
divides  Capitanata  from  Basilicata,  Terra 
di  Barri,  and  falls  into  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
near  Barletta. 

Ojfen.  See  Buda, 

Offenbach,  a town  in  the  county  of  Isen- 
berg,  circle  of  the  Upper  Rhine,  Germany, 
stands  on  the  s side  of  the  Maine,  five  miles 
E of  Frankfort. 

Offenburg,  a town  in  the  Erisgau,  Swa- 
bia, on  the  Kentzig,  10  miles  se  of  Stras- 
burg. 

Offida,  a town  in  the  marquisate  of  An- 
cona, Italy,  26  miles  s of  Loretto. 

Ogeechee,  a river  of  Georgia,  which  runs 
sEby  Georgetown,  Louisville,  Elberton,  and 
Hardwick,  and  falls  into  the  ocean  oppo- 
site the  N end  of  Ossabaw  island,  18  miles 
s of  Savanna. 

Ogerskeim,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Moiit  Tonnere,  France,  lately  of  Germany, 
j)alatinate  of  the  Rhine,  seated  on  the  Rhine, 
13  miies  n of  Spire. 

Qglio,  a river  which  has  its  source  in 
the  principality  of  Trent,  and  entering  Italy, 
vioccckf  Un+Mrtumi  -nTAvi nf'ps  of  Bero^amas- 


passes  between  the  provinces  of  Berganias 
CO  and  Bresciano,  through  the  lake  of  Isero 
to  the  borders  of  Milanese,  and  turning  se 
enters  Mantuan,  where  it  enters  the  Po 
above  Borgoforte. 

Ogmo,  a town  of  the  kingdom  of  Siam, 
at  the  NE  point  of  the  gull  of  Siam,  56 
miles  sE  of  Siam.  Lon.  101  28  e,  lat.  13 
33  N 

OHETEROA,  an  island  in  the  South 
Pacific  ocean.  It  is  13  miles  in  circuit, 
but  has  neither  harbour  nor  anchorage. 
The  inhabitants  are  lusty  and  well  made, 
and  rather  browner  than  those  of  Ottiheite. 
Their  manufactures  are  superior  to  those 
of  the  neighbouring  islands.  Their  cloth 
is  of  a better  die,  and  their  spears  and  clubs 
fire  better  carved  and  polished.  Lon.  15C 
47  w,  lat.  22  27  s. 

Ohio,  a most  beautiful  river  of  North 
America,  which  has  its  source  in  the  Alle- 
gany mountains,  in  Pennsylvania,  and  is 
^^Ued  the  Allegany  daring  its  wsw  course 


OK  o 

to  Pittsburg.  It  separates  the  North 
Western  Territory  from  Kentucky  on  the  s, 
and  Virginia  on  the  se.  It  is  a quarter  of 
a mile  wide  at  Fort  Pitt;  500  yards  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Great  Kanhaway;  1200 yards 
at  Louisville;  and  at  the  rapids  half  a mile ; 
but  its  general  breadth  does  not  exceed  GOO 
yards.  Its  length,  as  measured  according 
to  its  meanders  by  captain  Hutchins,  is 
1188  miles.  There  is  a fort  situated  at  the 
head  of  the  falls.  After  receiving  many 
rivers  in  its  course,  it  joins  the  Missisippi  iu 
lat.  33  58  N. 

OHIO,  one  of  the  United  States  of  Ame- 
rica, bounded  on  the  n by  the  territory  of 
Michigan  and  Lake  Erie,  e by  Pennsylva- 
nia, SE  by  Virginia,  s by  Kentucky,  and  w 
by  Indiana.  It  is  said  to  be  the  most  heal- 
thy and  fertile  diitrict  in  America,  and  con- 
sists of  five  divisions,  the  North  West,  Cin- 
cinnata,Ciiilicotba,  Marietta,  and  New  Con- 
necticut. The  chief  rivers  are  the  Hock- 
hocking,  the  Mu-kinguhi,  and  the  Sciota, 
which  fall  into  the  Ohio,  and  the  Cayahaga, 
which  enters  Lake  Erie.  Population  in 
1810  was  230,760.  Marietta  is  the  largest 
town,  but  Chillicothe  is  the  capital. 

OHIO,  the  north-westernmost  county  of 
the  state  of  Virginia.  It  contains  52 J 2 in» 
habitants.  Chief  town,  Liberty, 

OPHITAHOO,  an  island  in  the  South 
pacific  ocean,  Lon.  13  96  w,  lat.  9 55  s. 

Ohlau,  a towm  in  the  principality  of  Brieg, 
Silesia,  with  a fine  castle,  on  the  Ohla.  In 
the  vicinity  much  tobacco  is  raised,  16 
miles  SE  of  Breslaw. 

Ohrdrvf,  a town  in  Thuringia,  Upper 
Saxony,  with  a castle,  and  many  manufac- 
tures, eight  miles  sse  of  Gotha. 

Ohringen,  capital  of  the  principality  of 
II  Hoheulohe,  Franconia,  seated  on  the  Ohm, 

]|  which  divides  it  into  the  old  and  new  town, 

I'  Here  is  an  academy,  and  in  the  vicinity 
1|  many  Roman  antiquities  have  been  discover- 
ed since'  1741,  28  miles  ssw  of  Mergen- 
theim. 

Qich,  Loch,  a lake  in  Inverness-shire, 
?"xtending  four  miles  from  e to  w.  It  con- 
tains some  small  islands  covered  with  wood. 
The  river  Oich  issues  from  its  n end,  and 
Slows  by  Fort  Augustus  into  the  s extremity 
i of  Loch  Ness. 

Oira,  a town  in  Terra  d ^Otranto,  Naples, 
stands  at  the  foot  of  the  Apennines,  and  has 
a castle,  20  miles  ne  of  Tarento. 

OISE,  a department  of  France.  It  in^ 
eludes  part  of  the  late  province  of  the  isle  of 


! France,  and  has  its  name  from  a river, 

1 which  rises  in  the  Ardennes,  and  unites  with 
I the  Seine,  below  Pontoise,  The  capital  is 
j Beauvais. 

' Oka,  a river  of  Russia,  which  has  its 
1 source'  40  miles  s of  Orel,  flows  by  that 
' town,  Kaluga,  Kolomna,  and  Riazan,  and 
Volga,  at  Nizueis  Novo? 


53 

with  the 


unites 
gorod. 

OKOTZK,  one  of  the  four  provinces  of 
Irkutzk,  in  Russia.  Its  capital  of  the 


OLD 

same  name,  is  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Okota,  in  a bay  of  the  Eastern  ocean,  cal- 
led the  sea  of‘Okot£k,  490  miles  Es^.  of 
Yakutsh.  Lon.  143  12  e,  lat.  69  20  n. 

Oldhridge,  a town  in  Louth,  Leinster, 
two  miles  from  Drogheda.  Here  stands  an 
obelisk,  esteemed  the  grandest  of  its  kind 
of  any  in  Europe,  erected  in  commemora- 
tion of  the  victory  obtained  over  the  forces 
of  Jame-i  II  by  king  William. 

Old  Castle,  a town  in  Meath,  Leinster, 
22  miles  nw  of  Trim,  and  41  miles  from 
Dublin. 

OLDENBURG,  a duchy  of  Westphalia, 
about  45  miles  in  length,  and  22  in  breadth. 
It  is  a marshy  country,  with  fat  pastures, 
but  subject  to  gieat  inundations.  It  is 
noted  for  fine  horses.  It  was  formerly  a 
county  united  with  Delmenhorst.  In  1667, 
the  line  of  its  counts  being  extinct,  it  be- 
came the  property  of  the  kings  of  Denmark, 
by  whom,  in  1773,  it  was  exchanged  with 
the  grand  duke  of  Russia,  for  the  district  of 
Kiel,  in  Holsteiu.  In  1777,  the  emperor  of 
Germany,  erected  Oldenburg,  and  Deimen- 
horst,  into  a duchy.  The  inhabitants  are 
of  the  Lutheran  religion. 

Oldenburg,  a fortified  town  of  Westphalia, 
capital  of  the  above  duchy,  with  a citadel, 
which  is  the  residence  of  a governor.  The 
tombs  of  the  last  counts  of  Oldenburg,  are 
in  the  church  of  St.  Lambert.  It  is  situa- 
ted oil  the  Hunta,  22  miles  w of  Bremen. 
Lon.  8 6 E,  lat.  53  7 n. 

Oldenburg,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Hol- 
stein, Lower  Saxony,  near  the  Baltic,  28 
miles  N of  Lubec. 

Oldendorf,  a town  in  the  county  of  Schau* 
cnburg,  Westphalia,  on  the  Weser,  five 
miles  E of  Renteln. 

Oldeslolie,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Hol- 
stein, Lower  Saxony,  on  the  Trave,  17  miles 
w of  Lubec. 

Oldenjael,  a town  of  Holland,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  OveryS':el,  capital  of  the  district 
of  Twent.  It  is  30  miles  e of  Deventer. 

Oldham,  a town  in  Lancashire,  on  a 
branch  of  the  Medlock,  and  near  the  Irk, 
whose  streams  give  motion  to  a good  deal 
of  machinery  employed  in  cotton  and  wool- 
len manufactures.  Here  is  a church,  a 
dissenting  meeting  house,  and  a methodist 
chapel.  In  1801,  the  number  of  inhabitants 
was  3 2,014,  and  in  1811,  16,690.  It  is 
seven  miles  me  of  Manchester. 

Oldhamstocks,  a parish  and  village,  part- 
ly in  the  county  of  Berwick,  and  partly  in 
Haddingtonshire,  including  a part  of  Lam- 
mermuir.  The  parish  is  about  six  miles 
long,  and  from  two  to  three  broad.  The 
village  is  about  seven  miles  se  of  Dunbar. 
Population  near  600.  In  this  parish  is 
- Dunglass,  the  neat  mansion  of  Sir  James 
Hall  erected  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  castle 
of  Dunglass,  which  gave  the  title  of  lord 
Dunglais  to  the  earls  oi  Home.  In  3640, 
this  castle  either  by  accident  or  treachery, 
was  blown  up  and  buried  in  it«  ruins,  the 


o L I 

•arl  of  Haddington,  and  several  of  (he  neigh. 
])ouring  gentry.  At  the  village  is  a fair 
1st  Tuesday  of  July. 

Old  Man  of  Wick,  an  old  castle  seated 
on  a narrow  promontory,  r coast  of  Caith- 
ness, near  Wick,  formerly  a place  of  con- 
siderable strength,  and  the  property  of  the 
Icrds’  Oliphant.  In  the  vicinity  is  a pictu- 
resque, insulated  rock,  supported  by  two 
stone  pillars,  between  wdiich  boats  can 
pass. 

Oldney,  a small  island  of  Sutherlandshire, 
on  the  wNw  coast.  It  is  a mile  long,  and 
a-quarter  of  a mile  where  broadest,  and 
has  two  small  harbours. 

Old  Road,  a town  and  harbour  in  the 
island  of  Antigua,  in  the  West  Indies. 

Old  Ross,  a town  in  Wexford,  Leinster, 
63  miles  from  Dublin. 

Old  Town,  a town  in  Allengany  county, 
Maryland,  stands  on  the  n side  of  the  Poto- 
mac, 14  miles  se  of  Cumberland,  and  140 

by  N of  Baltimore. 

Olene,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Westphalia, 
on  the  Bigge,  with  considerable  iron-w^orks, 
32  miles  s of  Arensburg. 

OLERON,  a populous  and  fertile  island 
of  France,  on  the  coast  of  the  department 
of  Lov;er  Charente,  opposite  the  mouth  of 
the  Charente.  It  w^as  formerly  in  possession 
of  the  English.  Here  the  maritime  code, 
called  the  laws  of  Oleran,  which  arc  reco^r- 
nized  by  all  nations  in  Europe,  as  the  founda- 
tion of  all  their  maritime  constitutions,  was 
compiled  by  Richard  I.  five  miles  from  the 
continent.  It  is  12  miles  in  length,  five  in 
breadth,  and  30  in  circumference. 

Oleron,  a considerable  town  in  (he  de- 
partment of  the  Lower  Pyrenees,  Frcince, 
on  the  Yave,  10  miles  sw  of  Pau. 

Oleron,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Lower  Charente,  France,  e side  of  the 
island  of  its  name,  with  a castle,  13  miles 
wsw  of  Rochfort.  Lon.  1 15  w,  lat.  45 
48  N. 

Olesko,  a town  in  the  Palatinate  of  Beltz, 
Poland,  48  miles  ese  of  Beltz. 

Olika,  a town  in  Volbinia,  Poland,  with 
a citadel,  20  miles  e of  Lucko. 

Olinda,  the  chief  town  of  the  captainship 
of  Pernambucco,  in  Brazil  South  America. 
It  is  sometimes  called  Pernambuco,  and 
has  a good  harbour,  situated  n of  Cape  St. 
Augustine,  and  s of  Paraibo.  Lon.  35  20  w, 
lat.  8 13  s. 

jj  Olite,  a town  of  Navarre,  Spain,  seated  in 
1|  a fertile  country.  It  was  once  the  residence 
||  of  their  kings,  but  now  greatly  reduced,  22 
j miles  s of  Pamplona. 

I Oliva,  a sea  port  of  W Prussia,  situated 
jl  on  a bay  of  the  gulf  of  Dantzic,  with  a 
)|  famous  monastery,  in  which  are  interred 
j several  of  the  dukes  of  Pomerania.  Hero, 

' in  1060,  peace  was  concluded  between  the 
i emperor  of  Genuany,  the  kings  of  Poland, 
I and  Sweden.  It  is  10  miles  nnw  of  Dant- 
i zic.  Lon.  18  32  E,  lat,  54  24  n. 

Olivenca,  a town  and  fortress  of  Portq-* 


O L R 


ONE 


gal,  in  Alentejo.  It  was  ceded  to  Spain  at 
tlie  peace,  in  1801,  and  surrendered  to  the 
French  in  1811,  15  miles  sse  of  Elvas,  and 

16  ssw  of  Badajoz. 

OUertoU)  a town  in  Nottinghamshire, 
seated  on  the  Maun,  near  the  n skirts  of 
Sherwood  forest,  with  a market  on  Friday, 
13  miles  Kwof  Newark,  and  137  n by  w of 
Loiidon. 

Olmedoy  a towm  in  Leon,  Spain,  on  an 
eminence,  near  the  Adaja,  25  miles  s of  1 
Valladolid. 

OlmutZy  the  capital  of  Moravia,  with  a 
famous  university,  and  a stror.g  castle  used  j 
as  a state  prison.  It  is  an  archlnshop^s  see,  | 
is  well  built,  fortified,  and  cmirely  surround-  i 
eJ  by  the  river  Morau.  It  is  a populous  | 
and  trading  place.  In  1741,  it  was  taken  j 
b}"  the  king  of  Prussia;  hut  in  1758,  when  i 
he  attempted  it  again,  he  was  obliged  to  ! 
laise  the  siege.  Here  the  emperors  of  Aus-  | 
tria,  and  Russia  met,  in  1805,  immediately  | 
before  the  battle  of  Austerlitz,  SO  miles  n || 
by  B of  Vienna,  and  07  s of  Breslau,  Lon. 

17  15  E,  lat.  49  33  n. 

Olney,  a town  in  Euckinghamshire, 
situated  in  the  deanery  of  Newport,  near 
the  borders  of  Northamptonshire,  on  the 
Ouse  with  a market  on  Monday.  It  con- 
sists chiefly  of  one  long  street.  The  chief 
employment  of  the  inhabitants  is  the  mak- 
ing oi  bone  lace.  It  is  12  miles  sb  of 
Northampton,  and  56  Nxw  of  London. 

OLONA,  a department  of  the  late  Italian 
republic,  containing  by  the  census  taken 
in  1797,  at  the  erection  of  the  republic, 
19. ',8 19  inhabitants.  Milan  w^as  the  chief 
ci  ty. 

OLOXNE,  an  island,  towm,  and  harbou  , 
in  the  department  of  Vendee,  France,  30 
miles  of  Rochelle,  and  25c3  ew  of  Paris. 

QFGNETS,  a government  of  Russia, 
inoiuded  i'cvinsfiy  in  that  of  Novogorod. 
seated  on  the  Olonsa,  near  its  entrance  into 
the  lake  Ladoga.  Its  capital  is  of  the  same 
name,  and  near  it  a mineral  spring.  It  con- 
tains some  considerable  iron-w'orks,  100 
miles,  cross  the  lake,  ns  of  Petersburg,  i 
Lon.  34  23  E,  lat.  61  26  N.  | 

Olonets  Mountains^  a chain  of  mountains  > 
in  the  Kw  part  of  Russia,  CAteiiding  1090 
miles  in  a n direction,  forming  pan  of  the 
boundary  between  Prussia  and  iSweden. 

Olphen,  a towm  in  the  principality  of 
Munsier,  V/estphalia,  17  miles  ssw  of  Mun- 
ster. 

Olrioky  a p'lrish  in  the  county  of  Caith- 
ness, nb'.-ut  four  miles  long,  and  in  general 
two  broad.  The  surface  is  uneven,  but  not  j 
momilr'lnous,  and  toward.^  the  coast  there  is 
a runumir'd  tract  of  rich  culiivatcd  land. 
On  the  const  are  (wo  bays,  Duuuet  and 
Murkle,  which  alTord  safe  harbours  for 
shipping.  It  abounds  in  marl,  limestone, 
fr.^fs!ui!e,  grey  slates,  aud  blue  flags.  A 
variefv  of  fish  are  taken,  and  kelp  is  made. 
Here  * are  the'  remains  of  many  pictish 
houses.  Fopulaticn  abovo  ilCO, 


OUen,  capital  of  a bailiwik,  in  the  canto* 
of  Soleure,  Swisserland,  on  the  Aar,  17  miles 
ene  of  Soleure, 

Olympus,  a celebrated  mountain  in  Nato- 
lia,  Asiatic  Turkey,  one  of  the  highest  and 
most  considerable  in  all  Asia,  covered  with 
saow\  The  ancients  supposed  its  top  reach- 
ed to  heaven,  aud  therefore,  that  it  was  tho 
residence  of  the  gods,  and  the  seat  of  the 
court  of  Jupiter.  It  is  10  miles  se  of 
Bursa. 

Omagh,  a town  in  Tyrone,  Ulster,  in 
w'hich  the  assizes  for  the  courhy  are  held 
86  miles  nxw  of  DuMin. 

051AN,  a province  of  Arabia,  bounded 
on  the  NW  by  the  Persian  g'ulf,  ne  and  se 
by  the  ocean,  and  jjv  by  extensive  deserts. 
The  most  considerable  of  its  numerous 
sovereigns  is  the  iman  of  Oman  or  Mascat, 
which  is  the  chief  town.  Lon.  57  20  e, 
lat.  24  0 N. 

Omho,  a towm.  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Nile,  Egypt,  28  miles  n of  Esne. 

Ombranc,  a town  in  Sianese,  Tuscany, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Ornbroae,  live  miles  s 
of  Grossetto, 

Omegna,  a town  in  the  Milanese,  Italy, 
N end  of  the  lake  Orta, ' 32  miles  nw  of 
Novara. 

Omer  St,  a large  and  populous  town,  in 
the  department  of  ihe  Straits  of  Calais.  Be- 
fore the  Revolution,  St.  Omer  w^as  a bisbop^s 
see.  It-  name  and  importance  are  derived 
from  3 saint  who  built  a Pirge  monastery 
here  in  the  seventh  century.  The  pluncipal 
church,  and  that  of  St.  Bertiu  are  magntu- 
, ent.  St.  Omer  stands  on  the  side  of  a 
hill,  on  the  Aa.  About  three  miles  distant 
is  a morass,  containing  some  lioa'iug  is- 
lands. It  is  eivht  miles  nw  Aire,  and 
135  N of  Paris.  Lon.  2 15  b,  lat.  50 
44  N. 

Onioa,  a small  fortified  town  m the 
Spanish  main,  at  the  bottom  ‘''i  ttie  bay  Ot 
Honduras,  on  the  s side.  It  has  a good 
harbour,  which  is  open  to  the  nw,  and  in 
which  shies  of  any  burden  may  ride  in  per- 
fect safety.  In  1779,  the  British  took  b by 
escalade  ; hut  the  ga.rrison,  in  it  couUl  not 
long  retain  it,  80  miles  nkw  of  Valladolid, 
Lon.  S8  47  w,  lat.  15  40  n. 

Onimen,  a town  in  Overyss^el,  Holaad,  on 
the  Veche,  I ? miles  t:b  of  Deveuter. 

Ommirahih  ; See  Morb-ys. 

Onioa  bon  rTcrkSyin  n.;  yv'Tshef  Sbetts, 
Lanarkshire,  their  m-vne  from  tho 

storiuiug  of  the  above  lortress,  having  been 
' erected  immediately  after,  cn  the  property 
of  colonol  Dakymplc,  who  distinguished 
himself  at  the  takinp;  of  Omoa. 

Omsk,  a town  in  the  goveriiment  of  To- 
bolsk, Russia,  at  (he  cojiilueiice  of  the  Ir- 
tysh and  Om,  350  miles  se  of  Tobolsk. 
Lon.  74  54  e,  lat.  5 4 14  n. 

) Onate,  a town  in  Biscay,  Spain,  bas  an 
I university,  22  miles  esw-  of  Tolosa,  and  32 
' SE  of  Bilboa. 

I OnecGte,  u v ilU^gc  in  Staffordshire^  famous 


O N G 

for  the  tich  oopper  mines  in  its  vicinity,  ^ 
eight  miles  n by  e of  Cheadie.  * 

Otii  a town  of  Egypt,  the  ancient  Helio- 
polis, was  formerly  a considerable  place, 
situated  near  the  Nile.  At  present  it  is 
almost  ruined,  and  bears  the  name  of  Aim- 
kems. 

ONEEHEOW,  one  of  the  Sandwich  is- 
lands, five  leagues  w of  Atooi,  the  e coast 
rises  abruptly  from  the  sea  to  a considera- 
ble height,  also  the  se  point,  but  the  rest  is 
low  ground.  It  produces  plenty  of  yams, 
and  of  the  sweet  root  called  tee.  Lon.  iOl 

0 w,  lat.  21  60  N. 

Oncg,  a town  in  the  government  of  arch- 
angel Russia,  on  the  Onega,  near  the  while 
sea,  SO  miles  ssw  of  Arehangei.  Lon.  37 
21  E,  lat.  63  36  n. 

Oncga^  a river  and  lake  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Olonetz  Russia,  the  latter  is  100 
miles  in  length  and  10  in  breadth  ; and  com- 
muuicates  with  the  lake  Ladoga.  The  for- 
mer has  its  source  in  Kargapol,  and  gives 
its  name  to  a woody  country,  and  fails  into 
the  white  sea. 

ONEGLIA,  a principality  of  Italy,  sur- 
rounded on  all  sides  except  towards  the  sea,  by 
the  territories  of  Genoa.  It  is  divided  into 
three  vallevs,  and  contains  63  towns  and  vil- 
lages, and  14,000  souls.  It  abounds  in  wine, 
olive  oil,  and  fruit, 

Oneglia,  a sea-port  of  Italy,  oapLal  of 
the  above  principality,  situated  "at  tiie  mouth 
of  the  Imperkile.  The  French,  in  1792, 
took  it  by  storm,  and  set  it  on  lire  in  several 
places,  30  miles  se  of  Cogni,  and  26  sw  oi 
Genoa.  Lon.  7 67  e,  lat.  43  6S  N, 

Oneida y a narrow  lake  of  Now  York,  in 
the  county  of  its  name.  The  e end  is  20 
miles  w of  Rome,  and  it  extends  about  20 
miles  V/,  where  its  outlet,  the  river  Onon- 
dago,  runs  into  the  lake  Ontaris,  at  Oswe- 
go, wood  creek,  is  at-  its  tse  corner,  and 
Oneida  creek,  at  the  sw,  which  is  inhabited 
by  the  Oneidas. 

Oneida,  capital  of  the  county  of  its  name, 
state  of  New  York,  seated  on  Oneida  creek, 
with  a fort,  22  miles  sw  of  Rome,  and  34 
xw  of  Cooperstown.  Lou.  76  20  w,  lat.  42 

66  N. 

ONEIDA,  one  of  the  six  nations  of  In- 
dians, containing  C>28  souls,  who  inhabit  the 
country  s of  Oneida  lake,  called  the  Onei- 
da Reservation.  Their  piincipal  village, 
Kahiionwolohale,  is  about  20  miles  sw^rf 
Whitestowu.  These  Indians,  for  a number 

01  years  past,  have  been  under  the  pastoral 
care  of  trie  Rev.  :vJr.  Kirkland,  who  has 
been  chiefly  supported  in  his  mission  i^y  the 
Society  establisiixid  in  Scotland,  for  promot- 
ing Christian  knov/ledge. 

Oiiezkoe,  a lake  in  the  government  of 
Olonetz,  Russia,  123  miles  in  iength,  and 
20  in  breadth.  It  contains  several^islands. 

Ongar,  or  Ckipping  Ongar,  a town  in  Es- 
sex, on  the  Roding,  with  a market  on  .Sa- 
turday. In  the  cliurcdi  walls  aro  Roman 
bricks,  12  miles  w of  phelmsfoi-J,  and  21 
tNE  of  London.  t 


O O D 

Ongole,  capital  of  a circar  of  its  name, 
in  the  Carnatic,  Hindoostan,  78  miles  ssw  of 
Condapilly,  ami  100  N by  w of  Madrass. 
Lon.  79  60  E,  lat.  16  28  N. 

Gnioii  riaei',  in  the  United  States,  and 
state  of  Vermont,  formerly  called  French 
river,  and  by  the  Indians  Winooski,  rises  in 
Cabot,  about  14  miles  to  the  w of  Connec- 
ticut river  and  is  navigable  for  small  ves- 
sels five  miles  from  its  mouth,  at  lake. 
Champlain. 

Onclskacii  ; See  Ampack. 

Onondago,  or  Salt  Lake,  in  the  county  of 
its  name,  state  of  New  York,  jis  about  'iiva 
miles  long,  and  one  broad,  sends  it  waters 
to  Seneca  river. 

Onondago,  a town  in  a county  of  its 
name,  state  of  New  York,  with  a castle, 
formerly  the  chief  town  of  a tribe  of  LRliau';, 
called  OnondagGs.  It  -stands  on  lake  Onon- 
dago,  32  miles  s by  e of  Oswego,  and 
wsw  of  Oneida.  Lon.  70  20  w,  lat,  46  48  x.. 

Odondogo,  or  Osv-ego,  a river  which  is- 
sues frvom  the  \v  end  of  lake  Oneida,  aiu4 
rumving  74  ndles  falls  hAo  lake  Ontario,  at 
the  town  cf  O^swego,  It  is  navigable  by 
boats,  except  at  one  fall,  wliicii  ouoasions  a 
portage  of  about  20  yards. 

Oncre ; See  Honaivera. 

Onetk,  a town  of  Hungary,  60  miles  ne 
of  Biidab. 

ONRUST,  a small  island  in  the  East  In- 
dies, .lava,  at  the  mouth  of  the  harbour  of 
Batavia,  where  the  Dutch  built  their  ships, 
and  had  large  warehouses,  which  are  now 
in  possession  of  the  English. 

Onslow,  a village  in  Shropshire,  sw  of 
Slirew’sbary,  cbieiiy  noted  for  go/ing  the  ti- 
tle of  liarr.n  totsiO  fascii}  of  Onslow. 

Orislow,  a ma-rilime  county  of  \¥ilming- 
ten  district,  North  Carolina,  w of  Cape  Look- 
out. It  contains  3287  inhabitants.  Swans- 
bourough  is  the  chief  town. 

Ontario,  a lake  of  N America,  one  of  that 
grand  ciiain  which  divide  the  United  States 
from  Upper  Canada,  situated  between  75 
and  79  \v,  Ion.  and  43  and  44  x lat.  Its 
form  is  nearly  elliptical,  and  its  circumfer- 
ence about  600  miles.  It  abounds  with  fish 
of  an  excellent  flavour.  It  eommunicaies 
with  lake  Erie  by  the  river  Niagara, 
and  through  Oneida,  lake  and  up  Wood- 
creek,  with  Hohawk  river.  Its  outlet  is 
by  The  Iroquois,  or  St  Laurence  river.  The 
inlands  are  all  at  the  e end,  the  chief  of 
which  arc  Wolf,  Amherst,  Gage,  and  Ho\v(i 
islands. 

Ontario,  a large  fertile  county  of  New 
York,  comprehending  the  Gene>.see  country, 
and  bounded  on  the  n by  the  lake  of  its 
name.  This  county  was  taken  from  Mont- 
gomery ia  1789.  .Snc'li  has  ])eeii  the  erni- 
graticn  to  this  county,  that  there  were,  in 
1796,  1258  of  the  inhabitants  qualified  to 
be  electors,  Canadaqua  is  the  chief  town. 

OrJinicRtc,  a town  in  Valencia,  Spain 
30  miles  NNWof  Alicant, 

Oodocannnllah,  a town  in  Bengal,  Hin- 
dooilan  Proper,  on  the  w bank  of  the  Gan- 


O P o 

ges,  and  at  the  toot  of  a chain  of  hill*. ' 
Here  is  an  elegant  bridge  over  the  Ganges, 
82  miles  n by  w of  Moorshedabad.  Lon.  8T 
5<5  E,  lat.  24  58  N. 

OONALASKA,  one  of  the  islands  of 
the  Northern  Archipelago,  on  the  nw  coast 
of  America,  the  natives  of  which  have  the 
appearance  of  being  a very  peaceable  peo- 
ple, their  upper  garment,  made  like  a wag- 
goners frock,  reaches  down  to  the  knees. 
Besides  this  they  wear  a waistcoat  or  two, 
^ pair  of  breeches,  a fur  cap,  and  a pair  of 
boots.  They  dry  quantities  of  fish  during 
the  summer,  which  they  lay  up  in  small 
huts  for  their  use  in  winter.  Birds,  roots, 
berries,  and  even  sea-weed,  and  fish,  compose 
their  food.  They  did  not  appear  to  be  very 
desirous  of  iron,  nor  to  want  any  other  in- 
strument except  sewing  needles,  their  own 
being  formed  of  bone.  With  these  they  sew 
their  canoes,  and  make  their  clothes,  and 
also  very  curious  embroidery  ; they  use  in- 
stead of  thread  the  fibres  of  plants,  which 
they  split  to  the  thickness  required.  All 
sewing  is  performed  by  the  females,  who  are 
shoemakers,  tailors,  and  boat-builders.  They 
maimfaetuTG  mats,  and  baskets  of  grass, 
which  are  both  strong  and  beautiful.  The 
neatness  of  their  work  shews  them  to  be  an 
ingenious  people.  Lon.  166  31  w,  lat.  53 
55  w. 

OONEMAK,  the  largest  island  of  the 
northern  Archipelago,  near  the  extremity  of 
the  peninsula  of  Alaska,  about  200  miles  in 
circuit.  At  its  w end  is  a cape  of  its  name. 
Lon.  165  30  w,  lat.  54  30  n.  See  Fox 
Islands, 

Oastborch,  a town  and  fort  in  the  island 
of  Cadsand,  Netherlands.  Four  miles  ne 
of  Sliiys. 

Oostenhy,  a town  in  the  island  of  Oeland, 
Sweden,  27  miles  s of  Borkholm. 

Ootampaliam,  a town  and  fort  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  Dindigul,  Hindoostan,  58  miles  sw 
of  Dindigul.  Lon.  76  26  e,  lat.  9 43  n. 

Ootatore,  a town  in  the  Carnatic,  Hindoos- 
tan, 22  miles  wnw  of  Tafijore,  and  80  sw 
of  Pondicherry. 

Opheiniy  a town  in  the  province  of  Bergen, 
Norway,  45  miles  nne  of  Bergen. 

Oporto,  or  Porto,  a rich  and  handsome 
sea-port  of  Portugal,  in  the  province  of  En- 
tre-Douro-e-Minho,  and  a bishop^s  see.  It 
is  by  nature  almost  impregnable.  It  is  noted 
for  its  strong  wines,  large  quantities  of  which 
are  exported  to  England.  Where  all  red 
wines  from  Spain  and  Portugal  are  called 
Port  wines.  The  other  principal  exports  are 
Oranges,  lemons,  <fec.  and  linen  cloth  to  Bra- 
sil. *^Since  the  earthquake  at  Lisbon,  in 
1755,  its  commerce  has  greatly  increased. 
Before  that  time  its  population  was  about 
20,000,  and  it  is  ncrw  estimated  at  50,000. 
It  is  situated  ou  the  declivity  of  a mountain, 
near  the  Douro,  which  forms  an  excellent 
harbour  ; 147  miles  \ by  E of  Lisbon.  Lon. 
8 21  w,  lat.  41  10  N. 


ORA 

Oppeln,  a strong  town  of  Silesia,  capital 
of  a duchy  of  the  same  name,  with  a fin© 
hospital,  and  a collegiate  church.  It  is  si- 
tuated on  the  river  Oder  in  a pleasant  plain, 
and  has  a trade  in  wool ; 35  miles  se  of 
Breslau.  Lon.  18  e,  lat.  50  39  n. 

Oppenheim,  a bailiwick  and  town  in  the 
department  of  Mont  Tonnere,  France,  lately 
of  Germany,  in  the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine* 
The  neighbourhood  produces  excellent  W'ine. 
It  is  situated  on  the  declivity  of  a hill,  near 
the  Pthine,  12  miles  sse  of  Pvlentz. 

Oppido,  a town  in  Calabria  Ultra,  Naples, 
seated  at  the  foot  of  the  Apennines,  25  miles 
NE  of  Reggio. 

Oppido,  a town  in  Basalicata,  Naples,  five 
miles  ssE  of  Acerenza. 

Oppurg,  a town  in  Misnia,  Upper  Saxony, 
with  a castle,  four  miles  wsw  of  Neustadt. 

Opsay,  a small  island  in  Scotland,  in  the 
sound  of  Harris. 

Orach,  a town  in  Bosnia,  European  Tur- 
key, stands  near  the  river  Drino,  60  miles 
sw  of  Belgrade. 

Oran,  a city  and  sea-port  of  Barbary,  in 
the  kingdom  of  Tremesen,  and  province  of 
Mascara,  with  several  forts,  and  an  excellent 
harbour,  nearly  opposite  to  Carthagena,  in 
Spain.  It  stands  partly  cn  a plain  and  partly 
on  the  side  of  a mountain,  on  the  ridge  of  which 
are  two  castles  on  the  one  side,  and  the  town 
of  Mazalquiver  on  the  other.  0)i  the  other 
side  of  the  town  are  two  other  castles.  It  is 
about  a mile  and  a-half  in  circumference 
and  is  held  by  the  Spaniards,  as  Gibraltar  in 
Spain  is  kept  by  the  English.  Oran  was 
taken  by  the  Spaniards  in  1509,  and  retaken 
in  1708.  In  1732,  it  was  again  taken  by 
the  Spaniards.  In  1790,  it  wars  destroyed  by 
an  earthquake  when  2000  persons  perished. 
Here  the  Spaniards  built  several  churche^s 
and  other  edifices  in  the  style  of  the  Roman 
architecture.  The  greatest  part  of  the  inha- 
bitants, v/ho  are  about  12,000,  consists  of 
such  as  have  been  banished  from  Spain. 
Lon.  0 8 w^,  lat.  36  2 n. 

Orange,  the  ancient  Arausio,  a considera- 
ble city  in  the  dept,  of  Vaucleuse,  France, 
lately  a bishop’s  see.  Here  are  the  remains 
of  a fine  amphitheatre,  some  aqueducts,  and 
a triumphal  arch,  200  paces  from  the  town. 
Ill  1680,  the  fortifications  w'ere  destroyed  by 
Louis  XIV.  It  w'as  successively  the  pro- 
perty of  the  houses  of  Beaux,  Chalons,  and 
Nassau.  On  the  demise  of  William  III.  of 
England  in  1702,  this  principality  w^as  claiin- 
ed  by  Frederic  William  of  Prussia  as  his 
heir.  During  the  w^ar  with  king  William  it 
had  been  seized  by  Louis  XIV . who,  in  1713 
exchanged  it  with  the  king  of  Prussia  for 
Geldres.  Orange -was  the  capital  of  a prin- 
cipality of  the  same  name,  17  miles  long  and 
12  broad.  Orange  is  situated  in  a fine  plain, 
on  the  little  river  Aigues,  12  miles  n of 
Avignon,  and  57  s ot  \ alcncc.  Lon.  4 49 
E,  lat.  40  9 N 

ORANGE,  a county  of  Vermont,  whioB 


O R B 

in  1790,  eOntaiuetl  10^629  inhabitants.  It 
now  oontaius  30  townships.  Newbury  is  the 
county  town. 

OR  ANGE,  a mountainous  and  hilly  coun- 
ty of  New  York.  It  is  divided  into  8 town- 
ships, of  which  Goshen  is  the  chief,  and  con- 
tains 188,493  inhabitants,  of  whom  3098  are 
electors. 

ORANGE,  a county  of  Hillborough  dis- 
trict, North  Carolina  ; bounded  ^by  Caswell 
county ; and  s by  Chatham.  It  contains 
13.310  inhabitants.  Cliief  town,  Hillsbo- 
ro u^’li. 

Orange^  or  Orimge  dale,  a town  in  Essex 
county.  New  Jersey,  has  an  academy,  six 
miles  Nw  of  Newark. 

ORANGEBURG,  a district  of  S Carolina. 
It  contains  18,513  inhabitants,  sends  to  the 
state  legislature  10  representatives  and 
three  senators ; and  wiih  the  district  of 
Beaufort,  one  member  to  congress. 

Oi-angehurg,  tlie  capital  of  the  above  dis- 
trict, is  on  the  e side  of  the  N branch  of 
•Edisto  river,  it  is  77  miles  kw  of  Charleston. 
Lon.  SO  44  w,  lat.  33  23  n, 

Orangetown,  a town  in  Washington 
county,  district  of  Maine,  stands  near  the 
coast,  10  miles  from  Mahitts. 

Oravgetoicriy  a town  in  Orange  county, 
New'  York,  is  on  the  w side  or  the  Tappan 
sea,  opposite  Phiilipsburg,  and  about  37 
miles  N of  New  York  city.  The  township 
contains  1175  inhabitants. 

Oranienhanm,  a town  in  the  duchy  of 
Anbauit  Dessau,  Upper  Saxony,  six  miles  se 
of  Dessau. 

Oranienhaum.  a town  in  Ingria,  Russia, 
seated  on  the  gulf  of  Finland,  has  a royal 
palace,  built  by  prince  Menzikrolf,  much 
used  by  Peter  III.  but  afterwards  converted 
into  an  hospita’,  30  miles  w of  Petersburg. 

Granienbzirg.  cx  town  in  the  Middle  Marck, 
Brandenburg,  formerly  called  Brelzow^ 
seated  on  the  Havel,  and  lakes  its  present 
name  from  a villa  built  by  the  Margrave, 
18  miles  n of  Berlin. 

Oninmorey  a town  of  Ireland,  in  Galway, 
Connaught,  seated  at  the  ne  extremity  of 
Galv/ay  bay,  seven  miles  e by  s of  Gal- 
way 

Oransag,  a small  island  of  Scotland,  on 
Ihe  w coast  of  the  island  of  Sky,  peninsula- 
ted  at  low  water. 

Oratava,  the  capital  of  the  island  of 
Teneriiie,  stands  at  the  foot  of  an  amphi- 
theatre cl  mountains  out  of  which  rises  the 
Peak  of  Teceriffe,  with  a port  three  miles 
distance,  150  miles  w of  the  coast  of  Africa. 
Lon.  16  20  W;  iat.  38  33  i-i. 

Oroussariy  a town  of  Piedmont,  six  miles 
sw  of  Turin. 

Orbey  an  ancient  and  pleasant  town  of 
Switzerland,  in  the  Pays  de  Veiud.  It  is 
siturtied  on  a river  of  the  same  name,  over 
which  IS  a bold  single  arched  bridge.  It  is 
20  miles  w by  s of  Friburg,  and  33  wsw  of 
Bern. 

Orhe^  a toY/n  in  the  l^lo  electorate  of 

il  V i 

>, ' 


O R C 

I Mentz,  Germany,  noted  for  its  salf-w-o'rk» 
36  miles  e of  Frankfort, 

OrbiteUoy  a sea  p>ort  and  capital  of  Stato 
delli  Presidii,  Italy,  seated  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean, near  the  mouth  of  the  Alliegno.  It 
has  a good  harbour  defended  by  several 
forts,  68  miles  s by  w of  Sienna.  Lon.  11 
6 K,  lat.  43  38  n. 

Othre,  a river  which  has  its  source  in 
the  Cevennes,  France,  runs  by  Beziers,  and 
falls  into  the  gulf  of  J yoii.  ut  Serignan. 

ORCADES,  or  OnKNEY',  a cluster  of 
islands  on  the  n of  Scotland,  from  w'i.icli 
they  are  separated  by  a channel,  called  the 
Pentland  Frith,  20  miles  loeg,  and  10 
broad.  The  Orcades  lie  ])e{ween  57  35  and 
61  12  N latitude,  including  both  Orkney 
and  Shetland.  The  Orkney  islands  are 
about  26  in  number,  of  which  one  greatly 
exceeds  the  others  in  extent.  This  like  the 
principal  one  of  Shetland,  is  called  the 
Mainland  : it  is  also  frequently  called  Po- 
mona. Beyond  this  island,  to  the  ne  are 
seen  among  others,  Rowsay  and  Westra, 
ShappiiiENha  and  Edda,  Stronsa,  Sanda,  and 
N Ronaldsha.  To  the  s appear  the  isles  df 
Hoy  and  S Ronaldsha,  with  some  others 
of  inferior  note.  (See  these  articles.) 
The  islands  are  divided  into  18  parishes, 
which  in  1801,  contained  24,445  inhabitants, 
and  in  1811,  23,338.  The  currents  and 
tides,  which  fiow  between  these  inlands, 
are  extremely  rapid  and  dangerous;  and, 
near  the  small  isle  of  Swinoa,  are  two 
whirlpools,  that  have  been  known  xo  snatch 
in  boats  and  light  vessels,  wliicb  were  in- 
stantly swalioYved  up.  The  strait,  called 
Pentland  Frith,'?*  \v hie* h divides  these  islands 
from  the  county  of  Caithness,  is  likewise 
very  dangerous  to  those  who  are  not  well 
acquainted  with  the  tides  and  currents; 
especially  in  passing  the  Pentland  Skerries; 
a ciuster  of  rocks  that  lie  in  the  e entrance 
of  the  frith.  On  these  rocks  a iight-hoiise 
is  erected  fer  the  guidance  of  mariners^ 
There  are  numbers  of  sheep  and  small 
black  cattle,  which  roam  wild  on  the  hills. 
Tii  3 climate  of  these  islands  is  unfavourable  ; 
aithougb  they  do  not  suffer  so  much  from 
frost  ami  snow  as  might  be  supposed  from 
their  northerly  position.  I’he  state  of  hus- 
bandry is  very  defective.  They  depend 
more  upon  tlieiv  flocks  than  then-  lields.  It 
IS  said  thtit  there  are  50  GOO  sheep  in  lire 
islands,  of  w hich  the  wool  is  excellent.  Tlio 
longest  day  in  the  Orkneys,  is  19  hours 
and  a-hdif;  tiieir  shortest  four  and  a-half. 
For  about  three  weeks  in  midsummer,  tinw 
enjoy  the  rays  of  tiie  sun  almost  witboi.t 
intermission,  but  for  the  same  space  in  win- 
ter that  luminary  scarcely  lises  above  the 
horizon,  an&  is  comne/idy  ol?seured  by 
clouds  and  mists,  tn  tiiis  gloon  y season 
tiie  absence  of  day  is  supplied  partly  by 
.moon-light,  and  partly,  by  the  radiance  of 
the  Aurora  Borealis,  which  here  emits  a 
light  nearly  equal  to  that  of  the  moon.  Tho 
inhabitams  arc  robust  and  hardy,  active^ 
A a 


ORE 

and  industrious,  and  distinguished  for  polite- 
ness and  hospitality,  but  are  much  addicted 
to  superstition,  and  will  neither  work  nor 
go  to  sea  on  unlucky  days.  The  English 
language  prevails  in  all  these  islands,  al- 
though there  are  many  words  in  the  Norse, 
or  Norwegian  language  still  in  use.  The 
principal  trade  of  these  islands  is  with  Leith, 
Hamburgh,  and  Bergen.  Their  chief  ex- 
ports are  linen  and  woollen  yarn,  stockings, 
Butter,  dried  fish,  herrings,  oil,  feathers,  and 
skins  of  various  kinds,  and  kelp.  The  real 
land  rent,  including  the  fisheries  and  kelp 
manufacture,  may  be  estimated  at  about 
180,0001.  Sterling.  The  islands  of  Orkney 
and  Shetland  constitute  one  of  the  counties 
of  Scotland,  and  send  cne  member  to  parlia- 
ment. These  islands,,  formerly  a bishopric, 
form  a sj^ned  consisting  of  four  presbyteries, 
and  29  ministers.  The  number  of  inhabi- 
tants, in  181  i,  was  46,153.  No  trees  come 
to  any  maturity  here  ; but  this  cannot  have 
been  the  case  formerly,  as  many  trunks  of 
large  oaks  are  to  be  found  in  ell  the  mosses. 

Orchies,  a town  in  the  department  of 
nSiord,  France,  12  miles  sse  of  Lisle. 

ORGHILLA,  cne  of  the  Leeward  islands, 
in  tbs  West  Indies,  situated  near  the  coast 
•of  Terra  Firma,  between  the  islands  of  Tor- 
guga  and  Rooca.  It  is  about  24  miles  long. 
Lon.  65  15  w,  lat,  1 152  n. 

OrcJiimunt,  a town  in  the  territory  of 
Luxemburg,  Netherlands,  on  the  Semoy,  18 
miless  n of  Sedan. 

Ordingeriy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Hoer,  France,  lately  of  Germany,  electo- 
jate  of  Cologne,  near  the  Rhine,  38  miles 
IJNE  of  Cologne.  - 

Ordiquhill,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Banff- 
shire, about  four  miles  long  and  three 
broad,  the  surface  of  which  is  diversified 
with  hill  and  dale,  and  the  soil  in  general 
deep,  but  cold  and  wet.  Here  are  several 
antiscorbutic  springs  formerly  much  resorted 
to.  This  is  the  birth  place  of  Mr.  'alter 
Goodall  author  of  a ‘‘defence  of  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots/^  published  in  1750.  Popu- 
lation about  500. 

Ordumui,  a city  of  Biscay,  Spain,  seated 
in  a valley  surrounded  by  lofty  mountains, 
22  miles  s of  Eilboa.  Lon.  2 50  w,  lat.  43 
55  N. 

Orehrv,  a town  of  Sweden  Proper,  capital 
of  the  province  of  Ncricia,  situated  near  the 
w'estern  extremity  of  the  lake  Hielmar. 
The  river  Swart  runs  through  it,  and  on  an 
island  formed  by  this  river,  in  the  middle  ol 
the  town,  stands  the  castle,  formerly  a royal 
residence,  and  where  the  diet  of  the  king- 
dom sometimes  assemble.  The  inhabitants 
have  manufactures  of  hard-ware,  cloth,  and 
tapestry  ; and  they  cfirry  on  a considerable 
trade  with  Stockholm,  across  the  Hielmar 
and  Maeler,  by  means  of  the  canal  of 
Arboga ; sending  iron,  vitriol, and  red-paint,  in 
particular,  lo  that  capital.  It  is  56  miles 
wsw  of  Westerns,  on<l  IttO  w of  Stockholm. 
Loii*.  15  12  lut.  59  18  lie 


o R G 

Oregrund,  a sea  port  of  Sweden,  situate! 
on  the  coast  of  Upland,  in  the  gulf  of  Both- 
nia, opposite  to  the  isle  of  Grason.  The 
harbour  is  defended  by  a mole,  46  miles  e 
of  Upsal,  and  70  n by  s of  Stockholm.  Lon. 

J 8 15  E,  lat.  60  20  N. 

OREL,  or  Orlef,  a government  of 
Russia.  Its  capital  of  the  same  name  is 
situated  between  the  Oka  or  Orlike,  and 
beyond  these  two  streams  are  the  suburbs. 
The  market-house  is  in  the  centre  of  the 
city,  and  the  shops  are  filled  with  Greek  and 
Russian  commodities.  Here  the  Oka  be- 
gins to  be  navigable,  and  the  principal  trade 
is  in  corn,  hemp,  and  glass,  207  miles  ssw 
of  Moscow.  Lon.  35  20  e,  lat  53  0 n. 

Oreliana,  a town  in  Estremadura,  Spain, 
near  the  Guadiamm,  28  miles  e of  Merida. 

Orenburg,  a town  and  fortress  of  Siberia, 
in  the  government  of  Ufa,  capital  of  a pro- 
vince of  its  name,  seated  on  the  Ural.  It  is 
a place  of  considerable  trade,  260  miles 
SSE  of  Ufa.  Lon.  55  4 e,  lat.  51  46  k. 

Orense,  an  ancient  town  of  Spain,  in 
Galicia,  famous  for  some  tepid  and  hot 
springs,  of  great  use  in  several  distempers. 
It  is  the  ancient  Aquicaldenses,  and  is  situa- 
ted at  the  foot  of  a mountain  on  the  Minho, 
and  a bishop’s  see ; 47  miles  se  of  Com- 
postello.  Lon.  7 48  w,  lat.  42  24  n. 

Ot^a,  or  Roha,  ^a  considerable  town  of 
Diarbeck,  or  Mesopotamia,  formerly  called 
Edesa  by  the  Greeks,  and  said  to  be  Ur  by 
the  Chaldees.  Its  walls  are  three  miles  in 
circuit,  defended  by  square  towers,  and  on  a 
i rocky  hill  to  the  s is  a castle.  It  formerly 
belonged  to  Persia,  but  is  now  in  the  Tur- 
kish dominions,  and  is  a place  of  very  good 
trade.  They  deal  in  carpets  of  several  sorts, 
some  of  which  are  made  here.  It  is  situated 
on  the  Scirtus,  and  has  a canal  to  the  Eu- 
phrates, 120  miles  ne  of  Aleppo,  and  85  sw 
of  Hiarbekar.  Lon.- 38  46  E,lat.  37  5 n. 

Orford,  a town  in  Suffolk,  situated  on  the 
sea  coast  tetw^een  two  channels,  governed 
by  a mayor,  and  has  a market  on  Monday. 
Formerly  the  town  was  populous,  and  much 
trade  was  carried  on  in  its  port.  In  ISOS', 
it  sent  three  ships  and  62  men  to  the  seige 
of  Calais.  The  sea  has  now  receded  from 
the  town,  and  it  is  much  gone  to  decay. 
The  church  and  the  tower  of  its  ruinous 
I castle  are  noted  sea-marks.  The  celebrat- 
ed Sin  Robert  Walpole,  was  created  earl  of 
Orford.  It  sends  two  members  to  parlia- 
ment. It  is  18  miies  e by  n of  Ipswich, 
and  83  ne  of  London. 

Orford,  a town  in  Grafton  county.  New 
Hampshire,  situated  on  the  e bank  of  Con- 
neelicat  river,  about  1 1 miles  n of  Hanover, 
and  opposite  to  Fairlee  in  Vermont.  The 
soap-rock,  which  has  the  property  of  fullers 
earth  in  cleansing  cloth  is  lound  in  its  neigh* 
bourhood  ; also  a'^orey  stone,  in  great  demand 
for  mill-stones,  395  miles  nnk  oi  Philadel- 
phia. It  contains  540  inbabit{.«nts. 

Orgwn.,  a town  in  the  province  of  Gra- 
' nadu^  Spain,  25  miles  s of  Granada. 

il  V 


O R L 

Ona,  <3i  town  in  Terra  d’Otranto,  Naples, 
wiiii  an  ancient  castle,  20  miles  e of  Ta- 
3'ento. 

Orient,  or  Port  VOriemt,  a regular  and 
baiuisome  town  in  the  department  of  Mor-  j 
bibaii,  France.  It  was  built,  in  1Y20,  by  t 
the  French  East  India  company,  who  made  | 
it  the  exclusive  mart  of  their  commerce,  j 
The  harbour  which  is  defended  by  a citadel,  i 
opposite  to  Port  Louis,  at  the  bottom  of  the  i 
same  bay,  and  is  much  frequented  by  the  1 
ships  of  the  United  States.  In  1740,  the  j 
English  failed  in  an  attempt  to  take  it.  It 
is  live  miles  from  Hennebon,  and  24  w by  n 
of  Vaunas.  Lon.  3 20  w',  lat.  47  44  s. 

Oritiuela,  a considerable  town  of  Spain,  in  i 
Valencia.  It  is  a bishop^s  see,  situated  on 
the  Segura,  has  a citadel  upon  a rock,  and 
an  university,  36  miles  n of  Carthageua,  and 
96  ssw  of  Valencia.  Lon.  1 3 w,  lat.  38 

S N. 

Or  insag,  one  of  the  smaller  of  the  He- 
brides, lying  between  the  islands  of  Boreray 
and  North  Uist. 

Orio,  a town  in  Biscay,  Spain,  ‘seated  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Orio,  eight  miles  wsw  of 
St.  Sebastian. 

ORISSA,  a province  of  the  peninsula  of 
Kindoostan.  The  districts  of  Midniapour 
in  this  province  are  subject  to  the  English 
East  India  company  ; but  all  the  rest  be- 
longs to  the  Berar  Mahrattas. 

Oristagni,  an  ancient  town  of  the  island 
of  Sardinia,  with  a good  harbour,  and  an 
arehbishop^s  see,  seated  on  the  w coast,  on 
a bciy  of  its  name,  and  but  thinly  inhabited. 
It  is  42  miles  nw  of  Cagliari.  Lon.  8 31  e, 
lat.  39  33  N. 

Orizaba,  a town  in  Tascala,  New  Spain, 
near  the  Blanco,  which  flows  to  the  lake 
Alvarado,  to  the  nw  is  the  peak  of  Orizabo, 
a volcano,  and,  after  the  Popocatepest,  the 
loftiest  mountain  in  New  Spain,  39  miles 
wsw  of  Vera  Cru^  and  68  e by  s of 
Puebla. 

Orkened,  a town  in  Schonen,  Sweden,  24 
miles  N of  Cbristianstadt. 

Orkneys.  See  Orcades^ 

Orlamunda,  a town  in  Thuringia,  Upper 
Saxony,  on  the  Saal,  opposite  the  influx  of 
the  Orla,  14  miles  wsw  of  Altenburg. 

Orlando,  a cape  on  the  n coast  of  Sicily, 
13  miles  w by  m of  Patti.  Lon.  15  4 e, 
lat.  38  14  N. 

ORLEANOIS,  a late  province  of  France, 
which  now  forms  the  department  of  Loiret. 
It  is  divided  by  the  river  Loire,  into  Upper 
and  Lower,  and  is  seated  in  a very  fertile 
country. 

Orleans,  a large,  ancient,  rich,  and  hand- 
some city  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Loiret,  and  tbe  see  of  a bishop  un- 
der the  archbishop  of  Paris.  It  stands  on 
the  Loire,  whence  it  has  a canal  to  the 
Loing,  near  Montargis.  It  was  the  capital 
of  a kingdom,  under  the  sons  of  Clovis.  In 
1428,  it  stood  a memorable  seige  against 
the  English,  which  was  raised  by  the  cel«- 


O R M 

jbi-ated  Joan  of  Arc,  called  the  Maid  of 
Orleans.  It  is  buiit  in  tbe  form  of  an  oval, 
and  is  supposed  to  contain  49,000  people- 
I The  streets  are  spacious  neat,  and  pleasant. 

! Sheep  skins,  and  stockings,  both  knit  and 
w'oven,  form  a considerable  article  of  trade. 
It  deals  aLo  in  corn,  w ine,  brandy,  and  sugar. 
The  fauxbourg  of  Paris  is  of  great  extent, 
and  that  of  Olivet,  on  the  left  side  of  the 
Loire,  communicates  wiih  the  city  by  a 
bridge  of  nine  arches.  Near  the  city  is  a 
forest  containing  04,000  acres,  planted  with 
oak,  and  other  valuable  trees,  30  miles  ne 
of  Blois,  and  60  ssw  of  Paris.  Lon.  1 39  e, 
lat.  47  34  N. 

Orleans,  Canal  of,  commences  at  the  river 
Loire,  about  two  leagues  above  Orleans, 
crosses  the  forests  of  Orleans,  and  the  plain 
which  succeeds  it,  joins  the  Loing  near  Mon- 
targis, and  passing  by  Nemours,  falls  into 
the  river  Seine,  It  is  about  34  miles  in  ex- 
tent. 

ORLEANS,  NEW,  a territory  of  North 
America,  lying  on  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  and 
including  the  mouths.of  the  Missippi,  at  tho 
se  extremity  of  Louisiana.  It  is  the  most 
populous  of  the  territoral  governments  of  tha 
ii  United  States,  and  contains  about  76,356 
inhabitants. 

Orleans,  New,  capital  of  the  territory  of 
the  same  name,  in  the  United  States,  built 
in  1720,  under  the  regency  of  the  duke  of 
Orleans,  with  the  design  of  being  the  metro- 
polis of  Louisiana,  but  the  design  proved 
abortive.  In  J788  seven-eights  of  it  were 
destroyed  by  fire,  but  it  was  rebuilt  on  a 
more  regular  plan.  It  is  fortified  on  tha 
land  side,  and  has  a canal  six  miles,  in  length, 
which  runs  n to  tbe  lake  Pontchartran.  It 
is  the  centre  of  the  commerce  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, and  all  its  branches,  and  trades  with 
Mexico  and  the  West  Indies.  In  1812,  the 
buildings  in  the  city,  the  shipping,  and  tha 
adjacent  country  suffered  greatly  by  a hurri- 
cane. It  stands  on  the  E side  of  the  e and 
main  branch  of  the  Mississippi,  80  miles  from 
its  mouth,  and  490  s of  New  Madrid,  Lon. 
89  39  w,  lat.  29  38  n. 

Orlenga,  a town  in  the  government  of 
Irkutsk,  Russia,  on  the  Lena,  235  miles 
of  Irkutsk.  Lon.  105  40  e,  lat.  36  0 n. 

Orlof,  See  Orel. 

Ormea,  a town  of  Piedmont,  on  the 
Tanaro,  12  miles  s of  Mondovi. 

Ormiston,  a small  but  fertile  parish  in 
the  w extremity  of  Haddingtonshire.  Tha 
distinguished  family  of  Cock  burn,  flourished 
long  in  this  parish,  and  produced  some  emi- 
nent lawyers  and  statesmen.  John,  who 
was  one  of  the  lords  of  the  admiralty  in  tha 
former  part  of  the  18th  century,  established 
the  first  bleachfield  in  Scotland.  The  vil- 
lage of  Ormeston  has  a starch-work,  a dis- 
tillery, and  a fair  1st  Tuesday  of  July.  At 
Ornieston-hall  is  a yew',  the  trunk  of  which 
is  11  feet  in  circumference,  and  ,23  ia 
length,  said  to  be  300  years  old.  Popula- 
tion 766. 


A a 2 


O P H 

OrmsMrk,  a town  in  Lancashire,  situated 
in  the  sw  part  of  the  county,  near  the  grand 
canal.  It  consists  of  four  regular  streets, 
Muth  a handsome  one  in  the  centre,  the  mar  •. 
ket  is  on  Tuesday.  Orm:^ki^k  has  been 
long  famous  fcr  a medicine,  said  to  be  a 
good  antidote  against  hydrophobia.  Mu  -h 
cotton  yarn  i^^  spun  here.  The  church  is 
remarkable  for  its  two  steeples,  placed  con- 
tiguous, one  ou  a tower,  the  other  a short 
spire.  In  the  church  is  the  burial  place  of 
tile  Derby  family  It  is  11  miles  N by  e 
of  Liverpool,  30  miles  s of  Lancaster,  and 
209  NNw  of  I or.don. 

Ormus,  a small  island  of  Asia,  at  the 
bottom  of  the  gulf  of  the  same  name,  at 
the  entrance  of  the  gulf  of  Persia.  It  is 
about  i2  miles  in  circuffiference,  and  seems 
to  be  a mass  of  shells,  and  rocks  thrown  up  jj 
by  some  violent  convulsajii  of  nature.  The  ij 
Portuguese  settled  here  in  L507,  and  were  j 
expelled  by  the  Persians,  aided  by  the  Eng-  jj 
lish  in  1622.  The  fort  was  then  destroyed  jj 
and  afterwards  rebuilt,  but  it  could  never 
after  be  made  a place  of  trade  as  before. 

It  is  still  the  key  ef  tne  gulf  of  Persia,  on 
account  of  its  commodious  harbour.  1 1 pro- 
duces nothing  but  salt,  which  sometimes  is 
two  inches  thick  on  the  surface  of  the  ground. 
Lon.  36  25  b,  lat.  27  29  n. 

Ornans,  a town  of  France,  hi  the  depart- 
ment of  Doubs,  on  the  Louvre,  It  is  10 
miles  SE  of  Besancon. 

ORNE,  a uepartment  of  France,  includ- 
ing the  late  province  of  Perche,  and  part  of 
that  of  Normandy.  It  takes  its  name  from 
a river,  which  falls  into  the  English  channel, 
eight  miles  below  Caen.  Aiencoii  is  the 
capital. 

Oronoko,  or  Oronoque,  one  of  the  largest 
rivers  in  S America,  remarkable  for  its  rising 
and  falling  once  a ^ ear  only.  It  has  its  source 
in  the  lake  Tpava,  in  lat.  55  n,  directs  its 
course  e and  se  to  the  lake  Parima,  from 
which  it  flows  towards  the  w,  till  it  meet 
the  Giiaviari,  when  it  turns  n and  ke  and 
E,  till  it  falls  into  the  Atlantic  by  seven  na- 
vigable mouths.  Its  whole  course  is  esti- 
mated at  1400  miles,  and  its  chief  estuary  is 
so  deep  and  impetuous,  that  it  stems  the  tide, 
and  preserves  the  freshness  of  its  water  to 
within  12  leagues  of  the  sea  ; see  Perima. 

ORONSAY,  a small  fertile  island  on  the 
w coast  of  Scotland,  one  of  the  Kebrides, 
seven  miles  w of  Jura.  See  Cclonsa. 

OpMr,  a parish  m Orkney,  Pomona  is- 
land. Scotland,  about  - ight  miles  long,  and 
from  two  to  three  broad  v/ith  a surface  di- 
versified by  hiils  and  vales,  yet  having  a 
barren  and  naked  appearance.  Population 
about  864 ; and  33  boats  einp'oyed  in  the 
fisheries.  In  ihe  parish  area  number  of  me- 
dicinal springs,  one  at  Scorisdale  is  a pure 
chalybeate.  AtObabrnany  oi  the  ancient 
Danish  counts  resided.  The  island  of  Cova, 
eoniaining  about  20  inhabitautr,  is  included 
in  the  parish  ; but  neither  rat  i.(it  iiKnise, 
will  live  in  it. 


o R T 

Oropesa,  a town  in  old  Castile,  Spain,  .5 
miles  ESE  of  Placentia,  and  63  w of  To- 
ledo. 

OropesHy  a town  in  Valencia,  Spain,  wn’th 
a castle,  on  a cape  of  its  name,  in  the  Me- 
diterranean, 55  miles  nne  of  Valencia. 
Lon,  0 5 E,  lat.  40  8 n. 

Oropesa  in  Peru;  See  Cochabamha. 

Orr,  or  fJn’,  a parish  in  Kircudbrightshirp, 
Scotland,  about  19  miles  long  and  six  broad  ; 
bounded  on  the  w by  the  water  of  Orr.  The 
soil  is  in  general  capable  of  cultivation,  and 
part  of  it  well  improved.  It  exports  oats, 
barley,  and  black  cattle.  Here  are  the 
ruins  of  several  chapels,  and  many  tomb 
.stones  of  martyrs  who  suffered  in  the  reign 
of  Charles  IL  At  Kedcasile  is  a huge  gra- 
nite obelisk.  There  are  several  fortifted 
camps.  The  moat  of  Urr,  w ithin  half  a 
mile  of  the  church,  on,  the  banks  of  the  ri- 
ver, is  one  of  the  largest  in  Scotland.  In 
the  parish  are  .several  thriving  villages,  a 
number  of  the  inhabitants  are  Roman  Ca- 
tholics. Population  about  1700. 

Orvy  or  Urr,  a river  in  Kircudbrightshire, 
w'^hich  issues  from  a lake  of  the  same  name 
on  the  borders  of  the  parishes  of  Glencairn, 
Dunscore,  Balmaclellan,  Ballingry.  The 
lake  is  about  three  miles  in  circuit,  and  in 
some  places  nine  fathoms  deep.  The  river 
is  navigable  to  the  village  of  Dalbeaty. 

OrVy  a small  river  in  Fifeshire,  Scotland, 
which  rises  in  the  parish  of  Beath,  and  after 
an  easterly  course  of  about  15  miles  falls 
into  the  Leven,  three  miles  from  its  mouth. 

Orringtony  a plantation  in  Hancock  coun- 
ty, district  of  Maine,  ou  the  e side  of  Penob- 
scott  river,  256  miles  nne  of  Boston,  with 
about  500  inhabitants. 

Orsha,  a town  in  the  government  of  Mo- 
hilef,  Lithuania,  w ith  a castle,  on  the  Dnie- 
per, 42  miles  n of  Mohilef. 

Orsova,  a town  in  the  bannat  of  Temes- 
W'ar,  on  the  n side  of  the  Danube,  almost 
opposite  Belgrade,  subject  to  the  Turks. 
The  fortress  was  besieged  by  the  A.iistrians 
in  1790  ; it  is  60  miles  se  of  Temeswar,  and 
75  E of  Belgrade.  Lon.  22  40  e,  lat.  45 

10  N. 

Orsoij,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Roer,  France,  late  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy 
of  Cleves.  Before  the  w^ar,  it  belonged  to 
the  king  of  Prussia.  It  is  20  miles  se  of 
Cleves. 

Orta,  a towm  in  the  late  Roman  republic, 
Italy,  and  department  of  Cmiino,  situated  on 
the  Tiber,  30  miles  n of  Rome. 

Orta,  a town  in  the  Milanese,  Italy  on  a 
lake  of  its  name,  26  miles  nnw  of  Novaro, 
Ortegal,  a cape  and  castle  on  the  n coast 
of  Galicia,  Spain,  30  miles  nxe  of  Ferrol. 
Lon.  7 39  w^,  lat.  43  46  n. 

Ortenauy  a territory  of  Suabia,  ceded  to 
! the  duke  of  Modena  in  1962,  in  lieu  of  the 
Modenese,  alienated  to  France. 

Orienherg,  a town  in  Walter  a via,  Ger- 
many. has  castle,  ou  the  Nidder,  17  miles 
SE  of  Gie-eii. 


o s c 

Ortenlmrg,  a town  and  citadel  in  a conn-  i 

of  the  same  name,  Bavaria,  near  the  Vils,  I 
ten  miles  w of  Passaii.  , I 

Orterihurg  a town  in  Carinlhia,  Germany, 
s bank  of  the  Drave,  opposite  the  junction  of 
the  Liser,  SZ  miles  w of  Clagenfurt. 

Ortiit'Zy  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Lower  Pyrenees,  France,  situated  on  the 
declivity  of  a hiii,  on  the  Gave-de-Pau,  20 
miles  Kw  of  Pail. 

Olsten,  Si  town  in  Westmoreland,  England, 
with  a market  on  Wednesday.  In  the  vici-  ' 
nity  are  extensive  morasses,  anil  o#  the  ne 
or  the  town,  is  a high  rock  called  Orton 
Scar.  Heie  are  two  good  freeschoo»s,  i2 
miles  sw  of  Appleby,  270  knw  of  London. 

Ortona  a May's,  Si  town  in  Abruzzo  Citra, 
on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  13  miles  e of  Civita 
di  Chieti. 

Orh'and,  a towm  in  Misnia,  Upper  Saxony, 
on  the  frontiers  of  Lusatia,  16  miles  me  of 
Aleissen. 

Oi'tza,  a town  of  Lithuania,  in  the  palati- 
nate of  Wkepsk,  with  a castle,  situated  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Oresa  and  Dnieper, 
50  miles  w of  Smolensko. 

ORUA,  ORUBO,  or  x4piUba,  the  most 
westerly  of  the  Caribbee  islands,  in  the  West 
Indies,  called  by  the  Spaniards  Sottovento. 
Lon.  00  3 w,  lat.  12  3 n. 

Oruro,  capital  of  a jurisdiction  of  its 
name,  in  the  audianoe  of  Charcas,  Peru. 
The  country  abounds  in  cattle ; and  gold 
and  silver  mines,  L50  miles  nw  of  Plata, 
Lon.  08  30  w,  lat.  IS  iO  s. 

Orvieto,  a town  in  the  late  Roman  Re- 
public, Italy,  and  department  of  Ciitumno, 
and  pc.trimony  of  St.  Peter,  a bishop^s  see, 
with  d tine  Gothic  cathedral,  and  a magni- 
fleent  palace.  It  is  situated  on  a craggy 
rock,  near  the  junction  of  the  Paglia,  and 
Chirna,  50  miles  nnw  of  Rome.  Lon.  12 
20  E,  lat.  42  42  n. 

Onsell,  a parish  in  Kinross-shire,  about 
six  miles  long  and  five  broad.  The  soil  is 
generixLy  fr  i dle,  and  a great  part  of  it  in- 
closed. viliege  of  Milnathort, m which 

the  oiiureii  i rituaieH,  sometimes  gives  name 
to  the  parish.  Poj  ulatlon  Pvbove  2000.  In 
this  parish  are  the  ruins  of  i be  old  castle  of* 
Burleigh,  form/rly  the  residence  of  lord  Bur- 
leigh. 1)1  the  parish  is  a large  distillery. 

Orwell,  a river  of  Suflolk,  wdneh,  rising 
in  the  middle  of  the  county,  runs  se  by  Ips- 
wich, and  uniting  with  the  stour  from  Man- 
ningtree,  forms  the  fine  harbour  of  Harwich. 
Above  Ipswich  it  is  called  the  Gipping. 

Os,  or  Oss,  a town  ol  Holland,  in  the  late  j 
Republican  department  of  Dommel  and 
Scheldt,  ten  miles  ne  of  Bois-ie-duc. 

Osaca,  a large  and  handsome  city  of  Ja- 
pan, in  the  island  of  Nipphon,  defended  by  a 
magnificent  castle,  seated  on  the  Jadogawe, 
over  which^are  several  bridges  of  cedar.  It 
has  a fine  harbour,  and  is  one  of  the  most 
populous  trading  places  of  that  island. 
Lon.  1 33  1.3  e,  lat.  35  20  n. 

Oscliatz,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  : 


O S R 

nia,  with  a college,  and  some  manufactures 
of  cloth.  It  is  situated  on  the  Chemnit, 
16  mi!es  nw  of  Meissen. 

O.SENEY  ISLAND,  an  island  in  the  mea- 
dows, near  Oxford,  formed  by  the  river  Ises, 
in  which  were  formerly  a royal  palace,  and 
a magnificent  abbey. 

OSERO,  OR  0,SORO,  an  island  in  the 
gulf  of  Venice,  with  Cherso  to  the  n to 
which  it  is  joined  by  a bridge.  The  capital 
is  of  the  same  name.  Lon.  15  30  e,  lat.  45  n. 

OSEY  ISLAND,  in  Black  water  bay, 
near  Malden,  in  Essex.  It  is  in  the  parish 
of  Great  Totham  ; and  here  the  coal-ships 
for  Malden  unload.  Here  are  immense 
quantities  of  wild  fowl  at  certain  seasons. 

Oshmiana  ; See  Oszmiana, 

Osiot ; See  Siout. 

Osimo,  an  ancient  town  in  the  Inte  Ro- 
man republic,  and  department  of  Aletauro, 
and  marquisite  of  Ancona,  Italy.  It  is  si- 
tuated on  the  Musoiie,  12  miles  ssw  of  An- 
cona, and  MO  N of  Rome. 

Osma,  a town  in  old  Castile,  Spain,  a 
bishop’s  see,  with  an  university.  It  stands 
on  the  Douero,  and  is  almost  in  ruins.  The 
cathedral  and  Episcopal  palace  are  at  Borgo 
d’ Osma,  a little  to  the  e ; 112  miles  ene  of 
Madrid.  Lon.  2 52  w,  lat.  41  50  n. 

Osnahurg,  a town  of  Westphalia,  capital 
of  a bishopric  of  the  same  name,  with  aa 
university,  and  a castle.  Here,  in  1648,  a 
treaty  of  peace  in  favour  of  the  protestants, 
was  concluded  between  Germany,  and  Swe- 
den. The  magistrates  are  Lutherans,  and 
the  protestants  and  Catholics  have  each  two 
churches.  It  is  situated  on  the  Haze,  25 
miles  ne  of  Munster,  and  75  w of  Hanover. 
Lon.  7 45  e,  lat.  52  18  n. 

OSNABURG,  a bishopric  and  province 
of  Westphalia,  40  miles  in  length,  and  30 
in  breadth,  situated  between  the  bishoprio 
of  Munster,  the  counties  of  Ravensburg, 
Tecklenburg,  Liiigen,  and  Diepboltz,  and 
the  principality  of  Minden.  It  is  divided 
into  seven  bailiwicks.  Frederick,  duke  of 
York,  his  Majesty’s  second  son,  is  the  pre- 
sent bishop,  and  was  elected  to  this  dignity 
in  November  1763,  4^hen  only  three  months 
old.  In  J802,  this  principality  was  given 
to  the  Elector  of  Hanover,  and  in  1807,  by 
the  treaty  of  Tilsit,  it  was  annexed  toV/est- 
jjhalia.  It  produces  corn  and  flax,  and 
plenty  of  Turf,  coal,  and  marble.  The  most 
beneficial  manufacture  is  a coarse  kind  of 
linen,  which  is  exported  to  distant  parts. 

Gb'NABURG,  an  island  in  the  s Pacifio 
ocean.  It  is  called  Miatea  by  the  natives, 
it  was  discovered  and  named  by  captian 
MTallis  in  1767,  also  another  in  the  same 
sea,  discovered  by  captain  Carteret. 
Lon.  141  34  w,  lat.  22  0 s. 

Osorno,  a town  of  Chili,  situated  on  Rio 
Bueno,  in  a territory  containing  mines  of 
gold,  80  miles  s of  Valdivia.  Lon.  73  20  w,  ‘ 
iat.  40  58  s. 

Osrushna,  a town  in  Turkeston,  western 
Tartary,  capital  of  a province  of  its  name^ 


O S T 


G S W 


5^0  Miles  NNE  of  Samarcand,  and  260  s of  j 
Taraz.  Lon.  60  20  e,  lat.  40  40  n. 

OSSET  I,  the  country  of  the  Ossi,  or  Os-  | 
SETT,  one  of  the  seven  Caucassian  nations,  i 
It  is  fertile;  and  contains  19  districts,  of 
which  one  is  subject  to  Imeritia,  and  tue  ^ 
others  to  Georgia,  these  districts  are  very  un-  | 
equal  in  size,  some  containing  five,  and  | 
others  dO  villages,  each  of  which  comprize  | 
from  20  to  100  families.  Their  language  i 
has  some  analogy  with  that  of  the  Persian  ; i 
hut  their  history  is  entirely  unknown.  The  j 
Tartars  and  Circassians  call  them  Kusha.  | 

Ossipee,  or  Osapy,  a town,  mountain,  and  |i 
pond, in  Stafford  county,NewHampshire,  near  j[ 
the  E line  of  the  state,  containing  339  inhabi-  j 

tants.  I 

OssnoMan,  or  Assenohoyne  Indians,  a , 
tribe  about  the  source  of  Ossnobian  or  As- 
seneboyne  river,  far  w of  Lake  Superior.  , 
The  Ossnobians  have  no  permanent  place  of 
abode,  but  live  wholly  in  tents,  made  of  buf-  j 
faloe  and  other  hides,  with  which  they  tra- 
vel from  one  place  to  another,  like  the 
Arabs. 

Ossory,  the  w division  of  Queen  s county, 
Ireland.  It  gives  name  to  a bishopric,  but 
the  cathedral  is  now  at  Irishtown,  in  the  , 
county  of  Kilkenny. 

Ossana,  an  ancient  and  considerable  town  j 
in  Andalusia,  Spain,  with  an  university.  It 
has  a fountain  in  the  middle  which  supplies 
the  inhabitants  with  water,  while  the  coun- 
try for  eight  miles  round  is  totally  deprived 
of  that  essential  article,  50  miles  e by  n of 
Seville.  Lon.  5 8 w,  lat.  37  22n. 

Ostalric,di  town  of  Catalonia,  Spain,  on 
the  Tordera.  In  1695, the  French  took  and 
destroyed  its  strong  castle.  It  is  28  miles  ne 
of  Barcelona. 

Ostend,  a large  and  populous  seaport,  in 
Austrian  Flanders,  lately  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lys.  It  sustained  a siege 
agaiiist  the  Spaniards,  from  July  1601,  to 
Sept.  1604,  when  it  surrendered  on  the  most 
honourable  terms.  Ou  the  demise  of  Charles 
II.  of  Spain,  Ostend  was  taken  by  the 
French,  but  after  the  battle  of  Ramilics,  in 
1706,  it  was  retaken  by  the  allies.  It  fell 
again  into  the  hands  of  the  French,  in  1745, 
but  was  restored  in  1748.  In  the  war  of 
1756,  the  French  garrisoned  this  town  for 
the  empress  queen,  Maria  Tneresa.  Ihe 
French  again  took  Ostend  in  1792,  evacua- 
ted it  in  1793,  repossessed  it  in  1794.  In 
1798,  the  English  landed  and  destroyed  the 
wmrks  of  the  Bruges  canal,  but  the  wind 
shifting  they  could  not  effect  their  re-em- 
barkation, were  obliged  to  surrender  to  the 
French.  It  is  situated  in  a marshy  soil, 
among  a number  of  canals,  and  almost  sur- 
rounded by  two  of  the  largest,  into  which 
ships  of  great  burden  may  enter  with  the 
tide.  Ostend  is  ten  miles  w of  Bruges,  and 
22  NE  of  Dunkirk.  Lon.  2 56  e,  lat.  al 

14  N.  ^ , 

Osterby,  a town  in  Upland,  Sweden,  near 
it  is  the  iron  mine  of  Danuemora,  the  most 


celebrated  in  Sweden.  It  has  smelting 
houses  and  forges,  30  miles  nne  of  Up- 
sal. 

Osterliofen,  a town  of  Lower  Bavaria, 
on  the  Danube,  20  miles  wnw  of  Passau. 

Osteracli,  or  Ostrach,  a town,  river,  and 
valley  of  Suabia,  near  Mengen. 

Osterode,  a mine  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
in  the  principality  of  Grubenhagen.  Here 
is  a manufacture  of  woollen  stuff’s,  also  a 
magazine  for  corn,  to  supply  the  miners  of 
of  Harz  forest  at  a fixed  price.  It  is  seated 
on  the  S^al^lS  miles  nne  of  Gottingen. 

Osttrwick,  a town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
the  principality  of  Halherstadt.  It  has 
good  woollen  manufactures,  and  is  situated 
on  the  Use,  17  miles  w by  n of  Halber- 
stadt. 

Osterode,  a town  with  a castle,  on  the 
Dribentz,  W Prussia,  46  miles  se  of  Marien- 
burg. 

Ostersund,  capital  of  Jempta,  Sweden, 
on  the  E side  of  the  lake  Storsio,  76  miles 
sw  of  SundswakL  Lon.  16  10  e,  l^t.  63  10  n. 

Osthammar,  a town  in  Upland,  Sweden, 
seated  on  a rocky  island,  with  a harbour 
which  is  now  incommodious,  36  miles  ne 
of  Upsal. 

Ostia,  an  ancient  and  celebrated  town, 
in  the  Carapagna  of  Rome,  Italy,  included 
in  the  late  Roman  republic.  It  is  situated 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber,  which  is  now  so 
shallow  that  the  harbour  is  ruined.  It  is 
the  see  of  a bishop  who  resides  at  Veletri. 
The  Saracens  demolished  the  old  town,  and 
the  new  consists  only  of  the  cathedral  and 
a few  mean  houses,  12  miles  sw  of  Rome. 

Ostiglia,  a towui  in  the  Mantuan,  Italy, 
on  the  Po,  15  miles  e of  Mantua. 

Ostinghausen,  a town  in  the  auchy  of 
Westphalia,  on  the  Alst,  eight  miles  w of 
Lipstadt. 

Oslrog,  a town  in  Volhynia,  Poland,  near 
the  river  Horin,  44  miles  nnw  of  Constan- 
tino w. 

Ostron,  a town  in  the  palatinate  of  Mas- 
sovia,  Poland,  on  the  Bug,  75  miles  ene  of 
Warsaw. 

Ostrogothia,  the  name  of  the  eastern  part 
of  Gothland,  in  Sweden. 

Ostuni,  a town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  d" 
Otranto,  situated  on  a mountain  near  the 
gulf  of  Venice,  16  miles  \vnw  of  Brindisi. 

Oswald,  St,  a village  in  Northumberland, 
England,  on  the  Picts^  wall,  four  miles  n 
of  Hexham.  Here  Cedwall  a British  usur- 
per was  defeated,  and  killed  by  Oswald,  who 
in  commemoration  of  this  victory  set  up  the 
first  cross  in  the  kingdom  of  Northumber- 
land. 

Oswego,  a fortress  e of  the  mouth  of  a 
river,  oi  its  name,  more  frequently  called 
Onondago  and  se  of  lake  Ontario,  in  Ion. 
76  30  w',  lat.  43  23  n.  It  was  taken  by 
the  British  in  1756  from  the  French,  and 
was  delivered  by  the  United  Stales  in  J796, 
and  is  about  120  miles  e by  n of  Niagara, 

and  130  wnw  of  Albany. 

■ 


OTA 

Osweiczeny  a town  in  Cracovia,  Poland. 
It  has  a great  trade  in  salt ; and  is  situated 
on  the  Vistula,  35  miles  w of  Cracow. 

Oswestry,  a town  in  Shropshire,  England, 
situated  near  the  head  of  a small  river.  It 
is  an  ancient  town,  (formerly  a borough,) 
and  is  still  governed  by  a mayor,  12  aider- 
men,  15  common-council  men,  &c.  The 
quarter  sessions  are  held  in  this  towm  on 
Fridays  after  Epiphany,  Easter,  Thomas-a- 
Becket,  and  Michaelmas.  Oswestry  has 
some  trade  from  Wales,  in  flannels,  a mar- 
ket on  Wednesday,  and  four  annual  fairs. 
The  chief  trade  is  in  w'oollen  articles.  It 
is  18  miles  nw  of  Shrewsbury,  and  179  from  | 
London. 

Osyth,  St,  a village  in  Essex,  v>^ith  the 
remains  of  an  ancient  monastery.  It  is  si- 
tuated near  the  sea,  nine  miles  se  of  Col- 
chester. 

Oszmiana,  or  OsJimiana,  a town  in  the 
palatinate  of  Wilna,  Lithuania,  on  the  Ber- 
ezina, 32  miles  se  of  Wilna. 

OTABALO,  a jurisdiction  in  the  province 
©f  Quito,  joined  on  the  s to  that  of  San  Mi- 
guel de  Ibarra. 

Otaholo,  the  principal  village  of  the  above 
jurisdiction.  It  is  large  and  populous,  and 
said  to  contain  18,000,  or  20,000  souls, 
among  whom  is  a considerable  number  of 
Spaniards. 

OTAHA,  one  of  the  Society  islands,  in 
the  South  Pacific  ocean,  whose  n end  is  in 
lat.  16  33  s,  and  Ion.  151  20  w.  It  is  to 
the  N of  Ulitea,  from  which  it  is  separated 
by  a strait,  which,  where  narrowest  is  not 
above  two  miles  over.  It  is  less  fertile  than 
Ulitea,  but  has  two  good  harbours. 

OTAHEITEE,  the  Sagittaria  of  Quiros, 
who  first  discovered  it  in  1606,  one  of  the 
Society  islands,  in  the  South  Sea.  Captain 
Wallis  visited  it  in  1767.  Captain  Cook 
came  hither  in  1768,  to  observe  the  transit 
of  Venus,  and  visited  it  twice  afterwards. 
It  consists  of  two  peninsulas,  connected  by 
a low’  neck  of  land,  about  two  miles  over  ; 
the  circumference  cf  both  is  more  than  90 
miles.  The  w’hoie  island  is  surrounded  by 
a reef  of  coral  rocks,  within  which  the 
shore  forms  several  excellent  bays  and  har- 
bours, where  there  is  room  and  depth  of 
w’ater  for  any  number  of  the  largest  ships. 
The  face  of  the  country  is  very  uneven ; it 
rises  iu  ridges  that  run  up  into  the  middle  of 
the  island,  and  there  form  mountains,  that 
may  be  seen  at  the  distance  of  60  miles. 
Between  these  ridges  and  the  sea  is  a border 
of  lov/  land,  extending  along  all  the  coast, 
except  in  a few  places.  There  are  several 
rivers  much  larger  than  could  be  expected 
from  the  extent  of  the  island.  The  soil  is 
extremely  rich  and  fertib?,  watered  by  a 
great  number  of  ri  vulets  of  excellent  water, 
and  covered  with  fruit  trees  of  various  kinds. 
The  low  lands  between  the  foot  of  the  ridges 
and  the  sea,  and  some  of  the  interjacent  val- 
leys, are  the  only  parts  of  the  island  that 
are  inhabited.  Here  indeed  it  is  populgus,  j 


o T E 

The  bouses  have  a roof,  without  w’alls,  and 
do  not  form  villages  or  towms,  but  are  ran- 
ged along  the  whole  border,  at  the  distance 
of  about  50  yards  from  each  other.  When 
the  island  was  first  discovered,  hogs,  dogs, 
and  poultry,  were  the  only  tame  animals : 
ducks,  pigeons,  paroquets,  with  a few  other 
birds  and  rats,  the  only  wild  animals.  In 
1777,  the  stock  of  new  animals  received 
the  important  additions  of  a turkey  cock 
and  hen  ; a peacock  and  hen  ; a gander  and 
three  geese ; a drake  and  four  ducks  ; a 
horse  and  a mare ; a bull  and  three  cow’s. 
A bull  and  a ram  had  been  also  left  by  the 
j Spaniards.  Here  are  no  beasts  of  prey,  or 
noxious  reptiles.  The  vegetable  produc- 
tions are  bread  fruit,  cocoa-nuts,  bannanas 
of  13  sorts,  and  all  excellent ; plantains,  a 
fruit  resembling  an  apple,  sweet  potatoes, 
yams,  end  cocoas.  The  people  exceed  the 
middle  size  of  Europeans  in  stature.  In 
! their  dispositions,  they  are  brave,  open,  and 
generous,  without  either  suspicion  or  trea- 
chery ; except  a few  traces  of  natural  cun- 
ning, they  possess  the  most  perfect  simpli- 
city of  character.  Their  passions  are  the 
genuine  effusions  of  the  heart.  Their  lan- 
guage is  soft  and  melodious  ; it  abounds 
with  vowels,  and  is  easily  pronounced.  It 
is  rich  in  beautiful  and  figurative  expres- 
sions. They  wear  a piece  of  cloth  round 
the  middle,  and  another  wrapped  round  the 
head  like  a turban.  The  women  wear  a 
piece  of  cloth  with  a hole  in  the  middle, 
through  which  they  pass  their  heads,  so  that 
one  part  of  it  hangs  down  to  the  knees  be- 
fore, and  the  other  behind.  A fine  white 
cloth  like  muslin,  passes  over  this  in  various 
elegant  turns  round  the  body,  a little  below 
the  breast,  forminga  kind  of  tunic,  of  which 
one  turn  sometimes  falls  gracefully  across 
the  shoulder.  Long  nails  are  esteemed  a 
mark  of  distinction  among  them,  as  among 
the  Chinese.  Nothing  can  exceed  their 
agility  in  swimming,  diving,  and  climbing 
trees.  The  tw’o  peninsulas  formerly  made 
but  one  kingdom.  They  are  now  divided 
into  two,  under  the  names  of  Oupareanou,  or 
Otaheitenooe,and  Tirabou  ; although  Otoor 
the  sovereign  of  the  former,  still  possesses  a 
nominal  superiority  over  the  latter,  and  is 
styled  king  of  the  whole  island.  These 
kingdoms  are  subdivided  into  districts,  each 
with  its  respective  chief.  The  number  of 
inhabitants,  in  1774,  was  estimated  by  cap- 
tain Cook  at  204,000.  Otaheitee  alone  is 
supposed  able  to  .send  out  1720  war  canoes, 
and  68,000  able  men.  The  chief  of  each 
district  superintends  the  equipping  of  the 
fleet  in  that  distrtict ; but  they  must  all  pass 
j ill  review^  before  the  king,  so  that  he  knows 
the  state’of  the  whole  before  they  assemble 
to  go  on  service.  Port  Venus  at  the  n end 
lies  in  about  17  40  s lat.  and  140  36  w Ion. 

Oteeavanooa,  a large  and  spacious  har- 
bour and  bay  on  the  sw  coast  of  Bolabola, 
one  of  the  Society  islaads.  Lon.  1.>1  43 
■ lai.  16  30  s, 


I 


O T T 


O U D 


Otleif,  a town  in  the  West  Ridings  of  York-  ! 
^shire,  England,  situated  on  the  Wharf,  under  ! 
a craggy  cliff.  It  has  a well  supplied  | 
weekly  market  on  Friday,  and  two  annual 
fairs.  In  the  church  are  some  fine  old  mo- 
;numents.  It  is  25  miles  w of  York,  and 
203  NNW  of  London. 

Otoque,  an  island  on  the  w coast  of  New 
Mexico,  situated  in  the  bay  of  Panama,  17 
leagues  s of  the  city  of  that  name.  Lon. 
80  10  w,  lat.  8 10  N. 

OTRANTO,  or  Terra  d’OtrantOy  a pro- 
vince of  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  bounded  on 
the  N by  Terra  di  Bari,  find  on  all  other  I 
parts  by  the  sea,  70  miles  long  emd  30  broad.  | 
The  surface  is  mountainous,  but  it  abounds  | 
in  wine,  figs,  and  olives.  The  country  is  j 
often  visited  by  locusts.  Hero  is  the  spider 
called  the  Tarantula , whose  bite  is  venom-  ! 
ous.  See  Lecce.  j 

Otranto,  a strong  city  of  Naples  capital 
of  Terra  d^Otranto.  It  is  a large,  hand- 
• some  place,  with  a commodious  harbour, 
a citadel,  and  is  an  archbisbop^s  see.  It 
is  situated  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  and  has  a 
considerable  trade,  37  miles  se  of  Brindisi, 
60  SE  of  Tarento,  and  140  ss  of  Bari. 
Lon.  18  33  e,  lat.  40  20  n. 

Otrar,  a town  in  Turkestan,  West  Tar- 
tary,  near  the  river  ’Sirr,  70  miles  wsw  of 
Taraz. 

Otrieoli,  a town  in  the  late  republican  de- 
partment of  Clitumno,  and  duchy  of  Spo-  | 
lotto,  Italy,  situated  on  a hill,  two  miles  : 
from  the  Tiber,  and  32  n of  Rome. 

OTSEGO,  a county  of  New  York,  on  ! 
the  s side  of  Mohawk  river,  opposite  tiie  j 
German  Flats,  in  which  is  a lake  of  the  j 
same  name,  nine  miles  long  and  two  broad.  ; 
Its  outlet,  at  Cooperstown,  is  the  e branch  1 
of  the  Sus(}uebannah.  i 

OETAW^AS,  an  Indian  nation  in  the  nw  | 
territory,  21  miles  from  Michiiimakinack.  j 
Ottendorf,  a town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  ! 
the  duchy  of  Bremen,  has  a castle  nea.r  the 
/mouth  of  the  Aleden,  27  miles  nw  of  Stade.  ' 
Ottenheim,  a town  of  Austria , n side  of 
the  Danube,  five  miles  wnw  of  Lintz. 

OTTENW^ALD,  a small  territory  in  the  ] 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine.  ! 

Otterburg,  a town  in  the  department  of  ! 
Mont  .Tonnere,  France,  lately  of  Germany,  ! 
in  the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  five  miles  n i 
of  Kayserslautern.  I 

Otterburn,  a village  in  Northumberland,  | 
on  the  Reed,  famous  in  history  for  a battle  i 
fought  near  it,  July  1 8th.  13S8,  between  the 
^cots  vnjder  Douglas,  and  the  English  under 
Piercy,  the  celebrated  Hotspu^  in  which 
the  latter,  though  greatly  superior  in  num- 
bers, were  totally  defeated,  and  their  gal- 
lant leader  taken  prisoner,  but  ilie  brave 
Douglas  was  killed.  This  Ixxitle  is  celebra- 
ted in  the  anoient  ballads  of  Cheviot  Chase, 
and  Otterburn.  The  intrenchnients  are  still 
visible,  and  many  tumuli  covering  the 
.of  herpes  who  where  slain,  are 


! scattered  over  the  ground,  21  mfles  w of 
Morpeth. 

Ofrersherg,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Bre- 
men, Vfestphalia,  has  a fort  17  miles  ne  of 
Bremen. 

Ottery,  or  Otterg  St  Mary,  a town  in 
Devonshire,  situated  on  the  small  river  Ot- 
ter. It  is  a large  irregular  town,  and  has  a 
large  church,  with  two  square  towers. 
The  manufacliires  are  flannels,  serges,  cfec. 
It  has  a market  on  Tuesday,  and  three  an- 
nual fairs,  is  10  miles  E of  Exeter,  and  161 
w by  s of  London. 

Ottmachfiu,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Niesse,  Silesia,  with  an  ancient  castle.  It 
stands  on  the  river  Niesse,  seven  miles  w ’uy 
s of  Niesse. 

Ottone,  a town  in  the  territory  of  Genoa, 
21  miles  ne  of  Genoa. 

Ortweiler,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Sarre,  France,  capital  of  a Late  lordship 
of  Germany,  in  the  late  circle  of  the  Upper 
Rhine,  with  an  ancient  castle,  13  miles  nne 
Sarrbruck. 

Ouanaminfhe,  a parish  and  village  on  the 
N side  of  the  island  of  Hispaniola. 

• OUBY,  one  of  the  Molucca  islands,  s of 
Gilclp,  abounding  in  clove  trees,  and  subject 
to  the  Sultan  of  Bachian.  A small  fort  on 
the  w side  belongs  to  the  Dutch.  Lon.  126 
30  E,  lat.  I 30  s. 

OUDE,  a soubah,  or  province  of  Hin- 
doostan  Proper,  subject  to  a Nabob,  whose 
■ dominions  lie  on  both  sides  of  the  Ganges. 
The  dimensions  ofOudeand  its  dependencies 
are  estimated  at  300  miles  in  length,  from 
E to  w,  and  in  breadth  from  150  to  ISO. 
It  occupies  ail  the  flat  country  between  the 
Ganges'  and  the  mountains,  except  Ram- 
pour,  and  also  the  tract  between  the  Ganges 
and- Jumna,  known  by  the  name  of  Dooab, 
to  within 40  miles  of  the  city  of  Delhi.  The 
nabob  is  in  alliance  with  the  British.  The 
capital  is  Lucknow. 

Oude,  a decayed  city  in  the  province  of 
Oude,  Hindoostan,  1200  years  before  the 
Christian  era  it  was  the  capital  of  a great 
kingdom.  In  the  Mahaberat,  a Hindoo 
work  in  Sanscrit,  it  is  called  Adjudiah.  No 
j traces  of  its  ancient  greatness  remain.  It  is 
a great  resort  of  pilgrims  from  ail  parts  of 
India,  amd  stands  on  the  Gogra,  near 
I Fyzabad. 

i Jhidenurd,  a rich  town  in  Austrian 
j Flanders,  on  both  sides  of  the  Scheldt,  with 
j a fort  in  the  centre.  They  have  a manu- 
l faeture  of  very  flue  linen,  and  of  curious 
! tapestry.  In  ITO^,  it  was  besieged  by  the 
French,  who  were  totally  rented  by  the 
duke  of  Marlborough,  In  1743,  it  was 
taken  by  the  French,  and  restorer!  at  the 
' peace  ol  1748.  In  1794,  it  surrendered 
again  to  the  French.  D is  12  miles  s of 
Ghent,  and  27  vv  of  Brussels. 

Oiidenburg,  a towm  in  Flanders,  Nether- 
lands, eight  miles  se  of  Osteiid. 

J Oud&nwater,  a fortified  town  of  South 

( 

1 

a 


O U L 


Holland,  seated  on  the  little  Yssel.  It  is  l 
the  birth  place  of  the  famous  James  Armi- 
niiis ; 10  miles  wsw  of  Utrecht. 

OUDIPOUR,  Cheitore,  or  Meywar, 
a territory  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  province 
of  Ag'imere,  belonoin^  to  the  Raiptxns, 
about  100  miles  in  length,  and  nearly  as 
much  in  breadth.  This  country  consists  of 
high  mountains  or  plains,  at  present  tribu- 
tary to  the  Mahrattas.  It  lies  on  the 
Pudda,  between  lat.  24  deg.  and  28  deg.  n. 

Oudipour,  a city  of  Hindoostan,  capital 
of  a territory  of  its  name,  134  miles  ssw  of 
Agimere.  Lon.  74  41  e,  lat.  24  42  n. 

Ouentcheouy  a city  of  the  first  rank  in 
Tehekian,  China,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  a 
river,  with  a good  harbour,  300  miles  sse 
of  Nanking.  Lon.  121  10  e,  lat.  28  2 n. 

Ouera,  one  of  the  Navigators^  islands,  in 
the  South  Pacific  ocean. 

OVERFLACKEE,  an  island  of  Holland, 
betw'een  the  mouths  of  the  Maese.  Melisand 
is  the  capital,  but  Sommerdyck  is  the  princi- 
pal town. 

Overysche,  a town  in  Brabant,  Nether- 
lands, on  the  Ysche,  six  miles  ne  of  Brussels. 

OVERYSSEL,  one  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces. It  is  divided  into  three  (Jistinct 
parts,  which  are  the  territories  of  Drent, 
Twent,  and  Salland.  There  are  many 
morasses  in  the  province,  but  few  inhabi- 
tants, in  comparison  with  the  rest.  Its 
greatest  source  of  emolument  consists  in 
turf  dug  up  and  sent  to  the  other  provinces. 
Deventer  was  the  capital. 


Ougeirif  a town  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
in  the  province  of  Malwa,  capital  of  Mada- 
jee  Sindia,  one  of  the  western  Mahratta 
chiefs.  It  is  surrounded  by  a strong  wall,  I 
with  round  towers,  and  is  six  miles  in  cir-  j 
cuit.  It  has  a modern  palace,  four  mosques,  I 
and  several  Hindoo  temples.  It  stands  on  j 
the  Sippara,  which  falls  into  the  Chumbal,  j 
150  miles  x by  w'  of  Burhanpour.  Lon.  75 
58  E,  lat.  23  28  x. 

Ovidopoly  a towm  in  the  government  of 
Catherinenslaf,  Russia,  seated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Dniester.  In  digging  the  foundation 
of  the  fort,  in  1795,  an  antique  tomb  was 
discovered,  supposed  to  be  that  of  Ovid, 
which  was  the  occasion  of  the  name,  CO 
miles  sw  of  Oczakow.  Lon.  30  22  e,  lat. 
46  10  N. 

OviedOy  capital  of  Asturia  d’Oviedo, 
§pain,  and  a bishop’s  see,  with  an  universi- 
ty, stands  at  the  junction  of  the  Ove  and 
Deva.  In  the  vicinity  are  the  hot  springs 
of  Rivera  de  Abajo,  which  are  similar  to 
those  of  Bath.  It  is  59  riiiles  xxw  of  Leon. 
Lon.  5 53  w,  lat.  43  20  n. 

Quiz,  a town  of  Piedmont,  seated  in  a 
valley,  12  miles  sw  of  Suza. 

Oulneyy  a small  town  four  miles  n of 
Newport  Pagnel,  Buckinghamshire,  on  the  [ 
^y  banks  of  the  Ouse,  with  a market  on  Mon-  j 
day,  and  two  annual  fairs.  It  is  noted  for  ! 
a rnanufactnre  of  bone  lace.  The  church 
has  a fine  steeple  and  spire.  The  late  cele-  . 

11 


O W E 

brated  John  Newton,  author  of  Om  icron 
Letters,”  and  other  works,  making  eight 
octavo  volumes,  was  many  years  curate  of 
Oulney,  and  afterwards  rector  of  St  Mary 
Woolwoth,  London. 

Otmdle,  a town  in  Northamptonshire, 
situated  on  the  Nen,  over  which  are  two 
good  stone-bridges.  It  has  a market  on 
Saturday,  and  three  annual  fairs ; and  lies 
28  miles  xk  of  Northampton,  and  78  x by 
w of  London, 

Oiireniy  a town  in  Estremadura,  Portugal, 
12  miles  w of  Tomar,  celebrated  lor  a vic- 
tory obtained  by  Alpiionzo,  king  of  Portu- 
gal, over  live  moorish  kings,  in  1139,  tho 


heads  of  whom  are  the  arms  of  Portugal. 

OuriqHe,  a town  of  Alentejo,  Portugal. 
It  is  32  miles  se  of  Lisbon. 

OURTE,  a department  of  France,  inclu- 
ding the  s part  of  Liege  and  of  Limburg, and 
the  XE  part  of  Luxemburg.  It  takes  its 
name  from  a river  which  falls  into  the 
Meuse,  five  miles  above  Leige,  the  capital 
of  the  department. 

Ouse,  a river  of  Sussex,  has  its  source  in 
the  Weald,  sw  of  E Grinstead,  becomes  na- 
vigable at  Lewes,  and  falls  into  the  English 
Channel  at  Newhaven. 

Ouse,  Great,  a large  river  which  rises 
from  a spring  called  Otiseivell  near  Brack- 
ley  in  Northamptonshire,  and  flowing  to 
Buckingham,  Stoney  Stratford,  Newport 
Pagnel,  and  Bedford,  where  it  becomes  na- 
vigable, thence  running  by  Huntingdon,  St. 
Ives  Ely,  and  Lynn,  eaters  Lincolnshira 
wash. 

Ouse,  Little,  a branch  of  the  Great  Ouse, 
rises  in  the  s part  of  Norfolk,  which  it  di- 
vides from  Suffolk,  becomes  navig;able  at 
Thetford,  before  it  joins  the  Great  Ouse. 

Ouse,  Northern,  a river  of  Yorkshire, 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Ure  and  Swale, 
which  rise  near  each  other  in  the  romantio 
tract  called  Richmond,  and  unite  a little 
below  Aldborough.  It  becomes  navigable 
at  York,  through  which  it  passes,  and  in  its 
course  meets  the  Wharf,  Derwent,  Aire, 
Don,  and  Trent,  forms  the  Humber. 

Oussony  a town  in  the  department  of  th® 
Loiret,  France,  eight  miles  se  of  Gien. 

Oussore,  a town  of  Hindoostan,  in  My- 
sore, taken  by  the  English  in  1792,  19  miles 
SE  of  Bangalore,  and  69  kne  of  Seringa- 
patam. 

Outer  Island,  on  the  coast  of  Labrador 
is  in  the  cluster  called  St.  Augustine’s 
square,  sw  of  Sandy  island. 

OuteirOy  a town  and  fortress  in  Tra-los 
Montes,  Portugal,  stands  on  a mountain, 
nine  miles  se  of  Braganza,  and  21  xw  of 
Miranda. 

OwegOy  a town  in  Tioga  county.  New 
York,  on  the  e branch  of  the  Susquehanna 
20  miles  wof  Union. 

Ov:errayOx  OveirOy  a town  and  territory  of 
Africa,  in  the  kingdom  of  Benin,  in  Guinea. 
The  air  is  unwholesome,  and  the  soil  dry 
and  barren.  The  inhubitnnts  are  siout^  and 
B b 


O X F 


O X F 


*re  all  marked  with  three  incisions,  one  on 
the  forehead,  and  one  on  each  temple. 

Owey,  an  island  on  the  nw  coast  of 
Ireland. 

OWHYKEE,  one  of  the  largest  of  the  j 
Sandwich  islands,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
Its  length  from  n to  s is  about  28  leagues,  j 
and  its  breadth  24.  It  is  divided  into  six  i 
districts,  two  of  which,  on  the  ke  side,  are 
separated  by  a niountain  called  Mouna 
Roa,  that  rises  in  three  peaks,  tlie  highest 
of  which  is  16,020  feet  above  the  sea  level ; 
they  are  covered  with  snow,  and  may  be 
distinctly  seen  tit  40  leagues  distance.  To 
the  N of  this  mountain,  the  coast  consists  of  ' 
high  and  abrupt  clilTs,  down  which  fall  | 
many  beautiful  cascades,  and  the  whole  { 
country  is  covered  with  cocoa>nut  and 
bread-fruit  trees,  and  other  plants.  To  the 
s of  this  mountain,  the  ground  is  covered 
with  cinders,  wiiieh  seem  to  indicate  a j 
course  of  lava,  that  has  flowed  from  the  I 
mountain  to  the  shore.  The  promontory  on  i| 
the  s looks  like  the  dregs  of  a volcaqo,  and  | 
the  headland  is  composed  of  broken  and  t 
rocks.  The  fields  are  enclosed  by  j 
stone  fences,  and  are  interspersed  with  groves  | 
of  cocoa-nut  trees,  The  inhabitants,  suppu-  j| 
Sed  to  be  about  1-50.000  in  number,  are  na-  Ij 
turally  mild,  friendly,  and  hospitable  to  j 
strangers.  The  celebrated  navigator,  cap-  i 
tain  James  Cook  lost  his  life  here  in  1779, 
by  an  unfortunate  and  momentary  jealousy 
of  the  natives,  and  the  imprudence  of  some  I 
of  his  own  men  Lon.  of  the  e point,  156  I 
0 w,  lat.  19  34  X.  ji 

Owrainy  Noriks  a tow  n in  W Yorkshire,  i 
has  various  woollen  manufactures.  In  | 
18C4  the  population  was  4887,  and  in  1811, 
5300.  It  is  three  miles  xe  of  Halifax, 
South  Owram  is  two  miles  se  cf  Halifax,  | 
and  its  population  is  3615.  | 

Oxferdy  the  capital  of  Oxfordshire,  is  si- 
tuated at  the  confluence  of  the  Thames  and 
Cherw’ell,  on  an  enunence  almost  surroun- 
ded by  meadow^s,  except  on  the  e side.  It 
has  a canal  to  Braunstone  in  Northampton-  i 
.shire,  and  a market  on  Wednesday  and  j 
Saturday.  The  w'bole  town  is  of  a circular  I 
form,  three  miles  in  circumference,  and  j 
was  anciently  surrounded  by  w^alls,  part  of 
which  are  still  to  be  seen.  The  tower  of 
its  once  magnificent  castle  now  serves  for 
the  county  gaol.  It  consists  chiefly  of  two 
spacious  streets,  which  cross  each  other  in 
the  middle  of  the  town.  In  l80J,the  num- 
ber of  inhabitants  was  12,107,  and  in  1811, 
12,931,  It  has,  besides  the  cathedral,  13 
parish  churches,  a famous  university,  and  a 
noble  market-place,  and  magnificent  bridge. 
The  university  is  said  to  have  been  founded 
by  Alfred  the  Great,  but  is  generally  suppo- 
sed to  have  been  a.  seminary  of  learning  be- 
fore his  time,  although  it  owed  its  revival 
and  consequence  to  his  liberal  paironage, 
receiving  from  him  grants  of  inanv  privi- 
es  and  large  revenues.  About  the  mid-  I 
die  of  the  12th  century,  public  lectures  cn  ■ 


the  civil  law  were  read  here,  xvltbin  Id 
years  after  a cop3^  of  Justinian  Institutes 
had  been  found  in  Italy.  In  the  reign  of 
Henry  III.  there  were  said  to  have  beea 
15,090  scholars.  Here  are  20  colleges  and 
five  halls,  several  of  w'hich  stand  in  th® 
streets  and  give  the  city  an  air  of  magnifi- 
cence which  remind  the  tiaveller  of  the  an- 
cient cities  of  Greece  and  Rome.  Ii  is 
thought  that  there  is  not  such  another  group 
of  buildings,  nor  such  another  university,  at 
this  day,  in  the  world.  In  the  halls,  th® 
students  live,  either  w'holly,  or  in  part,  at 
their  own  expence.  The  colleges  are  Uni- 
versity, Bailiol,  Merlon,  Exeter,  Oriel, 

Queens,  New^,  Lincoln,  All  Souls,  Magda- 
len, Braseno.se,  Corpus  Cbrisfe,  Christ 

Church,  Trinity,  St,  John  Bapti.st,  Jesus, 

Wadham,  Pembroke,  Worcester,  av.d  Hert- 
ford. Of  tiie.se  the  most  ancient  is  Univer- 
.sity  college,  founded  before  the  year  872. 
The  cathedral  belongs  to  Christs  Church 
college.  The  halls  are  Alban,  Edmund,  St. 
Mary,  New  Inn,  and  St.  Mary  Magdalen. 
The  colleges  have  revenues  sullicient  to 
maintain  a master,  fellow’s,  and  students. 
There  are  usually  about  3000  students,  one 
third  oi  whom  are  supported  by  the  reve- 
mu’S.  Among  the  librarfes  in.  the  univer- 
sity, the  most  distinguished  is  the  Bodleian, 
founded  by  Thomas  Bodley  ; those  of  All 
Souls  college,  Christ  Church,  Queen's, 
New’  College,  St.  John's,  Exeter,  and  Cor- 
pus Christi.  Among  the  other  public  build- 
ings, are  the  theatre,  the  Ashmolean  mu- 
seum, the  Clarendon  printing  house,  the 
Badcliffe  infirmary,  and  on  observatory. 
At  Oxford,  king  John  summoned  a parlia- 
ment in  1258,  to  meet,  whose  proceedings 
were  so  disorderly,  that  it  was  known  by  the 
name  of  the  Mad  Parliament.  In  1625, 
parliament  w'as  assembled  here  by  Charles 
and  another  by  the  same  monarch  in  1044. 
This  city  w’as  distinguished  for  its  attach- 
ment to  that  unfortunate  king,  w’ho  held  his 
I court  here  during  the  w'hole  civil  war.  Ox- 
ford is  governed  by  a mayor,  who  is  depen- 
dant on  the  chancellor  and  vice-chancellor 
of  the  university,  and  sends  four  members  to 
parliament,  two  for  the  university,  and  twa 
for  the  city.  It  is  20  miles  sw  of  Buck- 
ingham, 50  s by  E of  Coventry,  aird  54  wxw 
of  London.  Lon.  1 15  w’,  lat.  51  46  x. 

Oxford,  a post  town  of  New  York,  in 
Tioga  county,  with  an  academy  45  miles 
NE  of  Union. 

Oxford,  a port  of  entry  on  the  eastern 
shore  of  Chesapeak  bay,  in  Talbot  county, 
Maryland.  It  is  12  miles  s of  Easton,  and 
48  SE  of  Baltimore. 

OXFORDSHIRE,  a county  of  England, 
bounded  w by  Gloucestershire,  n by  War- 
wickshire and  Northamptonshire,  e by 
Buok.s,  and  s by  Berks.  Its  extreme  length 
is  48  miles,  its  greatest  breadth,  26.  It  con-f 
tains  14  hundreds,  one  city,  12  market 
towns,  and  219  parishes,  and  sends  nine 
' members  to  parliament.  In  iSOl,  it  con- 


% 


P A B 

*^'*ined  20„599  houses,  and  109,620  inhabi- 
tants, and  in  18 1 1,  1 19,191.  The  s part  on 
the  borders  of  Buckinghamshire,  is  hilly  and 
woody  ; the  Nw  is  elevated  and  stony,  the 
middle  is  in  general  rich.  The  streams  by 
‘ which  it  is  watered  run  from  n to  s and  fall 
into  the  Thames.  The  most  considerable 
of  these  are  the  Wiodrush,  Evenlade,  Cher- 
well,  and  Tame.  The  air  is  pleasant  and 
healthy.  The  soil,  though  various,  is  fer- 
tile in  corn  and  grass.  The  products  of  Ox- 
fordshire are  chiefly  those  common  to  the 
midland  farming  counties.  Its  hills  yield 
ochre,  pipe-ciay,  and  other  earths,  ii'seful  for 
various  purposes.  Corn  and  malt  are  sent 
from  it,  by  the  Thames,  to  the  metropolis. 
Good  cheese  is  made  in  the  grazing  parts. 
The  greatest  want  in  this  county  is  that  of 
ftiel.  The  most  considerable  forest  now  re- 
maining in  Oxfordsh.re  is  that  of  Witch- 
wood,  between  Burford  and  Chari  bury. 
The  county  is  represented  in  parliament  by 
two  members. 

Oxnam,  anciently  Oxenliam,  a parish  in 
Roxburgshire,  about  nine  miles  long,  and  at 
a medium  five  broad.  The  surface  is  hilly, 
and  the  soil  various,  but  in  general  fertile. 
The  principal  village  besides  Oxnam  is 
Newbigging.  In  this  parish  are  the  re- 
mains of  a chapel,  and  o.  three  forts  or 
towers,  which  are  divided  into  a number  of 
small  apartments,  and  have  been  of  consi- 
dera  bie  strength.  Population  about  700. 

Oyey  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
straits  of  Calais,  France,  §eveu  miles  ne  of 
Calais, 

Oyney  a parish  in  the  county  of  Aber- 
deen and  district  of  Garioch,  on  the  n side 
of  the  Don,  nearly  opposite  Monymusk, 
about  three  miles  in  length,  and  nearly  the 
s^tme  in  breadth.  It  is  watered  by  the  Bon, 
tJry,  Shevock,  and  Gadie  ; and  the  soil  is  in 
general  fertile.  Here  are  two  druidicai 
temples.  Population  about  520,  who  are 
employed  in  agriculture,  and  knittmg  of 
stockin.'ics. 


0\OLAVA,  one  of  the  largest  of  the 
Navigators^  Islands,  in  the  South  Pacific 


ocean. 


OyonnoSy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Ain,  Frau'jc,  eight  miles  n of  Nantua. 

Ozama,  one  of  the  kirgest  rivers  of  His- 
paniola, on  which  the  city  of  St.  Domingo 
is  situaied.  It  is  navigable  nine  or  10 
I .’agues  from  s to  n,  but  has  a rock  at  its 
mouth,  which  prevents  the  entrance  of  ves- 
Sils  drawing  more  than  18  feet. 

Ozwir:zin,  a town  of  Little  Poland.  It 
is  34  miles  w of  Cracow, 


PAD 

! fertile  in  corn,  but  is  now  overblown  wi»b 
' sand. 

Pahba,  a small  island  of  Scotland,  two 
, miles  from  Sky,  about  a mile  long,  and  not 
jl  so  much  broad, 

' Pahbyy  one  of  the  Western  islands  of 
j Scotland.  It  is  three  miles  in  circuit,  and 
j has  corn,  marl,  and  pasture, 
j PahlOy  Sty  a town  on  the  s coast  of  th# 

I isthmus  of  Darien,  in  the  province  of  Vera- 
gua,  S America. 

_ PACAJES,  a province  of  S America, 

I which  IS  rich  in  silver  mines,  althoiio-h  they 
are  not  much  worked. 

I PACAMORES,  a district  of  Peru,  S 
I America.  The  air  is  temp.erate,  and  th® 
j earth  abounds  in  gold. 

I PacGsmayuy  a river  which  has  its  souro® 

in  the  mountains  of  Caxamarea,  and  runs  w 
to  the  Pacific  ocean,  where  it  forms  a bay 
in  lat.  7 24  s.  ^ 

Paceniy  a town  of  Sumatra,  on  the  n part 
of  the  island,  capital  of  a kingdom  of  its 
name,  120  miles  s of  Aciieen.  Lon.  97 
li  IS  E,lat.  S 0 X, 

Ij  1 aciiacamacy  a town  in  the  audience  of 
; Lima,  Peru,  seated  in  a valley  of  its  name. 

|)  Here  was  a magnificent  temple,  in  which 
|!  the  Spaniards  found  immense  treasure,  when 
Ij  they  conquered  Peru. 

II  Pacheay  the  most  northerly  of  the  Pearl 
or  King^s  islands,  is  low  and  woody,  about 
12  leagues  from  Panamh. 

Pachetey  a fort  in  Bengal,  Hindoostan, 
seated  near  the  Dummoda,  gives  name  to 
a circar,  and  is  10  miles  ne  of  Rogonat- 
poiir. 


ipABBY,  a small  island  of  the  Hebrides, 
almut  eight  miles  from  Barra,  about 
one  mile  and  a-half  long,  and  one  broad,  iq-- 
habited  by  three  ia^niiies.  It  was  formerly 


Pacliuca,  a town  of  Mexico,  famous  fo 
the  silver  mines  in  its  vicinity.  It  lies  L 
miles  N by  e of  Mexico.  Lon.  100  14  v 
lat.  20  42  N. 

Pacific  OceaUf  otherwise  called  the  i 
Sea,  lies  between  Asia  and  America,  and  ii 
upwards  of  11,000  miles  in  length,  ant 
10,000  in  breadth.  When  l^dageiian  en 
teied  this  ocean,  through  tiie  daugerou! 
strait  that  bears  his  'name,  he  sailed  thret 
months  and  20  nays  in  an  uniform  directioi 
to  the  NW,  without  discovering  land.  It 
the  extreme  distniss  which  he  Mjlicred  ii 
this  vojage,  before  he  discovered  the  La- 
drone  islands,  he  enjoyed  such  mfint  Trup' 
ted  fine  weather  auid  lair  winds,  that  he  gavt 
to  this  ocean  the  name  of  the  Pacific.  Tin 
j Spaniards  gave  it  tlie  name  of  the  Somi 
I Sea.  This  immense  body  of  water  n»:»y  hi 
said  to  stretch  from  pole  to  pole.  On'oiu; 
' side  of  the  equator  it  is  called  the  Norii; 
Pacific  ocean,  and  on  the  other,  the  .Soutli 
Pacific  ocean. 

PiwkingtoHy  a pleasant  retinu.l  town  in 
Leice.^tershire,  within  two  miles  s of  Ashby - 
de-la-Zouch. 

Pacyy  an  ancie.H  town  in  (lie  departnmnt 
of  Eure,  France,  situated  on  the  Eure,  eight 
miles  s by  E of  Vernon. 

Padamjy  a sea  port  on  the  \v  coast  of  Sm 
matra,  belonging  to  the  Dutch.  In  1797, 


B b 2 


PAD 

it  was  nearly  destroyed  by  an  earthquake, 
by  which  more  than  300  persons  perished. 
Lon,  99  46  e,  lat.  0 5()s. 

Paddington,  a village  of  Middlesex, 
which  lies  a mile  w by  n of  London.  A 
oaiial  is  now  made  hence  to  the  giiand  junc- 
tion canal  near  Erendford  and  Uxbridge, 
from  the  basin  of  which  the  neighbouring 
parts  of  the  metropolis  are  to  be  supplied 
wdth  water.  The  church  is  a fine  quadran- 
gular edifice.  Though  it  be  so  near  the 
metropolis,  there  are  many  beautiful  seats 
and  rural  spots  in  it. 

Paderhojm,  an  ancient,  large,  and  popu- 
lous town  in  Westphalia,  capital  of  a small 
bishopric,  of  its  name,  with  a fainous  uni- 
versity. The  rivulet  Pader  has  its  source  | 
under  the  high  altar  of  the  ccithedral.  In  j 
the  collegiate  church  are  the  remains  of 
St.  Blase.  Of  the  convents,  the  most  re- 
markable is  that  which  belonged  to  the 
Jesuits.  It  is  3T  miles  sw  of  Minden,  and 
^2  ESB  of  Munster.  Lon.  8 55  e,  lat.  51 
41  N. 

Paderhorn,  a bishopric  of  German)*,  in 
Westphalia,  about  32  miles  long  and  25 
broad.  In  1802,  it  was  cedod  by  the  plan 
of  indemnities  to  Prussia.  In  this  country 
are  iron  mines.  Part  of  it  is  fertile  in  pas- 
ture and  corn,  and  it  is  celebrated  for  ba- 
con and  venison.  The  prince’s  residence  is 
at  Nienkus. 

PADOUSA,  a department  in  the  late 
Italian  republic,  containing  96,552  inhabi- 
tants, by  the  census  in  1797.  The  chief  city 
was  Cento. 

Padron,  a town  in  Galicia,  Spain  situat- 
ed on  the  Ulla,  12  miles  s of  Compostelia. 

Padstow,  a sea  port  on  the  n coast  of 
Cornwall,  with  a market  on  Saturday,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Camel,  on  the  Bristol 
channel.  It  has  some  coasting  trade,  ma- 
nufactures. of  serges  and  tiles,  and  fairs 
April  IStb,  and  September  21st.  It  is  30 
miles  w of  Launceston,  and  243  w by  s of 
London. 

Padua,  an  ancient,  large,  and  celebrated 
city  of  Italy,  capital  of  the  Paduano,  and  a 
bishop’s  see.  It  Is  seven  miles  in  circum- 
ference, but  is  less  consideitibie  than  former- 
ly, and  so  thinly  inhabited  that  the  grass 
grows  on  its  streets.  The  cathedral  is  one 
of  the  richest  in  Italy.  In  it  is  a statue  of 
Petrach,  who  was  a canoii  of  the  church, 
and  bequeathed  to  it  a part  of  his  library. 
J3t.  Ajjtonis,  to  whom  the  Franciscan  oiuircdi 
is  dedicated,  is  buried  uniU  r an  altar  in  tiie 
middle  of  its  chapel.  Tiie  church  of  .St. 
.Tustina  is  famous  for  a rich  Mosaic  pave- 
ment. The  hall  of  the  town-iiotrse  is  one 
of  the  largest  in  Kurope,  and  contains  the 
cenotaph  of  Levy  the  historian,  wh(i  was  a 
native  of  Padua.  Its  university  is  now  on 
the  decline.  Here  is  a rioth  n^uimlaotory, 
but  the  city  is  over  run  with  b 'ggavs  who 
ask  charity  in  tito  name  of  St.  Automo,  tlie 
patron  of  the  city.  It  v.'as  laken  by  the 
Freucii  iu  J73u.  Padua  situated  on  the 


P A I 

rivers  Brenta  and  Bachiglione,  in  a fuM» 
plain,  20  miles  se  of  Vicenza,  and  20 
w by  s of  Venice.  Lon.  11  53  e,  lat.  45 
14  N. 

PADUANO,  a province  of  Italy,  for- 
merly in  the  territories  of  Venice.  Some 
geographers  make  this  district  only  40  miles 
long,  and  35  broad  ; but  Dr.  Oppenheim 
states  it  to  be  45  Italian  miles  long,  40 
broad,  and  140  in  circumference.  It  is  so 
fertile  in  corn,  wine,  and  vegetables,  that  he 
terms  it  a second  Paradise  and  The  Garden 
of  Europe,  It  contains  300,000  inhabitants. 
Padua  is  the  capital. 

PADUA,  UPPER,  a department  of  the 
late  Italian  republic,  formed  out  of  the 
Bolognese.  It  contained  96,552  citizens 
in  1797. 

Padilla,  a town  in  Principato  Citra, 
Naples,  14  miles  *n  of  Policastro. 

Paefenhojfen,  a town  in  the  department 
of  the  Lower  Rhine,  France,  near  the  Motter, 
eight  miljs  w of  Haguenau. 

Pagahtn,  a decayed  city  of  the  kingdom 
of  Birmah,  capital  of  a province  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  said  to  have  been  deserted  in 
the  13th  century  in  consequence  of  a divine 
admonition.  Its  numerous  mouldering  tem^ 
pies,  and  decayed  fort,  indicate  its  ancient 
splendor.  It  is  situated  on  the  Irawaddy, 

1 10  mile?  sw  of  Ummerapoora.  Lon.  94 
34  E,  lat.  21  10  N, 

PAGO,  an  island  in  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
separated  from  Dalmatia  by  a narrow  chan- 
neL  It  is  100  miles  in  circumference,  and 
contains  4000  inhabitants,  of  whom  2000 
reside  in  Pago,  the  capital.  The  soil  is 
stony.  It  produces  wine,  and  honey,  and 
has  salt-works.  Lon.  15  10  e,  lat.  40  40  n. 

Pagliano,  a town  in  Abruzzo  Ultra, 
Naples,  15  miles  ese  of  Aquilia. 

Pahang,  a sea  port  on  the  e coast  of  the 
peninsula  of  Malacca,  capital  of  a kingdom 
of  the  same  name,  celebrated  for  a great 
number  of  elephants,  and  for  abundance  of 
pepper.  It  is  140  miles  ne  of  Malacca, 
Lon.  103  30  e,  lat.  3 55  n. 

Pajaros,  or  Islands  of  BirdSy  a cluster 
of  small  islands  on  the  coast  of  Chili,  24 
hiiles  xxw  of  the  bay  of  ‘Coquimbo. 

Paiubeoif,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Lower  Loire,  France,  lying  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Loire.  Hence  all  the  ships 
belonging  to  Nantes  take  their  departure, 
and  anchor  here  wlien  they  arrive.  It  is  a 
very  considerable  sea  pore,  20  miles  w of 
Nantes. 

Painsivich,  a town  in  Gloucestersbire, 
with  a juarket  on  Tuesday.  It  has  a ma- 
un aoture  of  wliite  cloths  lor  the  army,  and 
for  the  India  and  Turkey  trade.  From  its 
elevated  situation,  this  town  commands  a 
very  extensive  prospect.  It  is  seven  miles 
ssE  of  Gloucester,  and  JOI  w by  n of  Lon- 
don, 

Paishawur,  a city  of  Hindooslan,  capital 
of  a district  in  the  country  of  Cabul.  It  is 
i!  situated  on  the  Kameh,  125  miles  ss  cf 


PAI 

Cabul,  ami  170  n of  Moultan.  Lon,  70  36  e, 
lat.  38  18  N. 

Paisley,  a large  town  in  Renfrewshire, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  banks  of  the  river 
White  Cart.  It  was  anciently  noted  as  the 
soil  of  one  of  the  richest  abbacies  in  Scot- 
land. It  consists  of  an  Old  and  New 
Town  ; the  former  occupying  an  extent  of 
about  a mile  square,  lies  on  the  w bank  of 
the  Cart,  on  the  s slope  of  a ridge  of  hills, 
from  whence  there  is  a fine  prospect  of  the 
city  of  Glasgow  and  the  adjacent  country. 
It  has  several  broad  and  regular  streets, 
with  names  descriptive  of  the  various  em- 
ployment of  the  inhabitants.  Over  the  river 
there  are  three  handsome  bridges,  connecting 
the  Old  with  the  New  Town  and  abbey,  on 
the  opposite  bank.  The  ground  here  w'as 
feued  not  many  years  since,  by  the  Marquis 
of  Abercorn,  cind  there  are  now  upon 
it  a number  of  handsome  buildings.  The 
streets  are  laid  out  in  a regular  manner 
and  about  the  centre  of  a principal  one,  his 
lordship  has  built,  one  of  the  most  elegant 
and  commodious  inns  in  the  kingdom.  To 
the  s of  this  inn,  at  a little  distance,  is  the 
abbey  church,  once  a magnificent  Gothic 
structure;  and  what  remains  is  yet  an  object 
of  admiration.  Close  by  the  church  is  the 
aisle  or  burying  place  of  the  family  of  Aber- 
corn, a very  great  curiosity.  The  abbey 
church  w^as  the  only  one  which  Paisley  for- 
merly required,  but  as  the  popnlation  increas- 
ed, new  churches  have  been  erected,  both  on 
the  establishment,  tind  for  dissenters  of  vari- 
ous denominations.  By  deepening  part  of 
the  river,  and  opening  a navigable  canal, 
fcompleted  in  1791,)  vessels  of  40  tons  bur- 
den can  easily  corne  up  and  unload  at  the 
quay.  In  1801,  the  population  of  Paisley, 
including  the  abbey  parish,  w'as  31,179,  and 
in  1811,  36,722.  Paisley  may  be  justly 
considered  the  first  manufacturing  town  in 
Scotland.  Soon  after  the  union  it  com- 
menced a manufacture  of  checked  linen, 
and  soon  after  was  followed  by  white  thread 
and  lawns,  the  former  of  which  was  intro- 
duced in  1725,  and  now  employs  above  14Q 
mills,  and  about  5000  persons.  The  manu- 
facture of  silkaml  thread-gauze,  which  soon 
rivalled  and  injured  that  of  Spittalfields, 
commenced  in  1760,  and  spread  over  the  ad- 
jacent towns.  The  cotton  manufacture, 
which,  for  the  variety  and  elegance  of 
figured  muslins,  is  perhaps  unequalled,  was 
introduced  about  1783.  Here  are  also  tan- 
works,  soap-works,  and  manufactures  of 
ribbonds,  inkles,  cfec.  Many  of  the  manu- 
facturers have  risen  to  opulence.  The  inha- 
bitants are  well  informed,  and  eiegant,  both 
in  their  manners  and  dress.  Paisley  was 
erected  into  a borough  of  barony,  in  1488, 
and  is  governed  by  three  bailies,  a treasurer, 
a town-clerk,  and  17  counsellors,  who  are 
annually  elected.  The  vicinity  abound.s 
with  coals,  lime-stone,  free-stone,  &c. 
From  the  town  is  a canal  to  Ardrossan  on 
the  Frith  of  Clyde,  It  has  several  annual 


PAL 

f fairs.  It  lies  nine  miles  w of  Glasgow, 
and  51  w by  s of  Edinburgh,  Lou.  4 26  w', 
lat.  55  52  N. 

Paita,  a sea  port  of  Peru,  in  the  audience 
of  Quito,  with  an  excellent  harbour.  The 
bay  is  defended  by  a fort.  In  1741,  it  was 
plundered  and  burnt  by  commodore  Anson. 
It  is  280  miles  nw  of  Ti uxillo.  Lon.  80  49  w, 
lat.  4 59  s. 

Palachy,  a town  in  the  province  of  Cqim- 
betore,  Hindooslan,  w ith  a small  fort,  seated 
in  a fertile  eotintry.  Here  was  lately  dug 
up  a pot  containing  silver  coins  of  the  em- 
perors Augustus  and  Tiberius,  14  miles  s of 
Coimbetore,  and  37  w of  Daraporam. 

Palacois,  a town  of  Andalusia,  Spain,  12 
miles  s of  Seville. 

Palais,  SL  a town  and  district  in  tho 
department  of  Lower  Pyrenees,  France, 
w^hich,  with  the  fort  and  district  of  St.  Jean 
Pied  de  Port,  forms  nearly  the  whole  of  the 
late  province  of  Lower  Navarre.  St.  Palais 
is  situated  on  the  Bidouse,  15  miles  se  of 
Bayonne.'  Lon.  1 4 w,  lat.  43  21  n. 

Palais,  St,  capital  of  the  island  of  Bille- 
isle,  with  a strong  citadel,  on  the  coast  of 
the  department  of  Morbihan,  France,  stands 
on  the  NE  side  of  the  island.  In  1761,  after 
a long  siege,  it  surrendered  to  the  English 
30  miles  sse  of  Oriant.  Lon.  3 19  w,  lat. 
47  19  N. 

Palamhoan,  or  Palamhang,  a town  of 
Java,  capital  of  a kingdom,  e end  of  the 
island,  seated  on  a bay  in  the  strait  of  Bali* 
The  vicinity  abounds  in  pepper,  rice,  maize, 
cotton,  print,  horses,  oxen,  antelopes,  and 
buffaloes.  Lon.  1 14  0 e,  lat.  7 10  s, 

Palameotta,  or  Tindvelly,  a town  of  tha 
peninsula  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  s extremity 
of  the  Carnatic,  capital  of  the  province  of 
Tinevelly,  seated  on  a river  which  flows 
into  the  Manara,  85  miles  ssw  of  Madura, 
and  401  sw  by  s of  Madras.  Lon.  77  46  e, 
lat.  8 42  N. 

P alamos,  a sea  port  of  Catalonia,  situated 
on  the  Mediterranean,  58  miles  \e  of  Bar- 
celona. Lon.  3 4 E,  lat.  41  52  n. 

Palamow,  a towm  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
province  of  Bahar,  140  miles  ssw  of  Patna. 
Lon.  84  25  e,  lat.  23  52  n. 

Palanka,  a town  of  Upper  Hungary, 
situated  on  the  Ibola,  37  miles  n of  Buda. 

Palanka,  a town  in  Bessarabia,  European 
Turkey,  on  the  Dniester,  40  miles  se  of 
Bender. 

Palaos.  See  Peletv  Islands. 

Palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  a late  electo- 
rate of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  the  Lower 
Rhine.  It  is  about  100  miles  long,  and  70 
broad,  and  the  principal  rivers  are  tho 
Rhine,  and  the  Nockar.  It  is  not  a v(‘Ty 
rich  country,  though  there  are  fine  vine- 
yards,  forests,  gardens,  rivers  and  lakes. 
Heidelberg  is  the  principal  town,  but  Man- 
heim  is  the  electoral  residence.  This  elec- 
torate is  also  called  the  Lower  Palatinate, 

I to  distinguish  it  from  the  I’pper  Palatinatt 
I of  Bavaria, 


C 


PAL 

PALATINATE,  THE  UPPER.  Sea 
Bavaria.  That  part  of  it  which  lies  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  is  now  annexed 
to  France. 

Palatine  Towny  a town  in  Carlow, 
Leinster,  .Ireland.  A few  miles  ne  of  the 
town  of  Carlow. 

Palawan,  See  Paragoa. 

Palaxuola,  a town  in  Bresciano,  Italy, 
on  the  Oglio,  20  miles  v/nw  of  Brescia. 

Paldie  or  Paldiekirk,  a village  in  the 
county  of  Kincardine,  and  parish  of  For- 
doun,  noted  lor  its  three  days  fair. 

Palencia,  a city  in  Leon,  Spain,  and  an 
archbishop’s  see,  has  five  churches,  1 1 con- 
vents and  two  hospitals.  The  principal 
manufactures  are  serges,  flannels,  and 
woollen  coverlets.  It  is  situated  on  the 
Carion,  40  miles  sw  of  Burgos,  and  70  se 
of  Leon.  Lon.  4 28  w,  lat.  41  59  n, 

Palermo^  an  ancient,  rich,  and  beautiful 
city  of  Sicily,  in  the  valley  of  Mazara, 
capital  of  the  island,  and  an  archbishop’s 
see,  with  an  university.  Two  great  streets, 
the  Cassai’o,  and  Maqueda,  intersect  each 
other  in  the  centre  of  the  city,  where  is  an 
elegant  square,  called  the  Ottangolo,  from 
the  centre  of  which  is  seen  the  v/hole  length 
of  these  noble  streets,  and  the  four  gates  at 
their  termination,  each  at  the  di.stance  of 
half  a mile.  The  Porto  Felice  opens  to  the 
Marino,  a delightful  walk,  which  has  on 
one  side  the  sea,  and  on  the  other  the  w^all 
of  the  city,  and  in  the  centre  is  a kind  of 
temple  frequently  made  use  of  as  an  orches- 
tra. At  the  top  of  the  Cas.saron  is  the 
royal  residence,  which  commands  a view 
of  the  city  and  surrounding  scenery.  From 
the  singularity  of  the  situation,  as  w’ell  as 
from  the  richness  of  its  soil,  Palermo  has 
had  many  flattering  epithets  bestowed  upon 
it,  particularly  by  the  poets,  who  have  deno- 
minated it  the  Conco  d’Oro,  the  Golden 
Shell, ‘which  is  at  once  expressive  both  of 
its  situation  and  richness.  The  inhabitants 
of  Palermo  are  estimated  by  Brydone  at 
160,000.  Many  of  the  clmrehes  of  Pa- 
lermo, above  100  in  number,  are  rich  and 
magnificent.  It  has  96  convents,  with 
superb  chapels  to  each.  In  the  cathedral, 
a large  gothic  structure,  supported  by  80  co- 
lumns of  oriental  granite,  are  the  tombs  of 
several  pf  the  ancient  Norman  kings,  and 
of  the  emperors  Henry  VI.  and  Frederic  II. 
of  the  flnest  porphyry.  Palermo  is  crowded  j 
w ith  statutes  ol  sovereigns  and  tutelar  saints.  | 
The  city  is  w^ell  lighted  with  reverberating 
lamps,  and,  in  w’et  weather,  moveable 
W’ooden  bridges  are  provided  for  crossing 
the  kennehs,  wdiich  then  become  rapid  tor- 
rents. The  harbour  is  very  dangerously 
open  to  the  swell  of  tbe  sea  from  the  ne 
q «arier,  and  even  at  the  au<-'horing  place 
.snips  lie  in  piu'il  whenever  a westerly  wind 
b!ow.s,  as  it  rushes  with  great  impetuosity 
■the  valley  of  Colli  between  the 
juoyntains.  This  city  has  suffered  greatly 
at  differ^t  priods  by  earthquakes  and  inun-  j 


PAL 

dations.  About  the  middle  of  the  lltb  cen- 
tury  Roger,  a Norman  king,  established 
silk  manufactures  in  this  cuy,  wdiich  still 
flourish.  A mile  from  Palermo,  is  a cele- 
brated convent  of  Capuchins,  in  whi-oh  is  a 
vault  consisting  of  four  wide  passages,  each 
40  feet  long,  made  use  of  as  a receptacle 
for  the  dead.  When  the  French  became 
masters  of  Naples,  in  1799,  Palermo  be- 
came the  residence  of  the  court.  Palermo 
is  situated  on  the  n side  of  the  island,  at  the 
bottom  of  the  gulf  of  the' same  name,  110 
miles  w of  Messina,  and  180  s by  w of 
Naples.  Lon.  13  34  e,  lat.  38  12  n. 

PALESTINE,  a country  of  Turkey  in 
Asia,  so  called  from  the  Philistines,  who 
inhabited  its  sea  coast.  It  is  also  called 
Judea,  from  the  patriarch  Judah  ; the 
Land  of  Canaan,  and  the  Promised  Land, 
From  its  having  been  tbe  scene  of  the 
birth,  ministry,  and  death  of  Jesus,  it  has 
superstitioiisly  been  denominated  the 
Holy  Land.  It  is  divided  from  the  other 
parts  of  Syria,  on  the  n by  Mount  Libamis, 
E by  the  river  Jordan  and  the  Dead  sea, 
and  bounded  on  the  s by  Arabia,  Petiea, 
and  w'  by  the  Mediterranean.  In  the 
reign  ®of  Rehoboam,  it  w^as  divided  into 
the  kingdoms  of  Israel  and  Judah,  and 
after  the  Babylonish  captivity  it  was  di- 
vided into  three  parts  called  Judea, 
Samaria,  and  Galiiee,  the  capitals  of 
which,  at  the  ] resent  day,  are  Jerusalem, 
Napolose,  and  Nazareth.  It  is,  in  general, 
a fertile  country,  abounding,  w’here  cul- 
tivated, with  corn,  wine,  and  oil.  The 
parts  about  Jerusalem,  its  capital,  are 
the  most  momitainous  and  rocky ; but 
they  feed  numerous  herds  and  flocks,  and 
yield  plenty  of  honey,  with  excellent  wine 
and  oil,  and  the  valleys  produce  large  crops 
of  corn. 

Palestrina,  anciently  Prieneste,  a town  of 
Italy,  in  Campagna  di  Ronia  ; capital  of  a 
principality  of  the  same  name,  the  ruins  of 
an  ancient  temple  dedicated  to  Fortune  are 
still  visible,  25  miles  e by  s of  Rome. 
Lon.  13  5 R,  lat.  41  62  n. 

Palestrina,  one  of  tbe  largest  and  most 
populous  of  the  islands  called  the  Laguues, 
near  Venice.  The  principal  harbour  has 
the  same  name,  also  one  of  its  towns,  six 
miles  s of  Venice. 

Paliano,  a town  in  Campagna  di  Roma, 
Italy,  stands  on  a hill,  20  miles  e of  Rome, 

Pnligatit,  or  Palicaud,  a fort  in  Mala- 
bar, Hindoostan,  seated  between  two  rivu- 
lets near  their  junction,  at  the  foot  of  the  s 
extremity  of  the  Gants.  It  was  built  by  Hy  ] 
der,  and  is  surrounded  bj^  scattered  village?, 
which  contain  a considerable  population, 
and  have  some  trade,  26  miles  wsw  of 
Coimbetore,  and  60  k by  n of  Paniany. 

Paligonda,  a town  in  the  Carnatic,  Hin- 
doostan, seated  on  the  Paliar,  with  the  vesti- 
ges of  a fort,  on  which  there  is  a temple, 
26  miles  w of  Arcot. 

Palicata,  a sea-port  of  Hindoostan,  oa 


PAL 

(he  coast  of  Coromandel,  25  miles  n of 
Madras. 

Palhnhan,  the  capital  of  a kingdom  of 
the  same  name,  on  the  e coast  of  the  island 
of  Sumatra.  It  stands  on  tli  river  Palim-  j 
bam.  Here  the  Dutch  have  a fort,  and  a ! 
great  trade  in  pejrper,  about  50  miles  from  | 
the  sea,  and  ISO  ^’E  of  Bencooien.  Lon.  103  j 
45  E,  lat.  2 50  s.  | 

Palk  Siraity  a strait  at  the  n end  of  the  |i 
island  of  Ceylon,  in  the  bay  of  Bengal,  | 
which  separates  that  island  from  the  coast  of  |j 
Tanjore  in  Hindoostan.  Here  is  a pearl  jj 
fishery. 

PALLISER  ISLANDS,  a group  of  islands 
in  the  S Pacific  ocean,  the  largest  about  15  i 
miles  in  length  and  10  in  breadth,  in  lat.  ! 
15  38  s Ion.  H6.  30  w. 

Pabnuy  or  Pah.na  Nuova,  a town  of  Ve- 
nice, in  Friuli,  containing  above  2000  inha- 
bitants. It  is  situated  on  a canal  that  coin- 
mnnicates  with  Lizonzo,  10  miles  se  of 
Udina,  and  55  ne  of  Venice.  Lon.  13  15  e, 
lat.  4G  2 N. 

Palma f a town  in  Estremadnra,  Portugal, 
on  the  Cadoan,  20  miles  e of  Setuval. 

PALMA,  one  of  the  Canary  Isles,  n of 
Ferro,  50  miles  in  circumference,  and  very 
fertile,  the  town  of  its  name  is  much  fre- 
quented for  its  good  harbour,  and  excellent 
wine.  Lon.  17  50  w,  lat.  28  37  n. 

Palma,  a strong  city  of  Mcijorca,  ca- 
pital of  the  island,  and  a bishop^s  see,  seated 
at  the  head  of  a bay  on  the  sw^  part  of  the 
island.  It  contains  about  6000  houses,  a uni- 
versity, and  seven  churches,  beside  the  ca- 
thedral, and  many  convents.  The  cathe- 
dral, the  palace  of  the  ancient  kings,  the 
episcopal  ])aiace,  and  the  tov/nhouse  are 
magnificent.  The  exchange  is  a Gothic 
structure,  the  harbour  is  small,  but  safe  and 
commodious.  In  1700,  it  w^as  taken  by  the 


PAL 


English,  and  retaken  ip  1715.  Lon.  2 
45  E,  lat.  39  35  n. 

Palma,  a town  in  Andalusia,  Spain,  on 
the  Xenil,  near  its  junction  with  the  Gudal- 
quiver,  30  miles  sw  of  Cordova. 

Palma,  a town  in  Val  di  Mazara,  Sicily, 
has  a rich  mine  of  sulphur  in  the  vicinity, 

15  miles  se  of  Girgenti. 

Palma,  a town  of  New^  Granada,  with 
rich  copper  mines,  and  manufactures  of  cot- 
ton, linen,  and  sugar,  54  miles  kw  of 
St.  F«. 

Palma  di  Solo ; a seaport  on  the  sw 
coast  of  Sardinia,  38  miles  sw  of  Cagliari. 
Lon.  8 56  e,  lat.  39  5 n. 

Palmas,  a river  of  New  Spain,  formed  by 
the  junction  of  the  Nassas  and  Saucedci, 
in  New  Biscay,  it  runs  e about  200  miles 
between  the  provinces  of  New  Leon,  and 
Panuco,  and  falls  into  the  gulf  of  Mexico. 

PALMAS,  one  of  the  Philippine  islands, 

16  leagues  se  of  Mindanao.  Lon.  170 
0 E,  lat.  5 33  N. 

Palmas  Cape,  a promontory  on  the  ivory 
ooast  of  Guinea.  Lon,^  5 34  w,  lat;  4 
26  s. 


Palmela,  a town  in  Estremadiira,  Portu- 
gal, with  a castle  on  a rock,  eight  miles 
NNE  of  Setuval,  and  19  se  of  Lisbon 

PALMER.STON  ISLAND,  is  in  *lat.  IS 
0 s,  and  162  57  \v,  and  is  the  second  in  situa- 
tion from  the  se  of  a group  of  nine  or  10 
all  known  by  the  same  general  name,  and 
connected  by  a reef  of  coral  rock.  The 
principal  one  does  not  exceed  a mile  in  cir- 
cuit, and  is  not  more  than  three  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea.  It  is  without  inhabi- 
tants, and  abounds  with  scurvy  grass,  cocoa 
nuts,  and  the  -wharra-tree.  It  was  discover- 
ed by  captain  Cook,  in  1774. 

Palyaevstowii,  a town  in  Dublin,  Leinster^ 
three  miles  from  Dublin. 

Palmos  ; See  Canary, 

Palniyra,  or  Pticimor,  once  a magnificent 
city  in  the  deserts  of  Arabia,  built  king 
Solomon.  It  became  llie  capital  of  a prin- 
ci|)ality,  under  the  name  of  Paimvra,  on 
the  decline  of  the  kingdom  of  Maekonian 
empire  in  the  e on  Adrian  marebing  hrs 
army  throug^h  Syria  into  Egypt,  it  declared 
for  the  Romans,  and  the  city  flourished  and 
increased  to  the  time  of  Aurelian,  when 
Queen  Zenobia  held  it  out  a long  time 
against  (ho  Romaiis,  but  was  at  lengSi  sub- 
dued, taken  captive  and  led  in  triumph 
through  the  streets  of  Rome.  The  soldiers 
who  had  been  left  in  the  garrison  were  soon 
after  massacred  by  the  inhabitants.  In  re- 
venge of  this  outrage,  Aurelious  caused  the 
inhabitants  to  be  destroyed,  and  gave  up  the 
' city  to  pillage.  The  stupendous  ruins  of 
the  citj^  w hich  stands  in  the  midst  of  a sandy 
desert,  and  are  bounded  on  three  sides  bv 
mountains;  were  visited,  in  1751,  by  Wood 
and  Dawliins,  and  a splendid  account  of 
them  published  in  1753.  The  inhabitants, 
then  consisiing  of  about  40  families,  had 
erected  their  mud  cottages  within  the  spa- 
cions  court  of  a once  magnificent  temple  of 
the  sun..  Palmyra  is  180  miles  se  of  Alep- 
po. Lon.  38  50  e,  lat.  33  20  n. 

Palmyra,  the  only  port  of  entry  and  de- 
li very  in  the  State  of  Tennessee. 

Palmrnd,  a district  of  the  Carnatio,  Kin- 
doostan,  lying  between  the  Guntoor  circar, 
and  the  river  Kistna.  Timerycotta  is  th# 
chief  town. 

PALOMINOS,  small  islands  on  the  coast 
of  Peru,  S America,  33  miles  w of  St.  Law- 
rence island. 

Palos,  a town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
with  a pretty  good  harbour,  at  the  mouth 
of  Rio  Tinto,  famous  for  being  the  place 
whence  Columbus  sailed,  on  his  first  adven- 
turous voyage,  in  1492.  It  lies  40  miles 
w by  s of  Seville.  Lon.  6 52  w,  lat.  37 

10  N. 

Palos,  Cape,  a promontory  in  Murcia, 
Spain,  19  miles  e of  Carthagena.  Lou.  0 
40  w,  lat.  37  37  N. 

Palota,  a town  of  Lower  Hungary,  faiU)#' 
county  of  Alba  Regalis,  taken  from  tk# 
Turks,  in  1887.  It  is  40  miles  sw  of  Buda, 
Lon.  21  20  E,  Ut.  47  0 x. 


PAN 

Paloiza^  a town  of  Hungary,  on  the  Po- 
prat,  54  miles  N of  Cassovia.  Lon.  21 
20  E,  lat.  45  42  n. 

Ftdte,  a famous  lake  of  Jibef,  situated 
about  12  miles  s of  the  fiver  Sanpoo,  sw  of 
Lassa,  said  to  surround  an  island  30  miles 
long,  and  20  broad. 

Paltz,  New,  a town  on  the  west  side  of 
Hudson  s river,  Ulster  county,  New  York, 
about  20  miles  nw  of  Newburgh. 

Pallida,  a town  of  Erzerum  situated  near 
the  Euphrates,  inhabited  by  Mahometans 
and  Christians. 

Pamiers,  a handsome  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Arriege,  France,  on  the  Arriedge, 
lately  a bishop’s  see.  In  the  vicinity  is  a 
mineral  spring,  eight  miles  n of  Foix,  and 
30  s by  E of  Thoulouse.  Lon.  I 35  e, 
iat.  43  6 N. 

Pampelonne,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Tarn,  France,  15  miles  n by  e of  Alby. 

Pampeluna,  capital  of  Upper  Navarre, 
Spain,  a bishop’s  see,  with  a university,  and 
strong  citadel.  Its  handsome  squares  are 
adorned  with  rich  shops.  After  a blocade 
of  three  months,  the  French  garrison  in  this 
city  surendered  to  the  Spaniards  Octr.  31 
1813.  It  lies  on  the  Arga,  47  miles  s of 
Bayonne,  and  197  ne  of  Madrid.  Lon.  1 
42  w,  lat.  42  47  n. 

Pamplico  Sound,  an  inland  sea,  on  the 
coast  of  N Carolina,  separated  in  its  whole 
length  from  the  Atlantic,  by  a sandy*beach 
about  a mile  wide,  and  is  100  miles  long 
and  20  broad.  Of  its  several  inlets,  that  of 
Oerecoke  is  the  only  one  that  will  admit  of 
large  vessels,  and  is  in  lat.  34  54  n. 

Pampliega,  a town  in  Old  Castile,  Spain, 
12  miles  sw  of  Burgos. 

Pamplona,  a town  of  New  Granada, 
seated  in  a fertile  plain  surrounded  by  moun- 
tains, with  beautiful  houses,  public  edifices 
and  squares.  Here  are  mines  of  gold,  and 
copper,  abundance  of  cattle,  and  manufac- 
tures of  sugar  and  cotton.  It  is  180  miles 
NE  of  Santa  Fe.  Lon.  72  21  w,  lat.  7 

1 N. 

Pan,  or  PaJian.  See  Pahang, 

PAN  A,  OR  PUNA,  ail  island  on  the  coast 
of  Peru,  seven  leagues  ene  of  Santa  Clara. 

Panagia,  a town  in  Romania,  European 
Turkey,  14  miles  n of  Gallipoli. 

Panaraga,  capital  of  a district  in  Java, 
60  miles  e by  n of  Mataram. 

Panama,  the  capital  ot  Terra  Fivuia  Pro- 
per, S America,  is  situated  on  a capacious  i 
bay  of  its  name,  on  the  s coast  of  the  Isthmus 
of  Darien,  and  is  the  seat  of  a royal  audience,  I 
and  of  a bishop  who  is  primate  of  Terra  | 
Firma.  The  harbour  of  Panama  is  formed  J 
in  its  road  by  the  shelter  of  several  islands.  | 
It  is  surrounded  with  a stonCgW'all,  and  other 
fortifications,  and  the  public  buildings  are 
very  handsome.  It  was  the  emporium  for 
all  the  merchandize  of  Chili  and  Peru,  in- 
tended for  Europe,  before  the  abolition  of 
the  trade  by  the  Galeons.  Its  commerce 
is  still  considerable,  and  in  the  harbour  is  a 


PAN 

pearl  fishery,  60  miles  s by  w of  Porto  Bello, 
Lon.  79  19  w,  lat.  9 0 n. 

PANAMA,  a province  of  Terra  Firma,  of 
which  the  above  city  is  the  capital.  This 
province  is  called  by  most  writers  Terra 
Firma  Proper.  It  contains  three  cities, 
and  1 2 villages. 

Pananich  WeU^,  celebrated  mineral 
springs,  similar  in  qualilyto.those  of  Moffat, 
situatf^d  two  miles  e ol  Glenmuick  church, 
near  Tulloch  about  38  miles  wof  Aberdeen. 
Here  are  commodious  accommodations  for 
genteel  company,  with  good  roads  leading 
to  these  wells. 

PAN  ARIA,  one  of  the  Lipari  islands,  in 
the  Tuscan  sea,  between  Lipari,  and  Strom- 
boli.  It  is  very  barren,  and  only  five  miles 
in  circumference.  It  it  eight  miles  n of 
Lipari. 

PANARO,  a department  of  the  late  Ita- 
lian republic,  containing  211,448  citizens 
in  October  1797.  Modena  was  the  capital. 

Panarucan,  a town  on  the  north  coast  of 
Java,  capital  of  a kingdom  of  the  same 
name,  in  the  e part  of  the  island.  The 
principal  commerce  is  in  long  pepper.  Here 
are  a number  of  Portuguese  inhabitants. 

PAN  AY,  one  of  the  Philippine  islands, 
lying  between  those  of  Paragoa  and  Negros. 
It  is  250  miles  in  circumference,  and  is  the 
most  populous  and  fertile  of  them  all.  Its 
staple  article  is  rice.  Iloila  is  the  capital. 

Panbride,  a parish  in  Forfarshire,  near 
six  miles  in  length,  and  twm  in  breadth,  ly- 
ing on  the  sea  coast,  e of  the  mouth  of  the 
Tay.  The  church  is  old  and  vvas  dedicated 
to  St  Bridget.  The  ancestors  of  the  famous 
Hector  Boece  were  once  proprietors  of  the 
barony  of  Panhridge.  The  mansion  of 
Pcinmure  stands  in  the  western  part  of  the 
parish,  amid  thriving  plantations.  The 
parish  is  well  cultivated  and  fertile,  and  is 
intersected  by  the  great  road  by  Dunde® 
and  Arbroath.  Population  near  1600. 

Panctms,  a village  of  Middlesex,  two 
miles  to  the  nw  of  London,  Here  is  a 
church  dedicated  to  St.  Pancras,  whose 
vast  church  yard  is  the  common  burying 
place  of  all  the  Roman  Catholics  in  and 
about  London,  Here  is  a medicinal  spring, 
and  a college  established  in  1791,  for  the 
improvement  of  farriery,  and  the  treatment 
of  cattle  in  general. 

P ancsov a,  d.  town  and  fortress  in  the  Ban- 
nat  of  Temeswar,  Hungary,  near  the  Da- 
nube. 10  miles  ene  of  Belgrade,  and  56 
ssw  of  Temeswar. 

Panga,  a large  town  of  Africa,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Congo,  capital  of  the  province 
of  Bamba.  Lon.  14  25  e,  lat,  6 30  s. 

PANGASENA,  one  cf  the  Molucca  is- 
lands, in  the  East  Indies,  45  miles  long,  and 
10  broad,  lying  between  Celebes  and  Bou- 
ton. 

Pango,  a towui  of  Congo,  capital  of  a 
province  of  its  name,  on  the  Barbela,  95 
miles  NNK  of  St.  Salvador.  Lon.  14  45  e, 
lat.  4 20  s. 


P A O 

PANJAB,  a country  in  the  nw  part  of 
Hindoostan  Proper,  being  that  which  is 
-wintered  by  the  five  eastern  branches  of  the  ^ 
Indus.  It  forms  a square  of  2<50  miles,  in- 
cluding the  whole  of  Lahon,  and  the  greater 
part  of  Moulton  Proper.  Part  of  it  is  flat 
and  marshy,  and  is  inundated  by  the  rains 
between  Afay  and  October.  It  was  the 
scene  of  Alexander's  last  campaign,  and  the 
termination  of  his  conquests. 

Paniany^  a town  in  Malabar,  Hindoos- 
tan, seated  in  a sandy  plain,  near  the  mouth 
of  a river.  Here  are  40  famous  mosques, 
AOO  houses  inhabited  by  traders,  and  1000 
huts  belonging  to  the  lower  orders,  Aluch 
Tice  is  exported  to  the  northern  part  of  the 
province,  32  miles  s by  e of  Calicut.  Lon. 
15  58  E,  lat.  10  47  x, 

Panniput,  a town  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
in  the  country  of  Delhi,  seated  in  an  exten- 
sive plain.  Here,  in  1761,  a battle  was 
fought  between  an  army  of  200,000  Mahrat- 
tas,  and  the  sultan  of  Candahar,  at  the  head 
of  150,000  Alahomedans,  in  which  the  for- 
mer were  routed.  It  is  76  miles  nw  of 
Delhi.  Lon.  76  55  e,  lat.  29  13  n. 

Panomi,  a town  in  Macedonia,  European 
Turkey,  16  miles  s of  Salonichi. 

Panormo,  a towm  of  European  Turkey, 
in  Albania,  stands  on  the  gulf  of  the  Adria- 
tic, opposite  the  island  of  Corfu,  45  miles 
ssE  of  Valona.  Lon.  20  2 e,  lat.  40  0 n. 

PANTAIiARIA,  an  island  in  the  Medi- 
terranean sea,  between  Sicily  and  the  main 
land  of  Africa,  about  34  miles  in  circum- 
ference. It  abounds  in  cotton,  fruits,  corn, 
and  wine.  It  has  a town  of  the  same  name. 
To  this  island  are  sent  a number  of  convicts 
from  Sicily.  Lon.  12  31  e,  lat.  36  55  n. 

' Pantika,  a town  in  Natolia,  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, stands  on  the  n'e  coast  of  the  sea  of 
Marmora,  12  miles  se  of  Constantinople. 

PANCUA,  or  Guastica,  a province  of 
N America,  in  New  Spain,  in  the  audience 
of  Mexico.  It  is  divided  by  the  tropic  of 
Cancer,  and  is  about  55  leagues  each  way. 
The  N part  is  barren,  but  the  s part  abounds 
with  provisions,  and  has  mines  of  salt  and 
some  veins  of  gold. 

PanuGO,  a city  of  New  Spain,  capital  of 
a province  of  t he  same  name.  It  is  situated 
on  the  river  Panuco,  40  miles  from  the  sea, 
and  240  n by  e of  Mexico.  Lon.  98  52  w, 
lat.  22  48  N. 

Pdo-King,  a city  of  China,  in  the  pro. 
vines  of  Houquang,  30  miles  ssw  of  Peking. 
Lon.  1 1 1 0 E,  lat.  27  5 n. 

Pao-Ningy  a city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince Se  tchuen,  7000  miles  sw  of  Peking. 
Lon.  105  35  e,  lat.  31  3 n. 

Pa  oom,  one  of  the  New  Hebrides,  in  the 
Pacific  ocean,  to  the  s of  Mallicollo.  Lon. 

168  29  w,lat.  16  30  s. 

PaO’Tingy  a city  of  China,  the  most  con- 
siderable in  the  province  of  Pe-tcheli,  next 
t©  that  of  Pekin.  The  surrounding  country 
h equal  in  fertility  to  any  part  of  CliiiMi. 

13 


PAR 


It  is  78  miles  ssw  of  Pekin.  Lon.  1 15  25  b, 
lat.  38  54  N. 

Papa,  a small  but  strong  town  of  Lower 
Hungary,  in  the  county  of  Vesprin,  stands 
on  a mountain  near  the  Marchaltz,  and  is 
45  miles  w of  Buda. 

PAPA-STOUR,  one  of  the  Shetland  is- 
lands, about  a mile  w of  the  main-land.  It 
is  about  two  miles  long  and  10  broad,  flat, 
fertile,  &c.  It  contains  near  309  inhabi- 
tants, and  is  included  in  the  parish  of  Vfalls 
and  Sandness.  On  the  coast  is  a curious 
arched  cave,  into  which  a boat  can  sail 
with  spread  oars. 

PAPA  STRONSAY,  and  Papa  Wes- 
TRAY,  two  of  the  Orkney  islands.  The  lat- 
ter is  one  of  the  most  fertile  of  the  Orkney 
islands,  and  is  included  in  the  parish  of  Wes- 
tray.  It  has  a church  and  a water-mill. 

Papantla,  a town  in  Tlascala,  New 
Spain.  In  the  vicinity,  in  a large  forest,  is 
a pyramidical  structure,  built  with  immense 
stones,  remarkable  for  their  polish,  and  or* 
namented  with  hieroglyphics.  It  is  of 
great  antiquity,  80  miles  nnw  of  Xaiapa. 

Papcastle,  a large,  handsome,  and  plea- 
santly situated  village  in  the  parish  of 
Bridekirk,  Cumberland,  a mile  w of  Cock- 
ermouth,  and  the  Derwent  meanders  beauti- 
fully through  the  intervening  vale.  The 
surrounding  pastures  are  uncommonly  rich, 
and  the  cheese  made  here  is  much  admired. 

PAPINACHOIS,  an  Indian  nation,  who 
inhabit  the  country  s of  Piretibbe  lake  in 
Lower  Canada. 

Papoul,  St,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Aube,  France,  on  the  Lembe,  13  miles  e of 
Carcasonne,  and  35  se  of  Toulouse. 

Pappenburg,  a town  in  E Friesland, 
Westphalia,  on  a canal  that  communicates 
with  the  Ems.  Here  are  two  churches,  and 
several  yards  for  ship-building,  23  miles  s 
ofEmbden. 

Pappenheim,  a town  of  Swabia,  capital 
of  a county  of  the  same  name,  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Franconia,  stands  on  a liill  near  the 
Atmal,  1 7 miles  nw  of  Neuburg. 

Papua.  See  Guinea  New. 

Papudo,  a port  of  Chili,  where  there  is  a 
good  trade  in  hides,  tallow,  and  rigging  of 
the  neighbouring  settlements,  200  miles 
NNwof  St.  Jago.  Lon.  71  10  w,  lat.  32 
36  s. 

Para,  a river  of  Brazil,  which  gives  name 
to  a government,  and  is  the  nw  boundary  o| 
that  territory.  It  is,  properly  speahmg,  the 
eastern  mouth  of  the  Amazon,  bomg  a 
branch  from  its  estuary,  flowing  se  and 
then  NE,  to  the  ocean,  where  its  mouth  is 
40  miles  wide.  The  space  included  by 
them  and  the  ocean  forms  an  islaiRi  called 
Maraso,  or  Joanes,  150  miles  in  diauicter. 

Para,  a city  and  capital  of  a govern- 
ment of  the  same  name,  Brasd,  and  a bi- 
shop^s  see,  on  the  estuary  of  Para,  with  a ci- 
tadel and  a castle,  and  many  elegant  build- 
ings, cultivating  cotton,  sugar-canes,  ihdi- 
C/  c 


PAR 

go,  and  tobacco^  gives  employment  to  the 
inhabitants,  80  miles  from  the  ocean.  Lon. 
48  33  w,  lat.  1 30  s. 

PARACELS,  a vast  number  of  small  is- 
lands and  rocks  in  the  China  sea.  They 
form  a long  cluster,  lying  n and  s for  near 
300  miles  long,  and  60  broad,  and  lye  off 
the  coast  of  Cochin-china. 

Paradella,  a town  in  Beira,  Portugal,  12 
miles  sE  of  Lamego. 

PARAGOA,  or  Palawan,  the  largest  of 
the  cluster  of  islands  called  Calamianes, 
and  the  most  westerly  of  the  Philippine  is- 
lands, 180  miles  long,  and  from  20  to  40 
broad,  divided  between  the  Spaniards  and 
the  king  of  Borneo.  The  former  have  a 
garrison  at  Taty,  at  the  n end  of  the  island. 
Lon.  118  45  e,  lat.  11  0 n. 

PARAGUAY,  a country  of  South  America 
about  1100  miles  in  length,  and  from  300  to 
600  in  breadth.  The  rivers,  the  principal 
of  which  are  the  Parana,  Paraguay,  and 
Uruguay,  annually  overflow  their  banks ; 
and,  on  their  recess,  leave  them  enriched  by 
a slime,  that  renders  the  soil  extremely  fer- 
tile. From  the  situation  of  this  country, 
some  parts'of  it  must  be  extremely  hot,  from 
the  almost  vertical  influence  of  the  rays  of  the 
sun ; while  other  parts  must  be  pleasant  and 
delightful.  .Some  parts  are  very  mountain- 
ous, but  in  many  others,  you  find  extensive 
and  beautiful  plains,  where  the  soil  is  very 
rich,  producing  cotton,  tobacco,  and  the 
valuable  herb  called  Paraguay,  the  infusion 
of  which  is  drank  in  all  the  Spanish  pro- 
vinces of  S America,  instead  of  tea.  Cattle, 
sheep,  horses,  and  mules,  abound  in  its 
nch  pastures ; of  the  latter,  many  thou- 
sands are  annually  sent  to  Peru,  together 
with  a variety  of  iruits.  The  population  of 
this  country  has  not  been  accurately  ascer- 
tained, but  it  is  very  great.'  The  Spaniards 
first  discovered  this  country  in  1515,  and 
founded  the  town  of  Buenos  Ayres  in  1535. 
In  1580,  the  Jesuits  were  admitted  into 
these  regions,  gradually  obtained  an  abso- 
lute dominion,  both  spiritual  and  temporal, 
over  the  natives,  and  were  expelled  in  1767. 
In  1757,  Spain  exchanged  the  colonies  on 
the  E shore  of  the  Paraguay,  for  the  Portu- 
guese colony  of  St.  Sacrament,  which  cau- 
sed that  river  to  become  the  boundary  of 
the  respective  possessions  of  the  two  crowns. 
Buenos  Ayres  is  the  capital, 

PARAIBA,  or  Parayha,  the  most  nor- 
thern province  of  Brazil,  in  South  America, 
lying  between  Rio  Grande  to  the  n,  and  the 
tiver  Tamarack  to  the  s.  The  chief  town, 
seated  on  the  Paraiba,  is  of  the  same  name, 
and  is  10  miles  from  the  sea.  It  abounds  in 
cotton,  sugar-canes,  lobacoo,  and  brasil- 
Wood.  The  Portuguese  were  expelled  by 
the  Dutch,  in  1035,  but  soon  regained  pos- 
session. It  has  a magnificent  cathedral, 
three  forts,  and  many  stately  buildings. 
Lon.  35  1 1 w,  lat.  0 57  s. 

Para  Island,  one  of  the  rarge  of  islauds 


P A R 

S.B  of  ^^yporaba,  ^ind  e of  the  great  river 
Amazon. 

Paramaribo,  corruptly  called  Pasama^ 
riba,  the  chief  town  of  Surinam,  containing 
about  400  houses.  Its  port  is  five  leagues 
from  the  sea,  and  has  every  convenience. 
Here  are  seldom  less  than  80  ships  loading 
cotton,  sugar,  cotfee,  and  indigo.  The 
streets  are  straight,  and  lined  with  orange, 
lemon,  shaddock,  and  tamarind  trees  in  per- 
petual bloom.  In  1799,  and  again  in  1803, 
it  surrendered  to  the  English.  The  town  ifi 
situated  on  the  e side  of  the  river  Surinam, 
16  miles  from  its  mouth.  Lon.  55  15  w, 
lat.  5 53  N. 

Paramithi,  a town  in  Albania,  Europeaiji 
Turkey,  chief  of  a district  of  its  name,  20 
miles  sw  of  Janina. 

Paramousic,  one  of  the  Kurile  islands 
lying  s of  that  of  Shoomska* 

PARANA,  a province  in  the  e division  of 
Paraguay,  S America,  has  its  name  from  a 
large  river  which  receives  the  Paraguay  at 
Covrientes,  and  afterwards  joining  the  Ura? 
guay,  forms  the  Plata.  Its  chief  town  i? 
St.  Ann. 

Parchim,  a town  of  MeokjLenbuTg,  Lower 
Saxony,  on  the  Elda,  20  miles  se  qi 
Schwerin. 

Parchwitz,  a town  and  castle  in  the  priu? 
cipality  o^  Lignitz,  Silesia,  on  the  Katzr 
back,  with  a manufacture  of  cloth,  10  miles 
NE  of  Lignitz. 

PardMtz,a.iQV(a  of  Bohemia, in  the  cirr 
cle  of  Chrudiu,  on  the  Elbe,  has  a manufac- 
ture of  sword-blades  and  knives,  43  miles 
by  s of  Prague.  Lon.  15  4 1 e,  lat.  49  58  n. 

Parenza,  a small  town  of  Istria,  with  a 
good  harbour,  on  a peninsula,  on  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  28  miles  s by  w of  Capo  dTstria. 
Lon  13  15  E,  lat.  45  18  n. 

Parga,  a sea  port  on  the  coast  of  Albania, 
European  Turkey,  sealed  on  a peninsula, 
30  miles  sw  of  Janina,  opposite  the  island  of 
Corfu.  Lon.  20  47  e,  lat.  39  28  N. 

Parham,  a town  and  harbour  on  the  N 
side  of  the  island  of  Antigua,  in  the  West 
Indies. 

PARIA,  or  New  Andalusia,  a country 
of  S America,  in  Terra  Firma,  and  govern- 
ment of  Caraoeis,  to  the  se  of  Cumana,  on 
the  banks  of  the  Oronoko,  and  including  the 
delta  of  that  river.  The  gulf  of  Paria^  on 
the  N of  this  province,  between  Cumana  and 
the  island  of  Trinadad,  is  one  of  the  best 
harbours  in  the  world.  Boca  del  Draco, 
(the  dragon’s  mouth,)  the  n entrance  into 
this  gulf,  bad  its  name  from  the  tempestuous 
waves  and  adverse  currents  which  Colum=» 
bus  encountered  when  it  was  discover- 
ed in  N98.  The  sea  coast  is  mostly  in- 
habited, on  which  there  are  several  towns. 

p7Wa,  capital  of  a district  in  the  audience 
of  Caracas,  Peru.  Its  cheese,  made  of  tbe 
milk  of  ewes,  is  in  high  esteem  It  has 
some  silver  mines,  140  miles  of  Plata,^ 
Lop.  68  32  w,  lat.  18  30  s^ 


PAR 

Paridrongj  a town  of  Tibet,  on  the  fron- 
tiers of  Bootan,  near  a river  that  enters  the 
Teesta,  4S  miles  wnw  of  Tassasudon. 

Parilla,  or  Santa,  a town  of  Peru,  in  Li- 
ma, on  the  sea  shore,  near  the  mouth  of  a 
rapid  river  of  its  name,  80  miles  se  of  Trux- 
illo,  and  280  aw  of  Lima.  Lon.  78  30  w, 
lat.  9 0s. 

Parima,  a lake  near  the  borders  of  Ama- 
zonia and  Giiayana,  S America,  80  miles 
long,  and  40  broad,  formed  by  the  Oronoko, 
which  enters  on  the  n and  issues  near  the 
Nw  angle  of ‘the  lake.  The  White  river, 
called  also  Parima,  issues  from  the  se  and 
runs  s to  the  Black  river,  and  thence  se  to 
the  river  Amazon.  There  are  two  other 
branches  that  flow  from  the  w side  of  this 
lake  to  the  Black  river,  which  forms  so  ma- 
ny communications  between  the  Oronoko 
and  the  Amazon. 

PARINA  COCAS,  a jurisdiction  of  South 
America,  in  the  audience  of  Lima,  extending 
above  7S  miles.  The  mines  of  silver  and 
gold  form  the  chief  branch  of  its  commerce. 

Paris,  the  capital  of  France,  one  of  the 
largest,  finest,  and  most  populous  cities  in 
Europe,  is  the  see  of  an  archbishop,  and  the 
seat  of  an  university.  The  river  Seine, 
forms  two  small  islands,  one  of  which,  now 
called  Lisle  Notre  Dame,  or  the  city,  for- 
med the  entire  town  of  Lutetia,  when  it  was 
conquered  by  Julius  Caesar.  The  houses 
scattered  here  and  there  were  round,  small, 
and  low.  Clovis  I.  after  the  defeat  of  Ala- 
ric,  made  Paris  the  capital  of  his  kingdom. 
Its  circuit  was  much  extended  by  Philip 
Augustus.  It  w'as  greatly  embellished  by 
Francis  I.  and  his  successors.  The  inhabi- 
tants were  computed  to  be  800,000,  but 
from  an  official  statement  in  1810,  amounted 
only  to  547,756.  It  is  nine  miles  in  diame- 
ter, and  18  in  circumference,  including  the 
suburbs,  and  has  16  gates.  It  is  supposed 
to  contain  1000  streets,  and  24,000  houses, 
among  which  are  many  of  five  or  six  sto- 
ries. There  are  nine  principal  bridges  in 
Paris.  The  Pont  Neuf,  the  finest,  is  1020 
feet  long,  by  72  broad.  The  public  foun- 
tains are  very  numerous.  The  public  pla- 
ces, squares,  <fec.  are  also  numerous  and  ele- 
gant. The  cathedral  of  Notre  Dame,  a Go- 
thic structure,  is  one  of  the  largest  in  Europe, 
and  contains  45  chapels.  The  Pantheon  was 
destined  by  the  nationnl  assembly,  in  1791, 
to  receive  the  remains  of  such  great  men, 
as  had  merited  well  of  their  country.  The 
remains  of  Rousseau,  Voltaire,  and  Des- 
cartes, have  accordingly  b#5en  removed 
fiither  The  university,  founds  by  Charles 
the  fat,  consists  of  four  faculties  ; namely, 
divinity,  the  civil  and  canon  law,  medi- 
cine, and  the  sciences.  The  finest  college 
in  Paris  was  that  of  the  four  nations,  called 
also  Mazarin,  from  that  cardinal  its  foun- 
der. There  are  six  academies  in  Paris. 
Among  the  public  libraries,  that  called  the 
King^s,  holds  the  first  rank,  in  respect  both 
to  thi  extent  of  the  buildings,  the  nura- 


PAR 

her  of  the  volumes.  That  of  St.  Germain- 
des  Press,  one  of  the  richest  in  France,  con- 
taining between  15,000  and  20,000  manu- 
scripts, and  near  100,000  volumes,  is  open 
every  day  to  men  of  letters.  The  Royal 
(now  National)  Observatory  is  built  of  free- 
stone, and  neither  wood  nor  iron  has  been 
employed  in  its  erection.  The  Botanical 
Garden  is  extensive,  and  worthy  of  the  Ap- 
pelation  of  royal.  The  four  principal  palaces 
are  the  Louvre,  the  Thuilleries,  the  Palais 
Royal,  and  the  Luxemburg.  In  the  Louvre 
was  lately  deposited  the  finest  collection  of, 
statues  and  paintings  in  the  world.  Those 
however,  wdiioh  Bonaparte  brought  from 
Italy,  and  other  nations,  which  he  subdued 
are  now,  by  the  allied  powers  ordered  back- 
to  their  respective  owners.  The  garden  of 
the  Thuilleries  in  front  of  the  palace  and  on 
the  banks  of  the  Seine,  is  the  finest  prome- 
nade in  Paris.  The  palais  royal,  embelished 
with  many  beautiful  buildings,  with  shops, 
coffee-houses,  and  a garden  is  like  a con- 
tinual fair.  The  Luxemburg  is  celebrated 
for  its  gallery,  in  which  are  twenty  exqui- 
site paintings  by  Rubens,  The  Hospital- 
general  is  a most  noble  foundation  for  the 
female  sex  ; near  7000  of  whom  are  here 
provided  for,  and  live  under  the  inspection 
of  sixty  sisters.  To  this  foundation  belongs 
the  castle  of  Bicestre,  defended  on  all  sides 
by  a wall  of  considerable  circuit,  which 
contains  within  it  many  large  buildings, 
and  several  open  places ; and  here  near 
4000  j3ersons  of  the  other  sex  are  maintained. 
The  Hotel  des  Invalides,  for  the  wounded 
and  superanuated  soldiery,  is  a magnificent 
structure,  built  by  Louis  XIV ; as  is  the 
Military  School,  in  the  Champ  de  Mars, 
which  was  founded  by  Louis  XV.  The  two 
principal  theatres  are  the  theatre  de  la  na- 
tion, and  the  Italian  theatre,  which  in  point 
of  elegance  and  convenience,  are  worthy  of 
the  metropolis  of  a great  nation.  The  Sa- 
maritan, a beautiful  edifice  at  the  end  of  tho 
bridge  leading  to  the  Louvre,  is  fitted  up 
with  an  engine  which  conveys  the  water  of 
the  Seine  to  all  the  parts  of  the  Ville.  The 
Mint  is  an  elegant  building,  situated  on  that 
side  of  the  Seine  which  is  opposite  the  Lou- 
vre. The  Hortel  de  Ville,  or  Guildhall  of 
the  city,  is  an  ancient  structure,  in  the  place 
de  Greve,  which  was  heretofore  the  com- 
mon place  of  execution,  till  lately  when  the 
Place  de  la  Revolution,  and  afterwards  the 
site  of  the  Basiile,  were  appropriated  to  that 
purpose.  The  most  interesting  of  the  manu- 
factures of  Paris  is  that  of  the  Gobelins  (so 
called  from  a family  of  celebrated  dyers, 
settled  in  this  city  1440,)  in  which  tapestries, 
are  made  after  the  finest  pictures,  U)  grea  . 
perfection.  The  manufacture  of  plate-glass>: 
likewise  merits  attention.  This  city  sur- 
rendered to  the  Emperor  of  Russia  and  his 
■allies  on  the  31  of  March,  1814,  in  con- 
sequence of  which  Bonaparte  abdicated  (he 
imperial  throne,  and  retired  to  Elba,  frpui, 

' which  he  returned  ahd  iook  possesion  of  Paris 


P A R 

in  March  181 5,  took  the  field  at  the  head  of  his . 
army,  was  defeated  at  Waterloo,  and  again 
abdicated,  in  consequence  of  which  the  allies 
proceeded  to  Paris,  where  they  still  remain 
at  the  close  of  1815.  Paris  forms^  with  a 
small  district  round  it,  one  of  the  depart- 
ments of  France ; and  is  263  miles  sse  of 
London,  625  w of  Vienna,  and  630  nne  of 
Madrid.  Lon.  2 20  e,  lat.  48  50  n. 

PARIS,  chief  of  Bourbon  county,  Ken- 
tucky seated  in  a fine  plain,  watered  by  a 
small  river,  30  miles  e of  Frankfort. 

PoriSy  a thriving  town  in  Herkemer 
county,  New  York,  six  miles  sw  of  Whites- 
town.  The  township  contained,  in  1796, 
3450  inhabitants. 

PARKEK^S  ISLAND,  an  island  of  the 
United  States,  in  Lincoln  county,  district 
of  Maine.  It  derives  its  name  from 
John  Parker,  who,  in  1650,  purchased  it  of 
the  natives,  and  part  of  it  is  still  the  proper- 
ty of  bis  descendents. 

Parker^s  River y a river  of  Massachusetts, 
which  rises  in  Essex  county,  and  flows  into 
the  sound  which  separates  Plumb  island 
front  the  mainland,  it  is  navigable  two  miles 
from  its  mouth,  where  a bridge  croses  it, 
870  feet  long  and  26  wide,  consisting  of 
eight  wooden  arches  supported  by  solid  piers. 
It  is  on  the  post  read  e from  Boston,  and 
was  built  in  1758. 

Parkgatey  a,  sea-port  of  Cheshire,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Dee,  10  miles  nw  of  Chester. 
It  has  a strong  pier,  and  a commodious  ter- 
race, and  hence  packet  boats  frequently  sail 
to  Ireland. 

Parkkeady  and  ParkhousCy  two  villages 
near  Glasgow  ; the  former  contains  near 
700  inhabitants  and  the  latter  about  500. 

Parmay  an  ancient  rich,  populous,  and 
handsome  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  a duchy 
of  the  same  name,  and  a bishop's  see,  with 
an  university.  Besides  its  magnificent  ca- 
thedral it  has  many  handsome  churches,  and 
elegant  streets.  The  celebrated  Coreggio, 
who  was  a native  of  this  place,  painted  the 
cupola  of  the  cathedral  and  church  of 
St.  John.  In  the  church  of  the  Capuchins 
is  the  tomb  of  the  famous  Alexander  Farnese. 
The  ducal  palace,  with  its  gallery  and  col- 
lection of  artificial  curiosities  ; the  theatre 
capable  of  containing  14,000  spectators  ; 
the  benedictine  convent,  in  which  12,000 
soldiers  were  quartered  in  1734  ; a ducal 
palace  connected  with  the  town,  and  the 
promenade  between  the  town  and  citadel, 
are  objects  w'orthy  of  notice.  Here,  in 
1734,  the  Austrians  were  defeated  n'  a bat- 
tle with  the  French  and  Sardinians.  The 
inhabitants,  about  38,000,  trade  in  silk 
and  silk  stockings.  Parma*  is  situated  on 
a river  of  the  same  name,  which  divides  it 
into  two  parts,  united  by  three  bridges,  40 
miles  Nw  of  Modena,  and  60  sb  of  Milan. 
Lon.  10  30  E,  lat.  44  50  n. 

PARMA,  a duchy  tMid  province  of  Italy, 
partly  annexed  to  the  late  Italian  republic, 
and  lately  wholly  in  possession  of  the 


PAR 

French.  . Besides  Parma  Proper,  it  includes 
the  duchies  of  Piacenza  and  Guastella,. 
The  famous  Parmesan  cheese  is  no  longer 
made  in  this  country,  but  at  Lodi,  in  the  Mi- 
lanese, and  some  other  places.  This  duchy, 
in  1808,  was  annexed  to  France,  and  was 
called  the  department  of  Taro.  The  air  is 
very  wholesome.  The  soil  is  fertile  in 
corn,. wine,  oil,  and  hemp.  There  aie  also 
some  considerable  mines  of  copper  and  sil- 
ver. 

ParnassuSy  now  called  Parnasso,  a cele- 
brated mountain  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  in  Liva- 
dia,  w'ith  two  tops  ; one  famous  for  being 
consecrated  to  Bachus,  and  the  other  to 
Apollo  and  the  muses.  It  is  the  highest  in 
Greece,  and  has  a line  fountain,  supposed  to 
be  the  ancient  Castallia.  It  is  eight  miles 
N of  Livadia. 

Paroy  or  Porrogangy  a town  in  Bootan, 
seated  on  the  Patchieu,  in  a fertile  valley, 
with  a castle  the  residence  of  the  governor. 
It  is  celebrated  fora  manufacture  of  swords^ 
daggers,  arrows,  and  idols,  20  miles  s by  e 
of  Tassasudon. 

PAROS,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago,, 
one  of  the  Cyclades,  about  10  miles  in 
length,  and  eight  in  breadth.  The  soil  is 
well  cultivated,  and  the  pastures  feed  a 
great  number  of  flocks.  Their  trade  con- 
sists in  wheat,  barley,  wine,  pulse,  and  cal- 
licoes  ; and  in  marble  also,  v/hich  has  loog 
been  in  great  estimation  by  sculptors.  The 
celebrated  Statuaries,  Phidias,  and  Praxiti- 
les,  w^ere  natives  of  this  island,  and  the  fa- 
mous Arundelian  marbles  at  Oxford -w’ere 
brought  from  this  place.  It  once  abounded 
with  oil,  but  the  Venetian  army  burnt  the 
olive  trees.  It  lies  near  Naxia,  and  Paros 
is  the  capital. 

Porosy  the  capital  of  the  above  island, 
anciently  the  largest  town  of  the 
Cyclades,  is  at  present  much  reduced.  It 
is  a bishop^s  see,  the  walls  of  the  castle, 
are  built  of  ancient  pieces  of  marble,  also 
their  houses,  and  even  their  fields  are  enclos-' 
ed  with  frieses,  altars,  and  baso  relie voz. 
The  art  of  sculpture  is  now  confined  to  mor- 
tars and  salt-cellars.  It  is  situated  on  the 
w coast  of  the  island.  Lon.  25  44  e, 
lat.  37  8 N. 

ParraSy  a town  in  New  Biscay,  New 
Spain,  seated  near  a lake  of  the  same  name, 
in  a charming  situation,  where  a species  of 
wild  vine  is  cultivated,  76  miles  w of  Sal- 
tillo. 

P arret y a river  that  has  its  source  in  the  s 
part  of  Somersetshire,  meets  in  its  course, 
the  Ivel  and  Mone,  becomes  navigable  at 
the  town  of  Bridgewater,  and  falls  into  the 
Bristol  channel,  at  Bridgewater  bay. 

Parramattay  a towm  or  settlement  of 
English  convicts  in  New  South  Wales,  si- 
tuated at  the  head  of  the  harbour  of  Port 
Jackson,  with  a church,  and  court  house, 
and  gaol,  13  miles  w of  Sydney  Cove. 
Lon.  151  30  E,  lat.  33  50  s. 

Parteen,  a town  in  Clare,  Munster, 


PAS 

Ireland,  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Shan- 
non. 

Partenkirch,  a town  of  Bavaria,  in  the 
county  of  Werdenfels,  20  miles  s by  e ot 
Welheim. 

Parthenay,  an  ill  built  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Two  Sevres,  France.  It  car- 
ries on  a considerable  trade  in  cattle  a/nd 
corn,  and  is  situated  on  the  Thoue,  21  miles 
s of  Thouars,  and  28  nne  of  Niort. 

Parthenopian ; See  Neopolitan. 

Parton,  a snitiil  sea-port  of  Cumberland, 
two  miles  n of  Whitehaven,  seated  under 
high  cliffs  on  the  sea  shore. 

Partony  a parish  and  village  in  Kirkcud- 
brightshire, SE  of  Gtillowy,  bounded  on  the 
w by  the  Dee.  The  parish  is  of  a square 
form^  comprehending  about  20  square  miles. 
Its  chief  productions  are  cattle,  sheep,  wool 
and  corn.  In  the  parish  is  a sulphureous 
spring,  a druidical  circle,  and  two  artificial 
mounds.  Population  426. 

Paruy  a town  in  the  jurisdiction  of  Para, 
Brazil,  n side  of  the  head  of  the  estuary  of 
the  Amazon,  200  miles  from  the  ocean. 
Lon.  54  20  w,  lat.  I 50  s. 

Paritpanada,  a town  in  Malabar,  Hin- 
doostan,  seated  near  the  rriOuth  of  a river, 
contains  700  houses  built  of  stone,  12  miles 
s of  Calicut. 

ParySy  a mountain  in  the  nw  coast  of  the  isle 
of  Anglesy,  famous  fora  copper  mine,  proba- 
bly the  largest  bed  of  ore  of  that  metal  hither- 
to discovered  in  the  world.  It  is  wrought  like 
a stone  quarry  open  to  day.  It  seems  to 
have  been  wrought  by  the  Romans,  but  was 
discontinued,  from  the  time  of  that  people, 
till  1764.  Of  the  vast  quantity  of  ore,  the 
purest  part  is  sent  to  the  smelting  works  at 
Swansea  and  other  places  ; the  most  impure 
is  deprived  of  its  sulphur  on  the  spot ; w^hich 
sulphur  is  sublimed  and  afterwards  formed 
into  rolls  of  brimstone.  A lead  ore  rich  in 
silver  is  also  found  in  this  mountain.  The 
smelting  and  boiling  houses  are  in  the  valley 
below,  near  the  sea.  Much  of  the  produce 
of  these  mines  is  shipped  at  the  commodious 
harbour  of  Almwich.  The  w'ealth  and  po- 
pulation of  Anglesy  have  received  a great 
increase  from  the  discovery  of  this  copper 
mine. 

PaSy  a tow'o  in  the  department  of  the 
Pas  de  Calais,  France,  12  miles  sw  of 
Arras. 

Pastty  a town  in  Farsistan,  Persia,  80 
miles  sE  of  Shiras. 

Pascuaro,  or  PatzquarOy  a town  in 
Mechoacan,  New  Spain,  seated  on  the  e 
bank  of  a picturesque  lake  of  its  name.  It 
is  famous  as  the  burial  place  of  the  cele- 
brated Vasco,  first  bishop  of  Mechoacan, 
who  died  in  1556,  and  whom  the  natives 
still  call  their  father. 

PAS  DE  CALAIS,  or  Straits  op 
Calais,  one  of  the  departments  of  France, 
containing  the  late  province  of  Artois  and 
Boulonhois.  Arras  is  the  capital.  j 

Pasewalky  a town  of  Hither  Pomerania, ; 


PAS 

seated  on  the  Ucker.  In  the  vicinity  ar® 
some  iron-works,  28  miles  w of  Stettin. 

Pasmariy  an  island  near  Dalmatia,  18 
miles  long  and  three  broad. 

PASPAYA,  a jurisdiction  in  the  arch- 
bisiiopric  of  La  Plata,  about  40  leagues 
s of  the  city  of  that  name.  It  is  moun- 
tainous, but  abounds  in  grain,  pulse,  and 
fruits, 

Pasqua,  a town  in  the  province  of  Xali?co, 
New  Spain,  at  the  mouth  of  a river,  100 
miles  ssw  of  Compostella. 

PasquiarOy  a town  in  New  Biscay,  New 
Spain,  70  miles  w by  Nof  Durango. 

Passage,  a sea  port  in  the  province  of 
Biscay,  and  territory  of  Guipuscoa  Spain, 
with  a castle,  seated  on  a gulf  between 
Fontarabia,  and  St,  Sebastian,  four  miles  ji. 
of  the  latter,  and  the  harbour  is  very  spaci- 
ous within,  though  narrow  at  the  entrance, 
GO  miles  e of  Bilboa. 

Passage,  on  the  coast  of  Ireland,  in  Cork, 
Munster,  opposite  Great  island,  on  which 
the  town  of  Cove  is  situated. 

Passage,  in  Waterford,  Munster,  situated 
on  the  N Side  of  a steep  hill.  Here  is  an 
excellent  road,  where  590  sail  of  ships  may 
ride  safely. 

Passage,  Fort,  a small  town  of  Jamaica, 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cobre,  on  the 
road  between  Port  Royal  and  Spanish  towm, 
seven  miles  se  of  the  latter. 

Passage  Islands,  Great  and  Little,  two 
of  the  Virgin  islands,  in  the  West  Indies. 
Lon.  64  5 vv,  lat.  18  ^ n. 

Passamaquody,  a towm  in  Washington 
county,  district  of  Maine,  seated  on  a bay 
of  its  name,  at  the  month  of  the  Cobscook, 
20  miles  nne  of  Machias. 

Passao  Cape,  a cape  in  the  kingdom  of 
Quito.  Lon.  80  50  w,  lat.  0 30  s. 

Passaro,  Cape,  the  se  point  of  Sicily, 
anciently  called  Pachinum.  It  is  rather  a 
low  point,  separated  from  the  island  by  a 
narrow  channel.  It  has  a fort.  Off  this 
cape  in  1735,  Sir  George  Byng  defeated  the 
Spaniards.  Lon.  15  17  e,  lat.  36  40  n. 

Passarowitz,  a town  of  Turkey,  in  Eu- 
rope, in  Servia,  It  is  situated  near  the 
Morava.  Here,  in  1718,  a peace  Wiis  con- 
cluded between  Achmit  III.  and  Charles 
VI.  33  miles  ese  of  Belgrade. 

Passaruan,  a town  in  Java,  with  a trade 
in  rice,  and  cotton,  30  miles  w of  Pana- 
rucan. 

PASSAU,  Bishopric  of,  a territory  of 
Germany,  in  Bavaria,  lying  between  Lower 
Bavaria,  Austria,  and  Bohemia.  Passau 
is  the  capital. 

Passau,  an  ancient,  handsome,  and’cele- 
brated  town  of  Germany,  the  capital  of  the 
above,  principality.  Passau  is  on  the  s sido 
of  the  Danube,  where  it  receives  the  Hz  and 
Inn,  and  by  these  rivers  is  divided  into  four 
parts;  Passau,  Instadt,  Ilstadt,  and  the 
I fortified  castle  of  Oberhaus.  Passau  is 
j separated  from  Instadt  by  the  Inn  on  the  k, 
li  Th®  other  two,  which  are  parted  by  the 


PAT 

II 2,  are  oti  the  n side  of  the  Danube.  Here, 
a treaty,  or  religious  peace,  was  concluded 
in  1552.  The  cathedral  and  greatest  part 
of  the  town  were  consumed,  by  fire,  in  1662. 
but  they  have  been  handsomely  rebuilt.  It 
is  62  miles  te  by  s of  Ratisbon,  and  135  w 
by  N of  Vienna.  Lon*  13  12  e,  lat.  48 
34  N. 

PassenJieim,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Oberland,  Prussia,  40  miles  s of  Heils- 
berg. 

PassignanOy  a town  in  Perugino,  Italy, 
on  the  N coast  of  the  lake  Perugia,  17  miles 
Kw  of  Perugia. 

Passo  del  Norte,  a town  of  New  Mexico, 
with  a fortress,  seated  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Rio  del  Norte,  near  the  borders  of  New 
Biscay.  In  the  vicinity  are  great  numbers 
of  black  cattle  and  sheep,  and  abundance  of 
corn,  wine,  and  fruit,  240  miles  n of  Chihu- 
ahua, and  270  s of  St.  Fe.  Lon.  104  44  w, 
lat.  32  14  N. 

Passy,  a village  in  the  department  of 
Paris,  near  the  town  of  St.  Denys,  France. 
Here  is  a manufacture  for  speedily  bleach- 
ing cotton  and  linen  cloth. 

PastOy  or  Sty  Juan  de  Pasto,  a town  of 
Popayan,  in  South  America,  seated  in  a plain, 
at  the  foot  of  a lofty  mountain.  It  has 
wooden  manufactures,  varnished  so  as  to 
resemble  Japan,  which  are  much  esteemed, 
120  miles  n by  E of  Quito.  Lon.  77  6 w, 
lat.  1 14n. 

' Pastrana,  a town  of  New  Castile,  Spain, 
32  miles  e of  "Madrid. 

PATAGONIA,  the  most  southern  part 
of  South  America,  where  a race  of  people 
Were  discovered,  who  for  two  centuries  and 
an  half,  have  afforded  a subject  of  contro- 
versy to  the  learned  and  of  w^onder  to  the 
vulgar.  The  first  accounts  of  this  people 
were  brought  to  Europe  by  the  companions 
of  Magellan,  who  described  them  as  a 
gigantic  race,  above  eight  feet  high,  and  of 
strength  in  proportion  to  their  uncommon 
size.  Later  accounts  state  them  to  be  from 
six  feet,  to  six  feet  five  and  seven  inches  in 
height,  with  remarkably  small  hands  and 
feet.  Their  teeth  are  very  white  and  well 
set.  They  all  paint  necirly  in  the  same 
manner.  Their  colour  is  a kind  of  bronze. 
They  have  no  other  cloathing  than  skins, 
which  they  wear  with  the  hair  inward,  and 
and  a sort  of  little  apron.  Their  is  no  tim- 
ber in  the  s parts,  but  there  is  a vast  quantity 
in  the  N,  with  numerous  herds  of  cattle. 
Patagonia  is  about  1100  miles  long,  and 
300  broad,  extending  from  the  river  Plata, 
to  the  straits  of  ' Magellan.  The  e coast 
is  generally  flat.  Port  St.  Julian  is  the 
principal  harbour. 

Pataky  a town  of  Hungary,  on  the  Lato- 
reza,  has  a protestant  college,  25  miles  sse 
of  Cassovia. 

PATANA,  a district  and  city  of  Mysore; 
See  Seringapatam. 

PATANI,  a kingdom  of  Asia,  in  the 
peninsula  of  Malacca;  ou  th¥  k coast.  The 


PAT 

I inhabitants  are  all  accounted  very  volup- 
tuous. The  air  is  wholesome,  though  very 
hot.  They  have  some  trade  with  the  Chi- 
nese; and  the  principal  town  of  the  same 
name  has  a harbour,  and  lies  300  miles 
by  w of  Malacca.  Lon.  100  50  e,  lat.  7 
5 N. 

Patay,  a town  in  the  department  of  Loiret, 
France.  Here  Joan  of  Arc,  defeated  the 
English  in  1429.  It  is  15  miles  nw  of  Or- 
leans. 

Patehuca,  or  Patioca,  a town  of  Mexico, ^ 
70  miles  n of  Mexico. 

Patelt,  See  Putala^ 

Paternoy  a town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  do 
Demana,  built  on  tha  ruins  of  Hybla,  so 
famous  for  its  honey.  It  is  15  miles  w of 
Catania. 

Paternoster  Islands,  small  islands  and 
rocks  in  the  East  Indies,  between  the  islands 
of  Borneo  and  Celebes.  > 

Pathheady  a manufacturing  village  in 
Fifeshire,  adjoining  Kircaldy,  containing 
about  2000  inhabitants.  Its  manufactures 
are  checks,  brown  linen,  and  nails,  two 
miles  w of  Dysart.  It  is  much  frequented 
by  sea- bathers. 

Path  of  Gondie,  a village  in  the  Ochil 
hills,  Perthshire,  containing  100  inhabitants. 

Patience,  an  island  inNarraganset,  bay, 
Rhode  island,  about  two  miles  long  and  one 
broad. 

PATMOS,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
now  called  Patino,  situated  on  the  coast  of 
Natolia,  between  the  isles  Samos  and 
Nicaria,  26  miles  s of  the  former,  and  about 
20  miles  in  circumference,  and  one  of  the 
most  barren  in  the  Archipelago.  It  abounds 
with  pigeons,  turtles,  quails,  partridges, 
snipes,  and  rabbits.  Here  John  wrote  the 
book  of  the  Revelation.  A mountain  in  the 
midst  of  the  island  is  terminated  by  the  con- 
vent of  St.  John,  the  abbot  of  which  is  the 
prince  of  the  island,  and  is  tributary  to  the 
grand  seignior.  Between  the  convent  and 
the  port  of  Scala,  on  the  side  of  the  moun- 
tain, is  the  hermitage  of  the  Apocalypse,  it 
leads  to  the  church  of  the  same  name,  which 
is  built  against  a grotto  in  a rock,  said  to 
have  been  the  asylum  of  the  apostle,  during 
his  exile  in  Patmos.  The  inhabitants  are 
Greek  Christians,  sailors  or  shipbuilders. 
The  women  are  pretty,  but  disfigure  them- 
selves with  paint.  Lon.  28  34  e,  lat.  37 
24  N. 

Patn,  a city  of  Napaul,  two  miles  sse 
of  Catmandu,  the  capital,  arid  near  the  Bog- 
mutty,  which  runs  between  the  two  cities. 
It  contains  some  handsome  buildings. 

Patna,  a city  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  ca- 
pital of  Bahar.  It  is  an  extensive  and  po- 
pulous city,  on  the  s bank  of  the  Ganges, 
opposite  the  junction  of  the  Gunduck,  sur- 
rounded by  a wall.  The  buildings  are  high, 
and  the  streets  narrow.  In  the  citadel 
w'ere  confined  the  prisoners  taken  by  Meer 
Cossim,  in  1764,  who  ordered  them  to  be 
massacred,  It  is  a place  of  corisiderablt 


PAT 

trade,  and  is  (suptposed  to  be  the  anciMt 
Palabothra.  It  is  400  miles  n\v  of  Cal- 
cutta. Lon.  85  0 E,  lat.  25  35  n. 

PatowimCf  or  Potomacky  a large  river 
which  rises  by  two  branches,  the  n and  thes, 
which  originate  in  and  near  the  Alleghany 
mountains,  and  forms,  through  its  whole 
course,  •part  of  the  boundary  between  the 
states  of  Virginia  and  Maryland.  Upon 
this  river  stands  Washington,  the  metropo- 
lis of  the  United  States.  It  is  seven  miles 
and  a-half  wide  at  its  mouth,  and  is  naviga- 
ble 300  miles. 

Patras,  an  ancient  and  flourishing  town 
of  European  Turkey,  in  the  Morea,  and  a 
Greek  archbishop’s  see.  Besides  several 
mosques,  and  Greek  churches,  the  Jews, 
who  are  one-third  of  the  inhabitants  have 
(our  synagogues.  It  is  large  and  populous. 
The  inhabitants  carry  on  a great  trade  in 
silk,  leather,  honey,  wax,  oranges,  citrons, 
pomegranates,  currants,  and  cheese.  It  is 
situated  near  the  entrance  of  the  gulf  of 
Lepanto,  14  miles  sw  of  Lepauto.  Lon.  21 
45  E,  lat,  38  17  N. 

Patria,  a town  in  Terra  di  Lavoro, 
Naples,  near  a lake  of  the  same  name,  13 
miles  Nw  of  Naples. 

Patrica,  a town  of  Italy,  in  Campagna 
di  Roma,  eight  miles  e of  Ostia,  and  13  s of 
Rome. 

Patrick,  St,  a town  of  the  state  of 
Georgia,  on  the  great  Sitilla,  and  chief  of 
Camden  county,  32  miles  nw  of  the  port  of 
St.  Mary. 

Patrick's  Well,  St,  a town  in  Limerick, 
Munster. 

PATRIMONY  OF  ST  PETER,  a pro- 
vince  of  Italy,  in  the  Ecclesiastic^  state. 
It  is  about  43  miles  in  length,  and  3Q  in 
breadth.  It  is  said  to  have  been  a grant 
of  the  emperor  Constantine,  to  support  a 
church  which  he  had  built  in  honour  of  St. 
Peter,  The  country  is  fertile  in  corn  and 
fruit,  and  produces  alum,  Viterbo  is  the 
iJapital. 

Patrington,  a town  in  the  East  Riding 
pf  Yorkshire,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Humber.  It  is  said  to  have  been  the  prae- 
torium  of  Ptolemy.  Here  the  Roman  road 
(rom  the  Piets  wall  ended.  It  has  a m.ar- 
ket  on  Saturday,  and  two  annual  fairs.  It 
is  18  miles  es  of  Hull,  and  188  n of  Lon- 
don. 

Pafrou,  a tow'n  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle 
of  Bechin,  with  good  cloth  manufactures, 
17  milps  E of  Tabor. 

Patschkau,  a town  of  Silesia,  on  the 
Neisse,  1 3 miles  w of  Neisse. 

PATTA,  an  island  on  the  coast  of  Znn- 
gueba.r,  at  the  mouth  of  a river  of  its  name, 
inhabited  principally  by  Arabians  who  trade 
in  ivory  and  slaves.  It  is  10  miles  in  circuit. 
Lon.  43  0 E,  lat.  1 50  s. 

Pattan,  a town  of  Napaul,  containing 
24,0.00  houses,  and  several  temples,  10  miles 
ESR  of  Catmandu. 

a town  of  Lowor  S^xoyy,  in 


P A U 

the  principality  of  Calenlierg,  12  miles  s by  % 
of  Hanover. 

Patterson,  a town  in  Bergen  county. 
New  Jersey.  It  was  established  by  an 
act  of  the  legislature  of  New  Jersey,  in 
1791.  It  is  one  of  the  most  convenient 
situations  for  a manufacturing  town  of  any 
on  the  continent.  It  is  19  miles  ne  of 
Morristown. 

Patti,  a town  in  Val  di  Demona,  situated 
on  the  gulf  of  Patti,  is  a bishop’s  see.  It 
has  many  churches,  and  rich  convents,  and 
a considerable  manufacture  of  earthen  ware, 
some  ruins  of  the  ancient  city  of  Tindari 
are  still  visible,  on  a lofty  cape,  four  miles 
to  the  ne,  38  miles  w of  Messina.  Lon. 
15  17  E,  lat.  83  9 N. 

Pattiary,  a town  in  the  country  of  Oude, 
Hindoostan,  55  miles  nw  of  Canogu,  and  55 
ENE  of  Agra. 

Pattun,  a town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of 
a circar  of  the  same  name,  in  the  country 
of  Guzerat,  on  the  Surswutty.  It  is  48 
miles  NW  of  Amadabad.  Lon,  72  30  e, 
lat.  23  45  N. 

Patuxent,  a river  of  Maryland,  which 
has  its  source  10  miles  ne  of  Washington, 
and  enters  the  w side  of  Cheasapeak  bay,  15 
miles  N of  the  mouth  of  the  river  Potomack. 

Patzow,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Bechen, 
Bohemia,  has  manufactures  of  cloth,  and  a 
Carmelite  convent,  17  miles  e of  Tabor. 

Pau,  a large  ill  built  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Lower  Pyrennees,  France  seated 
on  an  eminence,  near  the  Pau.  In  its 
castle  Henry  IV.  was  born.  It  was  th<^ 
ancient  residence  of  the  kings  of  Navarre ; 
and  the  capital  of  Bearn,  before  the  revo- 
lution. In  the  vicinity  are  vineyards,  and 
in  the  town  woollen  and  linen  manufactures, 
97  miles  s of  Bourdeaux.  Lon.  0 9 w,  lat, 
43  15  N. 

PAUCARTAMBO,  a jurisdiction  of  Cus- 
co, in  Peru,  on  the  e side  of  a river  of  its 
name.  It  is  very  fruitful,  and  lies  33  mile?? 
ENE  of  the  city  of  Cusco, 

PAVESAN,  a territory  of  Italy,  in  the 
duchy  of  Milan,  included  in  the  late  Italian 
republic.  Pavia  is  the  capital. 

Pavia,  an  ancient  and  celebrated  city  of 
It^ly,  in  the  above  territory,  and  a bishop’s 
see,  with  a citadel,  and  a celebrated  univer- 
sity. There  are  18  churches  beside  th© 
cathedral.  The  abbey  of  Chiaravalle^ 
celebrated  for  its  extent  and  ornaments  is 
at  the  distance  of  four  miles.  It  stands  in 
a beautiful  plain,  on  the  Tesino,  near  its 
junction  with  the  Po.  The  chief  articles 
of  commerce  are  corn,  hemp,  cheese,  aad 
wine.  It  is  15  miles  s by  e ol  Milan.  Lon. 
9 15  E,  lat.  45  13  n. 

Paul,  a town  of  Yorkshire,  on  the  Hum- 
ber, s of  Headon. 

Paxita,  a haiid-some  town  of  Naples,  in 
Calabria  Citeriore,  12  miles  wnw  of  Co- 
senza. 

Paul  de  Fenouilledes,  a town  in  the  de- 
partmettt  of  the  Eastern  Pyrenees,  18  miles 


PAX 

■wmv  of  Perpignan,  Franco,  30  miles  n of 
Montpelier. 

Paul  de  Leon  St,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Finisterre,  France,  on  a bay  of  the 
English  channel,  30  miles  ke  of  Brest. 
Lon.  4 0 w,  lat.  48  41  n. 

Paul  de  Omaguas,  St,  a town  of  Ama- 
zonia, on  the  frontiers  of  Peru,  seated  on 
the  s side  of  the  Amazon.  Lon.  69  20  w, 
lat.  4 JO  s. 

Paul  Trots  Chateaux,  St,  an  ancient 
town  in  the  department  of  Drome,  France, 
16  miles  s of  Montelimar. 

PAUI/s  ISLAND,  St,  an  island  in  the 
strait  between  Newfoundland  and  Cape 
Breton  islands.  Lon.  60  2 w,  lat.  47  13  n. 

Paul,  St,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Upper  Vienne,  France,  10  miles  se  of 
Limoges. 

Paul,  St,  a towm  in  the  department  of 
Pas  de  Calais,  18  'miles  wnw  of  Arras. 

Patd,  St,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Gar,  France,  on  the  Egii,  10  miles  ke  of 
Uzps. 

Paul,  St,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Var,  France,  seven  miles  w of  Nice. 

Paul,  St,  a town  of  South  America,  in 
Brazil,  in  the  captainship  of  St  Vincent. 
It  is  a kind  of  independent  republic,  yet  it 
is  tributary  to  the  king  of  Portugal. 

PAUL,  St,  the  most  southerly  of  the 
Pearl  islands,  in  the  gulf  of  Panama  S 
America. 

Paulogad,  a town  in  the  government  of 
Catherinenslaf,  ' Russia,  32  miles  e of 
Catheriuenslaf.  Lou.  3-5  54  e,  lat.  47  10 

Paulovskoi,  a towm  in  the  government 
of  Voronehz,  Russia,  on  the  Don,  98  miles 
ssE  of  Voronetz. 

Pavoasan,  the  capital  of  the  isle  of 
St  Thomas,  with  a good  harbour,  on  the 
coast  of  Guinea,  is  a bishop’s  see.  It  is 
situated  under  the  equator,  in  Ion.  8 30  w. 

Pausa,  a town  in  Voigtland,  Upper 
Saxony,  seven  miles  nnw  of  Plauen. 

Paiisilippo,  a mountain  of  Italy,  about 
five  miles  from  Puzsoli,  in  Naples.  On 
this  mountain  is  the  celebrated  tomb  of 
Virgil.  The  n and  e sides  are  covered  wdth 
villas  and  gardens.  Through  this  mountain 
is  a passage  cut,  a mile  in  length,  20  feet 
in  breadth,  and  30  in  height. 

Pavzk,  a town  of  West  Prussia,  in  Po- 
merelia,  near  the  w coast  of  the  gulf  of 
Dantzic,  25  miles  nw  of  Dantzic. 

Pawivxet,  a town  in  Providence  county, 
Rhode  island,  stands  on  both  sides  of  a 
river  of  its  name,  at  its  junction  with  Pro- 
vidence river,  five  miles  s of  Providence. 

PAXAROS,  an  island  on  the  coast  of 
California,  in  the  N Pacific  ocean.  Lon. 
i2J  45  w,  lat.  13  18  n. 

Paxton,  a village  in  the  county  of  Ber- 
wick, containing  270  inhabitants  ; six  miles 
w of  Berwick. 

Paxton,  a township  of  Massachusetts, 
it  ccn'cins  about  600  inliabitauts. 

PAXU,  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean, 


PEC 

s of  Corfu,  San  Nicolo  is  the  capital.  Lon  ^ 
20  0 E,  lat.  39  12  n. 

Payerne,  a town  in  the  canton  of  Berne, 
Switzerland,  on  the  river  Broye,  22  miles 
sw'  of  Bern. 

Paymogo,  a town  in  Andalu^a,  Spain, 
on  the  frontiers  of  Portugal,  near  the  Chan- 
za,  42  miles  n by  e of  Ayamoate,  and  73 
NW  of  Seville. 

Pays  de  Vaud,  a new  canton  of  Swisser- 
land,  lying  along  the  lake  of  Geneva,  and 
rising  gradually  from  the  side  of  the  lake, 
j It  has  many  towns  and  villages,  and  is 
rich  in  vineyards,  meadows,  and  corn  fields. 
The  capital  is  Lausanne. 

Paz,  a small  jurisdiction,  of  the  audience 
of  Charcas,  in  Peru,  S America. 

Paz,  a city  of  Peru,  and  capital  of  the 
above  jurisdiction,  and  a bishop^s  see.  Be- 
sides the  cathedral,  it  has  four  churches,  a 
college,  several  convents,  and  an  hospital, 
seated  in  a valley  at  the  foot  of  a mountain, 
220  miles  nw  of  Plata.  This  city  contains 
about  20,000  inhabitants.  Lon.  68  25  w, 
lat  1 7 30  s . 

Paz,  a town  in  Mechoacan,  New  Spain, 
capital  of  a district,  abounding  in  vines  and 
maize,  130  miles  nw  of  Mexico.  Lon.  100 
28  w,  lat.  20  59  n. 

Pazzy,  a town  in  Romania,  European 
Turkey,  and  a bishop’s  see,  eight  miles  sw 
of  Gallipoli. 

Peak,  a mountainous  tract  in  the  nw 
part  of  Derbyshire,  parted  from  Stafford- 
shire by  the  Dove.  It  is  a rocky,  rough, 
and  barren  tract ; but  the  vales  feed  con- 
siderable numbers  of  cattle  and  sheep.  It 
abounds  in  coal,  lead,  iron,  marble,  alaba- 
ster, millstones,  and  a coarse  kind  of 
crystals.  The  ‘ Wonders  of  the  Peak’  have 
Ijeen  celebrated  both  in  verse  and  prose.  It 
is  frequently  visited  on  account  of  natural 
curiosities.  See  Buxton,  Castleton,  Chats’- 
worth,  and  Tideswell. 

PEARL,  an  island  in  the  gulf  of  Mexico, 
towards  the  mouth  of  the  Missisippi.  It  is 
about  seven  miles  long  and  lour  broad. 

PEARL  ISLANDS,  called  also  King 
Islands,  are  situated  in  the  bay  of  Panama, 
They  afford  good  harbours  for  ships.  The 
1 northernmost  is  named  Pachea ; the  south- 
ernmost St  Paul’s.  The  inhabitants  of 
Panama  have  plantations  on  these  islands. 

Pease  Marsh,  a village  in  Sussex,  three 
miies  nw  of  Rye, 

PeatJis,  or  Pease,  a chasm  in  the  ne  part 
of  Berwickshire,  more  than  120  feet  deep. 
Over  this  chasm  a large  bridge  of  four 
arches  has  been  lately  built,  the  top  of 
which  is  123  feet  above  the  bed  of  the  rivu- 
let. It  is  near  the  sea,  on  the  great  road 
from  Berwick  to  Edinburgh. 

Pechlarn,  a town  in  the  right  bank  of 
the  Danube,  Austria,  called  Praeciaro 
by  the  Romans,  who  had  a harbour  here 
for  their  navy,  14  miles  sw  of  Polten,  and 
848  E of  Linlz. 

Pecquencour,  a town  in  the  department 


P E E 

of  Nord,  France,  on  the  Scarpe,  five  miles 
-3V  of  Doway. 

Pechhnm,  a village  of  Surry,  where  there 
are  several  noted  fairs  in  summer,  and  many 
elegant  seats  in  its  vicinity,  about  three  miles 
s of  London. 

Pedenay  a town  of  Italy,  in  Istria,  25 
miles  sF-  of  Capo  d ’Istria. 

Pcdee,  a river  which  rises  in  N Carolina, 
!s  there  called  the  Yadkin,  enters  S Carolina, 
takes  the  name  of  Pedee,  and  falls  into 
Wunyawbay,  at  George-town. 

Pederneiray  a town  in  Estramadura, 
Portugal,  on  the  sea  coast,  33  miles  sw  of 
Leira. 

Pedir,  a town  on  the  n coast  of  Sumatra, 
40  miles  ese  of  Acheen.  Lon.  96  36  e,  lat, 

6 22  IV. 

Pedraza,  a town  in  Old  Castile,  Spain,  on 
the  Cega,  near  its  source,  with  a castle, 
the  birth-place  of  the  emperor  Trajan,  25 
miles  NE  of  Segovia. 

Pedro,  Point,  the  n point  of  Ceylon,  op- 
posite Point  Calymere,  on  the  continent, 
Lon.  80  27  b,  lat.  9 52  n. 

Pedro,  St,  a sea-port  and  the  principal 
town  in  the  province  of  Rey,  Brasil,  has  a 
harbour  at  a mouth  of  a river  of  its  name, 
sometimes  called  Rio  Grande,  defended  by 
numerous  forts.  The  vicinity  is  populous, 
and  the  exports  are  corn,  dried  beef,  and 
hides.  Lon.  52  3 w,  lat.  32  20  s. 

Pedro,  St,  one  of  the  Marquesas  islands. 
Lon.  138  51  w,lat.  9 58  s. 

Peebles,  an  ancient  town,  the  capital  of 
Peebles-shire.  It  is  situated  on  the  banks 
of  the  Tweed ; over  which  is  a handsome 
bridge,  and  contains  about  1500  inhabitants. 
The  government  is  lodged  in  a magistracy 
and  town-council  of  18  persons,  and  it  joins 
with  Lanark,  Linlithgow,  and  Selkirk,  in 
sending  a representative  to  parliament. 
In  ancient  times  Peebles  was  the  summer  | 
residence  of  the  kings  of  Scotland.  King’s 
moor  w’as  the  scene  of  tournaments  and 
weapons  shewing.  The  feast  of  Bellein  was 
here  celebrated  long  after  the  introduction 
of  Christianity,  and  gave  birth  to  king 
James  I.  celebrated  and  humorous  poem, 
called  ‘ Peebles  at  the  play.’  A t one  place  in 
the  vicinity  are  about  200  rude  monumental 
stones.  It  has  a well  endowed  grammar 
school.  Different  branches  of  the  woollen 
manufactures  are  carried  on  here,  and  it  has 
a weekly  mtirket  for  corn  and  cattle.  It 
lies  22  miles  s of  Edinburgh.  The  parish  of 
Peebles  is  about  10  miles  in  length  from  n 
to  s,  and  near  six  in  breadth,  watered  by  the 
Tweed  and  the  Eddlestone  or  Peebleswater. 
Population  of  the  town  and  parish  208,  in 
1801,  and  2408,  in  1811.  Lon.  3.T  w,  lat, 
55  40  N. 

PEEBLESSHIRE,  or  Twebdale,  a 
county  of  Scotland ; bounded  on  the  n by 
Edinburghshire;  on  the  e by  Selkirkshire  ; 
on  the  s by  Dumfries-shire ; and  on  the  w 

Lanarkshire.  It  is  28  miles  long  from 
above  18  broad.  This  county 
No. 


P E G 

contains  but  a small  proportion  of  arable, 
land.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Tweed, 
Lynne,  and  Yarrow.  The  county  contains 
only  one  royal  burgh,  viz.  Peebles,  which 
is  the  county  town  ; several  small  villages, 
as  Linton,  <fec.  and  is  divided  into  1 6 parishes, 
containing  in  1801,  8717,  inhabitants,  and  in 
1811,9935.  The  real  rent  is  estimated -at 
29,8301  Sterling.  The  surface  is  mountain- 
ous and  more  adapted  to  pasturage  than 
tillage,  but  the  vallies  are  fertile,  and  pro- 
duce good  crops,  A mountain  called 
Braidall,  near  the  middle  of  the  county  is  of 
great  height,  whence  is  a prospect  of  the 
sea,  both  on  the  e and  w side  of  the  island, 
though  no  part  of  it,  in  either  of  these  direc- 
tions, is  nearer  than  50  miles.  Coal,  lime, 
and  marl 'are  abundant ; iron-stone  has  been 
found  in  several  places,  and  lead  ore  ba$ 
been  discovered  in  the  parishes  of  Traquair 
and  Tweedsmuir.  Fullers  earth  is  found  at 
Linton,  and  in  Newlands  red  and  yellow 
ochre,  and  manganese. 

Peehskili,  a town  in  W Chester  county, 
New  York,  seated  on  the  n side  of  a creek 
of  ks  name,  five  miles  from  the  entrance 
into  Hudson  river,  and  50  n of  New  York. 

Peel,  a sea-port  on  the  w coast  of  the 
Isle  of  Man.  The  town  is  much  decayed, 
and  the  inhabitants  are  indolent  and  poor, 
about  100  yards  n of  the  town  is  Peel  isle,  a 
rock  of  great  height  and  magnitude,  on  the 
top  of  which  are  the  venerable  ruins  of  Reel 
castle,  and  the  cathedral  of  the  isle  (very 
ruinous,)  dedicated  to  St.  German,  the  first 
bishop,  who  lived  in  the  fifth  century.  In  and 
near  the  cathedral  is  a burying  place,  10 
miles  wN  w of  Douglass.  Lon.  4 40  w,  lat, 
54  13  N. 

Peenmunde,  a town  and  fort  of  Prussian 
Pomerania,  in  the  isle  of  Usedom,  and  the 
residence  of  the  governor  of  the  island,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Peene,  a river  which  issues 
from  some  lakes  in  Mecklenburg,  passes 
through  Hither  Pomerania,  to  the  w branch 
of  the  Oder,  which  is  thence  called  Peene, 
and  flows  by  Wolgast  into  the  Baltic  sea  at 
this  place;  six  miles  n by  e of  Wolgast, 
Lon.  13  55  e,  lat.  54  8 n. 

Peer,  a town  in  the  territory  of  Liege, 
Netherlands,  24  miles  nnw  of  Maestricht, 

Pegaii,  a town  in  Misnia,  Upper  Saxony, 
on  the^Elster,  10  miles  ssw  of  Leipsie. 

Pegna  di  Francia,  a town  in  Leon,  Spain, 
27  miles  sse  of  Cividad  Rodrigo. 

Pegnajiel,  a town  in  Leon,  Spain,  at  the 
foot  of  a mountain,  near  the  Douro,  with  a 
strong  casile,  and  a palace,  38  miles  ese  of 
Valladolid.  Lon.  4 0 w,  lat.  4 1 33  n. 

Pegnafirme,  a town  in  Estremadura, 
Portugal,  stands  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mon- 
gola,  36  miles  nnw  of  Lisbon. 

Pegnajlor,  a town  in  Asturias,  Spain, 
on  the  Pavia,  eight  miles  kw  of  Oviedo. 

Peywa,  a town  in  Siiria,  Germany,  near 
the  Muer.  In  the  vicinity  are  lead  mine.s, 
nine  miles  nnw  of  Gratz. 

Pegnajior,  a town  in  Andalusia,  Spain, 
Dd 


P E I 


P E K 


on  the  Guadal quiver,  32  miles  w by  s of 
Cordova,  and  48  ne  of  Seville. 

Pegnagarcia^  a town  in  Beira,  Portugal, 
on  the  borders  of  Spain,  36  miles  e of  Castel 
Branco. 

Pegnamacorj  a fortified  town  in  Beira 
Portugal,  With  a castle  on  the  borders  of 
Spain,  40  miles  nw  oi  Alcantara.  Lon.  6 
S2  w,  Idt  40  6 N. 

Pegnaranda^  a town  in  Old  Castile, 
Spain  30  Ciiles  se  of  Salamanca.  Another 
33  miles  nw  of  Avi'i. 

Pegnitz,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Bayr  ut-j,  Franconia,  near  the  source  ol  a 
river  of  its  name,  19  miles  s of  Bayreuth. 

Pegnon  de  Velez,  a sea-port  and  fortress 
of  the  kingdom  of  Fez,  on  a rock  in  the 
Mediterranean,  near  the  town  of  Velez,  built 
by  the  Spaniards  in  lo08,  taken  by  the 
Moors,  in  lo22,  and  retaken  in  1664.  Ii  is 
73  miles  ne  of  Ceuta.  Lon.  4 16  v/,  lat.  35 
12  N. 

PEGU,  a considerable  kingdom  of  'Asia, 
to  the  SR  of  Bengal.  The  products  of  this 
country  are  timber  for  building,  elephants" 
teeth,  bees  wax, stick  lac,  iron,  tin,  petroleum, 
very  vine  rubies,  and  small  diamonds.  It  is 
very  frui  fulin  corn,  roots,  pulse,  and  fruits. 
The  govern  roent  is  arbitrary.  In  the  low 
part  ol  the  country,  which  is  liable  to  inun- 
darions,  their  houses  are  builtr  upon  stakes. 
The  women  are  much  fairer  than  the  men, 
small  but  well  proportioned.  If  the  wife 
proves  false,  the  husband  .may  sell  her  for  a , 
slave,  the  inhabitants  vt  ear  neither  shoes  nor  | 
stockings  and  are  but  thinly  clad.  Their  i 
temples,  which  are  very  numerous,  are  most-  j 
ly  of  wood  varnisbe.i  and  gilt.  They  have  ! 
idols  in  the  templCvS  in  a sifting  posture,  with  i 
large  ears.  Their  priests  called  Talapoins,  I 
inculcate  charity  as  the  highest  viriue.  ! 
Pegu  was  long  an  independent  kingdom,  and  | 
in  1752,  conquered  the  kingd-  m of  Birmab, 
but  Alompra,  whom  the  king  of  Pegu  con- 
tinued as  enief,  soon  revolted,  and  in  1757  !| 
reduced  Pegu  to  a province  dependent  on  i 
Birmah.  | 

Pegu,  a city  of  the  kingdom  of  its  name,  | 
built  on  the  site  of  the  former  city,  w’hich 
was  destroyed  by  the  king  of  Birmab,  in  | 
1757.  It  occupies  about  one  fourth  of  the  ^ 
area  of  the  ancient  city,  which  was  a square  i 
of  about  one  mile  and  a-haif  each  side.  It  j 
has  a grand  temple  highly  ornamented.  The  | 
viceroy  of  the  king  of  Birmah  resides  in  the 
fort,  300  miles  s or  Ummerapoora.  Lon.  96 
1 1 E,  lat.  17  40  N. 

Pei-ho^  or  i River,  a river  in  Pe- 
tche-ii.  Chii.’a,  whichflow  s near  Pekin,  and 
by  the  cities  of  Tongtehou,  and  Tien-sing 
into  the  3 cliow  sea.  The  tide,  which  flows 
llOinib^,  frequently  inundates  the  coumry  I 
on  Its  banks.  | 

Peiaa,  a town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Hildeshein  seated  in  a marshy 
country,  with  a palace,  and  a capuchin  con-  j 
vent,  on  the  river  Fuse,  16  miles  w of  Bruns- 
wick. 


f I Peipm,  or  Tchudskoia,  a large  lake  be- 
j tween  the  government  of  Riga,  and  Peters- 
, j burgh,  Russia,  from  which  issues  the  river 
1 j Norova,  by  which  it  communicates  with  the 
gulf  of  Finland,  at  Narva. 

Peishore,  or  Piahour,  a considerable 
f I city  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  in  the  province 
) ol  Cdbul.  It  is  55  miles  nnw  of  Attocck, 
and  95  sse  of  Cabul. 

, Peiskretscham,  a town  in  the  principa- 
r lity  of  Oppein,  Silesia,  30  miles  se  of  Op- 
peln. 

f Peitz,  a town  of  Lower  Lusatia,  belong- 
L ing  to  Brandenburg.  It.  has  manufactures 
of  cloth  and  yarn,  and  in  the  vicinity  are 
; iron  works.  It  is  seated  on  the  Maukse, 
s which  unites  with  the  Spree,  10  miles  knb 
: of  Corbus. 

! Pekin,  a city  in  the  province  of  Pe-tche-li, 

; the  capital  of  China,  where  the  emperor 
generally  resides^  It  is  divided  into  two 
cities,  one  inhabited  by  Chinese,  and  the 
, other  by  Tartars.  These  two  cities  exclu- 
sive of  the  suburbs  are  about  14  miles 
in  circuit.  The  walls  are  28  feet  high,  24 
tin  ok  at  the  base,  and  12  at  the  top,  with 
spacious  towers  at  70  feet  distant  from  each 
other.  The  gates  of  this  city  are  high  and 
well  arched,  nine  in  number,  and  before 
each  is  an  open  space,  which  serves  for  a 
parade.  The  streets  .re  quite  st»"aight,  most 
of  thern  three  miles  long,  and  about  120 
feet  wide.  All  the  riches  and  merchandise 
of  the  empire  are  continually  pouring  into 
j this  city.  The  emperor’s  palace  is  of  vast 
j extent,  and  surrounded  by  a 'brick  wall, 

I with  pavilions  at  each  corner,  enconipassed 
! by  galleries,  supported  by  columns.  Those 
I who  have  computed  the  compass  of  this 
I city  a different  way,  observe,  that  it  is  20 
! miles  in  circumference,  and  that  the  num- 
j her  of  inhabitants  is  at  least  iw’O  millions. 

! It  is  astonishing  to  see  the  concourse  of 
people  that  are  in  the  main  streets,  yet  not 
I one  Chinese  woman  among  them,  and  the 
I confusion  occasioned  by  horses,  mules, 

I asses,  waggons,  carts,  and  chairs.  Persons 
j of  distiHctioD  have  always  a horseman  to 
I clear  the  way  before  them,  and  there  are 
I patroles  of  soldiers,  night  and  day  to  pre- 
I vent  disturbance,  or  to  punish  offenders, 
j The  emperor’s  palace,  a stupendous  pile  of 
j buildings,  and  entirely  different  from  that  of 
I Europeans,  together  with  his  garden,  occu- 
pies two-thirds  of  the  Tartar  city.  The 
towers  and  temples  of  Pekin  are  so  numer- 
ous that  it  is  difficult  to  count  them.  A 
Russian  church  is  established  here,  with  a 
seminary,  in  which  the  students  are  per- 
mitted to  reside  for  the  purpose  of  learning 
the  Chinese  language.  By  their  labours 
I much  light  is  thrown  on  the  laws,  history, 

I and  geography  of  China,  The  country 
about  is  sandy,  yet  provisions  of  all  kinds 
are  exceedingly  plentiful,  being  brought 
j from  other  ports  by  canals,  which  are  al- 
ways crowded  with  vessels.  An  eartlKjuake, 
which  happened  here  in  1731,  buried  above 


P E M 


PEN 


100,000  persons  in  the  ruins  of  the  houses. 
This  city  is  seated  in  a fertile  piain,  60 
miles  s of  the  Great  wall.  Lon.  1 16  27  e, 
lat.  39  54  N. 

Pelugnuif  &n  island  in  the  Grecian  Ar- 
chipelago, eight  miles  in  circumference. 
Lon.  24  12  F.,lat.  39  30  n. 

Pdegrino,  Mount,  stands  on  the  n coast 
of  Sicily,  about  two  miles  w of  Palermo. 
Hence  an  extensive  prospect.  In  a clear 
day,  most  of  the  Lipari  islands  are  to  be 
seen,  am:  part  of  Mount  Etna. 

PELEVV  ISLANDS,  a cluster  of  islands 
in  the  N Pacific  ocean,  lying  between  134 
and  136  e Ion.  and  0 and  8 n lat.  On  the 
w side  they  are  encircled  by  a reef  of  coral. 
The  names  of  the  principal  are  Oroou-ng 
Emungs,  Emiliegne,  Artingal,  Corooraa, 
and  Peielew.  The  inhabitants  had  never 
seen  a white  man,  till  the  Antelope  E India 
packet,  was  wrecked  here  in  1783;  they 
had  no  idea  of  the  nature  of  powder  and 
shot,  and  were  astonished  at  its  effects. 
The  natives  are  simple  in  tht^ir  ujanners, 
delicate  in  their  sentiments,  friendly  ii 
their  disposition,  and,  in  short,  a people  that 
do  aoiiour  to  the  human  race.  With  re- 
spect to  property  in  these  islands,  a man^s 
house,  or  canoe,  is  considered  as  his  own, 
as  is  also  the  lend  allotted  him,  as  long 
as  he  occupies  and  cultivates  it.  The  coun- 
try is  well  covered  with  trees,  the  trunks 
of  which  supply  the  natives  with  canoes, 
some  large  enough  to  carry  30  men.  Yams 
and  cocoa  nuts  being  liieir  chief  articles 'of 
.subsistence,  afe  attended  to  with  the  utmost 
care.  The  natives  in  general  are  a stout 
people,  rather  above  the  middling  stature, 
and  of  a very  deep  copper  colour.  The 
men  are  entirely  naked,  but  the  women 
wear  two  little  aprons,  one  before,  the  other 
behind.  Both  sexes  are  expert  swimmers. 
.Such  an  opinion  had  the  king  of  the  island 
entertained  of  the  English,  that  on  their 
departure,  he  suffered  his  second  son,  Lee 
Boo,  to  accompany  them  to  England, 
where  this  amialie  youth  died  of  the  SiV.all- 
pox,  in  1784,  and  the  China  Company  erect- 
ed a monument  over  hiS  grave  in  Rotfaer- 
hithe  church-yard.  The  English  trade  oc- 
casionally between  China  and  Pelew'. 

PEi-lCAN  lSLANDf8,  on  the  S coast  of 
Jamaica,  w of  Port  Royal  harbour. 

Pelissa,  a town  in  Lower  Hungary,  capi- 
tal of  a county  of  the  same  name,  15  miles  n 
of  Buda. 

Pelissane,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Mourns  of  the  Rhone,  France,  J5  miles 
WNw  of  Aix. 

PeUa,  an  ancient  town  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  50  miles  w of  Salonichi. 

Pellerin,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Lower  Loire,  France,  on  the  Loire,  with  a 
harbour  for  small  vessels,  10  miles  w of 
Nan"‘^'S. 

PEMBA,  an  island  in  the  Indi£.o  ocean, 
Bear  the  coast  of  Zangucbar,  about  100 


miles  in  circumference,  governed  by  a 
king,  tributary  to  the  Portuguese,  Lon.  41 
3j  K,  lat.  4 50  s. 

Pemba,  capital  of  a province  of  ns  name, 
in  the  kingdom  of  Congo,  on  the  Loze,  90 
miies  ssE  of  &t.  Salvador.  Lon.  i4  40  e, 
ia(.  6 45  s.  ' 

Pembridge,  a small  town  in  Hereford- 
shire, sealed  u;.  the  Arrow',  and  has  a matiu- 
laciure  of  vvooiieii  cloth,  12  miles  nw  of 
Hereford,  and  144  wnw  of  London. 

Pembroke,  a town  in  Plymouth  county, 
Massachusetts,  on  New  river,  noted  for  its 
depth  of  water.  Here  vessels  oi  300  tons 
are  built,  18  miles  from  the  sea,  and  51  ssb 
of  Boston. 

Pembroke,  the  capital  of  Pembrokeshire, 
in  S Wales,  commodiously  situated  on  the 
innennost  creek  of  Milford  haven,  over 
which  are  (wo  handsome  bridges.  It  is  go- 
verned by  a mayor,  with  a market  on  Wed- 
nesday and  Saturday.  It  is  surrounded  by 
a wall,  part  of  which  is  in  ruins,  with  three 
gates,  has  three  churches,  and  a castle  on 
I a rock,  in  w'hich  lienry  VI  [.  was  born.  It 
I sends  a member  to  parlia  > ent.  It  is  a well 
j built  place.  The  number  ot  inhabitants  in 
i 1801,  was  1842,  in  1811,  2415.  It  is  10 
I miles  SE  of  Haveriordwest,  and  263  w 
i by  N of  London.  Lou.  4 48  w,  lat.  51  48  n. 

PEMBROKESHIRE,  a county  of  S 
! Wales,  37  miles  long,  18  broad,  and  sur- 
! rounded  on  all  sides  by  the  sea,  except  on 
' the  E,  where  it  is  bounded  by  Caermarthen- 
shire,  and  Cardiganshire.  It  is  divided  into 
seven  hundreds,  and  contains  one  city,  St. 
David’s,  and  eight  market  towns,  with  142 
I parishes,  and  50,280  inhabitants  in  1801, 

I and  in  1811,60,615.  It  returns  three  mem- 
bers to  parliament.  Tue  principal  rivers 
are  the  e and  W CTedhue.  A great  part 
of  the  country  is  plain,  and  tolerably  lertile, 
consisting  of  rich  meadow  and  arable  land* 
Pembroke  is  the  county  town.  The  assizes 
j are  held  at  Haverfordwest, 
j Penang.  Prince  of  Wales  Island. 

PenauUer,  a tow'n  in  ttie  depart.ment  of 
Aude,  France,  four  miies  n of  Carcasonne.  '' 

Pencaitland,  a parish  in  Haddingtonshire, 
about  four  miles  long  and  three  broad,  with 
a wet  clayey  soil.  Besides  the  v.iiages 
of  Easter  and  Wester  Pencaitland,  there  are 
other  two  called  Winton  and  Nisbet.  In 
the  parish  are  coal-w'orks,  free-stone,  lime- 
stone, a bleach- field,  a thread- mill,  and  a 
starch-work.  Population  9.5,  being  108 
less  than  in  1793. 

Pendennis,  in  Cornwall,  at  the  mouth  of 
Falmouth  haven,  is  a peninsiiia,  a mile  and 
a-half  in  circumference.  Here  is  one  of 
the  largest  castles  in  England,  built  by 
Henry  Vli.  for  the  security  ot  the  coast, 
opposiie  to  that  of  St  Maws,  on  the  other 
' te  of  the  bay.  It  stands  a little  to  the  sE 
of  F'almoiifh,  the  harbour  of  which  it  de-’, 
fends.  'v 

PENDLETON,  a coQnty  of  Virginid^^ 

' D d 2 ^ 

-.*!■- 


FE  H 

It  is  watered  by  the  s branch  of  the  Patow- 
mack  ; and  contains  2452  inhabitants. 
Chief  town,  Frankford. 

PENDLETON,  a county  of  Washing- 
ton district,  S Carolina,  on  Keowee  and 
Savannah  rivers.  It  contained,  in  1795, 
9568  inhabitants,  and  sends  three  repre- 
sentatives and  one  senator  to  the  state 
legislature. 

Pendleton^  an  extensive  village  in  Lan- 
cashire ; the  various  manufactures  of  Man- 
chester goods  give  employment  to  the  inha- 
bitants. It  is  two  miles  \w  of  Miinchester. 

Penella,  a town  in  Beira,  Portugal,  on 
the  Esa,  24  miles  sse  of  Coimbra. 

Pengepur,  See  Punjgoor, 

Penguiny  an  island  in  the  Atlantic  ocean, 
about  10  miles  ne  of  Newfoundland,  Lon. 
50  30  w,  lat.  50  5 n. 

Peniche,  a sea-port  town  of  Estremadura, 
Portugal,  with  a good  harbour,  and  a cita- 
del, on  a peninsula,  48  miles  n by  w of  Lis- 
bon. Lon.  9 20  w,  lat.  39  22  n. 

Penig,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  with  a 
manufacture  of  woollen  stuffs,  and  a pottery, 
on  the  Mulda.  It  is  11  miles  nw  of  Chem- 
nitz. 

Peniscold^,  a town  in  Valencia,  Spain, 
on  a high  point  of  land,  surrounded  on  three 
sides  by  the  sea,  has  an  old  castle,  and  a 
strong  fort,  30  miles  s by  w of  Tortosa,  and 
80  NNE  of  Valencia.  Lon.  0 24  e,  lat.  40 
24  N. 

Penishehry  sl  town  in  the  territory  of  Ca- 
bul,  Candahar,  46  miles  n of  Cabul. 

Penistone,  a towm  in  W Yorkshire,  on  the 
Don,  with  a market  on  Thursday,  and  seve- 
ral annual  fairs,  1.3  miles  sse  of  Hudders- 
field, and  176  nxw  of  London. 

Penkridge,  a town  in  Staffordsliire,  seated 
on  the  Penk,  with  a market  on  Tuesday, 
and  two  annual  fairs  ; the  one  held  on  the 
1 0th  of  October,  is  one  of  the  greatest  in 
Britain  for  horses.  It  is  six  miles  from 
Stafford,  and  129  nw  of  London. 

Penkum,  a town  of  Hither  Pomerania,  on 
a lake,  15  miles  sw  of  Stettin. 

Penmaenmawr,  y a stupendous  mountain 
in  Carnarvonshire,  Wales,  overhanging  the 
sea,  and  1540  feet  above  sea- level.  The 
road  to  Holyhead  is  carried  along  its  side, 
300  feet  above  the  sea.  On  its  summit  are 
the  ruins  of  extensive  fortifications,  built 
of  unhewn  stones,  without  mortar ; four 
miles  w by  s of  A hereon  way. 

Pennar,  a river  which  has  its  source  in 
Mysore,  Hindoostan,  and  passing  by  Gooty, 
Gandicolla,  Guddapah,  and  Vellore,  fails 
into  the  bay  of  Bengal  at  Gangapatnam. 

Pennaranda,  a town  in  Old  Castile,  Spain, 
on  the  borders  of  Leon,  34.  miles  nw  of 
Avila. 

Penninghamy  a parish  in  Wigtonshire, 
lying  at  the  ne  extremity  of  that  county, 
it  is  about  16^  miles  in  length  from  n to  s, 
and  six  in  breadth.  It  is  bounded  on  the  e 
by  the  Cree,  upon  which  stands  the  thriving 
tillage  of’  Newton  Stewart,  That  part  of 


F E H 

the  parish  called  the  moss  of  Cree,  on  the-  ^ 
banks  of  that  river,  is  rich  carse  land.  A> 
considerable  part  of  the  parish  is  best  adapt- 
ed for  pasturage.  Population  2569. 

Pennon  de  Velez,  See  Pegrton. 

PENNSYLVANIA,  one  of  the  United 
States  of  America.  It  is  280  miles  long 
and  150  broad,  and  contains  44,900  square 
miles,  and  is  divided  into  23  counties,  subdi- 
vided into  townships.  The  most  considera- 
ble rivers  are  the  Delaware,  Schuylkii, 
Susquehanna,  Moniiongaheb.,  and  Alleghany, 
which  with  their  numerous  branches,  penin- 
sulafe  the  whole  state.  A considerable  part 
of  the  stale  is  mountainous.  Iron  ore  is 
abundant ; copper, lead,  and  alum,  appear  in 
some  places.  In  the  middle  and  western 
county  there  is  abundance  of  coal.  Use- 
ful quadrupeds,  in  the  new'  districts,  are 
deer,  beavers,  otters,  racoons>  and  martins. 
Panthers,  wild  cats,  bears,  foxes,  and 
wolves,  are  not  rare.  This  state  is  well 
situated  for  inland  navigation.  Whyat  is  the 
principal  grain  of  very  general  cultivation 
in  Pennsylvania.  The  manufactures  of  this 
state  are  numerous.  Iron  works  are  of 
long  standing  ; the  furnaces  are  16,  and  the* 
forge.s  37.  There  are  18  roiling  and  silt- 
ing mills,  which  are  said  to  cut  and  roll 
1500  tons  a year.  The  other  extensive  ma-» 
nufactures  are  those  of  leather,  skins,  fur, 
wood,  paper,  gunpowder,  bricks,  earthen 
ware,  copper,  lead,  tin,  wares,  pewter,  cot- 
ton, sugar,  molasses,  tobacco,  &c,| 
There  are  52  paper-mills,  in  the  state. 
Since  1770,  25  gunpowder,  mills  have  been 
erected.  There  are  about  300,000  wool  and 
fur  hats  manufactured  annually.  In  the  ma- 
nufacture of  iron,  paper,  pleasure  carriages^ 
and  cabinet-w'ork,  Pennsylvania  exceeds 
not  only  New  York,  but  all  her  sister  states. 
Much  of  the  trade  with  the  southern  states, 
arises  from  the  superiority  of  Pennsylvania 
in  manufactures  and  commerce.  Great 
quantities  of  deer-skins,  with  those  of  otters, 
racoons,  foxes,  musk  rats^  and  beavers,  are 
imported  from  the  back  country.  Virginiar 
exports  a great  deal  of  wheat  and  unmanufac- 
tured tobacco  ; and  in  return  receives  many 
articles  of  clothing,  furniture,  farming  uten- 
sils, <fec.  The  commerce  of  Pennsylvania, 
in  the  west,  is  by  the  Ohio  with  the  Spanish, 
and  by  the  lakes  with  the  British  domi- 
nions; and  both,  ways  with  the  Indian 
tribes.  The  population  of  this  state  ia 
1800,  was  602,365,  and  in  1810,  810,168. 
The  inhabitants  are  principally  the  descen- 
dants of  the  English,  Irish,  and  Germiins, 
with  some  Scots,  Welch,  Swedes,  and  a few 
Dutch.  The  Friends  and  the  Episcopalians 
are  chiefly  of  English  extraction,  and  com- 
pose about  one-third  of  the  inhabitants. 
The  Irish  are  mostly  Presbyterians.  The 
Germans  compose  about  one-foiirtb  of  the 
inhabitants.  The  Baptists  are  chiefly  de- 
scendants of  emigrants  from  Wales.  The 
number  of  congregations  in  the  state  amounts 
to  384.  There  is  an  university%t  Philadel- 


PEN 

phia,  and  colleges  at  Carlisle  and  Lancas- 
ter. There  are  also  several  academies  ; and 
the  legislature  have  reserved  60,000  acres 
oi  the  public  land  for  public  schools.  This 
state  was  settled  by  the  celebrated  William 
Penn,  sou  of  aduiiral  Penn,  in  168'-^.  Ey 
the  favourable  terms  which  Mr.  Penn  of- 
fered to  the  settlers,  and  unlimited  tolera- 
tion of  all  religious  denominations,  the  po- 
pulation of  the  province  w^as  extremely  ra- 
pid. The  present  constitution  of  this  state 
was  ratified  June  12th,  1792.  The  expence 
of  the  government  of  this  state  amounts  to 
32,2801.  annually.  Philadelphia  is  the 
capital. 

Pennycuik,  a parish  and  village  in  the  s 
part  of  Edinburghshire,  and  s side  of  the 
Peutland  hills.  This  parish  is  abqut  12 
miles  in  length,  and  six  in  breadth,  watered 
by  the  river  Esk.  In  the  parish  are  the 
niins  of  several  chapels  and  religious  hou- 
ses, a petrifying  and  several  medicinal 
springs  ; two  large  oval  camps,  containing 
several  tumuli,  and  surrounded  by  two 
ditches,  between  w'hieh  is  an  earthen  ram- 
part, 18  feet  thick  ; and  the  remains  of  an 
hospital,  the  owner  of  the  estate  belonging 
to  which,  still  affords  accommodation  to 
benighted  travellers.  Near  the  village,  on 
the  banks  of  the  river,  stands  the  elegant 
mansion  called  Pennycuik-house,  amidst 
the  most  picturesque  and  delightful  scenery. 
The  gardens  and  pleasure  grounds  are  laid 
out  in  the  most  handsome  style.  On  the 
opposite  side  of  the  river,  is  an  obelisk  to 
the  memory  of  Allan  Ramsay,  who  fre- 
quently visited  Pennycuik.  The  village  of 
l^nnycuik,  situated  on  the  Esk,  about  12 
miles  s of  Edinburgh,  is  a thriving  place, 
with  a large  cotton  mill  in  the  vicinity, 
which  employs  about  .500  people.  Here  is 
also  a paper  mill  of  long  standing.  Popu- 
lation about  1700. 

Pennygant,  a mountain  in  Yorkshire, 
England,  on  the  sides  of  which  are  two 
openings,  called  Hulpit  and  Huntpit  holes  ; 
through  each  of  them  runs  a brook,  both 
of  which  run  wnder  ground  for  about  a 
mile,  and  cross  eacii  other  in  the  bowels  of 
the  earth  v^ihout  mixing  their  waters. 
The  mountain  is  2270  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea,  and  stands  seven  miles  to  the  n 
of  .Settle. 

Penobscot,  a post  town  of  the  district  of 
Maine,  on  the  e side  of  the  bay  of  the  same 
name,  on  the  e side  of  which  is  a cluster  of 
small  islands,  141  miles  nw  of  Portland, 
and  262  n by  e of  Boston.  In  1T90,  this 
township  contained  1048  inhabitants. 

Penpont,  a parish  and  village  in  Dum- 
fries-shire,  on  the  s side  of  the  Nith.  The 
church,  which  is  the  seat  of  a presbytery, 
stands  near  the  village  on  the  banks  of  the 
Seair,  over  which  are  two  bridges,  one  of 
great  antiquity,  overgrown  with  ivy,  of  a 
singular  construction,  and  near  it  are  two 
fine  water  falls.  The  parish  is  aboyt  12 

miles  long,  uflti  three  broad,  containing  966 


PEN 

inhabitants.  In  the  e part,  on  the  bank? 
of  the  Nith,  the  soil  is  well  cultivated  and 
fertile.  The  w part  is  mountainous  and 
pastoral.  Some  vestiges  of  the  castle  of 
Tibbers,  from  which  Wallace  dislodged  the 
English,  are  still  visible.  There  is  an  an- 
cient stone  obelisk,  txvo  large  circular 
mounds,  and  four  large  tumuli,  in  the  pa- 
rish. At  the  house  of  Eccles  are  elegant 
gardens  and  hot-houses.  The  village  is 
about  60  miles  ssw  of  Edinburgh. 

Peurise,  or  Penrice,  a sea-poit  of  S 
Wales,  in  Glamorganshire  seated  on  the 
Bristol  Channel,  wdth  a market  on  Tiiurs- 
day.  There  are  the  ruins  of  a Norman 
castle,  and  three  miles  to  the  n,  on  a moun- 
tain, is  a druidical  monument  called  Arthur's 
stone,  20  miles  se  of  Caermarihen,  and 
220  w oi  London. 

Penrith,  a large,  well  built  town  of  Cum- 
berland, seated  vinder  a bill,  near  the  river 
Eatmont,  within  a mile  of  the  borders  of 
Westmoreland,  on  the  great  road  from  Car- 
lisle to  London,  with  a market  on  Tuesday, 
and  maimfuciures  of  cL-^cks  and  fancy 
waistcoat  pieces.  .Ii  has  been  long  famous 
for  leather.  It  has  great  fairs  in  April  and 
September  for  cattle  and  sheep,  Yorkshire 
cloth,  and  other  goods.  There  are  the  ruins 
of  a castle;  and  in  the  churcb-yard  is  a 
singular  monument  of  antiquity  called  the 
Giant's  grave.  It  is  18  miles  s Of  Carlisle, 
and  2S0  nnw  of  London. 

Penrith,  0/d,  in  Lazeney  parish,  Cumber- 
land, five  miles  from  Penrith,  and  13  from 
Carlisle. 

Penryn,  a considerable  town  of  Corn- 
wall, situated  on  an  eminence  on  a creek 
of  Falmouth  haven,  governed  by  a mayor, 
with  a market  on  Wednesday,  Friday,  and 
Saturday.  Here  are  several  good  brewer- 
ies, which  supply  the  shipping  at  Falmouth, 
and  large  warehouses  for  grain  and  flour. 
It  has  a great  trade  in  the  Newfoundland 
and  pilchard  fisheries,  and  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament.  It  is  three  miles  nw  of 
Falnoouth,  and  26d  w by  s of  London. 

Penriiddock,  a village  in  Cumberland, 
seated  on  the  edge  of  a bleak  common,  six 
miles  w by  s of  Penrith,  on  the  road  to 
Keswick.  On  the  common  are  vestiges  of 
a Roman  camp.  In  the  village  is  a^Pres- 
byterian  meeting-house,  which  has  existed 
ever  since  the  passing  of  the  infamous  Bar- 
tholomew act  in  1662. 

Pensacola,  Harbour,  and  Town.  The 
harbour  is  on  the  n shore  of  the  gulf  of  Mex- 
ico, 1 1 leagues  e of  Port  Lewis  and  Mo- 
bile.  The  town  of  Pensacola,  the  capital 
of  West  Florida,  lies  along  the  beach  of 
the  bay,  about  a mile  iu  length,  and  a quar- 
ter of  a mile  in  breadth.  It  contains  seve- 
ral hundred  habitations.  The  exports  from 
this  town  consist  of  skins,  logwood,  dye 
stuffs,  and  silver  dollars.  A sniall  fort  de- 
fends the  entrance  into  the  bay,  Lon,  87 
14  w,  lat.  30  24  n. 

Fensance^  or  Fen^mee^  a populous 


PER 


PER 


town  in  Cornwall,  situated  on  a creek  of 
Mountsbay.  It  carries  on  a Considerable 
irafiic  in  shipping,  and  is  one  of  the  tin 
coinage  towns  governed  by  a mayor,  re- 
corder, 12  aldermen,  and  24  common  coun- 
cil men.  It  was  burnt  by  the  Spaniards  in 
1593.  It  has  a market  on  Thursdayj  and 
lies  10  miles  ne  of  the  Landsend,  and  280  ! 
w by  s of  London.  Lon.  5 35  w,  lat.  58 

11  K.  I 

Pensfordy  a town  in  Somersetshire,  with  j 
a market  on  Tuesday,  seated  on  the  Chew,  I 
has  manufactures  of  woollen  and  hats.  [ 

Pentland  Frith,  a strait  between  Caith- 
ness, and  the  Orkney  islands,  24  miles  long,  | 
and  from  10  to  15  wide.  It  is  very  difficult  i 
to  navigate,  especially  in  passing  the  i 
Sherries,  a cluster  of  small  rooks  at  the  e j 
end  of  the  Frith,  on  the  largest  of  which  is 
a light  house.  Lon.  2 42  w,  lat.  58  35  n. 

Pentland  Hills,  a chain  of  beautiful 
green  mountains  about  six  or  seven  miles 
ssw  of  Edinburgh,  the  highest  about  It 00 
feet  above  the  sea  at  Leith.  The  city  of 
Edinbiii^h  is  supplied  with  water  conveyed 
in  lead  pipes  from  these  hills.  They  afford 
excellent  sheep  pasture. 

PENZA,  a government  of  Russia,  once  a 
province  of  Kasau.  Its  capital  of  the  same  j 
name,  stands  on  the  Sura,  at  the  influx  of 
the  rivulet  Penza,  220  miles  sw  of  Kasan.  . 
Lon.  45  38  e,  iat.  53  30  N.  | 

Pentecoast,  an  island  in  the  Archipelago  j 
one  of  the  Great  Cyclades.  i 

Penzlin,  a town  in  the  principality  of  j 
Mecklenburg,  Schwerin,  Lower  Saxony,  i 

12  miles  nnw  of  Strelitz.  I 

Pepy^s  Islands  the  same  with  Falkland 

islands. 

Pequigny,Si  town  in  the  departmentof  Som- 
me, France,  situated  on  the  Sonnime,  famous 
for  an  interview  and  treaty  bet w^een  Edward 
IV  . of  England,  and  Lewis  XI.  of  France, 
in  1 455,  on  a bridge  built  for  that  purpose, 
15  miles  se  of  Abbeville. 

Perak,  a sea-port  and  capital  of  a king- 
dom on  the  w coast  of  Malaya,  seated  on  a 
river  of  its  name,  180  mdes  ww  of  Malacca. 
Lon.  100  0 E,  lat.  4 43  n, 

Peralta,  a town  in  Navarre,  Spain,  on  , 
the  Agra,  noted  lor  its  wine,  30  miles  s of 
Pamplona. 

Paran  in  the  Sarids,  a village  in  Corn- 
wall, \’E  of  St.  Agnes. 

Peray  St,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Ardeche,  France,  seated  on  the  Reooe,  . 
oppo^ite  Valence,  celebrated  tor  its  wine, 
32  miles  n ol  Viviers. 

PERCE,  L^ISLE,  a remarkable  island 
on  the  w side  of  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

It  is  15  miles  s of  Cape  Gaspeo. 

PERCH  E.  a late  ierritoiy  of  France,  in 
Orleanois,  which  now  forms  with  part  of 
Normandy,  the  department  of  Orne.  It 
has  its  name  Irom  a lor  -st  and  is  pretty  fer- 
tile. 

Perdu,  Mount,  the  highest  of  the  Pyrenean 
ntouutains,  supposed  to  bo ,11, 700  feet  above 


i the  sea.  It  is  difficult  of  access,  as  the 
rock  often  assumes  the  form  of  perpendicu-^ 
lar  w^alls,  from  100  to  600  feet  in  height. 
About  2000  feet  from  the  top  is  a lake,  the 
waters  of  which  flow  e into  the  Spanish 
vuUey  of  Beoussa, 

Pe.rekop,  See  Precop, 

Pereczas,  a town  of  Upper  Hungary, 
capital  of  a county  of  the  same  name,  50 
miles  E by  n of  Tockay. 

Perga,  a town  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Albania,  on  the  sea  coast,  opposite  the 
island  of  Corfu,  25  miles  wnw  of  Arta. 

Pergamar,  a tow'n  in  Romania,  European 
Turkey,  and  a bishop^s  see,  60  miles  sw  of 
Adrianopie.  Lon.  25  55  e,  lat.  41  10  n. 

Pergaminor,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Buenos,  Ayres,  Paraguay,  with  a fortress, 
on  the  road  from  tbe  capital  to  Cordova, 

1 10  miles  wnw  of  Buenos  Ayres.  Lon.  60 
43  w lat.  33  53  n. 

Pergamo,  an  ancient  decayed  tow’n  of 
Natoiia,  and  a bishop^s  see,  inhabited  by 
about  3000  Turks,  and  a few  families  of 
poor  Christians.  It  has  a castle,  a palace, 
and  nine  mosques.  Here  parchment  was 
invented.  It  occupies  an  oblong  eircum- 
ference  of  three  miles,  and  is  situated  on 
the  Germasti,  15  miles  from  its  mouth,  and 
37  N of  Smyrna.  Lon.  27  27  e,  lat,  39 
5 N. 

Peria,  a town  in  the  province  of  Irak, 
Persia,  90  miles  n of  Ispahan.  Lon,  51 
25  E,  lat.  32  20  n. 

Periac,  a towui  in  the  department  of 
Aude,  France,  celebrated  for  its  saltworks, 
six  miles  sw  of  Narbonne. 

PERICA,  three  islands  in  the  bay  of 
Panama,  South  America,  which  afford 
shelter  for  ships. 

Periapatam,  a town  in  Mysore,  Hindoo- 
stan,  in  a rich  and  beautiful  country.  The 
late  sultan  blew  up  the  best  works,  and 
ruins  occupy  the  greatest  part  of  the  suburbs, 
but  it  is  recovering,  40  miles  w by  s of 
Seringapatam. 

Periers,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Mauche,  France,  nine  miles  n of  Coutan- 
ces. 

PERIGORD,  a late  province  of  France, 
about  83  miles  in  length,  and  60  in  breadth. 
It  abounds  in  iron  mines,  and  the  air  is  pure 
and  healthy.  It  now  forms  the  department 
of  Dordogne. 

Perigutux,  an  ancient  town,  capital  of 
the  department  of  Dordogne  France,  lately 
a bishop’s  see.  It  is  situated  on  the  Iiie. 
Here  is  an  amphitbealre  and  the  remains  of 
a temple  of  Venus,  50  miles  sw  of  Limoges 
Lon.  0 43  E,  lat.  45  11  n. 

Perinda,  a town  in  the  province  of  Dow- 
latubad,  Hindoostaii,  188  miles  nvv  of  Hy- 
dra bad.  Lon.  T5  50  e,  hit.  18  33  n. 

Perija,  a towm  in  tbr  province  of  Vene- 
zuela, Terra  Firma.  stands  on  a river  of  its 
iiaiue,  25  miles  from  its  mouth  in  the^iake 
31cuacaybo,  and  45  sw^  of  Maracaybo. 

Perindura,  a town  in  the  province  of 


PER 

Coimbetore,  Hindoostan,  12  miles  ssw  of 
Bhawanuikudal. 

PERITAS,  islands  on  the  Spanish  main, 
coast  of  South  America,  three  leagues  w of 
Cumana  bay. 

Perleberg,  a town  of  Brandenburg,  capi- 
tal of  the  Mark  of  Pregnitz,  seated  on  the 
Stepnitz.  It  has  considerable  cloth  manu- 
factures ; 42  miles  xw  of  Riippin.  Lon.  12 
3 E,  lat.  <53  8 N. 

Perlican,  New,  a noted  harbour  on  the  e 
coast  of  Newfoundland  island,  eight  leagues 
wsw  of  Old  Perlican. 

PERM,  one  of  the  41  governments  of 
Russia,  formerly  a province  of  Kasan.  It 
is  divided  into  two  provinces ; namely, 
Perm  and  Caihenneburgb.  The  capitals  of 
which  are  of  the  same  name. 

Penn,  capital  of  the  government  and 
province  of  its  name,  Russia,  on  the  Kama, 
at  its  junction  with  the  Zegochekba,  620 
miles  I-:  by  n of  Moscow,  and  810  e by  s of 
Petersburg.  Lon.  <55  10  e,  lat.  5T  55  n. 

Permacoil,  a town  in  the  Carnatic,  Hin- 
<loostdu,  stands  on  a mountain,  20  miles 
xxw  of  Pondicherry. 

Pernalla,  a town  in  Guzzerat,  Hindoo- 
6tan,  38  miles  s of  Surat. 

Pernambuco,  See  Pernambuco, 

Pernau,  a strong  town  in  Livonia,  Russia, 
near  the  mouth  of  a river  of  its  name,  with 
a castle,  95  miles  n of  Riga.  Lon.  24  30  e, 
lat.  58  30  N. 

Pernes,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
mouths  of  the  Rhone,  France,  situated  a 
little  to  the  w of  Apt,  It  is  the  birthplace 
of  the  famous  orator  Flechier,  bishop  of 
Nismes,  12  miles  e by  n of  Avignon. 

Pernes,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
straits  of  Calais,  France,  on  the  river  Cia-  ! 
rence,  17  miles  nw  of  Arras.  | 

Perno,  a town  in  the  province  of  Nyland, 
Sw'eden,  seated  on  the  Baltic,  36  miles  e of 
Helsingfors. 

Peronne,  a strong  towm  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Somme,  France.  In  its  castle 
Charles  the  .simple  was  imprisoned,  and 
died.  In  the  same  place  the  duke  of  Bur- 
gundy confined  Louis  XI.  three  days,  till  he 
signed  a disadvantageous  peace.  It  is  called 
Pucelle,  because,  though  often  besieged,  it 
has  never  been  taken.  It  is  situated  on  the 
Somme,  27  miles  sw  of  Cambray,  and  80 
E by  N of  Paris.  Lon.  3 2 e,  lat.  49  <55  n. 

Perote,  a tow-n  iu  Tiascala,  New  Spain, 
with  a fortress.  The  Coffre  of  Perote  stands 
12  miles  to  the  se  whose  summit  is  1300 
feet  higher  than  the  Peak  of  Teneriffe,  and 
serves  as  a sea  mark  for  sailors  on  entering 
the  port  of  Veracruz.  Perote  is  15  miles 
NW'  of  Xalapa. 

Perousa,  a town  of  Piedmont,  on  the 
Clu'OD,  six  miles  nw  of  Pignerol. 

Perpignan,  a considerable  town  in  the 
department  of  the  Eastern  Pyrenees,  France, 
seated  on  the  Tet,  lately  a bishop’s  see,  with 
a citadel  and  university,  95  miles  se  of 


PER 

I Toulousa,  and  100  se  of  Bourdeaux.  Lon* 
2 54  E,  lat.  42  42  n. 

Persaim,  See  Bassien. 

Persepolis,  supposed  to  have  been  ancient- 
ly the  capital  city  of  Persia,  properly  so 
called.  It  is  thought  to  be  the  same  that  is 
now  called  Kilmanar,  of  which  there  are 
magnificent  ruins  still  remaining.  It  was 
taken  and  set  on  fire  by  Alexander  the 
Great.  It  is  95  miles  ne  of  Shiras,  and  200 
SE  of  Ispahan. 

Pershore,  a tow'n  in  Worcestershire,  on 
the  Avon,  w’ith  a market  on  Tuesday^  It 
has  two  parish  churches,  and  that  of  the 
Holy  Cross  contains  several  ancient  monu- 
ments. The  principal  street  is  about  three 
quarters  of  a mile  in  length.  The  inhabi- 
tants carry  on  a manufacture  of  stockings. 
It  lies  nine  miles  ese  of  Worcester,  and 
106  wNw^  of  London. 

PERSIA,  a large  kingdom  of  Asia,  con- 
sisting of  several  provinces,  which,  at  differ- 
ent times,  have  had  their  particular  kings. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  n by  Georgia,  the 
Caspian  sea,  and  Usbec  Tartary,  w by 
Turkey  and  Arabia,  s by  the  gulfs  of  Persia 
and  Ormus,  and  the  Arabian  sea,  and  e by 
Hindoostan  Proper.  It  is  about  1225  miles 
in  length  from  e to  w,  and  909  in  breadth 
from  N to  s.  It  is  mountainous  and,  cold 
in  the  n and  e,  sandy  and  desert  in  the  mid- 
dle and  SE,  level  and  fertile  in  the  s and  w 
parts.  It  is  w'atered  by  many  rivers,  the 
chief  of  w'hich  are  the  Tigris,  Kur,  Kizil, 
and  Ozan.  The  soil  produces  the  various 
sorts  of  pulse  and  corn.  They  have  cotton 
in  great  abundance,  and  among  other  domes- 
tic animals,  camels,  buffaloes,  and  horses. 
In  several  places  naptha  rises  out  of  the 
ground,  and  they  have  mines  of  gold,  silver, 
iron,  Tnrkois  stones,  and  salt.  They  have 
all  the  various  sorts  of  fruits,  excellent 
wine,  and  a great  number  of  mulberry  trees, 
likewise  dates,  pistachionuts,  and  trees 
which  produce  manna.  They  have  large 
flocks  of  sheep  and  goats ; Their  principal 
manufactures  are  silks,  silks  mixed  with 
cotton,  or  with  camels  or  goats  hair,  bro- 
cades, gold  tissues,  gold  velvet,  carpets,  ca- 
licoes, camlets,  &c.  During  almost  the 
whole  of  last  century,  Persia  has  been  deso- 
l:i?ed  by  competitors  for  the  sovereijrnty. 
Nadir  Shah,  w’ho  had  usurped  the  throne  was 
assbssjnated  in  1747,  w'h.'o  Achmed  Abdal- 
la,  cne  of  his  generals  founded  the  kingdom 
of  Candcihar,  to  which  he  annexed  the  pro- 
vinces ot  Korasan,  and  .Segestan,  in  the  e of 
Persia,  and  those  provinces  of  Hindoostan, 
w'  of  the  Indus  W'hich  Nadir  Shah  had  ob- 
tained of  the  great  Mogul,  in  1737.  Kerim 
Khan,  another  of  Nadir’s  ofiioers,  put  him- 
selt  at  the  head  of  the  southern  provinces. 
He  made  Shiras  the  seat  ot  government,  and 
preferred  the  title  of  Vakeel,  or  protector, 
to  that  of  Shah  or  king.  On  the  demise 
of  this  mild  prince,  in  1779,  a new  scene 
of  desolation  and  slaughter  succeeded^ 


/ 


PER 

till  1794,  when  Akau  Mohamed  Khan,  be- 
came sole  monarch.  ' The  government  is 
despotic.  While  the  grand  vizier  and  the 
lord  treasurer  continue  in  tavour  with  the 
king  their  authority  is  without  controul. 
The  standing  army  consists  ot  the  king^s 
body  guards,  about  10,000  men,  and  the 
<royal  slaves  about  3000.  But  from  the 
wandering  tribes  the  king  can  assemble  an 
arri-y  ot  about  200,000,  chiefly  cavalry, 
who  seldom  receive  either  pay  or  clothing, 
but  are  kept  together  by  the  hope  of  plunder. 
The  Persians  are  generally  Mahometans,  of 
the  sect  of  Ali.  They  are  generally  fat, 
with  black  hair,  high  forehead,  aoquiline 
nose,  full  cheeks,  and  a large  chin.  They 
shave  the  head  and  wear  high  crimson  bon- 
nets, but  'he  beard  is  sacred  and  generally 
dyed,  though  some  prefer  blue.  They  often 
wear  three  or  four  light  dresses,  one  above 
another,  and  are  fond  of  large  clokes  of 
thick  cloth.  The  w'omen  wear  a large 
black  turban,  over  which  is  cast  a large 
shawl,  and  their  robes,  which  are  shorter 
than  those  of  the  meu,  are  fastened  in  front 
by  large  gold  buttons.  The  Persians  do 
not  recline  like  the  Turks,  but  sit  in  an 
erect  posture.  They  are  gay,  polite,  and 
hospitable^  yet  are  deceitful,  cruel,  and 
tre  icherons.  Are  fond  to  excess  of  tobacco  ; 
never  taste  wine  before  company,  but  in- 
dulge to  excess  in  private,  and  drink  beiore 
they  eat.  They  breakfast  on  coffee,  dine 
at  noon,  but  the  supper  is  the  principal 
meal.  They  are  remarkable  for  cleanli- 
ness both  in  their  persons  and  habitations. 
Their  language  is  distinguished  by  its 
strength,  beauty,  and  melody.  Ispahan  is 
the  chief  city,  but  the  present  capital  is 
Teheran. 

Persian.  Gulf  of,  a large  gulf  of  Asia, 
between  Persia  and  Arabia  Felix.  The 
f^ntrance  near  Ormus  is  not  above  30  miles 
over,  but  within  it  is  from  120  to  230,  and 
500  miles  in  length  from  Ormus  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Euphrates.  On  the  Arabian 
■side  there  are  many  shoals  and  sand  banks, 
and  a rich  pearl  fishery. 

PERSON,  a new  county  in  Hillsborough 
district  N Carolina. 

Perth,  a town  silutited  on  the  w bank  of 
Hie  Tay,  anciently  called  Bertha,  and  by 
the  Romans  Victoria,  said  to  have  been 
founded  by  Agricola.  The  Piets  built  a 
ehiirch  here  about  the  year  420,  which  they 
dedicated  to  St  John,  whence  the  town  got 
the  additional  name  of  St.  John’s  Towm, 
and  its  most  ancient  seal  had  the  image  of 
the  saint  on  one  side,  tind  his  decolation  on 
the  other.  At  the  reformation  this  seal  was 
laid  aside,  and  one  engraven,  with  a golden 
imperial  eagle,  with  two  heads,  with  the 
legend,  Prorege,  lege,  and  grege,  substituted 
in  its.  placg.  The  charter  of  this  burgh 
which  is  still  extant,  w'as  granted  by  king 
William  I.  in  1210.  From  1201  to  1450, 

was  the  seat  of  no  fewer  than  14  national 
councils.  Perth. is  situated  in  the  middle  of 


PER 

a plain,  which  it  divides  into  two  fine  mea*- 
dow  grounds,  called  the  and  South 

Inches  or  Islands.  The  tide  flows  up  the 
river  from  the  German  ocean,  two  miles 
above  Perth : and  at  spring  tides,  ships, 
considerably  above  100  tons  burden,  com© 
up  close  to  the  shore.  In  1339,  Perth  stood 
a long  siege  against  the  regent  Robert,  but 
was  taken  by  draining  the  ditch.  In  1437, 
king  James  I.  was  murdered  at  the  Black 
Friars  monastery,  by  Robert  Graham,  who 
gave  him  28  wounds,  and  the  queen  two,  in 
defending  him.  His  garments  were  preser- 
ved long  after  at  Penh.  The  first  public 
avowal  of  the  reformed  religion,  in  Scot- 
land was  made  at  Perth  ; where  John 
Knox  preached  a sermon  against  idolatry, 
before  some  of  the  chief  nobility  on  Thurs- 
day, 1 Ith  of  May,  1559.  A weekly  sermon 
kas  been  regularly  preached  upon  Thursday 
ever  since.  An  elegant  stone  bridge  of  10 
arches,  over  the  Tay,  connects  Perth  with 
the  burgh  of  Kinnaul  called  Bridge  End, 
Perth  was  a place  of  great  trade  so  early 
vas  the  l-2th  century.  For  many  years  its 
staple  manufacture  was  linen  : but  this 
manufacture  has  now  given  place  to  that  of 
cotton  which  is  carried  to  a great  extent. 
Boots  and  shoes  are  naanufactured  to  a 
great  amount:  many  of  them  for  the  I^on- 
don  market.  There  are  extensive  tanne- 
ries. The  salmon  fishery  near  Perth 
on  the  Tay,  produces  an  annual  rent  of 
about  70001.  10001.  of  which  belongs  to 

the  town  as  a body  corporate.  There  is  a 
respectable  banking  company  called  the 
Perth  Bank,  which  has  been  established  (or 
many  years  ; and  there  are  also  branches 
of  the  Bank  of  Scotland,  and  the  Briti.<ih 
Linen  Company.  Next  to  Edinburgh  and 
Glasgow.,  Perth  has  the  greatest  share  of 
the  book  trade  of  any  town  in  Scotland. 
Many  neat  editions  of  valuable  works  have 
been  printed  here  of  late  years.  Perth  is  a 
royal  burgh  the  second  in  dignity  to  ^the 
metropolis,  and  governed  by  a provost,  four 
bailies,  a dean  of  guild,  treasurer,  and  19 
counsellors.  There  is  an  academy,  where 
mathematics,  astronomy,  and  other  branches 
.of  education,  are  taught  by  able  masters. 

I A literary  and  Antiquarian  society  has  been 
established  for  a number  of  years,  and  has 
made  a considerable  collection  of  books, 
manuscripts,  A'c.  It  is  the  se«it  of  a Pres- 
bytery, and  alternately  with  Stirling,  of  a 
synod.  lu  the  town  is  a valuable  public 
library.  The  parish  church  is  a large,  an- 
cient building,  in  form  of  a cross,  divided 
I into  three,  called  the  East,  Middle,  and  West 
I Churches.  Here  are  two  chapels  of  Ease, 
i in  one  of  which  the  service  is  peformed  iu 
Gielic,  with  meeting  houses  for  various 
classes  of  dissenters.  At  the  se  end  of  the 
street  called  the  Watergutes  stands  the  an- 
cient palace  of  the  Gourie  family,  famous 
for  having  been  the  scene  of  that  real  or 
pretended  outrage  against  James  VI.  knowB 
m bis  history  by  the  name  of  Gowries  cou- 


PER 

spiracy.  The  glovers^  hall  is  an  elegant 
new  building,  and  answers  lor  a theatre,  and 
several  other  purposes.  The  glovers  are  a 
most  respectable  corporation,  and  their 
manufacture  has  been  long  famed.  The 
high  street  is  closed  at  the  e end  by  the 
town  house.  The  infirmary  is  a good  edi- 
fice. The  city  of  Perth  is  among  the  hand- 
somest in  Scotland.  The  population  of 
Perth  in  1801,  was  14,878,  and  in  1811, 
16,948.  Perth  has  two  weekly  markets,  on 
Wednesday  and  Friday,  and  nine  annual 
fairs.  The  town  council  of  Perth  choose  a 
delegate  to  meet  with  those  of  Dundee,  For- 
far, St.  Andrew ^s,  and  Cupar  of  Fife,  for 
electing  a representative  in  the  British  par- 
liament. Perth  is  situated  23  miles  w of 
Dundee,  40  n of  Edinburgh,  64  NEof  Glas- 
gow, S2  ssw  of  Aberdeen,  238  ne  of  Dublin, 
Sind  420  N of  Loudon.  Lon.  3 20  w,  lat. 
66  24  N. 

Perth y a parish  in  Perthshire,  four  miles 
long  from  n to  s,  and  about  three  broad, 
including  that  of  the  town.  The  soil  is 
partly  loam,  partly  clay.  The  population 
in  1794,  amounted  to  10,871,  as  reported  to 
Sir  John  Sinclair.  In  the  country  part  of  the 
parish,  there  afe  three  printfields,  two  exten- 
sive cotton  works,  four  bleachfields,  three 
paper  mills,  one  oil  mill  lor  lintseed  oil, 
the  first  of  the  kind  erected  in  Scotland,  and 
excellent  flour  mills. 

PERTH,  or  Perthshire,  one  of  the 
largest  counties  of  Scotland,  bounde^d  on  the 
w and  sw  by  Argyll  and  Lennox.  N and  nw 
by  Badenoch  and  Lochaber,  ne  by  Marr,  e 
by  Angus,  se  by  Fife  and  Kinross,  and  s by 
the  Forth,  and  part  of  Stirling  and  Clack- 
mannan ; including  Monteith,  BraiduLbin, 
'Athol,  Strabi-me,  Perth  Proper,  and  part  of 
Gowrie.  It  extends  above  70  miles  in 
length,  and  near  60  at  its  greatest  breadth  ; 
exhibiting  a great  variety  of  high  and  low 
lands,  rnuuniains,  hills,  dales,  and  straths  ; 
The  soil  of  ibis  country,  being  generally 
rich  and  well  cultivated,  produces  excellent 
grain  of  all  kinds.  The  only  royal  boroughs 
are  Perth  and  Culross.  Perthshire  is, situated 
in  the  centre  of  Scotland  and  is  divided  into 
*76  parochial  districts.  Of  these  parishes, 
18  belong  to  the  Highland  divisions,  (where 
Gaelic  is  the  vernacular  tongue,  and  the 
kilt  worn,)  and  «58  to  the  Lowland  division 
where  the  English  language  prevails.  Be- 
sides the  royal  burghs  the  principal  towns 
are  Crieff,  Callander,  and  Dunkeld.  It  is 
watered  ou  the  s by  the  Forth,  and  inter- 
sected by  the  Tay  and  their  tributaries, 
together  with  the  rivers  Earn,  Tunel,  Teith, 
and  Ista.  The  population  in  1801,  was 
126,336,  and  in  1811,  l35j(J93.  The  Gram- 
pian mountain.?  cross  it  from  sw.  to  ne,  the 
higbe.st  of  which  is  Benlawers.  The  pro- 
spect from  Mordun  is  by  Pennant  termed 
* The  glory  of  iScotland.^  The  real  land 
rent  is  estimated  at  230,9001.  Sterling,  It 
sends  one  member  to  parliament.  Perth  is 
the  capital. 

No.  23— 6(d. 


PER 

Perth  Amboy,  a city  and  sea-port  in 
Middlesex  county,  New  Jersey,  on  a neck 
of  laud  between  Arthur  KuU  sound,  and  tha 
river  Raritou.  It  lies  open  to  Sandy  Hook, 
and  has  one  of  the  safest  harbours  on  the 
continent,  30  miles  sw  of  New  York,  and 
64  NE  of  Philadelphia.  Lon.  74  25  w,  lat. 
40  31  N. 

Perthes,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Seine  and  Marne,  France,  six  miles  ssw  of 
Melun. 

PERTH  PROPER,  a district  in  the 
above  county,  which  extends  20  miles  ia 
length,  and  in  some  places  15  in  breadth. 
It  is  extremely  fertile,  populous,  and  well 
cultivated. 

Perthes,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Upper  Marne,  France,  six  miles  nw  of  St. 
Dizier. 

Pertigi,  a town  of  Sardinia,  19  miles  se 
of  Castel  Aragonese. 

Pertuis,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Vaucluse,  France,  near  the  Durance,  li 
miles  N of  Aix,  and  38  ese  of  Avignon. 

PERU,  an  extensive  country  of  South 
America,  about  1800  miles  in  length,  and 
500  in  breadth ; bounded  w by  the  South 
Pacific  Ocean,  e by  the  Andes,  n by  Terra 
Firma,  and  the  25ih  degree  of  s lat.  sepa- 
rates it  from  Chili  and  La  Plata  on  the  s. 
It  lies  between  60  and  81  w Ion.  and  is  sub- 
divided into  the  provinces  of  Quito,  Lima, 
and  Los  Charcos.  The  chief  towns  are 
Quito,  Payto,  Lima,  Cusco,  Potosi,  and 
Porco,  It  is  natural  to  suppose  that  it 
would  be  almost  uninhabitable  ; but  tha 
Andes  being  on  the  one  side,  and  the  South 
sea  on  the  other,  it  is  not  so  hot  as  tropical 
countries  in  general  are.  The  plaiiQS  are 
temperate,  the  beaches  and  valleys  hot; 
and,  according  to  the  disposition  of  tha 
country,  we  find  all  the  variety  of  gradations 
of  temperature  between  the  two  extremes 
of  heat  and  cold.  It  is  remarkable,  that 
in  some  places  it  never  rains,  which  defect 
is  supplied  by  a dew  that  falls  every  night. 
In  the  inland  parts  of  Peru,  and  by  the  banks 
of  the  rivers,  the  soil  is  usually  very  fertile  ; 
but  along  the  sea-coast  it  is  a banen  sand. 
There  are  large  forests  on  the  sides  of  tha 
mountains,  which  advance  near  the  sea, 
but  none  of  the  trees  are  like  those  in  Eu-* 
rope.  This  country  produces  fruits  peculiar 
to  the  climate,  and  most  of  those  in  Europe. 
The  culture  of  maize,  of  pimento,  and  of 
cotton,  which  was  found  established  there, 
has  not  been  neglected  : and  that  of  wheat, 
barley,  ca.s.sava,  potatoes,  sugar,  and  of  the 
olive  and  vine,  is  attended  to.  The  goats 
have  thriven  very  well ; but  the  sheep  have 
degenerated,  and  their  wool  is  become  ex- 
tremely coarse.  Serpents  are  very  com- 
mon, and  many  of  them  dangerous.  In  the 
northern  parts  of  Peru  are  several  gold 
mines ; but  those  of  silver  are  found  all  over 
the  country,  particularly  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Potosi.  Nature  never  offered  to  the 
avidity  of  mankind  in  any  country  of  the 
Ee 


E R 

globe  sucb  rich  mines  as  those  orpotosi. 
These  famous  mines  were  accidentally  disco» 
Tered  in  1545.  They  begin  to  decrease,  and 
others  rise  in  reputation.  Besides  the  pro- 
duce of  the  mines,  the  exports  are  Peruvian 
bark,  Vienna  wood,  copper,  cotton,  and  co- 
coa. The  puma  and  jaquar,  sometimes,  but 
improperly,  called  by  Europeans  lions  and 
tigers,  are  the  fiercest  beasts  of  prey  in  Pe- 
ru. The  lama,  bearing  some  resemblance 
to  the  camel,  and  above  the  ordinary  size 
of  a sheep,  is  peculiar  to  this  country,  and 
has  been  tamed  to  domestic  purposes  ; its 
flesh  is  used  for  food  and  its  wool  for  clo- 
thing. The  condor,  for  size,  strength,  and 
courage,  has  the  pre-eminence  among  the 
winged  tribe.  When  the  Spaniards  airived 
in  this  country,  in  1530,  the  country  was 
governed  by  sovereigns  called  Incas , who 
were  much  beloved  by  their  subjects,  and 
the  inhabitants  were  more  polished  than 
those  of  other  pans  of  America,  with  the 
exception  of  the  Mexicans.  It  is  impossible 
to  ascertain  with  any  decree  of  precision, 
the  number  of  inhabitants  in  Peru.  It  is 
divided  into  two  great  audiences,  Lima  and 
Charcos,  under  the  government  of  a vice- 
roy. In  1776,  two  new  viceroyalities 
vvere  established,  one  at  St.  Fe,  the  capital 
of  New  Grenada,  and  the  other  at  Buenos 
Ayios,  capital  of  Paraguay.  The  city  of 
Lima  is  said  to  contain  54,000  inhabitants ; 
Guagaquili,  20,000 ; Potosi,  25,000  ; La 
Pas,  20,000  ; and  Cusco,  26,000.  Aniong 
all  the  inhabitants  of  Peru,  pride  and  lazi- 
ness are  said  to  be  the  most  predominant 
passions.  Avarice  may  likewise  be  attri- 
buted to  some  of  them  with  a great  deal  of 
piopriety.  There  is  very  little  commerce  in 
this  fine  country,  except  in  the  cities  and 
large  towns.  The  chief  manufactures  are 
carried  on  by  the  Indians.  The  Indians 
and  negroes  are  forbidden  under  the  severest 
penalties,  to  intermary  ; for  division  be- 
tween these  two  classes  is  the  great  instru- 
ment to  which  the  Spaniards  trust  for  the 
preservation  of  the  colonies.  They  go  na- 
ked, and  paint  their  bodies  with  a red  drug 
called  rocu.  Their  skins  are  of  a red  cop- 
per colour.  Those  that  are  not  much  expo- 
sed to  the  weather  are  of  a lighter  colour 
than  the  rest.  Peru  is  governed  by  a vice- 
roy who  is  absolute.  There  are  petrifying 
waters  in  this  country,  and  fountains  of  li- 
quid matter,  called  coppey,  resembling 
pitch  and  tar,  and  used  by  seamen  as  such. 
Here  is  also  found  the  new  metal  called 
platina,  Peru  was  visited  by  a dreadful 
earthquake  in  February  1797.  Lima  is  the 
capital. 

Perugia,  a town  in  the  late  republican 
department  of  Trasimeno,  Italy,  capital 
of  Ferugino,  and  a bisbop^s  see.  It  has 
a citadely  and  an  university,  and  several 
academies.  It  is  seated  on  the  Tiber,  and 
is  an  ancient,  handsome,  and  populous  city ; 
miles  N of  Rome.  Lou.  12  20  e,  lat,  43 


p E T 

Perugia,  a lake  of  Italy,  10  miles  w 
the  city  of  its  name,  nine  miles  long  and^ 
seven  broad,  and  in  it  are  three  islands,  on* 
one  of  which  is  a church.  It  is  the  ancient 
Trasimenus.  On  its  n border,  the  armies 
under  Hannibal  and  Flaminius  fought  a 
severe  battle,  in  which  15,000  Romans 
fell. 

PERUGINO,  a province  of  Italy,  about 
25  miles  in  length,  and  i:early  as  much  in 
breadth.  The  air  is  very  pure,  and  the" 
soil  fertile  in  corn  and  good  wine.  It  is  in- 
cluded in  the  department  of  Trasimeno. 
Perugia  is  the  capital. 

Pervro,  a towm  in  tlie  duchy  of  Urbino, 
Italy,  It  is  a large  place,  Las  an  excellent 
harbour,  and  a magnificent  cathedral.  It- 
is  18  miles  ne  of  Urbino,  and  130  ne  of 
Rome. 

Pesaro,  a sea- port  in  the  dud  y of  Ur- 
bino,  Italy,  seated  at  the  mouth- of  the  Fog- 
lio,  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  and  a bishop V 
see.  Its  cathedral  is  magnificent,  its- 
churches,  convents,  and  palace,  elegant, 
with  suberb  paintings,  IT  miles  ene  ot  Ur- 
bino. Lon.  13  2 E,  lat.  43  52  n. 

Pescara,  a strong  towm  in  Abruzzo  Gi- 
tericre,  Naples,  at  the  mouth  of  a river  of 
its  name,  in  the  gulf  of  Venice,  taken  by 
the  French  in  1798,  10  miles  kne  of  Civita 
de  Chieti. 

Peschiera,  a town  of  Italy,  situated  on- 
the  Mincio,  where  it  proceeds  from  the  lake 
Garda.  It  was  tJtken  by  the  French  irr 
1706,  and  the  garrison  surrendered  to  the 
Austrians  in  1700,  It  is  about  16  miles  w of 
Verona. 

Pescia,  a town  in  Florentino,  Tuscany, 
on  a river  of  its  name  over  which  is  am 
elegant  bridge.  It  is  famous  for  oil,  27 
miles  w by  n oLFlorenee. 

Pescina,  a town  near  the  lake  Celano, 
in  Abruzzo  Ultra,  Naples,  20  miles  s by  b 
of  Aquila. 

Pescenas,  an  ancient  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Herault,  Fiance,  on  the  Aeraidt,  12 
miles  NE  of  Beziers. 

Pest,  a town  of  Hungary,  capital  of 
county  of  the  same  name,  situated  on  the 
Danube.  It  has  a fortress,  a royal  palace, 
and  the  only  university  in  the  kingdom. 
The  Levant  trade  to  Germany  and  the  nor- 
thern nations,  is  here  conducted  by  Greek 
merchants,  96  miles  se  of  Petersburg. 
Lon.  19  8 E,  lat.  47  30  n. 

Pesti,  a tow  n in  the  Principato  Citeriore, 
Naples.  In  the  vicinity  are  the  magnifi- 
cent ruins  of  the  ancient  Paestum,  20  miles 
sE  of  Salerno. 

Patapa,  one  of  the  pleasantest  towns  of 
Guatimala,  New  Spain,  25  miles  se  of 
Guatimala. 

PE-TCHE-LI,  a province  of  China,  the 
chief  in  the  whole  -empire.  It  contains 
Pekin;  flie  principal  city  in  the  empire,  and 
eight  cities  of  Ihe- -first  class,  on  which  140 
towns  depend,  besides  a vast  number  of  vil- 
J lages.  The  air  is  temperate  and  the  soil 


P E T 

i'ertil®,  t)ut  being:  sandy  does  not  produce  i 
■tnuch  rice,  though  it  abounds  in  ail  other  I 
.kinds  of  grain.  The  rivers  are  so  much 
frozen  during  four  months  of  the  year,  that 
waggons  with  heavy  loads  can  pass  them 
with  safety.  They  have  also  mines  of  coal. 
All  the  riches  of  China  are  Iwought  to  this 
province,  particularly  to  Pekin.  The  in- 
habitants are  stronger  and  more  warlike, 
than  .those  of  the  southern  provinces,  but 
not  so  polite,  nor  so  aptto  learn  the  scien- 
ces. 

PETER’S  ST,  one  of  the  Virgin  isles, 
in  the  West  Indies,  dependant  on  Virgin 
Gorda. 

Peter  and.  >PaM/,  or  Petropauloskoi,  a 
sea-port  in  Kamtschatka,  Russia,  seated 
in  a valley,  on  the  e side  of  Awatska  bay. 
The  town  consists  of  a few  conical  huts 
and  log- houses,  and  the  harbour,  one  of  the 
best  in  the  world,  is  open  for  shipping  from 
April  to  November.  Here  captain  Clerke, 
vvho  succeeded  captain  Cooke,  and  died  at 
sea,  is  buried.  Lon.  158  48  E,  lat.  53  I n. 

Peter^s  Island,  St,  or  St  Pierre,  on  the 
S coast  of  Newfoundland,  lies  ssw  of  the  se 
point  of  Fortune  bay. 

Peterbcrough,  a city^  in  Northampton- 
shire, and  a bishop’s  see,  with  a market  on 
Saturday,  seated  on  the  Nen,  over  which  is 
a bridge  into  Huntingdonshire.  It  is  not 
large,  but  has  a manufacture  of  stockings, 
and  a trade  in  corn,  coal,  and  timber.  It 
is  governed  by  a mayor,  and  has  but  one 
church,  beside  the  cathedral.  The  streets 
are  regular,  and  the  market-place  spacious. 
It  has  fairs  on  July  10th  and  October  2d, 
-noted  for  horses.  The  number  of  inhabi- 
tants in  1801,  w'as  3449,  and  in  1811,  3674. 
In  the  church  are.  the  monuments  of  queen 
Catherine,  wife  of  Henry  VIII.  and  of 
JHary,  queen  of  Scotland.  It  is  42  miles 
NE  of  Northampton,  and  81  n of  London. 
Lon.  0 4 w,  lat.  52  30  n. 

Peterculter,  , a parish  in  Aberdeenshire, 
about  eight  miles  long  and  five  broad,  with 
a rugged  and  unequal  surface.  The  arable 
land  is  of  small  extent.  The  manufacture 
of  paper,  begun  in  1750,  is  carried  on  in  the 
parish  with  great  success.  In  ihe  parish 
are  a large  tumulus,  a Druidical  temple, 
and  vestiges  of  an  old  building,  from  the 
^foundation  of  which,  coins  of  David  I.  have 
been  dug.  In  the.E  part  of  the  parish  is  a 
rampart,  where  it  is  said  a guard  was  placed 
to  prevent  communication  between  the  heal- 
thy and  infected,  when  the  plague  was  in 
Aberdeen,  in  the  17th  century.  Population, 
near  900. 

Peterhead,  handsome  town  of  Aberdeen- 
shire, situated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ugie. 
It  has  an  excellent  harbour  defended  by  two 
new  piers.  A considerable  trade  is  carried 
on.  In  179A,  there  were. 28  vessels  belong- 
ing to  it,  amounting  to  above  3000  tons. 
Its  shipping  is  nowrmuch  more  considerable. 
Manufactures  of  thread,  woollen  cloth,  and 
cotton,  are  carried  on  to  a eonsiderablo  ex- 


PET 

tent.  A celebrated  mineral  spring,  of  pow«> 
erful  diuretic  quality,  and  sea  bathing  being 
a great  resort  of  company,  for  whose  accom" 
rnodation  there  is  a ball-room,  &c.  Near 
the  town  is  a field  called  Pest  ground,  vtc 
which  those  who  were  infected  with  the 
plague  were  removed,  and  were  lodged  in 
huts,  and,  when  they  died,  were  buried  un- 
der them.  The  weekly  market  is  on  Fri- 
day, and  it  has  two  annual  fairs.  The  po- 
pulation of  the  town  and  parish,  in  18Q1, 
was  4491,  and  in  1811,  4707.  It  is  finely 
situated,  a little  n of  Buchanness,  the  most 
eastern  promontory  of  Scotland,  about  30 
miles  NNE  of  Aberdeen,  and  140  ne  by  n 
of  Edinburgh.  The  parish  of,  Peterhead, 
lying  round  the  town,  to  the  s of  the  Ugie, 
contains  about  7000  acres,  with  a generally 
i fiat  surface,  and  almost  all  arable  and  fer- 
I tile.  Lon.  1 17  w,  lat.  57  27  n. 

Peter-Le-Port,  St,  a town  in  the  SB 
I part  of  Guernsey,  consisting  of  one  long 
I narrow  street.  It  has  a good  road  for 
shipping. 

Petersburgh,  the  metropolis  of  the  Rus- 
sian empire,  in  the  government  of  the  same 
name,  is  siiuated  on  the  river  Neva,  neaf 
the  gulf  of  Finland,  built  partly  upon  some 
j islands  in  the  mouth  of  that  river,  and  partly 
upon  the  continent,  with  an  university.  Pe- 
ter the  Great  first  began  this  city  in  1703, 
and  in  less  .than  nine  years  the  seat  of  em- 
pire was  transferred  from  Moscow  to  this 
.place.  The  first,  wooden  cottage  of  Peter 
.the  Great,  has  a brick  building  on,  arches, 
erected  over  it,  to  preserve  it  as  a sacred  re- 
lict of  that  monarch  ; but  the  other  wooden 
houses,  when  they  fall  down,  or  are  burnt, 
are  not  suffered  to  be  rebuilt.  The  streets, 
in  general,  are  broad  and  spacious  ; and 
three  of  the  principal  ones  are  two  miles  in 
length.  The  mansions  of  the  nobles  are 
vast  piles  of  building,  furnished  with  great 
, cost  in  the  same  elegant  style  as  at  Paris 
or  London.  The  views^  upon  the  banks  of 
the  Neva  exhibit  the  grandest  and  most 
lively  scenes  imaginable.  That  river  is  Id 
many  places  as  broad  as  the  Thames  -at 
I London.  On  the  n,  the  fortress,  the  aca- 
demy of  sciences,  and  the  academ^^  ol  art3, 
are  the  most  striking  objects.  On  the  oppo- 
site side  are  the  imperial  palace,  the  adrai- 
K rali(y,  the  mansions  of  many  Russian  nobles, 
and  the  English  line,  so  called  because  it  is 
mostly  occupied  by  English  merchants, 
i Petersburg,  although  more  compact  than 
I other  Russian  cities,  siill  bears  a resem- 
blance to  the  towns  of  that  country,  being 
built  in  a very  straggling  manner.  It  has 
been  lately  inclosed  with  a rami:>4irt,  the 
circumference  of  which  is  14  miles.  In  it 
there  are  no  fewer  than  35  great  cnuTches, 
(almost  every  sect  of  Christians  being  tole- 
. rated,)  and  the  number  of  . inhabitants  is  sup- 
posed to  be  about  400,000.  It  is  said  that 
3000.  one  horse  sledges  are  employ  ea,  for 
passengers  in  the  streets,  in  winter.  From 
its  low  and  marshy  situation,  it  is  subject  to 
Ee2 


PET 

iDundatioias,  which  have  sometimes  risen  so 
high  as  to  threaten  the  town  with  a total 
submersion.  The  opposite  divisions  of  Pe- 
tersburgh  are  connected  by  a bridge  on  pon- 
toons, and,  for  a few  days,  till  the  river  is 
frozen  hard  enough  to  bear  carriages,  there 
is  no  communication  between  the  opposite 
parts  of  the  town.  Among  the  noblest  or- 
naments of  Petersburgh,  is  an  equestrian 
statue  of  Peter  the  Great,  in  bronze  erected 
by  Catharine  II.  in  1782.  Within  ihe  walls 
of  the  fortress,  is  the  cathedral  of  St.  Peter 
and  St.  Paul,  in  which  are  deposited  the  re- 
inains  ot  Peter  the  Great,  and  of  the  succes- 
sive sovereigns,  except  Peter  the  II.  who 
Was  buried  at  Moscow.  Petersburgh  has 
a considerable  trade  in  exporting  the  pro- 
cfucts  of  the  empire  and  has  communica- 
tion by  rivers  and  canals,  with  many  of  the 
southern  provinces,  as  far  as  Astracan,  on 
the  Caspian  sea.  Petersburgh  is  425  miles 
»w  of  Moscow,  590  e by  n of  Stockholm, 
and  1000  nne  of  Vienna.  Lon.  30  25  e, 
lat.  59  56  N. 

Petersburg,  a post  town  of  Virginia,  and 
a place  of  considerable  trade,  situated  in 
Dinwaddie  county,  on  the  s side  of  the  Ap- 
pamatox,  has  a considerable  trade  in  flour 
and  tobacco,  about  25  miles  s of  Richmond. 
It  contains  about  2828  inhabitants. 

Petersburg,  a town  in  Hillsborough  coun- 
ty, Newhampshire,  73  miles  w by  s of 
Portsmouth. 

Petersburg  a town  in  Elbert  county, 
Georgia,  at  the  junction  of  the  Broad 
river  with  the  Savannah.  It  is  50  miles 
WNW  of  Augusta. 

Petersburg,  a town  in  York  county  Penn- 
sylvania, 25  miles  sw  of  York,  and  58  n of 
Washington.  % 

Petersdorf,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Samland,  Prussia,  84  miles  e of  Koniffs- 
berg. 

Petersfield,  a handsome  town  in  Hamp- 
shire, situated  on  the  Lodden,  governed  by  a 
mayor,  with  a market  on  Saturday.  This 
town  bad  a charter  granted  by  queen  Elisa- 
beth but  has  never  availed  itself  of  this 
privilege.  It  sends  two  members  to  par- 
liament, 18  miles  ne  of  Portsmouth,  and  54 
sw  of  London. 

Petershagan,  a town  of  Westphalia  in  the 
principality  of  Minden  with  a ca  tie,  on 
the  Weser,  seven  miles  nnk  of  Minden. 

Petersham,  a village  in  Surrey,  situated 
amidst  beautiful  scenery,  between  Richmond 
park  and  the  Thames,  two  miles  and  a-half 
* of  Kingston,  and  18  sw  of  London. 

Petersham,  a town  in  Worcester  county, 
Massachusetts,  seated  on  the  e branch  of 
Swift  river,  28  miles  nw  of  Worcester. 

^ Petershansen,  a town  of  Swabia,  on  the  n 
side  of  the  Rhine,  opposite  Constance,  has  a 
Benedictine  abbey  and  a fort. 

Peterwarudiri,  a town  of  Sclavonia,  one 
of  the  strongest  frontier  towns.  It  is  situa- 
ted on  the  Danube,  opposite  the  fort  of 


PET 

Neusafz,  in  Hungary,  50  miles  nw  of  Bel- 
grade.  Lon.  20  20  e,  lat.  45  18  n. 

Petherton,  a town  in  Somersetshire,  with 
a market  on  Tuesday,  seated  near  the  Par- 
ret,  over  which  is  a bridge.  Here  stood 
once  a palace  of  Ina,  king  of  (he  West  Sax- 
ons. It  is  24  miles  ssw  of  Wells,  and  130  w 
by  s of  Loudon.  North  Petherton  is  about 
15  miles  to  the  nw. 

Petigliauo,  a town  in  the  Sianuese,  Tus- 
cany, eight  miles  w of  Castro,  and  45  se  of 
Sienna. 

PETIT-GUA VES,  or  Goave,  a juris- 
diction, town,  and  bay,  on  the  n coast  of 
the  s peninsula  of  the  island  of  St.  Domingo, 
and  near  the  head  of  the  bay  of  Leogane, 
Lon.  72  25  w,  lat.  45  10  n. 

Petoune,  a city  of  E Ciiinese  Tartary,  in 
the  department  of  Kirin,  stands  on  the  Son- 
gari.  Here  are  few  inhabitants  except 
Tartar  soldiers,  and  exiled  Cuinese.  It  is 
151  miles  n by  w of  Kirin.  Lon.  125  55  e, 
lat.  45  10  N. 

Petrella,  a town  of  Molise,  Naples,  IJ 
mites  e of  Molise. 

Petrella,  a town  in  Albania,  European 
Turkey,  26  miles  se  of  Durazzo. 

Petrikow,  a towu  of  Poland,  in  the  pala- 
tinate of  Siradia,  80  miles  sw  of  Warsaw. 
Lon.  19  46  e,  lat.  5J  12  n. 

Petrina,  a strong  town  of  Croatia,  on  the 
Kulpa,  37  miles  e of  Carlstadt. 

Petroria,  a city  in  the  province  of  Quil- 
lota,  Chili,  seated  on  the  Longoloma,  has 
rich  gold  mines  in  the  vicinity,  140  miles 
Nxw  of  St.  Jago.  Lon^  72  1 w,  lat.  31 
30  s. 

Pettaw,  a town  of  Stiria,  Germany,  on 
the  Drave,  has  considerable  manufactures, 
14  miles  SE  of  Marchburg. 

Petta-PoUy,  a town  in  (he  Guntoor  cir- 
car,  Hindoostan,  on  the  bay  of  Bengal,  38 
miles  ssE  of  Condavir,  42  sw  of  Masulipa- 
tam,  and  48  ne  of  Ongole. 

Pettinain,  a parish  and  village  in  La- 
narkshire. The  parish  is  about  three  miles 
long  and  two  broad,  lying  on  the  banks  of 
(he  Clyde.  The  surface  and  soil  are  va- 
rious. The  village  of  Pettinain,  contain- 
ing about  100  nhabitants,  lies  on  the  banks 
of  the  Clyde,  about  five  miles  and  a quarter 
e of  Lanark.  Population  of  the  parish 
about  430. 

Petty,  a parish  in  Inverness-shire,  about 
eight  miles  long  and  four  broad,  lying  on 
the  s side  of  the  Moray  Frith.  About  two- 
tbirds  of  the  land  is  arable.  The  appear- 
ance of  this  district  is  pleasant.  In  the 
parish  are  Druidical  temples,  and  near  the 
church  are  two  conical  earthen  mounds, 
called  courthiil.  Population  near  1600. 

Pettycur,  a harbour  in  Fiieshire,  on  the 
Frith  of  Forth,  about  a mile  s of  Kiughorn. 
It  has  a pier,  and  is  the  usual  landing 
place  of  passengers  from  Leith,  on  the  op- 
posite shore. 

Pet  worth,  a town  in  Sussex,  with  a mar- 


P H A 

ket  on  Saturday,  stands  near  the  A run.  In 
the  vicinity  are  several  elegant  seats,  parti- 
cularly one  belonging  to  the  earl  of  Egre- 
mont.  In  the  vault  of  the  church  are  inter- 
fed  several  ol  the  family  of  Percy,  12  miles 
KE  of  Chichester,  and  48  sw  of  London. 

Pevensey,  a town  in  Sussex  se  of  Beachy 
head,  14  miles  wsw  of  Hastings,  seated  on  a 
small  river  which  runs  into  a bay  of  the 
English  channel,  called  Pevensey  harbour. 
This  place  was  formerly  protected  by  a 
ca-tle,  which  belonged  to  Robert  earl  of 
Morton,  and  said  to  be  the  largest  and 
inost  entire  remain  of  any  Roman  building 
to  be  seen  in  Britain.  It  was  formerly  noted 
as  a sea- port,  but  the  sea  has  receded  two 
miles  from  the  town,  and  the  harbour  is  now 
accessible  only  by  small  boats.  Here,  in 
1049,  Swain  landed  when  he  carried  off, 
and  murdered,  his  cousin  Beorn.  Here 
William  of  Normandy  lauded,  when  he  in- 
vaded England. 

PJafenhoffen,  a haudsoitfe  town  of  Upper 
Bavaria,  seated  on  the  lira.  At  a small 
distance  is  a Benedictine  monastery,  15 
miles  s by  e of  Ingolstadt. 

Pfalzeny  a town  in  tbe  department  of 
Sarre,  France,  electorate  of  Traves,  lately 
of  Germany,  on  the  Moselle,  with  a palace 
of  the  kings  of  the  Franks,  now  converted 
into  a convent,  three  miles  ne  of  Traves. 

Pfeddersheim,  a towm  in  the  department 
of  Mont  Tonnere,  France,  lately  of  Ger- 
many, palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  on  the  Prim, 
five  miles  w of  Worms. 

Pfejfikon y a to^n  in  the  canton  of  Zu- 
rich, Swisserland,  12  miles  e of  Zurich. 

PfeteVy  a town  of  Bavaria,  seated  on  a 
river  of  its  name,  near  its  junction  with  the 
Danube,  14  miles  e by  s of  Ratisbon. 

PJirty  or  Forette,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  theUpper  Rhine,  France,  10  miles  w 
of  Basil. 

Pforten,  a lordship  and  town  of  Lusatia, 
10  miles  s of  Guben, 

Pfortsheiniy  a town  and  castle  of  Suabia, 
in  the  margraviate  of  Baden  Durlach,  with 
a castle,  on  the  Entz,  has  a trade  with 
Holland  in  w'ood,  and  has  mamifac lures  in 
cloth,  stuff  stockings,  watches,  and  jewelry. 
It  is  15  miles  e by  s of  Durlach. 

PJ'reimbty  a town  in  the  palatinate  of 
Bavaria,  at  the  junction  of  the  Ofreimbt 
and  the  Nab,  has  a castle,  10  miles  e of 
Amberg. 

PJuUendorfy  a town  of  Suabia,  on  tbe 
Andalspetch,  22  miles  n by  e of  Constance. 

PJuUingeny  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Wir- 
temburg,  Swabia,  eight  miles  se  of  Tubin- , 
gen. 

PhahhurQy  a fortified  town  iu  the  depart- 
ment Meurthe,  France,  25  miles  WNW  of 
Strasburg. 

Phanagoriay  a beautiful  little  island, 
between  the  Black  sea,  and  the  sea  of 
Asoph. 

Pharabyy  a town  in  Cork,  Munster,  three 
miles  Nw  of  Glanworth* 


p H I 

PHAROS,  a small  island  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, opposite  Alexandria,  in  Egypt,  the 
space  between  which  and  the  continent 
forms  a spacious  harbour.  It  has  a commu- 
nication with  the  continent  by  a stone 
causew'ay  and  bridge.  It  formerly  had  an 
exceedingly  high  tow^er,  called  Pharos,  and 
at  the  top  were  lights  for  the  direction  of 
ships,  whence  the  island  took  its  name. 
Lon.  3i  11  E,lat.  30  24  n. 

Pharzay  anciently  Pharsalta,  a town  of 
Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Thessaly,  famous  for 
the  decisive  battle  fought  on  its  plains,  be- 
tween .lulius  Caesar,  and  Pompey,  in  48  B.  C. 

It  is  an  archbishop’s  see,  and  stands  on  the 
Enipeus,  16  miles  s of  Larissa. 

P basis.  See  Rioni. 

PHENICIA,  a country  in  Turkey,  in 
Asia,  extending  from  Arabia  Deserta  to 
the  Mediterranean.  The  principal  towns 
are  Tripoli,  Damascus,  and  Balbcc.  It  is 
a small  territory,  but  has  been  greatly 
celebrated. 

Philadelphiay  an  ancient  town  of  Nafolia, 
situated  at  ihe  fool  of  the  mountain  Timoliis, 
in  an  extensive  plain.  The  Greeks  retain 
its  ancient  name,  but  the  Turks  call  it  Alla- 
hijar.  It  contains  about  1 1,000  inbabitauts, 
amoDg  w^hora  are  about  2000  Christians, 
who  have  four  churches  and  a Greek  arch- 
bishop. It  is  four  miles  ese  of  Smyrna. 
Lon.  28  15  e,  lat.  28  38  n. 

Philadelphiay  the  metropolis  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, not  only  eclipses  every  other  city  in 
America,  but  is  unequalled  for  regularity 
by  any  in  Europe.  It  is  situated  in  the 
county  to  which  it  gives  name,  on  the  w 
banks  of  the  Delaware,  which  is  here  a 
mile  broad;  about  120  miles  from  the  At- 
lantic ocean.  It  was  laid  out  by  William 
Penn,  iu  1683,  and  settled  by  a colony 
from  England,  which  arrived  in  that  and 
the  preceding  years.  The  city  is  intersected 
by  a great  number  of  streets,  crossing  each 
other  at  right  angles,  the  principal  of  which 
' is  Broad  street  113  feet  wide,  running  v 
and  s,  which  is  crossed  by  High  street,  100 
feet  wide ; the  other  streets  in  general  are 
50  feet  wide;  and  are  all  paved,  and  have 
broad  bricked  foot-ways,  with  pumps  on 
each  side,  about  100  yards  from  each  other, 
wuifa  a lamp  on  the  top.  Of  these  there 
were  originally  nine,  which  extend  from  the 
Delaware  to  the  Schuylkil  ; these  were 
crossed  by  23,  running  n and  s.  The  num- 
ber of  squares,  in  the  original  plan,  was 
184  ; but  as  several  have  lately  been  inter- 
sect^ by  new  streets,  their  number  now 
amounts  to  304,  and  several  of  these  are 
again  intersected  by  lanes  and  alleys. 
The  houses  in  the  city  and  suburbs  are  gene- 
rally of  brick.  There  are  27  places  of 
public  worship,  and  the  other  public  build- 
ings are,  a state-house,  and  offices,  two  city 
court-houses,  a country  court-house,  and 
university,  the  philosophical  society  hall, 
a public  library,  an  hospital,  dispensary,  an 
alms-house;  a gaol;  three  iucorporated 


P H I 

baiaks,  two  dramatic  theatres,  a medical 
theatre,  a laboratory,  an  amphitheatre,  three 
brick  market  houses,  a fish-market,  a 
house  of  correct iou,  and  a powder-maga- 
zine. The  legislature  of  the  United  States 
held  their  sessions  in  an  elegant  building 
in  the  nw  corner  of  the  state-house  yard. 
In  the  NE  corner,  adjoining  the  left  wing 
of  the  state-house,  is  the  town- hall  ; s of 
which  is  the  philosophical  ball.  It  is  the 
largest  collection  of  natural  curiosities  to 
be  found  in  America.  Opposite  the  philoso- 
phical ball  is  the  Philadelphia  library.  At 
present  it  contains  upwards  of  12,000  vo- 
lumes, besides  a museum,  and  a valuable 
philosophical  apparatus.  The  public  gaol 
stands  in  the  next  square,  s of  the  state- 
house  yards.  The  market- house,  in  High- 
street,  is  perhaps  exceeded  by  none  in  the 
world,  for  variety  of  provisions,  ^c.  which 
are  exposed  for  sale  every  Wednesday 
and  Saturday.  Further  west,  is  a spacious 
buiJding,  intended  for  the  accommodation  of 
the  president-  of  the  United  States.  The 
university  stands  on  the  w side  of  Fourth 
street.  Few  cities  in  the  world,  of  the 
sanne  population  and  riches  as  Philadelphia, 
are  better  provided  with  useful  institutions, 
both  of  a public  and  private  nature. 
There  is  also  a sufficient  number  of  acade- 
mies for  the  instruction  of  both  sexes.  The 
public  mint,  at  which  the  national  money  is 
coined,  is  in  this  city.  There  are  31  print- 
ing-offices in  it.  Philadelphia  is  governed 
by  a mayor,  recorder,  18  aldermen,  and  30 
common  council-men  ; according  to  its 
present  charter,  granted  in  1789.  The 
trade  of  Pennsylvania  is  principally  carried 
on  from  this  city  ; and  there  are  few  com- 
mercial ports  in  the  world,  where  ships 
from  Philadelphia  may  not  be  found  in 
some  season  of  the  year.  The  number  of 
vessels  which  entered  this  port  in  1793, 
was  1414.  The  number  of  clearances  in 
179«5,  w^as  1789  ; and  the  number  of  vessels 
built,  was  31.  The  value  of  exports  was 
11,518,200  dollars,  in  1795.  In  1793, 
Philadelphia  was  visited  by  a severe  scourge, 
the  yellow  lever,  which  raged  with  uncom- 
mon violence  for  above  three  months,  and 
in  that  short  space  swept  off  nearly  5000 
inhabitants.  In  1794,  there  were  9000 
bouses  in  this  city,  and  400  wdiich  were 
building  ; and  the  present  number  of  inha- 
bitants may  be  estimated  at  about  70,000. 
Philadelphia  is  97  miles  sw  of  New  York, 
130  NE  of  Washington,  the  present  metro- 
polis, and  347  sw  ot  Boston.  Lon.  75  10  w, 
iat.  39  57  N. 

PHILADELPHIA,  a populous  and  highly 
cultivated  county  of  Pennsylvania.  It 
contains  about  86,000  acres,  and  is  divided 
into  12  townships.  It  contains  besides 
Philadelphia,  its  capital,  11,875  inhabitants. 

PHILIP,  a large  island  in  Lake  Superior, 
in  the  territory  of  the  United  States. 

Philip y St,  a town  in  Val  di  Noto, 
Sicily,  has  a castlC;  stands  on  a lofty  hill, 


PH  I 

and  has  been  long  celebrated  for  its  safftc®. 
30  miles  wnw  of  Catania. 

Philip,  St,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Venezuela,  Terra  Firma,  was  overwhelmed 
by  the  great  earthquake  in  -1812,  when  120d 
persons  lost  their  lives.  ■ 

Philip,  Sty  a town  in  Meohoacan,  New 
Spain,  28  miles  n of  Guanaxuato. 

PHILIP  ISLANDS,  two  islands  in  the 
S Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  by  captain 
Hunter,  in  1791,  about  five  miles  asunder, 
but  a sandy  spit  reaches  two-thirds  of  the 
distance,  from  the  e toward  the  w island. 
The  island  is  covered  with  shrubs.  Lon. 
(of  the  Eastern  island)  140  3 e,  lat.  8 6 s, 
Philip,  St,  in  Spain.  See  Xativa, 

Philip,  St,  in  Brasil*  See  Louis  de 
Maraunon,  St, 

Philippi,  an  ancient  town  of  Macedonia, 
situated  on  the  confines  of  Romania,  and  an 
archbishop^s  see.  In  a plain  in  the  vicinity, 
Augustus,  and  Mark  Antony,  defeated  Cassius 
and  Brutus  in  42  B.  C.  An  amphitheatre, 
and  several  other  monuments  of  its  ancient 
grandeur  still  remain,  10  miles  from  the 
gulf  of  Contesia,  and  60  e of  Salooica.  Lon. 
24  18  E,  lat.  40  40  n, 

Philippine,  a strong  town  in  Flanders, 
Netherlands,  seated  on  an  arm  of  the  Scheldt, 
In  1747,  it  was  taken  by  the  French  and 
restored  in  1748,  and  again  taken  in  1794. 
It  is  15  miles  n by  w of  Ghent, 
PHILLIPINE  ISLANDS,  a large  cluster 
of  islands  in  the  E Indian  ocean,  discovered 
by  Magellan  in  1521,  and  conquered  by  the 
Spaniards  in  the  reign  of  Philip  II.  they  are 
said  so  be  1 100  in  number.  The  names  of 
the^principal  are  Luconia,  Mindanao,  Para- 
goa,  Samar,  Mas  bate,  Mindoro,  Luban, 
Uanay,  Leyta,  Bahol,  Zebu,  Negros,  St. 
John,  and  Abyo.  They  present  many  volca- 
nic appearances,  and  are  subject  to  violent 
earthquakes,  thunder,.and  rain.  The  air  is 
very  hot  and  moist,  and  the  soil  fertile  in 
rice,  and  many  oihei*  useful  vegetables  and 
fruits.  There  are  many  wild  beasts  and 
birds,  quite  unknown  in  Europe.  The 
natives  are  affable,  hospitable,  and  honest, 
and  cultivate  the  land  with  considerable 
skill.  They  are  not  all  of  one  origin. 
The  Tagals,  seem  to  be  descended  from  the 
Malays,  and  are  tall  and  well  made,  have 
long  black  hair.  The  men  wear  a shirt 
and  loose  drawers,  and  the  women  a large 
mantle.  The  chief  food  is  rice,  cocoa-nuts, 
and  salted  fisb.  Their  houses  are  construct- 
ed of  Bamboo,  covered  with  palm  leaves, 
raised  on  pillars  to  the  height  of  nine  feet. 
They  are  chiefly  subject  to  the  Spaniards. 
The  islands  are  400  miles  se  of  China, 
Lon.  from  113  13  to  120  50  e,  lat.  from  6 
30  to  18  15  N.  See.  Luconia. 

Philippopoli,  a considerable  town  of 
European  Turkey  in  Bulgaria,  and  an  arch- 
bishop^s  see,  situated  on  the  Marissa  chiefly 
inhabited  by  Greeks.  It  is  80  miles  wnw 
of  Adtianople,  and  28  iuse  of  Sofia*  Loiu 
2$  12  B,  lat.  42  33  N. 


P I c 

Philipshurgy  a town  and  fortress  of  Ger-  r 
many,  in  the  late  bishopric  of  Spire.  It  is  | 
surrounded  by  swamps.  In  1734,  it  was 
taken  by  the  French,  when  the  duke  of 
Berwick  was  killed  at  the  siege,  it  was  re- 
stored by  the  treaty  of  Vienna.  In  1794,  it 
was  four  times  blocaded  by  the  French, 
without  success.  It  belongs  to  Baden,  and 
u seated  on  the  Rhine,  five  miles  of  Spire, 

17  N of  Durlach. 

Philipsburg,  a towm  of  New  Jersey,  in 
Sussex  county,  on  the  Delaware,  opposite 
Easton  in  Pennsylvania,  41  miles  nw  of 
Trenton. 

Philipps  Nortouy  a town  in  Somersetshire, 
seven  miles  s of  Bath. 

Philipstadty  a town  in  the  province  of 
Wermeland,  Sweden,  stands  between  two 
lakes,  in  a mountainous  country,  abounding 
in  iron  mines.  In  1775  it  was  burnt,  bin 
has  been  rebuilt.  It  is  22  miles  ne  ot  Carle- 
stadt,  and  180  w by  n of  Stockholm. 

PhilipstowTiy  capital  of  King^s  county, 
Leinster,  Ireland,  on  the  Barrow,  15  miles 
s of  Kildare,  and  42  w by  s of  Dublin. 
Lon.  7 15  w,  lat.  53  18  n. 

PhilipviUey  a small  but  handsome  town 
io  the  department  of  Ardennes,  France.  It 
was  formerly  called  Corbigny,  and  had  its 
present  name  from  Philip  II.  of  Spain,  25 
miles  SE  of  Mons. 

Philipshurg y or  Philipstowriy  a town  of 
New  York,  in  Duchess  county,  28  miles 
above  New  V'ork,  on  the  e side  of  HudsoiFs 
river.  The  township  contains  2079  inhabi- 
tants, and  a silver  mine. 

Phrat,  See  Euphrates. 

Pianezzuy  a town  and  castle  in  Piedmont, 
on  the  Dora,  six  miles  w of  Turin. 

Piacenza.  See  Piacenza. 

PIANOZA,  an  island  of  Tuscany,  six 
miles  s of  that  of  Elba.  It  is  low  and 
level.  Lou.  10  34  e,  lat.  42  46  n. 

Piaray  on  the  coast  of  S America,  lies  13 
or  14  leagues  from  Payta. 

Piave,  a river  of  Italy,  which  has  its 
source  on  the  borders  of  the  principality  of 
Brixen,  runs  by  Cadore,  Bellune,  and  Feltri, 
and  through  the  province  of  Treviso,  into 
the  gulf  of  Venice,  16  miles  ne  of  Venice, 
PiazzOy  a town  in  Val  de  Noto,  Sicily, 
36  miles  w by  s of  Catania. 

Picay  a harbour  on  tbe  coast  of  Peru,  13 
miles  of  Tarapaca. 

PICARA,  a large  province  of  South 
America,  in  New  Granada,  bounded  e by 
the  Andes. 

PICARDY,  a late  province  of  France,  on 
the  English  channel.  It  now  forms  the 
department  of  Somme,  of  which  Amiens  is 
the  capital. 

Pic  de  Uetoily  Pic  de  VAlverdiy  a small 
but  high  island,  shaped  like  a sugar  loaf, 
lying  a little  to  the  n and  in  sight  of 
Aurora  island. 

Pleightone.  See  Pizzighstane, 

Pickering y a town  in  the  n riding  of 
Yorkshire,  with  the  remaks  oC  a castle. 


p I E 

It  is  a considerable  town,  with  a market  on 
Monday,  and  four  annual  fairs.  It  is  26 
miles  NE  of  York,  and  223  n by  w of  Lon- 
don. 

PTCKERSGILL’S  ISLAND,  is  off  Cape 
Disappointment.  Lou.  36  58  w,  lat.  54 
42  s. 

Pickersvillcy  the  chief  town  of  Washing- 
ton district,  S Carolina,  52  miles  wsw  of 
Cambridge. 

PICO,  the  largest  and  most  populous  of 
the  Azores.  It  is  about  80  miles  in  circum- 
ference. Here  is  a volcanic  mountain 
called  Pico,  about  8000  feel  above  the  level 
of  the  sea.  Tbe  last  eruption  happened  in 
1718,  and  destroyed  several  vineyards.  The 
island  produces  much  wine,  Lat.  33  28  n. 
Ion.  22  26  w. 

Pietou,  a small  island  situated  between 
that  ot  St.  John,  and  the  coniineut  of  Nova 
Scotia,  at  the  e end  of  Northumberland 
strait.  Lon.  62  15  w,  lat.  45  50  n. 

Piets^  Wally  a famous  ancient  barrier 
against  the  Piets,  of  which  some  small  re- 
mains are  yet  left.  It  began  at  Bowuiess  at 
the  entrance  of  Solway  frith,  in  Cumber- 
land, and  passed  by  Carlisle  and  Newcastle 
to  Tynemouth.  Its  termination  has  still  the 
name  of  Walls  End  ; the  whole  length  being 
about  73  miles.  It  was  erected  by  the 
Romans  in  the  reign  of  the  emperor  Adrian. 
It  is  said  to  have  been  12  feel  high,  and 
eight  leet  thick,  and  fortified  wuth  square 
towers.  It  had  a deep  ditch  on  the  n side. 
A number  of  estates  in  its  vicinity  still  pay 
Carnage  money y a tax  originally  imposed- 
in  lieu  of  keeping  w^atch  and  ward  oa  this 
wall. 

PiduarOy  a towm  of  the  Morea,  European 
Turkey,  the  ancient  Epidaurus,  on  tbe  w’ 
coast  of  the  gulf  of  Engia,  35  miles  e of 
Napoli  di  Romania.  Lon.  23  22  e,  lat.  37 
40  N. 

PIEDMONT,  a territory  of  Italy,  situat- 
ed at  the  foot  of  the  Alps.  It  is  150  miles 
long,  and  90  broad,  and  contains  many  high 
mountains,  between  w^hich  are  rich  and 
fruitful  vallej^s,  6S  pleasant  and  populous  as 
any  part  of  Italy.  The  inhabitants  carry 
on  a great  trade  in  raw  silk  ; and  tbe  coun- 
try produces  also  corn,  rice,  wine,  fruits, 
hemp,  flax,  and  cattle.  Piedmont  was 
formerly  a part  of  Lombardy,  but  was  after- 
wards erected  into  a separate  principality 
under  the  king  of  Sardinia.  The  battle  of 
Marengo,  in  1800,  made  the  French  masteis 
of  Piedmont,  but  at  the  following  peace 
they  agreed  to  restore  it ; yet  it  was  reserv- 
ed till  hostilities  again  broke  out,  and  was 
in  their  possession,  until  ibe  peace  of  1815, 
when  the  French  were  limited  to  their 
former  boundaries.  The  principal  rivers 
are  the  Po,  Tnuuro,  Sturia,  and  Doria. 
Turin  is  the  capital. 

Pienza,  a populous  town  of  Tuscany  in 
the  Siennese,  25  miles  se  of  Stenua. 

PIERCERS  ISLAND,  an  island  of  New 
Hampshire,  in  Piseataqua  river. 


P I L 

Pierre,  St,  a small  desert  island,  near  the 
coast  oi  New  found  land.  In  1763,  it  was 
ceded  to  the  French  for  curing  and  drying 
their  fish,,  and  taken  by  the  English  in  1793. 
Lon.  55  57  w,lat.  46  n. 

Pierre,  St,  the  first  town  built  in  the 
island  of  Martinique,  in  the  W Indies,  15  i 
miles  Nw  of  Fort  Royal.  It  has  been  four 
times  burnt  down,  yet  it  contains  at  present 
about  2000  houses.  Lon.  61  21  w,  iat.  14 
44  N. 

Pierre-le  Moutier,  St,  a town  in  the 
department  of  Nievere,  France,  stands 
amidst  mountains,  near  a lake.  It  is  15 
miles  NW  of  Monlins,  and  150  s of  Paris. 

Pietola,  a village  of  Italy,  near  Mantua, 
the  birth-place  of  Virgil. 

PIETRO,  St,  an  island  in  the  Mediler- 
ranean  near  the  sw  coast  of  Sardinia,  13 
miles  long,  and  three  broad,  taken  by  the 
French  in  1763,  but  soon  after  retaken. 

PIETRO,  CAMPO,  St,  a district  and 
town  in  the  Paduano,  Italy.  The  former 
contains  218,000  inhabitants  in  one  town, 
and  32  villages,  the  latter  3100. 

Pieve,  a town  in  Friuli,  Italy,  the  birth- 
place of  Titian. 

Pigeon  Island,  ei  small  island  about  eight 
miles  from  the  coast  of  Malabar.  Lon.  74 
6 E,  lat.  14  1 N. 

Pigeon,  a small  island  in  Port  Royal 
bay,  in  the  island  of  Martinique,  in  the  W 
Indies. 

Pignerol,  or  Pinerola,  a town  of  Pied- 
mont, surrounded  by  a wall,  and  stands  on 
the  Cluson.  L is  18  miles  sw  of  Turin. 

Pigney,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Aube,  France,  12  miles  ne  of  Troyes. 

Pilgrani,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Bechin, 
Bohemia,  at  the  source  of  the  Iglau,  28 
miles  E of  Tabor. 

PilgrMs  Island,  on  the  se  shore  of  St. 
Lawrence  river. 

Pilkington,  a town  in  Lancashire,,  with 
considerable  manufactures.  In  1801,  the 
population  was  5786,  and  in  1811,  7353. 

It  is  four  miles  sw  of  Manchester. 

Pill,  a small  town  in  Somersetshire, 
with  a road  for  shipping,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Avon,  about  four  miles  beiow  Bristol. 

Pillau,  a sea-port  of  Prussia,  on  the  Bal- 
tic. The  harbour  is  good  and  well  forti- 
fied. The  streets  are  broad  and  straight, 
and  the  houses  are  built  in  the  Dutch  style. 
Near  the  gate  of  the  castle  is  a strong  eques- 
trian statue  of  Frederic  William  the  great. 
Here  is  a magazine  of  military  stores.  It  is 
20  miles  w by  s of  Konig.vberg.  Lon.  20 
20  R,  lat.  54  38  n. 

Piliing-Hall,  and  Pilling-Moss,  in  Lan- 
cashire, between  Garstang  and  the  sea.  In 
1745,  a part  of  Pilling-Moss  was  observed 
to  rise  to  a surprising  height;  after  a short 
time  it  sunk  as  much  below  the  level,  and 
moved  slowly  toward  the  s side,  and  in  half 
an  iiour  it  covered  100  acii^s  of  land. 

Pilnitz,  a town  in  Misiii;:,  Upper  Saxony, 
famous  for  a treaty  eaterdd  into  by  thej 


P I N 

states  of  Europe  against  France,  17ff2 
seven  miles  se  of  Dresden.  ^ 

Pilsen,  a handsome  tow'o  of  Bohemia, 
capital  of  a circle  of  the  same  name,  seat- 
ed at  the  junction  of  the  Radbuza,  and 
Walta.  It  is  well  built  and  fortified,  the 
ii  vicinity  abounds  in  sheep,  and  is  celebrated 
[ fur  excellent  cheese,  55  miles  sw  of  Prao-ue, 
j Lon,  13  39  e,  lat.  49  2 n. 
j Pilsna,  Pilsno,  or  Pilzow,  a town  of 
[ Little  Poland,  in  Sandomir,  50  miles  e of 
I Cracow,  and  50  ssw  of  Sandomir. 
j Pitten,  a town  of  Cour  and,  capital  of  a 
I fertile  territory  of  the  ^ame  name,  on  the 
I Windau,  12  miles  nnw'  of  Goldingen, 

[ PINAS,  ISLAND,  on  the  coast  of  the 
gulf  of  Honduras,  is  situated  off  Trivip  iilo 
bay. 

PINCKNEY,  a district  of  the  Upper 
country  of  S Carolina,  comprehending  the 
counties  of  York,  Chester,  Union,  and  Spar- 
tenburg.  It  contains  25,870  white  inhabi- 
tants ; sends  to  tbe  State  Legislature  nine 
representatives  and  three  senators;  and,  in 
conjunction  wiih  Washington,  sends  one 
member  to  Congress. 

Pinckneyville,  a post  town  of  Union 
county,  South  Carolina,  and  . apital  of  the 
above  district.  It  stands  on  broad  river, 
at  the  influx  of  tbe  Pacolet,  75  miles  \w'  of 
Columbia.  Lon.  81  40  w,  lat.  34  52  N. 

Pines,  a small  island  on  the  n coast  of 
Terra  Firma,  S America,  about  41  leagues 
E of  Porto  Bello.  Lon.  80  15  w,  lat.  9 
12  N. 

PINES,  an  island  in  the  S Pacific  ocean, 
off  the  s end  of  New  Caledonia  about  14 
miles  over.  It  is  a pointed  hill  sloping  to- 
wards the  extremities.  On  the  low  land 
are  many  tali  pine  trees.  Lon.  167  43  e, 
lat.  22  38  s. 

Ping-King,  or  Ping- Yuen,  a city  of 
China,  in  the  province  of  Koei-tcheou,  930 
miles  ssw  of  Pekin.  Lon.  142  28  e,  lat.  26 
38  N. 

Ping  Lian,  a city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Chin-.si,  on  the  Kinho,  550  miles 
sw  of  Pekin.  Lon.  106  25  e,  lat.  35  35  n. 

Pinhel,  a town  of  Portugal,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Tra-los  Montes,  capital  of  a terri- 
tory of  the  same  name,  ou  the  Coa.  It  is 
28  miles  n by  w of  Guarda.  Lon.  6 40  w, 
iat.  40  46  N. 

Pinginghurg,  a lordship  of  Holstein, 
whose  capital  of  the  same  name  is  15  miles 
NW'  of  Hamburgh.  It  stands  ou  the  Owe, 

16  miles  se  of  Giuckstadt. 

PINOS,  an  island  on  the  s side  of  Cuba, 
W Indies,  55  miles  long,  and  15  broad. 

It  is  mountainous  and  abound-  in  pine  . 

Pinsk,  or  Pinsko,  a town  of  Lithuania, 
in  the  palatinate  of  Brzesc,  situated  on  a river 
of  the  same  name,  and  surrounded  with 
mi  rasses.  1 he  Greeks  have  a bishop,  and 
there  are  many  Jews  among  the  inhabitants. 
Its  principal  manufacuire  is  dressing  ©f 
Russian  leather,  95  miles  e of  Brzesc. 
Lon.  26  20  E,  lat.  53  18  n. 


P I s 


P I T 


Pintard-s  Sounds  on  the  NW  coast  of  N 
America.  Its  mouth  extends  from  Cape 
Scott,  to  the  N Point  Disappointment.  It 
communicates  with  the  Straits  of  de  Fuca. 

PIOMBINO,  a small  territory  of  Tus- 
cany, upon  the  sea  coast,  to  which  is  annex- 
ed the  island  of  Elba,  separated  by  a chan- 
nel seven  miles  broad.  It  had  its  own 
prince,  under  the  protection  of  Naples,  but 
since  1800,  the  continental  part  has  been 
subject  10  Tuscany,  and  the  island  to 
France. 

Piombino,  a sea  port,  the  capital  of  the 
above  territory,  seated  on  a peninsula,  with 
a commodious  harbour,  defended  by  a cita- 
del. It  lies  40  miles  sse  of  Leghorn.  Lon. 
iO  23  E lat.  42  <51  x. 

Piove  de  Sacco,  a town  and  district  of 
Italy,  near  the  Dogado.  The  latter  con- 
tains 45  villages,  and  38,400  souls,  of  whom 
5100  live  in  the  town. 

Piperno,  a town  of  Italy,  in  Campagna 
de  Roma,  seated  on  a mountain,  and  built 
out  of  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Privernam, 
nine  miles  xxw  of  Terraciua,  and  50  se  of 
Rome. 

PipJep,  a town  in  Bengal,  Hindoostan, 
seated  on  the  Sub»eeka,  near  its  mouth.  It 
formerly  had  both  English  and  Dutch  fac< 
tories,  53  miles  s of  Midnapour.  | 

Pique  MontvalUcr,  the  highest  mountain  j 
of  the  Pyrenees.  It  is  in  the  form  of  a pike,  I 
and  may  be  seen  50  miles  off. 

PiranOf  a small  sea  port  of  Istria,  stands 
on  a peninsula,  six  miles  sw  of  Cape  d^ 
Istria. 

PiritZy  a town  of  Prussian  Pomerania,  | 
seated  near  the  lake  Madui.  Here  the  an-  ! 
cient  dukes  of  Pomerania  often  resided,  12 
miles  sw  of  New  Stargard.  I 

Permasensy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Mont  Tonnere,  France,  lately  of  Germany, 
ia  the  duchy  of  Deux  Ponts.  In  its  vicinity, 
in  1793,  the  Prussians  obtained  a victory 
over  the  French,  13  miles  e of  Deux  Ponts. 

Pirna,  a town  of  Upper-Saxony,  in  Mis- 
nia,  with  a castle  on  a mountain,  called 
Sonneustein,  which  was  almost  demolished 
by  the  Prussians  in  1756  and  1758,  and  is 
Dow  an  asylum  for  invalids.  It  is  a place 
of  considerable  trade,  situated  on  the  Elbe, 
12  miles  se  of  Dresden. 

Pisuy  an  ancient,  large,  and  handsome 
city  of  Tuscany,  and  capital  of  the  Pisano, . 
and  an  archbishop’s  see,  with  three  forts, 
and  a celebrated  university.  It  is  watered 
by  the  Arno,  over  which  are  three  bridges, 
the  middle  one  built  of  marble,  it  has  a ; 
canal  hence  to  Leghorn.  The  cathedral  j 
is  a magnificent  edifice.  The  Belfrey  is  a | 
leaning  tower,  much  noticed  by  travellers.  ( 
There  are  more  than  80  other  churches,  the  | 
most  remarkable  of  which  are  those  of  St. 
Stephen,  and  St.  Maria  della. Spain.  The 
palaces  of  the  grand  duke  and  archbishop, 
the  arsenal,  the  great  hospital,  and  the  ex- 
change are  worthy  of  notice.  Three  miles 
to  the  N are  celebrated  baths.  The  French 
No.  23.— 'Ccf. 


took,  and  evacuated  th-'s  city  in  the  same 
manner  as  that  of  Leghorn.  It  is  situated 
near  the  sea,  in  a very  fertile  plain.  It 
formerly  contained  109,060,  but  now  scarce- 
ly 16,000  souls,  the  trade  which  formerly 
supported  this  place  having  been  removed  to 
Leghorn.  The  principal  manufactures  con* 
sist  of  steel,  jewellery,  embroidery,  damasks, 
velvets,  taffeta,  and  callicoe.  Pisa  is  10 
miles  NXE  of  Leghorn,  and  48  w by  s of 
Florence.  Lon.  10  23  e,  lat.  43  43  x. 

PisunOy  one  of  the  finest  portions  in  Tus- 
cany, is  about  47  miles  long,  and  25  broad. 
It  lies  along  the  Mediterranean,  and  abounds 
in  corn,  wine  and  oil.  It  is  well  cultivated  ; 
but  some  of  the  necessaries  of  life  are  dear. 
The  capital  is  Pisa. 

Piscuy  a handsome  town  of  Peru,  in  the 
audience  of  Lima,  with  a good  harbour 
and  spacious  road.  Lon.  83  35  w, . lat. 
14  s. 

Piscadores,  See  Pong-hou. 

Piscataqua,  a river  of  New  Hampshire, 
the  mouth  of  which  forms  the  only  port  in 
that  state,  and  at  its  entrance  is  a light- 
house. Lon.  70  41  w,  lat.  43  4 x. 

Pismtaway,  a town  in  Prince  George 
county,  Maryland,  seated  on  a creek  of  the 
same  name,  which  runs  w into  the  Potomac, 

14  miles  s of  Washington. 

Pisco y a noted  harbour  on  the  coast  of 
Peru,  in  the  province  of  Los  Reyes,  six  lea- 
gues from  the  port  of  Cliinea.  The  road  is 
safe,  and  very  capacious.  The  town  is 
inhabited  by  about  300  families.  The  sur- 
rounding country  is  rich  in  excellent  wine 
and  fruit,  140  miles  sse  of  Lima.  Lon.  76 

15  w lat.  13  35  s. 

PisecJiy  a town  of  Bohemia,  capital  of 
the  circle  of  Prachin.  Here  are  found 
Bohemian  diamonds  ; it  stands  on  the  Wa- 
tawa,  near  the  junction  of  the  Muldau,  60 
miles  ssw  of  Prague.  Lon.  14  0 e,  lat.  49 

21  N. 

Pishour.  See  Pishore. 

Pistoloy  a handsome  and  considerable 
town  of  Tuscany,  near  the  Stella,  with  a 
citadel,  and  is  a bishop’s  see.  Here  are 
magnificent  palaces,  handsome  streets,  and 
fine  churches,  but  it  is  almost  deserted  in 
comparison  of  what  it  was  formerly  ; for 
there  are  now  only  5000  inhabitants.  It  is 
situated  in  a fertile  plain,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Appenniues,  20  miles  wxw  of  Florence. 
Lon.  11  29  K,  lat.  43  45  x. 

Pitcairn  Green  a new  manufcicturing 
village  in  the  county  of  Perth,  situated  on 
the  N side  of  the  Almond,  about  five  miles 
xw  of  Perth. 

Pitcairns  Island,  in  the  .South  Pacific 
ocean,  is  six  or  seven  milos,  long,  and  two 
broad.  Lon.  133  21  w,  lat.  25  2 s.' 

PITHEA,  a province  of  Swediiih  Lap- 
land.  There  is  a town  of  the  safhe  name, 
seated  on  a small  island,  at  the  raoiuh  of 
the  Pitba,  on  the  w side  of  the  girif  of  Both- 
nia, and  has  communication  with  the  con- 
tinent by  a wooden  bridge,  80  miles  sw  of 
F i 


PIT  P L A 


fornea,  and  05  kne  of  Uraa.  Lon.  10  57  e, 
lat.  65  15  N. 

Pithimers,  See  Pluviers. 

Pitkeathly  Wellsy  a fine  rural  watering 
place  of  Scotland,  lying  on  the  n side  of 
the  vale  of  Stratberne,  in  tne  parish  of  Duni- 
barney,  about  five  miles  sw  of  Perth.  The 
wells  are  five  in  number,  long  famed  for 
their  benefical  eflects  in  various  diseases, 
particularly  screpbula,  scurvy,  and  gravel. 

Pitlochry,  a village  in  Pertbsbire,  and 
parish  of  Moulin,  on  the  road  from  Perth  lo 
In  veruess,  containing  about  160  inhabitants, 
six  miles  from  the  famous  pass  of  Kilii- 
crank  ie. 

Pitschen,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Brieg,  Silesia,  on  the  borders  of  Poland,  30 
miles  NE  of  Brieg. 

Pitscijy  a village  in  Essex,  e of  Vange 
Hull,  near  North-Benfleet. 

PitsligOy  a parish  in  Aberdeenshire,  about 
four  miles  long,  and  three  broad,  lying 
along  the  coast  of  the  Moray  Frith,  to  the 
w of  Kinnaird^s  head.  The  surface  is  level, 
and  the  soil  clay  and  light  loam.  On  the 
coast  are  two  fishing  villages ; the  one 
called  Pittaly  and  the  other  Rosehearty, 
Population  about  1250.  Pitsligo  castle, 
formerly  the  residence  of  the  lords  Pitsligo, 
is  an  ancient  building,  surrounded  with  ex- 
tensive gardens,  now  the  property  of  Sir 
William  Forbes. 

PITT,  a county  of  North  Carolina,  in 
Newbern  district.  It  contains  8,275  inhabi- 
tants. Chief  town  Greenville. 

Pittahjy  a fishing  village  on  the  coast  of 
Murray  Frith,  containing  about  120  inha- 
bitants. 

Pittencrieffy  a populous  and  increasing 
village  of  Fife,  adjoining  on  the  w to  the 
town  of  Dumferline,  and  may  be  considered 
as  a suburb  of  that  town. 

Pittenweeniy  a royal  burgh  in  Fifeshire, 
situated  on  the  Frith  of  Forth,  39  miles  ne 
of  Edinburgh.  It  received  its  charter  of 
erection  from  king  James  V.  in  1547.  At 
present  it  has  no  small  trade  in  the  work- 
ing of  coals  and  the  manufacture  of  salt, 
and  in  their  exportation.  Adjoining  the 
town  is  an  abbey  in  ruins.  The  parish  is 
about  a mile  and  a quarter  long,  and  a 
mile  broii'l.  Pittenweern  joins  with  An- 
struther  Easter  and  Wester,  Cail,  and  Kil- 
renny,  in  sending  a representative  to  par- 
^ lifmient.  Population  near  1000. 

Pittshurgy  the  capital  of  Chatham  coun- 
ty, North  (Carolina,  seated  on  a rising 
ground,  in  a rich  and  well  cultivated  coun- 
try, and  is  celebrated  for  p\ire  air  and  wa- 
ter. It  is  16  miles  w of  Ralegh,  and  26  sw 
of  Hillsborough. 

Pitt^fhurg,  a post  town  of  Pennsylvania, 
in  Alleghany  county,  stands  on  a point  of 
land  betw^een  the  rivers  Allegbany  and 
Alonongabela,  which  here  uuite  and  lorm 
the  Oiiio.  It  is  the  staple  of  commerce  be- 
tween Philadelphia  and  the  western  couu- 
(fy.  By  the  Ohio  ant!  the  Mississippi  it  has 


m trade  with  Lousiana  and  New  Orleans, 
Fort  du  Quesue,  now  called  Fort  Pitt  was 
abandoned  by  the  French,  in  1758,  on  the 
approach  of  general  Forbes.  Fort  Fayette 
stands  on  the  bank  of  the  Alleghany.  By 
t an  enumeration  in  Dec.  1795,  there  w’ere 
I 1353  inhabitants  in  the  borough  : the  num- 
j her  has  considerably  increased  since. 

I Here  ship-building  is  carried  on  to  a consi- 
I derable  extent,  and  it  has  manufactures  of 
[hats,  glass,  nails,  and  tobacco.  It  is  the 
capital  of  Alleghany  county,  and  is  303 
miles  w by  n of  Philadelphia.  Lon.  80  8 w", 
lat.  40  22  N. 

Pittsfield,  a post  town  of  Massachusetts, 
six  miles  n of  Lennox,  seated  on  the  Housa- 
tonic,  in  a rich  vale.  This  township  con- 
tains about  2000  inhabitants. 

Pitts  town,  a post  town  of  the  United 
.States,  in  Lincoln  county,  on  the  Kenne- 
bec, 22  miles  x by  W'  of  Wiscasset. 

Pittstown,  a towm  in  Hunterdon  county, 
New  Jersey,  on  the  w head  w'aters  of  tbo 
Rariton,  32  miles  x of  Trenton. 

Piura,  the  capital  of  a jurisdiction  of  the 
same  name  in  Peru,  in  the  diocese  of  Trux- 
illo.  It  was  the  first  Spanish  settlement 
in  Peru,  founded  by  Pizarro,  in  1531.  It  is 
seated  on  the  w bank  of  a river,  which 
is  sometimes  dry  in  the  summer,  as  it  sel- 
dom rains  here,  seven  miles  from  the  sea. 
It  abounds  in  cotton,  sugar,  maize,  and 
fruit,  25  miles  se  of  Paita,  and  255  nw"  of 
Truxillo.  Lou.  SO  29  w^,  lat.  5 15  s. 

Pizzighetone,  or  Picigithone,  a town  of 
Italy,  in  the  Cremonese,  seated  on  the  Adda, 
with  a strong  castle,  in  wdiich  Francis  I. 
of  France  was  kept  in  prison.  It  was  taken 
by  the  French  in  1733,  again  in  1796,  and 
retaken  by  the  Austrians  and  Russians  in 
1709,  10  miles  xw  of  Cremona. 

PizzOy  a town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ul- 
teriore,  on  the  gulf  of  St.  Euiemia,  four 
miles  w by  x of  Monte  Leon. 

Placentia,  a city  in  Estremadiira,  Spain, 
and  a bishop^s  see,  with  a castle.  It  stands 
in  a plain,  almost  surrounded  by  mountains, 
50  miles  ne  ef  Alcantara,  and  110  wsw  of 
Madrid.  Lon.  5 55  w,  lat.  40  6 x. 

Placentia,  a sea  port  of  North  America, 
in  New-found  land.  The  harbour  is  so  ca{  a- 
cious,  that  150  sail  of  ships  may  lie  in  secu- 
rity, and  is  defended  by  a fort  called  .St. 
Louis.  It  is  60  miles  wsw  of  St.  John. 
Lon.  53  43  w lat.  47  15  x’. 

Placentia,  a town  in  Biscay,  Spain,  on 
the  Deva,  25  miles  k by  s of  Bilhi>a. 

Piacenza,  or  Piacenza,  a populous  town 
of  Italy,  capital  of  a late  duehy  in  the  Par- 
I mesc,  and  a hishop^s  see,  with  a famous 
[j  university,  and  a good  castle.  The  streets, 
*1  squares,  churches,  and  convents,  are  ele- 
i gant.  In  the  great  square  are  br.ass  eqiies- 
1 trial)  statues  of  the  famous  Alexander  Far- 
•1  nese,  and  his  brother  Ranunkio.  It  has 
about  30,000  inbabitauts,  whose  chief  em- 
ployment is  the  manufacture  of  silk  sttills. 
1 Here,  in  1746,  the  French  and  SpaniurtU 


P L A 

Riet  a signal  defeat  by  the  Austrians.  The 
French,  in  1T()6,  possessed  themselves  of 
Placeiijsa,  and  were  compelled  to  evacuate 
it  in  1799,  but  regained  it  in  1800.  It  is  i 
situated  on  the  Po,  38  miles  wnw  of  Par- 
ma. Lon.  93  38  e,  lat.  43  5 y.  See 
Parma. 

Piacenza,  a late  duchy  of  Italy,  forming 
the  w part  of  Parma.  It  is  very  fertile  and 
populous ; and  contains  mines  of  iron,  and 
salt  springs.  Its  principal  rivers  are  the 
Tiebia  and  Nura. 

Pladda,  a small  island  on  the  ssw  point 
of  the  island  of  Arran,  about  a mile  distant,  i 
with  a light-house  upon  it.  Lou.  3 0 w,  lat.  | 
65  30  N.  . 

Plain  dn  Nord,  a town  on  the  N side  of 
Hispaniola,  13  leagues  se  by  e of  Forte  de 
Paix. 

Plainfield,  a town  in  Windham  county,  | 
Connecticut,  w side  of  the  Quinabang,  10  j 
miles  ESE  of  Windham,  and  about  14  ne  of  | 
Norwich.  i 

Plaisance,  a town  on  the  middle  of  the  1 
neck  of  the  n peninsula  of  Hispauiola,  36 
miles  sw  of  cape  Francois. 

Planiez,  an  island  of  the  Mediterranean, 
in  the  road  of  Marseilles. 

Plan,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Pilsen, 
Bohemia,  with  a castle.  It  is  20  miles  se  of 
Hgra.  1 

Plano,  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  in 
the  bay  of  Alicant. 

Plassey,  a town  of  Bengal,  situated  near 
a plain,  celebrated  for  a great  victory  ob- 
tained by  colonel  Clive,  over  the  nabob 
Surajah  Dowlab,  in  1737,  23  miles  s of  j 
Moorsbedabad. 

Phiistow,  a village  near  Bromley,  Kent, 
with  an  elegant  seat,  inferior  to  few  in 
England.  Also  another  in  Essex,  which 
gives  name  to  Plaistow  level,  which  lies  i 
along  the  Thames,  from  the  mouth  of  the  | 
Lea  to  the  mouth  of  the  Boding.  | 

PLATA,  an  island  on  the  coast  of  Quito,  | 
in  Peru,  about  four  miles  long  and  one  and  |j 
a- ha  If  broad.  j| 

Plata,  or  Ckuqui^nca,  a rich  and  popu-  j| 
lous  city  of  Peru,  in  the  province  of  Char-  j| 
cas,  built  in  1330,  and  an  a^chbishop^s  see,  i| 
with  an  university.  The  cathedral  is  adorn-  j 
ed  with  paintings  and  gildings.  The  air  is  j 
very  mild.  It  is  situated  on  the  Chiamo,  | 
600  miles  se  of  Cusco.  Lou.  60  31  w,  lat.  i 
10  16  s.  I 

PLATA,  a jurisdiction  of  Paraguay,  j 
600  miles  in  length,  and  300  in  breadth, 
extending  on  each  side  of  the  river  La 
Plata. 

Plata,  or  liio  de  la  Plata,  a large  river 
of  S America  formed  by  tiie  junction  of  the  j 
great  rivers  Parana  and  Uragtiay.  It  |‘ 
fornis  the  s boun<lary  of  Brasil,  and  enters  |, 
the  Atlantic  between  the  capes  of  St,  An-  I; 
thony  and  St,  Mary,  the  latter  in  lat.  35  s.  j 
At  its  mouth  it  is  130  miles  broad,  at  Monte  j 
V'ideo,  60  miles  higher,  the  land  is  not  dis-  ; 
cernableon  either  shore,  wliea  » vessel  is  In  i 


p L E 

the  middle  of  the  channel,  and  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  160  miles  further,  the  opposite  shore 
cannot  be  seen  from  that  city^  It  was  dis- 
covered in  1515,  by  Juan  Diaz  de  Solis,  a 
Spanish  navigator,  who  were  slain  by  the 
natives  in  attempting  to  make  a descent  in 
the  country.  The  navigation  of  this  river 
is  intricate  owing  to  its  numerous  islets  and 
shoals,  which  cause  adverse  currents.  It 
gives  name  to  the  province  of  Paraguay, 
now  generally  called  Buenos  Ayres,  from 
its  capital. 

Plate  Forme,  a town  of  St.  Domingo, 
seated  on  the  s side  of  the  n peninsula, 
21  miles  sse  of  St.  Nicholas. 

Plate,  a town  and  castle  of  Further  Po- 
merania, seated  on  the  Ilega,  19  miles  e 
by  s of  Camin. 

Platte,  a river  of  Louisiana,  which  rises 
near  the  source  of  the  Arkansa,  and  runs 
above  1200  miles  e to  the  Misouri,  into 
which  it  falls,  iu  lat.  41  3 n,  and  is  there  600 
yards  wide.  In  its  shallow  and  rapid 
streams  are  a number  of  small  islands. 

Platten,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Saatz, 
Bohemia,  on  the  borders  of  Misnia,  11  miles 
N of  Elnbogen. 

Platten,  a lake  of  Hungary,  40  mile/; 
long,  and  from  three  to  eight  broad,  and 
lies  60  miles  to  the  se  of  the  lake  of  Neu- 
sidler.  It  abounds  with  fish. 

PlaUshurg,  the  capital  of  Clinton  county, 
New  York,  situated  ou  the  w margin  of 
Lake  Champlain,  about  300  miles  n of 
New  York.  In  1790  it  contained  438  inha- 
bitants, 39  miles  n of  Crown  Point. 

Plan,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Mecklen 
burg,  Lower  Saxony,  with  a castle,  on  a 
lake  of  its  name,  20  miles  sse  of  Gustrow. 

Plauen,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  capi- 
tal of  Voigtland,  86  miles  sw  of  Dresden. 
Lon.  12  12  E,  lat.  30  28  n. 

Plaiien,  a town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the 
Aliddle  Mark,  on  a lake  formed  by  the 
Havel,  from  which  is  a canal  to  the  Ellve. 
It  has  a porcelain  manufacture,  and  is  five 
miles  WNW  of  Brandenburgh. 

Plauen,  a town  in  Tliuringia,  Upper  Sax- 
ony, sccited  on  the  Gera,  with  an  ancient 
castle  on  a mountain.  It  is  13  miles  s of 
Erfurt. 

Plesenf.  See  Pscof. 

Pleshey,  a village  in  Essex,  seven  miles 
Nxw  of  Chelmsford.  Here  was  the  seat 
of  tile  Lord  High  Constable  of  England, 
from  the  earliest  times  of  that  olfiee  to  tiie 
year  1400.  Ou  tlie  site  of  liis  castle  is 
now  a brick  farm-house.  Here  are  the 
remains  of  an  ancient  fortification. 

Ples.se,  a town  of  Silesia,  on  the  Vif:teda,  . 
the  capital  of  a lordship,  It  is  surrounded 
by  wails  flanked  witn  towers,  and  has  a 
fine  castle,  37  miles  ese  of  Ratisbon.  Lon. 
19  3 E,  lat.  4'9  37  .V. 

Plettenbcrcj,  a town  in  the  county  of 
Mark,  Westphalia,  seated  on  the  Else  and 
Oester,  with  an  ancient  castle,  28  miles  s of 
Ilam, 


Ff  2 


PLY 

Pletknhefg  Bay f a bay  on  the  s coast 
of  Airica,  which  alfords  good  anchorage. 
Lon.  -10  E,  lat.  34  0 s. 

Pkyhergy  a town  and  castle  of  Carinthia, 
on  the  Feistez,  at  the  foot  of  a mountain,  20 
miles  E of  Clagcnfurt. 

Plocksko,  a town  of  Poland,  capital  of  a 
paiatinaie.  of  the  same  name,  and  a ])ishop^s 
see,  with  a castle  on  a hill,  near  the  Vis- 
tula, 73  miles  vf  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  19  20  e, 
iat.  32  46  N. 

Ploeny  a town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  Hol- 
stein, capital  of  a principality  of  the  same 
name,  has  a castle  on  a niountain,  and 
stands  on  the  n side  of  a lake,  24  miles  nnw 
of  Liibec.  Lon.  10  30  e,  lat.  34  1 1 n! 

Pioremel,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Morbihan,, France,  27  miles  ne  of  Vannes. 

Plotzkau,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
the  principality  of  Anhalt,  seated  on  the 
Saai,  and  has  a castle  ; 10  miles  w of 
Cotheii. 

Plack-em-in,  a town  of  some  trade  in 
Somerset  county,  New  Jersey,  28  miles  n 
of  Princeton. 

PludenfZy  a town  of  Germany,  in  Tyrol, 
capital  of  a county  of  the  same  name, 
seated  on  the  Saal,  with  a castle,  12  miles 
ssE  of  Feidkirch. 

Plumb  [stand,  on  the  coast  of  Massa- 
chusetts, is  anout  nine  miles  long,  and  half 
a mile  broad.  The  n end  lies  in  Ion.  70 
47  w,  lat.  43  4 N. 

a post  town  of  Pennsylvania, 
stands  in  a plain,  on  the  111,  on  the  w 
.side  of  the  Delaware,  36  miles  n of  Phila- 
delphia. 

Pluviers,  or  Pitliiviers,  a towm  in  the 
department  of  Loiret,  France,  20  miles  nne 
of  Orleans.  Lon.  2 0 e,  lat.  48  |4  n. 

Phjmoiiih,  a sea- port  in  Devonshire,  be- 
tween the  mouths  of  the  rivers  Piym  and 
Tamar.  It  is  a borough,  governed  by  a 
mayor,  12  aldermen,  and  48  common  coun- 
cil-nirn,  with  a market  on  Monday,  Thurs- 
day, and  Saturday,  The  harbour  is  excel- 
lent, being;  the  next  to  3‘^ortsmouth  in  Eng- 
land for  men  of  war.  There  are,  strictly 
speaking,  three  harbours,  called  Catw'ater, 
Sutton  pool,  and  Hamoaze.  The  first  is  the 
mouth  of  the  Plym,  and  a commodious 
harbour  for  merchant  ships,  but  is  seldom 
entered  by  .ships  of  war.  The  second,  fre- 
fpienied  by  merchant  ships  only,  is  almost 
.surrounded  Uy  the  houses  of  the  town,  and 
further  secured  by  an  extensive  pier.  The 
third,  is  the  mouth  of  the  Tamar,  and  is 
the  harbour  lor  large  ships,  having  moorings 
for  92,  and  safe  anchorage  for  a much 
greater  aurnber.  These  harbours  unite  in 
a spacious  bay  called  the  Sound  ; and  their 
entrances  are  defended  by  a fort,  on  St. 
Nicholas  island,  by  a citadel  nearly  oppo- 
.site  that  island,  upon  a hill  which  overlooks 
the  town,  and  by  sfneral  batteries  and 
block-houses,  on  diiYereiit  points  of  the  har- 
bour. Near  the  citadel  is  the  victualling- 
office,  in  w'hich  are  tw'u  bake-hou;ses,veach 


PLY 

containing  four  ovens,  that  in  one  day  cao 
furnish  16,000  men  with  bread.  The  pil- 
chard fishery  extends  no  further  e than  this 
port,  whence  great  quantities  are  exported 
to  Italy  and  other  Catholic  countries.  Ply- 
mouth has  an  extensive  foreign  and  domes- 
tic trade  ; has  two  parish  churches,  and 
contained,  in  1801,  19,040  inhabitants,  and 
in  1811,  20,803.  The  towm  is  abundantly 
supplied  with-  water,  first  brought  her© 
from  a place  seven  miles  distant,  by  wmrks 
constructed  at  the  expence  of  the  celebra- 
ted Sir  Francis  Drake,  xvho  wan  a native 
of  Plymouth.  There  are  extensive  docks, 
arsenals,  ond  every  convenience  for  build- 
ing and  fitting  out  the  largest  vessels.  Ply~ 
mouth  Dock  is  a*  separate  town,  about 
tw'o  miles  up  the  mouth  of  the  Tamar,  si- 
tuated  on  an  eminence,  between  Stone- 
house  Creek  on  the  e,  and  Hamoaze  on 
the  w.  It  is  of  modern  date,  and  owes  its 
origin  and  rapid  increase,  to  the  establish- 
ment of  the  dock -yard  and  naval  arsenals 
along  the  e bank  of  the  Hamoaze.  The 
king’s  dock-yard,  which  occupies  nearly  72 
acres,  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world.  It 
is  separated  from  the  town  by  a high  wall, 
and  both  are  defended  by  strong  fortifica- 
tions. Here  the  governor  of  Plymouth  re- 
sides, in  a house  overlooking  the  harbour 
from  a rocky  eminence.  It  is  large  and 
populous,  from  the  number  of  artificers  in 
constant  employment.  There  are  elegant 
marine  barracks,  a royal  hospital,  and  tw'o 
chapels,  several  meeting-houses,  a public 
library,  and  a superb  theatre  and  hotel. 
The  market-place  is  large,  and  though  not 
I chartered,  a market  is  held  thrice  a week. 
The  population  in  1801,  exclusive  of  the 
army  and  navy,  was  2.3,747,  and  in  1811, 
30,083.  It  is  43  miles  sw  of  Exeter,  and 
216  w by  s of  London.  Lon.  4 7 w,  lat. 
30  21  N. 

P/t/matfUi,  a sea-port  in  the  state  of  Mas- 
.sachusetts,  capital  of  a county  of  the  same 
name,  and  the  oldest  settlement  in  New 
England.  In  1774,  the  rock  on  w^hich 
their  forefathers  first  landed,  was  conveyed 
from  the  shore  to  a square  in  the  centre  of 
the  towm.  The  cod  fishery,  which  is  the 
principal  business  of  the  place,  employs 
about  2000  tons  of  shipping.  The  town 
stands  at  the  s end  of  Plymouth  bay,  42 
miles  SSE  of  Boston.  Lon.  70  43  w,  lat. 
41  38  N. 

PLYMOUTH,  a maritime  count>%  in 
the  E part  of  Massachusetts.  It  is  divided 
into  13  tow’uships,  and  contains  4240  houses, 
and  29,333  inhabitants.  Within  the  coun- 
ties of  Plymouth  and  Bristol,  there  are 
now  in  operation  14  blast,  and  .six  air  fur- 
naces, 20  forges,  seven  slitting  and  rolling 
mills.  These  furnaces  produce  annually 
from  1500  to  1800  tons  of  iron  ware.  The 
forges,  on  an  average,  manufacture  more 
than  1000  tons  annually,  and  the  slitting  and 
rolling  mills,  at  least  1300  tons. 

Plymouth^  a post  town  ef  New  Hamp- 


POD 


POL 


sbire,  in  Grafton  county,  45  miles  n of 
Concord,  on  the  Pemigewasset,  at  the 
junction  of  the  Baker.  It  is  25  miles  e of 
Hanover. 

Phjmouthy  a town  on  the  s side  of  the 
Roanoke,  N Carolina,  four  miles  above 
Albemarle  sound,  and  23  sse  of  Edentou. 

Plymouthy  formerly  Appletoivtiy  in  New 
York  state,  lies  on  the  w side  of  Seneca 
lake,  12  miles  se  of  Geneva.  * 

Plynipton  Earl,  a town  in  Devonshire, 
situated  in  a pleasant  valley  on  the  se 
side  of  the  Plym.  The  corporation  con- 
sists of  a mayor,  recorder,  and  eight  aider- 
men.  Plyinpton  has  a market  on  Saturday, 
weekly,  and  the  second  Monday  of  every 
month,  with  five  annual  fairs.  It  had  a 
castle,  now  in  ruins,  and  is  one  of  the  stan- 
nary towns  for  tin.  Two  members  sit  in 
parliament,  for  this  borough,  elected  by  the 
free-men , amounting  to  about  104.  It  is 
seven  miles  e of  Plymouth,  and  218  w by  s 
of  London, 

Plynlimmon,  a vast  mountain  in  Wales, 
partly  in  Cardiganshire,  and  partly  in  Mont- 
gomeryshire ; of  which  the  loftiest  summit 
is  2463  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  In 
this  mountain,  the  Rh5fdor,  the  Wye,  the 
Severn,  and  other  rivers,  have  their  source. 

Po,  the  chief  river  of  Italy,  which  rises 
at  Mount  Viso,  in  Piedmont,  passes  through 
Alontferrat,  Milanese,  and  part  of  Mode- 
nese, into  Mantuan,  and  then  into  Ferra- 
rese,  where  it  divides  ’at  Fieherulolo,  and 
enters  the  sea  by  four  different  mouths. 
In  its  course  it  receives  several  rivers  and 
often  overflows  its  banks. 

Poy  a river  in  the  province  of  Kiang-si, 
China,  which  falls  into  the  Poyang-how, 
a small  distance  from  Jao-tcheon. 

PO,  LOWER,  a department  of  the  late 
Italian  republic,  including  the  province  of 
the  Ferarese,  and  containing,  in  1797, 
by  the  census,  154,000  inhabitants.  It 
sent  12  deputies  to  the  councils.  Ferrara 
was  the  capital. 

PO,  UPPER,  a department  of  the  late 
Italian  republic,  comprehending  the  pro- 
vince of  - the  Cremonese,  and  containing,  in 
1797,  204,825  inhabitants.  It  sent  15 
deputies  to  the  councils.  Cremona  was  the 
capital. 

Pocklington,  a town  in  the  E Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  seated  on  a stream  that  fails  into 
the  Derwent,  wdth  a market  ou  Saturday, 
and  four  annual  fairs,  14  miles  se  of  York, 
and  194  n by  w of  London. 

Podenstein,  a town  of  Franconia,  in 
Bamberg,  near  the  source  of  the  Pullach, 
30  miles  se  of  Bamberg. 

Podlachia.  See  Polnchia. 

PODOLIA,  a province  of  Polish  Russia,  s 
of  A^olhynia  and  the  Ukraine,  wrested  from 
Poland  in  1793.  It  is  divided  into  Upper 
and  Lower,  or  Padolia  and  Bracklaw. 
Kaminieck  is  the  capital  of  the  former,  and 
Bracklaw  of  the  latter.  It  is  separated 
from  Moldavia  oh  the  sw  by  the  Dniester ; 


j and  the  Bog  crosses  it  from  the  n,  in  a se 
I direction. 

! Podolsk,  a town  in  the  government  of 
Moscow,  Russia,  ou  the  Mockra,  between 
two  hills,  28  miles  s of  Moscow. 

Podor,  a fortress  on  the  river  Senegal, 
Africa,  constructed  by  the  French,  ceded 
to  the  English  in  1763,  afterward  taken  by 
the  French,  and  confirmed  to  them  by  the 
peace  of  1583.  Lon.  14  20  w,  lat.  17  1 n. 

Poggio,  a town  of  Tuscany  with  a pa- 
lace of  the  grand  duke,  eight  miles  se  of 
Florence. 

Poggiohomi,  a town  of  Tuscany,  near 
the  Elsa,  with  the  remains  of  a citadel,  20 
miles  s of  Florence. 

POGGY,  an  island  on  the  w side  of  Su- 
matra, Indian  ocean,  and  separated  by  a 
narrow  channel  from  that  of  Nassau,  on 
the  N end.  It  is  of  a triangular  form, 
and  about  20  miles  long.  Loa.  99  29  e, 
lat,  2 20  s. 

POGLIZZA,  a hilly  province  in  Dalma-. 
tia,  inhabited  by  16,000  martial,  but  hospi-^ 
table  people. 

Point  Petre,  in  the  island  of  Guadaloupe,, 
has  strong  fortifications,  and  lies  about  20 
miles  from  Fort  Louis. 

Poirino,i\  town  of  Piedmont,  15  miles  sE 
of  Turin. 

Poissy,  an  ancient  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine  and  Oise,  France,  near 
the  forest  of  St  Germain,  15  miles  nw  of 
1 Paris. 

Poitiers,  an  ancient  town,  capital  of  the 
department  of  Vienne,  France,  and  a bi- 
shop’s see.  It  includes  a number  of  fields 
j and  gardens,  and  has  a Roman  amphithea- 
tre, partly  in  ruins,  and  a triumphal  arch, 
which  serves  as  a gate  to  the  principal 
street.  Here  Edward  the  Black  prince 
gained  a victory  over  the  French,  in  1356, 
and  brought  king  John  and  his  son  Philip 
prisoners  to  England.  The  inhabitants  are 
estimated  at  16,000.  The  principal  manu- 
factures are  stockings,  woollen  caps,  gloves 
and  combs.  It  is  situated  on  the^  river 
Clain,  120  miles  n by  e of  Bordeaux.  Lon 
! 0 21  E,  iat.  46  25  n. 

POITOU,  a late  province  of  France,  on 
the  bay  of  Biscay.  It  is  fertile  in  corn 
and  good  wine.  It  now  forms  the  three 
departments  of  V'endee,  Vienne,  and  Two 
Sevres. 

Pola,  an  ancient  small  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  s part  ot  Istria,  seated  on  a mountain, 
near  a bay  of  the  gulf  of  Venice,  and  a 
j bishop’s  see.  Here  are  extensive  remains  of 
a Roman  amphitheatre,  and  a triumphal 
j arch.  It  has  a spacious  harbour,  and  is 
I situated  80  miles  sic  of  Venice.  Lon.  14 
9 E,  lat.  45  13  N. 

POLACHIA,  a palatinate  of  Poland,  s 
of  Prussia,  about  88  miles  in  length,  c^nd’so 
in  breadth.  Bieisko  is  the  capital,  and  it  is 
often  called  the  palatinate  of  Bielsko. 

POLAND,  a large  country  of  Europe 
bounded  on  the  w by  the  Baltic,  Branden- 


POL 


POL 


i)UTg,  and  Silei^ia  ; s by  Hungary  and  Molda-  J 
via ; N by  Prussia,  t’ourlaiid^  Livonia,  and 
Russia ; and  e by  Russia,  and  tho  territo- 
ries wrested  by  that  power  from  the  I’urks. 

It  is  divided  into  four  large  parts,  Great 
Poland,  Little  Poland,  Red  Russia,  and 
Lithuania  ; each  of  which  is  stibdivided  into 
palatinates,  or  provinces.  The  goyern- 
ment  was  monarchial  and  aristocratical : 
all  the  acts  of  state  being  in  the  name  of 
the  king  and  republic  of  Poland.^^  It  j 
Wcis  tlje  only  monarchy  in  Pairope  which  j 
was  elective.  The  king  was  chosen  by  a j 
general  diet,  summoned  by  the  archbishop  | 
of  Gnesna,  as  chief  of  the  republic  during 
the  interregnum.  This  was  the  source  of 
great  calamities,  and  occasioned  wars  be- 
tween the  contending  factions,  respectively 
supported  by  foreign  powers.  After  his 
coronation,  the  king  might  dispose  of  the 
vacant  benefices,  and  the  offices,  both  civil 
and  military.  He  had  a revenue  of  1 40,0001. 
a year,  and  could  not  by  his  own  authority, 
raise  any  new  taxes,  or  change  any  law. 
The  aristocracy  consisted  in  the  senate  and 
g'tmeval  diet.  The  senate  was  composed  j 
of  the  bishop^s  great  officers,  palatines,  and  | 
governors  of  towns,  who,  with  the  king,  | 
regulated  the  affairs  of  the  kingdom  ; and  j 
were  lo  prevent  him  froiu  doing  any  thing  | 
against  the  liberty  of  the  country.  Such  j 
W^is  tlie  constitution  of  Poland  before  the  I 
memorable  year  when  a partition  of 

the  country  was  effected  by  the  king  ot 
Prussia,  in  "conjunction  with  the  empress  of 
Russia,  and  Joseph  1 1,  emperor  of  Germany.  | 
By  this  partition  one-third  of  the  country  i 
was  wrested  from  the  republic,  the  diet  j 
being'  compelled  to  make  and  ratify  this  |j 
important  cession.  For  the  part  ceded  to  |i 
the  emperor,  see  Galicia.  The  part  al-  jj 
loted  to  Russia,  comprised  Polish  Livonia,  i; 
that  part  of  the  palatinate  of  Polotsk  which  j! 
lies  to  the  e of  the  Dw’ina,  or  Duna  ; the  ij 
palatinates  of  Vitepsk,  Micislaw,  and  two  |:| 
small  portions  to  the  xe  and  se  of  the  pale-  .j 
tinate  of  Hiiiisk.  This  tract  of  land,  (Po-  jj 
lish  Livonia  excepted)  is  situated  in  White  'j 
Russia,  and  includes  at  least  one  third  of  || 
liiihuania.  See  Polotsk  and  Mohilef.  |j 
'rhe  king  of  Prussia  took  possession  of  all  j! 
the  western  parts  of  Pomerania.  Of  these  | 
tlismembered  countries  the  Russian  pan  is  ' 
the  largest,  the  Austrian  the  most  populous,  | 
and  the  Prussian  the  most  commercial.  i 
The  population  of  the  whole  amounts  to  j 
near  5,000,000  ; the  first  containing  i 
1,000, 000,  the  second  2,500,000,  and  the  || 
third  800,000.  The  three  partitioning 
powers  forcibly  effected  a great  change  m j 
the  constitution.  In  ITOI,  however,  the  j 
king  and  the  nation,  in  concurrence,  almost  j 
unanimously,  established  another  cousiitu-  jj 
tiou  ; and  one  so  mu'xceplionable  every  ij 
way  that  it  was  ceiebrau^d  by  31r.  Rurke, 
as  a revolution  whereby  the  conditions  of  Ij 
all  were  made  better,  and  the  rights  of  f 
none  infringed.  Ry  this  the  evils  of  an  j. 


I elective  monarchy  were  avoided,  the  crown 
being  declared  hereditary  in  the  house  of 
Saxony.  A few  of  the  nobility,  however, 
discontented  at  the  sacrifices  of  some  of 
their  privileges,  repaired  to  the  court  of 
Russia  ; and  their  representations  concur- 
ring with  the  ambitious  views  of  the  em- 
press, she  sent  an  army  into  Poland,  under 
the  pretence  of  being  guarrantee  of  the  con- 
stitution of  1772.  Her  interference  was  too 
powerful  to  be  resisted  ; and  the  new  con- 
stitution was  overthiown.  The  empress 
had  planned,  in  conjunction  with  the  king 
of  Prussia,  a second  partition  of  this  un- 
happy country,  which  actually  took  place 
in  1793.  By  this  the  empress  obtained 
nearly  the  remaining  part  of  Lithuania,  with 
the  palatinates  of  Podolia,  Kiof,  and  Rratis- 
law.  Roused  by  such  multiplied  oppres- 
sions, the  Poles,  under  the  brave  Kosciusko, 
endeavoured  in  1794,  to  make  a stand 
against  these  overbearing  powers,  and  for  a 
while  were  successful.  They  were  soon, 
however,  overpowered  by  numbers  ; their 
country  W'as  in  different  parts  desolated, 
their  houses  burnt,  and  the  inhabitants  mas- 
acred  in  crowds.  The  brave  Kosciusko 
was  taken  prisoner,  and  sent  with  a number 
of  other  patriots  into  confinement  at  Peters- 
burgh,  for  having  dared  to  defend  their  na- 
tive country  against  foreign  aggression. 
The  king  afterwards  formally  resigned  his 
crown  at  Grodno,  whence  he  was  removed 
to  Petersburgh,  where  he  remained  a state 
prisoner  till  his  death  in  1798.  With  him 
ended  the  kingdom  of  Poland,  subdued  and 
dismembered  by  powers,  w hich  were  either 
formerly  vassals,  or  indebted  to  it  for  their 
very  existence.  By  the  arrangements  at 
tlie  peace  of  1814,  the  kingdom  of  Poland 
was  Ceded  to  the  emperor  of  Russia.  The 
air  is  generally  cold,  and  in  some  parts 
they  have  Lilt  little  wood  ; however,  it  is  so 
fertile  in  corn,  in  many  places,  that  it  sup- 
plies Sweden  and  Holland  with  large  quan- 
tities. The  towns  of  Poland,  are  for  the 
most  part,  constructed  of  wood,  and  the 
villages  consist  of  mean  cottages  or  huts. 
There  are  extensive  pastures  which  support 
great  niimbeis  of  horses,  and  homed  cattle  ; 
and  they  have  large  quantities  of  leather, 
furs,  hemp,  flax,  saltpetre,  honey,  and  wax. 
There  are  mines  of  salt,  which  are  of  great 
depth,  out  of  which  they  dig  rock  salt. 
They  have  also  ochre,  chalk,  agate,  chal- 
cedony, cornelians,  onyxes,  opals,  jaspers, 
amethysts,  garnets,  topazes,  sapphires,  and 
rubies  "and  diamonds  ; also  talc,  coal,  iron, 
letid,  and  rpucksilver.  Horses  are  nume- 
rous, strong,  swift,  and  beautiful  ; and 
hovued  cattle  are  bred  in  such  numbers, 
that  above  80,000  are  annually  exported. 
The  principal  rivers -are  tlie  Ihiieper,  the 
Vistula,  the  Rug,  (he  Dniemen,  the  Dnies- 
ter and  the  Rog.  Warsaw  is  (he  cupitnl.- 
POLLKROF,  one  ol  the  Banda  islands 
in  the  Indian  ocean,  producing  nutmegs, 
and  held  by  the  Dutch.  It  is  about  100 


<3 


POL 

miles  SE  of  Amboyna.  Lon.  130  0 e,  lat. 

4 20  s. 

Polesiay  a name  commonly  given  to  the 
palatinate  of  Brzesc,  in  Lithuania. 

POLESINO,  a province  of  Italy,  in  the  j 
duchy  of  Venice,  and  late  Italian  republic.  I 
It  is  about  42  miles  in  length,  and  lY  in  | 
breadth,  very  fertile  in  corn  and  pasture.'j 
Rovigo  was  the  capital.  ' J 

Poh  Sty  a town  in  the  department  of  | 
Pas  de  Calais,  famous  for  its  mineral  waters,  | 
1«  miles  xvv  of  Arras.  . ^ i 

PoUjatie,  or  PoirgamCy  a village  in  the  ^ 
carse  of  Gowrie,  \Vith  a good  harbour,  and  a j 
pier  latOly  erected  on  the  Tay.  It  lies  in  j 
the  parish  of  Irtchture,  and  has  a very  large  j 
granary.'  \ . I 

Palicandro^  a small  island  in  the  Archi-  j 
pelago,  and  one  of  the  Cyclades  ; about  20  ; 
miles  in  circumference.  It  contains  a| 
few  villages,  a citstle,  and  a harbour.  The  j 
iiihabitarits  are  very  poor,  and  the  ground,  j 
in  general,,  incumbered  with  barren  rocks  j 
and  mountains.  It  lies  between  Milo,  ! 
.Si kino,  Paros,  and  Antiparos.  Jbon.  25  1 
31  K,  lat.  36  32  X.  , j 

Policastro,  a town  in  Principato,  Citra,  j 
Naples,  on.a  gulf  of  its  name  in  the  Medi-  | 
terranean,  85  miles  se  of  Naples,  Lon.  15 
40  E,  lat.  40  15  N. 

PoUgnanOy  a populous  town  in  Terra  di 
Bari,  Naples,  on  a craggy  rock,  near  the 
gulf  of  Venice  ; 10  miles  e of  Bari. 

Polignyy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Jura,  France,  20  miles  ssw  of  Besanoon. 

Polinay  a town  in  Albania,  European 
Turkey,  12  miles  s of  Durazzo. 

PolitZy  a town  of  Hither  Pomerania, 
celebrated  for  hops,  eight  miles  n ot 
Stettin. 

Politzka,  a walled  town  in  the  circle  of 
Chrudem,  Bohemia,  on  the  borders  of  Mora- 
via, 23  miles  se  of  Chrudim. 

Polizzi,  a town  of  .Sicily,  in  the  Val  de 
Mazara,  atthe  foot  of  the  mountain  Madonia, 
42  miles  se  of  Palermo. 

Polkoivitz,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Glogau,  Silesia,  1,3  miles  sof  Glogau. 

Pollock^hnwsy  a considerable  manufac- 
turing town  of  Renfrewshire,  on  the  river 
M^hite  Cart,  in  the  parish  of  Eastwood.  It 
has  numerous  bleachfiehls,  and  is  three 
miles  and  a half  sw  of  Glasgow. 

Polmonty  a parish  and  village  in  Stirling- 
shire. The  parish  is  about  five  miles  long, 
and  two  broad.  Previous  to  1Y24,  it  form- 
ed part  of  the  parish  of  Falkirk.  It  is 
watered  on  the  x by  the  Forth,  on  the  e by 
the,  Avon,  and  is  intersected  by  tlie  canal 
from  the  Forth  to  the  Clyde.  A great  part 
of  it  is  rich  carse  land,  and  all,  with  a small 
exception,  under  culture.  The  district 
abound.s  with  coal,  ironstone,  freestone,  and 
contains  chalybeate  springs.  The  duke  ot 
Hamilton  is  Baron  Polmont.  The  village 
of  Polrnont  contains  alrout  250  inhabitetnis  ; 
population  of  the  parish  about  2200, 


P o L 

PolnOy  a town  of  Further  Pomerania,  on 
the  Grabow,  3S  miles  ese  of  Colberg. 

PolorCy  a town  of  the  Carnatic,  Hindoo- 
stan,  2G  miles  ssw  of  Arcot,  and  55  xvv  of 
Pondicherry. 

POLOTSK,  one  of  the  41  governments  of 
the  Russian  empire,  formed  of  part  of  the 
palatinate  of  Lithuania,  but  was  dismem- 
bered from  Poland,  by  the  treaty  of  par- 
tition, iu  1TY2.  Its  products  and  those  of  the 
government  of  Mohilel,  are  chiefly  gTain  in 
large  quantities,  hemp,  flax  and  pasture, 
and  the  forests  furnish  in  great  abundance, 
masts,  planks,  oak  for  ship-building,  pitch, 
tar,  tfec.  which  are  principally  conveyed  to 
Riga,  by  the  Dwina.  The  inhabitants  of 
both  these  governments  are  computed  at 
1, (>00, 000;  and  of  this  government  Polotsk 
is  the  capital. 

Polotsky  a town  of  Lithuania,  capital  of 
the  above  government,  seated  on  the  Dwina,. 
at  the  junction  of  the  Polo t a.  In  1812,  it 
wa.s  entered  by  the  French.  On  the  1 7th 
of  August  they  were  attacked  by  the 
Russians  who  drove  them  into  the  town. 
On  the  20th  of  October,  the  Russians  retook 
the  town  by  storm,  50  miles  sw  of  Ritepsk 
126  miles  xxw  of  Mohilef,  and  144  exe  of 
Wiina.  Lon.  27  50  E,  lat.  55  43  x, 

Polteny  Sty  a small  town  of  Austria, 
situated  on  the  Drasam,  is  the  residence  of  a 
great  number  of  the  nobility.  The  vicinity 
yields  excellent  saflron,  35  miles  w of 
Vienna.  Lon.  15  41  e,  lat.  48  13  x. 

Polwarthy  a parish  and  village  in  the  ce?:- 
tre  of  Berwickshire,  lying  between  the 
Merse  and  Lammermuir.  The  pari.^h  is  of 
a triangular  form,  each  side  of  which  is 
about  three  miles.  In  the  parish  is  the 
noble  mansion,  and  extensive  policy  of  the 
late  earls  of  Marchmont,  now,  together  with 
the  whole  estate,  in  the  .possession  of  Sir 
William  Purves  Hume  Campbell.  On  the 
front  of  the  church,  which  stands  about  a 
mile  SE  of  the  village,  is  a latin  inscription 
importing  that  it  was  built  before  900.  In 
the  vault  of  this  church,  Sir  Patrick  Hume 
of  Folwarth,  afterwards  the  first  earl  of 
Marchnient,  and  lord  chancellor  of  .Scot- 
land, found  an  asylum  from  the  fury  of  hi.v. 
persecutors,  when  a price  was  set  upon  lu/> 
Lead,  for  opposing  tlie  tyramucal  measures 
of  government,  and  appearing  lor  the  liber- 
ties of  his  country,  in  tiie  reign  of  Cbarle.s 
IT.  When  it  was  no  longer  safe  to  remain 
in  the  family  burying  vault,  whether  his 
food  had  been  conveyed  to  him  iu  the  de.nd 
hour  of  night,  by  lus  daughter  then  very 
young,  he  was  siKueted  in  liis  own  house, 
till  arrangements  wtu’c  made  for  his  escape 
to  Holland,  which  lie  happily  cllected.  Tfie 
j village  of  Polwartli  contains  about  289  ia- 
■j  habiTant.^-.  In  ibe  middle  of  the  village  are 
' two  ancient  thorns,  round  which  it  was 
Ij  fonnerly  the  custom  for  every  new  niarri^^d 
ij  pair,  wuh  their  company  to  dance,  hence 
li  the  sr>Kg  of  polwarth  <>p  the  Greer.  Pe- 


PON 

pulation  in  1801,  291,  and  in  1811,  30T; 
three  miles  and  a-half  nne  of  Greenlaw,  and 
four  sw  by  s of  Dunse. 

Poltziriy  a town  of  Further  Pomerania. 
In  the  vicinity  are  medicinal  springs  and 
baths,  33  miles  se  of  Colberg. 

Polynesia,  a name  given  by  some  geo- 
graphers to  the  circuit  that  includes  those 
numerous  islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
situated  to  the  e of  the  Philippines,  and 
Australasia;  namely,  the  Pelew,  Ladrone, 
Caroline,  Sandwich,  Marquesas  Society  and 
Friendly  isles,  and  others  included  within 
those  groups. 

Pombal,  a town  in  Estremadura,  Portugal, 
with  an  ancient  castle,  16  miles  ke  of 
Leira,  and  21  s of  Coimbra. 

Pomegue,  a small  island  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, at  the  entrance  into  the  harbour  of 
Marseilles,  defended  by  a tower,  with  a 
garrison. 

POMERANIA,  a duchy  of  Germany,  in 
Upper  Saxony.  It  is  wintered  by  several 
rivers,  of  which  the  principal  are  the  Oder, 
Reckenitz,  Peene,  Ucker,  Rega,  Person te, 
Wipper,  Ihna,  Stolpen,  and  Lebo.  The  air 
is  pre'tty  cold,  but  compensated  by  the  fer- 
tility of  the  soil,  which  abounds  in  pastures 
and  corn.  It  is  a flat  country,  containing 
many  lakes,  w'oods,  and  forests,  and  has 
several  good  harbours,  being  about  250 
miles  in  length,  and  75  in  breadth.  It  is 
divided  by  the  Oder,  into  the  Hither  and 
Further  Pomerania,  the  river  Peene  dividing 
the  territories  of  the  kings  of  Sweden  and 
Prussia.  Further  Pomerania  and  part  of 
the  Hither  lately  belonged  to  the  king  of  | 
Prussia,  and  the  remaider  n of  the  Peene,  i 
to  the  king  of  Sweden.  Stettin  is  the  capi-  | 
tal  of  the  Prussian,  Stralsund  of  the  Swedish  i 
part.  I 

POMERELIA,  a district  of  W Prussia,  ! 
lying  w from  the  Vistula,  to  the  duchy  of  | 
Pomerania,  of  which  it  was  formerly  a part.  l! 
Dantzic  is  the  capital.  | 

Pomeroy,  a village  in  Tyrone,  Ulster,  | 
Ireland,  eight  miles  nw  of  Dungunaon,  and  i 
80  NNW  of  Dublin.  { 

POMESANTA,  a large  county  of  Western  i 
Prussia.  It  is  full  of  lakes  and  mo-  ■ 
rasses.  i 

Pomfret,  a post  town  of  Connecticut  in 
Windham  county.  It  is  12  miles  nne  of 
Windham,  40  e by  N of  Hartford,  and  66  sw 
of  Bostoti. 

Pomona*  See  Mainland,  and  Orkneys. 

Pondesturia,  a town  of  Italy,  in  the 
late  duchy  of  Montferrat,  33  miles  e of 
Turin, 

Pondicherry,  a town  of  Hindoostan,  on 
the  coast  of  Coromandel.  It  was  first  set- 
tled by  the  French  in  1674.  It  extended  1 
along  the  sea  coast  above  a mile,  and  had  a 1 
citadel,  then  the  best  of  its  kind  in  India,  j 
which,  in  1761,  was  taken  by  the  English, 
and  razed,  in  retaliation  of  M.  Lally^s  con- 
duct towcirds  Fort  St.  David,  in  1758.  It 
was  restored  to  the  French  in  1763;  taken 


PON 

by  th^  PJnglish  in  1778  ; restored  ifl  17^^, 
and  again  taken  by  the  English  in  1799; 
85  miles  s by  w of  Madras.  Lon.  79  53  e, 
lat.  1 1 42  N. 

PONDICO,  an  uninhabited  island  in  the 
Grecian  Archipelago,  near  the  coast  of 
Negropont. 

, Ponferrado,  a town  of  Leon,  Spain,  on 
I the  Sill,  40  miles  sw  of  Leon. 

1 PONG-HOW,  or  Piscadores,  a cluster 
i of  Islands  in  the  China  sea,  which  lie  e of 
the  coast  of  Fokien,  and  form  an  Archipe- 
lago between  the  port  of  Emony  and  the 
island  of  Formosa,  from  the  w coast  of 
which  they  are  distant  six  leagues.  They 
are  only  rocks  or  sand  banks ; and  not  a 
shrub  is  to  be  seen  upon  them.  The  har- 
bour ill  the  principal  island  is  good,  and 
was  fortified  by  the  Dutch  while  they  were 
in  possession  of  Formosa.  A Chinese  gar- 
rison, with  one  of  the  Mandarins  called 
Literati,  is  kept  here,  whose  chief  employ- 
ment is  to  watch  the  vessels  which  trade 
between  China  and  Formosa.  Lon.  121 
25  E,  lat.  25  30  n. 

Pons,  a town  in  the  department  of  Lower 
Charente,  France,  stands  on  a hill,  near  the 
Sevigne,  has  a mineral  spring,  10  miles  s of 
Saintes. 

Pons,  St,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Herault,  France,  surrounded  by  mountains, 
in  which  there  are  fine  marble  quarries,  and 
lately  a bishop’s  see,  24  miles  nw  of  Nar- 
boune.  Lon.  2 47  e,  lat.  43  29  n. 

Pont  a Mousson,  a handsome  and  con- 
siderable town  in  the  department  of  Meurthe, 
France,  Its  university  was  removed  to 
Nancy,  in  1768.  It  is  situated  on  the 
Moselle,  which  divides  it  into  two  parts,  14 
miles  NNW  of  Nancy. 

Pont  Arlier,  an  ancient  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Jura,  France,  on  the  Doubs, 
near  mount  Jura. 

Pont  Audemer,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Eure,  France,  on  the  Rille,  13  miles  e of 
Honfleur,  28  wsw  of  Rouen,  and  38  nw  of 
Evreux. 

Pont  de  Ce,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Maine  and  Loire,  France,  on  the  Loire, 
three  miles  s of  Angers. 

Pont  de  P Arche,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Eure,  France,  on  the  Seine,  five 
miles  N of  Louviers,  and  18  n of  Evreux. 

Pont  P Eveque,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Calvados,  France,  on  the  Touque. 
It  is  a trading  place,  four  miles  from  the 
sea,  and  40  wsw  of  Rouen.  Lon.  0 10  e, 
lat.  49  17  N. 

Pont  de  Camare,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Aveiron,  France,  celebrated  for 
mineral  waters,  40  miles  ssr  of  Rodez. 

Pont  dn  Card.  See  Gard. 

Pont  Gihaut,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Puys  de  Dome,  France,  10  miles  wnw  of 
Clermont. 

Pont  de  Vesle,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Ain,  France,  seated  on  the  Vesse.  It  lias 
a manufacture  of  stuffs  called  Augustines, 


PON 

and  of  tapestry.  It  is  12  miles  w of 
Bourg. 

Pont  de  Lima,  a town  of  Portugal,  in 
Entre  Douro-e-Minbo,  situated  on  the  Lima, 
over  which  is  a magnificent  bridge,  13 
miles  Nw  of  Braga. 

Ponteha,  or  Ponte  Imperiale,  a town  of 
Carinthia,  Germany,  situated  on  the  Fella, 
which  divides  it  into  two  unequal  parts. 
These  are  connected  by  a bridge  to  Ponieba, 
Veneta,  a small  towm  of  the  province  of 
Friuli,  in  Italy,  20  miles  nnw  of  Friuli,  and 
25  sw  of  Villack. 

Pontefract,  a very  neat  town  in  the  W 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  with  a market  on 
Saturday.  The  castle  in  which  Richard  IT. 
■was  murdered,  and  other  tragical  events 
recorded  in  English  history  took  place,  is 
in  ruins.  The  town  is  governed  by  a mayor, 
a recorder,  12  aldermen,  all  of  whom  are  in 
the  commission  of  the  peace,  and  sends  two 
members  to  parliament  elected  by  the  resi- 
dent householders.  It  gives  the  title  of  earl 
to  the  family  of  Fermor.  It  is  noted  for  its 
nursery  grounds,  and  large  plantations  of 
liquorico.  It  is  22  miles  sw  of  York,  and 
174  NW  of  London. 

Ponte  Vedra,  a town  in  Galicia,  Spain, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Leris,  26  miles  n of 
Tuy. 

Pontoise,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Seine  and  Oise,  France,  with  a castle, 
seated  on  an  eminence,  near  the  Oise.  The 
English  took  it  by  stratagem  in  1435,  and 
in  1442,  Charles  VII.  retook  it  by  storm. ^ 
To  this  town  the  parliament  of  Paris  was 
transferred  in  1652,  1720,  and  1753.  It  is 
43  miles  se  of  Rouen,  and  27  nw  of  Paris. 
Lon.  2 6 E,  lat.  43  3 n. 

Ponteland,  a village  in  Northumberland, 
on  the  Blythe.  It  w’as  a Roman  station, 
and  a bridge  was  built  here  by  the  emperor 
Adrian,  called  Pons  Elii,  and  here,  in  1244, 
a peace  was  concluded  between  Henry  III. 
and  the  Scots.  It  has  a free  school,  and  is 
seven  miles  ne  of  Newcastle. 

Pont  OrsoHy  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Manche,  France,  on  the  Coeson,  with  a 
tide  harbour,  10  miles  sw  of  Avranche,  and 
20  E of  St.  Malo. 

Pont  Remoli,  a tow’n  of  Tuscany,  at  the 
foot  of  the  Apennines,  on  the  river  Magra, 
45  miles  e of  Genoa,  and  55  nnw  of  Pisa. 
Lon.  9 40  E,  lat.  44  25  n. 

Pont  St  Esprit,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gard,  France,  situated  on  the  Rhone, 
over  which  is  one  of  the  finest  bridges  in 
Europe;  it  consists  of  19  great,  and  four 
small  arches.  In  each  pier  are  apertures, 
six  feet  above  the  common  level  of  the  river, 
to  facilitate  the  passage  of  the  water  in 
floods.  The  bridge  .is  built  in  a curve,  and 
not  in  a straight  line.  It  is  defended  by  a 
citadel  in  which  is  a church  of  the  HoU 
Spirit,  projecting  into  the  river.  It  is  17  i 
miles  s of  Viviers,  and  55  ne  of  Montpellier. 
Lon.  4 40  E,  lat.  44  15  n. 

Pont  St  Maocence,  a town  in  the  depurt- 
No.  23.- 6d. 


POO 

meutof  Seine  and  Oise,  France,  on  the  Oise, 
five  miles  n of  Senlis. 

Pont  sur  Seine,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Aube,  France,  with  a castle  on  the  Seine, 
17  miles  nw  of  Troyes,  and  55  se  of  Paris. 

Pont  de  Vaux,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ain,  France,  on  the  Resouze,  near 
its  junction  with  the  Soane,  eight  miles  s of 
Macon. 

Pont  sur  Yonne,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Yonne  France,  on  the  Yoime,  eight 
miles  NW  of  Sens. 

Ponta  Delgada,  a sea  port  of  St.  Michael, 
one  of  the  Azores,  defended  by  a citadel, 
and  containing  about  8000  inhabitants,  Lon. 
25  40  w,  lat.  37  45  n. 

Pont  char  train,  a lake  in  the  w part  of 
W Florida,  36  ndles  long,  and  24  bro^, 
it  communicates  e with  the  gulf  of  Mexico, 
and  w with  the  Mississippi,  through  the 
lake  Maurepas,  and  the  river  Ibberville. 

Pontcroix,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Finisterre,  France,  15  miles  w of  Quimper. 

Ponte,  a town  at  the  junction  of  the 
Soano  and  Oreo,  Tiedmont,  19  miles  nnw 
of  Turin. 

Ponte  Stura,  a town  in  Montferrat,  Pied- 
mont, at  the  conflux  of  the  Stura  and  Po, 
four  miles  wsw  of  Casal. 

Pontiana,  a river  on  the  w side  of  Borneo, 
under  the  equinoctial  line,  where  the  Dutch 
have  a factory.  It  enters  the  ocean  by 
several  mouths. 

Pontivy,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Morbihan,  France,  on  the  Blavet,  with  a linep 
manufacture,  25  miles  n of  Vannes. 

Pontrieu,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Cotes  du  Nord,  France,  on  the  Trieur 
20  miles  nw  of  St.  Briene. 

Pontypool,  a town  of  M^ale?  • Mon- 
mouthshire, seated  on  the  Avon,  ;.etween 
two  hills,  with  a market  on  Sat,  rday,  and 
a manufacture  of  japanned  ware.  It  has 
three  annual  fairs.  Great  quantities  of  ‘ron 
and  coal  ore  are  dug  in  the  neighbourhood. 
It  is  J 5 miles  sw  of  Monmouth,  and  149  w 
by  N of  London. 

Pont-y-Prydal.  See  Taaff. 

Ponza,  a small  island,  of  the  Tuscan  sea, 
near  the  coast  of  Naples,  at  the  entrance  of 
the  gulf  of  Geeta.  It  has  a town,  a harbour, 
and  considerable  salt  works,  and  was  taken 
by  the  British  in  1813.  I on.  13  10  e,  lat. 
40  53  N. 

Ponzonc,  a towm  in  the  duchy  of  Mont- 
ferrat, Piedmont,  10  miles  s of  Acqui,  and 
18  N of  Savona. 

Pool,  a town  in  Dorsetshire,  situated  on 
a peninsula,  which  projects  into  a capacious 
hay,  which  branches  into  many  creeks,  and 
forms  several  islands.  The  town  consists  of 
about  1000  houses  disposed  chiefly  in  three 
or  four  considerable  streets  running  parallel 
w'jlh  the  quay.  The  town  V'  a couii'y  of 
itself,  is  governed  by  a ma)cr,  x-^.cx^'k'T, 
'Jderman,  <fec.  and  has  thcrigh,  of  '-j-ng 
r.'  Ai  .actors,  in  its  own  jurisdioiion.  a.  is 
represented  in  parliament  by  two  members 
Gg 


POP 

elected  by  the  corporation^  The  harbour 
admits  vessels  of  400  tons  up  to  the  quay ; 
and  for  commodiousness  and  safety  for 
shipping  is  not  exceeded  by  any  port  of  its 
size  in  Britain.  It  rose  into  consequence 
on  the  decay  of  the  ancient  town  of  Ware- 
ham,  and  now  ranks  high  among  the  sea 
ports  of  England,  and  its  trade  and  popula- 
tion are  rapidly  increasing.  The  principal 
branch  of  business  is  the  Newfoundland 
fishery,  but  it  imports  deals  from  Norw^ay, 
has  general  commerce  with  America  and 
various  parts  of  Europe,  and  a large  coast- 
ing trade  in  corn  and  coal.  Near  the 
rriouth  of  the  harbour  an  oyster  bank,  from 
which,  vast  quantities  are  carried  to  the 
creeks  of  Essex  and  the  Thames,  to  be  fatten- 
ed. In  1801,  the  population  was  4T61,  and 
in  1811,  4816.  It  has  a market  on  Monday 
and  Thursday,  and  two  great  annual  fairs, 
each  of  which  lasts  a week.  Its  church  is 
an  ancient  fabric,  in  form  of  a cross,  here 
are  several  meeting  houses,  and  a charity 
school.  It  is  40  miles  wsw  of  Winchester 
and  105  w by  s of  London.  Lon.  I 59  w, 
lat.  50  43  N. 

Poolhank,  in  Croswaitie  parish,  West- 
moreland, six  miles  from  Kendal,  and  has  a 
r'emarkable  cavern,  called  Fairy-hole, 
whence  issues  a stream  of  water  after  a fall 
. of  rain. 

Pool.  See  Welshpool. 

Poolorooji,  See  Poleron. 

POOLOWQY,  one  of  the  Banda  islands 
on  wiiich  the  Dutch  have  a fort  called  Fort 
Revenge.  Lon.  130  4 e.  lat.  4 17  s. 

Poonah,  a town  of  the  deccan  of  Hindoo- 
stan,  in  Visiapour,  It  is  the  capital  of  the 
Vfestern  Mahratta  empire.  It  is  not  large, 
and  is  entirely  defenceless,  the  principal  seat 
of  power  being  at  Pooriinder,  30  miles  e of 
the  GautSj  and  100  se  of  Bombay.  Lon.  73 
55  E,  lat.  18  30  n. 

PooroondeVy  a fortress  of  Visiapour,  in 
the  deccan  of  Hiodoostan,  w'here  the  archives 
of  government  are  kept.  It  is  seated  on  a 
moujitain,  and  is  a place  of  refuge  for  that 
capital  in  case  of  invasion.  It  is  18  miles 
ESE  of  Poonah. 

Foote,  a town  in  the  department  of  Ma- 
yenne,  France,  six  miles  wsw  of  Alencon. 

Fopa  Madrey  a town  of  South  America, 
In  Terra  Firnia,  stands  on  a high  mountain, 
'.i'h  a convent  and  chapel  of  the  Virgin, 

' iid  is  the  resort  of  pilgrims,  especially  of 
those  who  have  been  at  sea,  50  miles  e of 
{’a  {haoeua.  Lon.  74  32  \v,  hit.  10  15  n. 

P'l'PAY AN,  a province  of  South  America, 
in  New  Granada,  about  400  miles  in  length, 
anil  3h0  in  breadth.  A chain  of  mountains, 
criissesthe  country  from  n to  s,  near  ’be  sea 
t!ie  country  is  lial,  marshy,  and  often  Hooded 
hj  rains.  The  country  is  unhealthy,  bu;  vast 
•JMiitities  of  gold  are  found  in  it.  The 
i..  rior  is  extremely  fertile,  and  abounds  in 
: ■ provisions,  cotton,  fruits, sugar  canes, 
br  . -.djacco. 

r ■ iiijany  the  capital  of  the  above  pro- 


POP 

vince,  and  a bishop’s  see,  with  a university,* 
It  is  seated  in  a large  plain,  nearly  surrounds 
ed  by  the  Molino,  has  a considerable  trade, 
and  the  inhabitants  are  estimated  at  25,000. 
It  is  230  miles  wsw  of  St.  Fe,  and  240  nkb 
of  Quito.  Lon.  76  30  e,  lat.  2 25  n. 

POPE’S  DOMINIONS,  or  the  Ecclesi- 
ASTiCAL  State,  a country  of  Italy,  extend- 
ing from  s to  N,  240  miles,  and  from  sw  to 
NE  ill  some  parts  120,  but  in  others  scarcely 
20  miles.  The  Ecclesiastical  State,  former- 
ly consisted  of  the  following  provinces  ^ 
Campagna  de  Roma,  Patrinfiony  of  St. 
Peter,  Sabino,  Spoleto,  Ancona,  Perugino, 
and  Urbino.  Afterwards,  and  previous  to 
the  late  revolutions,  the  pope  was  possessed  of 
the  duchy  of  Benevento,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Naples  ; and  the  territories  of  Avignon,  and 
Venaisson  in  France.  He  hud  also  the  three 
legation^  of  Romagna,  Bolognese,  and 
Ferrarese  annexed  to  his  dominions  till 
1797,  when  the  French  made  them  a part  of 
tbe  Cisalpine  republic.  In  1798,  this  state 
was  taken  possession  of  by  the  French,  and 
erected  into  a republic,  styled  the  Roman 
republic,  under  the  direction  of  five  consuls. 
The  country  was  ill  cultivated,  and  thin  of 
inhabitants,  the  Bolognese  alone  excepted. 
Trade  and  manufactures  were  little  en- 
couraged ; arid  the  indolence  of  the  inhabi- 
tants was  such,  they  would  have  been  abso- 
lutely starved,  or  more  industrious  habits 
would  have  been  introduced,  had  it  not  been 
for  the  fertility  of  the  soil.  Their  numerous 
holidays  were  great  impediments  to  the 
exertions  of  industry  and  the  numbers  of 
young  sturdy  beggars,  instead  of  increasing 
the  common  stock  by  industry,  lay  as  a dead 
weight  on  their  fellow-subjects.  Tn-no 
part  of  Europe  w’ere  people  found  more 
wretched  than  the  pope’s  subjects.  The  pope, 
according  to  the  ancient  cannon  law,  is  the 
supreme,  universal,  and  independent  head  of 
the  church,  and  invested  with  sovereignty 
over  all  Christian  sovereigns,  communities, 
and  individuals.  The  reformation,  begun  by 
Luther  and  Calvin,  dispelled  the  delusion  in 
many  parts  of  Europe;  the  progress  of  learn- 
ing, and  the  spirit  of  free  enquiry ; has  en- 
i lightened  many  even  of  the  Romish  countries, 
where  the  papal  political  system  is  treated 
with  contempt.  The  popes  were  elected,  at 
every  vacancy,  from  among  the  cardinals 
each  of  w'hom  is  styled  his  Eminence  ; and 
Their  number  was  fixed  by  Sixtus  V.  at  70  ; 
but  this  number  was  seldom  complete.  The 
annual  revenue  of  the  pope  was  computed 
to  be  8,700,000  scudi,  or  upwards  of 
2,000,0001.  sterling.  When  the  Roman 
republic  was  erected,  the  pope  Pius  VI, 
was  obliged  to  remove  into  Tuscany,  and 
fierward  into  France,  w’here  he  died 
cu  Valence,  in  1799.  A few  months 
after,  a conclave  was  permitted  to  be  held 
at  Venice,  and  in  1800,  cardinal  Chiaramonti, 
was  raised  to  tbe  papal  chair,  who  took  the 
title  of  Pius  VII.  and  resumed  the  sovereignty 
of  the  Ecclesiastical  State,  In  1809, 


P O R 

Nfipoleon  Bonaparte  deprived  the  pope  of  his  | 
temporal  sovereignty,  reduced  him  to  the  t 
condition  of  bishop  of  Rome,  and  annexed 
his  state  to  the  French  empire.  The  pope  [ 
was  sometime  a state  prisoner  at  Savona,  | 
and  removed  thence  to  the  fortress  of  Tor-  [ 
tona.  On  the  abdication  of  Bonaparte  in  j 
1814,  the  pope  was  restored  to  his  temporal 
sovereignty,  and  to  the  Ml  exercise  of  his 
Ecclesiastical  functions.  Rome  is  the 
capital.  i 

Poperinghey  a town  of  Flanders,  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  six  miles  w of 
Ypres. 

Poplar,  a town  of  Middlesex,  so  called 
from  the  trees  with  which  it  once  abounded, 
h situated  on  the  Thames,  e of  Limehouse, 
in  the  parish  of  Stepney.  Here  the  E India 
Company  have  an  hospital  for  22  pensioners, 
mostly  widows  of  sailors  who  were  worn 
out  in  their  service.  Poplar  marsh,  or  the 
isle  of  Dogs,  is  one  of  the  richest  grazing 
spots  in  England. 

POPO,  a territory  of  Africa,  on  the  Slave 
coast  of  Guinea.  It  is  called  a kingdom ; 
but  the  inhabitants  have  sca.rcely  any 
houses  to  dwell  in  besides Ihe  king^s  village, 
which  is  an  island  in  the  midst  of  a river. 
The  chief  trade  is  in  slaves.  Lon,  2 33  e, 
lat.  6 18  N. 

Popocatepetl,  the  highest  mountain  in 
Tlascala,  New  Spain,  is  1968  feet  higher 
than  the  most  elevated  summit  of  the  old 
continent.  It  is  a volcano  continually 
burning;,  but  from  its  crater,  nothing  has 
issued  for  several  centuries  but  smoke  and 
ashes.  It  is  frequently  styled  the  Volcano 
of  Puebla,  and  lies  30  miles  w of  Puebla. 

PORA,  an  island  on  the  w coast  of  Suma- 
tra, Indian  Ocean,  54  miles  long,  and  from 
nine  to  12  broad.  Lon.  98  30  e,  lat.  1 
10  s. 

Porcas  Ilhade,  or  Island  of  Hogs,  lies 
east  of  St.  Sebastian’s  island  on  the  coast  of 
Brazil,  20  miles  e of  the  bay  of  Saints. 

Porcah,  a town  of  Hindoostan,  on  the 
coast  of  Malabar,  held  by  the  Dutch,  and 
taken  by  the  English  in  1795.  It  is  85 
miles  Nw  of  Travancore,  and  140  s of  Cali- 
cut. Lon.  76  20  e,  lat.  9 15  n. 

P or  Chester,  di  town  in  Hampshire,  at  the 
upper  end  of  the  harbour  of  Portsmouth, 
between  Fareham  and  Portsea  Island.  Its 
ancient  castle,  inclosing  an  area  of  more 
than  four  acres,  has  served,  in  the  late  wars, 
for  the  reception  of  prisoners  of  war,  and 
ordinance  stores.  This  town  gives  the  title 
of  baron  to  the  family  of  Herbert,  four 
miies  N of  Portsmouth. 

Forco,  a town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a juris- 
diction in  the  diocese  of  Plata.  A rich 
silver  mine,  in  a mountain  which  gives  it 
name,  was  the  first  wrought  by  the  Spaniards 
after  the  conquest,  25  miies  wsvv  of  Potosi. 
Lon.  67  20  w,  lat.  19  40  s. 

Porcuna,  a town  in  Andalusia,  Spain,  22 
miles  Nw  of  Jaen. 

Porentru,  a town  in  the  department  of 


p o R 

Tipper  Rhine,  France,  seated  on  the  Hallan, 
near  Mount  .Jura.  It  lately  belonged  to 
Swisserland,  and  was  the  capital  of  the 
bishopric  of  Basel,  26  miles  wsw  of  Basel:, 
and  48  ssw  of  Colmar.  Lon.  7 10  e,  lat. 
47  27  N. 

PorlocJe,  a town  in  Somersetshire,  situated 
on  the  Bristol  channel,  where  it  has  a good 
harbour  or  bay.  It  has  a market  on  Thurs- 
day, and  a trade  in  coal  and  lime.  It  is  14 
miles  N by  w of  Dulverton,  and  170  w of 
London. 

Porrogong.  See  Paro. 

PORO,  anciently  Calauria,  an  island 
of  Greece,  in  the  Saronic  bay.  Hither 
Demosthenes  went  twice  into  banishment^ 
and  here  he  died.  The  city  stood  on  a high 
ridge  nearly  in  the  middle  of  the  Island  ; hut 
has  been  long  abandoned. 

Porselou,  a rich  and  commercial  town  of 
the  kingdom  of  Siam,  stands  on  a large 
river,  and  is  surrounded  by  14  bastions,  300 
miles  N of  its  mouth  in  the  gulf  of  Siam. 
Lon.  100  2 E,  lat.  17  48  n. 

Port  Antonio,  in  the  ne  part  of  Jamaicg. 
It  is  36  leagues  w of  Cape  Tibaron,  in  St. 
Domingo.  It  is  capable  of  containing  a 
large  fleet,  and  opens  directly  into  the 
windward  passage. 

PORT  AU  PRINCE,  a jurisdiction  and 
sea  port,  at  the  head  of  the  great  bay  of 
Leogane,  in  the  w part  of  Hispaniola. 
The  town,  which  is  situated  on  the  head  of  the 
bay,  is  a place  of  considerable  trade.  The 
jurisdiction  contains  six  parishes.  This  fine 
town  was  nearly  burnt  down  by  the  revolting 
negroes,  in  November  and  December  1791, 
and  was  taken  by  the  English  and  Royalists 
' in  1794,  but  soon  after  abandoned.  Port 
au  Prince  is  21  miles  e by  n of  the  town  of 
Leogane.  Lon.  72  10  w,  lat.  18  40  n. 

Portaehunich,  a port  in  the  island  of 
Icolumkill,  in  the  Hebrides,  where  St. 
Columba  first  landed.  Here  is  an  artificial 
mound  in  form  of  a boat,  with  the  keel  up, 
50  feet  long.  Peebles  are  found  on  the 
beach  near  the  mound. 

Port  Baltic,  See  Rogeruiek, 
Port-dandg,  situated  in  one  of  the  Cop- 
land islands,  in  Down,  Ulster, 

Port  Dauphin,  a settlement  on  the  sE 
coast  of  Madagascar,  with  a harbour,  de- 
fended by  a fort.  Lon.  47  0 e,  lat.  25  0 s. 

Port  Desire,  a harbour  on  the  e coast  of 
Patagonia,  where  ships  sometimes  touch  in 
their  passage  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Lon. 
67  56  w,  lat.  47  46  s. 

Port  Egmont,  on  the  xw  coast  of  the 
Falkland  Islands,  is  one  of  the  most  com- 
modious harbours  in  the  world.  It  was 
discovered  by  Commodore  Byron  in  1765. 
Her^he  whole  navy  of  England  might  ride 
in  perfect  security  from  all  winds,  and  every 
thing  for  the  refreshment  of  ships  is  to  be 
found  in  abundance.  Lon.  55  0 w,lat.  51, 
27  s. 

Port  des  Francois,  a harbour  on  the  w 
coast  of  America.  It  is  of  a circular  form 
G g 2 


^ O R 

bordered  by  peaked  mountains,  of  great 
height  and  covered  with  snow,  and  unfathom- 
able in  the  middle.  In  the  harbour  is  a 
small  island.  Here  are  found  abundance  of 
skins,  particularly  those  of  the  sea  otter.  The 
natives  are  said  to  be  capable  of  any  enter- 
. prize,  and  very  dexterous  thieves  ; discovered 
by  M.  de  la  Peyrouse  in  1786.  Lon.  137 
30  w,  lat.  58  37  n. 

Port  de  La  Chaudiere,  on  the  s coast  of 
the  island  of  Hispaniola,  54  miles  w by  s of 
the  city  of  St.  Domingo. 

PORT  DE  PAIX,  a jurisdiction  and  sea- 
port on  the  N side  of  Hispaniola,  towards 
the  w end,  and  opposite  the  island  of  Tortue, 
four  leagues  distant.  It  is  30  miles  n of 
St.  Mark.  Lon.  72  52  w,  lat.  10  54  n. 

Port  Dundas,  a village  in  Lanarkshire, 
one  mile  n of  Glasgow,  situated  upon  the 
great  canal,  vt^hich  is  here  joined  by  the 
Monkland  canal.  Here  are  large  granaries, 
timber-yards,  and  an  iron  foundery. 

Port  dtt  Prince,  a town  on  the  n coast 
of  Cura,  having  a good  harbour.  It  stands 
in  a large  meadow,  where  the  Spaniards  feed 
numerous  herds  of  cattle. 

Port  Glasgow,  See  Glasgow,  Port, 

Port  Jackson,  a large  bay  on  the  coast 
of  New  South  Wales,  about  10  miles  n of 
Cape  Banks.  The  name  was  given  to  it  by 
captain  Cook.  The  capes  that  form  the 
entrance  are  high  rugged  perpendicular  cliffs, 
and  the  harbour  is  one  of  the  noblest  in  the 
world,  14  miles  in  length,  with  numerous 
creeks  or  coves.  See  Sydney,  Lon.  151 
28  E,  lat.  33  50  s. 

Port  Julian,  or  Port  St,  Julian,  a har- 
bour on  the  E coast  of  Patagonia.  Lon.  68 
44  w,  lat.  49  10  s. 

Port  Louis,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Morbihan,  France,  with  a citadel,  and  a 
good  harbour,  seated  on  a peninsula,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Biavet,  and  is  a station  for  the 
East  Indian  Company's  ships,  and  part  of 
the  Royal  navy,  27  miles  w of  Vannes, 
Lon.  3 18  w,  lat,  47  40  n. 

PorUMahon,  See  Mahon, 

Port  Ninian,  one  of  the  Copland  isles,  in 
the  county  of  Down,  Ireland. 

Port  of  Monteith,  a parish  in  the  sw 
part  of  Perthshire,  lying  in  the  district  from 
which  it  is  named.  In  the  upper  part  of 
this  parish,  which  appears  to  have  been  the 
Scene  of  some  bloody  conflicts,  are  entrench- 
ments, and  rude  inscriptions  on  the  tops  of 
some  mountains.  Population  above  1570, 
being  300  fewer  than  in  1755.  The 
parish  is  intersected  by  the  Forth,  not  far 
from  its  source.  The  church  stands  on  the 
NE  banks  of  the  Loch.  In  the  parish  are 
three  medicinal  springs,  one  of  which  is 
antiscorbutic,  one  emetic,  and  one  cathartic. 
See  Monteith  Loch, 

Port  Patrick,  a sea  port  in  Wigtonshire, 
confined  by  the  sea  on  one  side,  and  on  the 
other  by  overhanging  rocks  and  hills.  It 
has  a good  harbour  with  a noble  quay,  and 
a reflecting  lighthouse,  and  is  noted  for  its 


FOR 

ferry  to  Donaghadee  in  Ireland,  from  wbiclr 
It  is  only  21  miles  distant.  Here  are 
packet-boats  for  the  conveyance  of  the 
mail  and  the  accommodation  of  passengers, 
one  of  which  sails  every  day  j and  the  mail 
coaches  go  regularly  from  London  and 
Edinburgh  to  Port- Patrick  on  the  one  side, 
and  between  Dublin  and  Danoghadee,  on 
the  other.  Vast  quantities  of  Irish  cattle, 
for  the  English  market,  arrive  at  this  port, 
also  Irish  horses  for  the  Scotch  markets. 
Here  is  a custom-house.  The  town  is  on 
the  estate  of  Dunskey,  the  property  of  Sir 
David  Hunter  Blair,  and  w’as  mostly  rebuilt 
about  30  years  ago.  The  church  is  in  the 
form  of  a cross.  Population  of  the  town 
about  600.  It  is  131  miles  sw  of  Edin- 
burgh. The  parish  of  Port- Patrick  is  about 
four  miles  square,  the  surface  is  hilly,  and  in 
general  not  very  productive,  but  is  in  a pro- 
gressive state  of  improvement,  and  the  popu- 
lation about  1100,  including  the  town.  On 
the  brink  of  a tremendous  precipice,  over- 
hangifig  the  Irish  sea,  stands  the  ancient 
castle  of  Dunskey,  near  which  is  a cave, 
formerly  much  resorted  to  by  the  supersti- 
tious and  infirm,  who  at  the  change  of  the 
moon,  bathed  in  a stream  issuing  from  the 
cave.  Lon.  5 3 w,  lat.  54  58  m. 

Port  Penn,  a town  of  Delaware  in  New- 
castle county,  with  a secure  harbour,  oppo- 
site Reedy  Island,  is  the  rendezvous  of  out- 
ward bound  ships,  waiting  for  a fair  wind. 
It  is  50  miles  below  Philadelphia. 

Port  Raman,  situated  in  one  of  the  Cop- 
land islands,  in  Down,  Ulster. 

Port  Roseway,  See  Shelburne, 

Port  Royal,  a sea  port  on  the  s side  af 
Jamaica,  formerly  called  Puerta  de  Ca- 
guaya.  It  was  once  a place  of  the  greatest 
wealth  and  importance  in  the  West  Indies, 
but  in  1692,  it  was  destroyed  by  an  earth- 
quake, iu  1702,  by  fire,  in  1722,  by  an  inun- 
dation, and  in  1744  by  a hurricane,  and  is 
now  reduced  to  three  streets,  a few  lanes, 
and  about  200  houses,  built  on  a neck  of 
land- that  juts  out  into  the  sea,  and  has  a 
fort.  The  excellence  of  the  harbour,  and  its 
situation,  w'ere  so  alluring,  that  it  w^as  not 
until  the  town  had  been  entirely  destroyed, 
that  the  inhabitants  could  be  prevailed  upon 
to  relinquish  this  ill-fated  spot.  After  this 
they  resolved  to  remove  to  the  opposite  side 
of  the  bay,  where  they  built  Kingston,  now 
the  capital  of  the  island.  In  the  harbour  of 
Port  Royal,  vessels  of  700  tons  can  lie  close 
along  shore.  It  is  six  miles  ssw  of  Kingston. 
Lon.  76  45  w,  lat.  18  0 n. 

Port  Royal,  a town  in  Caroline  county, 
Virginia,  on  the  Rappabannoc,  with  three 
churches,  32  miles  se  of  Fredericsburg,  and 
58  above  Urban iia. 

Port  Royal,  a town  and  harbour  in  the 
island  of  Martinique.  Lon.  61  9 w,  lat.  14 
36  N* 

FORT  ROYAL,  an  island  and  harbour  i» 
the  gulf  of  Mexico,  at  the  bottom  of  the 
bay  of  Canipeachy.  The  island  is  three 


P O R 

miles  long  and  one  broad^  lies  w of  the 
harbour. 

PORT  ROYAL,  an  island  on  the  coast 
of  South  Carolina,  separated  from  the  main 
land  on  the  w by  Broad  river.  It  has  an 
excellent  harbour,  at  the  town  of  Beaufort, 
and  is  100  miles  sw  of  Charleston. 

Port  Royal,  in  Nova  Scotia.  See  Anna- 
polis Royal, 

Port  St,  Anne,  See  Killough, 

Port  St.  Mary,  a sea  port  in  Andalusia, 
Spain,  with  a fort,  called  St.  Catherine, 
seated  on  the  harbour  of  Cadiz,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Guadelete.  Hence  Cadiz  is  supplied 
with  spring  water.  The  chief  trade  is  in 
salt.  It  is  eight  miles  nne  of  Cadiz. 

Port  sur  Saone,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Saone,  on  the  Saone,  France, 
eight  miles  nw  of  Visoul. 

Port  Tobacco,  the  capital  of  Charles 
county,  Maryland,  on  a creek  of  the  same 
name,  which  enters  the  Potomac,  four  miles 
below  the  town.  In  its  vicinity  are  the 
famous  cold  waters  of  Mount  Misery.  It  is 
30  miles  s of  Washington,  and  6Z  sw  of 
Annapolis. 

Port  Vendre,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Eastern  Pyrenees,  France,  with  a small 
harbour  on  the  Mediterranean,  defended  by 
two  forts.  In  1793,  it  was  taken  by  the 
Spaniards,  and  retaken  the  following  year. 
It  is  25  miles  sse  of  Serpignan. 

Port  William,  a small,  but  thriving  vil- 
lage and  sea  port,  in  Wigtoushire,  in  the 
parish  of  Mochrura,  on  the  ne  side  of  Luce 
bay.  The  harbour  is  small,  but  safe  and 
commodious.  Here  custom-house  officers 
are  occasionally  stationed  to  prevent  smug- 
gling, The  vicinity  is  fertile.  Port 
William  contains  about  300  inhabitants. 

Portadown,  a town  in  Armagh,  Ulster, 
seated  on  the  Bann,  near  where  it  joins  the 
Neury  canal.  The  linen  manufacture  is 
carried  on  here  to  a great  extent.  It  is  6«5 
miles  N of  Dublin, 

PorUiferry,  a town  in  Down,  Ulster, 
Ireland,  on  the  e side  of  the  rapid  ferry  of 
Strangford.  It  carries  on  a brisk  trade, 
and  between  30  and  40  vessels  belong  to  it. 
It  is  80  miles  n of  Dublin. 

Portalegra,  a handsome  town  in  Alentejo, 
Portugal,  and  a bishop^s  see,  seated  at  the 
foot  oi  a high  mountain,  and  has  a manu- 
facture of  cloth,  30  miles  n of  Elvas,  and 
90  NE  of  Lisbon. 

Portarlington,  a borough  chiefly  in 
Queen^s  county,  and  partly  in  king^s  county, 
Leinster,  seated  on  the  Barrow.  It  is  prin- 
cipally inhabited  by  gentry,  and  is  celebrat- 
ed for  the  number  and  respectability  of  its 
schools.  It  sent  two  members  to  the  Irish 
parliament,  and  is  represented  by  one  in  the 
imperial,  12  miles  n of  Maryborough,  and 
40  wsw  of  Dublin. 

Porteasy,  a fishing  village  in  Banffshire, 
about  two  miles  e of  Buckie,  containing 
about  180  inhabitants. 

Portiei,  a village  on  part  of  the  site  of 


FOR 

j ancient  Herculaneum,  near  mount  Vesu- 
vius. Here  is  a palace  of  the  king  of 
Naples,  ornamented  with  a vast  number  of 
statues,  and  other  remains  of  antiquity,  taken 
out  of  the  ruins  of  Herculaneum,  four  miles 
ESE  of  the  city  of  Naples. 

Porthilly,  a fishing  harbour  of  Cornwall, 
on  the  E side  of  Padstow  haven. 

Portisham,  a large  village  of  Dorsetshire, 
with  an  ancient  church.  On  one  of  the 
hills  called  Rockley,  in  this  parish  is  a vast 
tumulus,  on  the  top  of  which  is  one  of 
those  British  antiquities,  called  by  the  Welch 
a Cromlech,  eight  miles  sw  of  Dorchester* 

PORTLAND,  a peninsula  of  Dorsetshire, 
connected  with  the  mainland,  by  a- ridge  of 
Pebbles,  called  the  Chesil  Bank,  extending 
above  seven  miles  up  the  sw  coast.  Be- 
tween this  bank  and  the  mainland  is  a nar- 
row arm  of  the  sea  called  the  Fleet.  Port- 
land isle  is  four  miles  long,  and  two  broad, 
surrounded  by  inaccessible  rocks,  except  at 
the  landing  place.  At  the  nw  end  is  a strong 
castle,  built  by  Henry  VIII.  This  penin- 
sula is  chiefly  noted  for  its  stonC,  which  is 
used  in  London,  Dublin,  &c.  About  9000 
tons  of  it  are  annually  Exported.  Portland 
Road,  on  the  n side  of  the  island,  for  the 
protection  of  which  the  castle  was  built,  is 
safe  riding  for  ships,  and  has  a lighthouse  at 
each  end.  Off  the  s point,  in  Ion.  2 44  w, 
lat.  50  29  N,  are  shoals,  called  from  the 
rapidity  of  the  tides,  the  Race  of  Portland^ 
deemed  the  most  dangerous  grounds  for  ship- 
ping ou  the  whole  shores  of  the  English  chan- 
nel. 

Portland,  a post  town  and  port  of  entry, 
in  Cumberland  county,  district  of  Maine, 
situated  on  a promontory  in  Casco  bay, 
with  a light  house  at  the  entrance  of  the 
harbour,  which  is  defended  by  a fort,  a 
citadel,  and  a battery.  The  harbour  is 
safe  and  capacious.  In  1775,  the  town  was 
nearly  reduced  to  ashes  by  the  British  fleet, 
but  has  been  rebuilt,  and  has  three  churches. 
It  is  the  capital  of  the  district,  123  miles 
NNE  of  Boston.  The  inhabitants  carry  on 
a considerable  foreign  trade,  build  ships,  and 
are  largely  concerned  in  the  fishery.  It  is 
one  of  the  most  thriving  commercial  towns 
in  Massachusetts,  and  contains  about  4000 
inhabitants.  Lon.  70  10  w,  lat.  44  47  n. 

PORTLAND  ISLANDS,  a cluster  of 
islands  in  the  S Pacific  ocean.  They  are 
low,  and  covered  with  wood.  The  centre 
one  is  in  ion.  149  8 e,  and  lat.  2 38  s. 

Portland,  Point,  the  most  southren  part 
of  the  island  of  Jamaica.  Lon.  77  5 w, 
lat.  17  44  N. 

Portlock  Harbour,  a harbour  of  a circu- 
lar form,  with  a narrow  entrance,  on  the 
NW  coast  of  America.  Lon.  130  42  w.  lat, 
57  43  N. 

Portlock,  or  Portock,  a small  town,  seat- 
ed on  a bay  of  the  Bristol  channel,  Somer- 
setshire, a few  miles  w of  Miuehead,  has 
some  coasting  ships,  and  fishing  skiffs,  and 
three  annual  fairs. 


P O R 

Port  Martff  a harbour  in  the  parfsh  of 
Rerriok,  Kirkcudbrightshire,  near  the  abbey 
of  Dundrennan,  celebrated  for  being  th^ 
port  from  which  Mary  queen  of  Scotland 
sailed,  after  her  memorable  defeat  at  Lang- 
side. 

Port  Moaky  a parish  in  Kinross-shire, 
about  eight  miles  long,  and  four  broad,  lying 
at  the  E end  of  Loch  Leven,  and  exhibiting 
a very  beautifully  diversified  surface.  Lime- 
stone and  freestone  abound  in  the  district ; 
and  beside  the  village  of  Portmoak,  con- 
taining about  300  inhabitants,  there  ts 
another  called  Kinesswood,  which  contains 
about  170.  Mr.  Michael  Bruce,  the  cele- 
brated poet,  was  a native  of  this  village.  A 
considerable  quantity  of  linen  is  made  in  the 
parish.  Here  is  a manufacture  of  parch- 
ment. A small  vestige  of  the  monastery  of 
Portmoak  is  still  to  be  seen,  near  the  eas- 
tern extremity  of  the  lake.  Population 
about  1150,  but  in  1791,  they  amounted  to 
1380. 

Portnessocky  a small  village  and  harbour, 
on  the  Irish  channel,  in  the  parish  of  Kirk- 
maiden,  WigtoBshire.  It  has  a pier  and  is 
capable  of  being  rendered  a good  harbour, 
about  six  miles  w of  the  Mull  of  Gallo- 
way. 

Portnockie,  a fishing  village  in  Banff- 
shire, four  miles  e from  Porteasy,  contain- 
ing about  240  inhabitants. 

Porto,  See  Oporto, 

Porto y a small  sea  port  in  the  Veronese, 
Italy,  on  the  e side  of  the  Adige,  opposite 
Legnano,  20  miles  ese  of  Verona. 

Porto y a fortified  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
patrimony  of  St.  Peter,  and  the  see  of  a 
bishop,  who  is  generally  a cardinal,  and 
dependent  only  on  the  pope,  on  the  w side 
of  the  Tiber.  It  is  10  miles  sw  of  Rome. 

Porto*BellOy  a sea  port  of  North  America, 
on  the  N coast  of  the  isthmus  of  Darien, 
nearly  opposite  to  Panama,  and  to  the  n of 
Terra  Firma,  with  a large,  secure,  and  com- 
modious harbour.  It  is  inhabited  chiefly  by 
Mulattoes.  Before  the  abolition  of  the  trade 
by  the  galleons,  in  1 748,  Porto-Bello  was  the 
great  mart  for  the  rich  commerce  of  Peru  and 
Chili.  The  town  stands  close  to  the  sea,  on 
the  side  of  a mountain,  which  shelters  the 
harbour.  It  is  very  unhealthy.  Admiral 
Vernon,  took  the  town,  and  demolished  the 
fortificaUoiis  in  1742,  hut  since,  it  has  been 
strongly  fortified.  It  is  50  miles  n by  e of 
Panama,  and  300  w by  s of  Caribagena. 
Lon.  79  50  w,  lat.  9 33  N. 

Porto-Bello,  a flourishing  village  about 
three  miles  e of  Edinburgh,  so- named  in 
honour  of  the  capture  of  the  preceding  city 
in  1742.  The  inhabitants  carry  on  a con- 
siderable trade  in  stone-ware  and  tiles  ; and 
a number  of  commodious  dwellings  have 
been  lately  erected  for  bathing  quarters. 
Hot  and  cold  baths  were  erected  here  some 
years  since,  by  subscription,  and  this  place 
is  now  the  resort  of  numerous  and  genteel 
company,  particularly  iu  the  bathing  season. 


FOR 

Porto  -Cahdlo,  a sea-port  of  Terra  Firma^ 
on  the  coast  of  the  Caraccas,  has  a good 
harbour,  with  an  excellent  quay’  and  is  the 
place  for  import  and  export  for  a consider- 
able exteait  of  country.  Three  miles  to 
the  w is  the  village  and  bay  of  Earbuto, 
once  the  chief  port  on  the  coast ; and  still 
so  for  the  cattle  of  Venezuela,  which  are 
exported  to  the  W India  islands.  Porto 
Cabello  is  seated  on  a small  neck  of  land, 
which  has  been  cut  through,  and  thus  form- 
ed into  au  island.  Over  the  cut  is  a bridge, 
communicating  with  extensive  suburbs,  30 
miles  WNW  of  Leon.  Lon.  67  32  w,  lat.  10 
31  N. 

Porto  FarinOy  a sea-port  of  Tunis,  to 
the  w of  the  ruins  of  Carthage,  and  about 
30  miles  n of  Tunis.  Lon.  10  16  e,  lat. 
37  12  N. 

Porlo  FarroiOy  a handsome  town  on 
the  N side  of  the  island  of  Elba,  has  a 
good  harbour,  defended  by  two  forts,  and  is 
the  capital  of  the  island,  eight  miles  sw  of 
Piombino  on  the  coast  of  Italy,  and  40  xw 
of  Orbitollo.  Lon.  10  17  e,  lat.  43  52  N. 
See  Elba, 

Porto  Fino,  a sea-port  on  the  coast  of 
Genoa,  between  two  mountains,  with  a 
fort,  15  miles  se  of  Genoa. 

Porto  GalletOy  a town  of  Biscay,  Spain^ 
on  a small  bay,  situated  12  miles  nw  of 
Bilboa. 

Porto  Greco,  a town  in  Capitanato,  Na- 
ples, near  the  gulf  of  Venice,  nine  miles  s 
of  Vieste. 

Porto  Gruaro,  a town  in  Friuli,  Italy, 
on  the  Lema,  15  miles  w of  Marano. 

Porto  Hergole,  a small  sea-port  of  Italy, 
in  Stato  delli  Presidii,  on  a peninsula,  four 
miles  s of  Orbitello. 

Porto  Leogane,  a small  town  of  Italy, 
with  a good  harbour,  eight  miles  sw  of 
Piombino. 

Porto  Langone,  a'  sea-port  on  the  se 
side  of  the  isle  of  Elba,  with  a good  har- 
bour, and  a fortress  upon  a rock,  almost 
inaccessible,  35  miles  nw  of  Orbitello,  on 
the  coast  of  Italy.  Lon.  10  20  e,  lat.  42 
50  N. 

Porto  Marin,  a town  in  Galicia,  Spain, 
near  the  Minbo,  17  miles  s of  Lugo,  and 
48  E of  Compostello. 

Porto  Novo,  a town  in  Estremadura, 
Portugal,  on  the  coast  of  the  Atlantic,  29 
miles  NNw  of  Lisbon. 

Porto  Novo,  Si  sea-port  in  Galicia,  Spain, 
54  miles  w of  Orense. 

Porto  de  Plata,  a sea-port  on  the  n side 
of  St.  Domingo,  and  the  principal  shore 
settlement.  The  harbour  is  indifferent ; 
gold,  silver,  and  copper  mines  abound  iu  the 
vicinity.  Lon.  70  45  w,  lat.  19  45  n. 

Porto  Praija,  a town  and  bay  of  St.  Jago, 
one  of  the  Cape  de  Verd  islands,  seated  on 
an  elevated  plain,  and  is  the  residence  of 
the  Portuguese  governor  of  the  island. 
Lon.  3 29  w,  lat.  15  54  n. 

Porta  del  Principe^  a sea-t>ort,  with  a 


FOR 

good  harbour,  on  the  n coast  of  Cuba.  lu 
tlie  vicinity  are  several  bitumen  springs, 
Lon.  T8  15  w,  lat.  21  52  n. 

Porto  Real,  a town  in  Andalusia,  Spain, 
on  the  harbour  of  Cadiz,  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Guadalete,  or  St.  Peter  river.  The 
strong  fort  of  Matagorda  stands  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  harbour.  Here  are  several 
dock -yards  and  naval  store- houses,  seven 
miles  E of  Cadiz. 

Porto  Rico,  See  Juan  de  Puerto  Rico. 

PORTO  SANTO,  an  island  of  the  Atlan- 
tic, on  the  coast  of  Africa,  the  least  of  the 
Madeiras.  It  is  about  15  miles  in  circum- 
ference. It  belongs  to  the  Portuguese, 
In  1418,  a Portuguese  ship  was  driven  off 
the  African  shore  by  a sudden  squall,  and 
when  they  expected  to  perish,  they  discover-  | 
ed  this  island,  which  on  account  of  their  j 
escape,  they  called  Porto  Santo,  and  hence  | 
they  descried  the  island  of  Madeira.  It 
produces  little  corn,  but  there  are  oxen, 
wild  hogs,  and  a vast  number  of  rabbits. 
It  produces  dragon’s  blood,  honey,  and  wax, 
and  has  a good  anchorage  in  the  road,  but 
no  harbour.  It  is  300  miles  sw  of  the  coast 
of  Africa.  Lon.  16  20  w,  lat.  42  38  n.  ! 

PORTO  SEGLRO,  a fertile  province  of 
Brazil,  n of  that  of  Spirila  Santo,  and  s of  | 
Ilheos,  has  a capital  of  its  name,  on  an  emi-  r 
nencii,  near  the  mouth  of  a river  that  falls 
into  the  Atlantic.  Lon.  40  20  w,  lat. 
16  30  s. 

Porto  VecchiOy  a sea-port  in  a bay  on 
the  E coast  of  Corsica,  40  miles  se  of  Ajac- 
cio. Loo.  9 10  E,  lat.  41  40  N. 

Porto  VenerOy  a town  of  Italy,  in  the 
territory  of  Genoa,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
gulf  of  Spezzia,  stands  on  the  side  of  a hill, 
at  the  top  of  which  is  a fort.  It  has  a good 
harbour,  45  miles  se  of  Genoa.  Lon.  9 
38  E,  lat.  45  5 N. 

Portrecy  a town  and  parish  in  the  isle  of 
Skye.  The  town  is  small,  but  well  situated 
for  trade,  and  flourishing.  The  harbour  is 
excellent,  surrounded  partly  by  stupendous 
rocks,  and  partly  by  green  hills.  In  the  j 
village  is  a good  inn.  The  top  of  one  of 
the  bills  contiguous  to  the  harbour,  is  called 
Firigal’s  silting  place,  whence  that  hero  is 
said  frequently  to  have  viewed  the  chace. 
Its  fairs  in  May  and  July,  for  cattle  and 
small  horses,  are  as  well  attended  as  any  in 
the  Highlands  ; besides  which  it  has  a con- 
siderable trade.  The  parish  is  about  nine 
miles  long  and  three  broad ; with  the  islands 
of  Raasay  and  Ronay,  annexed.  In  this 
district  are  several  caves,  one  of  which  is 
capable  of  containing  500  persons.  Popu- 
lation, in  180J,  2246.  The  town  is  in  Ion. 
6 16  w,  lat.  57  33  n. 

PORTSEA,  an  island  of  Hampshire, 
about  14  miles  in  circuit,  between  Chiches- 
ter bay  and  the  harbour  of  Portsmouth, 
separated  from  the  main  land  on  the  n by  a 
creek,  over  which  are  two  bridges,  one  for 
the  entrance,  and  the  other  for  the  depar- 


FOR 

ture  of  passengers.  At  the  sw  extremity  is 
situated  the  town  of  Portsmouth. 

Portseuy  a town  on  the  above  island, 
built  on.  Portsmouth  Common,  See  Ports* 
mouth. 

Portseton,  a sea-port  and  village  in 
Haddingtonshire,  on  the  Frith  of  Forth,  con- 
taining about  500  inhabitants. 

Portsmouth,  a town  in  Hampshire,  with 
a capacious  harbour  made  by  a bay  run- 
ning up  between  the  island  of  Portsea,  on 
which  the  town  is  situated,  and  the  opposite 
peninsula,  having  a narrow  entrance  com- 
manded by  the  town  and  forts,  with  a mar- 
ket on  Thursday  and  Saturday,  and  a fair 
commencing  July  10th,  which  lasts  a fort- 
night. In  the  time  of  the  Anglo  Saxons, 
Portsmouth  was  a place  of  considerable 
consequence.  The  promising  advantage- 
ousness  of  its  port  encouraged  Edward  IV, 
to  fortify  it.  It  is  now  the  most  regular 
and  complete  fortress  in  Great  Britain. 
Many  of  the  largest  ships  are  always  laid 
up  here,  and  in  time  of  war,  it  is  the  prin- 
cipal place  of  rendezvous  of  the  grand 
channel  fleet.  The  docks,  arsenals,  store- 
houses, barracks,  <fec.  are  of  prodigious 
magnitude,  and  kept  in  the  most  perfect 
order.  The  town  is  governed  by  a mayor, 
and  chiefly  supported  by  the  resort  of  the 
army  and  navy.  Portsmouth  has  one  spa- 
cious church,  and  two  neat  chapels ; the 
' latter  are  in  Portsea,  which  is  now  above 
four  times  larger  than  the  parent  town.  It 
; is  the  birth-place  of  the  celebrated  philan- 
throphist  Jonas  Hanway.  Portsmouth, 
gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the  family  of  Wal- 
lop, and  sends  two  members  to  parliament, 
elected  by  the  corporation.  The  garrison 
is  commanded  by  a governor  and  lieute- 
nant-governor. In  1801  it  contained  5,300 
houses,  and  33,206  inhabitants,  and  in  1811, 
40,567,  exclusive  of  the  males  belonging 
to  the  army  and  navy.  0}>posite  the  town 
is  the  noted  harbour  of  Spithead,  where  the 
; men  of  war  anchor  when  prepared  for  ac- 
tual service.  It  is  20  miles  sse  of  Winches- 
ter, and  72  sw  of  Loudon.  Lon.  1 16  w, 
lat.  50  47  N. 

Portsmouthy  the  metropolis  of  New 
Hampshire,  in  Rockingham  county,  the 
largest  town  in  the  state  and  its  only  sea- 
port, about  two  miles  from  the  sea,  on  the  s 
side  of  the  Piscataqua,  with  three  churches. 
Its  harbour  is  one  of  the  finest  on  the  conti- 
nent, haying  a sufficient  depth  of  water  for 
vessels  of  any  burden.  Ships  of  war  have 
been  built  here;  among  others  the  America 
of  74  guns^  Portsmouth  contains  about 
640  dwelling-houses,  and  nearly  as  many 
other  buildings,  besides  those  for  public 
uses.  It  is  10  miles  sw  of  York,  and  50  n 
by  E of  Boston.  Lon.  70  42  w,  lat.  43  5 N. 

Portsmouthy  a pleasant,  flourishing,  and 
regularly  built  town  in  Norfolk  county, 
Virginia,  w side  of  Elisabeth  river,  oppo.site 
Norfolk,  both  which  towns  constitute  but 


P O R 

<me  port  of  entry.  It  contains  about  1702 
inhabitants.  See  Norfolk. 

Porismouthf  a town  of  the  state  of  Ohio, 
stands  on  the  e side  of  the  Sciota,  at  its 
junction  with  the  Ohio.  It  is  the^depot  for 
the  commerce  of  the  upper  part  of  the  Sci- 
ota, 60  miles  s of  Chilicothe.  Lon.  83  8 w, 
lat.  36  22  N. 

Portsoy,  a sea-port  of  Banffshire,  about 
six  miles  e of  Cullen,  on  a point  of  land 
projecting  into  the  Moray  Frith,  has  a cha- 
pel of  ease  under  the  parish  church  of  For- 
dice.  It  is  a handsome  town,  and  has 
several  trading  and  fishing  vessels,  with 
manufactures  of  snuff  and  sewing  thread. 
It  contains  above  1000  inhabiiants.  In  the 
vicinity  are  found  a vein  of  serpentine,  called 
Portsoy  marble,  a species  of  asbestos,  of  a 
greenish  colour,  which  has  been  wrought 
into  incombustible  cloth,  and  a brilliant 
kind  of  granite  of  a Mesh  colour,  nine 
miles  w of  Banff. 

PORTUGAL,  the  most  western  country 
on  the  continent  of  Europe,  about  310  miles 
in  length,  and  1<50  in  breadth.  It  is  boun- 
ded on  the  w and  s by  the  Atlantic  ocean, 
and  E and  n by  Spain.  It  is  divided  into 
six  provinces,  Bira,  Estremadura,  Douero- 
e-Minho,  Tra-los-Montes,  Alentejo,  and 
Algarva.  Though  Spain  and  Portugal  are 
in  the  same  climate,  yet  the  air  of  the  latter 
is  much  more  temperate  than  that  of  the 
former,  on  account  of  the  neighbourhood  of 
the  sea.  Corn  is  not  very  plentiful,  because 
the  inhabitants  do  not  attend  much  to  hus- 
bandry but  they  import  Indian  corn  from 
Africa,  which  is  made  use  of  by  the  pea- 
sants instead  of  wheat.  There  is  a number 
of  barren  mountains,  and  many  line  vallies 
remain  v/ithout  culture,  yet  there  is  abun- 
dance of  olives,  vines,  oranges,  lemons, 
nuts,  almonds,  figs,  and  raisins,  with  plenty 
of  excellent  wines.  Much  salt  is  exported, 
particularly  from  St.  Ubes.  Woollen  cloth 
is  the  principal  manufacture.  They  have 
some  horned  cattle,  whose  flesh  is  generally 
lean  and  dry.  From  their  foreign  settle- 
ments, the  Portuguese  receive  sugar,  cotton, 
rum,  tobacco,  indigo,  hides,  Bratiil,  and 
other  dying  woods,  and  excellent  drugs. 
They  have  also  gold,  silver.  With  diamonds 
and  other  precious  stones  from  America. 
Towards  the  frontiers  of  Spain  there  are 
mountains  in  which  they  formerly  got  gold 
and  silver,  and  the  river  Tajo  was  anciently 
celebrated  by  the  poets  for  its  golden  sands. 
There  are  also  mines  of  iron,  tin,  lead, 
quarries  of  marble,  and  some  precious  stones. 
But  the  Portuguese  are  so  indolent  and 
luxurious,  that  they  spend  all  their  wealth 
in  the  purchase  of  foreign  commodities. 
The  principal  rivers  are  tbe  Tajo,  Douro,  j 
Ouadiuo,  Minho,  and  Mondego.  The  wo- 
men are  addicted  to  gallantry,  and  are 
allowed  little  liberty  by  their  jealous 
husbands.  The  government  is  monarchial ; 
bju  the  royal  authority  of  the  king  is  boun- 
ded by  the  fundamental  la\ys  of  the  king-  j 


POT 

dom.  The  sovereign  cannot  raise  any  more 
taxes  than  were  settled  in  1674.  The 
established  religion  is  the  Roman  Catholic  ; 
and  there  are  a patriarch,  two  archbishops, 
iO  bishops,  and  three  severe  inquisitions. 
The  king  cannot  confer  any  ecclesiastical 
benefice  without  the  consent  of  the  pope. 
The  king,  with  the  royal  fansily,  in  1807, 
with  difficulty  escaped  with  their  fleet  from 
the  grasp  of  Bonaparte,  to  Brazil,  where 
they  have  established  their  seat  of  govern- 
ment. The  inhabitants  of  Portugal,  aided 
by  the  British,  expelled  their  French  invaders. 
After  the  victory  obtained  over  the  French 
at  Vimiers,  by  a convention,  all  the  French 
were  conveyed  by  sea  to  their  country. 
Lisbon  is  the  capital. 

Portumna,  a town  in  Galway,  Connaught, 
with  a noble  castle,  and  the  remains  of  a 
monastery,  the  ancient  choir  now  serving 
for  the  parish  church,  seated  on  the  Barrow, 
at  the  head  of  Lough  Deirg.  In  the  vicinity 
is  the  magnificent  seat  of  the  earl  of  Clan- 
ricarde,  besides  several  other  stately  man- 
sions, 12  miles  ssw  of  Clonfert,  and  72  w 
by  s of  Dublin. 

Posados,  a town  in  Andalusia,  Spain, 
on  the  Guadalquiver,  about  19  miles  sw  of 
Cordova. 

Posata,  a town  on  the  e coast  of  Sardinia, 
4<5  miles  ese  of  Castel  Aragonese,  Lon.  9 
30  E,  lat.  40  36  Ni 

Pose^ga,  a considerable  town  of  Sclavonia, 
capital  of  a county  of  the  same  name,  seat- 
ed near  the  Orlava.  In  1687,  the  Austrians 
took  it  from  the  Turks,  IS  miles  nnw  of 
Bred,  and  120  n by  w of  Belgrade. 

Poma,  or  Posen,  a handsome  and  consi- 
derable town  of  Great  Poland,  and  capital 
of  a palatinate  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
a bishop’s  see,  with  an  university,  and  a 
castle  on  an  island  in  the  Warta,  which 
frequently  inundates  the  town,  but  greatly 
facilitates  its  trade  to  Germany.  Its  exten- 
sive suburbs  contain  many  fine  buildings. 
It  has  a magnificent  cathedral.  Posna 
j was  garrisoned  by  Saxons  in  1716,  but  was 
stormed  and  plundered  by  the  Poles.  la 
1773,  by  the  partition  of  Poland,  it  became 
j subject  to  the  king  of  Prussia,  and  the  seat 
{ of  government  of  S Prussia.  A corps  of 
1 the  French  army  entered  it  in  1806.  The 
tow^n  is  a trading  place,  and  stands  in  a 
fine  plain,  27  miles  w by  s of  Gnesna. 
Lon.  17  0 E,  lat.  52  24  n. 

Possinko,  a town  in  Estremadura,  Portu- 
gal, 10  miles  ne  of  Santarem. 

Posneck,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the 
principality  of  Altenberg,  on  the  Gams, 
near  its  junction  wdth  the  Orla.  It  has 
manufactures  of  cloth  and  leather,  eight 
miles  XE  of  Sallfeld. 

Potenza,  a town  of  Naples,  in  the  Basi- 
licata, situated  near  the  source  of  the  Ba- 
siento,  1 1 miles  s by  w of  Acerenza. 

Poll,  a town  of  Mingrelio,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Rioni,  which  separates  that 
country  from  Guriel.  It  stands  at  the 


P o u 

mouth  of  the  above  river,  on  the  Black  sea, 

60  miles  n of  Goniez,  and  about  80  s by  w 

Potomac,  a river  of  the  United  States, 
navigable  about  300  miles.  It  has  its  source 
in  the  Nw  part  of  Virginia,  which  it  sepa- 
rates  from  Maryland,  and  enters  the  w side 

of  Chesapeak  bay.  , 

Potosi,  a town  of  Peru,  situated  in  the 
archbishopric  of  Plata,  75  miles  se  of  the 
city  of  La  Plata.  It  is  capital  of  a juris- 
diction in  the  audience  of  . .. 

does  not  now  contain  above  25,000  inhabi-, 
tants.  The  fields  round  Potosi  are  cold, 
barren,  and  bear  little  else  than  ' oats. 
Jlere,  in  a conical  mountain  of  the  same 
name,  are  the  richest  silver  mines  in  Ame- 
rica. Little  is  got  now,  in  comparison  of 
what  was  formerly,  when  silver  was  as 
commpn  as  iron  was  in  Europe.  It  is  260 . 
miles  WNW  of  Arica.  Lon.  67  22  w,  lat. 
19  27  N.  ■ . , 

Potsdam,  a town  of  Brandenburg,  \n  fhe 
Middle  Mark,  situated  in  an  island,  10  miles 
in  circumference,  which  is  formed  by  the 
rivers  Spree  and  Havel.  It  is  one  of  the 
most  elegant  cities  in  Europe.  The  royal 
palace  is  a superb  structurCv  and  the  houses 
near  it  are  almost  all  buUt  in  the  Italian 
style.  The  public  buildings  display  great 
taste  and  magnificence.  In  the  market- 
place is  a marble  obelisk,  75  C^et  in  lieight, 
and  marble  statues  of  the  first  four  kings  of 
Prussia.  The  great  parade,  with  Roman 
colonades,  before  the  town,  is  the  place  of 
exercise  for  the  king’s  guards  and  the  garri- 
son. Under  the  marble  pulpit  of  the  garri- 
son church,  is  the  tomb  of  Frederic  William 
11.  The  elegant  church  of  St  Nicolas,  in 
the  palace  square,  was  burnt  in  1795.  Here 
are  a capital  foundery  for  fire  arms,  tw^o  ex- 
tensive orphan  houses  for  the  children  of  the 
soldiers,  and  a large  poor-house  and  hospital. 
The  royal  palace  of  Sans  Souci,  only  one 
story  high,  yet  of  such  astonishing  singula- 
rity and  grandeur,  stands  on  a hill  near  the 
city.  The  inhabitants  have  manufactures 
of  silk,  velvet,  cotton,  linen,  &c.  Potsdam 
is  17  miles  sw  of  Berlin.  Lon.  13  7 e,  lat. 
52  25  N. 

Pottown,  a town  in  Bedfordshire,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  and  several  annual 
fairs,  ] 2 miles  e of  Bedford,  and  48  w by  n 
of  London. 

Potts  grove,  a post  town  of  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Schuylkill,  17  miles  se  of  Reading, 
and  37  nw  of  Philadelphia. 

Poughkeepsie,  a post  town  of  New  York, 
capital  of  Duchess  county,  stands  on  the  e 
side  of  the  Hudson,  wi,th  two  churches.  It 
contains  about  2529  iuhabitants,  17  miles  n 
of  New  York. 

Pougues,  a village  in  the  department  of 
Nievres,  France,  celebrated  for  its  lerugi- 
nous  mineral  spring.  It  is  five  miles  nw  of 
Nevers. 

Pouladuff,  East  and  fVest,  two  towns  in 
Cork,  Munster,  Ireland,  about  a mile  n of 
No.  24.— 


P R A 

Ross.  Here  are  two  remarkably  great  hole?> 
about  80  yards  deep,  into  which  the  sea 
flows  by  subterranean  passages, 

Poulton,  a town  in  Lancashire,  seated 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Wyre,  with  a market 
on  Monday,  13  miles  sw  of  Lancaster,  and 
238  NNW  of  London. 

Pourzuin,  a town  in  the  department  oi 
Puy  de  Dome,  France,  36  miles  n by  e of 
Clermont. 

Powerscourt,  a town  in  Wicklow,  Leu." 
ster,  from  which  the  family  of  Wingfield 
take  the  title  of  viscount.  The  family  seat 
stands  on  the  face  of  a mountain,  amidst  pic- 
turesque and  much  admired  scenery,  about 
10  miles  s of  Dublin. 

Pownalborough,  the  county  town  of  Lin- 
coln county,  district  of  Maine,  on  the  e side 
of  the  Kennebec,  is  a place  of  increasing  ini- 
portauce.  The  to#n  contains  2055  iauabi- 
tants.  The  judicial  courts  are  held  alter- 
nately here  and  at  Harrington.  It  is  13 
miles  N of  Bath,  and  60  ene  of  Portland, 
Lon.  66  10  w,  lat.  43  56  n. 

Pourcayn,  St,  a town  in  the  department 
of  ;Allier,  France,  on  the  Sioule,  16  miles  s 
by  w of  MouUns. 

Poyais,  8i  town  of  North  America,  on 
the  w side  of  Black  river,  110  miles  wnw  of 
Secklong. 

Poyang-houyfi  lake  in  the  n part  of  the 
province  of  Kiang-si,  China,  formed  by  the 
confluence  of  rivers  frpm  every  point  of  the 
compass,  250  miles,  in  circuit,  and  sealed  in 
a sterile  region. 

Pozzicolo.  See  PuzzolL 
Prahat,  a town  of  Siam,  100  miles  n of 
Siam. 

. Pracels.  See  Paracels. 

Prachatifz,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Pra- 
chin,  Bohemia.  It  is  about  23  miles  s by 
w of  Pisek. 

Prachin,  a mountain  of  Bohemia,  on 
which  formerly  stood  a castle  of  the  same 
name,  and  gives  uame  to  a circle  ou  the  w 
side  of  the  Muldau,  of  which  Pisek  is  the 
capital. 

Prades,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Eastern  Pyrenees,  France,  on  the  Tet, 
seated  in  a fine  plain,  22  miles  wsw  of 
Perpignan. 

Prades,  a town  of  Catalonia,  Spain.  la 
the  vicinity  is  a magnificent  abbey,  where 
the  kings  of  Arragon  were  interred,  39 
miles  NW  of  Barcelona. 

Praga,  or  Prague,  a town  of  Poland,  in 
the  palatinate  of  Massovia,  on  the  Vistula, 
opposite  Warsaw,  and  considered  as  a su- 
burb to  that  city. 

Prague,  a handsome,  large,  and  famous 
town  of  Germany,  capital  of  the  kingdom 
of  Bohemia,  and  lately  an  archbishop’s  see. 
It  comprehends  four  towns,  namely,  the  Old, 
New,  and  Little  town,  and  the  Radsbin, 
and  is  about  15  miles  in  circumference. 
It  stands  on  seven  hills,  with  about  100 
palaces,  as  many  churches,  and  80,000  in- 
habitants, Over  the  Muldau,  which  sepa- 
ls H h 


P R E 

rates  the  Old  from  the  New  (own,  is  a 
bridge  with  1 8 arches,  with  a strong  tower 
at  each  end.  The  Old  town  is  very  popu- 
lous. The  streets  are  harrow,  and  the  hou- 
ses high.  Here  is  the  old  palace,  the  resi- 
dence of  the  ancient  kings,  and  the  univer- 
sity, in  which  are  a great  number  of  stu- 
dents. The  Jesuits  had  a magnificent  col- 
lege here,  and  here  the  Jews  have  nine  syna- 
gogues. In  the  New  town,  which  contains 
elegant  structures,  spacious  streets,  and  fine 
gardens,  are  an  arsenal,  and  a secular  foun- 
dation, whose  abbess  was  a princess  of  the 
empire.  The  most  ancient  part  of  Prague 
is  the  Little  town.  It  has  ample  streets, 
and  is  very  populous.  lu  I7<56,  Radshin, 
which  before  belonged  to  the  Little  town, 
was  made  the  fourth  town  of  Prague.  In 
it  are  the  royal  palace,  with  a ball  JOO  pa- 
ces long  and  40  broad ; the  cathedral  of  St 
Tier,  in  which  the  kings  are  interred;  the 
chapel  of  our  Lady  of  Loretto ; the  superb 
palace  of  the  archbishop  ; and  the  palace  of 
Tscherin.  Prague  has  been  often  devastat- 
ed by  war.  In  1620,  without  the  gate  of 
Strahow,  the  Austrians  gained  a victory 
over  Frederic  V.  of  the  palatinate,  whom 
the  Bohemians  had  chosen  for  their  king. 
The  town  was  taken  by  the  Saxons  in  1631, 
and  by  the  Swedes  in  1648,  and  stormed  by 
the  French  m 1741,  but  they  were  obliged 
to  abandon  it  in  1742.  The  king  of  Prussia 
took  it  in  1744,  but  could  not  retain  it.  The 
Prussians  besieged  it  in  1757,  but  being 
worsted  by  the  Austrians  in  another  quarter, 
they  , were  compelled  to  raise  the  siege.  It 
is  75  miles  se  of  Dresden,  and  235  kw  of 
Vienna.  Lon  14  42  e,  lat.^0  6 n. 

Prairie,  a town  in  the  right  bank  of  the 
, St  Lawrence,  Lower  Canada,  in  the  line 
of  communication  between  Montreal  and 
St  John,  nine  miles  s of  the  former,  and  16 
w by  N of  the  latter. 

Prato,  a town  of  Tuscany,  in  Florentino, 
stands  near  the  Bisentino,  with  several  ma- 
nufactures, 10  miles  NNw  of  Florence. 

Prats  de  Molo,  a fortified  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Eastern  Pyrenees,  France, 
on  the  Tet,  has  mines  of  copper  with  a mix- 
ture of  silver. 

Pravsnitz,  ' a town  and  castle  in  the 
lordship  of  Trachenberg,  Silesia,  with  a 
fine  church,  iu  which  are  interred  the 
counts  of  Hatzfcld,  seven  miles  s of  Trach- 
ciiberg.  ^ 

Praya,  See  Porto  Praya. 

Precop,  or  Perecop,  a town  and  fortress 
in  the  province  of  Taurida,  Russia,  on  the 
isthmus  that  joins  the  Crimea  to  the  conti- 
nent. A deep  trench,  five  miles  in  length,  is 
cut  across  the.  isthmus,  over  which  is  a 
bridge,  and.upon  that,  a vaiiKed  gate,  called 
the  Golden  Gate  of  the  Tartars.^  The  town 
consists  of  a few  wooden  house.?.  It  has 
.salt  works  in  the  vicinity,  the  chief  .source 
of  its  wealth,  65  miles  se  of  Cherson,  Lon. 

35  34  E,  lat,  46  8 N, 


P R E 


Precopia,  a town  of  Servia,  European 
Turkey,  20  miles  w of  Nissa. 

Pregel,  a river  of  E Prussia,  which  flows 
from  the  lake  Angerburg,  and  passing  by 
Insterburg,  Welace,  and  Konigsberg,  falls 
into  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  Frisch  Hail. 

Premesiaic,  a large  and  populous  town  of 
Red  Russia,  in  Austrian  Poland, and  a Greek 
and  Latin  bishop's  see,  .situated  on  the  Sana, 
60  miles  w by  s of  Lemburg.  Lon.  21  0 e 
lat.  49  On. 

Premvay,  a small  but  fertile  pari.-^b  in 
the  district  of  Garioch,  24  miles  w by  n of 
Aberdeen,  on  the  n side  of  the  hill  of  Beno- 
chie,  and  watered  by  the  Gadie.  Popula- 
tion about  480. 

Prenslo,  a town  of  Brandenburg,  capital 
of  the  Ucker  mark,  seated  on  the  lake  and 
river  Ucker,  has  six  churches,  and  a con- 
siderable trade  in  corn,  cattle,  and  tobacco, 
60  miles  nne  of  Berlin.  Lon.  13  57  e,  lat, 
53  19  N, 

Prerau,  a town  of  Moravia,  capital  of  a 
circle  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Beczwa, 
13  miles  se  of  Olmutz.  Lon.  17  29  e,  lat. 
49  33n.  ' 

Preshurg,  the  capital  of  Lower  Hungary, 
with  a strong  castle,  stands  on  the  Danube, 
which  is  here  about  250  yards  broad,  and 
rapid.  Here  the  states  of  Hungary  hold 
their  meetings,  and  the  king  is  crowned  iu 
the  cathedral.  The  regalia  of  Hungary, 
consisting  of  the  crown  and  sceptre  of 
Stephen  the  first  king,  are  kept  in  the  castle. 
Here  the  Lutherans  have  a church  and  an 
academy.  Like  Vienna,  it  has  suburbs 
more  magnificent  than  itself.  Here  a trea- 
ty of  peace  w^as  concluded  between  France 
and  Austria,  in  1805.  It  is  32  miles  e by  s 
of  Vienna,  and  95  wnw  of  Buda.  Lon.‘  1 * 

7 E,  lat.  48  9 N. 

Prescot,  a small  town  in  Lancashire, 
noted  for  the  manufacture  of  watch  move- 
ments, pinion  wire,  small  files,  watch-mak- 
ers' tools,  and  other  pieces  of  watch  works, 
and  coarse  earthen  ware.  Around  it  are 
rich  coal  mines.  The  spire  of  the  church, 
which  is  a vicarage,  is  seen  at  a great  dis- 
tance, Here  is  a meeting-house,  a charity- 
school,  and  several  alms-houses.  The  mar- 
ket is  on  Tuesday.  It  has  two  annual  fairs, 
eight  miles  e of  Liverpool,  and  197  nnw  of 
London. 

Presenzarw,  a town  of  Naples,  in  Terra 
di  Lavoro,  By  an  inscription,  it  appears  to 
be  the  ancient  Rufae,  and  its  territory  is 
called  Costa  Rufraria.  It  is  28  miles  n of 
Naples. 

PRESIDII  STATO  DELLI,  a tract  of 
Tuscany,  on  the  coast  of  Siennese.  It  in- 
cludes five  fortresses,  which  were  reserved 
by  Spain,  when  it  ceded  the  territory  of 
Sienna  to  the  duke  of  Tuscany,  in  1557  ; 
and  in  1735,  they  were  ceded  to  the  king 
of  the  two  Sicilies.  Their  names  are  Or- 
bitellojthe  capital,  Tclemone,  Porto  Hercole, 
Porto  San  .Stephano,  and  Monte  Philippo. 


P R E 

iPresquelslefSL  small  peninsula,  on  the  SE 
s'hore  of  Lake  Erie,  s of  Long  Point,  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  lake,  15  miles  from 
Fort  Boeuf. 

Press,  in  Berwickshire,  a stage  on  the 
great  road  from  Edinburgh  to  London,  14 
miles  s of  Dunbar. 

Presteign,  a corporate  town  in  Radnor- 
shire, South  Wales,  seated  near  the  Lug, 
in  a rich  valley.  It  is  a large,  handsome, 
well  built  tow’n,  and  here  the  assizes  are 
held,  and  the  county  gaol  is  kept.  The 
site  of  its  castle  is  now  laid  out  in  public 
walks.  lu  1811,  the  population  was  1114, 
20  miles  wnw  of  Worcester,  151  wnw  of 
Hereford,  and  151  nnw  of  London.  Lon.  2 
38  w,  lat.  52  13  N. 

PrestiekyU  village  on  the  Frith  of  Clyde, 
two  miles  n of  the  town  of  Ayr,  intersected 
by  the  road  leading  thence  to  Kilmarnock. 
It  was  formerly  a parish,  the  church  of 
which  is  still  standing,  but  is  now  included 
in  those  of  Monkton  and  the  New  Town  of 
Ayr.  Prestick  is  a very  ancient  burgh  of 
barony,  and  the  community  have  the  right 
of  electing  a provost,  two  bailltes,  and  a 
couacil ; to  hold  a weekly  market,  and  a 
fair  on  the '6th  of  December.  The  popula- 
tion, in  1793,  was  226;  36  of  whom  were 
freemen.  A freeholder  can  sell  his  posses- 
sion only  to  the  community. 

Prestima,  a town  in  Beira,  Portugal,  12 
miles  N of  Coimbra. 

Presto,  a sea  port  in  Zealand,  Denmark, 
on  a bay  of  the  Baltic,  has  a good  harbour, 
42  miles  ssw  of  Copenhagen.  Lon.  12  6 e, 
lat.  55  9 N. 

Preston,  a town  in  Lancashire,  on  the 
Kibble.  The  streets  are  open  and  well 
paved,  and  the  market  place  large.  The 
river  is  navigable  only  for  small  vessels. 
The  chief  manufacture  is  spinning  and 
weaving  cotton.  It  has  markets  on  Wed- 
nesday, Friday,  and  Saturday;  and  is  go- 
verned by  a mayor,  recorder,  and  eight 
aldermen.  Here  is  a court  of  chancery, 
and  other  offices  of  justice  for  the  county 
palatine  of  Lancaster.  The  new  prison  is 
constructed  on  Mr  Howa^d^s  plan.  The 
two  members,  by  which  Preston  is  repre- 
sented in  parliament,  are  elected  by  the 
inhabitant  householders  at  large.  It  is 
noted  for  a kind  of  jubilee,  held  every  20th 
year,  and  coutinues  a month,  the  last  of 
which  was  held  in  1802  ; for  a signal 
defeat  of  the  royal  forces  under  the  duke 
of  Hamilton,  <fec.  in  1648,  by  an  inferior 
force'  under  Cromwell  and  Lambert  ; and 
for  the  defeat  of  the  rebels  in  1715.  It 
contained  11,887  inhabitants  in  1801,  and 
17,065  in  181 1.  It  is  21  miles  s of  Lancas- 
ter, and  217  XNW  of  London.  Lon.  2 53  w, 
Idt.  53  46  X. 

Preston,  a town  of  New  London  county, 
Connecticut,  six  or  eight  miles  e of  Nor- 
wich. The  town  was  incorporated  in 
1687,  and  contains  3455  inhaUlants,  chiefly 
armers. 


P R I 

Preston^Kirk,  a]  parish  in  Haddington'^ 
ihire,  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  county. 
is  highly  cultivated  and  fertile.  It  is  about 
seven  miles  long  and  three  broad,  watered 
by  the  river  Tyne.  Population  about  1749. 

Preston^pans,  a town  and  parish  in  Haif- 
dingtoushire,  with  a safe  harbour  on  the 
Frith  of  Forth,  cal  let!  Morrison’s  haven,  not- 
ed for  its  salt  works,  its  manufactures  of 
stone  and  earthen  ware,  and  brick  and  tile, 
and  an  extensive  one  of  vitriol,  aquafortis, 
spirits  of  wine,  and  glauber  salts.  It  has 
also  a soap  work.  It  has  several  friendly 
societies,  and  the  pedlars  of  the  three  coun- 
ties of  Lothian  hold  an  annual  meeting  in  it 
on  the  second  Thursday  of  July.  It  is  much 
frequented  by  sea  bathers.  In  the  vicinity, 
the  royal  army,  under  Sir  John  Cope,  w'as 
defeated  by  the  rebels,  in  1745,  when  the  ce- 
lebrated colonel  Gardiner  fell.  The  parish 
is  about  three  miles  long,  and  one  broad, 
has  a level  surface,  fertile  and  well  culti- 
vated. A modern  mansion,  and  the  lands 
belonging  to  it  were  bequeathed  for  the 
maintenance  and  education  of  poor  boys  by 
the  will  of  Mr  Schaw.  The  population  of 
the  parish  in  1801,  was  1964.  The  town  is 
nine  miles  e of  Edinburgh. 

Pretseh,  a town  with  a fine  castle,  in 
Upper  Saxony,  <m  the  Elbe,  10  miles  s of 
Wittenberg. 

Prettin,  a town  of  Saxony  Proper,  on  the 
Elbe,  18  miles  s by  e of  Wittenberg. 

Prevesa,  an  ancient  sea  port  of  Albania, 
Turkey  in  Europe,  and  a bishop’s  see,  with 
a castle,  seated  near  the  ruins  of  the  ancient 
Nicopolis,  built  by  the  emperor  Augustus, 
to  commemorate  his  victory  over  Anthony, 
and  at  the  entrance  of  the  gulf  of  Arta.  It  is 
the  principal  port  in  Lower  Albania,  whence 
timber,  cattle,  wool,  and  oil  are  exported. 
It  was  long  in  possession  of  the  Venetians, 
and  ceded  to  ';he  French  by  the  treaty  of 
Campo  Formio,  and  retaken  by  the  Turks  in 
1798,  70  miles  xw  of  Lepanto.  Lon.  2i  5 
E,  lat.  39  14  N. 

Preuilly,  a town  in  the  department  of  In- 
dre  and  Loire,  France,  on  the  Ciaise,  has 
iron  mines  in  the  vicinity,  18  miles  x of 
Loches, 

Preuschmark,  a town  in  Oberland,  Prus- 
sia, with  a castle,  22  miles  s of  Elbing,  and 
75  sw  of  Konigsberg. 

Priaman,  a sea  port  on  the  w coast  of 
Sumatra,  seated  on  a small  river  in  which 
gold  is  found.  The  air  is  healthy.  Pepper 
is  the  chief  produce.  Here  the  Dutch  have 
a factory.  Lon.  98  8 e,  lat.  I O s. 

Priboda,  a towm  in  Smolaijd,  Sweden,  18 
miles  sw  of  Carlseroua. 

Priebus^  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Sagan,  Silesia,  on  the  Neisse,  20  miles  sw 
of  Sagan. 

Primkenau,  a town  in  the  principality 
of  Glogau,  Silesia,  has  a manufacture  of 
paper,  and  an  iron  forge.  It  is  18  miles  sw 
of  Glogau. 

Primrose,  also  called  Carrington^  a vil- 
H Hh2 


P R I 

lage  and  parish  in  the  county  of  Mid-Lo- 
ihian,  containing  400  inhabitants.  The  pa- 
rish is  about  three  miles  and  a half  long^ 
and  t'»  o broad,  with  a fertile  soil,  nine  miles  ; 
s of  Edinburgh. 

Prince  Edward  Island*  See  John’s  Is- 

land,  St. 

Prince  Eredericlc,  a town  of  Maryland, 
capital  of  Calvert  county,  v/  side  of  Cbesa- 
peak  bay,  20  miles  ene  of  Port  Tobacca, 
and  35  se  of  Washington. 

Prince  of  Wales  Cape,  the  most  western 
extremity  of  America,  discovered  by  captain 
Took  in  1778,  on  the  E of  Berring  Strait. 
Lon.  168  5 w,  lat."65  46  N. 

Prince  of  Wales  Fort,  the  most  northern 
setth  ment  of  the  Hudson  bay  company,  at 
the  mouth  of  Churchill  river,  w side  of  Hud- 
son’s bay.  Lon.  94  7 w,  lat.  58  47  n. 

PRINCE  GEORGE,  a county  of  Virgi- 
nia, The  medium  breadth  is  16  miles.  It 
contains  8173  inhabitants.  It  is  a fruitful 
country,  and  abounds  with  wheat,  corn,  flax, 
cotton,  and  tobacco. 

PRINCE  GEORGE,  a county  of  Mary- 
land, on  the  w shore  of  Chesapeak  bay. 
It  contains  21,344  inhabitants. 

PRINCES  ISLAND,  a small  island  on 
the  w coast  of  Africa,  250  miles  sw  from 
Loango.  Lon.  7 40  e,  lat,  I 40  n. 

PRINCES  ISLAND,  a small  island  of 
Asia,  at  the  sw  extremity  of  the  straits  of 
Sunda,  a few  leagues  from  Java.  The 
best  anchoring  place  is  in  Ion.  104  30  e, 
lat.  6 16  s. 

PRINCES  ISLANDS,  four  small  islands 
in  the  sea  of  Marmora,  near  the  strait  of 
Constantinople.  Prinkipe  is  the  largest,  and 
has  a town  with  a population  of  above  2000. 
Lon.  28  56  e,  lat.  40  51  n.  The  names  of 
the  other  islands  are  Prote,  Kalke,  and  An- 
tigone. 

PRINCE  OF  WALES  ISLAND,  or  PE- 
NANG, two  miles  from  the  w coast  of  Ma- 
lacca, 18  miles  long,  and  14  broad,  divided 
by  a chain  of  mountains.  It  was  purchased 
of  the  king  of  Queda,  by  the  English  East 
India  Company,  who  formed  a settlement 
here  in  1786,  five  years  after  Georgetown, 
its  capital  was  established  as  a sea  port. 
The  channel  to  the  mainland  is  a safe  road 
for  shipping.  Lon.  98  50  e,  lat.  5 36  N. 

Prince  Rupert’s  Bay,  on  the  nw  coast  of 
Dominica,  one  of  the  Carihbee  islands,  where 
there  is  excellent  shelter  from  the  winds. 
It  is  deep  and  capacious,  and  of  great  ad. 
vantage  in  time  of  war. 

f 'UNCE  WILLIAM  HENRY’S  IS- 
LAND,  Hii  island  in  the  Eastern  ocean,  ly- 
ing WNW  of  Teach’s  island.  It  is  pretty 
high,  and  seems  to  be  about  70  miles  in  cir- 
onit.  This  island  has  a luxuriant  and  pic- 
t ire  -que  appearance,  and  is  supposed  to  be 
fe  ite  and  well  peopled.  It  was  discovered 
b Ball  and  King  in  1790.  A high  moun- 
» n in  the  centre  was  called  mount  Philip. 
L )Q,  149  30  E,  lat.  1 32  s. 


p R 1 

PRINCE  WILLIAM  HENRY’S  IS- 
LANI^,in  the'^ South  Pacific  oceanl  discover- 
ed by  captain  Wallis  in  1767.  Lon.  J41  0 
w,  lat.  19  0 s. 

Prince  William’s  Sound,  on  the  nw  coast 
of  N America,  libs  E^of  the  mouth  of  Cook’s 
river,  and  was  named  by  captain  Cook,  in 
1788.,  Few  vegetables  were  obsen'ed,  and 
the  tr^es  which  grow  about  the  sound  are 
the  Canadian  spruce  fir.  The  ordinary  dress 
of  the  natives  is  a sort  of  close  robe,  which 
sometimes  reaches  to  the  knees,  but  gene- 
rally to  the  ancles.  It  is  formed  of  the 
skins  of  animals,  and  commonly  worn  with 
the  hairy  side  outwaW,  and  is  the  dress  of 
men,  women,  and  children.  Their  canoes 
are  of  two  kinds  ; the  one  large  and  open, 
the  other  small  and  covered  with  the  skins 
of  sea  animals.  Their  imifiements  for  hunt- 
ing and  fishing,  and  their  weapons  of  war, 
are  the  same  as  those  used  by  the  Esquimaux. 
The  animals  belonging  to  this  region  were 
known  only  from  the  skins  presented  for  sale 
by  the  natives.  These  were  chiefly  of 
bears,  common  and  pine  martens,  sea  otters, 
seals,  racoons,  small  ermines,  foxes,  and  the 
lynx,  or  whitish  cat ; the  birds  were  the  hal- 
cyon, the  great  king-fisher,  the  white  headed 
eagle,  and  the  humming  bird.  Lou.  147  21 
1 w,  lat.  59  33  n. 

j Princess  Anne,  a town  in  Somerset  coun- 
i ty,  Maryland,  on  the  Chesapeak  bay,  e side 
of  Mouakin  river,  25  miles  wsw  of  Salis- 
bury. 

Princeihorp,  a town  in  Warwickshire, 

■ two  miles  s of  Wolston,  near  Duusmore 
Heath. 

Princeton,  a post  town  of  New  Jersey, 
i partly  in  Middlesex  and  partly  in  Somerset 
counties.  The  college  called  Naisau  Hall, 
of  which  the  celebrated  Edwards,  author  of 
the  Treatise,  the  Freedom  of  the  Will,  cfec. 
was  burnt  down  in  1802.  It  is  12  miles  ne 
of  Trenton,  18  sw  of  Brunswick,  and  42  ne 
of  Philadelphia. 

Princeton,  a town  in  Gates  county.  North 
Carolina,  on  the  Meherrin,  three  miles  above 
Murfreesborough,  and  28  ENEof  Halifax. 

PRINCIPATO,  a province  of  Naples,  di- 
vided into  the  Hither  and  Farther  Principato, 
The  Hither  Principato  is  about  60  miles  in 
length,  and  50  broad,  the  soil  fertile  in  corn, 
w’ine,  oil,  and  saffron.  The  capital  is  Sa- 
lerno. Farther  Principato  is  about  37 
miles  in  length,  and  30  in  breadth.  It  pro- 
duces chesnuts,  and  excellent  pasture.  Be- 
nevento  is  the  capital. 

Pristden,  a town  of  Bosnia,  situated  on 
the  Drin,  32  miles  ne  of  Albanapolis,  and  48 
ENE  of  Saivari.  Lon.  20  15  e,  lat.  42  52  n. 

Pns/i«a,a  large  town  of  Servia,  European 
Turkey,  situated  on  the  Rusca,  58  miles  nw 
of  Nissa,  and  150  e of  Belgrade.  Lou.  21 
36  E,  lat.  42  45  N. 

Pritzwalk,  a town  in  the  Mark  of  Preg- 
nitz,  Brandenburg,  on  the  Donmitz,  13  miles 
ENEof  Perleberg. 


PRO 

Privacy  a town  in  the  department  of  Ar- 
deohe,  Fmnce,  on  a hill  near  the  conflux 
of  three  small  rivers,  16  miles  n of  Viviers, 
and  68  s of  Lyon,  Lon.  4 36  e,  lat.  44 
45  E. 


PROCrDA,an  island  of  Italy,  in  the  gulf 
of  Naples.  U is  about  eight  miles  in  cir- 
oumfefeuee,  and  is  very  fertile  and  populous, 
the  capital,  of  the  same  name,  is  a4rnall 
handsome  place,  on  a rock  by  the  sea-side. 
Lon.  14  3 E,  lat.  40  43  N.  ^ ^ ^ 

PRODANO,  an  island  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, near  the  w coast  of  the  Morea,  36 
miles  ssE  of  Zante.  It  was  formerly  called 
Sphacteria.  Lon.  21  25  e.  lat.  37  15 
Promey  a cky  of  Pegu,  capital  of  a pro- 
vince of  the  same  name,  seated  on  the  Ir- 
rawarfy.  It  has  been  greatly  injured  by 
wars.  It  has  a great  trade  in  teak  timber 
to  Ragoon.  It  is  120  miles  nw  of  Pegu. 
Lon.  95  0 w,lat.  18  50  n. 

Prospect y the  name  now  given  to  Frank- 
fort in  the  district  of  Maine,  seated  on  the 
w side  of  the  Penobscot.  It  is  16  miles  be- 
low Orrington. 

ProstnitZy  a town  in  the  circle  ot  Ol- 
mutz,  Moravia,  eight  miles  sse  of  Ol- 
mutz. 

Prosperousy  A village  in  Kildare,  where 
the  manufacture  of  cotton,  &c,  is  carried 
on,  16  miles  sw  of  Dublin. 

PROVENCE,  a late  province  of  France, 
138  miles  in  length,  and  100  in  breadth. 

It  now  forms  the  departments  of  Var,  Lower 
Alps,  and  mouths  of  the  Rhone.  In  upper 
Provence  the  soil  is  fertile  in  pasture  and 
corn,  Lower  Provence  is  dry  and  sandy. 
From  Toulon  to  Nice,  along  the  coast,  it 
produces  wine,  oil,  figs,  almonds,  prunes, 
and  pomegranates.  Orange  and  citron  trees 
grow  in  the  open  fields.  Here  are  mines  of 
several  kinds,  mineral  waters,  and  medici- 
nal plants. 

Providence y the  chief  town  of  a county, 
of  its  name  in  Rhode  island,  situated  on  both 
sides  of  Providence  river.  It  is  the  oldest 
town  in  the  state,  having  been  settled  in 
1636.  A ship  of  950  tons,  for  the  East  In- 
dia trade,  was  lately  built  in  this  town,  and 
fitted  for  sea.  In  1790,  there  were  be- 
longing  to  the  county  of  Providence  129 
vessels,  containing  11,942  tons.  Rhode 
island  college  is  established  at  Providence, 
and  is  situated  on  a hill  e of  the  town.  It 
has  48  rooms  for  students,  and  eight  larger 
ones  for  public  uses.  It  contains  upwards 
of  60  students ; and  has  a library  of  between 
5000  and  6000  volumes,  and  a valuable 
philosophical  apparatus.  Here  are  six 
places  for  public  worship,  and  a handsome 
court-house.  It  has  an  extensive  trade  with 
Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  and  part  of  Ver- 
mont; with  the  West  Indies,  with  Europe, 
and  lately  with  the  East  Indies  and  China. 
A bank  has  been  established,  and  a cotton 
manufactory  which  employs  100  hands ; 
with  which  is  connected  a mill  for  spinning 
cotton.  It  contains  6380  inhabitants;  and 


PR  u 

is  44  miles  s by  w of  Boston.  Lon.  7^ 

26  w,  lat.  41  51  N. 

PROVIDENCE,  one  of  the  least  of  th« 
Bahama  islands,  about  36  miles  long,  and 
16  broads  It  is  the  best  of  those  planted 
by  the  English.  Nassau  is  the  chief  town^ 
and  the  residence  of  the  governor  of  th© 
Bahama  islands.  It  stands  on  the  n coast, 
and  has  a good  harbour  defended  by  a 
castle.  In  1782,  it  was  taken  by  the 
Spaniards,  and  retaken  the  next  year.  Lon. 
77  20  w,  lat.  25  3 n. 

Providenccy  a river  which  has  its  source 
in  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  runs  s into 
that  of  Rhode  island,  waters  the  town  of 
Providence,  and  falls  into  Naraganset  bay, 
on  the  w side  of  Rhode  island. 

PROVIDENCE,  an  island  in  the  Atlantic, 
150  miles  e of  the  coast  of  Nicaragua.  It 
was  fortified  by  the  Buccaneers,  but  after- 
wards abandoned.  Lon.  88  44  w,  lat.  13 
25  N. 

Province  Town,  is  situated  on  the  hook 
of  Cape  Cod,  in  Barnstable  county,  Massa- 
chusetts, three  miles  nw  of  Race  point.  Its 
harbour  was  the  first  port  entered  by  tho 
English,  when  they  came  to  settle  in  New 
England,  in  1620,  and  is  one  of  the  best  in 
the  state.  The  houses  are  set  on  piles,  and 
are  one  story  high.  The  inhabitants  depend 
on  the  towns  and  country  in  their  vicinity 
for  every  vegetable  production  ; 50  miles 
ese  of  Boston. 

ProvinSj  a town  in  the  department  of 
Seine  and  Marne,  France,  seated  on  thn 
Vouzie,  though  large,  it  is  not  popnlous. 
It  is  noted  for  its  conserves  of  roses,  and  its 
mineral  waters.  It  is  30  miles  se  of  Meaux, 
and  37  se  of  Paris. 

Pruck,  See  Bruch. 

Prusa,  or  Prusia.  See  Bursa. 

PRUSSIA,  a large  country  of  Europe; 
bounded  on  the  n by  the  Baltic  ; e by 
Lithuania,  Samogitia,  and  Poland  ; s by 
Poland,  and  w by  Brandenburg  and  Pome- 


rania; about  500  miles  in  length,  and  100 
in  breadth,  where  it  is  narrowest.  It  is  a 
fertile  country,  and  produces  a great  deal 
of  timber,  flax,  hemp,  tobacco,  and  corn. 
There  are  a great  number  of  domestic  ani- 
mals, besides  the  common  game,  there  are 
wild  asses,  elks,  and  bisons,  in  the  forests. 
The  last  are  of  a vast  size,  and  their  hides 
bring  a great  price ; and  the  sea,  the  rivers, 
and  lakes,  supply  them  with  abundance  of 
fish.  One  of  the  most  remarkable  pro- 
ductions of  this  country  is  yellow  amber, 
which  is  found  along  the  sea  coast.  The 
principal  rivers  are  the  Pregel  and  Vistula, 
and  there  are  numerous  lakes.  The  inha- 
bitants are  generally  of  a good  constitution, 
laborious,  and  robust.  They  are  a mixtiira 
of  Prussians,  Lithuanians,  and  Poles.  Most 
of  the  Prussians  and  nobility  speak  the 
German  language,  and  conform  to  i ur 
manners.  All  religions  are  tolerated,  but 
the  Lutheran  is  the  most  pravaleut.  There 
are  a great  Dumber  of  mechanics;  but  their 


P R Z 

principal  business  is  husbandry,  and  feeding 
of  cattle.  The  chief  manufactures  are 
iron,  copper,  brass,  gunpowder,  paper,  cloth, 
linen,  stockings,  and  glass.  We  have  al- 
ready detailed  the  early  history  and  other 
parliculars  of  this  kingdom  under  the  ar- 
ticle Brand ENBURGH.  In  1772,  Fre- 
derick II.  compelled  the  Poles  to  cede  to 
him  the  whole  of  Western  Prussia,  excepting 
the  Cities  of  Dantzic  and  Thorn.  But  he 
cultivated  the  arts  of  peace  as  well  as  war, 
and  laid  out  large  sums  in  the  improvement 
of  the  country.  lie  was  succeeded  by  his 
nephew,  Frederic  William  II.  in  1786,  who 
in  1793,  forcibly  annexed  to  his  kingdom, 
jpantzio  and  Thorn,  With  several  consider- 
able provinces,  which  he  stiled  Southern 
Prussid.  He  had  also  a share  in  the  gene- 
ral wnt-\«t  against  France,  in  the  early 
part  of  tile  revolution  ; hut  made  peace 
with  that  country  in  April,  1795  ; and  died 
at  Berlin  in  1797.  His  son  Frederic  Wil- 
liam ill  - continued  on  amicable  terms  with 
France,  till  the  dissolution  of  the  Germanic 
boJy,  in  1806,  and  the  consequent  formation 
of  liie  Confederation  of  the  Rhine,  when, 
thinking  himself  aggrieved,  he  declared  war 
against  France.  This  war  was  of  short 
dll!  ion,  but  of  most  disasterous  conse- 
quences to  Prussia.  By  the  peace  of  Tilsit, 
almost  the.  whole  of  ihe  Polish  dominions 
belonging  to  Prussia,  were  transferred  to 
another  prince  ; and  the  jking  of  Prussia 
bad  further  to  renounce  his  right  to  ail  the 
territories  between  the  Elbe  and  the  Rhine 
to  those  belonging  to  Saxony  and  the  House’ 
of  Anhalt  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Elbe ; 
and,  lastly,  to  the  circle  of  Cotbus,  in  Lower 
Lusatia,  which  is  ceded  to  Saxony,  Thus 
was  Prussia  reduced  to  the  lowest  rank 
among  the  powers  of  Europe  ; an  event 
solely  owing  to  her  acquiescence  in  the 
projects  and  policy  of  France  against 
Austria,  and  her  absurd  system  of  neutrality 
during  the  late  great  political  contests,  by 
which  she  hoped  to  raise  herself  to  the  rank 
tf  the  first  power  in  Germany,  while  she 
has  in  fact  been  degraded  to  a situation 
among  the  weakest  of  the  weak.  But 
from  a favourable  change  in  affairs,  nnd 
the  successful  termination  of  the  German 
campaign  at  the  close  of  1813,  all  her  lost 
territories  were  restored  by  the  treaty  of 
peace  of  Paris.  Konigsberg  is  the  capital 
of  all  Prussia. 

Pruthf  a river  which  has  its  source  in 
the  mouutain  of  Crapach,  Poland,  and  after 
crossing  part  of  the  palatinate  of  Lemburg 
and  Moldavia  into  Bessarabia,  falls  into  the 
Danube,  above  Reni. 

Prni/m,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Farre,  France,  in  the  electorate  of  Treves, 
lately  of  Geniiany,  with  a magnificent 
ablv*  , . on  the  Pruym,  30  miles  n by  w of 
Treves. 

PrzemisUa,  a town  in  the  palatinate  of 
Lend,  "rg,  Poland,  has  a castle  on  the  San^ 

54  miles  w by  s of  Lemberg. 


P u E 

Pfzcwdly  a town  in  the  palatinate  of 
Chelm,  Poland,  36  miles  e by  n of  Chelni. 

Prizibram,  a town  of  Bohemia,  in  the 
circle  of  Beraiin,  near  the  Muldau,  with  a 
silver  mine  and  an  iron  foundary  j 28  miles 
ssE  of  Prague. 

PSARA,  an  island  in  the  Archipelago,  off 
the  Nw  extremity  of  that  of  Scio,  has  a 
good  harbour  on  the  b coast,  frequented  by 
ships  trading  with  Constaniinople.  In  the 
centre  of  the  isle  is  a lofty  peak,  on  which 
the  Greeks  have  built  a small  chapel,  which 
being  whitened,  is  seen  at  a great  distance. 

I he  island  abounds  in  corn,  and  other  pro- 
visions. The  principal  town  is  about  a 
mile  from  the  port,  and  is  the  residence  of  m 
tae  Turkish  governor.  Lon.  25  45  e,  lat.  * 

PSKOF,  called  by  foreigners  Pleskof, 
a government,  a lake,  and  a large  town  of 
Russia.  The  government,  once  a republic, 
war  formerly  included  in  that  of  Novogorod. 

Tne  capital  is  situated  on  the  river  Velika 
or  Velicaia,  at  its  entrance  into  the  lake 
Tekudskoi,  80  miles  s of  Narva,  and  150 
s by  w of  Petersburg,  Lou.  27  52  e,  lat. 

57  38  N, 

Pucetdoey  a town  in  Bengal,  Hindoostan, 

40  miles  nw  of  Decca. 

^ Puchakatjy  the  most  southern  of  the 
Spanish  provinces  in  Chili.  It  abounds  in 
gold  dust,  and  large  strawberries.  The 
chief  place  is  the  city  of  Conception,  but 
Gualqui  is  the  capital. 

Puckholij  a town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
province  of  Lahore,  86  miles  sw  of  Cash- 
mere,  and  145  nw  of  Lahore,  Lon.  75 
5 E,  lat.  33  45  x. 

Pudda,  Q,  river  which  rises  in  the  sw 
part  ot  Agimere,  Hindoostan,  separates  the 
provinces  of  Guzerat  and  Cutch,  and  falls 
into  the  gulf  of  the  latter. 

Pudoga,  a town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Olonetz,  on  the  e coast  of  the  ‘ 
lake  Onezkoe,  108  miles  b of  Olonetz, 

Lon.  36  30  e,  lat.  61  36  n. 

Puebla,  a town  in  Galicia,  Spain,  near 
the  Atlantic,  29  miles  ssw  of  Compostella. 

Puebla  d*  Alcocer,  a town  in  Estrama- 
dura,  Spain,  48  miles  p of  Merida. 

Puebla  de  los  Angelos,  ihe  present  capital 
of  the  province  of  Tlascala,  in  New  Spain, 
and  a bfsbop^s  see.  The  streets  are  broad 
and  straight.  It  is  the  third  city  in  New 
Spain,  and  contains  67,800  inhabitants. 

The  buildings  in  general  are  of  stone,  and 
are  elegant  and  lofty.  The  large  square 
in  the  centre  of  the  city  is  adorned  on  three 
sides  with  uniform  porticos,  where  are  rich 
shops,  on  the  other  side  is  the  cathedral, 
besides  which  there  are  many  churches, 
temples,  convents,  and  colleges.  A small 
river  waters  the  town,  and  in  the  vicinity 
are  rich  vines,  and  all  sorts  of  European 
fruits.  It  has  a trade  in  cloths,  coiton 
manufactures,  fine  earthen  ware,  soap,  fruit, 
aud  all  kinds  of  steel  work.  It  is  80  miles 
ESE  of  Mexico.  Lou.  98  3 w,  lat.  19  0 nj 


PUN 

Puehla  Nouvay  a sea  port  of  Mexico,  in 
the  province  of  Veragua,  near  the  Pacific 
ocean,  100  miles  w of  St  Jago,  and  200  | 
w of  Panama.  Lou.  83  0 w,  lat.  8 34  n. 

Puedla  de  Sanahria,  a town  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Leon,  Spain,  45  miles  sw  of 
Astorga. 

Puente,  a town  in  Navarre,  Spain,  on  the 
Agra,  eight  miles  ssw  of  Pan.ipiona. 

Puerto  Bello,  &c.  For  all  names, 
which,  in  the  Spanish  language,  signify  a ^ 
fort.  See  Porto.  , . 

Puglia,  the  ancient  Apulia,  containing 
the  provinces  of  Capitanata,  Bari,  and 
Otranto,  on  the  e side  of  the  kingdom  of 
Naples. 

Puicerda,  a town  in  Catalonia,  Spain, 
capital  of  the  county  of  Cordagna,  is  48 
miles  w by  s of  Perpignan.  Lon.  1 50  E, 
lat.  42  16  N. 

PULAON,an  island  in  the  Indian  ocean, 
vv  of  the  Philippines.  Lon.  129  12  e,  lat. 

9 30  N. 

Pulhely,  a town  of  Wales,  in  Ciernar- 
vonshire,  on  an  inlet  of  Cardigan  bay,  be- 
tween two  rivers,  governed  by  a mayor,  and 
has  a market  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday, 
22  miles  s of  Caernarvon,  and  243  nw  of 
London. 

Pullicate,  a town  in  the  Carnatic,  Hin- 
doostan,  on  the  sea  coast,  and  at  the  s end 
of  a large  lake  of  its  name,  23  miles  n of 
Madras. 

Pulo-Canton,  an  island  of  Cochin  China. 
Lon.  109  35  e,  lat.  15  10  N. 

PULO  CONDORE,  the  name  of  several 
islands,  in  the  Indian  ocean,  the  principal 
of  which  the  only  one  inhabited.  It  is 
about  13  miles  in  length,  and  nine  in 
breadth.  The  inhabitants  are  of  small  sta- 
ture, of  a dark  complexion.  Lon.  107  18  e, 
lat.  8 40  N. 

Pulo  Dinding,  a small  Dutch  East  India 
island,  near  the  peninsula  of  Malacca. 

Pulo-  Timoan,  as  island  on  the  E coast 
of  Malacca.  Lon.  105  40  e,  lat.  3 12  N. 

Pulo  Wag,  an  island  of  Asia,  near  Suma- 
tra. Lon.  95  39  e,  lat.  5 50  n. 

Pultousk,  a town  in  the  palatinate  of 
Masovia,  Poland,  on  the  Narew.  Here,  in 
1807,  a battle  was  fought  between  the 
Russians  and  French,  in  which  both  sides 
claimed  victory ; 30  miles  n of  Warsaw. 

Pultowa,  a fortified  town  of  Poland,  in 
the  Ukraine,  celebrated  for  a battle  between 
Charles  XII.  of  Sweden  and  Peter  the 
Great,  in  which  the  former  was  totally  de- 
feated. It  is  100  miles  sw  of  Belgorod. 
Lon.  34  25  e,  lat.  49  26  N. 

PUNA,  an  island  in  the  South  sea,  at 
the  entrance  of  the  port  of  Guayaquil,  about 


miles  ssw  of  Guayaquil,  and  1 15  N of  Patay. 
Loo.  81  6 w,  lat.  3 17  s. 

Punhete,  a town  in  Estramadura,  Por- 
tugal, at  the  junction  of  the  Tezere  with 
the  Tajo,  six  miles  nw  of  Abranles 


PUT 

Punjgoor,  or  Penjeptir,  a town  in  Mek- 
ran,  Persia,  chief  of  a district  of  its  name, 
and  famous  for  the  quantity  and  quality  of 
its  dates,  150  miles  nne  of  Ridge. 

pjno,  a town  in  the  diooese  of  Paz, 
Peru,  stands  on  the  nw  side  of  the  lake 
Titicaca,  170  miles  nw  of  Paz. 

Punta  del  Guda,  the  capital  of  St. 
Michael,  one  of  the  Azores,  seated  on  the 
s side  of  the  island,  with  a strong  castle. 
The  streets  are  regular  and  spacious.  The 
public  edifices,  churches,  aad  convents  are 
elegant.  The  ships  ride  at  a convenient 
distance  from  the  town  in  an  open  road. 
Lon.  25  42  w,  lat.  37  47  n. 

Punto  Gallo,  See  Gallo, 

Purbeck,  Isle  of,  a rough  and  healthy 
tract  in  Dorsetshire,  to  the  s of  Poole  bay. 
Pipe  clay  is  dug  up  in  several  parts  of  the 
island  ; the  finest  near  Corfe  Castle,  of 
which  'much  is  exported,  particularly  for 
the  Staffordshire  potteries.  It  is  celebrated 
for  its  stone  quarries,  the  principal  one  is 
near  Swanage.  The  finest  sort  resembles 
marble,  and  is  used  for  chimney  pieces. 

Purchena,  a town  in  the  province  of  Gra- 
nada, Spain,  70  miles  E of  Granada.  Lon. 
2 25  w,  lat.  37  19  n. 

Purjleet,  a village  in  Essex,  on  the 
Thames,  four  miles  w of  Grays  Thurrock. 
Here  are  lime-works,  and  a magazine  of 
gunpowder. 

Purification,  a town  of  New  Mexico,  in 
Guadalaxara,  14  miles  from  the  w coast, 
and  145  sw  of  Guadalaxara.  Lon.  104 
30  w,  lat.  19  25  N. 

Purm^ond,  a strong  town,  on  a brook 
of  its  name,  N Holland,  10  miles  n by  e of 
Amsterdam. 

Purneah,  a town  in  Bengal,  Hindoostan, 
oa  a river  that  unites  with  the  Ganges,  125 
miles  NNW  of  Moorshedabad.  Lon.  87 
40  E,  lat.  25  47  N. 

Purysburg,  a town  in  Beaufort  district, 
S Carolina,  on  the  Savanna.  It  was  built 
by  a colony  of  Swiss,  with  a view  to  the 
culture  of  silk.  Lon.  81  5 w,  lat.  32  12  n. 

Puschiavo,  a town  in  the  Grisons,  Swit- 
zerland, three  miles  n of  a lake  to  which 
it  gives  name,  17  miles  wsw  of  Bormio. 

Putala,  or  Pateli,  a mountain  near  the 
banks  of  the  Burrampooter,  Tibet.  The 
grand  lama,  the  sovereign  and  high  priest 
of  Tibet,  has  a palace  on  its  summit,  in 
which  he  usually  resides,  seven  miles  e of 
Lassa. 

Putlitz,  a town  in  the  mark  of  Pregnitz, 
Brandenburg,  has  an  old  castle,  11  miles 
N N E of  Perleberg. 

Putney,  a large  village  of  Middlesex) 
situated  on  the  Thames,  over  which  is  a. 
w’ooden  bridge,  nearly  opposite  to  Fulham, 
noted  for  a common  or  heath,  two  miles  s 
of  the  village  ; a number  of  elegant  seals  ; 
an  inn  ; and  for  one  of  the  best  bowling 
greens  in  England.  On  the  heath  is  an 
obelisk,  erected  , in  1786,  in  memory  oi 
Mr,  Hartley’s  inveutioii  'of  fireplato:-.,  ior 


P Y R 

securing  buildings  from  lire.  It  is  tb«  birth 
place  of  'Thomas  Cromwell,  earl  of  Essex, 
•whose  father  was  a blacksmith,  and  of  Ni- 
cholas West,  bishop  of  Ely,  his  cotemporary, 
whose  father  was  a baker,  and  Edward 
Grbbon,  the  famous  historian,  in  a pleasant 
villa  between  Putney  and  Wandsworth,  four 
miles  wsw  of  London. 

PuttaUf  or  Puttan  Summatit,  capital  of 
the  circar  of  Puttau,  in  Giizerat,  Hindoos* 
tan,  95  miles  s of  Noanagur.  Lon.  69  40 
E,  lat.  21  2 N. 

Puy,  a populous  town  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Loire,  France.  It  has 
manufactures  of  lace  and  silk  stuffs  ; and  is 
45  miles  ne  of  Mende.  Lon.  35  8 e,  lat. 
45  38  N. 

PUY  DE  DOME,  a department  of 
France,  comprises  almost  all  Limogne,  a 
territory  about  36  miles  long,  by  1& broad, 
one  of  the  most  pleasant  and  fertile  in 
France.  It  has  its  name  from  a mountain, 
to  the  w of  Clermont,  the  capital, 

Puy  en  Anjou,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Maine  and  Loire,  France,  10  miles  ssw 
Of  Saumur,  and  160  sw  of  Paris. 

Puy  PEvique,  a town  in  the  dei>artment 
of  Lot,  France,  16  miles  w by  n of  Cahors. 

"Puy'^Moisson,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Lower  Alps,  France,  15  miles  se  of 
Digne. 

Puy  la  Roque,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Lot,  France,  18  miles  sse  of  Cahors. 

Pttycerda,  capital  of  the  county  of  Cer- 
dagna,  Catalonia,  Spain,  surrounded  by  walls 
and  defended  by  a castle,  seated  at  the  foot 
of  the  Pyrenees,  near  the  source  of  the  Se- 
gra.  The  French  took  it  in  1794,  28  miles 
w by  s of  Perpignan,  and  78  n by  w of  Barr 
celona  Lon.  1 50e,  iat.  42  36  n.  < 

Puy  Larens,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Tarn,  France,  It  is  eight  miles  sw  of 
Castres. 

Puzzoli,  or  Puzzuolo,  a celebrated,  but 
now  inconsiderable  town  of  Italy,  on  the 
bay  of  Naples,  the  ancient  Puteoli.  Here 
are  the  remains  of  the  temple  of  Jupiter 
Serapis,  probably  by  the  Asiatic  and  Egyp- 
tian merchants  who  settled  at  Puzzoli, 
which  was  the  great  emporium  of  Italy,' 
before  Ostia  and  Antium  were  built,  Be- 
sides this,  there  are  many  other  remains  of 
antiquity  The  ruins  of  Cicero’s  villa, 
called  Puteolanum,  near  this  place,  are  of 
such  exteut  as  to  give  a high  idea  of  the 
wealth  of  that  great  orator.  It  is  10  miles 
w of  Naples.* 

Pyle  Rudhar,  a town  in  Ghilan,  Persia^ 
stands  in  a narrow  pass,  on  the  river  Kizil 
Ozan,  supposed  to  be  the  ancient  Fauces 
Hyrcaniae,  35  miles  ssw  of  Resht. 

Pyrhaum,  capital  of  a lordship  of  its 
name,  in  the  electorate  of  Bavaria,  seated  on 
the  frontiers  of  Franconia,  13  miles  se  of 
Nuremberg. 

Pyramids  of  Egypt,  structures  formerly 
accounted  one  of  the  Seven  Wonders  of  the 
World.  These  surprising  monuments  of 


P Y R 

antiquity  are  biiilt  upon  a rocky  bottom,  at 
the  foot  of  the  high  mountains  which  run 
along  the  ancient  course  of  the  Nile,  and  se- 
parate Egypt  from  Lybia.  Most  imagine 
they  were  designed  for  tombs,  though  there 
is  no  discoverable  entrance  Into  two  of  them. 
The  principal  pyramids  *.are  of  Gize, 
a village  on  the  western  shore  of  the  Nile. 
There  are  four  of  them  that  deserve  the  at- 
tention Of  the  curious.  The  two  largest 
pyramids  are  500  feet  in  perpendicular 
height.  The  most  northerly  of  these  is  ,tho 
only  one  that  is  open  ; the  external  part  is 
chiefly  buiU  Of  great  square  stones  gf  an 
equal  size,  without  either  lime  or  cramps  of 
any  metal.  This  pyramid  is  three  hours’ 
journey  from  Old  Cairo,  and  the  entrance 
into  it  is  on  the  n side.  The  ascents  to  the 
top  of  the  pyramid,  on  the  outside,  are  by 
steps,  which  are  the  height  of  each  stone, 
the  lowermost  of  which  is  four  feet  high, 
and  three  broad,  but  they  were  not  original- 
ly desired  for  this  purpose.  The  base  at 
the  N side  of  it  is  693  feet,  and  as  the  pyra- 
mid is  exactly  square,  the  other  sides  must 
be  of  the  same  length.  The  whole  area  of 
the  base. contains  480,249  square  feet,  or  11 
acres,  and  somewhat  more.  One  of  the  py- 
ramids, about  150  feet  high,  is  built  with 
bricks  of  uncommon  dimensions. 

Pyrenean  Mountains,  or  Pyrenees,  moun- 
tains which  divide  France  from  Spain,  and 
the  most  celebrated  in  Europe,  except  the 
Alps,  They  reach  from  the  Meiliterranean 
as  far  as  the  ocean,  about  212  miles.  The 
passages  over  them  are  not  so  perilous  as 
those  of  the  Alps.  Their  medium  height  is 
reckoned.  8000  feet,  but  in  many  parts  they 
are  much  higher.  They  yield  great  quan- 
tities of  timber,  pitch,  and  tar.  At  the 
western  pass,  on  the  Spanish  frontier,  in  the 
end  of  July  1813,  the  allied  army,  under 
the  marquis  of  Wellington,  obtained  a signal 
victory  oyer  the  French,  commanded  by 
marshal  Soiilt. 

PYRENEES,  EASTERN,  a department 
of  France,  containing  the  late  provipee  of 
Roussillon.  A great  part  of, the  conntry  is 
mountainous,  but  it  is  fertile  in  corn,  and 
yields  excellent  wine,  olives,  and  oranges  ; 
also  leather  of  a superior  quality.  Perpig- 
nan is  the  capital. 

PYRENEES,  LOWER,  a department  of 
France,  of  which  Pau  is  the  capital.  It 
contains  the  late  provinces  of  Basque  and 
Bearn.  See  Navarre. 

. PYRENEES,  UPPER,  a department  of 
France,  containing  the  late  province  of 
Bigorre.  The  valleys  are  fertile  in  Spanish 
corn,  rye,  millet,  and  flax.  Here  are  ex- 
cellent hors8.s,  and  good  partridges.  The 
mountain  contains  mines  of  lead,  iron,  and 
copper,  and  quarries  of  slate,  fine  marble, 
and  jasper,  Tarbes  is  the  capital. 

Pyrgo,  a town  of  Morea,  European  Tur- 
key, on  the  Alpheus.  34  miles  nw  of  Tri- 
polizza. 

Pyrmont,  a town  of  ‘Westphalia;  in  a 


QUA 

couutj'  of  til®  samo  uamcj  subject  to  the 
prince  of  Waldeck,  with  a citadel,  seated 
between  high  mountains,  in  a charming  val- 
ley. In  the  vicinity  are  mineral  waters 
resorted  to  by  persons  of  the  first  rank,  and 
well  known  through  all  Europe.  It  is  38 
miles  sw  of  Hanover.  Lon.  9 20  e,  lat.  51 

57  N.  f 

Ptjrna,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  10  miles 

SE  of  Dresden.  , . 

Fyrsteiny  a town  of  Bavaria,  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Passau,  insulated  in  Austria,  10 
miles  NW  of  Lintz*,  and  22  e of  Passau. 

Pyworthy,  a town  in  Devonshire,  near 
Houlsworthy. 


Q 


QUADIN,  a town  in  Upper  Egypt,  on 
the  Nile,  between  Esseny  and  Dander, 
noted  for  the  number  and  value  of  its  ancient 
monuments. 

QUADRA  AND  VANCOUVER  ISLE, 
hu  island  on  the  nw  coast  of  North  America, 
between  Pintard^s  sound  and  the  Straits  de 
Fucca.  It  is  300  miles  long,  and  80  where 
broadest.  It  was  named  Quadra,  by  cap- 
tain Vancouver,  in  compliment  to  senor 
Quadra  governor  at  Nootka.  Nootka  sound 
lies  on  the  w side  of  this  island, 

Quadrella,  a town  of  Naples,  in  Lavora, 
20  miles  ene  of  Naples. 

QUADROL,  a fertile  island  in  the  East 
Indies.  It  is  nine  miles  long  and  three 
broad,  and  lies  nine  miles  wof  Cambodia. 

Qitakenbrugge,  or  Quakenburg,  a town 
of  Westphalia,  in  the  bishopric  of  Osnaburg, 
on  the  Hase.  It  is  30  miles  n of  Osna- 
burg. 

Quaker  Towtiy  in  Buck^s  county,  Penn- 
sylvania, 33  miles  nnw  of  Philadelphia. 

Quang-pingy  a city  of  the  first  rank  in 
the  province  of  Pe-tche-li,  China,  212  miles 
ssE  of  Peking.-  Lon.  114  30  e,  lat.  36 
47  N. 

QUANG-SI,  an  inland  province,  in  the 
6 of  China,  The  northern  part  is  full  of 
mountains  covered  with  trees,  and  contains 
mines  of  all  sorts,  and  particularly  a gold 
mine.  But  the  southern  is  a level  country, 
and  well  cultivated.  Here  is  a singular 
tree,  whose  pith,  contains  a soft  pulp,  Of 
•which  they  make  bread.  The  province  is 
watered  by  several  rivers,  and  abounds  so 
much  in  rice,  that  it  supplies  Quang-tong 
for  six  months  in  the  year.  Beside  the 
rhinoceros,  hedge-hogs,  and  paroquets,  it  con- 
tains a vast  number  of  wild  animals,  curious 
birds,  and  uncommon.insects.  The  capital 
is  Quei-ling. 

Quang-tcheou,  a city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Quang-tong,  called  by  the  Euro- 
peans Canton. 

QUANG-TONG,  a province  of  China. 
No,  23-64, 


Q U E 

It  is  diversified  by  valleys  and  mountains^ 
and  yields  two  crops  of  corn  in  the  year* 
It  abounds  in  gold,  jewels,  silk,  pearlSf 
sugar,  tin,  quick-silver,  brass,  iron,  steel, 
salt-petre,  ebony,  and  several  sorts  of  odori  • 
ferous  wood ; beside  fruits  of  all  sorts* 
They  have  lemons  of  the  size  of  a man^s 
head.  The  mountains  are  covered  with  a 
sort  of  osiers,  which  are  so  tough,  that  they 
make  baskets,  hurdles,  mats,  and  ropes  of 
them.  They  have  a prodigious  number  of 
ducks,  whose  eggs  they  hatch  in  ovens. 
These  they  carry  in  small  barks  to  the  sea 
shore,  where  they  feed  on  shrimps,  and  other 
sorts  of  shell-fish  left  by  the  tide,  and  at  night 
each  flock  returns  to  its  own  vessel.  Can- 
ton is  the  capital,  but  the  viceroy  resides  at 
Chaoking. 

Quang  iongy  a town  on  the  n frontier  of 
the  kingdom  of  Birmah,  on  the  Irrawaddy, 
has  a fort,  150  miles  nne  of  Ummerapoora. 

QUAN-TALLA,  an  island  of  Africa,  ifil 
the  mouth  of  the  Zarie. 

Quarjfy  formerly  a parish  on  the  Mainland 
of  Shetland,  but  is  now  annexed  to  Bressay 
and  Burra.  It  consists  of  a valley  two 
miles  long,  and  one  broad,  and  in  1798,  con- 
tained 178  souls,  and  five  fishing  boats. 

QUARNARO,  or  the  Four  Islands  of 
the  Quarnaro,  a province  in  the  late  ina« 
ritime  division  of  Austria,  consisting  of 
more  than  four  islands.  All  the  other 
isles  on  the  e of  Molachia  belong  to  thU 
province.  ' 

Queax,  a town  in  the  department  of  Vien- 
ne, France,  12  miles  se  of  Poitiers. 

Quebec,  the  capital  of  Lower  Canada, 
and  of  all  British  America,  is  situated  at  the 
confluence  of  the  rivers  St  Lawrence  and  St 
Charles,  or  the  Little  River,  about  320  mil^ 
from  the  sea.  It  is  built  on  a rock,  and 
divided  into  Upper  and  Lower.  The  highest 
part  of  this  rock  is  called  Cape  Diamond, 
from  the  number  of  quartz  crystals  found 
in  its  fissures,  and  is  350  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  river,  of  which  250  rises 
perpendicularly.  The  communication  be- 
tween the  towns  is  by  Mountain  Street, 
which  is  very  steep  a.nd  winding.  This  city, 
in  1784,  contained  6472  inhabitants.  Tho 
houses  iu  both  towns  are  of  stone,  strong, 
and  weH  built.  The  citadel,  which  stand* 
on  Cape  Diamond  is  regular  and  handsome. 
The  cathedral  of  the  catholics  is  a plain 
building.  The  extensive  college  of  th^ 
Jesuits  is  now  converted  into  barracks.  The 
courts  of  law,  and  the  protestant  metropolis 
tan  church  are  neat  edifices.  The  convent 
of  the  Ursulines  and  the  seminary  of  th* 
catholics  are  large  buildings,  with  extensive 
gardens.  The  office  of  ordnance,  an  ar- 
moury, store-houses^  and  workshops,  aijd  ^ 
public  gaol,  are  oii  the  n side  of  the  town, 
in  an  edifice  above  500  feet  long.  The  for- 
tifications are  extensive,  but  irregular.  The 
Lower  Town  is  defended  by  a plat-form  flanks 
ed  with  two  bastions,  a iitde  higher  a largp 
battery ; and  higher  still  a square  fort,  the 


QUE 

m6st  regular  of  all  the  fortifications,  and 
in  which  the  governor  resides.  The  river 
here  narrows  suddenly  to  the  breadth  of  a 
mile,  but  hence  to  the  sea  it  is  from  12  to 
15  miles  broad,  and  navigable  for  men  of 
war.  The  harbour  is  safe  and  commodious. 
Here  are  several  dockyards,  and  ships  from 

50  to  1000  tons  are  built.  The  population  is 
now  estimated  at  15,000.  This  city  was 
founded  by  the  French  in  1605;  reduced, 
with  all  Canada,  by  the  British,' in  1626, 
restored  in  1632,  besieged  by  the  British,  in 
1711,  without  success,  but  in  )7‘59,  after  a 
memorable  battle,  in  which  the  celebrated 
general  Wolfe  fell,  in  the  moment  of  vic- 
tory, it  was  taken  and  confirmed  to  the 
English  by  the  peace  of  1763.  In  1775,  it 
was  attacked  by  the  Americans,  but  they 
were  repulsed,  and  general  Montgomery, 
who  led  them  on,  was  slain.  It  is  360 
miles  by  the  river,  from  the  Atlantic  ocean, 
and  330  n of  Boston.  Lon.  71  10  w,  lat. 
46  47  N. 

QUEDA,  a kingdom  of  Asia,  in  the  penin- 
sula of  Malacca.  The  king  is  tributary  to 
Siam.  The  principal  town,  of  the  same 
Dame,  has  a good  harbour,  and  is  300  miles 
»NW  of  the  city  of  Malacca.  The  chief 
trade  is  in  pepper.  Lon.  99  30  e,  lat.  6 
5 N. 

QuedUnburgf  a town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
in  the  principality  of  Anhalt,  has  a castle, 
on  the  Bode,  which  divides»it  into  the  old 
and  new  town.  Hei;e  is  a protestant  abbey, 
whose  abbess  was  a princess  of  the  empire. 
It  has  a trade  in  linen  and  brandy,  10  miles 
s by  E of  Halberstadt.  Lon.  11  25  b,  lat. 

51  50  N. 

Queen  Anne,  a town  in  Maryland,  Prince 
George  county,  on  the  Patuxent,  at  the  foot 
of  a bill,  13  miles  sw  of  Annapolis,  and  22 
K of  Washington. 

QUEEN  CHARLOTTE  ISLAND,  an 
island  in  the  S Pacific  ocean,  is  about  six 
miles  long,  and  one  wide,  discovered  by  cap- 
tain Wallis  in  1767.  Lon.  138  4 19 

18  s. 

QUEEN  CHARLOTTE  ISLANDS,  a 
group  of  Islands,  in  the  Pacific  ocean, 
visited  by  captain  Carlerat,  in  1767.  The 
only  one  of  considerable  extent,  by  him  call- 
ed Egmont,  and  by  the  Spaniards,  St  Cruz,  is 
60  miles  in  length,  and  from  20  to  30  in 
breadth,  woody  and  mountainous,  with  many 
vallies  interspersed.  On  the  n side  is  Swal- 
low bay,  in  Ion.  164  26  E,lat.  10  42  s.  The 
inhabitants,  w^ho  are  vigorous  and  active, 
point  their  bows  and  arrow's  with  flint. 

Queen  Charlotte  Sound,  at  the  n extre- 
mity of  the  Southern  island  of  New  Zealand, 
wear  Cook’s  Strait.  The  hills  near  the 
sea  side  are  not  so  high  as  those  of  Dusky 
Bay,  but  are  covered  with  forests  equally  in- 
tricate and  impenetrable.  Lon.  174  19  e, 
lat.  41  6 s. 

; .QUEEN  COUNTY,  a county  of  Ireland, 
in  the  province  of  Leinster,  32  miles  in 
lengthy  aiud  30  in  breadth;  bounded  ou  the 


QUE 

N and  w by  King’s  county  and  part  of  Tip- 
perary ; E by  part  of  Kildare  and  Carlow ; 
and  s by  Kilkenny.  It  is  divided  into  50 
parishes,  contains  about  82,000  inhabitants, 
and  sends  three  members  to  parliament. 
It  has  many  bogs  and  other  coal  soils,  but 
the  greater  part  is  well  cultivated,  and 
some  parts  are  very  fertile.  Its  cheese 
bears  a high  price  in  the  market.  It  is 
watered  by  the  Nore  and  Barrow,  has  coals, 
and  besides  the  capital,  includes  the  boroughs 
of  PortarlingtOD,  and  Balliuakill.  Mary- 
borough is  the  capital. 

QUEEN  COUNTY,  in  Nova  Scotia, 
comprehends  a part  of  the  lands  on  the  cap© 
on  the  s side  of  the  bay  of  Fundy. 

Queensberry,  a mountain  in  the  parish  of 
Closeburn,  Dumfries-shire,  elevated  2140 
feet  above  sea  level,  gives  the  title  of  duke, 
to  a branch  of  the  ancient  family  of  Dou- 
glass, 15  miles  n of  Dumfries. 

Queen^s  Perry  South,  a town  in  Linlith- 
gowshire, on  the  s side  of  the  Frith  of  Forth, 
where  it  is  not  more  than  two  miles  wide. 
It  is  said  to  have  derived  its  name  from  the 
frequent  passage  of  Margaret,  queen  of 
Malcolm  Canmore,  in  her  way  to,  and  from 
her  favourite  palace  of  Dunfermline.  It  is 
a royal  burgh,  governed  by  a provost,  one 
land,  and  two  sea  bailies,  a dean  of  guild, 
<fec.  It  pays  ten  merks  Scotch  annually  to 
the  burgh  of  Linlithgow,  in  the  council  of 
which  it  has  a vote.  It  is  connected  with 
Dunfermline,  Culross,  Inverkeithing,  and 
Stirling,  in  electing  a member  to  parlia- 
ment. It  has  a good  harbour  for  small 
vessels;  manufactures  of  soap,  and  being  in 
the  great  road  from  Edinburgh  to  Perth,  has 
a much  frequented  ferry,  nine  miles  wnw  of 
Edinburgh. 

Queenborougk,  an  ancient  town  in  Kent, 
in  the  isle  of  Shepey,  It  is  a small  but  neat 
town.  It  is  a distinct  liberty  of  itself,  and 
is  governed  by  a mayor,  four  jurats,  &c, 
and  sends  two  members  to  parliament.  It 
has  a market  on  Monday,  and  some  vestiges 
of  its  ancient  castle  are  still  visible.  The 
chief  employment  of  the  inhabitants  is  fish- 
ing, and  oysters  are  here  in  great  plenty.. 
It  is  seated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Medway, 
1 5 miles  nw  of  Canterbury,  and  45  e by  s of 
London.  Lon.  0 49  e,  lat.  51  23  n. 

Queenhorough,  a town  ou  the  w side  of 
the  great  Pedee  river,  S Carolina,  32  miles 
NNw  of  Georgetown. 

Queenstadt,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Halberstadt,  Lower  Saxony,  five  miles  ne 
of  Halberstadt. 

Queenstown,  a town  on  the  Niagara, 
Upper  Canada,  just  below  the  last  rapid, 
w'hence,  owing  to  the  interruption  of  the 
navigation,  there  is  a portage  in  waggons  to 
Chippawa,  a distance  of  10  miles.  On  the 
13th  of  October,  1812,  this  place  was  taken 
by  the  Americans,  and  general  Brock  was 
killed,  but  it  was  retaken  the  same  day, 
and  the  American  general  with  900  troops 
were  made  prisoners,  seven  raihes  above 


QUE 

Fort  Niagara,  and  20  n by  e of  Fort 

Erie.  , i. ^ 

Queich,  a river  in  the  department  of  Mont 

Tonnere,  France,  which  flowing  by  An- 
weiller  and  Landau,  falls  into  the  Rhine, 
near  Germersheim. 

QueiMng,  capital  of  the  province  of 
Quang-si-China,  has  its  name  from  a flower 
called  Quei,  which  is  of  so  sweet  an  odour, 
that  it  perfumes  the  whole  country.  It  is 
seated  on  a river  that  unites  with  the  Ta, 
but  is  too  rapid  for  navigation,  180  miles  n 
by  w of  Canton,  and  587  s of  Peking,  Lon. 
109  51  E,  lat.  25  12  n. 

Queigey  a town  in  the  department  of 
Mont  Blanc,  France. 

Quelaines,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Maine,  France,  eight  miles  s of  Laval. 

Quentin  St,  an  ancient  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aisne,  France,  with  a consider- 
able manufactory  of  lawns  and  cambrics. 
In  the  vicinity,  in  1557,  Philip  II.  of  Spain, 
obtained  a signal  victory  over  the  French, 
and  afterward  took  the  town  by  storm,  in 
memory  of  which  he  built  the  Escurial. 
It  was  restored  iu  1559.  It  is  situafed  on 
an  eminence,  w’atered  by  the  Somme,  21 
miles  s of  Cambray,  and  85  n by  e of  Paris. 
Lon.  3 29  e,  lat.  49  50  n. 

QUERCY,  a late  province  of  France, 
fertile  in  corn,  wine,  and  fruits.  It  now 
forms  the  department  of  Lot,  of  which 
Cahors  is  the  capital. 

Queretaro,  a city  in  the  province  of 
Mexico,  New  Spain,  noted  for  the  beauty 
of  its  buildings,  an  aqueduct  and  cloth  manu- 
factures. Population  35,000.  It  is  105 
miles  Nw  of  Mexico.  Lon.  100  11  w,  lat. 
20  38  N. 

QUERTMBA,  a group  of  small  islands  on 
the  coast  of  Mosambique,  inhabited  by  the 
descendants  of  Porttiguese,  and  have  their 
name  from  the  largest,  and  abound  in  pas- 
ture and  fruit.  Lon.  41  30  e,  lat.  11  40  s. 

QUERQUINI,  or  Kerkini,  a cluster  of 
islands,  near  the  e coast  of  Tunis,  two  of 
which  are  much  larger  than  the  others.  The 
chief  one  is  10  miles  long,  and  five  broad, 
united  to  V^eita  on  the  n by  a bridge. 
Hence  a bank  extends  to  Lampedosa,  which 
abounds  with  fish.  The  channel  between 
the  two  largest  is  15  miles  to  the  e of 
Silsa.  Lon.  10  50  e,  lat.  35  34  n. 

Querigut,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Arriege,  France,  27  miles  se  of  Taras- 
con. 

Quernfurt,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
capital  of  a county  of  the  same  name,  in 
Thuringia,  with  a castle  on  the  Wute,  sur- 
rounded by  a ditch,  It  is  14  miles  nnw  of 
Nauenburg.  Lon.  JI  50  e,  lat.  51  23  n. 

Querre,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Maine  and  Loire,  France. 

QuerrieuXy  a town  jn  the  department 
of  Somme,  six  miles  ne  of  Amious,  France. 

Quesnoyy  a fortified  town  in  the  depart- 
nient  of  the  North,  France,  with  an  old 
castle,  in  a plain,  on  the  Rouelle,  In  i71  J, 


QUI 

it  was  taken  by  the  allies,  and  retaken  the 
same  year,  and  in  1793,  it  w as  taken  by 
the  Austrians,  and  retaken  next  year,  nine 
miles  SE  of  Valenciennes,  124  ne  of  Paris* 
Lon.  3 40  E,  lat.  50  15  N. 

Quevavilliers,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Somme,  France,  eight  miles  sw  of 
Amiens. 

Quevington,  a tow^n  in  Gloucestershire, 
near  Fairford. 

Quiheron,  a town  and  small  peninsula  in 
the  department  of  Morbihan,  France,  n of 
Belleisle.  In  1795,  some  French  regiments 
in  the  pay  of  England  landed  here,  but 
owing  to  the  desertion  and  treachery  of  some 
of  the  soldiers,  the  republicans  soon  took  it 
by  surprise.  In  1 800,  it  was  taken  by  the 
English,  but  soon  evacuated.  Also  a small 
island  separated  from  the  peninsula  by  a 
channel ; and  the  sea  next  it  is  called  the 
bay  of  Quiberon ; 17  miles  sse  of  Port 
Louis. 

QUICARO,  or  Quibo,  an  island  iu  the 
Pacific  ocean,  near  the  coast  of  Veragua, 
in  New  Spain,  2Q  miles  long  and  six  broad, 
with  a port  on  the  e side,  where  ships  are 
supplied  with  wood  and  w'ater.  Lon.  82 
30  w,  lat.  7 25  N. 

QuiebjDU,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  channel,  France,  six  miles  sw  of  St  Lo* 

Quilimaneif,  a town  on  the  coast  of  Zan- 
guebar,  in  the  kingdom  of  Melinda,  held  by 
the  Portuguese,  at  the  mouth  of  a river  of 
its  name,  26  miles  ssw  of  Melinda.  Lon. 
41  40  e,  lat.  3 10  s. 

QurUan,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Aude,  France,  25  miles  ssw  of  Carcassone. 

Quillota,  capital  of  a province  of  its 
name  in  Chili.  The  province  is  the  richest 
in  gold,  and  one  of  the  most  populous  in 
Chili,  and  its  honey  and  hemp  are  highly 
esteemed.  The  town,  called  also  St  Mar- 
tin, is  seated  in  a pleasant  valley,  on  the 
Aconcag’’  . 95  miles  wnw  of  St.  Jago. 
Lon.  7'  V,  lat.  32  56  n. 

QUILOA,  a kingdom  of  Africa,  extend- 
ing 60  leagues  from  n to  s along  the  e coast, 
on  the  mouth  of  the  Coavo.  The  people 
are  Mahometans,  speak  Arabic,  and  dress 
like  the  Turkish  Arabs. 

Quiloa,  a sea -port  on  the  coast  of  Zan- 
guebar,  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  its  name, 
tributary  to  the  Poriiiguese,  by  whom  it 
was  discovered  in  1498.  The  vicinity 
abounds  in  rice,  millet,  fruit,  poultry,  and 
cattle.  The  inhabitants  are  Mahotuetari^ 
partly  tawny,  and  partly  black.  The  capi- 
tal is  well  built,  and  stands  on  an  island, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Coavo.  It  is  30Q 
miles  N of  Mozambique.  Lon.  40  9 k,  lat. 
8 30  s. 

Quimper,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Finisterre,  France,  stands  at  the  junction  of 
the  Benaudet  and  Oder,  and,  is  a bishop’s 
see.  It  is  34  miles  sse  of  Brest,  and  112 
w by  s of  Renne.  Lon.  4 6 w,  lat.  4T 
I 58  N.  ' 

j|  QuimperUV)  a town  in  tfle  department 


QUI 

of  Finisferre,  France,  on  the  Isotte,  20 
miles  KSE  of  Quimper. 

Quincy,  a post  town  in  Norfolk  county, 
JWassachusetts,  10  miles  s by  e of  Boston. 

Quingey,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Doubs,  France,  on  the  Louve,  12  miles  sw 
of  Besancon. 

Quin-nong,  or  Ckirt-chi,  a bay  on  the 
coast  of  Cochin-China,  with  a narrow  en- 
trance. Ships  of  burden'get  in  at  high  water, 
but  being  a good  harbour  it  is*frequented  by 
country  ships.  The  city  of  Quin-nong 
stands  at  the  head  of  the  harbour.  Lon. 
109  15  E,  lat.  13,52  n. 

Quinson,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Lower  Alps,  France,  28  miles  ssw  of 
Digne. 

Quintanor,  a town  in  New  Castile,  Spain, 
37  miles  s of  Huete. 

Quintin,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  North  Coast,  France,  in  a valley,  10 
miles  ssw  of  St.  Brieuc. 

Qumlon,  a town  in  Northamptonshire, 
near  Salcy  forest.  ■) 

QUINZANO,  a district  of  the  Bresciano, 
containing  12  parishes  and  7000  souls,  of 
whom  3000  belong  to  Quinzano  the  capi- 
tal. 

Quirieu,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Rhone  and  Loire,  France,  12  miles  from 
Lyons. 

QUTRTMBA,  a cluster  of  small  islands 
on  the  coast  of  Zanguebar.  Lon.  38  54  e, 
lat.  11  40  s. 

Quiroga,  a town  in  Galicia,  Spain,  24 
miles  NE  of  Oriense. 

QUIRPON,  an  island  in  the  Atlantic 
ocean,  near  the  n coast  of  Newfoundland. 
Lon.  55  22  w,  lat.  51  40  N. 

QUISAMA,  a maritime  provinceof  Africa, 
in  the  kingdom  of  Angola,  along  the  river 
Coanza. 

QUISPICHANCHI,  a jurisdiction  of 
Peru,  in  the  diocese,  of  Cusco,  beginning  at 
the  s gates  of  Quito,  and  stretching  w about 
60  nules.  Here  are  manufactures  of  baize 
and  coar.^e  woollen  stufts. 

Qimtello,  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  late 
republican  department  of  Mincio,  situated 
on  the  Seccbia,  celebrated  for  an  action 
between  the  Austrians  and  French  in  1734, 
when  inaislial  Brogiio  w'as  surprised  in  his 
bed.  It  is  15  miles  se  of  Mantua. 

Quietoa,  a large  town  of  Morocco,  in 
the  province  of  Drass,  with  a castle. 

Quito,  an  audience  of  New  Granada, 
under  the(^  viceroyalty  of  Santa  P’e  de 
Bagota,  lying  between  two  chains  of  the 
Andes,  on  a plain,  elevated  9370  feet  above 
sea  level,  and  extends  along  the  coast  of  the 
Pacific  ocean,  from  lat.  2 n to  cape  Blan- 
co iti  lat.  3 45  s.  It  is  remarkable  for  its 
temperate  r.ir,  occasioned  by  its  elevated 
situation.  It  is  pretty  well  cultivated,  and 
the  towns  and  villages  are  populous  ; every 
village  has  a large  square  in  the  middle,  and 
a church  on  one  side  of  it.  There  are  no 
jioxious  animals.  The  northern  parts 


R A A 

abound  with  gold.  Hats,  cotton  stuffs,  an4 
coarse  woollen  cloths,  are  mkde  here  in 
such  quantities,  as  to  furnish  a considerable 
article  for  exportation  to  other  parts  of 
Spanish  America.  The  province  is  about 
400  miles  long,  and  200  broad.  Its  chief 
towns  are  Quito  and  Payta. 

Quito,  the  chief  tow  n of  the  above  pro- 
vince, is  next  to  Lima  in  population,  if  not 
superior  to  it.  Some  authors  say  it  con- 
tains 35,000  inhabitants.  It  is  a bishop^s 
see.  In  one  of  the  skies  of  the  principal 
square  is  the  palace  of  the  president  of  the 
royal  audience,  opposite  which  is  the  city- 
house,  in  the  third  is  the  cathedral,  in  the 
fourth  the  bishop^s  palace,  and  in  the  middle 
a beautiful  fountain.  Here  are  two  col- 
leges, which  are  a kind  of  university,  all 
its  buildings  are  handsome.  In  1755,  it  was 
destroyed  by  an  earthquake,  but  soon  rebuilt. 
It  stands  at  the  volcanic  mountain  Pichin- 
che,  on  the  Machapgara.  It  is  an  inland 
city ; and,  having  no  mines  in  its  vicinity 
is  chiefly  famous  for  its  manufactures  of 
cotton,  wool,  and  flax,  which  supply  the 
whole  kingdom  of  Peru,  400  miles  of  St.  Fe, 
de  Bogotta.  Lon.  77  50  w,  lat.  0 13  s, 

Quivox,  St,  a parish  in  Ayrshire,  con- 
taining the  thriving  village  of  fVallace-town, 
adjoining  to  the  New  Town  of  Ayr,  with 
about  3500  acres  of  land.  Population  above 
2000. 

QUIZAMA,  a province  in  the  s part  of 
Angola,  producing  abundance  of  honey,  wax 
and  salt.  The  inhabitants  are  w^arlike,  and 
have  not  submitted  to  the  Portuguese. 

Quizina,  a chain  of  mountains,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Fez,  stretching  100  miles  from 
the  desert  of  Gret  to  the  river  Nocor. 

Quothguan  Law,  a beautiful  green  hill  in 
the  parish  of  LiWton,  Lanarkshire,  on 
which  is  a large  rough  stone,  scooped  in 
the  middle,  called  Wallace's  chair,  on  which, 
it  is  said,  that  hero  sat  and  held  a council 
of  w'ar,  previous  to  the  battle  of  Biggar. 

QUOJA,  a kingdom  of  Africa,  jn  the  in- 
terior of  Guiaea,  e of  Sierra  Leone, 


R 


T>  AAB,  a strong  barrier  town  of  Lower 
Hungary,  capital  of  Javerin,  and  a bi- 
shop’s see  at  the  junction  of  the  Raab  and 
Rabnitz,  not  far  from  the  Danube,  28  miles 
ssE  of  Presburg,  and  55  miles  se  of  Vienna. 
Lou.  17  45  E,  lat.  47  48  N. 

Raajegur,  a town  of  Hindoostao,  in  the 
province  of  Malwa,  74  miles  ne  of  Oiigein, 
and  214  ssw  of  Agra.  Lon.  76  56  E,lat.  24 

2 N. 

RAASAY,  oner  of  tbe  Western  islands 
of  Scotland,  n of  Skye,  includcdjtin  the 
parish  o/  Portree  and  contains  about  320  in- 
habitants. It  is  about  12  miles  long  and 


RAD 

from  two  to  five  and  a-half  broad.  The 
soil  is  fitter  for  pasture  than  tillage.  There 
is  plenty  of  wood,  and  an  excellent  quarry 
of  stone,  which  supplies  the  neighbouring 
country  with  millstones.  At  the  ne  end, 
on  a rock  60  feet  high,  stands  castle  Broi- 
chin,  a nbted  sea  mark.  At  this  town  are 
the  ruins  of  a chapel.  Lon.  6 0 w,  lat,  57 

Rabastdns,  an  ancient  town  m the  de- 
partment  of  Tarn,  France,  on  the  Tarn,  18 
miles  from  Aly,  and  18  nb  of  Toulouse. 

Rabat,  a large  and  handsome  sea  port 
Of  Fez,  in  the  province  of  Tremesen,  with  a 
citstle,  handsome  mosques,  and  elegant  pa- 
laces, and  has  docks  for  ship  building,  and 
a manufacture  of  cotton  cloth.  Shelia,  a 
walled  town,  containing  many  moorish 
tombs,  and  entered  only  by  Mahomedans, 
Stands  on  the  e side.  It  is  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Burrigrig,  opposite  Salee, 
80  miles  w of  Fez.  Lon.  6 26  w,  lat. 
34  0 N. 

Rabbit  Island,  an  isle  in  Kerry,  Munster, 
remarkable  for  its  lime^stone  quarries. 

Rabenstein,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Saatz, 
Bohemia,  on  the  Ottava,  21  miles  wsw  of 
Rakonitz. 

Racca,  a town  in  Diarbek,  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, at  the  junction  of  the  Beles,  and  Eu- 
phrates. In  the  vicinity  are  the  ruins  of 
Old  Racca,  once  a superb  city ; 140  miles 
ssw  of  Diarbekir.  Lon,  39  4 e,  lat.  36 
S Km 

Racheim,  or  Reiknm,  a town  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Lower  Muese,  France,  six 
miles  N of  Maestricht, 

Rachore,  or  Atoni-Rachore,  a city  of 
Golconda,  Hindoostaii,  capital  of  a district 
of  the  same  name,  subject  to  the  Nizam  of 
the  Deccan,  seated  on  the  s bank  of  the 
Kistna.  It  is  315  miles  n by  e of  Seringa- 
patam.  Lon.  78  15  e,  lat.  16  30  N. 

Raclia,  a small  island  in  the  Archipelago, 
near  that  of  Nio. 

Raconigi,  a populous  town  of  Piedmont, 
stands  in  a plain,  between  the  rivers  Grana 
and  Macra,  six  miles  from  Carignan,  and  18 
s by  w of  Turin. 

Radeberg,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Misnia,  on  the  Roder,  with  a bath,  in  the 
vicinity,  discovered  in  1717,  called  Augus- 
tus Bath,  eight  miles  ene  of  Dresden. 

Radeburg,  a town  in  Misnia,  Upper 
Saxony,  on  the  Roder,  wi^h  a castle,  and 
famous  for  earthen-ware,  10  miles  n of 
Dresden, 

Radicofani,  a town  of  Tuscany,  in  the 
Siennese,  on  a steep  hill,  146  miles  se  of 
Sienna. 

Radimpour,  or  Radunpour,  a town  in  the 
province  of  Agimere,  Hindoostau,  on  the 
Puddar,  175  miles  n of  Surat,  and  2.50  sw  of 
Agimere.  Lon.  71  48  e,  lat.  23  58  n. 

Radnor  New,  a town  in  Radnorshire, 
South  Wales,  with  a market  on  Thursday, 
seated  near  the  source  of  the  Somergil,  at 


RAF 

the  entrance  of  a narrow  pass,  betWoen  two 
verdant  sharp  pointed  hills,  on  one  of  which 
a castle  formerly  stood,  which,  with  the 
walls  of  the  town,  was  demolished  by  Owen 
Glendower,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  IV.  It 
has  an  extensive  jurisdiction.  The  corpo- 
ration consists  of  a bailiff,  and  25  burgesses, 
who,  together  with  the  freemen  of  this  and 
of  some  other  towns,  elect  one  member  to 
parliament.  Old  Radnor,  said  to  have 
been  the  Magoth  of  Antoninus,  stands  two 
miles  to  the  se,  but  now  merely  a village*. 
In  1811,  the  population  of  New  Radnor  wa» 
only  380.  It  was  formerly  the  county 
town,  but  the  assizes  are  now  held  at  Pres- 
teign.  It  is  24  miles  nw  of  Hereford,  and 
159  WNW  of  London.  Lon,  2 45  w,  lat* 
52  10  N. 

RADNORSHIRE,  a county  of  South 
Wales,  30  miles  in  length,  and  25  in 
breadth;  bounded  on  the  e by  Shropshire, 
and  Herefordshire ; nw  by  Cardiganshire ; 
s and  sw  by  Brecknockshire;  and  n by 
Montgomeryshire.  It  contains  six  hun- 
dreds, 40  parishes,  and  four  market  towns* 
In  1801,  it  contained  19,050  inhabitants, 
and  in  1811,  20,900.  It  sends  one  member 
to  parliament,  and  the  principal  rivers  are 
the  Wye,  the  Teme,  the  Ythan,  and  tha 
Somergil.  The  s and  e parts  of  this  county 
are  tolerably  level,  and  productive  of  corn  ; 
the  other  parts  are  mountainous.  The  ri- 
vers abound  in  fish,  and  the  woods  and 
mountains  with  game.  On  the  tops  of 
many  of  its  mountains  are  tumuli.  It  was 
the  retreat  of  king  Vortigern,  when  he  was 
driven  from  his  throne  by  the  Saxons. 
Presteign  is  the  county  town. 

Rodom,  a town  of  Little  Poland,  capital 
of  a county  of  the  same  name,  60  miles 
NNW  of  Sandomir.  Lon.  21  1 e,  lat.  51 
25  N. 

Radomsk,  a town  in  the  palatinate  of 
Siradia,  Poland,  about  50  miles  se  of 
Siradia. 

Radstadt,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Salz- 
burg, Bavaria,  near  the  rise  of  the  Ens,  35 
miles  ESE  of  Salzburg.  Lon.  13  26  e,  lat. 
47  18  N. 

Raerdorp,  a town  of  Holland,  five  miles 
SE  of  Amsterdam, 

Rafford,  a parish  in  Elginshire,  about 
three  miles  long  and  from  three  to  four 
broad,  including  the  district  of  Altyre,  for- 
merly a parish  of  itself,  lying  on  the  k 
side  of  the  river  Findhorn.  The  surface  is 
much  diversified.  Population  above  1090, 
in  1755  they  were  1300.  In  Tarres,  in 
this  parish,  is  an  obelisk  called  Saeoo^s 
stone,  said  to  be  the  finest  Gothic  erection 
of  the  kind-  in  Europe.  It  stands  23  feet 
above  ground,  and  is  said  to  be  12  below  it. 
It  is  about  four  feet  broad,  and  adorned 
with  a variety  of  sculpture.  According 
to  tradition,  it  w'as  set  up  to  commemorate 
the  peace  concluded  between  king  Mal- 
com  aud  Canute  king  of  Denmark,  in 


R A I 


RAM 


to  12,  when  the  Danes  finally  evacuated 
Scotland. 

RAGHLIN,  an  island  on  the  w coast  of 
Donegal,  Ulster,  Ireland.  Lon.  9 1<5  w,  lat. 
<54  36  N. 

Ragivolo,  a town  in  the  ci-devant  duchy 
cf  Mantua,  Italy,  about  19  miles  s of 
Mantua. 

Raglandy  a village  in  Monmouthshire, 
five  miles  ne  of  Usk,  celebrated  for  its  castle, 
where  Charles  I.  passed  much  of  his  time  in 
great  magnificence.  It  was  the  last  place 
which  surrendered  to  general  Fairfax,  in 
CromwelPs  time. 

Ragnitz,  a town  of  Prussian  Lithuania, 
with  an  ancient  castle,  on  the  Niemen.  In 
the  castle  is  a royal  nniagazine  for  provisions, 
^c.  <56  miles  ene  of  Konigsberg.  Lon.  21 
30  E,  lat.  <55  30  n. 

Ragoogur,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Malwa,  HindoOstan,  116  miles  ke  of 
Oudein,  and  265  s of  Delhi*  Lon.  77  30  e, 
lat.  24  23  N. 

RagusUf  an  ancient  town  of  Sicily,  in 
Val  di  Note,  county  of  Modica,  near  the 
Ragusa,  has  a noble  college,  and  two  grand 
churches,  12  miles  n of  Modica,  and  18  wnw 
of  Noto. 

Ragnsa,  a city  of  Dalmatia,  and  capital 
of  Ragusen,  with  a harbour,  and  an  arch- 
bishop's see.  It  is  about  two  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, is  well  built,  and  has  a strong 
fort  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  and  an  inaccessi- 
ble mountain  on  the  land  side.  It  carries  on 
a considerable  trade  with  the  Turks, 
particularly  in  hides  and  tallow,  and  is  50 
miles  Nw  of  Scutari.  Lon.  18  10  e,  lat. 
42  50  N. 

RAGUSEN,  a territory  of  Dalmatia, 
along  the  coast  of  the  gulf  of  Venice,  about 
55  miles  in  length,  end  20  in  breadth.  It 
was 'a  republic  under  the  protection  of  the 
Venetians  and  Turks,  but  is  now  annexed  to 
Italy.  The  soil  is  so  barren  that  the  inhabi- 
tants import  the  greater  part  of  their  neces- 
saries. They  profess  the  Roman  Catholic 
religion,  but  the  Armenian,  Greek,  and  Tur- 
kish persuasions  are  tolerated.  Ragusa  is 
the  capital. 

Rajamundrg,  capital  of  one  of  the  En- 
glish circars,  Hindoostan,  on  the  Godavery, 
35  miles  from  its  mouth.  Its  chief  trade  is 
in  teak  timber,  170  miles  sw  of  Cicacole. 
Lon.  81  57  e,  lat.  17  On. 

Rajapourj  a town  of  Concan,  on  the 
coast  of  Malabar,  at  the  mouth  of  a river 
of  its  name,  six  miles  n of  Geriah,  and  50  n 
of  Goa. 

Rajemaly  a town  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
on  the  w bank  of  the  Ganges,  formerly  a 
place  of  considerable  trade,  but  now  in  a 
ruinous  state,  68  miles  nnw  of  Moorsbeda- 
bad,  and  J90  n by  of  Calcutta,  Lon.  87 
50  w,  lat.  25  0 n. 

Rain^  a town  of  Upper  Bavaria,  on  the 
Acha,  near  the  Leek  and  the  Danube,  12  ' 
miles  w of  Nueburg.  ' 

itam,  or  Old  Rain.  See  Rain. 


Rain  Lahe^  a lake  of  N America,  J09 
miles  long  and  20  where  broadest,  lying 
between  the  lake  of  the  woods  on  the  w,  and 
lake  Superior  on  the  e. 

Rainford,  a village  in  Lancashire,  famous 
for  its  rnanutacture  of  tobacco  pipes,  six  miles 
SE  of  Ormskirk. 

Rainham,  a village  in  Essex,  one  mile 
from  the  Thames,  w'here  there  is  a ferry 
to  Erith,  in  Kent.  It  is  15  miles  e of 
London. 

Raisin,  a town  in  Lincolnshire,  has  a 
market  on  Thursday,  near  the  source  of  the 
Ancholm,  16  miles  ne  of  Lincoln,  and  147 
N of  London. 

Rakelshurg,  a town  in  Stiria,  Germany, 
which  has  a considerable  trade  in  wine  and 
iron.  It  is  situated  on  an  island,  in  the  river 
Muer,  and  is  a frontier  fortress  towards  Hun- 
gary. Lon.  15  58  e,  lat.  46  45  n. 

Rakonitz,  the  capital  of  the  circle  of  the 
same  name,  in  Bohemia.  Excellent  beer  is 
brewed  here,  and  is  the  staple  article  of  trade. 
It  stands  on  the  Miza,  32  miles  w of  Prague. 
Lon.  14  0 B,  lat.  50  5 n. 

Ralegh,  the  present^  seat  of  government  of 
North  Carolina,  Wake  county,  about  10 
miles  from  Wake  court-house.  The  state- 
house  has  been  lately  finished,  and  cost 
60001.  The  distance  from  water  carriage 
is  a great  drawback  on  its  commerce. 
This  place  had  its  name  after  the  famous 
Sir  Walter  Ralegh,  by  w^hose  direction  the 
first  settlement  was  made  at  Roanoke  river. 
It  is  61  miles  n by  e of  Fayetteville,  and  95 
WNW  of  Newberojthe  former  capital,  Lon. 
78  52  w,  lat.  35  40  n. 

Rama,  or  Ramula,  an  ancient  town  of 
Palestine,  Syria,  has  many  fine  remains  of 
churches,  and  other  structures,  which  mark 
its  ancient  grandeur,  20  miles  w by  n of 
Jerusalem. 

Ramada,  a maratime  town  of  New  Gra- 
nada, in  the  province  of  St.  Martha,  100 
miles  E of  St.  Martha,  Near  it  is  a copper 
mine.  Lon.  72  20  w,  lat.  11  10  n. 

Ramagiri,  a town  of  Mysore  Hindoostan, 
on  the  w side  of  the  Arkawati,  with  a hill 
fort  on  the  opposite  side,  50  miles  ne  of 
Seringapatam. 

Ramanad,  a town  in  Mazawar,  Hiudoo- 
stan,  64  miles  se  of  Madura,  and  95  s by  w 
of  Tanjore.  Lon.  78  56  e,  lat.  9 20  n. 

RAMANANCOR,an  island  in  the  E Indies, 
near  Cape  Comorin,  It  has  only  a few  vil- 
lages. Lou.  79  45  E,  lat.  9 25  s. 

Rambert,  St,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Ain,  France,  near  the  Alberine,  18  miles 
Nw  of  Belle,  and  24  ssb  of  Bourg  eo 
Bresse. 

Rambert,  St,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Loire,  France,  near  the  Loire,  12  miles 
SE  of  Montbrison. 

Ramberviltier,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Vosges,  France,  about  30  miles  se  of 
Nancy. 

Rambla,  a town  of  Andalusia,  Spain,  1«5 
miles  s of  Cordova. 


1 


RAM 

Rambouillety  a town  in  the  department 
of  the  Seine  and  Oise,  France.  Its  royal 
palace  was  demolished  by  order  of  the  na- 
tional convention,  in  1793;  27  miles  sw  of 
Paris, 

Ramey  a town  in  Cornwall,  near  Mount 
Edgecumb.  Rane  Head  is  in  Ion.  4 1 1 w, 
iat.  30  18  N.  On  this  promontory  is  a 
chapel  which  is  a noted  sea  mark,  sw  of 
Plymouth  harbour.  The  chapel  belongs  to 
the  village  of  Rame, 

Ramery,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Aube,  France,  on  the  Aube,  18  miles  ne  of 
Troyes. 

Ramillies,  a town  ib  Brabant,  Nether- 
lands, seated  at  the  source  of  the  Geete, 
celebrated  for  the  signal  victory  obtained 
by  the  duke  of  Marlborough,  over  the 
French,  on  Whitsunday,  170S.  It  is  10 
miles  N of  Namur,  and  25  SE  of  Brussels. 
Lon.  4 50  E,  lat.  50  39  N. 

Ram  Island,  an  island  in  Lough  Neagh, 
Ulster,  on  which  is  an  ancient  round  tower. 

Ramiseram,  an  island  in  the  gulf  of 
Manara,  separated  from  Marawar  on  the 
continent  of  Hindoostan,  by  a narrow  chan- 
nel, 30  miles  in  circumference.  It  contains 
a few  villages,  a famous  pagoda,  and  beau- 
tiful trees,  and  is  situated  at  the  w end  of 
Adam’s  bridge,  Lon.  79  22  E,lat.  9 18  n. 

Ramla,  a town  of  Palestine,  the  ancient 
Arimathea,  now  in  a ruinous  state.  Here 
is  a manufacture  of  soap,  which  is  in  de- 
mand throughout  all  Egypt,  1 8 miles  nw  of 
Jerusalem. 

Rammekens,  a sea  port  in  the  island  of 
Walcheren,  Holland.  In  the  reign  of  queen 
Elisabeth,  it  was  one  of  the  towns  delivered 
to  the  English,  as  security  for  a loan,  four 
miles  s of  Middleburg. 

Ramelsburg,  a town  of  Lower  Saxony. 
Also  a lofty  mountain  in  that  part  of  Hartz 
forest  which  lies  within  the  principality  of 
Grubenhagen.  In  the  mountain  are  silver 
mines,  and  at  its  foot  is  the  city  of  Goslar. 

Rampour,  a town  of  Delhi,  Hindoostan, 
32  miles  s of  Cossipour,  and  about  105  e of 
Delhi. 

Ramshury,  a small  town  in  Wiltshire, 
celebrated  for  fine  beer,  and  many  Roman 
antiquities  have  been  found  in  the  vicinity. 
It  was  once  a bishop’s  see,  six  miles  e of 
Marlborough,  and  40  e of  Bristol. 

Ramsdonek,  a town  of  Holland,  three 
miles  E of  Gertrudenberg. 

Ramsey,  a town  in  Huntingdonshire,  with 
B market  on  Saturday,  seated  in  the  Fens, 
near  the  meres  of  Ramsay  and  Wittlesey. 
A causeway,  two  miles  in  length,  connects 
the  town  with  the  firm  land  on  the  w.  It 
had  once  an  extensive  and  richly  endow^ed 
abbey,  whose  abbot  sat  in  parliament,  but 
the  ruin  of  a gateway  is  all  that  remains  of 
that  proud  edifice,  12  miles  e of  Hunting- 
don, and  69  N of  London. 

RAMSEY,  an  island  of  South  Wales, 
separated  from  Pembrokeshire  by  a narrow 
channel  called  Ramsey  sound.  It  is  about 


RAN 

two  miles  in  length,  and  a mile  and  a-half 
broad.  Near  it  are  several  small  ones, 
known  by  the  name  of  the  Bishop  and  his 
clerks,  frequented  in  the  breeding  season  by 
immense  numbers  of  sea-fowls.  It  is  four 
miles  s by  w of  St  David’s.  Lon.  5 20  w, 
lat.  51  55  N. 

Ramsey,  a town  on  the  ne  coast  of  the 
Isle  of  Man,  with  a spacious  bay  of  its 
name,  which  affords  good  anchorage,  but 
the  harbour  admits  only  small  vessels ; at 
the  entrance  is  a light  house.  Here  is  a 
custom-house,  and  some  trade.  Corn  is  ex- 
ported from  the  fertile  adjacent  Country,  six 
miles  s of  the  point  of  Ayr,  and  15  n by  e of 
Douglas.  Lon.  4 26  w,  lat.  54  18  n. 

Ramsgate,  a sea  port  in  Kent,  in  the  isle 
of  Tbanet,  near  the  Downs.  It  has  two 
very  fine  stone  piers,  to  protect  the  vessels 
when  in  the  port,  A dry  dock  has  also 
been  formed  here,  with  extensive  store-hou- 
ses; and  of  late  a stone  light- house  w’as 
built  on  the  West  Head.  Ramsgate  is  a 
member  of  the  'port  of  Sandwich,  and  has 
1 become  a place  of  much  resort  for  bathing. 
The  town  is  well  paved  and  lighted.  Its 
merchants  trade  to  the  Baltic,  <fec.  and  it 
has  tw'o  weekly  markets  on  Wednesday  and 
Saturday.  The  number  of  inhabitants  is 
about  3300.  It  is  six  miles  s of  Margate, 
17  N by  w of  Canterbury,  and  72  ese  of 
London.  Lon.  1 24  e,  lat.  51  20  n. 

Ramteak,  a town  in  Berar,  Hindoostan, 
sacred  to  Ram,  by  the  Hindoos,  who  have 
a temple  here.  It  is  about  18  miles  nne  of 
Nagpour. 

RANAI,  one  of  the  Sandwich  islands,  in 
the  Pacific  ocean,'  discovered  by  captain 
Cook.  It  is  high  and  craggy  on  the  s,  but 
the  other  parts  are  more  level,  and  better  in- 
habited. It  produces  very  few  plantains  and 
bread-fruit  trees,  but  abounds  in  yams,  sweet 
potatoes,  and  Taro,  10  miles  w of  Mowee. 
Lon.  156  51  w,  lat.  20  48  N. 

Rancagua,  or  Triana,  capital  of  a pro- 
vince of  its  name,  in  Chili,  on  the  n side  of 
the  Cacbapoal.  In  the  vicinity  are  three 
lakes,  from  one  of  which  much  salt  is  ob- 
tained. The  country  is  fertile  in  fruit  and 
corn,  six  miles  s of  St  Jago.  Lon.  71  6 w, 
lat.  34  19  s. 

Ransheno,  a small  island  on  the  coast  of 
New  Mexico,  in  lat.  7 14  n. 

Randalstown,  a town  in  Antrim,  Ulster, 
Ireland,  five  miles  wnw  of  Antrim,  and  88 
from  Dublin.  Between  Antrim  and  Ran- 
dalstown, at  the  me  corner  of  Lough  Neagh, 
stands  the  village  of  Slanes  castle,  and  the 
elegant  mansion  of  O’Neil. 

iiandazzo,  a town  in  Val  de  Demona, 
Sicily,  42  miles  sw  of  Messina. 

Randeradt,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Roer,  France,  lately  of  Germany,  in  the 
I duchy  of  .Tuliers,  on  the  Worm,  10  miles  nw 
of  Juliers. 

Randers,eLr\  ancient  town  of  Denmark, in 
North  Jutland,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Gude, 
: 25  miles  E of  Wihurg. 


RAP 

Ranelaghy  a celebrated  resort  of  fashion- 
able company,  on  the  Thames,  w side  of 
St  Jameses  Park.  The  gardens  are  orna- 
mented with  avenues  of  trees,  a grove, 
canal,  &e.  and  in  the  centre  stands  the 
rotundo,  one  of  the  finest  pieces  of  architec- 
ture any  where  to  be  met  with.  It  resem- 
bles the  pantheon  at  Rome,  and  is  150  feet 
diameter  within.  There  are  100  boxes  for 
the  accommodation  of  company  ; the  paint- 
ings are  unrivalled  in  any  other  place  of  ( 
entertainment ; and  the  whole  is  lighted  by 
28  grand  chandiliers,  suspended  from  the 
ceiling,  each  containing  17  wax  candles. 
It  was  erected  in  1740.  The  price  of  ad- 
mittance is  two  shillings  and  sixpence,  and 
the  company  are  treated  with  tea  in  the 
boxes,  free  of  any  additional  expence. 

capital  of  a circar  in  Ben- 
gal, Hindoostan,  seated  near  the  Burampoo- 
ter,  on  the  borders  of  Assam  and  Bootan. 
Here  is  a famous  pagoda.  It  is  about  1 70 
miles  NE  of  Moorshedabad.  Lon.  90  8 e, 
iat.  26  10  N. 

Rangoon^  a sea  port  of  Pegu,  and  the 
principal  sea  port  of  teak  timber  in  the 
Birman  empire,  founded  by  the  king  of  i 
Birmah,  in  1755,  and  is  the  residence  of  a | 
governor.  The  custom-house  is  built  of  I 
brick,  but  the  wharfs  and  dwelling-houses, 
are  of  wood.  A grand  temple  stands  on  a 
rocky  eminence,  two  miles  n of  the  town,  i 
and  numerous  convents  are  in  the  vicinity. 
It  is  situated  on  the  most  eastern  branch  of 
the  Irawaddy,  which  hence  to  its  mouth  is 
called  the  Rangoon  and  Syriam  river,  18 
miles  N of  its  mouth,  and  60  s of  Pegu. 
Lon.  96  10  E,  lat.  26  48  n. 

RaniSy  a town  in  Misnia,  Upper  Saxony, 
with  a castle  on  a mountain,  10  miles  sw  of 
Neustadt. 

RANNOCK,  a mountainous  district  in 
Perthshire,  between  Athol  and  Braedalbine, 
with  a fine  forest  of  fir.  It  is  intersected 
by  a lake  of  its  name,  12  miles  long  and 
two  where  broadest.  It  discharges  itself 
by  the  Tummel. 

Rantampoury  capital  of  a circar  in  Agi- 
me*re,  Hindoostan,  with  a fortress,  96  miles 
E of  Agimere,  and  105  wsw  of  Agra.  Lon. 
76  57  E,  lat.  26  35  N. 

Rantzowy  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Hol- 
stein, Lower  Saxony,  24  miles  n by  w of 
Lubec. 

Raolconddy  a town  of  the  Deccan  of 
Hindoostan,  in  Golconda,  near  which  is  a 
rich  diamond  mine.  It  is  20  miles  nnw  of 
Sollapour,  and  270  sw  of  Hydrahail. 

Raon  L’Etopey  a town  in  the  department 
of  MeUrthe,  France,  stands  at  the  junction 
of  the  Etape  and  Meurte,  30  miles  se  of 
Nancy. 

RajfallOy  a town  of • Genoa,  situated  on 
the  gulf  of  the  same*^narae,  16  miles  ese  of 
Genoa, 

RAPHAEL,  St,  a fertile  and  healthy 
district  in  the  island  of  Hispaniola.  The  j 
air  round  St  Raphael  is  cool  and  salubri-  j 


it  A S 

Ous;  but  the  town  is  very  hot.  It  is  10 
leagues  s of  Cape  Francois. 

Raphoey  a town  in  Donegal  county,  UN 
ster.  It  is  an  ancient  town  and  a bishop’s 
see.  The  cathedral  serves  for  the  parish 
church.  Here  is  a free  school  founded  by 
Charles  I.,  six  miles  sw  qf  Lifford,  12  w of 
Londonderry,  and  107  wnw  of  Dublin. 

Ropolla,  a town  in  Basilicata,  Naples, 
five  miles  w of  Venosa. 

Rappahanocy  a river  of  Virginia,  which 
has  its  source  in  the  mountains  called  the 
Blue  ridge,  and  passing  Falmouth,  Frede^ 
rieshurg,  Portroyal,  Leeds?  Tappahanoe,  and 
Urbana,  falls  into  the  Chesapeak. 

Rapper schywly  a small  town  and  territory 
of  Switzerland,  on  the  .confines  of  the  can- 
ton of  Zurich.  Its  territory  was  three 
miles  in  circumference,  and  comprehended 
three  parishes.  The  town  is  situated  on  a 
neck  of  land,  which  advances  into  the  lake 
of  Zurich.  It  contains  200  burghers,  and 
about  1000  inhabitants,  who  are  of  the 
church  of  Rome.  Here  is  a bridge  1850r 
feet  long,  constructed  of  wood.  It  is  18 
miles  sE  of  Zurich,  and  about  20  nw  of 
Glaris. 

RappSy  a town  on  the  river  Teya,  Aus- 
tria, eight  miles  n by  w of  Horn. 

Raritan,  a river  of  New  Jersey,  flows  by 
Brunswick  and  Amboy,  into  Arthur  KulL 
sound,  and  helps  to  form  the  fine  harbour 
of  Amboy.  At  Raritan  hills  is  a small 
romantic  cascade.  Copper  ore  has  been 
found  on  the  upper  part  of  this  river. 

RASCIA,  a territory  of  Turkey,  the 
eastern  division  of  Sclavonia,  watered  by 
the  Rasca,  which  unites  with  the  Morave. 
The  inhabitants  are  called  Rasciaus.  The 
principal  town  is  Belgrade. 

Raseborg,  a sea  port  of  Sweden,  capital 
of  a canton  in  Nyland,  on  the  gulf  of  Fin- 
land, 37  miles  s£  of  Abo.  Lon.  23  18 
lat.  60  16  N. 

Raspenhurg,  a town  of  Thuringia,  Upper 
Saxony,  on  the  Lossa,  on  the  ridge  of 
mountains  called  Finne,  near  which  are  the 
ruins  of  the  celebrated  castle  of  Rasseburg, 
and  some  medicinal  springs,  15  miles  knb 
of  Weimar, 

Rastadty  a town  of  Suabia,  in  the  terrK* 
tory  of  Baden.  Here,  in  1714,  a treaty  was 
concluded  between  the  Austrians  and  French, 
and  in  1796,  the  latter  defeated  the  former 
near  this  place.  It  is  situated  on  the  Merg, 
near  the  Rhine,  five  miles  n of  Baden,  and 
24  sw  of  Philipsburg. 

Rastenhurgy  a fortified  town  with  a 
castle,  East  Russia,  46  miles  se  of  Ko- 
nigs  berg. 

Rastofy  capital  of  a province  in  the 
government  of  Voronetz,  Russia,  seated  on 
the  Don,  and  has  an  extensive  fortress.  Here 
resides  the  governor  of  Asoph  and  Taganrog. 
At  this  place  the  goods  from  Voronetz  are 
enibarked,  and  put  on  board  larger  vessels 
for  Taganrog,  370  miles  s$s  of  Voronetz 
Lon.  42  37  e,  lat.  47  2 n. 


RAT 

Rauenntf  a town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the  l 
Middle  Mark,  on  the  Havel,  15  miles  n 
by  w of  Brandenburg. 

Rathangariy  a handsome  village  in  Kil- 
dare, Leinster,  with  extensive  flour  mills, 
five  miles  nw  of  Kildare. 

Ratheooley  a to\C\i  in  the  county  of  Dub- 
lin, Ireland,  10  miles  sw  of  Dublin, 

Ratheormuck,  a borough  in  the  county 
of  Cork,  Ireland,  on  the  Bride,  15  miles  nne 
of  Cork. 

Rathdomnyy  a town  in  Queen  county, 
Ireland,  17  miles  sw  of  Maryborough. 

Rathdrum,  a tewn  in  Wicklow,  Leinster, 
Ireland,  on  the  Ovoca,  with  manufactures  | 
of  woollens  and  linen.  Near  this  town  are 
copper  mnes,  11  miles  sw  of  Wicklow,  and 
B2  s of  Dublin. 

Rathen,  a parish  in  Aberdeenshir^,  about 
three  miles  from  the  tow'n  of  Fraserburgh. 
It  is  about  seven  miles  long,  and  at  an 
average  two  broad.  It  contains  tw'o  fish- 
ing villages,  and  valuable  lime-stone  quar- 
ries. Near  the  church  are  tw’o  artificial 
mounds,  supposed  to  have  been  encamp- 
ments ; and  in  another  quarter,  some  tumuli, 
said  to  cover  the  graves  of  certain  Danish 
chiefs  w'ho  fell  in  battle.  Population  near 
1600. 

Rathfarnhamy  a pleasant  village,  three 
miles  s of  Dublin.  In  its  vicinity  is  an 
elegant  mansion,  with  an  uncommonly  fine 
green-house  for  exotics,  and  an  extensive 
-aviary  of  rare  birds,  which  belonged  to 
the  late  earl  of  Ely  ; and  near  it  is  Marlay, 
with  delightful  pleasure  grounds. 

Rathfrylandy  an  handsome  market  and 
post  town  in  the  county  of  Down,  Ulster, 
seated  on  a hill,  having  four  large  straight 
roads  leading  up  to  it,  and  centering  in  the 
town,  10  miles  ne  of  Newry,  and  57  n by  e 
of  Dublin. 

Rathkeahy  a town  in  Limerick,  Munster, 
on  the  river  Deel,  with  the  ruins  of  an  an- 
cient priory  of  Augustinian  canons,  and 
seven  annual  horse  fairs,  16  miles  sw  of 
Limerick,  and  108  sw  of  Dublin. 

Rathmeltony  a village  in  Donegal,  Ulster, 
on  a bay  of  Lough  Swiily,  12  miles  w of 
Londonderry,  and  132  nw  of  Dublin. 

Rathmill,  a village  in  Yorkshire,  in  Gig- 
gleswick  parish. 

RathOy  a parish  of  Scotland,  about  four 
miles  long  and  eight  and  a-half  broad, 
lying  about  five  mile  sw  of  Edinburgh,  con- 
taining extensive  plantations  and  elegant 
seats,  with  the  vestiges  of  some  camps. 
Population  near  1000. 

RathveUy  a parish  in  Banffshire,  extending 
about  10  miles  along  the  coast  of  the 
Moray  Frith,  with  a breadth  of  from  three 
to  five  miles.  Along  the  coast  are  several 
fishing  villages.  In  the  parish  are  slate, 
lime-stone,  and  some  mineral  springs.  Po- 
pulation near  4000. 

Ratibor,  a town  of  Silesia,  capital  of  a 
duchy  of  the  same  name,  with  a castle, 
seated  on  the  Oder,  in  a country  fertile  in 
No  1 24,— —6<?, 


RAT 

corn  and  fruits.  It  is  15  miles  ne  qf 
Troppau,  and  85  sse  of  Breslaw.  Lon.  18 
13  E,  lat.  50  1 N. 

Ratingen,  a towm  in  the  duchy  pf  Ber^, 
Westphalia.  It  is  six  miles  ne  of  Dusseldorf. 

Ratishony  an  ancient,  large,  and  rich 
city  of  Bavaria,  lately  free  and  imperial, 
and  an  episcopal  see,  capital  of  the  principa- 
lity of  Ratisbon.  In  1802  it  was  ceded  to 
the  elector  of  Mentz.  It  has  a number  of 
handsome  structures,  particularly  of  six 
monasteries.  In  the  abbey  of  St.  Emereaii 
are  the  relics  of  St.  Denys ; a valuable 
library  ; aud  a choice  collection  of  mathe- 
matical instruments.  The  general  diets  of 
the  empire  usually  met  in  the  splendid  haU 
of  the  town-house.  The  inhabitants,  in 
general,  are  Protestants,  and  are  about 
24,000.  It  contains  a Scottish  college  and 
monastery.  It  has  a great  trade  ia  salt, 
and  sends  large  quantities  of  corn  and 
wood  to  Vienna.  It  is  seated  on  the  s 
side  of  the  Danube,  over  which  is  an  an- 
cient bridge  of  15  arches,  near  the  influx  of 
the  Regeq,  55  miles  ne  of  Nuremberg, 
62  N by  E of  Munich,  and  195  w by  N of 
Vienna.  Lon.  12  6 e,  lat.  48  58  n. 

Ratmansdorfy  a town  in  Carniola,  Ger- 
many, has  a castle,  20  miles  s by  w of 
Clagenfurt. 

Ratoathy  a borough  in  Meath,  Leinster, 
Ireland,  13  miles  nw  of  Dublin.  Before 
the  union  it  sent  two  members  to  the  Irish 
parliament. 

Ratolfzely  a town  of  Suabia,  seated  on 
that  part  of  the  lake  of  Constance  called 
Zeller  See,  12  miles  nw  of  Constance. 

Ratsha,  or  Ratzkay  a town  on  the  n side 
of  the  Save,  Sclavonia,  opposite  the  junction 
of  the  Drin.  It  has  a fortress,  30  miles  sw 
of  Peter waradein. 

Rattan,  See  Ruatan, 

Rattenburg,  a fortified  town  of  Tyrol^ 
Germany,  with  a citadel,  on  the  Inn. 
Near  it  are  copper  mines,  which  also  yield 
some  silver,  26  miles  ene  of  Inspruck,  and 
44  sw  of  Salzburg* 

Rattray y a village  and  parish  in  Perth- 
shire. The  former  pleasantly  situated  on 
the  Ericht,  contains  about  200  inhabitants, 
chiefly  employed  in  the  linen  manufacture^ 
The  parish  is  about  four  miles  long,  an.i 
three  broad,  having  a diversified  surface. 
Population  about  900.  Near  the  vitl^age 
are  some  vestiges  of  the  ancient  castle  qf 
Rattray.  In  the  village  is  an  annual  fair 
on  the  1st  Tuesday  of  February  O.  S. ; IT 
miles  N by  w of  Perth,  and  about  57  from 
Edinburgh,  in  the  same  direction. 

Ratzeburg,  capital  of  a principality  qf 
its  name.  Lower  Saxouy,  stands  on  an  iskind, 
in  the  middle  of  a lake,  30  miles  in  circum- 
ference, from  which  issu^  the  river  Wakoitz, 
which  joins  the  Trave,  near  Lubeo.  It  i^ 
subject  to  the  duke  of  Mecklenburg  Strelitz, 
and  is  celebrated  for  its  b.eer ; 14  miles  s 
. by  E of  Lubee,  and  22  s of  Lau^abur^^ 
Lon.  10  52  E,  latt  53  43  n.  ' 

K k 


R A W 

HaudnitZy  a town  and  castle  in  the  circle 
of  Raconitz,  Bohemia,  on  the  Elbe,  20 
miles  N of  Prague. 

Rava,  a town  of  Great  Poland,  capital 
oi  a palatinate  of  the  same  name.  It  is  ,53 
miles  sw  of  Warsaw. 

Ravello,  a sea  port  of  Naples,  in  the 
Principato  Citeriore,  13  miles  se  of  Naples. 

Ravenglass,  a town  in  Cumberland, 
situated  between  the  Irt  and  Esk.  It  is  a 
well  built  place;  and  having  a good  road 
for  shipping,  it  has  some  trade,  particularly 
ID  oysters.  On  the  s side  of  the?  Esk,  two 
miles  from  this  town,  are  ruins  three  miles 
in  circuit,  called  the  city  of  Barnscar,  cf 
which  no  accounts  appear  to  be  preserved 
m history.  It  is  16  miles  sse  of  White- 
haveu,  24  sw  of  Cockermouth,  and  297 
NNw  of  London.  Lon.  3 39  w,  lat.  34 
22  N. 

Ravenna y an  ancient  and  celebrated  towm 
of  Italy,  the  late  capital  of  Romagna,  and 
an  archbishop^s  see,  with  a ruinous  citadel, 
.^verai  colleges,  and  many  religious  houses. 
Here,  Theodoric,  king  of  the  Goths,  and 
afterward  the  exarchs  of  the  Greek  emperors 
resided.  The  mausoleum  of  the  former 
covered  by  a single  stone,  28  feet  in 
diameter,  and  13  thick,  is  still  to  be  seen. 
It  is  now  chiefly  remarkable  for  the  excel- 
lent wine  produced  in  its  neighbourhood.  It 
contains  about  15,000  souls.  This  city 
is  seated  on  the  Mantone,  37  miles  se  of 
‘Ferrara,  and  162  n of  Rome.  Lon.  12  3 e 
lat.  44  33  N.  ^ 

Ravemhergy  a town  of  Westphalia,  capi- 
tal 6f  a county  of  the  same  name,  with  the 
castle  of  the  ancient  Counts  on  a mountain 
It  is  subject  to  the  king  of  Prussia  ; 15 
miles  ENE  of  Munster,  and  36  sw  of 
Miuden.  ' • 

Ravemhurg,  a free  and  late  imperial 
town  of  Germany,  in  Suabia,  ceded  to  Ba- 
varia in  1802.  It  bas  a considerable  trade 
in  paper,  and  is  seated  on  the  Cheuss,  18 
miles  N ofLindau. 

‘ ^Ratestein,  <8  town  of  Holland,  capital 
Of  a county  of  the  same  name.  It  is  si- 
tuated  on  the  Maese,  eight  miles  wsw  of 
J^imeguen. 

RavitZy  a io'wn  in  the  palatinate  of  Pos- 
»apia;  Poland,  has  a manufacture  of  cloth  : 
24  miles  s of  Posen.  ‘ 

^ town  of  Finland,  Sweden,  near 
4bo^^  Bothnia,'  35  miles  n by  w of 

Rauschenbergy  a town  in  Upper  Hesse, 
Germany  seven  miles  nNe  of  Marburg,  and 
32  ssw  of  Chssel. 

Rauv^ey  one  of  the  e branches  of  the 
Indus,  has  its  source  in  Lahore,  on  the 
i^ontier  of  Tibet,  passes  the  city  of  Lahore, 
loulomba,  in  Moultan,  and  28  miles  below 
unites  with  the  Ctunaub.  It  is  the  Hv- 
'draotes  of  Alexander.  ^ 

Raway  capital  of  a palatinate  of  its  name 
Poland,  has  a strong  castle,  and  stands  in  a 
iBorass,  nearly  surrounded  by  fhe  Rawa 


REA 


Warsaw.  Lon.  19  33  e 
lai.  1 3 1 N»  ’ 

Rayleigh,  or  Raleigh,  a town  in  Essex. 
It  IS  ancient,  but  now  much  decayed.  It 
has  a w^kly  market  on  Saturday,  and  a 
fair  on  Trinity  Monday.  Its  courts  leet, 
and  courts  baron  have  extensive  privileffes  • 
12  miles  SSE  of  Chelmsford,  and  34  I of 
London. 

Rayney  or  RaiUy  a parish  in  Aberdeen- 
shire,  of  nearly  a square  figure,  each  side 
oi  whichis  about  two  miles.  The  surface 
IS  in  general  flat,  and  the  soil  rich  and  fer- 
tilev  The  small  po.st  town  of  Old  Ra  yne, 
is  Situated  on  the  road  from  Aberdeen  to 
Huntly,  23  miles  nw  of  Aberdeen.  Here 
the  bishop  of  Aberdeen  occasionally  re- 
dded. It  has  a great  fair  on  the  second 
1 uesday  of  August,  and  a weekly  market. 
Population  above  1200. 

Raynhamy  a town  of  Massachusetts,  in 
Bristol  county,  stands  near  the  river  Taun- 
ton, containing  1094  inhabitants.  Here,  in 
1632,  the  first  forge  in  America  was  erected 
y James  and  Henry  Leonard,  natives  of 
I England,  and  is  still  in  the  employ  of  the 
' iamily  of  the  Leonards.  The  vicinity 
abounds  in  ore.  It  is  four  miles  nxe  of 
Taunton,  and  32  s of  Boston. 

Raypouvy  a town  of  Orissa,  Hiudoostan, 
near  the  Mahanada,  60  miles  s of  Ruttun- 
pour,  and  80  w’  of  Sumbulpour. 

RE,  an  island  of  France,  separated  from 
the  coast  of  Lowtf  Chareute,  by  the  strait 
of  Breton,  about  seven,  miles  wide.  The 
island  is  16  miles  long,  and  four  broad.  It 
produces  bitter  wine,  brandy,  salt,  and  the 
liquor  called  anniseed.  St.  Martin  is  the 
capital. 

, Reading,  the  county  town  of  Berkshire, 

I England,  situated  on  the  Kennet,  near  its 
confluence  with  the  Thames,  w’ith  a market 
on  Saturday,  It  consists  of  three  parishe.s, 
VIZ.  St  Mary,  St  Lawreuce^s,  and  St  Giles’; 
and  in  it  there  are  no  fewer  thau  six  meeting- 
houses for  dissenters  of  different  denomina- 
tions. The  principal  streets  are  extensive, 
well  paved  and  lighted  ; population  in  1811, 
10,788.  The  chief  manufactures  are  can- 
vas, blankets,  pins,  and  ribbons.  Great 
quantities  of  malt,  flonr,  and  timlier,  are 
conveyed  by  the  Thames  to  London.  The 
corporation  consists  of  a ipayor,  recorder, 

12  aldermen,  and  12  burgesses.  The  two 
members  of  parliament  are  elected  by  the 
inhabitants  paying  scot  and  lot.  Here  is  a 
county  infirmary,  and  a new  jail,  and  tho 
ruins  of  a rich  abbey,  which  had  a mitred 
Abbot,  who  sat  in  parliament.  In  this 
abbey  Henry  I.  was  interred,  and  his  body 
was  found  in  a lead  coffin  in.its  foundation, 
in  1787.  It  bas  a free-school  and  a thea- 
tre. Reading  lies  26  miles  sse  of  Oxford, 
and  38  w of  London.  Lon,  0 32  w,  lat,  3! 

28  N.  ' 

Reading,  the  capital  of  Berks  county, 
Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  ne  side  of 
Schuylkill  river.  For  building  a bridge 


RED 

orer  this  river  the  connty  voted  12,0001.  in 
1795.  Here  are  four  edifices  for  public 
worship,  and  one  for  offences.  In  the  vi- 
cinity are  fulling-mills,  and  iron  works. 

It  cantains  about  609  houses  ; 40  miles  sw 
of  Bethlehem,  and  54  nw  of  Philadelphia. 
Lon.  76  10  w,  lat.  40  22  n. 

Realego,  a town  in  the  province  ot  Ni- 
caragua, New  Spain,  30  miles  nw  of  Leon, 
stands  among  swamps,  on  a river  of  its 
name,  near  its  month  is  the  port  of  Leon,  | 
and  has  three  churches.  Its  chief  trade  is 
in  pitch,  tar,  and  cordage.  Lon.  87  44  w, 
lat.  12  42  N. 

Realmonty  a town  in  the  department  ot 
Tarn,  and  late  province  of  Languedoc, 
France,  1 1 miles  s by  e of  Alby,  and  37  ne 
of  Toulouse. 

Realville,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Lot,  France,  eight  miles  ne  of  Montaubau, 
and  20  s of  Cahors. 

Reay,  a parish  in  the  counties  of  Suther- 
land and  Caithness,  mostly  in  the  latter. 

It  is  about  17  miles  in  length,  and  from 
eight  to  nine  in  breadth,  and  having  about 
nine  miles  of  sea  coast,  comprehending  271 
penny  lands.  The  parish  is  intersected  by. 
the  river  Haladale,  and  contains  several 
lakes,  and  mineral  springs.  It  has  good 
natural  harbours,  and  abundance  of  fish  on  ] 
the  coast.  Both  Gaelic  and  English  are 
spoken.  The  surface  near  the  coast  is  flat, 
but  more  inland  it  is  hilly.  Limestone, 
freestone,  and  ironstone  may  be  had  in  abun- 
dance. Lord  Reay  has  vast  tracts  of  land 
in  this  northern  part  of  Scotland.  Popula- 
tion about  2,400. 

Rebnick,  a town  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Walachia,  and  a bishop^s  see,  on  the  Aluta. 
45  miles  sw  of  Targowisco. 

Reccan,  See  Aracm» 

Reckanatiy  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  mar- 
quisate  of  Ancona,  seated  on  a mountain, 
near  the  Munsone.  It  is  a trading  place, 
and  has  a great  fair  in  September,  which 
continues  15  days.  It  is  14  miles  s of 
Ancona. 

Reokeniy  dLiO'wn  in  the  territory  of  Liege, 
Netherlands,  near  the  Meuse,  five  miles  n of 
Maestricht.  ^ , 

Recklinghauseriy  a strong  town  in  the 
circle  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  Germany,  capi- 
tal of  a county  of  its  name,  on  the  Lippe, 
has  a strong  citadel,  20  miles  ssw  of  Muu- 
ster.  Lon.  7 36  e,  lat.  51  38  n. 

ReculveTy  a village  on  the  n coast  of 
Kent,  at  the  mouth  of  a branch  of  the  Stour, 
the  Regulbium  of  the  Romans.  Its  ancient 
church  has  two  spires,  whjch,  by  mariners, 
are  qalled,  the  Two  Sisters.  The  sea  has 
made  some  encroachment  on  this  village. 
Here  are  some  vestiges  of  a Saxon  palace, 
and  of  a large  castle. 

RED,  or  Little  Russia,  a province  of 
Poland.  It  is  about  200  miles  long,  and 
100  broad,  and  contains  the  palatinates  of 
Chelm,  Belz,  and  Lemberg. 

Redbridge j a village  jn  Hampshire,  at 


RED 

the  mouth  of  the  Test,  over  which  is  e 
bridge  at  its  flux  into  Southampton  water. 
Here  terminates  the  Andover  canal.  Ship- 
building is  carried  on,  and  it  has  a go^ 
trade  in  corn,  timber,  coal,  <fec.  three  miles 
w of  Southampton. 

Redburriy  a town  in  Herefordshire,  on 
the  Wattliog-Street,  formerly  celebrated  for 
the  relics  of  St  Amphibalus.  It  has  several 
annual  fairs  ; six  miles  nw  of  St.  Alban^s, 

Redford,  or  Retford  East,  a town  in 
Nottinghamshire.  It  has  a market  on 
Saturday,  and  two  annual  fairs.  Here  are 
large  plantations  of  hops,  in  which,  and 
barley  for  malt,  it  has  a good  trade;  26 
miles  from  Nottingham  and  154  from  Lon- 
don. 

Redgortofiy  or  Redgoretowriy  a parish  in 
Perthshire,  about  six  miles  long  by  two 
broad,  of  an  irregular  figure,  lying  along 
the  Tay  and  Almond,  five  miles  nw  of 
Perth.  The  surface  is  neither  level  nor 
mountainous.  The  soil,  on  the  flat  grounds 
is  rich  and  fertile.  There  are  several 
branches  of  manufactures  carried  on  to  a 
great  extent.  Pitcairn-Green,  and  Battle- 
by,  two  villages  inhabited  by  cotton  wea- 
vers ; and  part  of  the  village  of  Stanley  is 
likewise  in  this  parish,  also  the  great 
bleachfield  of  Luncarty,  and  the  w'orks  of 
Cromwell  park.  Population  is  about  2000o 

Redhead y a promontory  of  Angus-shire, 
on  the  s side  of  Lunanbay,  composed  of  red 
freestone  rock,  270  feet  high,  frequented  by 
immense  flocks  of  sea  fowl.  Valuable 
pebbles  have  been  found  at  the  bottom  of 
the  rocks.  Here  is  the  ruin  of  a castle, 
almost  surrounded  by  the  sea,  six  miles  s of 
Montrose. 

Red  "Horse  Vale,  a fruitful  tract  in  War- 
wickshire, S of  Avon,  has  its  name  from 
the  figure  of  a horse  cut  out  on  the  side  of 
a hill  of  red  earth,  and  kept  in  repair  by  a 
neighbouring  freeholder,  who  holds  his  lands 
by  that  tenure. 

Red  Lake,  a lake  of  N America,  to  the 
s of  Lake  of  the  Woods,  60  miles  in  length, 
and  15  in  breadth.  Several  small  rivers 
fall  into  it  on  the  n.  Its  outlet  is  at  the  se 
extremity,  in  lat.  47  20,  and  is  hence  called 
Red  Lake  River,  which  enters  the  Missi- 
ssippi a little  above  St  Anthony  Falls. 

Redlinch,  a town  in  Somersetshire,  two 
miles  from  Bruton. 

Redon,  a town  in  the  department  of  Ille 
and  Vilaine,  France,  seated  on  the  Vilaine, 
serves  as  a mart  for  the  commerce  of 
Rennes.  It  is  20  miles  e of  Vanues,  and 
32  sw  of  Rennes.  Lon.  2 10  w.  lat.  HT 
48  N.  ■ 

Redondo,  a towo  of  Portugal,  in  the 
province  of  Beira,  with  a castle,  and  a 
manutacture  of  cloths.  It  is  seated  cn  the 
.Soure,  30  miles  s of  Coimbra. 

Redondo,  a town  in  Alentejo,  Portugal, 
s(ands  at  the  foot  of  a mountain,  23  miles 

Isw  of  Elvas. 

Redondella,  a ^mall  but  rich  town  in 
Kk 


REG 


R E I 


Galicia,  Spaiu,  on  Vigo  bay,  i^ith  a strong 
castle.  It  is  eight  miles  ne  of  Vigo, 

Red  River^  a large  river  of  Louisiana, 
'Which  has  its  source  among  the  mountains, 
on  the  w frontier  of  New  Mexico,  300  miles 
s of  the  rise  of  the  Arkansa,  and  runs  nearly 
parallel  with  that  river,  in  a meandering 
course,  to  the  Mississippi  into  which  it  falls 
in  lat.  31  1(5  k. 

Redruth,  a town  in  Cornwall,  stands  in 
the  centre  of  the  mining  country,  with  mar- 
kets on  Tuesday  and  Friday,  with  some 
annual  fairs,  12  miles  n by  e of  Helstone, 
and  269  w by  s of  London. 

Red  Sea^  the  name  of  a famous  gulf 
separating  Asia  from  Africa.  It  is  separa- 
ed  from  the  Mediterranean  sea  on  the  n by 
the  isthmus  of  Suez,  ami  communicates  by 
the  straits  of  Babelmandel,  on  the  s,  with 
the  Arabian  sea  and  the  Indian  ocean.  It 
extends  1300  miles  from  n to  s,  and  is  200 
broad  in  the  widest  part.  It  is  celebrated 
in  sacred  history,  for  the  safe  passage  which 
it  aftorded  to  the  Israelites,  and  the  destrnc- 
tioa  of  Pharaoh  and  his  host. 

Redstone,  a town  ib  Allegany  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Monongalia.  Here 
boats  are  built ; it  has  also  a manufacture 
of  paper,  and  a rope- walk,  30  miles  s by  e 
of  Pittsburg. 

Reedy  Island,  in  Delaware  river,  ,50 
miles  below  Philadelphia. 

Rees,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Cleve, 
Westphalia,  on  the  Rhine,  10  miles  nw  of 
Wesel. 

Rees,  or  Rens,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Rhine  and  Moselle,  France,  lately  of 
Germany,  electorate  of  Treves,  stands  near 
the  Rhine,  on  which  is  the  Konigstuhl,  or 
Thronus  Regalis,  a singular  piece  of  anti- 
quity. It  is  a round  vault,  built  of  freestone, 
SO  feet  in  circumference,  and  rests  upon 
nine  pillars,  one  of  which  is  in  the  middle. 
The  vault  has  two  strong  doors,  the  ascent 
to  which  is  by  28  steps  ; and  it  is  furnished 
with  seven  seats,  corresponding  to  the  num- 
ber of  electors  at  that  time;  and  on  this 
regal  chair  the  electors  of  Germany  delibe- 
rated on  the  weighty  matters  of  the  empire  ; 
five  miles  s by  e of  Cohlentz. 

Reetz,  a town  in  New  Mark,  Branden- 
burg, on  the  Ihoa,  and  borders  of  Pomera- 
nia, 18  miles  r se  of  New  Stargard. 

Rerjen^  a town  on  a river  of  its  name, 
Bavaria,  12  miles  kne  of  Deckendorf,  and 
40  E of  Ratisbon. 

Rcgensherg,  a handsome  town  of  Switzer 
laud  in  the  canton  of  Zurich,  capital  of  a 
bailiwick  of  the  same  name,  on  a rook, 
called  the  Lagerberg,  with  a strong  castle. 
It  is  10  nules  ^w  of  Zurich. 

Regensburg.  See  Ratisbon* 

Reyens  fail/,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Neuburg,  Bavaria,  on  the  Regen,  eight  miles 
K by  K of  Ratisbon. 

Regenstein,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Halber.tarit,  Lower  Saxony,  six  miles  s of 
Halbersladt. 


Regensttalde,  a (own  with  a castl«, 
FurtUer  Pomerania,  on  the  Beea,  24  miles 
EsE  of  Camin. 

Reggio,  an  ancient  city  of  Naples,  id 
Calabria,  Ultra,  and  an  archbishop^s  see, 
seated  on  the  strait  of  Messina.  The 
churches  and  public  edificfe  are  construct- 
ed of  stones  of  ancient  buildings  and  have 
numerous  inscriptions  on  their  walls.  The 
best  silk  in  Calabria  is  produced  in  the 
vicinity  ; and  a species  of  muscle  that 
yields  a kind  of  wool,  of  which  gloves  and 
stockings  are  made.  This  city  was  nearly 
demolished  by  an  earthquake  in  1783.  It  is 
12  miles  Es?:  of  Messina,  and  7.5  s by  w of 
Consenza.  Lou.  16  0 e,  lat.  38  4 n. 

Reggio,  an  ancient  and  handsome  city  of 
Italy,  and  capital  of  a duchy  of  its  name, 
included  in  that  of  Modena,  seated  in  a fer- 
tile country,  on  the  Tessone.  It  has  a 
strong  citadel,  and  is  a bishop’s  see.  In  the 
square  is  a statue  of  Brennus,  chief  of  the 
Guals,  and  iu  the  cathedral  paintings  by  the 
greatest  masters.  In  1706,  it  was  taken  by 
prince  Eugine  ; by  the  king  of  Sardinia,  in 
1742  ; and  in  1790,  the  inhabitants  'Were  tho 
first  in  Italy,  who  renounced  allegiance  to 
their  sovereign,  and  solicited  the  protection 
of  the  French.  Reggio  gave  birth  to  the 
poet  Ariosto.  The  inhabitants  are  about 
I 22,000  and  carry  on  a great  trade  in  silk. 
It  is  15  miles  nw  of  Modena,  and  80  sb  of 
Milan.  Lon.  1 1 5 E,  lat.  44  43  n, 

Regh^il,  a town  in  the  territory  of  Wan- 
gera,  Negfolaud,  on  a lake,  at  the  influx  of 
a branch  of  the  Niger,  240  miles  e by  s of 
j Ghanara.  Lon.  19  10  e,  lat.  13  20  n. 

I Regina,  a town  in  Calabria  Citra^, 
j Naples,  14  miles  N of  Cosenza. 

I Regis,  St,  a town  on  the  boundary  line 
j that  separates  Lower  Canada,  fiom  the 
! United  i$tates,  seated  on  a river  of  the  same 
I name,  where  it  ftills  into  the  St.  Lawrence, 
i 50  miles  sw  of  Montreal,  Lon.  74  10  w, 
j lat.  45  0 N. 

j Regnano,  a town  Of  Italy,  in  the  patrimo- 
1 ny  of  St.  Peter,  near  the  Tiber,  17  miles  n 
j of  Rome. 

I Richenau,  an  island  of  Suabia,  in  the 
I Lower  lake  of  Constance,  or  Zeller  see, 

I about  three  miles  long  and  one  broad. 

I The  bishop  of  Constance  was  abbot  of  its 
j late  rich  abbey.  It  contains  about  1600 
j iubabitants,  all  Romanists,  and  abounds 
with  vines  and  other  fruit  trees,  four  miles 
NW  of  Constance. 

Richenau,  a town  in  the  canton  of  Gri- 
sens,  Swisserland,  seated  at  the  confluence 
of  the  two  branches  that  form  the  Rhine, 
in  a fertile  valley,  seven  miles  sw  of 
Coire. 

Reichenbach,  a commercial  town  of 
Upper  Saxony,  10  miles  ssw  of  Zurickau. 

Reichenbach,  a town  of  Silesia,  capital 
of  a circle  of  the  same  name,  on  the  rivulet 
Peil.  It  has  a considerable  manufactures  of 
linen,  canvass,  and  fustian;  and  is  10 
SB  of  Schweidnits* 


REN 

Hetehenhah,  a town  in  Voigaaud,  Upper  , 
Saxony.  The  inhabitants  are  clothiers,  and 
are  celebrated  for  scarlet,  10  miles  Ssw  of 

Zurickau.  . , r 

Heichenberg,  a town  in  the  circle  of 
Buntzlau,  Bohemia,  has  an  extensive  mann- 
lacture  of  cloth,  28  miles  n of  Jung  Buntz- 

lau.  1 . u 

Reiehenherg,  a town  and  castle  in  the 

Upper  Circle  of  the  Rhine,  county  of  Cat- 
zeuellenbogen,  Germany,  stands  on  a moun- 
tain, near  the  Rhine,  five  miles  e of  Rhein- 
fels. 

Reiehenfels,  a town  in  Carinthia,  Germa- 
ny, 24  miles  ne  of  Clagenfurt. 

Reichenhall,  a town  of  Bavaria,  with  a 
rich  salt  spring.  For  want  of  fuel,  the 
salt  water  is  conveyed  by  engines  and  pipes, 
over  hills  of  the  Trauustein,  to  a distance  of 
14  miles.  It  stands  on  the  Sala,  nine  miles 
sw  of  Saltzburg. 

Reichenstein,  a town  of  Silesia,  five  miles 
fromGlatz,  famous  for  its  mines.  Lon.  16 
55  E,  lat.  50  25  N. 

Reichshofen,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Low'er  Rhine,  France,  with  a castle,  nine 
miles  N of  Haguenau. 

Reifferscheidy  a town  in  the  department 
of  Sarre,  France,  capital  of  a county  in  the 
duchy  of  Juliers,  lately  of  Germany,  on  the 
Eiffel,  30  miles  ssw  of  Cologne. 

Reifii  a town  in  Stiria,  Germany,  on  the 
Save,  25  miles  sse  of  CiUy. 

Reiner,  a town  of  Silesia,  county  of 
Glatz.  It  has  a medicinal  spring,  and  ma- 
nufactures of  cloth  and  paper,  1 1 miles  w of 
platz. 

Reisenberg,  a town  of  Prussia,  in  thd 
pro%iuce  of  Oberland,  formerly  the  resi- 
dence of  the  bishops  of  Pomerania.  In  the 
vicinity  is  an  ancient  castle.  It  is  78  miles 
sw  of  Konigsberg.  Lon.  20  5 e,  lat.  53 
52  \. 

Reifzberg,  a town  of  Westphalia,  capital 
of  a county  of  the  same  name,  which  is  15 
Xniles  by  five  broad. 

Rember tiller,  a town,  in  the  department 
of  Vosges,  France,  17  miles  nne  of  Epinal. 

Remichy  a town  in  Luxemburg,  Nether- 
lands, on  the  Moselle,  20  miles  se  of  Lux- 
emburg. 

Remiremont,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Vosges,  France,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Vos- 
ges, on  the  Moselle,  11  miles  sse  of  Epinal, 
and  42  s by  E of  Nancy. 

Remo,  St,  a town  with  a good  harbour, 
on  the  Mediterranean,  in  the  territory  of 
Genoa,  seven  miles  e by  n of  Vintimiglia, 
and  17  wxw  of  Geiieglia. 

Remy,  St,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone,  France,  a trium- 
phal arch,  and  a mausoleum  in  the  vicinity, 
mark  the  taste  of  the  Augustine  age ; the 
former  is  not  entire,  but  the  latter  is  in  high 
preservation,  10  miles  ne  of  Arles, 

Rendsbiirg,  a fortified  town  of  Holstein, 
on  the  borders  of  SleswMck,  on  the  Eder. 
It  consists  of  three  parts,  the  Old  Town, 


REN 

the"  Sklcusskule,  and  the  New  Towm,  the 
former  of  which  stands  in  an  island  formed 
by  the  Eder.  The  principal  manufactures 
are  porcelain,  earthenware,  and  gold  and 
silver  lace.  It  has  a good  trade  in  timber. 

It  is  15  miles  w of  Kiel,  and  16  sse  of  Sles- 
wick.  Lon.  9 53  e,  lat.  54  20  n. 

RENFREWSHIRE,  a county  of  Scot- 
land  ; bounded  on  the  w and  n by  the  frith 
of  Clyde ; e by  Lanarkshire,  s and  sw  by 
Ayrshire,  35  miles  in  length,  and  15  where 
broadest.  The  parts  near  the  Clyde  are 
fruitful,  with  gentle  uplands  ; those  to  the 
sw  and  w are  more  barren,  hilly,  and 
moorish.  The  conveniency  of  the  Clyde 
and  frith,  has  much  contributed  to  the  im- 
provements of  this  county.  The  chief  towns 
are  Renfrew,  the  only  royal  burgh  in 
the  county.  Paisley,  Greenock,  and  Port 
Glasgow.  The  county  is  divided  into  17 
parochial  districts,  which,  in  1801,  contain- 
ed 78,056  inhabitants,  and  in  1811,  92,596 
being  much  above  triple  the  number  it  con- 
tained in  1755.  The  increase  is  owing  to 
the  rapid  progress  in  manufactures  and 
commerce.  The  real  land  rent  may  be 
estimated  at  rather  more  than  £.64,000 
Sterling.  Renfrewshire  is  often  denominat- 
ed by  way  of  eminence,  the  barony  of 
Renfrew,  because  it  w as  the  ancient  inheri- 
tance of  the  royal  family  of  Stuart,  and 
gives  the  title  of  baron  to  the  heir  apparent 
of  the  crown.  Besides  the  Clyde,  it  is  wa- 
tered by  the  Gryef,  the  White  and  Black 
Cart.  Paisley  is  the  largest  town.  By  it 
a canal  now  passes  from  the  Clyde  to  Ar- 
drossan,  in  Ayrshire,  It  sends  one  member 
to  parliament. 

Renfrew,  a town  and  parish  of  Scotland, 
capital  of  a county  of  the  same  name,  on 
the  s banks  of  the  river  Clyde,  not  far  from 
the  influx  of  the  Cart,  in  the  centre  of  an 
extensive,  fertile,  and  beautiful  vale.  The 
town,  which  is  of  great  antiquity,  was 
erected  iuto  a royal  borough  by  king  Robert 
IT.  It  is  governed  by  a provost,  two  bai- 
lies, and  16  counsellors,  and  joins  with 
Glasgow,  Dumbarton,  and  Rutherglen,  in 
sending  a member  to  parliament.  The 
principal  mannfactures  are  thread,  soap,  and 
candles  ; and  about  120  looms  are  employed 
in  weaving  silk  and  muslins.  It  contains 
above  1000  inhabitants,  and  lies  10  miles  e 
by  s of  Port  Glasgow.  The  parish  is  of  an 
irregular  figure,  extending  about  three  or 
four  miles  in  every  direction.  Population 
of  the  town  and  parish  2031,  in  1801,  and 
2305,  in  1811.  In  the  17th  century,  the 
Clyde  receded  from  the  town,  but  by  means 
of  a creek  improved  by  art,  vessels  of  bur- 
den can  come  close  to  the  town.  Here  is 
a much  frequented  feny,  supplied  with  good 
boats,  over  the  Clyde.  Robert  II.  had  a 
palace  here,  of  which  only  the  outer  ditch 
remains,  three  miles  n of  Paisley,  six  w of 
Glasgow,  and  13  e of  Port  Glasgow,  Lou. 
4 26  w,  lat.  55  54  n. 

Reni,  a town  in  Bessarabia^  European 


R E R 

Turke)',  on  the  Danube,  just  below  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Prutb,  18«5  miles  sw  of  Ben- 
der. Lon.  27  40  e,  lat.  45  2S  n. 

Reningay,  a small  island  near  the  west 
coast  of  the  isle  of  Mull. 

RenneSy  capital  of  the  department  of  lile 
and  Vilaine,  France,  and  a bishop’s  see. 
The  inhabitants  are  computed  at  .35,600. 
Its  streets  are  broad  and  straight.  Besides 
the  cathedral,  there  are  eight  churches,  and 
several  convents.  In  1720,  by  a fire  which 
lasted  seven  days,  850  houses  were  consum- 
ed. The  palace  of  justice,  and  the  hotel  ^Je 
vilie  are  in  the  great  square.  It  is  situated  | 
on  the  Vilaine,  which  divides  it  into  two 
parts,  58  miles  n by  w of  Nantes,  and  190 
wsw  of  Paris.  Lon.  1 42  w,  lat.  48  7 N. 

RenSy  or  Reuse,  See  Rees, 

Rentoriy  a large  manufacturing  village  in 
the  parish  of  Cardross,  and  county  of  Dum- 
barton, containing  about  1200  inhabitants 
In  the  vicinity  is  one  of  the  largest  print- 
flelds  in  Scoiiand,  and  the  ancient  mansion 
of  Dalquburn,  in  which  Dr  Smollet  was 
born,  and  the  lofty  column  erected  to  his 
memory,  on  the  hanks  of  the  Leven. 

Rentijy  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Straits  of  Calais,  France,  on  the  Aa,  12 
miles  sw  of  Aire,  and  50  nw  of  Arras. 

ReolCy  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Gironde,  France,  on  the  Garonne,  20  miles 
SE  of  Bordeaux. 

RepaiUe,  a town  in  the  province  of  Cha- 
blais,  Savoy,  on  a river  that  enters  the  lake 
of  Geneva,  It  is  celebrated  as  the  retreat 
of  Amdous,  duke  of  Savoy,  in  1440,  when 
be  went  to  enjoy  the  amenities  of  the  rural 
life.  It  has  a Carthusian  monastery,  noted 
for  its  extensive  prospects,  20  miles  ne  of 
Geneva. 

Repehaniy  a market  town  in  Norfolk - 
shire,  seated  on  the  river  Eyne.  Here  are 
two  churches  in  one  church  yard.  The 
principal  trade  of  the  town  is  malt,  and  it 
has  a weekly  market  on  Saturday,  and  a fair 
July  29th.  Repeham  is  15  miles  nw  of 
Norfolk,  and  111  ne  of  London. 

Reppeiiy  a town  in  the  New  Mark,  Bran- 
denburg, on  the  Eylang,  16  miles  sse  of 
Cu-striu. 

Reptofiy  a village  of  Derbyshire,  former- 
ly a large  town,  noted  as  the  burial  place  of 
several  of  the  Mercian  kings,  and  various 
antiquities.  It  has  a nottii  free  school, 
which  seems  to  be  the  refectory  of  a priory, 
eight  miles  ssw  of  Derby. 

Requenay  a toivn  of  New  Castile,  Spain, 
wdth  a castle,  stands  in  a fertile  plain,  be- 
tween the  Oliana,  and  a rjdge  of  mountains, 
on  (he  borders  of  Valencia.  It  has  a 
manufacture,  of  silks,  and  was  taken  by  the 
English  in  I70fl,  and  retaken  the  following 
year.  It  is  40  miles  w of  Valencia,  and 
64  ESE  of  Cuenza.  Lon.  1 9 w,  lat.  39 
44  tv. 

Rerricky  a rugged  parish  in  the  Stewartry 
of  Kircudbright,  about  10  miles  long  by 
six  breads  lying  on  the  coast  of  the  Solway 


RET 

Frith,  E of  the  county  town,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Urr,  On  the  coast  are  several  bays, 
the  most  commodious  of  which  is  sheltered 
by  the  beautiful  little  island  of  Heslon. 
Part  of  this  parish  is  very  fertile  in  corn  ; 
the  rest  has  good  pasturage.  It  has  free- 
stone, iron  stone,  and  in  a rivulet  are  found 
stones  which  cut  glass  like  a diamond.  In 
ihe  parish  are  two  Druidical  temples,  and 
i 2 ancient  camps.  Population  about 
H66. 

Rescobiey  an  irregular  parish  in  Forfar- 
sbi  e,  E of  Forfar,  containing  16  for  18 
square  miles,  almost  wholly  either  cultivat- 
•::’d  or  occupied  with  thriving  fir  plantations. 
The  river  Lunan  forms  in  its  course  the 
lake  of  Riscobie,  about  a mile  long,  in  the 
centre  of  the  parish,  in  which  marie  is 
tound.  The  soil  is  various.  Population 
about  8W.  y" 

Reskt  capital  of  Ghilan,  Persia,  on  a ri- 
ver. Rice  abounds  in  the  vicinity,  and  it 
has  a trade  in  silk,  and  coarse  woollen 
cloths,  six  miles  from  the  Caspian  sea,  and 
about  80  N of  Casbiu.  Lon.  49  40  e,  lat. 
37  20  N. 

Resolution  fslandy  at  the  e end  of  Hud- 
son’s Straits,  50  miles  long  and  20  broad. 
Lou  65  0 w,  lat.  61  40  n. 

Resolution  Island,  one  of  the  Society 
Islands,  Pacific  ccean,  160  leagues  e of 
Otaheite,  and  had  its  name  from  the  ship  in 
which  captain  Cook  made  his  second  voy- 
age. Lon.  141  15  w,  la(.  17  24  s. 

Restalrig,  an  ancient  barony  and  parish 
in  Mid  Lothian,  now  united  to  South  Leith. 
The  village  of  Restalrig,  containing  up- 
wards of  400  inhabitants,  and  a ruinous 
church,  stands  in  a plain,  about  a mile  e of 
Edinburgh.  In  the  church-yard  is  a spa- 
cious vaulted  aisle,  the  burying-place  of  the 
family  of  Stewart,  earl  of  Moray. 

Retely  a town  in  the  department  of  Ar 
dennes,  France,  and  before  the  revolution, 
capital  of  a territory  called  the  Retelois, 
stands  on  a hill,  near  the  Aisne.  It  is  26 
miles  NE  of  Rheims.  Lon.  4 24  e,  lat.  49 
32  N. 

Retford,  a borough  in  Nottingham- 
shire, on  the  E .side  of  the  Idle,  with  a mar- 
ket on  Saturday,  and  annual  fairs  March  23d 
and  October  2d,  It  has  a mapulacture  of 
woollens,  a trade  in  hops  and  malt,  and  a 
free  grammar  school.  It  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament,  elected  by  all  the  free- 
men. Retford)  stands  on  the  other 

side  of  the  Idle,  has  a church,  and  a fin© 
hospital,  in  whicli  10  poor  brethren  are  sup- 
ported, 30  miles  n by  e of  Nottingham,  and 
141  N by  w of  London. 

Retham,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Zell, 
Lower  Saxony,  on  the  Aller,  35  miles  nw  of 
Hanover. 

RetimO)  a town  of  the  island  of  Candia. 
The  silk,  wool,  honey,  wax,  laudanum,  and 
oil  of  this  country,  are  preferred  to  all 
others.  It  is  a bishop’s  see,  and  has  a cita- 
del iu  which  the  pacha  resides.  It  is 


R E Y 

42  miles  w of  Candia,  Lon.  24  38  e,  lat.  | 
35  20  N. 

Retz,  a town  in  the  palatinate  of  Bavaria,  I 
on  tbe  SchwuTza.  It  is  28  miles  ese  of 
Amberg. 

Revely  a town  in  the  department  of  Up- 
per Garonne,  France,  nine  mile  ic  of  St 
Papoul. 

Revely  a large  and  rich  town,  capital  of 
the  government  of  Esthonia,  and  a bishopV 
see,  stands  on  the  gulf  of  Finland,  nartly 
on  a plain,  and  partly  on  a mountain,  de- 
fended by  high  walls,  deep  ditches,  a castle, 
and  bastions.  Here  is  a college  with  four 
professors:  and  in  1753,  two  churches  were 
allow'ed  to  the  protestants.  It  has  a good 
harbour,  and  has  become  a place  of  great 
trade  since  it  came  into  the  possession  of 
the  Russians.  There  are  great  fairs  every 
year  in  May  and  September,  much  fre- 
quented by  English  and  Dutch  merchants. 
It  is  1 60  miles  N by  e of  Riga,  and  220  w 
by  s of  Petersburg.  Lon.  24  17  e,  lat.  59 
18  N.  ' 

ReveVsy  a small  island  in  the  Atlantic 
ocean,  near  the  coast  of  Virginia. 

RevellOy  a tow  n of  Piedmont,  near  the  Fo, 
on  a mountain  fortified  by  nature  and  art, 
three  miles  nw  of  Sahizzo., 

'■  • ReverOy  a fov/u  of  Italy,  seated  on  the 
Po,  opposite  Ostiglia.  It  is  20  miles  se  of 
Mantua. 

Revilltty  a town  in  New  Leon,  New  Spain, 
stands  on  the  Rio  del  Norte,  near  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Sabinas,  It  is  85  miles  ne  of 
Monterey. 

Reviiiy  a town  in  the  department  of  Ar- 
dennes, France,  on  the  Meuse,  six  miles  e of 
Roeroy. 

REVOLUTION  ISLES,  a group  of  is- 
lands  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  to  the  nw  of  the 
Marquesas.  The  most  considerable  are 
Beaux  and  Merchand.  The  latter  is  about 
15  miles  in  circuit.  Lon.  140  5 w,  lat.  9 
21  s. 

Reus,  a town  in  Catalonia,  Spain,  stands 
in  the  middle  of  a delightiul  plain,  with  a 
considerable  m.de  in  wine,  brandy,  and 
nuts.  A bout  20,000  pipes  of  brandy  are 
annually  exported.  It  is  12  miles  nw  of 
Tarragona. 

Reussy  a river  of  Switzerland,  which 
rises  in  the  lake  Locendro,  on  the  nw  of  St 
Gothard,  flows  through  the  lake  and  town 
of  Lucern,  and  unites  w'ith  the  Aar  below 
Bruck. 

ReulUngen,  a handsome  and  im.perial 
town  of  Suabia,  in  the  duchy  of  Wirtemburg, 
on  the  Echetz,  near  the  Neckar.  It  has 
pow’der  and  paper  mills  in  the  vicinity,  and 
an  ancient  b.'atering  ram  is  preserved  in  the 
town-house,  10  miles  of  Tubingen,  and  17  s 
of  Stutgard. 

Rewahy  a town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
province  of  Allahabad,  57  miles  ssw  of  Al- 
lahabad* 

REY,  the  most  southern  province  in  Bra- 
sil, situated  between  the  Mantua  and 


R H E 

mountains  of  Paraguay,  800  miles  long,  and 
from  90  to  120  broad.  Lake  Merini,  formed 
by  a branch  from,  that  of  St  Pedro,  160 
miles  long  and  60  broad,  lies  in  the  s part 
of  the  province.  The  chief  places  on  the 
coast  are  the  island  of  St  Catharine,  audtli# 
town  of  St  Pedro. 

Rey,  a river  of  Wiltshire,  tributary  of 
the  Isis,  or  Thames,  into  which  it  falls  at 
Criokdale. 

Reyes,  a city  in  the  province  of  St  Mar- 
tha, Terra  Firma,  in  a fruitful  valley,  on 
the  Quatossori,  76  miles  sse  of  St  Martha 
Lon.  73  30  w,  lat.  10  6 n. 

Reyna,  an  ancient  town  in  Andalusia, 
Spain,  three  miles  from  Lerna. 

Rewari,  capital  of  a circar  in  the  country 
of  Delhi,  Hindoostan,  on  the  Sadi,  55  miles 
sw  of  Delhi.  Lon.  76  52  e,  lat.  28  13  n. 

Rezan,  an  ancient  town  of  Russia,  capital 
of  the  government  of  the  same  name,  at  the 
conflux  of  the  Trubesh  and  Occa.  It  is 
fertile  in  corn,  and  formerly  had  its  own 
princes,  100  miles  se  of  Moscow. 

Rhamaniy  atow^n  and  fort  on  the  w branch 
of  the  Nile,  Egypt,  where  the  canal  of  Alex- 
andria joins  liiat  river,  25  miles  above  Ro- 
setta, and  58  ese  of  Alexandria. 

Rhayadar,  a small  market  town  in  Rad- 
norshire, situated  near  a cataract  of  the 
Wye,  which  is  now  destroyed,  and  a neat 
bridge  erected.  Its  ancient  and  extensive 
castle,  which  was  built  in  the  12th  century, 
is  now  wholly  obliterated.  It  has  a mar- 
ket on  Wednesday,  and  five  annual  fairs. 
It  lies  10  miles  wnw  of  New  Radnor,  and 
178  NW  of  London, 

Rhe,  See  Re. 

Rheda,  a town  in  the  principality  of  Mun- 
ster, Westphalia,  10  miles  n of  Lip.stadt, 

Rheimsy  a large  and  ancient  city  in  the 
department  of  Marne,  France,  and  lately 
an  archbi.shop^s  see.  The  principal  church, 
built  before  the  year  406,  is  an  elegant 
structure,  and  that  of  St  Nicaise  is  noted 
for  its  architecture.  Here  the  kings  of 
France  have  been  successively  crowned  ; 
because  Clovis  the  founder  of  the  French 
monarchy,  w^as  baptized  in  the  cathedral 
here,  in  496.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  a Ro- 
man amphitheatre,  a castle,  and  a triumphal 
arch.  It  stands  on  the  river  Vesse,  among 
hills  which  produce  excellent  wine.  The 
inhabitants  are  con.puted  at  30,000. 
Rheims  is  long  and  narrow.  There  are 
niaimfactures  of  flanueis,  coverlets,  and 
other  woollen  stuffs.  It  is  62  miles  n of 
Troyes,  and  75  ne  of  Paris.  Lon.  4 2 e, 
lat.  49  15  N. 

Rhein,  a town  with  a large  fortified 
castle,  in  Natangen,  Prus.sia,  on  a lake,  75 
miles  SE  of  Konigsberg.  Lon.  21  38  E,lai. 
33  48  N. 

Rheinauy  a town,  with  an  abbey,  in 
Thurgau,  Swisserland,  on  an  island  in  the 
Rhine.  It  is  five  miles  wsw  of  Schauf- 
hausen. 

Rheinhach,  or  Rynhach,  a town  in  the 


R H I 

depfirtmehi  of  Rhine  and  Moselle,  Pranee, 
Jately  in  Germany,  in  the  electorate  of  Co- 
fogjne,  10  miles  wsw  of  Bann,  and  36  nw  of 
Cpblent?. 

Rheiney  a town  in  the  principality  of  Mun- 
ster, Westphalia,  on  the  Ems,  18  miles  wnw 
of  Osnaburg^. 

Rheinfelderty  the  chief  of  the  four  forest 
towns,  Swabia,  on  the  Rhine,  over  which  is 
a bridge,  eight  miles  e of  Bassel. 

Rheinfehy  a strong  fortress  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Rhine  and  Moselle,  in  the  lower 
county  of  Catzenellenbogen,  Prance,  lately 
of  Germany,  seated  on  a stupendous  craggy 
rock,  at  the  foot  of  w'hich  is  the  fortified 
town  of  St  Goar*  It  is  one  of  the  most 
important  places  on  the  Rhine,  and  was 
taken  by  the  French  in  1794,  16  miles  s of 
Coblentz. 

Rheinmdgpn,  a towm  in  the  department  of 
Roer,  France,  duchy  of  Juliers,  lately  of 
Germany,  on  the  Rhine,  19  miles  nw  of 
Coblentz. 

Rheinthnly  a valley  of  Switzerland,  lying 
along  the  Rhine,  now  included  in  the  canton 
of  St  Gall,  30  miles  long,  and  from  three 
to  eight  broad.  The  Protestant  inhabitants 
are  the  most  numerous.  It  .is  a fertile 
country,  especially  in  wine.  Rhine  is  the 
capital. 

Bheinzahern,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Lower  Rhine,  France,  on  the  Erlbach,  10 
tniles  SE  of  Landau.  ! 

Rheniiy  a town  iu  the  duchy  of  Mecklen- 
burg, Lower  Saxony,  on  the  Radegast,  14 
miles  ESE  of  Lubec. 

RheneUy  a town  in  Utrecht,  Holland,  on 
the  Rhine,  20  miles  se  of  Utrecht. 

Bhiney  a great  river  of  Europe,  which 
has  its  source  in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  is 
formed  of  three  streams,  the  Further,  the 
middle,  and  the  Hither,  or  Upper  Rhine. 
The  two  first,  w^hen  united,  are  called  the 
Lower  Rhine,  which  is  joined  by  the  Upper 
Rhine  at  Richenau,  where  the  height  is 
about  6180  feet  above  sea  level.  Below 
Emmerick  it  divides  into  two  streams,  one 
of  which  retains  the  name  of  the  Rhine,  and 
loses  itself  iu  the  sands  below  Lyden.  The 
other  takes  the  name  of  the  Leek,  and  falls 
into  the  Merwe,  five  miles  nw  of  Dor- 
drecht. 

RHINE,  one  of  the  eight  departments  of 
the  late  Batavian  republic.  Arnheim  was 
the  capital. 

RHINE  and  MOSELLE,  one  of  the  six 
new  departments  of  France,  erected  out  of 
the  conquered  countries  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Rhine,  in  December  1797.  The  chief 
city  is  Coblentz. 

RHINE  and  NA HE,  another  of  the  six  i 
new  departments  of  France,  on  the  left  j 
bank  of  the  Rhine.  The  chief  city  is 
Mentz. 

RHINE,  LOWER,  a late  circle  of  Ger- 
many, extending  from  the  circle  of  Suabia, 
which  bounds  it  on  the  s,  to  that  of  West- 
phulia,  which  lies  oo  the  N.  To  the  e is 


R H O 

the  lower  part  of  the  circle  of  the  Upp^’ 
Rhine,  and  that  of  Franconia,  and  to  the  w 
the  upper  part  of  the  circle  of  the  Upper 
Rhine,  Lorraine,  and  Luxemburg. 

RHINE,  UPPER,  a department  of 
France.  Colmar  is  the  chief  city.  It  is 
about  6ii  miles  long,  from  n to  s,  and  2T 
broad. 

RHINE,  Upper,  a late  circle  of  Ger- 
many, divided  into  two  parts,  the  Lower 
and  Upper.  The  territories  on  the  w or 
left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  were  incorporated 
with  France  in  December  1801,  and  are 
included  in  the  departments  of  Saare  and 
Mont  Tonnere. 

RHINE,  Palatinate  op  The,  a late 
electorate  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  the 
Lower  Rhine,  called  also  the  Lower  palati-* 
uate,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  palatinate  of 
Bavaria,  sometimes  called  the  Upper  palati- 
nate. In  1801,  this  palatinate  was  divided 
between  France,  and  the  houses  of  Baden 
and  Hesse.  ^ 

Rhinebergy  a town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  the  Lower  Rhine.  It  is  now  an- 
nexed to  France,  and  included  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Roer,  seated  on  the  Rhine.  It 
is  13  miles  fi  of  Guelders,  and  48  n by  w of 
Cologne. 

Rhinecfcy  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Rhine  and  Moselle,  France,  in  the  circle  of 
the  Lower  Rhine,  lately  of  Germany,  16 
miles  Nw  of  Coblentz. 

Rliineck,  a town  of  Switzerland,  capital 
of  the  Rheintal,  has  a castle  on  the  Rhine^ 
near  its  entrance  into  the  lake  of  Constance, 
25  miles  se  of  Constance.  Lou.  9 35  e, 
lat.  47  21  N. 

Rhineeky  a town  of  Franconia,  capital  of 
a county  of  its  name,  on  the  Sinn,  with  a 
castle,  25  miles  n by  w of  Wurtzburg. 

RHINLAND,  a part  of  South  Holland, 
on  both  sides  of  the  Rhine.  Leyden  is  the 
capital. 

RHODE  ISLAND,  called  by  the  Indians 
Aquidneck,  one  of  the  smallest  of  the  United 
States ; its  greatest  length  being  47  miles, 
and  its  greatest  breadth  37  ; or  about  1300 
square  miles.  These  limits  comprehend 
what  is  called  Rhode  island  and  Providence 
Plantationsy  divided  into  five  counties, 
which  are  subdivided  into  30  townships, 
containing,  in  1810,  76,213  inhabitants. 
Rhode  island  lies  between  lat.  44  28,  and 
41  42  N,  and  between  Ion.  71  17,  and  71  27 
w from  Greenwich;  being  about  15  miles 
long  from  ne  to  sw,  and  about  three  and 
a-half  broad  on  an  average.  Perhaps  no 
island  in  the  world  exceeds  this  in  point  of 
soil,  climate,  and  situation.  Between  30 
and  40,000  sheep  are  fed  on  the  island,  be- 
sides black  cattle  and  horses.  Newport  is 
the  best  fish-market  in  the  world.  The 
state  produces  corn,  rye,  barley,  oats,  and 
in  some  parts  wheat  sufficient  for  home 
consumption  ; and  the  various  kinds  of 
grasses,  fruits,  and  culinary  roots  and  plants, 
in  great  abundance^  and  in  perfedtion.  In 


R H O 

tire  township  of  Cumberland  is  a copper 
mine  mixed  with  iron.  Neuport  and  Pro- 
vidence are  the  chief  towns.  The  exports 
from  the  state  are  flax-seed,  lumber,  horses, 
cattle,  beef,  pork,  fish,  poultry,  onions,  but- 
ter, cheese,  barley,  grain,  spirits,  cotton  and 
linen  goals.  The  imports  consist  of  Euro- 
pccin  and  West.  India  goods,  and  logwood 
fnim  the  bay  of  Honduras.  Upwards  of 
600  vessels  enter  atid  clear  annually  at  the 
different  ports  in  the  state.  The  amount 
ofexports  to  loreign  countries,  in  1T94  was, 
954, i73  dollars.  The  inhabitants  are  mak- 
ing rapid  progress  in  manufactures.  Large 
quantities  of  linen  and  tow  cloth  are  made 
for  exportation.  But  the  most  considera- 
ble manufactures  are  those  of  bar  and  sheet 
iron,  steeU  nail  rods,  and  nails,,  imple- 
ments of  husbandry,  stoves,  pots,  the  iron- 
work of  shipping,  anchors,  bells,  <fec.  The 
constitution  of  the  state  is  founded  on  the 
charter  granted  by  Charles  II.  in  1663  ; 
and  the  frame  of  the  government  vras  not 
essentially  altered  by  the  revolution. 

RHODES,  an  island  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean sea,  at  the  entrance  of  the  gulf  of 
Macri.  It  is  much  celebrated  in  ancient 
history,  it  became  subject  to  the  Saracens, 
in  665,  who  were  dispossessed  of  it  in  1309> 
by  the  knights  of  St.  John  of  .Jerusalem, 
w'ho  were  afterw  ards  styled  the  knights  of 
Rhodes.  They  again  were  expelled  by  the 
Turks  in  ISid,  and  took  refuge  in  the  is- 
land Malta.  It  is  governed  by  a pacha, 
who  superintends,  the  civil  and  military  juris- 
prudence. ft  is  about  40  miles  in  length, 
and  15  in  breadth.  The  air  is  good,  and 
soil  pretty  fertile,  but  badly  cultivated. 

Rhodes the  capital  of  the  above  island, 
and  an  archbishop’s  see.  It  was  anciently 
nine  miles  in  circumference,  and  regarded 
by  Alexander,  who  deposited  his  last  will 
here,  as  the  first  city  in  the  world  : but  the 
present  tow  n scarcely  occupies  a quarter  of 
the  extent  of  the  ancient  city.  It  has  a 
good  harbour,  with  a narrow  entrance  be- 
tween two  rocks,  on  which  are  two  towers 
to  defend  the  pa.ssage,  but  it  is  so  choaked 
with  ruins,  that  small  ve.ssels  only  can  enter- 
On  part  of  the  harbour  stands  the  cele- 
brated statue  of  bronze,  70  cubits  high, 
reckoned  one  of  the  seven  wonders  of  the 
world  : it  w'as  overturned  by  an  earthquake, 
56  years  after  its  erection,  and  afterwards 
sold  by  the  Saracens  to  a Jew  of  Edessa. 
It  is  inhabited  by  Turks  and  Jews,  for  the 
Ohrislians  are  obliged  to  Jive  in  the  suburbs. 
The  city  is  surrounded  with  triple  walls  and 
ditches,  and  deemed  impregnable.  Over 
one  of  the  gates  is  a stone  shield,  with  the 
cross  of  the  order  of  the  knights  of  St.  John 
of  Jerusalem.  Lon.  28  25  e,  lat.  36  24  n. 

Rhodez,  See  Rodez. 

RHOE,  MICKLE,  one  of  the  Shetland 
isles,  about  24  miles  in  circumference, 
coniaining  about  83  inhabitants. 

Rhoe^  Little,  a small  i.sland  in  the  vici- 
nity of  Mickle  Rhoe,  which  coutuius  12 
No.  24  - 6rf. 


R T A 

] or  14  inhabitants,  solely  employed  in  the 
fisheries. 

RHONE,  a department  of  France,  of 
which  Lyon  is  the  capital*  It  contain.? 
the  late  provinces  of  Beajolois  and  Lyonois, 
and  is  60  miles  long  from  n to  s,  and  45 
broad. 

Rhone,  a river  which  has  its  source  in 
mount  Farca,  Swisserland,  flows  through  the 
vale  of  Valais,  enters  the  lake  of  Geneva, 

‘ and  issuing  thence,  separates  Savoy  from 
Bresse,  it  takes  its  course  by  Lyon,  Vienne, 
Tournoe,  Valence,  Viviers,  Tara.scon,  and 
Arles,  and  falls  into  the  Mediterranean  by 
several  mouths. 

RHONE,  MOUTHS  OF  THE,  a depart- 
, ment  of  France,  on  the  coast  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean, 50  miles  long,  and  40  broad.  AU  is 
the  capital. 

Rhonhouse,  or  KeltonhilL  See  K^ton„ 

Rhuddlan,  a village  in  Flintshire,  Wale.?, 
stands  on  an  eminence,  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Clwyd.  Its  castle,  built  by  Edw^ard  1. 
of  which  the  remains  are  still  vi.sible,  was 
formerly  of  great  strength  and  note.  Hepa 
Edward  I.  held  a parliament  in  1283,  when 
the  famous  statue  of  Rhuddian  was  erecttjd. 
In  the  same  year  his  queen  was  delivered 
of  a princess  ; five  miles  nnw  of  St.  A.saph. 

Rhuden,  a town  iq  the  duchy  of  We^t- 
. phalia,  borders  of  Paderborn,  on  the,  Monne, 

’ 12  mile.s  .SS.E  ofLipstadt. 

Rhuth^n,  See  Ruthin, 

\ Rhiiherg,  or  Rhinsherg,  a town  in  the 
Middle  Mark,  Brandenburg.  Here  is  an 
elegant  palace,  built  by  Frederick  II.  then 
hereditary  prince.  It  stands  on  the  Rfiyn, 
10  miles  n of  Ruppin. 

Rhynbecic,  a town  in  Duchess  coupty. 
New  York,  stands  on  the  e side  of  Hudson 
river,  opposite  Kingston,  J8  miles  n of 
Poughkeepsie. 

Rhynds,  or  Rinns  of  Qallowag,  sw 
division  of  Wigtonshjre. 

Rhyney,  See  Rumney, 

Rhynie,  and  Essie,  ah  united  parish  of 
.Scotland,  in  Aberdeenshire,  nearly  of  a 
square  form,  ’ containing  about  30  .square 
miles.  Though  the  soil  is  in  some  places 
a barren  moor,  on  (he  banks  of  the  Bogie, 
it  is  rich  and  fertile.  Population  abopt 
676. 

Rhynow,  a town  in  the  Middle  Mark, 
Brandenburg,  at  the  junction  of  the  Rbyn 
with  the  Havel,  nine  miles  sk  of  Havelburg. 

Rialexa,  a town  of  N America,  in  New 
Spain,  five  miles  from  the  S Sea,  where 
there  is  a good  harbour.  It  is  00  miles  w 
of  Leon  and  lake  Nicaragua. 

RIAZAN,  a government  of  Russia,  fori 
merly  a province  in  the  government  of  Mos- 
cow, and  had  anciently  its  own  princes. 
It  is  populous,  and  abounds  in  com. 

Riazan,  capital  of  the  government  of  its 
name,  Russia,  am!  a bisljup’.s  gee,  .seated  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Truhesh  and  Oka. 
Formerly  it  was  considerable  fer  riches  and 
extent,  but  was  nearly  destroyed  by  the 
LI 


R I C 

Tartars,  m 1568.  It  is  100  miles  as  of 
Moscow.  Lon.  40  37  e,  lat.  54  55  n. 

Ribadavia,  a town  in  Galicia,  Spain, 
with  a fine  harbour,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Avia  with  the  Minho.  The  country  around 
produces  the  best  wine  in  Spain,  15  miles 
wsw  of  Orense. 

RibadeOy  a town  in  Galicia,  Spain,  on  a 
rock,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  de  Mirando, 
has  a good  harbour,  protected  by  two  cas- 
tles, 45  miles  n by  e of  Lugo.  Lon.  6 
47  w,  lat.  43  38  n. 

Ribasj  a town  in  New  Castile,  Spain,  on 
the  Xarama,  eight  miles  e of  Madrid. 

Ribblcy  a river  which  has  its  source  many 
miles  above  Settle,  W Yorkshire,  runs 
through  Lancashire  by  Clitheroe  and  Pres- 
ton, near  which  it  is  crossed  by  two  stately 
bridges,  it  then  opens  into  A broad  estuary, 
navigable  only  by  small  vessels,  and  enters 
the  Irish  sea. 

' Ribeira  Grandey  capital  of  St  Jago,  the 
largest  of  the  Cape  de  Verd  islands,  stands 
between  two  high  mountains,  has  a good 
harbour,  and  is  a bishop’s  see.  Lon.  23 
24  w,  lat.  14  50  n. 

Ribemont,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Aisne,  France,  on  an  eminence,  near  the 
Oise,  10  miles  w by  s of  St  Quentin. 

Riberac,  a town  in  the  dept,  of  Dordogne, 
France,  57  miles  sse  of  Angoulesme. 

Rihnik,  a town  in  the  principality  of  Ra- 
tibor,  Silesia,  20  miles  e by  n of  Ratibor. 

Ribniky  or  Rimniky  a town  of  Wallachia, 
European  Turkey,  on  a river  of  its  name. 
Here,  in  1789,  the  Turks  were  signally  de- 
feated by  the  Austrians  and  Russians,  68 
miles  KNE  of  Tergovist.— Also  another 
town,  on  the  Alth,  50  miles  w by  s of  Ter- 
govist. 

RibnitZya  town  of  Mjecklenburgh,  situa- 
ted on  a bay  of  the  Baltic,  near  the  influx 
of  the  Reckenitz,  15  miles  ne  of  Rostock. 

Riccartowny  a parish  and  village  in  Ayr- 
shire. The  parish  is  level,  extending  about 
six  miles  in  length,  and  two  in  breadth. 
The  land  is  arable  and  well  inclosed.  The 
village,  which  is  well  supplied  with  coal, 
is  within  a mile  of  Kilmarnock.  Popula- 
tion about  1364. 

Richelieu y a handsome  town  in  the  dept, 
of  Tndre  and  Loire,  France,  on  the  Amable 
and  Vide,  and  founded  by  cardinal  Richelieu 
in  1637.  It  is  30  miles  ssw  of  Tours,  and 
152  sw’  of  Paris. 

Richelieu  Islandsy  a cluster  of  small  is- 
lands in  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  N America. 
There  are  nearly  100  of  them. 

Rich'Hillf  a town  in  Armagh,  Ulster, 
seated  in  a rich  and  highly  cultivated  dis- 
trict. Ill  the  vicinity  is  castle  Dillow,  the 
Euperb  seat  of  the  family  of  Molyneaux,  in 
whose  demesne  is  a grand  obelisk,  erected 
by  Sir  Cupel  Molyneaux,  to  commemorate 
the  volunteers  ol  Ireland,  four  miles  E of 
the  cifv  of  Armagh,  and  62  n of  Dublin. 

RICIIMAN’S  ISLAND,  on  the  coast  of 


R I D 

Cumberland  county,  district  of  Maine,  three 
miles  w of  Portland. 

Richmond,  a village  in  Surry,  connected 
with  Ilseworth  in  Middlesex,  by  a bridge  of 
five  arches.  It  was  formerly  called  Sheen, 
but  Henry  VII.  called  it  Richmond,  in 
compliment  to  that  district  of  Yorkshire 
from  which  he  had  the  title  of  earl.  Here 
was  a palace,  iu  which  Edward  III,  Hen- 
ry VII.  and  quet^  Elizabeth  died.  It  is 
still  celebrated  fqt  its  elegant  royal  gardens, 
in  which  is  an  observatory ; its  extensive 
royal  park,  surrounded  by  a brick-wall, 
built  by  Charles  I ; and  a number  of  superb 
mansions  belon^ng  to  the  nobility  and 
gentry. 

Richmond,  a ibarket  town  in  the  North 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  seated  on  the  Swale, 
over  which  is  .a  bridge.  It  is  the  capital  of 
a district  called  Richmondshire,  abounding 
in  lead  mines,  and  once  a county  of  itself. 
It  has  tw^o  churches,  a castle,  on  an  inac- 
cessible mount,  and  was  enclosed  by  a wall, 
with  three  gates  now  in  ruins.  It  gives  the 
title  of  duke  to  the  family  of  Lenox,  and  is 
represented  by  two  members,  elected  by  the 
owners  of  ancient  burgage  tenures.  The 
inhabitants  manufacture  woollen  stockings, 
caps,  &c.  and  are  in  general  noted  for  their 
industry.  It  is  governed  by  a mayor,  re- 
corder, 12  aldermen,  and  24  common  coun- 
cil men ; and  has  a market  on  Saturday, 
and  three  annual  fairs.  It  is  40  miles  nw 
of  York,  and  230  knw  of  London.  Lon. 
1 35  w,  lat.  54  28  n. 

Richmond,  capital,  and  the  present  seat 
of  government  of  Virginia,  in  Henrico 
county,  on  the  n side  of  James  river,  con- 
tains nearly  4000  inhabitants.  Besides  the 
court  house,  it  has  a state  house,  and  an 
episcopal  church.  Over  the  river  is  a float- 
ing toll-bridge,  and  the  falls  above  it  are 
seven  miles  long.  Here  is  an  elegant  statue 
of  the  illustrious  Washington,  which  was 
made  at  Paris.  Vessels  lie  at  City  point, 
20  miles  below,  to  which  the  goods  from 
Richmond  are  sent  down  in  boats.  The 
theatre  was  consumed  by  fire,  which  com- 
menced during  the  time  of  a performance,  in 
1811,  and  many  lives  were  lost.  It  is  90 
miles  ssw  of  Alexandria,  and  176  from  Bal- 
timore. Lon.  77  55  w,  lat.  37  35  n. 

Rickmansworthy  a town  in  Hertford- 
shire, on  the  Coin,  with  a market  on 
Saturda)-,  and  three  annual  fairs.  It  is 
governed  by  two  constables,  and  two  bead- 
boroughs,  has  a charity  school,  two  alms- 
houses, many  mills,  and  on  a hill  in  the 
vicinity  au  echo  which  repeats  the  sound 
of  a trumpet  twelve  times.  It  lies  eight 
miles  sw  of  St.  Albans,  and  18  wxw  of 
London. 

Rida,  a town  in  Aragon,  Spain,  on  (he 
Xalon,  28  miles  wsw  of  Saragossa. 

Ride,  a town  on  the  ne  coast  of  the  isle 
of  Wight,  opposite  to  Portsmouth,  with 
which  it  has  daily  intercourse  by  packet 


R I N 

)^afs,  and  sends  to  that  market  abundance 
of  butter,  eggs,  and  poultry  ; five  miles  ssw 
of  Portsmouth,  aud  six  nne  of  Newport. 

Ridgefield,  a town  iu  Fairfield  couaty, 
Connecticut,  on  an  eminence,  14  miles  nw 
of  Fairfield,  and  48  nne  of  New  York. 

Riedlingen,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Wir- 
temberg,  Swabia,  on  the  Danube,  15  miles 
sw  of  Ulm. 

Rietberg,  a town  of  Westphalia,  capital 
of  a county  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Ems, 
with  a castle,  17  miles  w by  n of  Pader- 
born.  Lon.  8 32  e,  lat.  51  45  n, 

Rieti,  an  ancient  and  rich  town  of  Italy, 
duchy  of  Spoleto,  on  the  Velino,  near  the 
lake  Rieti,  is  a bishop’s  see.  Here,  beside 
the  cathedral,  are  three  collegiate,  and 
six  parish  churches,  and  12  convents.  It  is 
37  miles  nb  of  Rome,  Lon.  13  5 e,  lat.  42 
23  N. 

Rieuxy  a town  in  the  department  of  Upper 
Garonne,  France,  on  the  Rise,  and  lately  a 
bishop’s  see  ; 25  miles  ssw  of  Toulouse. 

Riez,  a pleasant  town  in  the  department 
of  the  Lower  Alps,  France,  lately  a bishop’s 
see,  stands  in  a plain  rich  in  wine  aud  fruit. 
It  is  a populous  place.  It  is  35  miles  ne  of 
Aix. 

Riga,  or  Livonia.  See  Livonia. 

Riga,  a large,  populous,  aud  rich  town 
of  Russia,  capital  of  the  above  governmeat, 
ou  the  Dvvina,  15  miles  from  its  mouth,  in  a 
gulf  of  the  Baltic,  called  the  gulf  of  Rica, 
next  to  Petersborough,  it  is  the  most  com- 
mercial town  in  the  whole  Russian  em- 
pire. The  trade  is  chiefly  carried  on  by 
foreign  merchants,  who  are  resident  in  the 
town.  The  merchants  of  an  English  fac- 
tory established  here,  enjoy  the  greatest 
share  of  the  commerce.  The  principal  ex- 
ports are  corn,  hemp,  flax,  iron,  timber, 
masts,  leather,  tallow,  &c.  Within  the 
fortifications  there  are  9000  inhabitants, 
and  in  the  suburbs  are  15,000,  besides  a 
garrison  of  lO-OO  men.  Here  is  a floating 
bridge  over  the  Dwina,  2600  feet  long,  and 
40  broad.  It  is  removed  when  the  ice  sets 
in,  and  replaced  in  the  spring  ; 220  miles  ne 
of  Konigsberg,  and  310  sw  of  Petersburg. 
Lon.  24  15  E,  lat.  56  50  n. 

Rimini,  an  ancient  populous  town  of 
Italy,  in  Romagna,  stands  in  a fertile  plain, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Marechia,  in  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  with  an  old  castle,  a strong  tower, 
aud  numerous  antiquities.  This  was  the 
first  (own  that  saw  Caesar  in  arms  against 
his  country,  after  that  he  passed  the  rubicon. 
For  some  centuries  the  sea  has  been  reced- 
ing from  the  town,  and  the  harbour  now 
admits  only  small  vessels;  28  miles  se  of 
Ravena. 

Rinabelly,  a town  iu  Cork,  Munster, 
about  three  miles  s of  Carrigaline,  with  a 
dangerous  sandy  bay,  lying  to  the  w,  some- 
times mistaken  by  mariners  for  Cork  har- 
bour, which  lies  to  the  n. 

Rinarg,  a small  island  on  the  S coast  of 
the  isle  of  Ilay« 


R I o 

Ringkioping,  a sea  port  in  n Jutland, 
Denmark,  on  a gulf  of  the  German  ocean. 
It  has  a good  trade  with  Holland  aud  Nor- 
way, 43  miles  sw  of  Wiburg,  and  55  nnw 
of  Ripen.  Lon.  8 15  e,  lat.  56  8 n. 

Ringleben,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony^ 
principality  of  Eisenach,  six  miles  n of  Er- 
furt, and  26  ene  of  Eisenach. 

Ringsted,  a bailiwick  and  its  capital,  in 
the  island  of  Zealand,  Denmark,  formerly 
a city.  In  the  great  church  are  interred 
several  kings  and  persons  of  note.  It  is  30 
miles  sw  of  Copenhagen. 

Ringwood,  a pretty  large  town  in  Hamp- 
shire, situated  on  the  e side  of  the  river 
Avon,  near  the  sea,  with  a plentiful  market 
on  Wednesday,  two  annual  fairs,  and  a con 
siderable  manufacture  of  worsted  knit 
stockings;  and  is  famous  for  strong  beer 
and  ale.  It  contains  3222  inhabitants,  and 
lies  30  miles  sw  of  Winchester,  and  91 
w by  s of  Loudon. 

Rinfeln,  a town  of  Westphalia,  capital 
of  the  county  of  Schauenburg,  on  the  Weser, 
with  an  university,  12  miles  se  of  Minden, 
and  35  wsw  of  Hanover.  Lon.  9 10  e,  lat* 
52  12  N. 

Rio  de  la  Plata.  See  Plata. 

RIO  GRANDE,  a province  between 
those  of  Seara,  and  Parabia,  in  the  ne  part 
of  Brazil,  with  a river  of  its  name,  which 
has  its  source  in  the  immense  plain  of  Fer- 
nambuco,  and  falls  into  the  sea  in  lat,  5 
31  s. 

Rio  Grande,  a river  in  the  s part  of  Bra- 
sil, which  flows  in  the  into  Parana*,  being  the 
chief  branch  of  that  river. 

Rio  Grande,  a river  navigable  for  boats 
400  miles,  has  its  source  iu  Sierra  Leone, 
and  runs  through  the  kingdom  of  Bigubaj 
into  the  Atlantic. 

Rio  de  la  Hacha,  a sea  port  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Venezuela,  Terra  Firma,  at  the 
mouth  of  a river  of  its  name,  100  miles  nw 
of  Maracaybo.  Lon.  72  34  w,  lat.  11 
30  N. 

RIO  JANEIRO,  one  of  the  richest  pro] 
vinces  of  Brazil,  near  the  tropic  of  Capri- 
corn, on  a river  of  its  name.  The  Portu- 
guese annually  export  hence  great  quantities 
of  gold,  silver,  and  precious  stones,  the 
produce  of  the  country.  It  also  yields 
cotton,  sugar,  coffee,  cocoa,  pepper,  and 
tobacco,  with  abundance  of  fruit  and  gar- 
den-staffs, but  no  bread  corn.  They  have 
their  wheat-flour  from  - Portugal.  Yams 
and  cassada  are  plenty.  St.  Sebastian  is 
the  capital. 

Rio  Janeiro,  a river  or  gulf  of  Brasil, 
that  enters  the  Atlantic  at  St.  .Sebastian, 
with  several  small  islands  at  its  mouth. 
On  the  E side  is  the  fort  of  Santo  Cruz,  and 
on  the  w that  of  St.  Jago  and  St.  Sebas- 
tian. 

Rio  de  Mirando,  a river  which  has  its 
source  in  the  mountains  of  Asturias,  Spain, 
divides  that  province  from  Galicia,  and 
falls  into  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  at  Ribadoe, 
L12 


R I P 

Jtio  del  Norte,  a river  wbidi  ffees  is  a 
roouutaiuous  district,  on  the  n frontier  of 
New  Mexico,  North  America.  It  passes 
through  the  whole  country  of  New  Blexico, 
into  New  Spain,  and  af<er  a course  of  2000 
miles,  in  no  part  of  which  it  can  'properly  be 
called  navij^able,  on  account  of  sand -banks 
and  rocks,  it  enters  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  in 
lat.  26  30  N. 

RIOBAMBA,  a jurisdiction  of  Peru,  in 
the  province  of  Quito,  having  a capital  of 
the  same  name.  The  productions  of  this 
province  excel  all  others  in  Peru.  Several 
parts  of  it  are  full  ©f  mines  of  gold  and 
silver.  The  town  was  almost  destroyed  h>y 
an  eruption  of  the  volcano  of  Cotopaxi,  in 
1745,  but  is  now  a handsome  place.  Popu- 
lation 20,000 ; 08  miles  s by  w of  Qiirta. 
Lon.  78  30  w,  lat.  1 42  s. 

Rioja,  a town  of  Tucumau,  stands  in  a 
valley  near  its  w border,  270  miles  sw  of 
St.  Michael.  Lon  70  20  w,  fat.  29  22  s. 

Riom,  an  ancient  town  in. the  department 
of  Puy  de  Dome,  France,  stands  on  a hill, 
eight  miles  ne  of  Clermont,  and  115  s of 
Paris. 

Rioni,  a river  which  has  its  source  in 
Georgia,  separates  it  from  Blingrelia  on 
the  N,  and  falls  into  the  Black  sea. 

Rions,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Gironde,  France,  on  the  Gtironne,  iS  miles 
SE  of  Bordeaux. 

Ripa  Transone,  a small  but  populous 
town  ill  the  marquisate  of  Ancona,  Italy, 
five  miles  from  the  Adriatic,  and  eight  s of 
Fermo. 

Ripen,  a town  of  Denmark,  in  North 
Jutland,  capital  of  a diocese  of  the  same 
name,  with  a good  harbour,  a castle,  two 
colleges,  and  a public  library.  la  the 
cathedral,  which  is  a handsome  edifice,  are 
the  tombs  of  several  kings.  The  vicinity 
affords  the  best  cattle  in  Denmark.  The 
harbour  is  at  the  mouth  of  the  Gram.  It  is 
65  miles  nw  of  Sleswick,  and  78  s Iiy  w'  of 
Wibiirg.  Lon.  8 40  e,  lat.  53  23  n. 

Ripley,  a town  in  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire, situated  on  the  Nyd,  with  a 'mar- 
ket on  Blonday,  and  a fair  August  25th. 
The  vicinity  is  noted  for  the  growth  of 
li<[uorice,  23  miles  w^^w  of  York,  and  215  N 
by  w of  London. 

Rippon,  a pleasant,  w^ell  built,  and  popu- 
lous town,  in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire, 
noted  for  its  manufactures  of  hard-wares, 
particularly  spurs,  now  o#  the  decline,  but 
two  cotton-mills  employ  a number  of 
hands.  The  market-place  is  one  of  the 
finest  squares  of  the  kimb  in  England.  In 
the  vicinity  is  the  celebrated  park  of  Stud- 
ley,  incliuling  the  venerable  remains  of 
Fountain  abbey.  'It  was  once  celebrated 
for  its  religious  houses.  Tlie  church, 
which  has  three  spires,  and  is  called  a 
Biiuster,  was  once  a sanctuary,  and  is  now 
collegiate  and  pjirochial.  A navigable 
canal  comes  up  to  the  town,  and  it  has  a 
well  frequented  market  on  Thursday,  and 


R o A 

tv©  iiuniml  fairs.  It  is  gorerncd  « 
mayor,  12  aldermen,  and  24  assistants,  and 
sends  two  members  to  parliament,  elected 
by  the  owners  of  certain  burgage  tenures. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Ure,  und  is  28  miles  nw 
of  York,  and  209  kxw  of  London.  Lon.  1 
29  w,  lat.  54  11  k. 

Riquier,  St,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Somme,  France,  on  the  Cardon,  24  miles 
xw  of  Amiens. 

Risborough,  a town  of  Buckinghamshire, 
with  a market  on  Saturday,  and  a fair  on 
Good  Friday,  20  miles  s of  Aylesbury,  and 
37  WNW  of  London. 

Ritburg,  a town  of  >¥es4phalia,  capital 
of  a county  of  the  same  name,  12  miles  xw 
of  Paderborn. 

Ritzenbuttle,  a towui  of  Lov^r  Saxony, 
in  the  duchy  of  Bremen,  has  a castle,  half 
a mile  s of  Cuxhaveu,  25  miles  x of  Carls- 
burg,  and  53  x by  w of  Bremen. 

Rim,  a strong  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
principality  of  Trent,  on  the  Riva,  where  it 
falls  into  the  lake  Garda,  17  miles  sw  of 
Trent. 

Riva,  a town  in  Valteline,  Swisserland, 
N end  of  the  lake  Como,  eight  miles  s by  w 
of  Chiavenna. 

Rivadeo,  See  Rilade. 

Rivalta,  a town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont, 
on  the  SangoD.  It  is  about  six  miles  sw  of 
Turin. 

Rivalta,  a town  in  the  Blilanese,  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Adda,  about  15  miles  e of 
Blilan. 

Rivaralo,  a town  of  Pisdmont,  on  the 
Oreo,  15  miles  x of  Toirin. 

Rivesaltes,  a town  in  .the  department  of 
Eastern  Pyrenuees,  Prance,  on  the  Egly, 
eight  miles  N of  Perpignan. 

iiiro/i,  a town  of  Piedmont,  has  a large 
castle,  nine  miles  w of  Turin. 

Rivolo,  a town  on  the  lake  Garda,  in 
Veronese,  Italy.  It  is  about  16  miles  nw 
of  Verona. 

Roa,  a town  in  Old  Castile,  Spain,  on  "the 
Douero.  It  lies  10  miles  sw  of  Aranda,  and 
25  N by  E of  Segovia. 

Roanne,  a populous  and  commercial 
town  in  the  department  of  Rhone  and 
Loire,  France,  on  the  Loire,  where  it  be- 
comes navigable  for  barks.  Hence  the 
merchandize  of  Lyon,  Marseilles,  and  the 
Levant,  is  conveyed  to  Paris,  Orleans, 
Nantz,  &c.  It  is  50  miles  ne  of  Clermont, 
and  210  SE  of  Paris.  Lon.  3 58  e,  lat.  d6 
4 X. 

ROANORE  ISLAND,  is. on  the  s side  of 
Albemarle  sound,  ‘North  Carolina.  Here 
Sir  Walter  Ralegh  made  the  the  first  British 
settlement  in  North  America.  The  x point 
of  the  iskind  forms  the  s side  of  Roanoke 
inlet,  which  leads  into  the  sound.  Lon.  75 
56  w,  lat.  35  56  x. 

Roanoke,  a river  of  North  America, 
formed  by  the  confluence  of  the  Staunton 
and  Dan,  in  the  s part  of  Virginia,  and 
fulls  by  several  moulhs  into  Albemarle 


ROC 


ROC 


sound,  on  fbe  sw.  Owing  to  the  fall^  it  h 
navigable  for  small  vessels  only,  about  70 
niiks. 

M&ans,  See  Elan  \an  Hoans, 

Robben  Island^  called  sometimes  in  Eng- 
lish charts,  Penguin  island,  near  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  at  the  entrance  into  .Fitlse 
baj.  It  is  sandy  and  barren.  Lon.  18  Zt 
E,  lat.  3'4  50  s, 

Robertas  TowUy  a town  in  Kildare,  Lein- 
ster. It  is  the  stage  between  i^allins  and 
Rutbaitgan,  on  the  grand  canal,  21  miles 
from  Dublin. 

Robertony  a parish  in  the  counties  of 
Roxburgh  and  Selkirk,  near  the  confines  of 
Dumfries,  about  13  miles  in  length,  and  j 
six  in  breadth.  Population  about  618.  In  j 
tbe  parish  are  two  old  chapels,  and  the 
vestiges  of  several  encampments  and  fortifi- 
cations. 

Roberto wfiy  a parish  of  Scotland.  See 
Wistoun,  I 

RobertouHy  a village  in  the  above  parish, 
containing  160  inhabitants. 

ROBESON,  a county  of  North  Carolina, 
in  Fayette  district.  It  contains  about 
5326  inhabitauts.  Tbe  chief  town  is  Lam- 
bertown. 

Robely  a town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Lower  Saxony,  duchy  of  Mecklenburg, 
seated  on  the  lake  Muritz,  24  miles  w of  j 
Strelitz.  | 

Robin  Hood^s  Bay,  on  the  coast  of  the  N 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  between  Scarborough 
aud  Whitby.  It  is  about  one  mile  broad, 
where  is  a village  of  fishermen,  who  supply 
the  city  of  York  with  all  sorts  of  fish. 
Crabs  and  lobsters  are  kept  in  well-boats. 
On  its  banks  are  extensive  allum-works, 
about. six  miles  w of  Whitby.  Lon.  0 18  w, 
lat.  54  25  :x. 

Robroifston,  a village  in  tbe  northern  ex- 
tremity of  Lanarkshire,  parish  of  Cadder,  ce- 
lebrated for  being  the  place  where  the  great 
Sir  William  Wallace  was  betrayed  and  ap- 
prehended by  Sir  John  Monteith,  Septem- 
l>er  1 Ith,  1303.  Here  is  avsmall  lake,  into 
which,  it  is  said,  that  the  hero  threw  his 
sword. 

Roca,  Cape,  called  by  tbe  English  sailors 
the  rock  of  Lisbon,  is  the  most  westerly- 
point  of  Portugal,  and  of  Europe.  On  the  e | 
of  the  mountain  is  a summer  palace,  of 
AI(X)rish  architecture  ; and  on  its  summit  is 
a monastery,  said  to  be  3000  feet  above  the 
sea.  A small  vineyard  named  Carcavella  j 
yields  a peculiar  grape,  and  the  vicinity  sup- 
plies most  of  the  vegetables  aud  fruits  used  | 
at  Lisbon.  Lon.  9 36  w,  lat.  38  42  n.  j 

Roca  Partido,  a snuill  .island  in  the  j 
North  l^cific  ocean.  Lou.  128  0 w,lat.  16 
35Rr.  j 

Rocca  V^Anfo,  a town  of  Italy,  in  Bres- 
ckino,  on  the  lake  Taro,  25  miles  se  of 
Trent.  Lon.  1 1 40  e,  lat.  4.5  50  n. 

Rocamadour y'ii  town  in  the  department 
ef  Lot,  France,  23  miles  n of  Cahors. 

RocellOf  a.towu-iB  Calabria  Ultra,  Na- 


ples, in  the  vicinity  of  which  is  a coral  fish^ 
ery,  10  miles  ne  of  Gierace. 

Rochdale,  a.  towm  in  Lancashire,  at  the 
foot  of  Yorkshire  hills,  on  the  Rock,  has 
two  churches,  and  a caiml  from  Manchester 
pusses  hence  to  the  Calder  navigation, 
near  .HaJifa.v.  Here  are  two  free  English 
schools,  and  one  for  grammar.  Population 
above  10,000.  It  has  a manufacture  of 
btiys,  serges,  and  other  woollen  goods,  and 
one  of  hats.  The  corn  chiefiy  raised  in  the 
district  is  oats,  and  the  common  bread  is 
the  Ottt  cake.  It  is  the  centre  of  the  Lan- 
cashire dialect.  It  is  large  and  populous. 
The  Rochdale  canal  is  32  miles  in  length. 
It  has  markets  on  Monday  and  Saturday, 
and  three  annual  fairs.  It  is  13  miles  n by 
E of  Manchester,  55  wsw  of  York,  and  198 
NNw-  of  London. 

Roche,  an  old  town  in  the  department  of 
the  Qurte,  Netherlands,  22  miles  s of  Liege. 

Roche,  a fortified  town  of  Genevois,  Sa- 
voy, on  the  Borne,  near  a large  rock,  12 
miles  XE  of  Annecy. 

Roche  Beaucour,  a town  ia  the  depart- 
ment of  Dordogne,  France,  22  miles  xw-  of 
Perigueux. 

Roche  Bernard,'^  town  in  the  department 
of  Morbihan,  France,  on  the  Viiaine,  23 
miles  SE  of  Vaunes. 

Roche  -Guyon,  a town,  in  the  department 
of  Seine  and  Oise,  France,  seated  on  the 
Seine,  21  miles  w of  Pontoise. 

Roche  Posay,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Vienne,  France,  on  the  Cretise,  has  a mi- 
neral spring,  32  miles  ene  of  Poitiers. 

Roche  sur  Yon,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Vendee,  France,  on  the  Yon,  20  miles 
Nw  of  Lueon. 

Roche  Chouart,  a town  in  the  department 
of  the  Upper  Vienne,  France,  has  a castle 
on  a mountain,  J 8 miles  w of  Limoges,  and 
60  s by  E of  Poitiers. 

Rochefort,  a handsome  and  con.siderabte 
sea  port  in  the  department  of  Lower  Cha- 
rente,  France,  with  one  of  the  most  com- 
modious  harbours  in  France.  It  i.s  supposed 
to  contain  10,000  people.  It  has  a magnt-fi- 
cent  hospital,  a splendid  armoury,  a noble 
arsenal,  a foundery  for  cannon,  and  all 
the  other  magazines  necessary  for  the  con- 
struction and  equipment  of  ships  of  war. 
The  streets  are  straight  and  broad,  and  the 
houses  low  but  regular.  It  stands  on  the 
I Charente,  15  miles  from  its  mouth,  which 
is  defended  by  forts,  six  leagues  se  of  Ro- 
I chelle,  and  127  sw  of  Paris,  Lou.  0 58  w, 
i lat.  45  50  K. 

Rochefort,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Jura,  France,  on  the  DOubs,  six  miles  ne  of 
Dole,  and  22  wsw  of  Besancon. 

Rochefort,  a town  in  tbe  late  duchy  of 
Luxemburg,  Netherlands,  on  the  Somme, 
with  a castle,  and  is  surrounded  by  rocks, 
i The  castle  is  said  to  have  been  built  by  the 
Romans,  50  miles  nw  of  Luxemburg.  Lon. 
5 10  E,  lat.  50  12  N. 

RQOhfart,  ^ town  in  tbo  department  of 


. i 


ROC 

Mayenne  and  Loire,  France,  on  the  Loire,  10 
miles  ssw  of  Augers. 

Rochforiy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Morbihan,  France,  17  miles  e of  Vannes, 
and  40  sw  of  Rennes. 

Rochefaucault,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Charente,  France,  on  the  Tardoare,  12 
miles  NE  of  Angoiileme. 

Rocliejaune,  or  Yellowstone,  a river  which 
has  its  rise  in  the  mountains  s of  the  rise 
Missouri,  Louisiana,  upwards  of  1000  miles 
'S¥j  of  that  river,  into  which  it  falls  in  lat, 
48  0 N,  where  its  mouth  is  300  yards  wide. 
The  winter  is  of  a brown  colour,  and  the 
streams  divided  by  numerous  islands  and 
shoals.  Captain  Clark  descended  this  river 
in  1800. 

71  nc/ieZZe,  a handsome,  rich,  and  celebra- 
ted town  in  the  department  of  Lower  Cha- 
rente,  France,  on  the  bay  of  Biscay,  with  a 
very  commodious  and  safe  harbour.  It  is  a 
bishop’s  see,  and  the  houses  are  supported 
by  piazzas.  The  inhabitants  carry  on  a 
considerable  trade,  especially  in  wines, 
brandy,  sugat,  salt,  paper,  linen,  and  serges. 
The  haven  is  surrounded  by  a vast  mole, 
4482  feet  in  extent.  Rochelle  is  67  miles  n 
by  E of  Nantes,  and  220  sw  of  Paris.  Lon. 

I 10  w,  lat.46  9 N. 

Roche  Maeheran,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Forets,  France,  15  miles  ne  of 
Luxemburg. 

Rochemaure,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Ardeche,  France,  ou  the  Rhone,  eight  miles 
NNE  of  Viviers. 

Rochester,  a city  in  Kent,  on  the  Med- 
way, over  which  it  has  a stone  bridge,  360 
feet  in  length,  and  21  arches.  Its  ancient 
castle  and  priory  are  both  in  ruins.  It  is  a 
bishop^s  see,  and  the  spring  assizes  are  held 
here,  and  at  Maidstone  alternately.  Be- 
side the  cathedral  there  are  two  parish 
churches,  tw'o  free-schools,  one  called  the 
King^s,  the  other  the  City  school ; an  hospi- 
tal well  endow^ed  for  12  poor  people;  and 
an  alms-house  for  six  poor  travellers,  who 
are  supplied  with  a supper,  a bed,  a break- 
fast, with  fourpence  to  carry  them  on  their 
journey,  but  they  are  to  stay  for  one  night 
only,  an  inscription  over  the  door  intimates, 
that  rogues  and  proctors  are  excepted.  It 
is  an  aucieut  place,  and  consists  chiefly  of 
one  principal  street.  No  sort  of  manufac- 
tory is  carried  on.  It  has  markets  on  Wed- 
nesday and  Friday,  the  last  Tuesday  of 
every  mouth  for  cattle,  and  two  annual  fairs, 
Ju  181 1,  the  uumber  of  inhabitants  includ. 
iug  Chatham,  was  21,722.  Rochester  is 
parted  from  Stroud  on  the  w by  its  bridge, 
and  is  contiguous  to  Chatham  on  the  e. 
The  corporation  which  consists  of  a mayor, 

II  aldermen,  12  assistants,  a recorder,  and 
town  clerk,  has  jurisdiction  over  the  great 
oyster-fishery  in  the  several  creeks  of  the 
Medway.  The  town  has  sent  members  to 
parliament,  ever  since  the  reign  of  Edward 
I.  and  they  are  elected  by  the  freemen  at 
large.  It  is  26  miles  wnw  of  Canterbury, 


ROD 

and  2®  esb  of  London.  Lon.  0 36  b,  lat. 
51  23  N. 

Rochester,  a village  in  Northumberland, 
N of  Otterbiirn,  upon  the  Wattling-Street, 
on  the  Read. 

Rochetta,  a town  in  the  county  of  Nice, 
16  miles  ne  of  Nice. 

Rockford,  a town  of  Essex,  with  a market 
on  Thursday,  and  two  annual  fairs.  Here 
a very  singular  custom  obtained.  On  the 
Wednesday  after  Michaelmas,  a court  was 
held  in  the  open  air,  the  business  was  tran- 
sacted in  whimpers,  and  the.  minutes  written 
with  coal.  This  is  said  to  have  been  a pu- 
nishment for  a conspiracy,  formed  on  this 
spot,  by  the  tenants  of  the  manor  against 
their  lord ; 16  miles  sw  of  Chelmsford,  and 
40  E by  N of  London. 

Rochlitz,  an  ancient  town  of  Leipsic, 
on  the  Muldau,  over  which  is  a handsome 
bridge.  It  has  a castle  on  a rock,  and  cop- 
per  mines  in  the  vicinity,  24  miles  se  of 
Lefpsic. 

Hockaway,  a small  post  town  in  Morris 
county.  New  Jersey,  on  a river  of  its  name, 
15  miles  n by  w o4'  Morristown. 

Rockbridge.  See  Cedar  Creek. 

Rockenhausen,  a town  in  the  department- 
of  Mont  Tcnnere,  France,  lately  of  Germa- 
ny, in  the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  26  miles 
w.of  Worms. 

Rockford,  a post  town  of  North  Caro- 
lina, in  Wilkes  county,  on  the  Yadkin,  33 
miles  e by  N of  Wilkes,  and  573  from  Phi-« 
ladelphia. 

Rockingham,  a town  in  Northampton- 
shire, on  the  Welland.  Its  castle  has  been 
long  ago  demolished.  Its  forest,  reckoned 
one  of  the  largest  and  richest  in  the  king- 
dom, still  supplies  the  furnaces  of  Peterbo- 
rough with  charcoal.  It  has  a market  on 
Thursday,  and  an  annual  fair  which  lasts  five 
days.  It  lies  12  miles  s of  Oakham,  and 
83  N by  w of  London. 

Rockingham,  the  chief  town  of  Rich- 
mond county,  North  Carolina,  seated  on  an 
eminence,  six  miles  e of  Great  Pedee  river, 
46  WNW  of  Fayetteville,  and  74  from 
Hillsborough. 

Rockingham,  a post  town  of  Virginia, 
capital  of  a county  of  its  name,  on  a branch 
of  the  Shenandoah,  52  miles  sw  of  Stras- 
burg. 

Rocky  Mountain,  capital  of  Franklin 
county,  Virginia,  near  the  source  of  the 
Staunton,  35  miles  sw  of  New  Loudon,  and 
140  w of  Petersburg. 

Roco  Gronde,  an  island  on  the  coast  of 
the  Spanish  main,  in  the  West  Indies.  Lon. 
67  39  w,lat.  II  5 N. 

Rocroy,  a town  in  the  department  of  Ar- 
dennes, France,  stands  in  a plain,  surrounded 
by  forests,  and  is  noted  for  the  defeat  of  the 
Spaniards  in  1643,  six  miles  from  the  river 
Maese,  and  26.  n of  Rethel. 

Rodach,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Coburg,  Upper  Saxony,  on  a river  of  it* 

I name,  nine  miles  nw  of  Coburg. 

I 


ROE 


ROM 


Rodhy^  a sea  port  of  Denmark,  in  the  isle  | 
of  Laland,  with  a much  frequented  passage 
to  Heiligenhaven,  in  Holstein,  and  to  the  isle 
of  Fermern.  It  is  10  miles  w by  s of  Nax-  j 
kow.  Lon.  11  45  E,  lat.  54  45  N. 

Rodenburg,  a town  and  castle  in  the 
county  of  Schauenberg,  Westphalia,  has 
a mineral  spring,  11  miles  w by  s of  i 
Hanover. 

Rodesto,  Rodosto,  or  Rodisto,  a town  of 
Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Romania,  is  the  see  of 
a Greek  bishop.  It  is  a populous  trading 
place,  and  has  a harbour  on  the  ,sea  of  Mar- 
mora, 62  miles  sw  of  Constantinople. 

RodeZf  a very  ancient  town,  capital  of 
the  department  of  Aveiron,  France,  stands 
in  the  midst  of  mountains,  on  a hill,  at  the 
foot  of  which  the  Aveiron  flows.  It  was 
lately  a bishop^s  see.  The  lofty  steeple  of 
the  cathedral  is  admired  for  its  architecture. 
Here  are  four  great  annual  fairs,  where  num- 
bers of  mules  are  sold  for  Spain,  and  some 
manufactures  of  grey  cloth  and  serges.  It 
is  30  miles  w by  s of  Mende.  Lon.  2 34  E, 
lat.  44  21  N. 

Rodingy  the  name  of  the  eight  parishes  in 
the  western  part  of  Essex,  distinguished  by 
the  additional  appellations  of  Abbots,  Ber- 
ners, Beauchemp,  By  thorp',  High,  Leaden, 
Margates,  and  White,  They  are  celebrated  | 
for  excellent  arable  land.  Also  a river  of 
the  same  county,  which  has  its  source  near  ' 
Dun  mow,  flows  s to  Ongar,  then  between 
Eppiug  and  Hainault  forests,  to  Berking,  be- 
low which  it  falls  into  the  Thames. 

Rodona,  the  former  name  of  the  parish  of 
Megget.  See  Lyne  and  Megget, 

Rodok,  a town  in  the  province  of  Delhi, 
Hindoostan,  50  miles  e of  Hissar,  and  60 
WNW  of  Delhi. 

RODRIGUE’S  KEY,  on  the  coast  of 
Florida,  a pretty  large  mangrove  island. 
Lon.  81  17  w,  lat.  25  0 n. 

RODRIGUEZ,  an  island  100  leagues  E 
of  Mauritius,  Indian  ocean,  30  miles  long, 
and  12  broad,  and  in  many  parts  mountain- 
ous and  rocky,  in  others  the  soil  is  rich. 
The  chief  production  of  the  island  is  the 
land  turtle,  with  which  it  abounds.  A bay 
on  the  N side  affords  secure  shelter  for  ships, 
and  plenty  of  wood  and  water.  Lon.  63  0 
E,  lat.  10  30  s. 

Roebuck  Island,  at  the  eastern  extremity 
of  Lake  Ontario. 

Roer,  a river  of  Germany,  which  has  its 
source  in  the  duchy  of  Westphalia,  and 
passing  Arensberg,  Schwerte,  Werden,  and 
Duysburg,  falls  into  the  Rhine,  at  Roerort. 

ROER,  the  most  northerly  department  of 
France,  formed  out  of  the  conquered  coun- 
tries on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  including 
the  duchy  of  Jiiliers,  with  part  of  Cleves, 
Guelders,  and  Cologne,  and  has  its  name  I 
from  a river  which  rises  above  Juliers,  and  | 
unites  with  the  Meuse  at  Ruremonde.  Aix 
la  Chapelle  is  the  capital. 

Roerort,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Cleve, 


Westphalia,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Roer 
and  the  Rhine,  17  miles  s by  e of  Wesel. 

Roeulex,  a town  in  Hainault,  Nether- 
lands, eight  miles  ne  of  Mons. 

Rogart,  a rugged  and  extensive  parish  in 
the  sE  part  of  Siitherlandshire,  about  10 
miles  square.  In  the  district  are  a number 
of  tumuli,  several  vestiges  of  encampments, 
and  the  ruins  of  some  ancient  building  sup- 
posed to  be  Pictish.  Population  above 
2000. 

RogersviUe,  capital  of  Hawkins  county, 
Tenessee,  ou  the  n side  of  the  Holstan,  50 
miles  NNE  of  Knoxville. 

Rogerwick,  or  Port  Baltic,  a sea  port 
in  the  province  of  Revel,  Russia,  on  a bay 
at  the  entrance  of  the  gulf  of  Finland,  40 
miles  WNW  of  Revel.  Lon.  23  20  e,  lat. 
59  10  N. 

Rogonatpour,  capital  of  the  circar  of 
Pachete,  Bengal,  Hiudostaq,  126  miles 
Nw  of  Calcutta.  Lon.  SO  47  e,  lat.  23 
32  N. 

ROH  ACZOW , a district  of  Lithuania,  and 
its  capital  on  the  Dnieper,  at  the  junction  of 
the  Droutz,  120  miles  sb  of  Minsk.  Lon. 
30  20  E,lat.  53  2 n. 

Rohan,  a town  in  the  department  of  Mor- 
bihan,  France,  on  the  Aust,  20  miles  n of 
Vannes. 

ROHILCUND,  or  Rohilla,  a territory 
of  Hindoostan  Proper,  whose  inhabitants 
are  called  Rohillas,  situated  to  the  e of 
Delhi,  and  subject  to  the  nabob  of  Oude,  by 
whom,  with  the  assistance  of  the  British,  it 
was  conquered  in  1774.  Bereiliy  is  the 
capital. 

Rohitzan,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Pilsen, 
Bohemia,  has  a trade  in  iron,  and  woollen 
manufacture,  seven  miles  e by  n of  Pilsen. 

Rolduc,  a town  in  the  late  duchy  of 
Limburg,  Netherlands,  10  miles  sw  of 
Juliers. 

Rom,  or  Roem,  an  island  of  Denmark, 
on  the  e coast  of  South  Jutland,  It  is  five 
miles  in  length,  and  two  or  three  in  breadth, 
and  contains  a few  villages. 

ROMAGNA,  a province  of  Italy,  in  the 
pope’s  late  territory  of  Tuscany.  It  is  fer- 
tile in  corn,  wine,  oil,  fruits,  and  pastures. 
It  has  also  mines,  mineral  waters,  and  salt 
works.  It  belonged  to  the  Ecclesiastical 
State,  but  is  now  part  of  the  kingdom  of 
'Italy.  Ravenna  is  the  capital. 

Romainmotier,  a town  in  Pays  de  Vaud, 
Swisserland,  seated  in  a narrow  valley,  with 
a castle,  and  is  capital  of  a bailiwick,  li 
miles  s of  Yverdun. 

Romania,  a town  in  Moldavia,  European 
Turkey,  on  the  Siret,  and  is  a bishop’s  see, 
30  miles  wsw  of  Jassy. 

ROMANIA,  a province  of  Turkey,  in 
Europe,  being  200  miles  in  length,  and  130 
in  breadih.  It  was  formerly  called  Thrace, 
and  is  the  largest  of  all  the  provinces  the 
Turks  possess  iu  Europve.  It  has  mi  lies  of 
lead,  sHver,  and  allura,  i.s  Jerule  in  co)*:, 


R O M 


ROM 


{tod  is  divided  into  three  sangiacates,  of 
T^hich  the  capitals  are  Pbilippopoii  Galli- 
and  Constantinople. 

Romano,  or  Romano  Cayo^di  sinall  island 
dff  the  w shore  of  the  islami  of  Cuba. 

Romans,  an  ancient  town  in  the  depart- 
ittent  of  Drome,  France,  on  the  Isere.  It 
is  22  miles  sw  of  Grenoble,  and  30  s of  j 
Vienne. 

Roman  Wall,  called  also  Grah.am'^s 
Dyke,  from  a tradition  that  a Caledonian 
warrior  of  this  name,  first  broke  over  it, 
extended  from  Wall  Town,  on  the  Forth, 
near  Bowawsounness,  to  Dnnglass,  on  the  ■ 
Clyde,  near  Dunbarton,  about  12  miles  nw  ' 
of  dasgow.  It  was  marked  Out  by  Agri-  | 
cola,  and  completed  by  Antoninus  Pius,  in  | 
the  second  century,  and  was  intended  as  a | 
barrier  against  the  incursions  of  the  Scots  | 
and  Piets.  In  some  places  it  was  con-  j 
structed  of  stoue,  but  the  greater  part  con-  1 
sisted  of  a bank  of  earth,  with  a ditch  on  the  i 
outside.  It  was  furnished  with  a chain  of  i 
posts,  and  w'atch  tow’ers.  It  can  yet  be 
traced  for  the  greater  part  of  its  course. 
Near  it  have  been  found  many  Roman  anti- 
quities. The  wall  was  nearly  40  miles  in 
length.  ' 

Rome,  an  ancient  and  celebrated  city  of  ■ 
Europe,  once  the  metropolis  of  all  the  known  ( 
World,  founded  by  Romulus  750  years  be-  j 
• fore  the  birth  of  oiir  Saviour.  It  w'as  | 
formerly  three  times  as  large  as  it  is  at  pre-  | 
sent;  yet  it  is  still  one.  of  the  largest  and  > 
handsomest  cities  of  Europe.  It  is  seated  i 
on  seven  hills  and  the  intermediate  valleys, 
along  the  banks  of  the  Tiber,  over  which  it  j 
has  four  bridges.  The  walls  are  of  brick  | 
in  which  are  15  gates.  Its  circumference  j 
is  upwards  of  16  miles.  It  is  computed  to 
contain  180,000  inhabitants.  The  numbers  j 
have  gradually  increased  during  the  whole 
of  the  last  cenlury.  Some  of  the  principal 
streets  are  of  considerable  length,  and  per- 
fectly straight.  That  called  the  Corso  is  i 
the  most  frequented.  Here  the  nobility  dis- 
played their  equipages  during  the  carnival, 
and  take  the  air  in  the  evenings.  The  shops 
are  elevated  three  or  four  feet  above  the 
street,  and  there  is  a foot  path  for  passen- 
gers on  .a  level  with  the  shops.  There  are 
no  lamps  lighted  in  the  streets  at  night,  and  I 
the  whole  city  would  be  in  darkness  were* 
it  not  for  the  candles  which  individuals 
sometimes  place  before  the  statues  of  the 
Virgin.  St.  Peter's  church,  in  the  opinion 
of  many,  surpasses  in  ifize  and  magnificence 
the  finest  monuments  of  ancient  architec- 
ture. Its  length  is  exactly  730  feet;  the  i 
breadth  520  ; ' and  the  height  from  the  pave-  j 
ment  to  the  top  of  the  cross  which  crowns, 
the  cupola,  450 ; the  high  altar  is  00  feet  in 
height,  and  stands  under  the  centre  of  the 
cupola.  It  was  founded  in  1506,  and 
finished  in  1621.  The  cathedral  of  St. 
John  Laterun,  the  Romans  say,  is  the  mother 
of  all  churches.  To  this  church  every  new 
pope  goes  in  solemn  procest?ion  w’hen  he 


enters  on  the  possession  of  the  holy  sec; 
The  Pantheon  is  the  most  perfect  of  the 
ancient  Roman  temples.  Being  converted 
int(/a  Christian  temple,  the  Pantheon  origi- 
nally erected  in  honour  of  all  the  gods,  is 
now  dedicated  to  the  Virgin  Mary,  and  to 
all  the  mart^TS  and  saints.  As  the  Pan- 
theon is  the  most  entire,  the  amphitheatre  of 
Vespasian,  now  called  the  Coliseum,  is  the 
most  stupendous  moiurment  of  antiquity  in 
Rome.  About  one  half  of  the  external  eir- 
curf  still  remain ; from  which  a pretty 
exact  idea  may  be  formed  of  the  original 
structure.  By  a computation  of  Mr.  Byres, 
it  could  contain  85,000  spectators.  The 
aucient  Forum  is  now  a cow  market.  On 
the  top  ofjhe  beautiful  cohiinu  of  Trajan, 
120  feet  high,  is  the  statue  of  St.  Peter,  in- 
stead of  that  of  the  emperor  Trajan.  The 
pope  has  three  superb  palaces,  of  which  the 
principal  is  the  Vatican,  near  St.  Peter^s. 
The  library  of  this  palace,  is  the  largest 
and  most  complete  in  the  world ; rich, 
e«5pecially  in  MSS  in  all  languages,  and  of 
all  ages.  In  Rome,  the  connoisseur  will 
meet  with  innumerable  paintings  by  the 
greatest  masters,  and  with  the  chief  d'ffiuv. 
res  of  sculpture,  &c.  Besides  the  univer- 
sity, which  consists  of  several  noble  colle- 
ges, there  are  many  academies  and  literary 
societies.  Within  the  ancient  walls  of  the 
city  are  several  fine  vilias  and  gardens, 
w^hich  contribute  much  to  its  coolness  and 
beauty.  The  interest  and  amenity  of  this 
place  are  augmented  greatly  by  the  gardens 
and  objects  of  antiquity  that  abound  in  its 
environs.  In  1798,  the  French  entered 
Rome,  and  sent  to  Paris  a great  number  of 
the  most  valuable  statues  and  paintings. 
In  the  following  year,  it  was  retaken  by  the 
allies;  and  in  1809,  it  became  subject  to 
France.  In  1815,  after  the  surrender  of 
Bonaparte,  the  works  of  art  which  had  been 
brought  to  the  French  capital  during  the 
war,  were  returned,  by  order  of  the  allies,  to 
the  several  states  from  which  they  had  been 
taken.  Rome  is  IIO  miles  nw  of  Naples, 
410  ssw  of  Vienna,  and  600  miles  se  of 
Paris.  Lon.  12  29  e,  lat.  41  54  n. 

ROME,  THE  REPUBLIC  OF,  or  The 
Roman  Republic,  one  of  the  late  demo- 
cratic states  of  Italy.  A majority  of  the 
people  of  these  provinces  had  long  wished 
to  throw  off  the  yoke  of  civil  and  ecclesiasti- 
cal despotism  ; but  the  peace  made  between 
the  French  republic  and  the  court  pf  Rome, 
in  1797,  seemed  to  have  confirmed  the  triple 
crown  on  the  head  of  his  holiness,  at  least 
for  the  life  of  Pius  VI.  An  insurrection, 
however,  which  took  place  at  Rome  on  the 
27th  of  December,  1797,  was  set  on  foot  by 
the  court  party,  and  headed  by  four  of  the 
government  spies,  brought  about  the  over- 
throw of  the  ecclesiastical  government. 
! All  titles  and  hereditary  hoiiouis  were  abo- 
I lislied  ; universal  liberty  of  conscience  estu- 
i blisbed  ; and  the  new  republic  was  divided 
I into  eight  departments.  Pius  VI.  alter 


ROM 

being  draggeii  into  France,  and  treated  with 
the  greatest  indignity,  died  at  Valencia,  in 
December  IT99,  of  a broken  heart.  A new 
Pope  was  chosen,  who  was  to  enjoy  no  su- 
premacy, except  in  spiritual  affairs,  but 
in  1814,  after  the  abdication  of  Bonaparte, 
the  Pope  was  reinstated  in  the  full  plenitude 
of  his  formal  power. 

Rojuey  a post  town  of  New  York,  in  Her- 
kemer  county,  w of  Fort  Stanwix,  between 
Wood  Creek  and  the  head  of  Mohawk  river, 
22  miles  ne  of  Oneida,  68  nw  of  Albany, 
and  376  from  Philadelphia.  Lon.  74  56  w, 
lat.43I2N. 

liomenaify  a town  in  the  department  of 
Saone  and  Loire,  France,  15  miles  nne  of 
Macon. 

Romerstadty  a town  of  Moravia,  with 
iron  mines  in  the  vicinity;  20  miles  nne  of 
Olmutz. 

Romettay  a town  in  Val  di  Demona, 
Sicily,  nine  miles  w by  s of  Messina. 

Romford.  See  Rumford. 

RomhiM,  a towm  of  Franconia,  county 
oi  Kenneberg,  has  a castle,  13  miles  s of 
Meinungen. 

Romkalay  a town  of  Syria,  on  the  Eu- 
phrates, at  the  junction  of  the  Simeren,  in 
which  are  twm  churches,  and  the  remains 
of  a strong  castle,  85  miles  nne  of  Aleppo. 

Romnoy  a town  in  the  government  of 
Tchernigof,  Russia,  88  miles  esb  of 
Tchernigof.  - , 

Romneify  the  chief  town  of  Hampshire 
county,  Virginia,  stands  on  the  w side  of 
the  sw  branch  of  the  Potomac,  30  miles  w 
by  N of  Winchester,  and  242  w by  s of 
Philadelphia.  Lon.  T9  5 w,  lat.  .39  20  n. 

Romneyy  New,  a town  in  Kent,  seated  on 
a hill,  in  the  e part  of  Romney  Marsh,  w^ith 
a market  on  Thursday.  It  is  one  of  the 
Cinque  Ports,  and  at  the  conquest,  w^as 
divided  into  10  wards  and  five  parishes,  but 
since  the  sea  has  retired,  it  is  much  reduced. 
By  its  charter,  which  was  seized  by  Char- 
les II.  and  has  never  been  restored,  its  cor- 
poration should  consist  of  a mayor,  12 
jurats,  26  common  council-men,  ; but 
has  only  eight  members,  who  elect  the  two 
barons  to  represent  the  town  in  parliament. 
Here  are  held  the  two  annual  meetings  for 
all  the  Cinque  Ports.  A mile  to  the  w,  is 
Old  Romney,  the  original  port,  but  now  a 
small  place.  It  is  22  miles  sw  of  Dover, 
and  71  se  of  London.  Lon.  0 36  E,  lat.  50 
59  N. 

Romney  Marsh,  an  extensive  tract  of  rich 
level  land,  in  the  most  southern  part  of 
Kent,  between  Dangeness  and  Rye  haven, 
defended  from  the  sea  by  a strong  embank- 
ment, called  Dymchurch  Wall.  The 
Marsh  is  20  miles  long,  and  eyght  broad, 
containing  about  50,000  acres  of  firm 
land,  and  some  of  the  richest  pastures  in 
England.  Vast  herds  of  cattle,  and  flocks 
of  sheep,  are  fattened  here  to  an  extraordi- 
nary size,  for  the  London  market.  It  has 
two  towns  and  19  parishes,  which  were  in- 
No.  25  -M, 


corporated  in  the  reign  of  Edward  IV.  by 
the  name  of  The  Bailiff*,  24  Jurats,  and 
Commonalty  of  Romney  Marsh,’’  who  hold 
a court  every  three  weeks,  for  all  causes  and 
actions,  and  have  the  return  of  king’s  WTits, 
the  benefit  of  all  fines  and  forfeitures,  and 
the  privileges  of  Leeiy  Lawdayy  and  Tourn, 

Romonty  or  Rodmont,  a handsome  town 
of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of  Friburg, 
on  a mountain,  10  miles  nw  of  Friburg. 

Romorentiny  a town  in  the  department 
of  Loire  and  Cher,  France,  on  the  Saudre, 
with  a castle.  It  has  excellent  manufac- 
tures of  serges  and  cloth  ; and  is  26  miles 
SE  of  Blois,  and  45  e of  Tours. 

Romsdaly  a town  of  Norw  ay,  capital  of 
a Provost^hip,  in  the  government  of  Dron- 
theim,  100  miles  ssw  of  Drontheim.  Lon. 

7 54  E,  lat.  62  28  N. 

Romsey.  See  Rumsey. 

RONA,  a small  island  in  the  northern 
ocean,  supposed  to  be  tbe  farthest  to  the 
NW  of  any  part  in  Europe,  one  mile  long, 
and  half  a mile  broad,  inhabited  by  one 
solitary  family.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  an 
old  chapel.  It  belongs  to  the  parish  of 
Barvas,  and  county  of  Ross.  It  lies  16 
miles  to  the  nw  of  the  Butt  of  Lewis. 

RONALDSHAY,  North,  an  island  in 
the  Orkneys,  two  miles  long,  and  one  broad, 
two  leagues  N of  the  isle  of  Sunday.  It  is 
level,  and  fertile  ; and  contains  about  420  in- 
habitants. In  the  isle  is  an  erect  stone, 
about  10  feet  high,  round  which  the  inha- 
bitants dance  on  the  first  day  of  the  year. 
It  belongs  to  the  parish  of  Cross. 

RONALDSHAY,  South,  the  most 
southern  of  the  Orkney  islands,  seven 
miles  long  and  three  broad.  The  surface 
is  level,  and  the  soil  various.  It  contains 
1600  inhabitants.  The  parish,  of  S Ro- 
naldshay,  now  comprehends  the  parishes  of 
N and  S Ronaldshay,  and  also  that  of 
Burray,  and  have  been  long  under  the 
charge  of  one  minister. 

RoncevalloSy  a town  in  Navarre,  Spain, 
in  a valley  of  its  name,  14  miles  nne  of 
Pamplona. 

RONEY,  an  island  of  the  Hebrides,  be- 
tween the  mainland  and  the  isle  of  Skye, 
about  four  miles  long,  and  two  broad,  in 
tbe  parish  of  Portree.  The  surface  is 
pretty  level,  and  the  soil  tolerably  fertile. 

Ronciglioney  a town,  lake,  and  district, 
of  Italy  in  the  patrimony  of  St  Peter.  The 
town  stands  on  the  Tereia,  near  the  lake, 
has  a fortified  castle,  12  miles  s of  Viterbo, 
and  28  nnw  of  Rome.  Lou.  12  32  e,  lat. 
42  18  N. 

Rondoy  a handsome  town  in  Granada, 
Spain,  on  an  elevated  eind  extensive  plain, 
surrounded  with  rocks,  near  the  Guadiaro. 
Ill  the  vicinity  are  the  ruins  of  Acipino, 
commonly  called  Old  Ronda,  among  which 
are  those  of  a large  Roman  amphitheatre, 
and  an  aqueduct,  43  miles  w of  Mal-Aga, 
and  43  x by  e of  Gibraltar,  Lon,  5 9 Wj 
lat.  36  46 


M .m 


R^ndef  or  Rhonde  Island,  one  of  the 
"Grenadines,  dependant  on  the  island  of  Gr*^- 
oada  in  the  West  Indies.  It  contains  about 
600  acres  of  land. 

Ronne,  a sea  port  in  the  island  of  Born- 
holm, Denmark,  with  a fortified  harbour. 
It  is  (he  residence  of  the  governor.  Lon.  M 

6«J  E,  lat.  55  lO  N. 

Ronneburg,  a town  and  castle  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Altenburg,  Upper  Saxony,  H 
miles  £W  of  Alteuburg, 

Roqvefort,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Landes,  France,  on  the  Douese,  15  miles 
ENE  of  Mont  de  Marsan. 

Roque  St,  a town  in  Andalusia,  Spain,  at 
the  entrance  of  the  isthmus  which  separate . 
Gibraltar  from  the  continent,  stands  on  the 
top  of  a hill,  overlooking  the  bay.  Here 
are  several  batteries  to  delend  the  line 
which  run  across  the  isthmus,  17  miles  ne  of 
Tariffa,  and  58  se  of  Cadiz. 

Roquemaure,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Gard,  France,  stands  on  a rock,  near  the 
Rhone,  22  miles  ne  of  Nismes. 

Roquetas,  a town  in  Granada,  Spain,  on 
the  Mediterranean,  10  miles  sw  of  Almeira, 
and  52  se  of  Granada. 

Roras,  a town  in  the  government  of 
Drontheim,  Norway,  celebrated  for  mines  of 
copper,  68  miles  s of  Drontheim. 

Rosa,  a mountain  of  the  Pennine  Alps 
on  the  NE  boundary  of  Piedmont,  little 
inferior  in  height  to  Mont  Bianc.  It  forms 
a circus  of  gigantic  peaks  round  the  village 
of  Macugnaga,  and  having  the  appearance 
of  an  expanded  rose  is  supposed  to  impart  | 
the  name. 

Rosa,  ot  Rose  Island,  ex  ends  along  the  , 
mouth  of  Rosa  bay,  on  the  coast  of  W Flo-  | 
rida,  and  is  about  50  miles  long,  but  no  ! 
where  above  half  a mile  broad.  I 

Rosamarina,  a town  in  Val  di  Demona,  j 
Sicily,  seated  on  the  mouth  of  a river  of  its  i 
.name,  22  miles  w by  s of  Patti. 

Rosana,  a town  of  Lithuania,  in  the  pala- 
tinate of  Novogrodec,  near  the  Zolva,  20  i 
miles  sw  of  Novogrodec.' 

Rosario,  a town  in  the  province  of  Bue-  i 
nos  Ayres,  Paraguay,  ou  the  Parana,  just  ! 
below  the  influx  of  the  Tercero,  74  miles  s I 
of  St  Fe.  I 

Rosario,  a town  in  Culiacan,New  Spain,  j 
on  a river  of  its  name,  near  thi;  rich  mines  | 
of  Copala,  1 10  miles  se  of  Culiacan. 

Roshach,  a village  in  Thuringia  Upper 
Saxdny,  celebrated  for  a victt  ry  gamed 
over  the  French  and  Austrians,  by  the  king 
of  Prussia,  in  1757,  10  miles  se  of  Mers- 
burg. 

Roschad,  a town  of  Switzerland,  on  the 
lake  of  Constance,  with  a oasile  on  a ; 
mountain,  seven  miles  kne  of  St  Gall.  [ 

Hoschild,  a town  of  Denmark,  in  the  [ 
isle  of  Zealand, and  a bishop’s  see.  It  was  || 
(he  residence  of  the  kings  of  Denmark  lf>r  | 
several  centuries  before  Copenhagen  was  ii 
founded,  but  is  now  a poor  place.  The  jj 
€»athedrai  has  long  been  the  burial  place  !| 


of  the  kings  of  Denmark.  Here,  in  1858,  a 
treaty  ol  peace  was  concluded.  It  is  15 
m’les  w of  (-openhugen. 

ROSCOMMON,  a county  of  Ireland,  in 
the  province  of  Connaught,  50  miles  in 
length,  and  32  in  breadth.  It  is  a level 
frui'ful  country,  and  yields  excellent  corn. 
It  contains  59  parishes,  about  86,000  inhabi- 
tants, and  sends  two  members  to  pdrliament. 
The  principal  town  is  Athlone,  but  the  as- 
size town  is  Roscommon. 

Roscommon,  the  county  town  of  Ros- 
common. Its  castie  w as  destroyed  in  1271. 
In  the  vicinity  are  the  ruins  of  a monastery. 
It  has  a barrack  for  a troop  of  horse ; and 
is  88  miles  w by  n of  Dublin.  Lon.  8 42 
w,  lat.  53  34  n. 

Roscrea,  a neat  thriving  town  in  Tip- 
perary, Munster.  Three  miles  to  the  se 
is  the  rum  ol  an  abbey,  w hich  stands  on  a 
! dry  island  of  about  two  acres,  in  the  middle 
of  a large  morass,  20  miles  wsw  of  Mary- 
borough, 32  N of  Cashel,  and  59  w'sw  of 
Dublin. 

Roseau^  See  Charlotte-town.  , 

Rosebrugge,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Lys,  France,  1 1 miles  nw  of  Ypres. 

Rosenberg^  a town  of  Silesia,  in  the  prin- 
! cipality  of  Oppeln,  with  a small  castle,  23 
j miles  NE  of  Oppeln. 

' Rosenberg,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Be- 
chin,  Bohemia,  on  the  Muldau,  21  miles  s 
of  Budweis. 

I Rosenfeldt,  a town  of  Suabia,  and  duchy 
of  Wirtemburg,  12  miles  sw  of  Sultz. 

I Rosehearty,  a fishing  village  in  Aberdeen- 
j shire,  four  miles  w of  Fraserburgh.  It  has 
I a tolerable  harbour,  and  contains  about  200 
I inhabitants. 

! Rosenheim,  a towm  at  the  confluence  of 
i the  Manguaid  and  Inn,  Bohemia,  34  miles 
j SE  of  Munich. 

i Rosemarkie,  a parish  in  Ross-shire,  about 
' six  miles  long,  and  three  broad  ; pleasantly 
situated  on  the  nw  banks  of  the  Moray 
Frith.  The  parish  is  in  general  fertile  and 
arable.  It  contains  about  1289  inhabitants. 
See  For: rose. 

Roseneath,  a parish  in  Dumbartonshire, 
about  seven  miles  long  by  two  broad  ; 
bounded  on  (he  e by  the  Gairmch,  ou  the 
s by  the  Frith  of  Clyde,  on  the  w^  by  Loch 
Long,  and  on  the  n by  the  parish  of  Row, 
with  w'hich  it  i<  joined  by  a narrow  isthmus. 
The  soil  is  various,  only  the  lands  on  the 
coast  being  cultivated.  Population  about 
632. 

Roses,  a towm  in  Catalonia,  Spain,  situ- 
ated on  the  Mediterranean,  in  the  bay  of 
Roses,  has  a citadel,  and  fort.  It  was 
taken  by  the  French,  in  1693,  and  in  J793  ; 
27  miles  ne  ol  Girona.  Lou.  3 7 e,  lat.  42 
i7\. 

Rosetta,  or  Raschid,  a town  of  Africa, 
in  Egypt,  situated  on  the  west  ^rn  branch  of 
the  Nile,  and  one  of  the  most  pleasant  in 
Egypt.  It  is  near  tw'O  miles  in  length, 
and  has  not  above  two  or  three  streets. 


R O S 

T'h®  inhabitants  have  a great  manufactory 
of  stripped  and  other  coarse  linens  ; but  its 
chief  business  is  the  carriage  of  goods  hence 
to  Cairo.  The  rice  produced  in  its  neigh- 
bourhood^ called  Sultani,  is  chiefly  sent  to 
Constantinople,  and  prohibited  from  being 
exported  to  any  other  place.  In  1798,  it 
was  taken  by  ihe  French,  who  were  soon 
expelled  by  the  aid  ot  the  British.  The  Eu- 
ropeans have  their  vice  consuls  and  iaclors  j 
here.  It  is  25  miles  ene  of  Alexandria, 
and  100  Nxw  of  Cairo.  Lon.  30  23  e,  lat. 
3I23X. 

ROSEWAY  ISLAND,  at  the  mouth  of 
Port  Wager,  on  the  se  coast  of  Nova 
Scotia. 

Rosienney  a town  of  Samogitia,  on  the  ^ 
Dubisse.  Here  are  held  the  provincial  diet, 
and  court  of  justice,  70  miles  s of  Miitau, 
and  188  ne  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  23  45  e,  lat. 
65  30  N. 

Rosier s aux  Salines^  a town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meurthe,  France,  on  the  Meur- 
the,  famous  for  its  salt  works.  It  is  nine 
miles  SE  of  Nancy. 

Rosliny  or  Roslijn,  a pleasant  village 
near  Edinburgh,  in  the  parish  of  Lasswade, 
on  the  banks  of  the  Esk,  and  formerly  of 
considerable  importance,  and  had  a charter 
as  a burgh  of  barony  from  king  James  II. 
of  Scotland.  It  has  a ruinous  castle,  and 
on  a hill  above  the  castle  is  a chapel  of 
elegant  Gothic  architecture.  It  was  the 
ancient  seat  of  the  family  of  St  Clere,  or 
Sinclair,  one  of  whom  is  now  the  earl  of 
Roslyn.  This  place  is  often  visited  by 
travellers.  On  the  24th  of  B'ebruary,  1303, 
the  Scots  obtained  a signal  victory,  in 
three  different  rencounters,  over  the  Eng- 
lish. 

Rosot/y  a town  in  the  department  of 
Seine  and  Marne,  France,  with  a superb 
castle,  16  miles  ene  of  Melun,aud  30  se  of 
Paris. 

Ros9y  a fine  old  town  of  Herefordshire, 
with  a good  market  on  Thursday,  for  corn, 
and  cattle,  and  five  annual  fairs.  It  is  go- 
verned by  a sergeant  and  four  constables. 
It  is  indebted  to  Mr  Kyrle,  Pope’s  celebrat- 
ed Man  of  Ross,”  for  most  of  its  improve- 
ments and  charitable  institutions.  He  died 
in  1724,  at  the  age  of  90.  A Mr  Scott, 
who  was  styled  the  Second  Man  of  Ross,” 
bequeathed  2001.  per  annum  to  two  charity 
schools  in  the  town,  before  his  death,  in 
1786.  Four  miles  to  the  sw'  are  the  ruins 
of  Goodrich  castle,  and  in  its  vicinity,  the 
remains  of  Flanesford  priory,  the  chapel  of 
which  now  serves  as  a barn.  Boss  stands 
on  a rock,  on  the  Wyre,  12  miles  sk  of 
Hereford,  and  120  w by  n of  London. 

RosSy  a small  town  in  Cork,  Munster, 
united  to  Cork  as  an  episcopal  see.  It  is 
.sealed  on  a bay  of  the  Atlantic,  and  the 
harbour  once  famous,  has  been  gradually 
filled  up  with  sand,  which  has  reduced  the 
town  from  its  former  splendour.  The  ca- 
thedral server  as  the  parish  church;  and  the 


R o s 

castle  is  commanded  by  a governor.  It  is 
20  miles  sw'  of  Kinsale.  Lon.  8 58  w,  latn 
51  32  N. 

RosSy  or  New  RosSy  a neat  town  of  Irc^ 
land,  in  Wexford,  Leinster,  on  the  Barrow, 
over  which  is  a w'oqden  bridge  into  the 
county  of  Kilkenny,  four  mdes  w of  the 
town  of  Old  Ross.  Its  principal  exports  are 
beef,  butter,  and  wool.  It  sends  one  meni* 
ber  to  parliament.  It  is  16  miles  ne  of 
Waterford,  and  22  w by  N of  Wexford. 
Lon.  6 45  w,  lat.  52  20  N. 

RossanOy  a low’Q  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Citra,  and  an  archbishop’s  see,  seated  on  an 
eminence  surrounded  by  rocks.  It  is  well 
peopled  ; and  the  vicinity  produces  oil,  pep- 
per, capers,  and  saffron,  three  miles  from 
the  gulf  of  Tarento,  and  136  se  of  Naples. 
Lon  16  38  E,  lat.  39  48  N. 

Rossie.  See  Inchture, 

Ross  Islandy  in  Killarney  lake,  Munster^ 
contains  about  100  acres. 

RosskeeUf  a parish  in  Ross* shire,  bounded 
at  one  part  by  the  frith  of  Cromarty,  be- 
tween Tain  and  Dingwall.  The  inhabited 
part  of  the  parish  is  10  miles  long,  by  six 
broad,  but  the  whole  is  of  much  greater  ex- 
tent. Population  is  about  2074.  Gselic  is 
generally  spoken  here. 

RosslaUy  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Anhault,  Upper  Saxony,  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Rosslau  and  Elbe,  has  a castle,  10 
miles  ssE  of  2jerbst. 

ROSS-SHIRE,  a county  of  Scotland, 
bounded  on  the  n by  Sutherlandshire  and 
the  frith  of  Dornock,  w by  the  sea,  s by  In- 
verness-shire, and  E by  the  frith  of  Murray 
and  the  county  of  Cromarty,  which  last  it 
almost  incloses.  From  n to  s it  is  near  60 
miles,  and  upwards  of  70  from  e to  w.  The 
Nw  part  of  the  county  is  mountainous  and 
dreary,  that  to  the  E variegated  with  woods, 
lakes,  and  rivers,  which  abound  with  game 
and  fish.  The  hills  feed  great  numbers  ol 
black  cattle,  sheep,  and  goats.  The  lochs 
are  finely  adapted  for  fishing  stations,  aS 
they  are  visited  regularly  by  a shoal  of  her- 
rings. The  county  contains  three  royal 
burghs,  Dingwall,  Fortrose,'and  Tain,  and 
is  divided  into  30  parochial  districts,  which, 
in  1811,  contained  55,372  inhabitants. 
Gsiiic  is  the  prevailing  language,  but  on  the 
E coast  English  is  understood  and  spoken. 
The  soil  in  a great  many  parts,  and  the  at- 
tachment of  the  natives  to  the  customs  of 
their  forefathers,  have  prevented  the  progress 
of  modern  improvements  in  this  county.  It 
sends  one  member  to  parliament,  exciusivo 
of  the  burghs.  The  island  of  Lewis  is  at- 
tached to  this  coanty.  The  minerals  hither- 
to  discovered  are  iron,  silver,  and  lead,  free- 
stone, and  limestone.  The  real  land  rent  is 
estimated  at  above  40,0001.  sterling.  Tain 
is  the  capital. 

Rossiveiriy  a town  in  Misnia,  Upper  Sax- 
ony, on  the  Muldau,  with  a considerablo 
trade  in  wool,  cloth,  and  flannel,  23  miles  - 
w of  Dresden, 


ROT 

Rostakf  a town  in  the  province  of  Oman, 
Arabia,  and  the  seat  of  a sovereign  prince  ; 
320  miles  w of  xMaskat.  Lon.  Si  30  e,  lat. 
23  30  N. 

Rostock y a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Mecklenburg,  seated  on  the  Warne,  and  is 
divided  into  the  old,  the  new,  and  the  mid- 
dle towns.  It  has  a good  harbour,  a strong 
citadel,  an  arsenal,  three  churches,  and  an 
university.  It  was  often  taken  in  the  18th 
century,  the  last  time  by  the  Prussians,  in 
1761.  It  is  the  best  town  in  this  country, 
and  it  was  formerly  one  of  the  Hanseatic 
towns.  It  is  10  miles  from  the  Baltic,  and 
32  ENE  of  Wismar.  Lon.  12  20  e,  lat.  54 
30  N. 

Rostof,  a large  town  of  Russia,  in 
Yaroslalf,  seated  on  the  Nero,  or  Rostof, 
which  communicates  with  the  Volga,  by 
the  Kotorost,  and  is  an  episcopal  see ; 95 
piiles  NE  of  Moscow.  Lon.  40  25  e,  lat. 
57  5 N. 

Rostrenan,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Cotes  da  Nord,  France,  35  miles  sw  of  St 
Brieuc. 

Rostrevor,  a village  in  Down,  Ulster,  on 
the  E banks  of  Carlingford  bay.  Here  is 
a salt-work,  and  a pottery  for  white  earthen 
ware.  It  is  nine  miles  sse  of  Newry,  and 
57  N of  Dublin. 

RofOy  a town  and  castle  of  Andalusia, 
Spain,  on  the  bay  of  Cadiz,  nine  miles  n^jw 
of  Cadiz. 

Rotas y a town  in  the  country  of  Lahore, 
Hindoostan,  85  miles  nnw  of  Lahore.  Lon. 
71  52  E,  lat.  32  4 n. 

RofaSy  a town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
country  of  Bahar,  108  miles  sw  of  Patna. 
Lon.  84  0 E,  lat.  24  38  N. 

Rotenberg,  a town  and  fortress  of  Franco- 
nia, capital  of  a lordship  of  its  name,  on  a 
mountain,  18  miles  me  of  Nurenberg. 

Rotenbnrg,  a town  of  Suabia,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Hohenberg,  with  a castle,  on  the 
Neckar,  and  a celebrated  mineral  spring, 
six  miles  wsw  of  Tubingen. 

Rotenburg,  a town  in  the  canton  of 
Lucern,  Swisserland,  four  miles  n of 
Lucern. 

Rotenburg,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Ver- 
den,  Westphalia,  on  the  Wumme,  15  miles 
N by  E of  Verden. 

Rotenburg^  a town  in  the  late  bishopric 
of  Spire,  Germany,  12  miles  e of  Philips- 
burg. 

Rotenhnrg,  a town  of  Lower  Hesse,  Ger- 
many, on  the  Fulda,  has  a palace,  belonging 
to  the  prince  of  Hesse  Rheinfeis,  24  miles 
SSE  of  Cassel. 

Rottenhurg^  a town  in  the  Middle  Mark, 
Brandenburg,  on  the  Oder,  14  miles  e of 
Crossen. 

Rotenfels,  a towm  in  the  principally  of 
M^urtzburg,  Franconia,  on  the  Maine,  13 
miles  N\v  of  Wiirtzburg. 

Roth,  a town  and  castle  of  Franconia,  in 
the  principality  of  Anspach,  seated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Roth  and  Rediiitz,  noted  as 


ROT 

the  birth  place  of  the  celebrated  Gessner, 
18  miles  s of  Nuremberg. 

Rothbiiry,  a towu  of  Northumberland, 
seated  on  the  Coquet,  whose  market  is  dis- 
continued, hut  has  a fair  on  Trinity  Mon- 
day, and  a charity  school,  nine  miles  sw  of 
Alnwick,  and  302  n by  w of  London. 

Rothenberg,  a town  on  the  Neissa,  Upper 
Lusatia,  17  miles  n of  Gorlitz. 

Rothenburgy  capital  of  a territory  of  its 
name,  Franconia,  on  a mountain,  by  the 
Tauber,  from  w'hicb  it  is  supplied  with  win- 
ter drawn  from  the  river  by  a machine.  It 
has  five  churches,  was  lately  imperial,  and 
is  surrounded  by  moats  and  ramparts,  45 
miles  WNW  of  Anspach.  Lou.  10  18  e,  lat. 
49  22  N. 

Rotlier,  a river  that  rises  in  Sussex,  for  a 
short  space  forms  the  boundary  between 
that  county  and  Kent,  and  falls  into  the 
English  channel  at  Rj  *. 

Rotherham^  a well  built  tow'n  in  the  West 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  stands  at  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Rother  and  Don,  has  a large 
church,  and  extensive  iron  works  in  the  vici- 
nity, at  Masbrough,  with  a large  market  on 
Monday  for  provisions,  cattle,  corn,  and 
wool ; and  two  annual  fairs..  It  is  31  miles 
N of  Nottingham,  32  s of  Leeds,  and  159  M 
by  w of  Loudon. 

Rothes,  a parish  in  Morayshire,  lying  on 
the  Nw  bank  of  the  Spey,  Elginshire.  The 
crops  are  chiefly  barley  and  oats,  tow'ards 
the  s of  the  parish  ; but  to  the  n the  soil  de- 
generates into  moor.  On  a hill,  near  the 
church,  is  a rock  of  fine  agate,  of  beautiful 
variegated  colours,  and  susceptible  of  the 
finest  polish.  In  this  district  is  the  old  cas- 
tle of  Rothes,  formerly  the  residence  of  the 
noble  family  of  Leslie,  now  the  property  of 
the  earl  of  Findlater.  Population  1521,  in 
1801,  of  w^hioh  300  reside  in  a village  of 
the  same  name. 

Rothsay,  a royal  burgh  and  parish  of 
Scotland,  in  the  isle  of  Bute,  seated  on  the 
E side  of  the  island,  at  the  head  of  a bay, 
forming  an  excellent  harbour,  that  has  a 
pier.  The  town  is  capital  of  the  island. 
The  shipping  of  this  town  increased  in  about 
the  space  of  30  years,  from  a single  one- 
decked vessel,  to  4244  tons,  the  greater  part 
of  which  is  employed  in  the  herring  fishery. 
In  the  vicinity  is  a large  cotton  mill.  Here 
are  the  ruins  of  a castle,  formerly  the 
occasional  residence  of  some  of  the  kings 
of  Scotland,  and  afterwards  of  the  earls  of 
Bute.  It  is  now  completely  covered  with 
ivy.  Rothsay  had  its  charter  from  king 
Robert  III.  in  1400.  It  confers  the  title 
of  duke  on  the  heir  apparent,  and  is  politi- 
cally connected  with  x\yr,  drc.  It  has 
three  annual  fairs.  In  18 1 1,  the  population 
of  the  town  was  3544.  The  parish  occupies 
the  N end  of  the  island,  and  extends  10 
miles  in  length,  and  between  three  and  four 
in  breadth.  The  surface  is  hilly,  but  there 
are  several  very  fertile  valleys.  The  town 
and  parish  contains  5231  inhabitants.  It  is 


ROT 


R O U 


80  miles  w by  s of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  4 6S  [ 
w,  lat.  54  48  N.  | 

Rothiemay,  a parish  in  Banffshire,  about 
eight  miles  long,  and  from  live  to  six  broad, 
intersected  by  the  Doveran,  and  n of  Hunt- 
ly.  The  eastern  extremity  is  fertile,  but 
on  the  N it  is  barren.  The  late  celebrat- 
ed James  Ferguson,  the  astronomer,  was  a 
native  of  this  parish.  Population  is  about 
]06l. 

Rothitnur chits.  See  Diithil, 

Rothweily  a free,  and  late  imperial  city 
of  Austrian  Suabia,  transferred  as  indemnity 
to  Wirtemburg  in  1802.  Two  miles  to  the 
s is  Rothmuuster  abbey,  where  they  receive 
none  but  noble  women.  The  town  stands 
on  the  Neckar,  near  its  source,  27  miles 
ssw  of  Tubingen.  Lou.  8 37  e,  lat.  48 

8 N. 

Rothweily  or  Rowel,  a town  of  Nor- 
thamptonshire, with  a market  on  Monday, 
on  the  side  of  a hill.  It  is  well  supplied 
wuih  water,  three  miles  nw  of  Kettering, 
15  NXE  of  Northampton,  and  79  w of 
London. 

Rottenmann,  a town  in  Stiria,  Germany, 
has  a college  of  regular  canons,  20  miles 
XNw  of  Juderiburg. 

Rotterdam,  a large  handsome  town,  and 
rich  city  of  Holland,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Rotteaiid  Merwe.  It  is  next  to  Amsterdam, 
for  the  elegance  of  its  buildings  and  trade. 
Its  harbour  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  Nether- 
lands, and  is  more  frequented  than  Amster- 
dam. There  are  so  many  deep  canals,  that 
ships  may  unload  at  the  very  doors  of  the 
magazines.  On  the  e side  of  the  city  is 
a large  bason  and  dock,  for  the  building  and  j 
launching  of  vessels  belonging  to  the  admi- 
ralty and  E India  company.  The  town- 
house,  the  bank,  and  the  arsenal,  are  mag- 
nificent. The  modern  houses  are  of  brick, 
aud  lofty,  and  spacious,  particularly  on  that 
extensive  quay  called  the  Bomb  Tees. 
The  town  was  governed  before  the  revolu- 
tion, by  a regency,  consisting  of  24  coun- 
sellors, and  four  burgomasters.  It  was  more 
frequented  by  the  British  merchants  than 
Amsterdam.  The  statue  of  the  learned 
Erasmus,  in  bronze,  stands  in  an  open  place, 
at  the  head  of  one  of  the  canals,  aud  on 
the  house  in  which  he  was  born  is  an  in- 
scription to  his  honour.  Here  is  an  English 
Presbyterian  church,  the  minister  of  which 
is  paid  by  the  states.  There  is  also  an 
English  episcopal  church.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  computed  at  48,000.  Rotterdam 
admitted  the  French  troops  in  1795;  13 
miles  SE  of  Hague,  and  30  ssw  of  Amster- 
dam. Loru  4 29  e,  lat.  51  56  N. 

ROTTERDAM,  one  of  the  Friendly  is- 
lands, in  the  South  Pacific  ocean,  discover- 
ed by  Tasman  m 1643.  Lon.  174  30  w, 
lat.  20  16  s. 

ROTTERDAM,  or  Anamocoe  Isle, 
one  of  the  Friendly  islands,  situated  on  the 
K of  Amsterdam  isle. 

lioltingen,  a town  in  the  principality  of 


[ WuTtbzurg,  Franconia,  on  the  Tauber,  It 
j miles  s of  W urtzburg. 

Rouen,  the  capital  of  the  department  of 
the  Lower  Seine,  France,  and  an  arcbbi- 
shop^s  see,  situated  on  the  n side  of  the  Seine. 
It  is  eight  miles  in  circuit,  and  is  computed 
to  contain  73,000  inhabitants.  The  public 
buildings  are  grand  and  elegant,  the  princi- 
pal of  which  are  the  old  castle,  the  great 
hall  of  the  palace,  and  the  principal  church, 
ornamented  with  three  towers,  near  which 
is  the  public  library.  In  the  market  place 
is  a statue  of  the  celebrated  Maid  of  Or^ 
leans,  who  was  burnt  here  by  the  English. 
It  has  communication  with  the  suburb  of 
St  Sever,  on  the  other  side  of  the  Seine,  by 
a bridge  of  boats  that  opens  for  the  passage 
of  ships.  Here  were  born  the  two  Corneil- 
les, and  Fontenelie.  The  linens  of  Rouen 
are  much  esteemed.  There  are  also  manu- 
factures 'jf  cloth,  and  oil  of  vitriol.  It  is 
50  miles  sw  of  A meins,  and  70  xw  of  Paris, 
Lon.  I 2 E,  lat.  49  26  n, 

Rovere,  or  Roveredo,  a town  of  Germa- 
ny, in  the  Tyrol,  at  the  foot  of  a mountain, 
on  the  Lens,  near  the  Adige,  Its  bridge  is 
defended  by  a strong  citadel.  In  1796,  thw 
French  defeated  the  Austrians,  and  took 
the  town,  but  were  obliged  to  abandon  it 
soon  afterwards.  It  has  a considerable 
trade  in  silk  and  tobacco.  It  is  13  miles 
s of  Trent.  Lon.  10  55  E,lat.  45  50  n. 

ROUEPvGUE,  a late  province  of  France, 
75  miles  in  length,  and  50  in  breadth  ; not 
very  fertile,  but  feeding  a number  of  cat- 
tle, and  has  mines  of  sulphur,  alum,  vitriol, 
iron,  and  copper.  It  now  forms  the  de- 
j partment  of  Aveiron,  of  which  Rodez  is  tha 
capital. 

Rovigno,  a populous  town  of  Istria,  with 
two  good  harbours,  and  quarries  of  fine 
stone.  It  stands  on  a peninsula,  in  the  gulf 
of  Venice,  eight  miles  s of  Parenzo,  and 
36  s of  Capo  dHstria.  Lon.  13  58  e,  lat. 
45  1 1 N. 

Rovigo,  a.  town  of  Italy,  the  capital  of 
Polsino  di  Rovigo,  and  the  residence  of  the 
bishop  of  Adrio,  on  the  decline  of  which 
town  it  has  risen  into  importance.  It 
stands  on  the  Adige,  21  miles  s of  Padua, 
and  37  sw  of  Venice.  Lou.  12  14  e,  lat. 
45  38  N. 

ROUM,  a country  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  si- 
tuated between  Caramania  on  the  w,  and 
Diarbekir  aud  Armenia  on  the  e,  and  extends 
from  the  Mediterranean  to  the  Black  sea, 
including  the  Sangiacates  of  Aldana,  Ma- 
rasch,  and  Sivas. 

ROUND  ROCK,  one  of  the  Virgin  is- 
lands, N of  Ginger  island.  Lon.  62  53  w, 
lat.  18  JO  N. 

ROUS  AY,  one  of  the  Orkney  islands, 
about  nine  miles  long,  and  four  broad, 
lying  to  the  nw  of  the  mainland,  with  a 
ridge  of  beautiful  green  hills.  The  soil  is 
good,  is  well  watered  with  lakes,  rivulets, 
aud  springs,  but  little  of  it  cultivated.  It 
has  good  natural  harbours.  The  inhabi- 


R O X 

tants  prosecute  the  fisheries  with  great  dili- 
gence. They  amouni  to  tiooiit  7T0. 

Rousay  and  Eglishay.  an  un  i ted  parish  of 
Orkney,  containing  the  islciuds  oi  Rousay, 
Eglishay,  Weir,  Inhallow’,  and  two  small 
uninhabited  i^lets.  The  church  of  Eglishay 
is  a small,  neat  Gothic  structure.  Popula 
tion  IS  about  I06i 

Roimelarty  a town  in  Flanders,  Nether- 
lands, on  the  Mandel,  10  miles  nb  of 
ypres. 

ROUSSILLON,  a late  province  of 
France,  about  50  miles  in  length  and  Z’} 
in  breadth  ; now  forming  the  departmeni 
of  the  Eastern  Pyrenees.  See  Pyrenees, 
Eastern, 

Rowy  a hilly  parish  in  Dumbartonshire, 
about  14  miles  long  and  three  broad,  inter- 
sected by  the  road  from  Dumbarton  to  In- 
verary. The  soil,  though  light,  is  iertiie, 
and  the  mountains  afford  good  sheep  p s- 
ture.  Population  is  about  970.  See  He- 
lens burg, 

ROXBURGHSHIRE,  a county  of  Scot- 
land, sometimes  called  Teviotdale  ; bound- 
ed on  the  N by  Berwickshire  ; e and  s by 
the  English  counties  of  Northumberland  and 
Cumberland,  and  w by  the  shires  of  Dum- 
fries and  Selkirk.  From  n to  s it  exte  ds 
near  30  miles,  and  about  the  same  from  e 
to  w,  divided  into  the  southern  pastoral  dis- 
trict of  Liddisdaie,  and  the  northern  more 
agricultural  district  of  Tiviotdale.  The 
face  of  the  country  exhibits  a rough  irregu- 
lar appearance  of  mosses,  hills,  and  moun- 
tains, interspersed  with  beautiful  valleys, 
well  watered  with  delightful  streams,  highly 
cultivated,  and  fertile  in  corn.  The  county 
is  divided  into  31  parochial  districts,  which, 
in  1811,  contained  37,230  inhabitants. 
Tb^  principal  rivers  are  the  Tweed,  Teviog 
and  Liddale.  The  principal  towns  are 
Jedburgh,  the  capital,  Kelso,  and  Hawick. 
Before  the  union  of  the  crowns  of  England 
and  Scotland,  this  county  was  almost  a con- 
tinual scene  of  warfare,  and  what  is  singu- 
lar, appears  to  have  been  much  more  popu- 
lous at  that  period  than  it  is  now.  It  sends 
one  member  to  parliament. 

Ro.rhurghy  a parish  in  the  above  county, 
in  which  the  village  of  Roxburgh  is  situated 
w of  Kelso,  between  the  rivers  Tweed  and 
Teviot,  which  unite  ou  its  ne  extremity. 
It  is  about  eight  miles  long  by  four  broad. 
In  the  parish  is  highly  picturescpie  scenery, 
vestiges  of  ancient  fortifications,  two  mine- 
ral springs,  several  artificial  caves,  and  near 
the  village,  on  the  Teviot,  a ruin  consisting 
of  two  arched  apartments,  called  Merlins^ 
cave,  and  sometimes  Wallace's  cave,  from 
which  were  lately  carried  away,  by  the 
owner,  a strong  iron  gate,  two  large  spears, 
a steel  cap,  and  a heavy  coat  of  mail.  On 
a gentle  eminence,  between  the  Tweed  and 
Teviot,  opposite  to  Kelso,  stood  the  old  cit} 
and  castle  of  Roxburgh,  from  which  the 
county  had  its  name,  being  then  the  capital 


RUB 

of  the  city,  scarcely  a vestige  remains,  and 
the  castle  is  an  entire  ruin.  At  this  castle, 
James  II.  of  Scotland  was  killed  by  the 
bursting  of  a cannon,  in  1460,  in  an  attack 
made  upon  the  English,  who  had  it  in  pos- 
session ; it  surrendered  to  the  Scots  soon  af- 
terward. It  gives  the  title  of  duke  to  the 
■amily  of  Kerr.  It  is  iu  gen  ral  well 
adapted  for  wheat  a&i  turnip  husbandry. 
Population  of  the  town  and  parish  is  about 
949. 

Roxburyy  a town  in  Norfolk  county, 
Massachu >etts,  at  the  foot  of  a hill,  and  at 
the  entrance  of  a neck  of  land  leading  to 
Boston,  two  miles  ssw  of  Boston. 

Royal  Isle,  a small  fertile  island  in  the 
river  St  Lawrence,  60  miles  below  lake 
Ontario. 

Royaaiy  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Lower  Charenie,  France.  It  is  situated  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Garonne.  It  was  los  tified 
and  defended  with  so  much  valour  by  ;he 
Huguenots,  in  1623,  that  Louis  XIU.  was 
compelled  to  withdraw  his  lorces,but  after- 
ward, in  revenge,  he  nearly  demolished  the 
town,  18  miles  sw  of  Saintes,  and  30  s of 
Rochelie. 

Royey  a town  in  the  department  of  Som- 
me, France,  26  miles  ss  of  Amiens,  and  60 
N by  E of  Paris. 

Royston,  a considerable  town  in  Hert- 
fordshire, part  of  which  is  situated  in  Cam- 
bridgeshire. Under  the  market  place  is  a 
subterranean  excavation  formed  out  of  the 
' solid  chalk,  supposed  to  be  of  Saxon  con- 
struction. The  town  formerly  stood  in  five 
parishes,  now  reduced  to  one.  It  has  a great 
market  for  corn.  It  has  a market  on  Wed- 
nesday, and  five  annual  fairs ; and  is  14 
miles  s of  Cambridge,  and  37  n of  London. 

Ruabon,  a towu  in  Denbighshire,  Wales, 
with  a market  on  Monday,  seated  near  the 
Ellesmere  canal.  In  the  vicinity  are  exten- 
sive collieries,  five  mile<  s by  w of  Wrex- 
ham, and  172  Nw  o!  London. 

RUATAN,  or  Rattan,  an  island  in  the 
bay  of  Honduras,  eight  leagues  from  the 
Mosquito  shore.  It  is  30  miles  long  and 
nine  broad,  naturally  fortified  with  ro.ks 
and  shoals.  The  harl30ur  called  Port  Royal, 
is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world.  Lou.  86 
50  w,  lat.  16  20  n. 

Ruberslawy  a hill  of  Scotland,  in  Rox- 
burgshire,  1419  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea,  on  the  top  of  which  signals  were 
formerly  made  by  fire,  at  the  approach  of 
an  enemy. 

RUBICON,  a department  of  the  late 
Italian  republic,  which  contained,  in  1797, 
150,000  inhabitants;  so  called  after  an  an- 
cient river  of  Italy,  its  modern  name  is  Fiu- 
mecino.  Here  Julius  Cefisar,  on  his  return 
from  Gaul,  cast  the  die  that  gave  him  the 
ascendancy  in  the  Roman  empire.  Rimini 
is  the  chief  towu. 

Ruhielosy  a town  in  Arragon,  Spain,  29 
miles  SB  of  Teruel, 


U G 


RUN 


Rtihteray  a town  in  Modena,  Italy,  on  the 
Seccia.  eight  miles  nw  of  Modena, 

fiudanayy  a small  rocky  island  on  the  w 
coast  of  the  isle  of  Mull, 

Rudaw,  a town  of  Prussia,  in  the  province 
of  Samiand,  with  a castle  now  in  ruins. 
Here  is  a stone  pillar  that  was  erected  in 
memory  of  a vic^fory  gained  by  the  knights 
of  the  Teutonic  order,  over  Kinstud,  gvei  t 
duke  of  Lithuania,  in  1370  ; 12  miles  nnw 
of  Konigsberg. 

Rudelstaty  a town  of  Thuringia,  capital 
of  the  Upper  county  of  Schwartzburg,  seat 
ed  oil  the  Saal,  with  a fine  castle  on  a moun- 
tain, and  has  manufactures  of  stuffs  and 
flannels,  22  miles  se  of  Erfurt.  Lon.  II 
50  E,  lat.  50  44  N. 

Rudelsadt,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Schw^eidnitz,  Silesia,  ou  the  Bober,  has  a 
mine-ofiice,  and  copper  works,  16  miles  w 
of  Schweidnitz. 

Rudesheimy  a (owm  in  the  late  electorate 
of  Meniz,  Germany,  famous  for  its  wine. 
It  is  three  miles  n of  Bingen. 

Rudgley,  or  Ruglexfy  a handsome  town  in 
Staffordshire,  on  the  Trent,  with  a market 
on  Tuesday,  and  manufactures  of  felts,  and 
hats,  10  miles  ese  of  Stafford,  aud  126  nw 
of  London, 

Rudisto.  See  Rodesto, 

Rudkioping,  a fortified  sea  port  of  Den- 
mark, which  has  a considerable  trade  in 
corn  and  provisions.  It  is  the  only  town  in 
the  island  of  Langoland.  Lon.  1 1 0 e,  lat. 
55  1 N. 

Rudolfswerdy  a town  of  Carniola,  on  the 
G'arck,  in  a country  yielding  good  wune, 
has  a large  collegiate  church,  45  miles  se 
of  Laubach. 

Rudshucky  a town  in  Bulgaria,  European 
Turkey,  on  the  Danube,  30  miles  w of 
Silistria. 

Rue,  a town  and  bailiwie  in  the  canton 
of  Friburg,  Swisserland,  13  miles  ne  of 
Lausaune. 

Rue,  a town  in  the  department  of  Somme, 
France,  15  miles  nw  of  Abbeville. 

Ruedocky  a river  and  small  village  of 
England,  in  IVierioaethshire. 

Rnffachy  a town  in  the  department  of  Up- 
per Rhine,  Frsnee,  on  the  llotbach,  sevea 
miles  s of  Colmar. 

Ruffecy  a town  in  the  department  of  Cha-  I 
rente,  France,  on  the  Auch,  24  miles  n of  I 
Argculeme.  | 

R^'Sh%  Isfge  town  in  Warwickshire, 
with  y celebrated  free-sebool,  on  the  Avon. 

It  has  a^market  on  Saturday,  and  iO  annual 
fairs.  It  ;s  1 i rAiiles  s£  of  Coventry,  and  S3 
NNW  of  I ondon. 

RUGEN,  aii  island  in  the  Baltic,  in  Po- }! 
merania,  over  against  Stralsund,  about  23  j 
miles  long  and  15  broad.  It  abound.s  in  ; 
corn  and  oatiie,  and  belongs  to  Sweden.  In  i 
189T,  soon  alter  the  surrender  of  Stralsund, 

;t  was  ceded  to  the  French.  Chief  town, 
Bergen.  It  is  12  miles  ne  of  Stralsund. 
ICD-  14  40  E,  lat.  54  23  n. 


Rtigenwaldy  a handsome  town  of  Further 
Pomerania,  the  clhef'pluce  of  the  duchy  of 
Wenden,  on  the  Wipper,  wiih  a ca.stle,  and 
has  a salmon  fishery,  and  a good  trade  ia 
linen,  three  miles  from  the  sea,  and  about 
35  NE  of  Colburg.  Lou.  16  17  e,  lat.  54 
25  N. 

Ru  Hnnish.  See  Hunish, 

Ruhland,  a town  on  the  Elster,  Upper 
Lusatia,  has  a trade  in  beer  aud  fish,  25 
miles  NE  of  Dresden. 

Rukiy  a town  of  Mingrelia,  on  a river 
that  enters  the  Black  sea  below^  Anargbia, 
with  a palace  of  the  prince,  surrounded  by 
a thick  wall,  ^0  miles  w’Nw  of  Cutais, 
Lon.  41  20  E,  lat.  43  5 N. 

RUM,  an  island  of  the  Hebride.s,  about 
seven  miles  w of  the  island  of  Eigg,  belong- 
ing to  the  parish  of  the  small  isles,  and  coun- 
ty of  Argyll.  It  is  about  eight  miles  square, 
and  rears  a number  of  black  cattle  and 
sheep  with  fine  wool  and  delicate  mutton. 
Eagles  frequent  its  rocky  mountain.  Po- 
pulation about  443. 

Rumfordy  a town  in  Essex,  with  a large 
fair  on  Midsummer,  and  a market  on  Tues- 
day for  hogs,  corn,  <fec.  and  on  Wednesday 
for  cattle.  It  is  about  12  miles  ene  of 
London. 

Rumigny,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Ardennes,  France,  12  miles  sw  of  Rocroy. 

Rumilly,  a handsome  town  of  Savoy, 
seated  on  an  elevated  plain,  at  the  junction 
of  -the  Nppha  and  Seram,  seven  miles  wsw 
of  Aunecy. 

Rumkeijy  one  of  the  Bahama  islands, 
Lon.  74  17  vv,  lat.  23  52  n. 

Rummelshurg,  a tow  n of  Prussian  Pome- 
rania, on  the  Wipper,  has  manufactures  of 
cloth,  14  miles  n of  New  Stettin. 

^ Rumney,  or  Rhyney,  a river  of  South 
Wales,  separating  the  counties  of  Glamor- 
gan and  Monmouth,  enters  the  Bristol  chan- 
nel to  the  sE  of  Cardiff. 

Rungpour,  a town  in  Bengal,  Hincloos- 
tan,  fertile  in  rice  and  tobacco,  and  pro- 
duces some  indigo.  24  miles  nns  of  Moor- 
sLedabad. 

Riimsey,  a town  in  Plampshire,  with  a 
munufaciory  of  shalloons.  In  the  vicinity 
are  several  paper  and  corn  mills.  Here 
was  an  abbey  for  Benedictine  nun.s,  of 
which  little  now  remains  except  the  churebc. 
It  is  governed  by  a mayor,  six  aldermen,  12 
burgesses,  a town  clerk,  recorder,  and  twm 
sergeants  at  mace.  It  stands  on  the  Ando- 
ver canal  and  i iver  • Test,  and  lies  eight 
miles  i\w  of  Southampton,  and  73  w by  s of 
London. 

Runcorn,  a village  of  Cheshire,  on  the 
Mersey,  v/h(>ie  the  duke  of  Bridgewater^s 
canui  joins  that  river,  It  is  populous,  has 
good  inn«,  and  is  frequeitteJ  by  pai  tie.s  of 
pleasure,  12  miles  se  of  Liverpool. 

Runkdy  a town  of  West};halia,  on  the 
Lahu,  with  a citadel  on  a hill,  formerly  the 
re-idence  of  the  counts  of  Wied  Kunkei,  14 
miles  NNE  of  Nassau.  ' 


f 


R U S 

Runvjjmeady  a celebrated  mead,  near  Eg* 
bam,  iu  Surry,  where  king  John  w^as  com- 
pelled to  sign  the  famous  Magna  Chartay  in 
1215,  which  is  the  foundation  of  English 
liberty.  See  IVrayshury. 

Rupelmonde,  a town  in  Flanders,  Ne- 
therlands, on  the  Scheldt,  opposite  the  influx 
of  the  Rupel,  eight  miles  sw  of  Antwerp. 

Ruperly  a river  which  issues  from  the 
lake  of  Mistassin,  New  Britain,  and  runs  w 
into  the  se  part  of  James  bay.  In  its  course 
it  meets  several  small  lakes,  and  at  its 
mouth  is  the  remains  of  Fort  Rupert,  for* 
merly  a settlement  of  the  Hudson  bay  com- 
pany. Lou.  76  58  Wjlat.  51  3 n. 

Ruppiny  a town  of  the  Middle  Mark  of 
Brandenburg,  capital  of  a duchy  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  divided  into  the  Old  and 
New^  New  Rupin  is  situated  on  the  w 
side  of  a lake  formed  by  the  river  Rbin, 
Old  Rupin,  wdth  an  ancient  castle,  stands 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  lake,  and  was 
the  residence  of  the  former  counts,  who 
are  interred  at  New  Ruppin.  In  1787,  this 
town  was  almost  entirely  consumed  by  fire, 
hut  has  been  handsomely  rebuilt  and  greatly 
enlarged,  and  is  become  a place  of  consi- 
derable trade,  noted  for  a manufactory  of 
cloth,  and  several  breweries.  It  lies  32  j 
miles  XNW  of  Berlin,  Lon.  13  0 e,  lat.  52 

56  N. 

Ruremondey  or  Roermondey  a handsome 
and  populous  town  iu  the  department  of  Ro- 
er,  France,  lately  of  Austrian  Guelderland, 
and  a bishop^s  see,  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Roer  and  Meuse.  It  has  been  often  taken, 
particularly  by  the  French  in  1792,  who 
were  compelled  to  abandon  it  soon  after, 
but  retook  it  the  following  year.  It  is  12 
miles  s of  Venice,  and  28  ke  of  Maestricht. 
Lon.  6 4 E,  lat,  5 1 1 1 n. 

Rusceky  a town  in  Bulgaria,  European 
Turkey,  on  the  Danube,  with  a castle.  It 
has  three  churches,  a synagogue,  and  20 
mosques,  135  miles  n by  e of  Adrianople. 
JuOD.  26  50  E,  lat.  44  12  n. 

Rushy  a large  fishing  towm  in  the  county 
of  Dublin,  Leinster,  noted  for  the  quantity 
and  quality  of  its  ling  fish,  16  miles  xne  of 
the  metropolis. 

Rushen  Ahhepy  w of  Castletown,  isle  of 
Man,  founded  in  the  1 1th  century,  for  monks 
of  the  Cistersian  order,  is  still  venerable  in 
its  ruins.  In  it  many  monkish  kings  are 
buried.  The  ruin  with  the  adjoining  lands, 
belong  to  the  deemster  of  the  southern  part 
of  the  island. 

RnsoeVy  a sea  port  in  the  province  of 
Christiansand,  Norway,  at  the  extremity  of 
a peninsula,  56  miles' >e  of  Christiansand. 
Lon.  9 23  e,  lat.  58  42  n. 

Russy  a town  at  the  - mouth  of  the  Russ, 
the  principal  branch  of  the  Niemen,  Prus- 
sian Lithuania,  20  miles  Nw  of  Tilsit. 

Russelheimy  a town  of  Germany,  in  the 
principality  of  Hesse  Darmstadt,  on  the 
Maine,  six  miles  E of  Meutz,  and  13  nw  of 
Durmstadt. 


R U S 

Riissegy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Doubs,  France,  near  the  Doubs,  24  miles  e 
by  s of  Besancon. 

RUSSIA,  a large  empire,  partly  in  Asia, 
and  partly  in  Europe ; bounded  on  the  n by 
the  Frozen  ocean  ; s by  Great  Tartary,  the 
Caspian  sea,  and  Persia;  e by  the  sea  of 
Japan  ; and  w by  Sv^edeo,  Polaiid,  and  part 
of  the  Black  sea.  There  were  three  coun- 
tries that  had  the  name  of  Russia ; viz.  Red 
Russia,  w^bich  formed  the  s part  of  Poland, 
White  Russia,  which  comprehends  Lithua- 
nia ; and  Black  Russia,  w-hich  comprehends 
the  governments  of  Kaluga,  Moscow,  Tula, 
Rezan,  Volodimir,  and  Yaroslaf  ; and 
hence  his  imperial  majesty  has  the  title  of 
Emperur  of  all  the  Russias  This  empire, 
exclusive  of  the  lute  acquisitions  from  the 
Turks  and  Poland,  (See  Poland,)  may  be 
likened  to  a square,  whose  sides  are  2000 
miles  each.  The  seas  of  Russia  are  the 
Baltic,  the  White  sea,  the  Frozen  ocean,  ihe 
Black  sea,  and  the  Caspian  sea.  There  are 
also  five  large  rivers,  namely,  the  Dnieper, 
Volga,  Don,  Duna,  or  Dw'ina,  and  Oby. 
Medicinal  and  salt  springs  are  not  uncom- 
mon, and  it  has  mines  of  silver,  copper,  iron, 
and  other  minerals.  A country  of  such 
vast  extent  must  lie  in  different  climates, 
and  Ihe  soil  and  products  must  be  as  differ- 
ent. The  most  fertile  part  is  near  the  fron- 
tiers of  Poland.  The  n part  is  not  only 
colder,  but  very  marshy,  and  inhabited  by 
wild  beasts.  The  country  affords  a variety 
of  commodities,  which  being  of  great  use  to 
foreigners,  produce  a considerable  annual 
balance  of  trade  in  favour  of  Russia.  The 
home  commodities  are  chiefly  sables,  black 
furs,  the  skins  of  black  and  white  foxes, 
ermines,  hysenas,  lynxes,  bears,  panthers, 
wolves,  martins,  white  Lares,  <fec.  red  and 
black  jiichte,  or  Russian  leather,  which  for 
colour,  smell,  and  softness,  is  not  equalled 
in  the  world ; copper,  iron,  talc,  tallow, 
w'ax,  honey,  potash,  tar,  lintseed  and  train- 
oil,  castor,  isinglass,  hemp,  flax,  thread, 
sail-cloth,  calimanco,  Siberian  musk,  soap, 
feathers,  timber,  cfec.  To  these  commodities 
may  also  be  added,  almost  all  the  merchan- 
dize of  China,  India,  Persia,  Turkey,  and 
some  European  countries.  This  vast  em- 
pire was  divided  by  the  late  empress  into  41 
governments,  viz.  Petersburg,  Olonetz,  Wi- 
burg,  Revel  Riga,  Pskof,  Novogorod,  Tver, 
Smolensk,  Polotsk,  Mohilef,  Orel,  Kaluga, 
Moscow,  Tula,  Rezan,  Volodimir,  Jaros- 
laul,  Vologda,  Archangel,  Kostroma,  Nisnei 
Novogorod,  Kasan,  Simbirsk,  Penza,  Tam- 
bof,  Veroneiz,  Kursk,  Novogorod  Severskoi, 
Tchernigof,  Kiof,  Chareow,  Catherinensla!, 
Caucasi,  Saratof,  Viatka,  Perm,  Tobolsk, 
Ufa,  Kolivau,  and  Irkutsk ; all  which  see, 
and  Siberia,  The  religion  of  Russia  is  that 
of  the  Greek  or  Eastern  church,  which  is 
governed  by  a patriarch,  under  whom  are 
the  archbishops  and  bishops,  A considerable 
uumber  of  the  Russians  profess  the  Maho- 
met', m religion,  and  a greater  number 


R U S 

ere  still  Pagaus.  The  inhahitants  of  the 
Swedish  provinces  are  Lutherans ; and  Pro- 
testants, as  well  as  Papists,  enjoy  full 
liberty  of  conscience.  The  Papists  are 
tolerated,  but  are  net  allowed  to  have  bells 
on  their  churches.  By  a recent  law  the 
Jesuits  are  expelled  from  the  principal  cities 
in  the  empire.  There  are  many  convents  in 
the  empire,  but  by  a decree  of  Peter  the 
Great  no  man  can  enter  on  the  monastic 
life  before  he  is  30  years  of  age,  and  no 
woman  can  put  on  the  veil  under  60,  and 
then  not  without  the  license  of  the  holy 
svnod.  The  inhabitants,  in  general,  are 
robust,  w'eil  shaped,  and  of  pretty  good 
complexions.  Formerly  no  Russians  were 
seen  in  other  countries,  but  now  they  are 
more  polite,  and  study  the  interests  of  differ- 
ent nations.  They  had  no  ships  before  the 
reign  of  Peter ; but  in  the  late  reigns,  large 
Russian  fleets,  and  Fvussian  squadrons,  have 
appeared  not  only  in  the  Baltic,  but  in  the 
Black  sea  and  Mediterranean.  Formerly 
the  Russians  were  wholly  employed  in  agri- 
culture, feeding  of  cattle,  hunting,  and 
fishing  ; and  he  was  thought  a learned  man 
who  could  read  and  write  ; but  Peter  under- 
took to  introduce  the  arts  and  sciences,  and, 
in  1724,  the  first  university  w^as  founded 
that  ever  was  in  Russia : and  there  is  also 
an  academy  of  sciences  at  Petersburgh,  sup- 
plied w'iih  eminent  professors.  With  respect 
to  dress,  a long  beard  is  in  high  estimation 
wdth  the  people  of  Russia,  notwithstanding 
the  efforts  of  their  mouarchs  to  root  it  out ; 
and  it  is  only  those  depending  upon  go- 
vernment, in  the  army  and  navy,  who  have 
yet  complied  with  the  custom  and  wish  of 
the  court.  Those  w^ho  retain  their  beards 
retain  likewise  the  ancient  dress;  the  long 
swadling  coat,  either  of  skins  or  of  coarse 
cloth  lined  with  skins  in  winter,  and  in 
summer  with  cloth  only.  The  dress  of  the 
women  is  the  reverse  of  that  of  the  men, 
both  in  fashion  and  colour  ; every  part  of  it 
being  as  short  and  tight  as  decency  will 
allow,  and  very  gaudy.  It  is  like  that  of 
our  Highland  w’omen  ; both  have  the  short 
jacket,  the  stripped  petticoat,  and  the  tartan 
plaid ; and  both,  too,  in  general,  have  a 
napkin  rolled  about  their  heads.  The  Rus- 
sian wemen  are,  however,  far  more  rich  in 
their  attire ; nor  is  gold  lace  wanting,  any 
more  than  the  art  of  painting,  to  compleie 
the  Russian  belle.  The  present  generation 
are  changing  the  stiff  embroidered  napkin 
for  one  of  flowing  silk,  the  plaid  for  a silk 
or  satin  cloak,  in  the  cold  scaeon  lined  with 
fur,  and  the  jacket  and  petticoat  are  of 
muslin.  The  ladies  wear  velvet  boots. 
The  dress  of  the  higher  ranks  is  after  the 
French  or  English  fashion  ; aitd  all  wear 
a fur  covering  for  six  months  of  the  year. 
Both  sexes  wear  a cross  on  their  breasts, 
which  is  put  on  when  they  are  baptized, 
and  never  laid  aside  while  they  live.  Lead 
crosses  are  worn  by  the  peasants,  but  those 
of  the  higher  ranks  are  silver  and  gold. 
No. 


RUT 

The  sovereigns  of  Russia  are  absolute. 
They  were  formerly  called  Grand  Dukes, 
w hich  is  still  the  title  of  the  heir  apparent. 
They  afierwards  assumed  the  title  of  czavy 
and,  in  the  sequel,  that  of  empercr^  The 
natives  pronounce  the  word  czar,  like  tzaVy 
or  zaavj  a^  this,  by  corruption,  from 
Caesar,  from*  some  fancied  relation  to  the 
Roman  emj;erors  : on  account  of  which, 
they  also  bear  the  eagle  as  a symbol  of 
their  empire.  The  title  of  emperor  was 
first  assumed  by  Peter  I.  who,  by  his  illustri  * 
ous  actions,  justly  acquired  the  surname  of 
Great,  tie  died  in  1726,  and  perhaps  no 
country  ever  exhibited,  in  so  short  a time  as 
his  reign,  the  wonders  that  may  be  effected 
by  the  genius  and  exertions  of  one  man. 
Peter  civilized  his  barbarous  subjects,  dis- 
ciplined his  armies,  built  cities  and  for- 
tresses, and  created  a navy,  which,  together 
with  the  progressive  improvement  of  suc- 
ceeding sovereigns,  has  exalted  Russia  to  a 
rank  among  the  nations  of  the  world,  of 
which  human  loresight,  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  last  century,  could  have  formed 
no  conception.  In  1812,  Bonaparte,  at  the 
head  of  300,000  men,  in  a high  state  of  vi- 
gour and  discipline,  invaded  Russia.  In  the 
early  part  of  its  progress,  this  mighty  arma- 
ment met  with  little  opposition,  as  the  Rus- 
sians, after  burning  their  towns,  destroying 
the  bridges,  and  laying  w^aste  the  country, 
retreated  before  them  ; but  a great  stand 
was  made  at  Smolensk,  a sanguinary  battle 
was  afterw^ard  fought  at  Borodino,  and  then 
Moscow  evacuated  in  flames.  The  sacrifice 
of  the  ancient  capital  by  order  of  marshal 
prince  Kutusofif,  probably  saved  the  empire. 
The  French  could  not  remain  among  the 
ashes  of  Moscow,  they  could  find  no  sup- 
plies, and  therefore  were  compelled  to  begin 
their  retreat,  in  w hicb,  by  the  sword,  pri- 
vations of  every  kind,  and  the  unusual  rigour 
of  winter,  scarcely  60, COO  of  all  Bonaparte^s 
immense  army  escaped  out  of  Russia,  and 
of  these  one  half  did  not  reach  their  own 
country.  The  Russian  official  returns  of 
taken,  to  December  26th,  were  41  generals, 
1298  officers,  167,610  non-commissioned 
officers  and  soldiers,  and  1131  pieces  of 
cannon.  Hence,  in  this  short  campaigu, 
above  106,000  of  the  invaders  lost  their 
lives.  Petersburgh  is  the  capital  of  the 
whole  empire. 

Rustenburg,  a town  in  the  territory  of 
Eiohfieid,  Lower  Saxony,  with  a castle, 
nine  miles  w of  Heiligenstadt. 

Rmtgaden,  a town  in  the  province  of  De- 
lecariia,  Sw^eden,  about  23  miles  ssw  of 
Fahlun. 

Rutchester,  a town  in  Northumberland, 
NW  of  Chollerton,  the  Vindobala  of  the 
Romans.  The  ruins  of  the  fort  shew  that  it 
has  been  considerable.  Severus^  wall  runs 
on  the  middle  of  the  e rampart,  and  Adrian’s 
Vallum  passes  about  60  feet  to  the  s of  it, 
six  miles  n of  Hexham. 

Rutherford,  capital  of  a county  of  its 

N a 


R ITT 

yftwe,  N Carolina,  on  a branch  of  Broad  ri- 
Ter,  30  miles  s by  e of  Morgantown,  and  60 
w of  Charlotte. 

Ruther^len,  a royal  burgh  in  Lanark- 
shire, about  two  miles  and  a half  se  of 
Glasgow.  Few  towns  in  Scotland  lay 
claim  to  greater  antiquity  than  this.  Its 
charter,  conferring  very  extensive  privi- 
leges, was  granted  by  David  I.  about  the 
year  11 20.  It  joins  with  Glasgow,  Renfrew, 
and  Dumbarton,  fh  electing  a member  to 
parliament.  It  was  once  a place  of  great 
importance,  but  is  now  reduced  to  one  prin- 
cipal street  and  a few  lanes,  containing 
about  1630  inhabitants.  It  is  noted  for  the 
manufacture  of  edge  tools  of  a superior 
quality.  Many  hands  are  employed  by  the 
manufacturers  of  Glasgow  in  a variety  of 
branches.  It  is  greatly  benefited  by  its 
six  annual  fairs,  in  which  are  exposed  to 
sale  the  best  species  of  draught  horses  in 
Scotland  i, 

Rutherglen,  the  parish  in  which  the  above 
borough  is  situated,  extends  along  the  s 
bank  of  the  Clyde,  three  miles  in  length,  and 
©ne  in  breadth.  It  is  level,  fertile,  and  one 
of  the  most  beautiful  districts  in  Scotland. 
G6al,  free-stone,  and  iron-stone  are  abun- 
dant. The  town  and  parish  contains  about 
243T‘inhabitants, 

Ruthifiy  or  Ruthen,  a town  in  Wales,  in 
Denbighshire,  on  an  eminence,  by  the 
Ciwyd.  Its  strong  castle  is  in  ruins,  and 
before  the  reformation  its  church  was  col- 
legiate, Here  are  holden  the  assizes  for  the 
county.  It  is  well  inhabited,  and  is  govern- 
ed by  two  aldermen.  Besides  tAvo  markets, 
on  Monday  and  Saturday,  it  has  five  an- 
nual fairs.  It  is  15  miles  sw  of  Holywell, 
and  192  ww  of  London*  Lon,  3 36  w,  lat: 
53  <5  N. 

RUthven,  a parish  in  Forfarshire,  contain- 
ing about  1700  acres.  There  are  about 
1274  acres  of  a light  arable  soil.  In  the 
parkh  is  abundance  of  freestone,  marl,  con- 
siderable tracts  of  natural  and  planted  wood, 
and  several  mineral  springs.  Population 
about  2011. 

Ruihwell,  a parish  and  village  in  Dum- 
fries-shire.  The  parish  enjoys  a fine  south- 
ern exposure,  and  extends  along  the  Solway 
Frith,  six  miles  in  length,  and  three  in 
breadth  where  broadest.  The  crops  are 
abundant  and  early.  Here,  by  an  aacient 
grant,  salt  is  made  duty  free  for  the  use  of 
the  inhabitants,  and,  in  the  churchyard,  on 
several  tomlvstones,  are  the  arms  and  insig- 
nia of  the  knights  of  St  John^  of  Jerusalem. 
The  village  has  been  lately  rebuilt,  and 
makes  a respectable  appearance.  Popula- 
tion of  the  town  and  parish  about  996. 

Rutigliano,  a town  in  Terra  di  Bari,  Na- 
ples, J 2 miles  se  of  Bari. 

Ruttamy  a town  in  the  province  of  Mal- 
wa,  Hindoostan,  48  miles  w of  Ougein,  and 
336  E of  Amcdabad,  Lon.  74  58  e,  lat.  23 
25  N. 

Rutland,  a village  ia  Donegal,  Ulster, 


RYE 

one  of  the  Arran  isles,  on  the  w coast  of  the 
county  of  Donegal,  called  Rutland  in  com- 
pliment to  the  duke  of  Rutland,  when  lord 
lieutenant  in  Ireland.  The  village  has  a 
safe  harbour,  with  a complete  dock,  and  is 
frequented  by  fishing  vessels,  in  the  season, 
25  miles  xnw  of  Donegal,  and  40  w by  s 
of  Londonderry. 

RUTLANDSHIRE,  the  smallest  county 
of  England,  being  15  miles  in  length,  and- 
1 1 in  breadth.  It  is  bounded  on  the  w and 
Nw  by  Leicestershire,  n and  ne  by  Notting- 
hamshire and  Lincolnshire,  and  e and  se  by 
Lincolnshire  and  Northamptonshire.  It 
contains  five  hundreds,  52  parishes,  two 
market  towns,  and  about  16356  inhabitants. 
It  sends  two  members  to  parliament.  The* 
air  is  very  good,  and  the  soil  rich  producing 
excellent  corn,  and  feeding  a great  number’ 
of  cattle  and  sheep.  The  principal  rivers 
are  the  Welland,  and  the  Quash  or  Wash. 
Oakham  is  the  county  town. 

Ruttunpour,  a city  of  the  peninsula  of 
Hindoostan,  and  the  capital  of  one  of  the 
western  Mahratta  chiefs,  210  miles  s by  w 
of  Benares,  and  360  w of  Calcutta.  Loca 
82  36  E,  lat.  22  16  n. 

Rutzen,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Wolau,  Silesia.  Tl  is  about  20  miles  n of 
Wolau. 

RuvOy  a populous  town  of  Naples,  in 
Terra  di  Bari,  16  miles  w of  Bari. 

Ruza,  a town  in  the  government  of  Mos- 
cow, Russia,  48  miles  wnw  of  Moscow, 
Lon.  36  2 e,  lat.  55  46  w. 

Ryacota,  a town  of  the  Mysore,  Hindoos- 
tan, 85  miles  e of  Seringapatam,  and  98 
wsw  of  Aroot.  Lon.  76  6 e,  lat.  12  26  n. 

Ryauy  Lochy  a bay  of  Scotland,  at  the  sw 
extremity  of  Wigtonshire,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Frith  of  Clyde.  At  its  entrance  it  is 
about  two  miles  broad,  and  expands  more 
inland  ' to  between  three  and  four  where' 
broadest.  There  is  excellent  anchorage  in 
the  whole  of  the  bay.  Opposite  the  Cairn, 
a village  seated  on  its  banks,  ships  of  the 
greatest  burden  ride  in  safety,  in  almost  any 
weather,  and  w'hen  overtaken  with  a storm , 
in  the  Frith,  run  for  this  harboiir, 

Rydaly  a fine  fruitful  vale  in  Yorkshire, 
with  the  river  Rye  passing  through  it. 

Rydal  Water y a lake  of  Westmoreland,  a 
little  to  the  w of  Ambleside.  It  is  about 
one  mile  in  length,  studded  with  small  is- 
lands. To  the  w it  communicates  with 
Grasmere  water,  by  a narrow  channel,  and 
with  Wradcmere  water  to  the  s by  the  river 
Rothay. 

Rydroogy  a town  in  Mysore,  Hindoostan, 
on  the  Hindenny,  60  miles  nne  of  Chittle- 
droog.  Lon.  76  52  e,  lat.  14  40  n. 

Rye,  a populous  town  in  Sussex.  It  is  a 
handsome  well  built  place,  is  an  appendage 
to  the  Cinque  ports,  and  is  governed  by  a 
mayor,  jurats,  and  freemen,  who  return  two 
members  to  parliament  ; and  has  weekly 
markets  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday,  and 
two  annual  fairs.  Its  fishermen  send  con- 


S A A 

«iaerable  supplies  to  the  London  market. 
The  old  port,  being  choaked  with  sands,  ad- 
mits small  vessels  only,  but  in  1726,  anew 
one  was  opened,  in  which  vessels  of  360 
tons  find  safe  anchorage.  On  the  edge  of 
the  cliff  is  a small  battery,  and  near  it  Ipres 
tower,  now  used  as  a jail.  Beside  fish,  the 
exports  are  corn,  malt,  hops,  <fec.  It  con- 
tains 2000  inhabitants,  and  lies  34  miles  se 
by  s of  Tunbridge,  and  63  se  of  London. 
Lon.  0 44  E,  lat.  50  57  n. 

Ryegate^a,  town  in  Surry,  situated  in  a 
valley  called  Holmesdale,  on  a branch  of 
the  Mole.  It  has  sent  two  members  to  par- 
liament ever  since  the  erection  of  the  house 
of  commons.  In  a castle,  on  the  k side  of 
the  town,  of  Saxon  erection,  of  which  some 
ruins  are  visible,  the  factious  barons  are  said 
to  have  held  their  private  meetings,  previous 
to  their  appearing  in  arms  against  king 
John.  The  neighbourhood  abounds  with 
fuller's  earth,  and  the  town  has  a weekly 
market  on  Tuesday,  and  two  annual  fairs. 

is  16  miles  e of  Guildford,  and  21  sw  of 
London. 

Ryndy  a parish  in  Perthshire,  about  four 
miles  long  by  one  broad,  situated  between 
the  Erne  and  Tay,  which  unite  at  its  eastern 
extremity.  The  surface  is  in  some  places  a 
little  elevated  and  exceedingly  fertile.  The 
population  is  about  400.  On  the  banks  of 
the  Tay,  at  Orchard  Nook,  are  the  ruins  of 
a nunnery. 

Rysseuy  a towm  in  Overyssel,  Holland,  on 
the  Regge,  16  miles  ene  of  Deventer. 

Ryswicky  a town  of  S Holland,  seated  be- 
tween the  Hague  and  Delft,  where  is  a pa- 
lace of  the  prince  of  Orange.  Here,  in 
1697,  a treaty  was  entered  into  between 
England,  Holland,  Germany,  France,  and 
Spain,  10  miles  sw  of  Amsterdam. 

Rzeczicoj  a town  of  Lithuania,  in  the  pa- 
latinate of  Minsk,  capital  of  a territory  of 
the  same  name,  at  the  junction  of  the  Wy- 
eriswick  wuth  the  Dnieper,  33  miles  sse 
Rohaczow. 

Rzemieriy  a town  in  the  palatinate  of 
Sandomir,  Poland,  36  miles  ssw  of  Sando- 
rair. 

Rzevoy  a town  o!  the  Russian  empire,  and 
capital  qi  the  province  of  the  same  name, 
situated  cn  the  Volga, near  its  source. 


S 


^AABA,  a kingdom  of  Negroland,  with  a 
^ capital  of  the  same  name,  w of  Tornbuc- 
too,  on  the  river  Senegal. 

Saadqy  or  Saade,  a populous  town  of 
Arabia  Felix,  in  Yemen.  It  is  the  residence 
of  a sheik,  ha.s  a custom  house,  and  manu- 
facture of  Turkey  leather  ; ISO  miles  ne 


SAB 

of  Almacbarana,  Lon.  44  55  e,  lat.  17 
50  N. 

Saalfeldy  a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  th© 
principality  of  AUenburg,  with  a castle  on 
a mountain,  and  is  the  mint  town  for  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony.  On  an  eminence, 
near  the  towrn,  stands  the  once  princely 
abbey  of  St  Peter.  Here,  in  1806,  prince 
Louis  Ferdinand  of  Pru^sia  w^as  killed  in  a 
skirmish  with  the  French.  It  has  large 
manufactures  of  cloth  and  silk  stuffs,  and  is 
the  mart  town  for  Upper  Saxony.  It  stands 
on  the  Saaie,  34  miles  nne  ot  Coburg,  and 
46  sw  of  AUenburg.  Lon,  1 1 32  e,  lat.  50 
41  N. 

Saalfeldy  a town  on  the  lake  Mebing,  E 
Prussia,  23  miles  se  of  Murienburg. 

Saary  a town  in  the  circle  of  Brunn,  Mo- 
ravia, on  the  borders  of  Bohemia,  42  miles 
NW  of  Brunn. 

Saarmundy  a town  in  the  Middle  Mark, 
Brandenburg,  six  miles  s of  Potsdam. 

Saartay,  a small  island  of  the  Hebrides, 
in  the  sound  of  Harris. 

Saatzy  a town  of  Bohemia,  capital  of  a 
circle  of  the  .same  name,  on  the  Eger.  The 
vicinity  produces  hops  of  the  finest  quality, 
44  miles  wxw  of  Prague.  Lon,  13  42  b, 
lat.  50  19  N. 

SABA,  one  of  the  Carribbee  islands,  in 
the  W Indies,  belonging  to  the  Dutch,  about 
12  miles  in  circumference.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  almost  all  shoemakers.  It  has  no 
port,  and  was  taken  by  the  British  in  1781, 
in  1801,  and  in  1810.  It  is  13  miles  nw 
of  St  Eustatia*  Lon.  63  17  w,  lat.  50 
19  N. 

Saba,  Little,  one  of  the  smaller  Virgin 
islands,  belonging  to  the  Danes. 

Sabanja,  a town  of  Natolia,  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, where  all  the  roads  from  Asia  to  Con- 
stantinople meet.  It  is  seated  on  a lake 
that  abounds  with  fish,  60  miles  ene  of 
Bursa,  and  62  ese  of  Constantinople.  Lon* 
24  40  E,  lat.  40  30  n. 

Subatz,  or  Sabacz,  a town  and  fortress 
of  Servia,  European  Turkey,  on  the  Drave, 
was  taken  by  the  Austrians,  in  1719.  It  is 
22  miles  s of  Peterwaradin,  and  28  w of 
Belgrade. 

Sabbahy  a town  of  Fezzan,  in  a fertile 
country,  celebrated  for  the  ruins  of  a large 
castle,  and  other  buildings  in  the  vicinity, 
40  miles  N Ot  Mourzouk. 

Sabi,  See  Xavier, 

SABI  A,  a kingdom  on  the  e coast  of 
Africa,  s of  Sofala.  The  country  is  fertile 
and  populous,  and  is  intersected  by  a river 
of  its  name.  It  contains  mines  of  gold, 
and  has  many  elephants,  Munboua  is  the 
capital. 

Sabieya  .sea  port  on  the  k coast  of  North 
Jutland,  Denmark,  at  the  mouth  ot  a river 
of  the  same  name,  23  miles  nne  of  Alburg, 
Lon.  10  18  E,  lat.  57  20  n« 

SABINA,  a province  of  Italy,  in  the 
Ecclesiastical  State,  28  niUes  long,  and 
N n 2 


SAC 

20  broad ; is  watered  by  several  rivulets, 
and  abounds  in  wine  and  oil.  Magliano 
was  the  capital. 

SABIONCELLO,  a peninsula  of  Dalma- 
tia, in  the  republic  of  Ragusa.  It  has  a 
town  of  the  same  name,  seated  on  the  extre- 
mity of  the  peninsula,  which  stretches  a 
considerable  way  into  the  sea,  with  the 
island  of  Lesia  on  the  n,  and  those  of  Cur- 
zala  and  Melida  on  the  s.  The  town  is 
45  miles  nw  of  Ragusa.  Lon.  17  dO  e, 
lat.  43  20  N. 

Sahionettn,  a strong  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Milanese,  capital  of  a duchy  of  the  same 
name,  has  a strong  citadel,  20  miles  e of 
Cremona.  Lon.  10  30  e,  lat.  45  0 n. 

Sable,  an  ancient  and  populous  town  in 
the  department  of  Sarte,  France,  on  the 
Sarte,  near  which  are  some  quarries  of 
black  marble.  It  is  25  miles  ne  of 
Angers. 

Sable  Cape,  the  most  southerly  point  of 
Nova  Scotia,  has  a productive  cod  O-hery 
near  it.  Lon.  65  33  w,  lat.  43  30  n. 

Sables  D^olonne,  a commercial  town  in 
the  department  of  Vendee,  France,  on  the 
bay  of  Biscay,  with  a port  capable  of  admit- 
ting vessels  of  150  tons,  21  miles  w of  Lu- 
con,  and  40  w of  Fontenay  le  Compte.  Lon. 
1 50  w,  lat.  46  28  n. 

SABLESTAN,a  mountainous  province  of 
Persia,  w of  Hindoostan,  little  known  to 
Europeans.  Bost  is  the  capital. 

Sabugal,  3L  town  in  Beira,  Portugal,  20 
miles  SR  of  Guarda. 

Sacatecolula,  or  Laeatecolula,  a town  in 
the  w coast  of  Mexico,  12  miles  from  Lim- 
pa  river.  Near  it  is  a burning  mountain  of 
the  same  name. 

Saccai,  one  of  the  most  famous  towns  in 
Japan,  in  the  island  of  Niphon,  with  a 
mountain  on  one  side  that  serves  as  a ram- 
part, and  several  palaces,  temples,  and 
castles.  It  has  a harbour,  and  is  situated 
on  the  sea  shore,  43  miles  s by  w of  Miaco, 
and  300  sw  of  Jeddo.  Lon.  13  65  e,  lat. 
34  58  N. 

Sacea,  or  Sciacca.  See  Xacca. 

Sachsenberg,  a town  in  the  county  of 
Waldeck,  Germany,  10  miles  sw  of  Wal- 
,deck. 

Sachsenhagen,  a town  in  the  county  of 
Schauenberg,  Westphalia,  13  miles  - w of 
Hanover. 

Sachsenhausen,  a towm  seated  on  the  s 
side  of  the  Maine,  opposite  to  Frankfort  on 
the  Maine,  with  which  it  communicates  by 
a stone  bridge  well  fortified, 

Sachsenhausen,  a town  in  the  county  of 
Waldeck,  Germany,  six  miles  n of  VVal- 
deck, 

Sachsenheim,  a town  in  the  duchy  of 
Wirtemburg,  Swabia,  12  miles  nnw  of 
Stvitg-^rd. 

SACRAMENT,  St,  the  south  western- 
most Portuguese  settlement  in  Paraguay, 
on  the  s side  of  tlio  river  La  Plata,  opposite 
Buenos  Ayres.  It  has  a town  of  its  name, 


S 'A  G 

I and  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards,  in  175T, 
' and  ceded  to  them  by  the  treaty  in  exchange 
for  tbe  province  of  Uraguay,  100  miles  w 
by  N of  Monte  Video. 

SACRIFICES  ISLAND,  on  the  w coast 
of  New  Mexico,  12  miles  from  Coiula 
l!  river. 

Sacrapatani,  a town  in  Mysore,  Hindoos- 
tan, on  the  Cavery,  73  miles  nw  of  Sering- 
apatam.  Lon.  75  52  e,  Uu.  13  6 n. 

Saddleback,  a mountain  in  Cumberland, 
which  has  its  name  from  its  form,  five 
miles  ENE  of  Kerwick,  2737  feet  above  sea 
level,  having  on  one  side  a vast  cavity,  sup- 
posed to  have  been  tbe  crater  of  a volcano, 
at  the  bottom  of  which  is  a lake  about  20 
acres  in  dimension. 

Saddle,  or  Skipness,  an  united  parish  of 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  e coast  of  the 
peninsula  of  Cantyre  in  Argyllshire.  It  is  a 
rough  and  hilly  parish  about  25  -uiles  long, 
by  tw'o  broad.  In  Saddle  is  one  church, 
aud  in  Skipness  is  another  ; neither  of  which 
has  a bell.  Population  about  1767. 

Sadras,  a town  in  the  Carnaiic,  Hindoos- 
tan, N of  which  are  seven  pagodas,  hewn 
out  of  the  solid  rock,  38  miles  s of  Ma- 
dras. 

Saffay,  a strong  town  of  Morocco.  It 
,^is  16  miles  s of  Cape  Contin.  It  has  a 
castle,  and  was  formerly  the  centre  of  com- 
merce carried  on  with  Europe,  but  its  trade 
is  now  greatly  decayed.  Lon.  8 58  w,  lut. 
32  28  N. 

Sagan,  a well  built  town  of  Silesia,  capi- 
tal of  a principality  of  the  same  name,  stands 
on  the  Bober,  and  has  double  walls,  a fine 
palace,  a Lutheran  seho:)l,  a priory  of  the 
Augustine  order,  and  cloth  manufactures, 
80  miles  nw  of  Breslau.  Lon.  15  22  e, 
lat.  51  42  N. 

Sagar,  a town  iu  Mysore,  Hindoostan,  on 
the  Varada,  near  its  source,  has  a good  trade 
in  sandal  wood,  betel  nut,  and  pepper,  25 
miles  N of  Nagaras. 

Sagay,  a small  island  of  the  Hebrides, 
near  Harris. 

Sagg  Harbovr,  a post  town  and  port  of 
entry,  in  Suffolk  county,  New  York  slate, 
E end  of  Long  Island.  Its  exports,  in  1784, 
amounted  to  6762  dollars, 'and  the  whale 
fishery  from  this  place  produces  100  bar- 
rels of  oil  annually..  It  is  87  miles  e of 
New  York. 

Saghalfen,  or  Amour,  a river  which  rises 
near  the  Yabionoi  mountain-,  in  Chinese 
Tartary,  first  called  Kerlou  and  Argun, 
receives  the  Schilka,  aud  takes  its  present 
name,  and  after  a circuitous  course  of 
1850  mil^s,  falls  into  the  sea  of  Okotsk  at 
the  N end  of  the  island  ot  Saghalien. 

SAGH/ALiEN,  an  island  in  the  sea  of 
Kamtschatka,  belonging  to  the  Russians, 
550  miles  long,  and  00  where  broadest. 
Tbe  centre  is  mountainous  and  well  wood- 
ed. The  shores  are  level,  and  adapted 
to  agriculture.  The  natives  resemble  the 
|j  Tartars  in  form,  aud  are  said  to  be  mild 


S A I 

and  intelligent.  There  is  some  trade  with 
China  and  Russia.  Lon.  14<3  e,  and  Irom 
lat.  50  to  54  N. 

Saghalien  Oulahotun,  a city  of  Chinese 
Tartary.  It  is  rich  and  populous  on  ac- 
count of  its  situation,  as  it  secures  the  IVIant- 
chew  Tartars  the  possession  of  extensive 
desarts  covered  with  wood,  in  which  ate 
found  a great  number  ol  i^ables.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Saghalien,  200  miles  nne  of 
Toitcicar. 

Sagona^  a town  of  Corsica,  now  in  ruins, 
16  miles  nxe  ol  Ajaccio.  See  Vico, 

Sagres,  a strong  sea  port  m Algarva, 
Portugal,  stands  on  a tongue  of  land  at  the 
sw  extremity  of  the  province,  and  has  a 
fort  and  a harbour,  four  miles  e of  cape 
St.  Vincent.  Lon.  9 0 w,  lat.  37  2 n. 

Saguenay y a river  which  has  its  source 
in  lake  St.  John,  Lower  Canada,  and  after 
a course  of  100  miles  e,  unites  with  the 
St.  Laurence.  It  is  navigable  by  the 
largest  vessels  to  within  iO  miles  of  the 
lake,  w'here  there  is  a cataract  50  feet 
high. 

Saguntnm,  See  Morviedro, 

SaguTf  a town  in  the  province  of  Malwa, 
Hindoosian,  near  the  Eunnas,  87  miles  nw 
of  Gurrah,  and  112  s of  Agra.  Lon.  78 
53  E,  lat.  23  45  n. 

Saha  gun,  a town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  in  a 
fertile  plain,  on  the  Cea,  and  has  a rich 
abbey,  17  miles  from  Placentia,  and  32 
SE  of  Leon. 

Suhar.  See  Shahar. 

Sahara,  or  the  Desert,  See  Zaara, 

SAID,  or  Sahid,  a province  oi  Upper 
Egypt,  bordering  pn  Nuuia,  and  the  Red 
Sea,  anciently  called  Thebaid.  It  is  one 
of  the  most  unfertile  and  unpopulous  districts 
in  Egypt,  being  lull  of  deserts. 

Said,  a town  in  ihe  above  province, 
seated  on  the  ISile,  150  miles  s of  Cairo. 

Saida,  ix  town  oi  S>ria,  on  the  coast  of 
the  Mediterranean,  the  remains  of  the  an- 
cient Sidon,  with  a castle  and  fort.  A 
small  village,  two  miles  distant  is  still 
called  Sidon.  The  ancient  harbour  is 
ohoaked  up ; but  Saida  still  continues  to 
be  the  cbiei  emporium  for  the  commerce  of 
Damascus  and  the  interior.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  cbiefiy  employed  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  cotton.  It  is  45  miles  wsw  of  Da- 
mascus. Lon.  36  5 r,  lat.  33  33  n. 

SAINT  ANNE^S  ISLANDS,  three  is- 
lands  situated  in  the  bay  of  St  Louis  de 
Maragaun,  on  the  coast  of  Brazil. 

SAINTES,  three  small  islands  in  the  W 
Indie.s,  between  Guadaloupe  and  Dominica. 
The  middle  one  serves  to  form  a good  har- 
bour, but  is  no  more  than  a large  barren 
jock.  Lon.  61  52  w,  iat.  15  57  n. 

Saintes,  an  ancient  and  large  town,  and 
capital  of  the  department  of  Lower  Cha- 
rente,  France,  lately  a bi.'^hop’s  see.  Here 
are  several  remains  of  antiquity,  pardcu- 
lariy  an  amphitheatre,  aqueducts,  and  a 
triumphal  arch  ou  the  bridge  over  the  Cha- 


SAL 

rente.  The  steeple  of  the  cathedral  is  one 
of  the  largest  in  France,  and  the  castle, 
seated  on  a rock,  is  deemed  impregnable. 
It  ,s  40  miles  sse  of  Rochelle,  and  76  sw 
of  Poitiers.  Lon.  0 38  w,  iat.  45  45  n. 

Saintjield,  a town  in  the  county  of  Down, 
Ireland,  39  miles  ne  of  Newry. 

Saint  Marifs  Isle,  a beautiful  circular 
promontory,  lormerly  an  island  in  the  river 
Dee,  one  rrule  s of  Kirkcudbright,  stewarty 
of  Galloway,  on  the  site  of  a priory  founded 
in  the  reign  of  David  I.  by  Fergus  lord  of 
Galloway,  stands  the  elegant  seat  of  the 
earl  of  Selkirk. 

SAINTONGE,  a late  province  of  France, 
about  62  miles  in  length,  and  30  in  breadth. 
The  river  Charente  runs  through  the  middle 
of  it,  and  renders  it  one  of  the  liuest  and 
mo^t  fertile  tracts  in  France.  It  now  forms, 
with  the  late  province  of  A^unis,  the  depart- 
ment OI  Low'er  Charente.  Its  salt,  in  which 
it  has  a considerable  trade,  and  its  horses 
are  in  high  repute. 

SAL,  one  of  the  Cape  de  Verd  islands, 
about  42  miles  in  circumference.  It  has 
its  name  from  salt  which  is  its  chief  produc- 
tion. It  is  manufactured  by  letting  in  the 
sea  water  into  ponds,  where  it  cbrystalises 
into  a beautiful  salt.  It  is  100  milts  w of 
the  coast  of  Africa.  Lon,  22  56  w,  lat.  16 
38  N. 

Sala,  a town  of  Sweden,  in  Westmania, 
near  which  is  a silver  mine.  It  is  30 
miles  w of  Upsal,  and  six  nw  of '’.Stocky 
holm. 

SALADA,  an  island  in  the  West  Indies, 
who.se  NE  point  lies  in  Ion.  64  12  w,  and 
lat.  10  59  N. 

Salado,  a river  of  S America,  formed  by 
the  junction  of  several  oth>.-rs,  which  issue 
tiom  the  mountains  in  the  nw  part  of  Tucu- 
rnan,  and  running  sse,  joins  the  Parana,  at 
^'t.  Be,  in  the  province  of  Buenos  Ay- 
res. 

SALAGUE,  PORT,  on  the  w coast  of 
New  Mexico,  eight  leagues  from  the  valley 
of  Colima.  Here  are  two  good  harbours, 
called  Las  Calletas,  or  the  Creeks,  where 
mai-y  ships  may  ride. 

Salamanca,  a town  in  Mechoacan,  New 
Spain,  stands  on  a plain,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Lerma,  20  miles  s by  w of  Guanax- 
uato. 

Salamanca,  an  ancient,  rich,  and  popu- 
lous city  ill  Leon,  Spain,  and  a bishop^s  see, 
with  a famous  university,  consisting  of  24 
handsome  colbges.  The  edifice,  where  the 
.sciences  are  taught,  is  large  and  curious. 
While  the  Spanish  monarchy  flourished, 
the  number  of  students  was  7000,  now  they 
are  about  4000.  They  are  all  clothed  like 
priests,  having  their  heads  shaved,  and 
wearing  caps  Here  are  .superb  churches, 
an  extensive  public  square,  fine  fountain's, 
and  every  thing  that  can  enhance  the  beauty, 
and  add  to  the  convenience  of  the  city.  The 
cathedral  is  one  of  the  handsomest  in  the 
kingdom.  It  is  .situated  partly  in  a plain, 


SAL 

and  partly  on  hills,  and  is  surrounded  by  a j 
wall.  Over  the  Tormes^  which  washes  its 
walls,  is  a bridge,  built  by  the  Romans, 
500  paces  in  length.  Here  on  the  22d  of 
August,  1812,  a great  battle  was  fought 
betw/ en  the  French  and  the  allied  armies, 
in  which  the  former  w*ere  defeated.  It  is 
37  miles  se  of  Miranda,  8«5  s by  w of  Leon, 
and  120  Nw  of  Madrid.  Lon.  5 45  w,  lat. 

4 1 24  N. 

Salamanca  de  Bacalar,  a town  in  Ju- 
catan,  New  Spain,  near  the  bay  of  Hondu- 
ras, wdih  a fort,  140  miles  ese  of  Compea- 
chy.  Lon,  88  50  w,  lat.  41  24  n. 

S ALA  MIS,  or  Colouri,  an  island  in  the 
gulf  of  Engia,  European  Turkey,  26  miles 
in  circumference.  Two  narrow  channels  ! 
separate  it  from  Livadia.  Of  the  ancient  ^ 
city  of  Salamis  little  remains,  and  Colouri,  j 
the  capital,  stands  on  a bay  that  runs  far  j 
inland,  IS  miles  w by  s of  Athens.  I 

Sahmche,  a town  of  Savoy,  stands  in  a i 
mountainous  place,  on  the  Arve,  and  has  a I 
^ood  trade  in  horses,  cattle,  cheese,  woollen 
stufts,  iron  tools,  cfec.  12  miles  N of  Cluses, 
and  31  se  of  Geneva. 

Salankemen,  or  Salanaken,  a town  of 
Sclavcnia,  on  the  Danube,  opposite  the  in- 
flux of  the  Teisse.  Here,  in  1691,  the 
prince  of  Baden  defeated  the  Turks,  20 
miles  Nw  of  Belgrade,  and  25  se  of  Peter- 
waradein. 

S'a^aranc,  a town  in  the  Milanese,  Italy, 
on  the  Lambro,  five  miles  w'sw  of  Lodi,  and 
15  SE  of  Milan. 

Salaya,  a town  in  Mechoacan,  New 
5pain,  25  miles  ese  of  Guanaxuato. 

Salazar y a town  that  stands  amid  craggy 
mountains,  New  Granada,  60  miles  nnw  of 
Pamplona. 

Salberg,  See  Sala, 

Salbocy  a town  in  the  province  of  Dron-  j 
4beim,  Norway,  at  the  e end  of  a lake  of  ! 
its  name,  has  a copper  mine,  25  miles  se  | 
of  Drontheim. 

Saldanha  Baij,  a secure  and  commo- 
dious harbour  on  the  sw  coast  of  Africa, 
.but  wood  and  water  are  scarce,  120  miles 
KNw  of  the  cape  iof  Good  Hope.  Lon.  18 
€ E,  lat.  32  54  s. 

Saldanna,  a town  in  Leon,  Spain,  on  the 
Carrion,  37  miles  n of  Palencia. 

SalectOya  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Tunis, 
near  the  Mediterranean,  has  the  ruins  of  a 
large  castle  in  the  vicinity,  22  sse  of  Mo- 
naster. Lou.  11  3 E,  lat.  35  13  n. 

Salecy  a sea  port  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez, 
divided  into  the  Old  and  New  Town,  by  the 
Quero,  which  here  unites  with  the  Burigrig, 
qpposue  Rabat.  The  harbour  is  safe,  but 
much  injured  by  a bar. 

SALEM,  a county  of  New  Jersy,  divid- 
ed into  nine  townships  ; those  on  Delaware 
river  are  generally  excellent  for  pasmre, 
and  large  dairies.  Its  capital  of  (he  same 
name,  stands  on  Salem  Creek,  three  miles 
from  its  mouth  in  the  Delaware  Bay,  and 


SAL 

has  three  churches,  37  ssw  of  Philadelphia; 
Lon.  75  37  w,  lat.  39  37  n. 

Salem,  a post  town  of  Massachusetts, 
and  the  capital  of  Essex  county,  10  miles 
N by  E of  Boston,  seated  on  a peninsula, 
formed  by  two  small  inlets  of  the  sea,  called 
N and  S rivers.  The  court  house  and  epis- 
copal church  are  elegant.  It  is  connected 
with  the  town  of  Beverly  by  a bridge  1500 
feet  long,  and  has  seven  places  for  public 
worship.  It  is  the  second  town  for  size  in 
the  commonwealth,  containing  7921  inha- 
bitants. The  principal  harbour  and  place 
for  business  is  at  S rivers.  A manufactory 
of  duck  and  sail  cloth  was  lately  instituted 
here,  and  is  prosecuted  with  much  spirit, 
there  is  also  ship  building,  and  much  foreign 
trade.  The  works  for  the  defence  of  the 
harbour  consist  of  a fort  and  citadel.  Lon. 
70  51  w,  lat.  42  29  K. 

Salem,  a post  town  of  N Carolina,  capital 
of  Surry  county,  w side  of  Wack  Creek,  a 
branch  of  the  Gargalis.  Here  the  Mora- 
vians have  their  fR’incipal  settlement  in  this 
state.  It  is  60  miles  ne  by  n of  Salisbury, 
Lon.  80  21  w,  lat.  36  2 n. 

Salem,  a town  in  Mysore,  Hindoostan, 
on  a river  that  falls  into  the  Cavery,  120 
miles  SE  of  Seringapatam.  Lon.  78  15  e, 
lat.  11  37  N. 

Salemi,  a town  in  Val  di  Mazara,  Sicily, 
17  miles  ne  of  Mazara. 

Salerno,  an  ancient  and  considerable 
town  of  Naples,  capital  of  the  Hither  Prin^ 
cipato,  and  an  archbishop’s  see,  with  a 
castle,  and  an  university,  chiefly  for  medi- 
cine. The  cathedral  has  two  ancient  mar- 
ble pulpits  and  some  fine  paintings.  The 
harbour  is  defended  by  a mole,  but  is  little 
frequented.  It  stands  on  a bay  of  its 
name,  27  miles  se  of  Naples.  Lon.  14 
53  E,  lat.  40  35  n. 

Salersy  a town  in  the  department  of  Can- 
tal,  France,  stands  among  mountains,  nine 
miles  N of  Aurillac. 

Salies,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Lower  Pyrenees,  France,  with  springs  from 
which  fine  salt  is  made.  It  is  seven  miles 
w of  Ortbes. 

Salignac,  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Vienne,  10  miles  s of  Li- 
moges. 

Salinas,  a town  in  Biscay,  Spain,  at  the 
foot  of  a mountain,  on  the  Deva,  16  miles 
NNE  of  Vittoria,  and  28  sse  of  Bilboa. 

Saline,  a parish  in  Fifeshire,  about  seven 
miles  long  from  e to  w,  and  six  broad  in 
the  middle.  The  village  of  Saline  is  a neat 
place,  containing  about  200  inhabitants. 
Population  about  945.  This  district  con- 
tains lime,  iron  stone,  and  coals. 

Salines,  a sea  port,  and  chief  place  of 
commerce  in  the  island  of  Cyprus,  stands 
on  the  s coast,  on  a bay  of  its  name.  Near 
the  citadel,  is  the  Bazar,  w^bere  provisions 
and  other  necessaries  are  sold.  The  shops 
arouud  are  filled  with  all  sorts  of  European 


SAL 

merchandize.  The  consuls,  and  families  of 
distinction  reside  at  Larneca,  about  a mile 
distant.  Abundance  of  salt  is  obtained 
from  the  neighbouring  marshes,  22  miles 
s of  Nicosia.  Lon.  33  36  e,  lat.  34  55  n. 

SALINI,  one  of  the  Lipari  islands,  in  the 
Mediterranean,  lies  nw  of  Lipari,  and  con- 
sists of  two  mountains  joined  together  at 
the  base. 

Salim y a considerable  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Jura,  France,  seated  in  a fertile 
valley,  with  a strong  fort,  and  in  the  vici- 
nity quarries  of  jasper,  alabaster,  and  black 
marble,  and  remarkable  for  its  salt  works. 
It  is  29  miles  s of  Besancon. 

Salisbury,  or  New  Sarum,  a large  and 
ancient  city  of  Wiltshire,  of  which  it  is  the 
capital,  and  a bishop’s  see,  seated  in  a chal- 
ky soil,  nearly  surrounded  by  the  Avon, 
Willy,  Nadder,  and  Bourn,  and  has  a 
small  stream  flowing  through  every  street. 
There  is  a spacious  market  place,  with  an 
elegant  town  house.  The  cathedral,  which 
has  the  loftiest  spire  in  the  kingdom,  is  a 
fine  structure.  Beside  the  cathedral  there 
are  three  churches.  It  is  governed  by  a 
mayor,  a recorder,  deputy  recorder,  24 
aldermen,  and  50  common  council  men.' 
The  inhabitants  manufacture  flannels,  lin- 
seys,  parchments,  hardware,  and  cutlery. 
It  has  w^eekly  markets,  on  Tuesday  and 
Saturday,  and  four  annual  fairs,  and  is  noted 
for  the  number  of  its  boarding  schools.  In 
1801,  the  inhabitants  amounted  to  7668,  and 
in  181 1,  to  8243.  It  sends  two  members  to 
parliament  elected  by  the  corporation.  It  is 
21  miles  ne  of  Southampton,  and  81  w by  s 
of  London.  Lon.  1 47  w,  lat.  51  4 n. 

SALISBURY,  a fertile  district  of  N 
Carolina.  Iron  are  is  found  in  several 
parts.  Tobacco  of  good  quulity  is  culti- 
vated, and  the  planters  are  wealthy.  It 
contains  66,480  inhabitants. 

Salisbury,  the  capital  of  the  above  dis- 
trict ; contains  a court-house,  gaol,  and 
about  100  houses,  seated  on  the  xw  side  of 
Cane  Creek,  five  miles  from  its  influx  into 
the  Yadkin,  and  1 10  w'  of  Ralegh.  Lon.  80 
34  w,  lat.  35  38  N. 

Salisbury,  a town  in  Essex  county, 
Massachusetts,  stands  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Powow  and  JVIerrimac,  three  miles  nnw 
©f  Newbury  Port. 

Salisbury,  a town  of  Delaware,  New- 
castle county,  on  Dutch  Creek,  one  of  the 
largest  wheat  markets  in  the  State  ; 12 
miles  NW  of  Dover. 

Salisbury,  a town  in  Somerset  county, 
Maryland,  stands  between  the  two  chief 
branches  of  Wicomico  river,  and  has  a good 
trade  in  lumber,  15  miles  se  of  Vienna. 

SALISBURY,  an  island  at  the  w end  of 
Hudson’s  Straits,  e of  Nottingham  island. 
Lon.  76  47  w,  lat.  63  29  n. 

Salisbury  Craig,  a hill  on  the  se  side  of 
the  city  of  Edinburgh,  near  Arthur’s  Seat, 
about  a mile  in  length,  ?^cd,  in  some  parts, 
iOO  feet  high. 


SAL 

Salisbury  Plain,  in  Wiltshire,  extends 
25  miles  e to  Winchester,  and  28  w to 
Weymouth,  and  in  some  places,  is  from  35 
to  40  miles  in  breadth.  That  part  of  it 
about  the  city  is  a chalky  down;  the  other 
parts  of  it  are  famous  sheep  w'alks.  Con- 
siderable tracts  of  the  plain  are  now  under 
tillage.  Here  are  many  traces  of  Roman, 
British,  Saxon,  and  Danish  antiquiiies, 
the  most  remarkable  of  which  is  Stone- 
henge, six  miles  n of  Salisbury,  consisting 
of  several  large  stones  placed  in  a circular 
form,  some  upright,  and  others  placed  hori- 
zontally across  them,  and  of  such  enormous 
bulk,  that  it  is  not  easy  to  account  for  their 
being  brought  and  laid  in  their  present  po- 
sitions. 

Salkelds,  Great  and  Little,  two  villages 
in  Cumberland,  washed  by  the  Eden  at  the 
latter  place,  there  is  a circle  of  77  stones, 
each  10  feet  high,  and  one  at  the  entrance 
15,  called  Long  Meg  and  her  Daughters^ 
supposed  tO'be  a druidical  work, 

Sallens,  a neat  town  in  Kildare,  Leinster, 
on  the  Grand  canal,  14  miles  from  Dublin. 

Sallien,  a tow’n  of  Chirvan,  on  an  island 
that  is  covered  with  villages,  at  the  moutb 
of  the  Kiir,  has  an  extensive  fishery,  carried 
on  ch  efly  by  Russians,  and  an  extensive 
trade  in  salt;  70  miles  sse  of  Schumaebi. 

Salm,  a town  of  Germany,  late  capital 
of  a princely  territory,  in  the  duchy  of 
Luxemburg,  with  an  ancient  castle  on  a 
mountain,  on  the  borders  of  Liege,  30  miles 
SSE  of  Liege,  and  45  n of  Luxemburg. 

Salm,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Meurthe,  France,  with  a castle,  at  the 
source  of  the  Sarre,  20  miles  w of  Strasburg, 
and  26  e of  Luneville. 

Salmas,  a town  in  Aderbijan,  Persia,  con- 
taining many  ruins,  and  sculptured  rocks, 
18  miles  s of  Khoi,  and  about  27  w by  n of 
Tabriz. 

Salmunster,  a,  town  in  the  principality  of 
Fulda,  Germany,  on  the  Kinz,  19  miles  ssw 
of  Fulda. 

Salo,  a town  of  Italy,  in  Bresoiano, 
stands  at  the  foot  of  a mountain,  near  the 
lake  Garda,  17  miles  ne  of  Brescia. 

Salo,  a town  ©f  S|>ain,  in  Catalonia,  -with 
a convenient  harbour  for  shipping  the  pro- 
duce of  the  country,  12  miles  w by  s of 
Tarragona. 

Salobrena,  a sea  port  of  Spain,  in  Gre- 
nada, 12  miles  se  of  Almunecar,  and  36  s 
of  Grenada. 

Salo,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Mouths  of  the  Rhone,  France,  seated  on  a 
rock,  near  the  mouth  of  a river  of  its  name, 
has  a castle,  and  an  extensive  trade  in  fish 
and  sugar,  23  miles  nnw  of  Aix. 

Salona,  a sea  port  of  Dalmatia,  on  a 
bay  of  the  gulf  of  Venice,  on  the  canal  of 
Crapoune,  17  miles  n of  Spalatro. 

Salone,  a town  of  Greece,  in  Livadia, 
whose  ruins  shew  that  it  was  once  10  miles 
in  circuit.  The  inhabitants  are  Christians 
and  Turks,  16  miles  ne  of  Lepanto. 


SAL 


S A L 


/ 


Salonichi,  or  Salonicay  anciently  called 
Thessalonicay  a sea  port  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, and  capital  of  Macedonia,  and  an 
arohi-episcopal  see.  It  is  large,  populous, 
and  rich,  being  about  10  miles  in  circum- 
ference. It  is  a place  of  great  trade,  car- 
Tied  on  chiefly  % Jews  and  Greeks,  the 
latter  of  which  have  30  churches,  and  the 
former  nearly  as  many  synagogues.  The 
Turks  have  a tew  mosques.  It  is  surroun- 
ded by  walls,  and  on  the  land  side  defended 
by  a citadel  and  three  forts.  In  1431,  the 
Turks  took  it  from  the  Venetians.  The 
population  is  estimated  at  60,000.  It  is 
situated  at  the  bottom  of  a gulf  of  the  same 
name,  t50  miles  n of  Larissa,  and  310  w of 
Constantinople.  Lon.  23  5 e,  lat.  40  53  n. 

SalpCy  a town  in  Capitanata,  Naples, 
seated  on  a lake  near  the  sea,  with  salt 
works  in  the  vicinity,  23  miles  s of  Man- 
fredonia,  and  92  ene  oi  Naples. 

Salsesy  a town  and  fortress  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Eastern  Pyrenees,  France, 
stands  among  mountains,  on  the  lake  of 
Leucate,  10  miles  ol  Perpignan. 

SALSETTE,  an  island  of  the  deccan  of 
Hindoostan,  lying  off  the  coast  of  Conoan, 
a little  to  the  n of  Bombay,  from  which  it 
is  separated  by  a narrow  channel.  It  is  in 
possession  of  the  English,  who  took  it  from 
the  Mahrattas  in  1773.  Here  are  subterra- 
neous temples  cut  out  of  the  solid  rock,  like 
those  of  Elephanta.  Danna  is  the  chief 
town . 

Salta,  a town  of  South  America,  two- 
thirds  of  the  way  from  Buenos  Ayres  to 
Potosi. 

Salt  Lake,  a lake  in  Onoudago  county, 
New  York,  half  a mile  s of  Seneca  river, 
to  which  it  sends  its  waters.  It  is  capa- 
ble of  producing  immense  quantities  of 
salt. 

Salta,  a town  of  South  A merica,  in  the 
province  of  Tucuman,  much  resorted  to  on 
account  of  the  large  exports  of  corn,  wine, 
horses,  mules,  salt  and  other  commodities 
into  Peru,  58  miles  s of  St.  Salvador,  and 
170  N of  St.  Michael.  Lon.  64  30  w,  lat. 
24  40  s. 

Saltashy  a town  in  Cornwall,  on  tba  side 
of  a steep  hill,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ta- 
mar. It  consists  of  three  streets,  and  has 
some  trade,  especially  in  malt,  with  a mar- 
ket on  Saturday,  and  two  annual  ftiirs. 
It  is  governed  by  a mayor,  six  aldermen,  and 
an  indefinite  number  of  coroners,  who  are 
represented  by  two  members  in  parliament. 
Tne  corporation  have  a right  to  hold  a 
court  of  admiralty,  a coroner’s  inquest,  &c. 
six  miles  nw  of  Plymouth,  and  220  w by  s 
of  Loudon. 

Saltcoats,  a considerable  sea  port  in 
Ayrshire,  much  resorted  to  as  a watering 
place.  A considerable  trade  is  carried  on 
here  in  salt  and  coal,  of  the  former  of  which 
3000  bolls  are  made  aimually  ; there  is 
likewise  ship-building,  a ropu'-yard,  and 
a manufacture  of  sail-cloth.  It  has  some 


shipping  employed  in  the  coasting  trader 
particularly  in  exporting  coal,  and  in  the 
herring  and  whale  fisheries.  It  is  seated  in 
the  parishes  of  Stevenson  and  Adrossan,  and 
a canal  passes  from  hence  to  Glasgow.  It 
contains  about  2330  inhabitants,  18  miles 
NNw  of  Ayr,  seven  w by  n of  Irving,  and 
I 28  sw  of  Glasgow. 

SALTEES,  three  islands  on  the  coast  o^ 
Wexford,  Leinster,  about  a league  from,  the 
shore.  On  one  of  these  islands,  Mr.  Bagnal 
Harvey,  who  had  been  convicted  of  high 
treason,  secreted  himself  in  a large  cave, 
along  with  his  wife  and  child,  but  was  dis- 
covered and  executed. 


i 


( 

I 

i 

1 


1 


( 


Salterness,  a sea  port  village  in  the  parish 
of  Kirkbean,  and  county  of  Kirkcudbright. 
On  the  Ness  is  a tower  to  direct  mariners 
along  the  coast,  which  ought  to  be  supplied 
with  alight  house,  as  vessels  frequently  an- 
chor here. 

Saltjleet,  a sea  port  in  Lincolnshire,  situa- 
ted on  a bay  of  the  German  ocean,  with  a 
market  oa  Saturday,  33  miles  ene  of  Lin- 
coln, and  158  n by  e of  London. 

Salt  Hilly  a village  in  Berkshire,  celebra- 
ted for  its  elegant  inns,  and  fine  situation, 
stands  oa  the  Bath  road,  21  miles  from 
London. 

Saltillo,  a town  in  New  Biscay,  New 
Spain,  stands  on  a lofty  plain,  on  the  borders 
of  Cobahuila . and  New  Leon.  It  is  about 
189  miles  ne  of  Durango.  Lon.  101  14  w, 
lat.  25  52  N. 

SALT  ISLAND,  one  of  the  smaller 
Virgin  islands  Lon.  71  3 w,  lat.  24 
30  N. 

Salt  Key,  a small  island  in  the  W Indies. 
Lon,  71  3 w,  lat,  21  30  n. 

Salton,  a parish  in  Haddingtonshire,  con- 
taining about  2000  acres,  watered  by  the 
Tyne.  The  surface  is  rich  and  well  culti- 
vated. There  are  two  small  villages  named 
East  and  West  Salton,  the  former  contain- 
ing about  281,  and  the  latter  about  127 
inhabitants.  Population  about  786.  The 
British  linen  company  established  their 
first  bleachfield  in  this  parish,  and  Scotch 
Hollands  and  pot  barley  were  first  manufac- 
tured here.  Dunbar  author  of  the  Thistle 
and  the  Rose  was  a native  of  this  parish. 
It  was  the  first  ecclesiastical  preferment 
of  Gilbert  Burnet,  bishop  of  Sarum,  wha 
bequeathed  a considerable  sum  for  the 
education  of  youth  in  this  parish,  for  which 
purpose  there  is  a school  at  West  Salton, 
and  another  at  East  Salton,  both  wedl  en- 
dowed. Salton  hall  was  the  residence  of 
the  celebrated  patriot  and  statesman,  An- 
drew Fletcher,  who  flourished  in  the  end  of 
the  1 7th  and  beginning  of  the  I8th  century, 
and  still  continues  in  the  family  of  Fletcher. 
In  the  vicinity  is  a mineral  Spring,  said  to  b© 
little  inferior  to  that  at  Bristol. 

Saltza,  See  Saha, 

Saltzburg,  or  Salzburg,  a large  and  an- 
cient city  of  Bavaria,  capital  of  an  arch- 
bishopric of  the  same  name,  with  two  nobl© 


SAL 

palatses,  a castle  on  a mountain,  and  an  uni- 
versity. In  the  cathedral  of  St  Rupert  are 
five  organs.  Near  the  church  of  St  Peter 
is  a Benedictine  monastery,  with  a fine  li- 
brary. An  amphitheatre  hewn  out  of  a 
rock,  and  the  ducal  stables,  attract  particu- 
lar notice.  It  is  populous  and  well  built. 
The  number  of  inhabitants  is  estimated  at 
20,000.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in 
1800,  and  again  in  180,5.  Near  Saltzburg 
are  some  very  productive  salt  works.  It 
is  situated  between  three  mountains,  on  both 
sides  of  the  Saltz,  4S  miles  s by  w of  Pas- 
sau,  and  165  w by  s of  Vienna.  Lon.  13 
A E,  lat.  47  46  N. 

SALTZBURG,  or  Salzburg,  an  arch- 
bishopric and  territory  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Bavaria,  on  the  w of  Austria, 
ceded  as  an  indemnity  to  the  Grand  duke  of 
Tuscany  in  1802,  who  field  it  as  an  elec- 
torate till  1S05,  when  it  was  ceded  to  Aus- 
tria, as  a duchy  ; and  in  1809-,  it  was  trans- 
ferred to  Bavaria  It  is  a mountainous 
country,  but  fertile,  and  contains  mines  of 
copper,  silver,  and  iron.  It  is  about,  100  | 
miles  in  length,  and  60  in  breadth.  Saitz- 
burg  is  the  capital. 

Salvador y capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Con- 
go, seated  on  the  plain  summit  of  a moun- 
tain, 1ft  miles  in  circuit,  and  well  cultivated. 
Here  is  a large  palace,  iu  which  the  king 
and  a Portuguese  bishop  reside.  Beside  the  | 
cathedral,  it  has  12  churches,.230  miles  ese 
of  Loango.  Lon.  14  20  e,  lat.  6 40  s. 

Salvador,  St,  cb.'^\Va\  of  the  province  of 
All  Saints  Bay,  Brazil,  and  an  archbishop’s 
see,  stands  on  an  eminence  on  the  e side  of 
the  bay  of  All  Saints.  This  city  is  populous, 
magnificent,  and  beyond  comparison  the 
most  gay  and  opulent  in  all  Brazil  The 
most  superb  structure  is  the  grand  church  of 
the  ex-jesuits,  built  of  European  marble, 
and  the  internal  part  exceedingly  rich.  The 
governor’s  house,  the  mint,  and  the  public 
ofiices,  are  in  the  royal  square,  and  along 
the  beach  is  the  custom  house,  docks  and 
storehouses.  Gardens  stored  with  a great 
variety  of  fruit  trees,  herbs,  and  flowers,  add 
to  the  amenity  of  the  town.  The  population 
is  above  100,000.  Cotton, sugar,  coffee,  to- 
bacco, wood,  hides,  tallow,  and  train  oil, 
form  the  chief  articles  of  trade.  Lon.  .38 
33  w,  lat.  12  58  s. 

Salvador,  St,  a city  in  the  province  of 
Guatimala,  New  Spain,  on  a river  which 
enters  the  Pacific  ocean,  20  miles  beluw, 
170  miles  e by  s of  Guatimala.  Lon.  89 
-SO  w,  lat.  13  40  N. 

Salvador  de  Jujui,  St,  a town  in  the 
province  of  Tucuman,  in  South  America,  on 
a river  of  its  name,  at  the  foot  of  a moun- 
tain, 200  miles  n by  e of  St  Michael.  Lon. 
64  20  w,  lat.  24  0 s. 

Salvador,  St,  one  of  the  Bahamas.  See 
Guanahami, 

SALVAGES,  small  uninhabited  islands, 
lying  between  the  Canary  islands  and  Ma- 
No.  25—64. 


SAM 

deira,  27  leagues  n of  Point  Nago,  in'Tene- 
riffe.  Lon.  15  54  w,  lat.  30  0 n. 

Salvaterra,  a town  in  Estremadura,  Por- 
tugal, on  the  Tajo,  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Soro,  has  a royal  palace,  35  miles  ne  of 
Lisbon. 

Salvatierra,  a strong  town  iu  Beira,  Por- 
tugal, seated  on  the  frontiers  of  Spain,  taken 
by  the  French  in  1704,  and  by  the  allies  in 
1705,  12  mi.es  nnw  of  Alcantara,  and  38  s 
by  s of  Castel  Branco. 

Salvatierra,  a town  of  Galicia,  Spain,  on 
theMinbo,  seven  miles  ne  of  Tuy. 

Salvatierra,  a town  in  Biscay,  Spain,  at 
the  foot  ol  Mount  St  Adriau,  18  miles  ene 
ofVittoria. 

Salvatierra,  a town  in  Leon,  Spain,  on  the 
Tormes,  23  miles  s of  Salamanca. 

Saluzzo,  a town  of  Piedmont,  cavdtal  of 
a marquisate  of  the  same  name,  stands  on 
an  eminence  near  the  Po,  in  a fertile  coun- 
try, has  a castle,  and  a magnificent  cathe- 
dral, 22  miles  s by  w oi  Turin. 

Saha,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Magde- 
burg, Lower  Saxony,  famous  for  its  salt 
works,  near  the  Elbe,  12  miles  sse  of  Mag- 
deburg. 

Sahkoten,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Pader born,  Westphalia,  has  a rich  salt  min©, 
seven  miles  sw  of  Pader  born. 

Sahungeuydi  town  of  .Thuringia,  Upper 
Saxony,  situatM  on  the  Wetra,  has  a castle, 
on  an  eminence,  called  Schepfenburg,  and 
salt  works,  10  miles  s of  Eisenach. 

Salzusten,  a town  in  the  county  of  Lippe, 
Westphalia,  has  a salt  mine,  19  miles  sw  of 
Minden 

Salzwedel,  a town  of  Brandenburgh,  in  tfie 
Old  Mark,  seated  on  the  Jetze.  It  has  a 
trade  in  linen,  and  flourishing  manufactures 
of  serge  and  stockings.  It  is  26  miles  nw 
of  Stendal. 

Samana,  a sea  port  on  the  ne  side  of  S.t 
Domingo,  stands  on  a peninsula,  33  miles 
long  and  three  broad,  on  the  n side  of  a fine 
bay  of  th?  same  name.  It  is  sometimes 
called  an  island,  as  ibe  isthmus  is  low.  In 
1808,  it  Was  taken  by  the  British.  Lou.  69 
20  w,lat.  19  10  N. 

. Samandraki,  or  Samondrachi,  an  island 
of  the  Archipelago,  17  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence, with  a town  oS  its  name,  and  a har- 
bour, situated  between  Stalinieni  and  the 
coast  of  Romano,  and  to  the  n of  the  isle  of 
Imbro.  Lon.  25  17  e,  lat.  40  34  n. 

Samarcand,  or  Sarmacand,  an  ancient, 
large,  and  populous  town  of  Asia,  capital 
of  a kingdom  of  that  name,  and  chief  city 
of  the  Ushbec  Tartars,  has  a castle,  and  an 
university,  and  stands  near  the  Sogtl  It  is 
renowned  as  the  birth  place  and  seat  of 
Tamerlane  the  Great,  and  now  the  residence 
of  a Tartar  prince.  Some  of  the  houses  are 
of  stone,  but  the  greater  pan  of  hardened 
clay.  The  city  is  fortified  with  strong 
bulwarks  of  earth,  and  is  large,  though  it 
has  lost  much  of  its  ancient  splendour.  It 
O o 


SAM 

carries  on  a trade  in  excellent  fruits,  and  its 
silk  paper  is  in  great  request.  It  is  situated 
138  (uiles  E by  n of  Bokhara.  Lon.  64  15 
B,  lat.  39  37  n. 

SAMAR,  or  Tenday,  one  of  the  Philip- 
pine islands,  320  miles  in  circuit,  se  of  La* 
conia,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a strait. 
Among  its  craggy  mountains  are  fertile 
valleys. 

Samara^  a town  in  the  government  of 
Simbirsk,  Russia,  stands  on  the  Volga,  95 
miles  ssE  of  Simbirsk.  Lou.  49  46  e,  lat. 

53  20  N. 

Samarang,  a town  in  the  ne  part  of 
Java,  and  next  to  Batavia,  the  most  const-  j 
derable  settlement  in  the  island  ; at  the  [ 
mouth  of  a river  of  its  name,  290  miies 
E by  s of  Batavia.  Lon.  110  38  e,  lat.  6 

54  s. 

Samarof,  a town  in  the  government  of 
Tobolsk,  Siberia,  on  the  Irtish,  135  miles  n ! 
of  Tobolsk. 

Samatan,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Gers,  France,  on  the  Save,, has  a castle  on  a 
mountain,  s:x  miies  n by  e of  Lombez. 

Samba^  a sea  port  in  the  province  of 
Carthngena,  Terra  Firma,  30  miles  ne  of 
Carthogvma. 

Samb  illasy  a group  of  small  uninhabited 
islands  on  the  nw  shore  of  the  isthmus  of 
Darien. 

capital  of  a kingdom  of  its  name, 
in  Borneo,  near  the  w coast.  Diamonds  are 
found  in  the  vicinity.  Lon.  109  0 e,  lat. 

2 20  N. 

Samborough,  a cape  and  island  on  the  s 
coast  of  Nova  Scotia,  in  Ion.  63  32  w,  and 
lat.  44  30  N. 

Sambrey  a river  of  the  Netherlands,  which 
bas  its  source  in  Picardy,  runs  by  Landrecy. 
Maubeugp,  Thun,  and  Charleroy,  and 
unites  with  the  Meuse  at  Namur. 

SAMBRE  AND  xMEUSE,oue  of  the  nine 
new  departments  of  France,  which  were 
formed  out  of  the  Austrian  Netherlands,  in 
1796.  It  comprehends  the  county  of  Na- 
mur, the  sw  pan  of  Liege,  and  nw  part  of 
Luxemburg,  aiid  has  its  name  from  two 
rivers.  Namur  is  the  capital. 

Samiray  a town  in  Irak,  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, cn  the  Tigris,  70  miles  nnw  of  Bag- 
dat. 

Samisaty  a town  in  the  Sangiacate  of 
Marasch,  Asiatic  Turkey,  on  the  Eup  ates, 
80  miles  e ot  Marasch. 

SAMOGITIA,  a province  of  Poland, 
about  175  miles  in  length,  and  125  in 
breadth.  It  is  mountainous,  has  many 
forests,  feeds  great  numbers  of  cattle,  pro- 
duces active  horses,  and  abounds  in  honey. 
Rosienne  and  Wormio  are  the  principal 
places. 

SAMOS,  an  island  iu  the  Archipelago,  on 
the  coast  of  Natolia,  and  e of  Nicaria, 
about  32  miles  long,  and  22  broad,  and  ex- 
tremely fertile.  It  has  abundance  of  melons, 
lintels,  kidney  beans,  and  excellent  musca- 
dine grapes.  Here  are  some  sheep,  goats, 


SAN 

and  many  bares,  woodcocks,  partridges, 
snipes,  thrushes,  wood- pigeons,  turtle  doves, 
wheatears,  and  pouiiry  are  plenty.  It  has 
iron  mines,  emery  stone,  and  ochre.  All  the 
mountains  are  of  wDite  marble,  and  the 
soil  is  of  a rusty  colour.  Pitch  i-  ob‘ained 
from  the  pine  trees  in  the  n of  the  island, 
and  its  silk,  honey,  and  wax  are  much  es- 
teemed. Here  are  several  viliagt's,  and 
several  vastiges  of  the  celebrated  temple  of 
Juno.  The  women  dress  after  the  Turkish 
manner.  The  inhabitants  are  about  12,000, 
who  are  almost  ail  Greeks,  and  the  monks 
and  priests  occupy  most  part  of  the  island. 
The  principal  harbour  is  that  ot  Vati,  on 
the  N side  of  the  island.  Lou.  27  13  e,  lat, 
37  46  N. 

SAMOYEDES,  once  a numerous  nation 
of  Tartary,  but  now  strangely  di-perscd. 
Some  of  them  are  among  the  mountains  w 
of  Baikal,  some  within  the  Chinese  ircntiers, 
and  some  in  the  desarts  along  tlie  Frozen 
ocean.  They  are  still  a pastoral  people, 
and  migratory.  They  seem  never  to  have 
had  any  regular  government.  Th‘ur  songs 
celebrate  certain  heroes  who  led  their  an- 
cestors to  battle,  and  constitute  their  prin- 
cipal amusement.  The  Saruu3edes  are  so 
trritable,  that  a Midden  and  unexpected 
noise  will  often  throw  them  into  convulsions. 
They  have  large  heads,  fiat  faces,  high 
cheek  bones,  small  eyes,  fiat  noses,  wide 
mouths,  yellow  complexions,  large  ears,  a 
short  thick  neck,  litiie  or  no  beards,  and 
short  legs. 

SAMSO,  or  Samsok,  an  inland  of  Den- 
mark, in  the  Baltic,  12  mile  long  and  three 
broad,  on  the  e coast  of  North  Jutland,  with 
a town  of  its  name,  and  is  .very  fertile  and 
piea-ant.  The  iuhab  laiits  have  some 
trade,  in  small  vessels.  Lon.  10  33  e,  lat. 
56  2 N. 

Samson,  St,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Eure,  France,  on  the  Rille,  five  miles  n of 
Pont  Atidemer. 

Samsoun,  a sea  port  iu  Natolia,  Asiatic 
Turkey,  seated  on  a bay  of  the  Black  sea, 
at  the  influx  of  the  Trozzo,  60  miles  n of 
Amasia.  Lon.  36  8 e,  lat.  41  15  n. 

^ Sana,  a large  populous,  and  handsome 
town  of  Asia,  capital  of  Arabia  Felix,  and 
in  Yemen  Proper,  has  a castle  on  a hill,  in 
which  are  two  palaces,  and  seated  near  the 
s<mrce  of  a river,  which,  flowing  s,  falls  into 
the  Arabian  sea,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Nik- 
kum,  on  which  is  the  ruin  of  a castie,  said 
to  have  been  built  by  Shem.  Tlie  walls  are 
L-ur  miles  in  cirv'Uir,  and  have  seven  gates, 
but  within  this  space  are  many  gardens. 
Here  are  several  pala.es,  a number  of 
mosques,  12  public  baths,  and  large  cara- 
vansaries, fruits,  and  particularly  grapes, 
one  kind  of  which'  is  with  -ut  stones,  are 
nlentiftil.  Raisins  form  a considerable  ar- 
ticle of  commerce.  It  is  80  miles  ne  of 
Aden,  250  nne  of  Mot  ha,  and  490  sE  of 
Mecca.  Lon.  45  10  e,  lat.  15  24  n. 

Sana,  a town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a juris- 


SAN 

diction  in  the  bishopric  of  Truxillo,  some- 
times called  Mirafloris,  from  tlie  number 
and  be.iiity  of  the  flowers  that  abound  in 
the  teriiie  valley  in  which  it  is  seated.  It 
is  ferule  also  in  corn  and  fruit.  It  is  90 
miles  N of  Truxillo.  Lon.  79  36  w,  lat.  6 
6%  s. 

Sanashijgottay  capital  of  a circar  in 
Benjral,  Hi.;doostau,  on  the  Mahanada,  16 J 
miles  N of  Moorshedabad.  Lou,  88  30  e, 
lat.  26  37  N. 

Sanbach,  or  Sandbach,  a town  in  Che- 
shire, situated  on  the  Wheelock.  It  has  a 
weekly  market  ou  Thursday,  and  two  annu- 
al fairs.  In  the  market  place  are  two  square 
stone  cross  s.  It  is  26  miles  s of  Che-ier, 
and  162  nnw  of  London. 

Scuiecrre,  a town  in  the  department  oi 
Cher,  France,  stands  on  a mountain,  near 
the  Loire.  The  vicinity  produces  wiue>, 
that  are  held  ui  high  repute,  22  miles  nw 
of  Nevers,  and  110  n of  Paris. 

SANCIAN,  a small  island  on  the  coast 
of  the  province  of  Quang-Tong,  China, 
about  42  miles  in  circumference,  and  chief- 
ly inhabited  by  fishermen,  and  celebrated  for 
being  the  burying-place  of  Francis  Xa-ier, 
whose  tomb  is  to  be  seen  on  a small  hill, 
60  miles  sw  of  Macoa. 

Sancoins,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Cher,  France,  on  the  Argent,  15  miles  sw 
of  Neiers. 

SAND  A,  a small  island  near  the  Mull  of 
Kintyre.  annexed  to  the  parish  of  South- 
end,  about  a mile  and  a-balf  long,  and  half 
a mile  broad,  famous  for  being,  in  ancient 
times,  ihe  rendezvous  of  the  Danish  fleets, 
during  their  incursions  into  the  w of  Scot- 
land. Here  are  the  rums  of  a chapel  dedi- 
cated to  St  Columba,  eight  miles  e of  the 
Mull  of  Can  tyre. 

SANDA,  a small  iAand  of  the  Hebrides, 
in  the  district  of  small  isles,  about  half  a 
mile  from  Canna. 

SAND  A,  one  of  the  Orkney  islands,  lying 
XE  of  that  called  Mainland,  about  12  miles 
long,  and  from  one  to  three  broad.  It  lies 
V of  Stronsay,  from  which  it  is  separated 
by  a narrow  channel.  The  bays  of  Keitiet 
Oft  on  the  s,  and  Otherwick  on  the  n side 
of  the  island,  afford  tolerable  anchorage. 
The  surface  is  low  and  flat,  but  the  coast 
dangerous.  The  sea  coast  yields  annually 
from  500  to  620  tons  of  kelp.  The  number 
of  the  people  is  about  1408.  ft  exports, 
besides  kelp,  black  cattle,  oat-nieal,  barley, 
and  fish.  On  the  Start  point  is  a light- 
house. Lon.  2 15  w,  lat.  59  21  n. 

Sandbach,  See  Sanbach, 

SandecZy  a town  of  Little  Poland,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Cracow,  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
Krapack.  There  are  mines  of  gold  and 
copper  in  its  territory.  It  is  32  miles  se  of 
Cracow. 

Sandendy  a small  fishing  village  in  the 
parish  of  Fordyce,  Banffshire,  about  four 
miles  from  Portsoy. 

SANDER  AY,  a small  island  of  the 


SAN 

Hebrides,  in  the  districts  of  Barray  and 
couniy  of  Inverness,  about  five  miles  from 
Barray.  It  is  about  two  miles  long  by 
two  broad,  and  contains  about  50  inhabi* 
tants. 

Sanderstedy  a village  in  Surry,  s of  Croy- 
don, has  a mo  t extensive  prospect. 

Sandhamn,  a sea  port  of  Swedes,  in  the 
province  of  Upland.  Here  all  vessels  td 
and  irom  Stockuolm  are  examined,  iO  miles 
e of  Sioctiholui. 

Sandhursty  a village  on  the  LoddoD, 
Berksnire,  has  a royal  military  college, 
for  the  instruction  of  young  cadets  in 
the  military  art ; five  miles  s by  E o£ 
Wokmgnara. 

Sandness,  See  W alls. 

Sando,  an  island  of  Japan,  on  the  N coast 
of  Niphon,  about  78  miles  in  circumference, 
wiiU  a town  of  the  same  name.  Lon.  130 
30  e,  lat.  38  35  n. 

'6andontiry  a strong  town  of  Poland, 
capital  of  a feriile  palatinate  of  the  samo 
name,  stands  on  a hill,  by  the  Vistula, 
has  a castle  on  a rock,  and  several  col- 
leges ; 75  miles  e by  n of  Cra  ?ow,  and 
1 12  s by  E of  Warsaw.  Lon.  22  0 e,  lat» 
50  2i  N. 

Sando  wuy  a village  in  the  isle  of  Wight, 
on  a b.»>  of  its  name,  has  a fort  erected  by 
Henry  PHI.  which  maintains  a s.nall 
garrison.  In  the  church  ^ard  are  several 
ancient  monuments,  two  miles  s of  Bra- 
ding. 

Sandugaly  a town  in  Beira,  Portugal,  oa 
the  river  Coa,  12  miles  sss  ot  Guarda. 

Sandvliety  a town  in  Brabant,  Nether- 
lands, on  the  Scheldt,  12  miies  me  of 
Antwerp. 

Sandusky,  a town  and  flirt  m the  state  of 
Ohio,  stands  on  the  s side  oi  a bay  of  its 
name,  at  the  sw  end  of  lake  Erie,  witli 
which  it  communicates  by  a narrow  strait* 
The  fort  is  seated  opposite  the  gut,  Lon.  82 
43  w,  lai.  4 1 50  N. 

Sunduskyy  a river  of  the  state  of  Ohio* 
that  rise*  near  the  source  of  the  great 
Miami,  and  the  Sciota,  between  each  of 
which  is  a short  poviage.  It  is  navigable, 
runs  NB,  and  falls  into  the  w end  of  San- 
dusky bay,  which  is  the  sw  point  of  Lake 
Erie, 

Sandwich,  a town  in  ICent,  consisting  of 
about  1530  houses,  most  of  them  oM,  and 
built  with  wood.  It  contains  about  6506 
iuhabitants.  The  chief  trade  of  the  inha- 
bitauts  is  in  malt,  and  it  exports  corn,  fruit, 
and  garden  seeds,  the  product  of  the  neigh- 
bourhood. It  is  one  of  the  Cinque- Ports, 
governed  by  a ma}Or,  12  jurais,  and  24 
C'  mmoii  council  men,  sends  iw'O  members 
to  pariiameut,  has  wei  kly  markets  on 
Wednesday  itnd  Saturuay,  and  one  ttimual 
fair.  It  was  walled  round,  hut  tne  walls 
are  much  decayed,  and  only  one  of  itv  gates 
reuiains.  It  has  two  ca£t\es,  and  a fort, 
three  churches,  three  hospitals,  a free  school. 
The  Stour,  on  which  it  stands,  issochoaked 
O o 2 


SAN 

^Ub  sand,  as  to  admit  only  small  vessds.  i 
It  is  13  miles  e of  Canterbury,  and  68  e 
by  s of  Loudon.  Lon.  1 20  e,  lat.  51 

16  N. 

Sandwich,  a town  in  Barnstaple  county, 
Massachusetts,  on  Barnstaple  bay,  18  miles 
SBTof  Plymouth. 

Sandwich  Island,  an  island  in  the  Pacific 
ocean,  off  the  w coast  of  New  Ireland. 
Lon.  149  17  E,  lat.  2 53  s. 

Sandwich  Island,  one  of  the  New  He- 
brides, in  the  Pacific  ocean.  Lon.  168  33 
E,  lat.  17  418. 

SANDWICH  ISLANDS,  a ^roup  of 
islands  in  the  S Pacific  ocean,  discovered 
by  captain  Cook  in  1778.  They  are  II  in 
number,  and  extend  from  Ion.  150  44  to  160 
24  w,  and  from  lat.  18  54  to  22  15  n.  The 
names  given  them  by  the  natives  are 
Owhyhee,  Mdwee,  Ranai,  Morotoi,  Ta- 
hoorowa,  Wbahoo,  Atooi,  Neeheeow,  Onee- 
houa,  Morotinne,  and  Takoora,  all  inhabi- 
ted, except  the  two  last.  The  vegetable 
productions  are  nearly  the  same  as  those 
of  the  other  isriands  in  this^^  ocean  ; but  the 
taro  root  is  here  of  a superior  quality.  The 
bread  fruit  trees  thrive  not  in  such  abun- 
dance as  in  the  rich  plains  of  Otaheite, 
but  produce  double  the  quantity  of  fruit. 
The  sugar  canes  are  of  a very  unusual 
size,  some  of  them  measuring  1 1 inches  and 
a quarter  in  circumference,  and  having  14 
feet  eatable.  Tfif^  quadrupeds  are  hogs, 
dogs,  and  rats.  Goats,  pigs,  and  European 
seeds,  were  left  by  captain  Cook.  The  in- 
habitants are  undoubtedly  of  the  same  race 
that  possess  the  islands  s of 'the  Equator  ; 
and  in  their  persons,  language,  customs,  and 
manners,  approach  nearer  to  the  New  Zea- 
landers, than  to  their  less  distant  neighbours, 
either  of  the  Society  or  Friendly  islands. 
They  are,  in  general,  above  the  middle  size, 
and  strong  ; they  w^alk  gracefully,  run 
nimbly,  and  are  capable  of  bearing  great 
fatigue.  They  suffer  their  beards  to  grow, 
and  wear  their  hair,  after  various  fashions. 
Tatooing  the  body  is  practised  by  every  co- 
lony of  this  nation.  Like  the  New  Zea- 
landers, they  have  adopted  the  method  of 
living  together  in  villages,  contaiiiing  from 
100  to  200  houses,  built  pretty  closely  toge- 
ther, without  much  order,  and  having  a 
winding  path  between  them.  They  are  ge- 
nerally flanked,  tow'ards  the  sea,  with  de- 
tached walls,  which  are  meant  both  for  shel- 
ter and  defence.  Some  of  their  houses  are 
large  and  commodious,  from  40'  to  50  feet 
long,  and  from  20  to  30  feet  broad ; while 
others  are  mere  hovels.  Their  food  con- 
sists principally  of  fish  and  vegetables,  to 
which  they  add  the  flesh  of  dogs  and  bogs. 
The  making  of  canoes,  mats,  <fec.  forms 
the  occupation  of  the  men  • the  women 
are  employed  in  manufacturing  cloth  ; and 
the  servants  are  principally  engaged  in  the 
(plantations  aud  fishing.  Their  agricul- 
ture and  navigation  bear  a great  resem- 


S A N 

blance  to-  those  of  the  South  Sea  Xslandi?^. 
Their  plantations  are  spread  over  the  whole 
sea  coast,  and  consist  of  the  taro,  or  eddy 
root,  and  sw^eet  potatoes,  with  plants  of  th© 
cioth  tree,  set  in  rows.  They  make  good 
cordage  of  all  kinds,  and  abundance  of  ex- 
cellent salt.  Some  of  their  double  canoes- 
measure  70  feet  in  length,  12  in  breadth,  and 
three  and  a half  in  depth.  Their  imple- 
ments of  war  are  slings,  clubs,  daggers,  and 
spears.  As  the  islands  are  not  united  unde?, 
one  government,  wars  are  frequent  among 
them.^  The  government  is  monarchial  and 
hereditary.  Human  sacrifices  are  her© 
frequent,  not  only  at  the  commencement 
of  a war,  but  the  death  of  every  considera- 
ble chief  calls  for  a repetition  of  these 
horrid  rites.  Yet,  apart  from  these  obser- 
vances,. aud  when  their  resentment  is  not 
inflamed  by,  injury,  they  are  acknowledged, 
to  be  of  the  most  mild  and  affectionate  dis- 
position, and  their  natural  capacity  seems, 
not  inferior  to  the  common  standard  of  man- 
kind. Their  improvements  in  agriculture, 
and  the  state  of  their  manufactures,  are  cer- 
tainly adequate  to  the  circumstances  of  their 
situation,  and  the  natural  advantages  which 
they  enjoy. 

SANDWICH  LAND,  a desolate  country 
iu  the  Southern  ocean,  to  the  se  of  the 
island  of  Georgia.  Southern  Thule,  the 
most  southern  extremity  of  it  that  was  seen, 
lies  in  Ion.  27  45  w,  lat.  59  34  s.  This 
the  greatest  s latitude  ever  yet  explored,  on 
which  account  this  part  received  its  appel- 
lation. Its  mountains  are  of  vast  height, 
their  tops  above  the  clouds,  and  their  bases 
covered  with  snow  to  the  water’s  edge.  It 
is  uncertain  whether  the  different  projecting 
points  are  distinct  islands,  or  form  one  con- 
nected land. 

Sandwich,  a parish  of  Shetland,  united  to 
Dunrosness  and  Cunningsburgh  in  forming 
a parochial  district,  containing,  with  them, 
about  3-^01  inhabitants.  See  Dunross^ 
ness. 

Sandwich  and  Stromness,  an  united  parish 
of  Orkney,  at  the  w end  of  the  island  of 
Pomona,  about  nine  miles  long,  and  from 
two  and  a half  to  five  and  a half  broad. 
The  coast  is  bold  and  rocky,  but  there  is 
a safe  harbour  at  Stromness.  Populatioa 
about  3193. 

Sandy  Hook,  a small  island  on  the  coast 
of  New  Jersey,  formerly  a peninsula,  but  iu 
1778,  the  sea  overflow'ed  the  isthmus,  atid 
formed  it  into  an  island.  It  is  seven  miles  s 
of"  the  w end  of  Long  island,  and  has  a 
light-house  on  the  N point.  Lou.  74  2 w,. 
lat.  40  30  N. 

Sandy  HUls,  a village  near  Glasgow, 
in  the  Barony  parish,  containing  about  340 
inhabitants. 

Sandy  Island,  a small  island  off  the  w 
coast  of  the  island  of  Antigua,  about  two 
miles  from  the  shore. 

Sandy  Point,  the  most  north-westerly 


it 


SAN 

point  of  tbe  island  of  St.  Christopher’s,  and 
a sea  port  in  Fig-tree  bay,  defended  by  a 
fort.  Lon.  63  28  w,  lat.  17  .0  n. 

Sandford,  a town  in  York  county,  district 
of  Maine,  15  ndles  nw  of  Berwick,  and  20 
NNW  of  York. 

Saneuy  or  Gessentvi,  a town  of  Switzer 
land,  in  tbe  cautoii  of  Bern,  on  a river  ot  its 
name  with  a castle,  about  20  miles  sw  of 
Thun. 

Sangerhauserif  a town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
in  Thuringia,  with  a castle,  14  miles  ese  of 
Stolberg. 

Sanguesay  a tow'n  of  Spain,  in  Navarre,  on 
the  Arragon,  52  miles  se  of  Pamplona. 

Sankey,  a village  two  miles  w of  War 
rington,  Lancashire,  stands  near  the  Mer- 
sey, whence  it  has  a canal  to  the  works  in 
the  neigh bourhooii  of  St.  Helens,  and  is  a 
place  of  considerable  traffic. 

SANORE,  a country  of  Hindoostan,  be- 
tween Mysore  on  the  s,  and  Visiapour  on 
the  N,  l40  miles  in  length  and  70  in  breadth, 
formerly  subject  to  the  regent  of  Mysore, 
but  ced‘.'d  to  the  Mahrattas  in  1792. 

Sanore,  a town  and  fortress  in  Hindoos- 
tan, in  Mysore,  capital  of  a territory  of  its 
name,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Zoom,  15 
miles  above  its  influx,  with  the  Nigouden. 
On  the  opposite  bank  is  Sanore  Bancapour, 
103  miles  n by  w of  Chittledroog,  117  e 
by  N of  Goa,  and  130  s by  e ol  Visiapour. 
Lon.  75  50  e,  lat.  15  39  N, 

Sunpoo,  See  Rurrampooter,  and  Teesta. 

Sanquhar,  a royal  borough  and  parish  in 
Dumfries-shire.  The  town  is  situated  near 
the  Nith,  on  the  borders  of  Ayrshire,  about 
27  miles  from  Dumfries,  32  from  Ayr,  and 
55  sw  by  s of  Edinburgh.  It  is  a flourish- 
ing town,  and  has  long  been  famous  for  its 
woollen  manufactures,  the  chief  of  which 
are  carpets,  coarse  serges,  knitted  stock- 
ings, and  mitts.  The  stocking  branch  is  the 
oldest,  but  is  not  so  considerable  as  formerly. 
Most  of  the  stockings  are  party-colomed 
and  of  a great  variety  of  paterns.  Here 
are  some  cotton  looms,  and  stocking-frames, 
a tannery,  a tobacco  work,  and  a brewery. 
Its  castle,  now  in  ruins,  stood  at  the  se  end 
of  the  town,  and  formerly  belonged  to  the 
family  of  Chrighton,  ancestors  of  the  earl 
of  Dumfries,  who  has  the  title  or  lord  San- 
quhar, and  is  now  the  property  of  the  duke 
of  Queensbury.  Here  are  two  friendly  so- 
cieties. a book-club,  and  a society  of  cut- 
lers. It  was  erected  into  a borough  of  ba- 
rony in  1484,  and  into  a royalty  in  1596. 
The  corporation  consists  of  a provost,  three 
bailies,  dean  of  guild,  treasurer,  and  11 
counsellors, and  joins  witn  Dumfries,  Annan, 
Kirkcudbright,  and  Lochmabeo,  in  electing 
a representative  in  parliament.  The  parish 
of  Sanquhar  is  of  an  irregular  form,  about 
12  miles  long,  by  six  broad.  It  is  very 
mountainous  and  sterile,  produces  coal,  but 
Bear'  the  rivers  are  tracts  of  good  arable 
land.  In  the  e end  of  the  parish  are  the 
lead  luioes  of  W'aulockhead)  Black  cattle. 


SAN 

sheep,  wool,  barley,  butter,  and  cheese  art? 
exported.  Population  of  the  town  and  parish 
about  2350. 

SANSEGO,  an  island  of  Italy,  eight 
miles  in  circumference,  and  containing 
400  inhabitants,  situated  miles  frona 
Osero. 

Santa.  See  Parilla., 

Santaella,  a town  iu  Andalusia,  Spain,  24 
miles  s of  Cordova. 

Santander y a strong  sea  port  in  Asturias, 
Hpain,  with  a large  and  commodious  har- 
bour, defended  by  two  castles  and  a mole* 
It  is  a bishop’s  see,  1 1 miles  ne  of  Saiitil- 
lana.  Lon.  3 47  w*,  lat.  43  27  N. 

Santander,  New,  capital  of  a thinly  in- 
habited district  of  Panuco,  New'  Spain, 
seated  on  the  forks  of  a river,  40  miles 
from  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  greatly  incommo- 
ded by  a bxir  at  its  mouth,  125  miles  n by  w 
of  Panuco.  Lon.  98  55  w,  lat.  23  46  n. 

Santarem,  a town  in  Estremadura,  Por- 
tugal, on  the  Tajo,  has  a citadel  on  a moun- 
tain. A numerous  French  army  occupied 
iliotown  as  their  head  quarters  in  1810,  but 
i Curly  iu  1811  were  compelled  to  retreat  inta 
Spain.  Tbe  vicinity  is  fruitful  in  wheat, 
wine,  and  oil,  55  miles  ne  of  Lisbon.  Lon. 

8 25  w,  lat  39  18  N. 

Santee,  a river  of  South  Carolina,  formed 
by  the  conflux  of  the  Congaree  and 
Waieree,  and  running  by  Amelia  and  St. 
James,  falls  iuta  the  ocean  by  two  mouths^ 
a little  to  the  s-cf  Georgetown. 

Santen,  a town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
duchy  of  Cleve,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Rhine,  five  miles  w of  Wesel,.  and  15  se  cC 
Gleve. 

Santiago.  See  Jago,  St. 

Santianes,  a town  in  Asturias,  Spain,  17 
miles  ssw  of  Oviedo. 

Santillana,  a sea  port  of  Spain,  capital 
of  Asturias  de  Santillana,  stands  in  a fertile 
valley  near  the  bay  of  Biscay,  96  miles  e 
of  Oviedo,  and  200  n of  Madrid.  Lou.  3 
58  w,  lat.  43  23  n. 

Santo  Espiritu,  the  capital  of  a captain- 
ship of  its  name,  seated  on  the  s side  of  a 
large  bay,  on  the  e coast  of  Brazil,  with  a 
castle,  and  the  only  town.  It  contains 
about  900  inhabitants.  The  country  is 
fertile,  and  there  is  abundance  of  game  and 
fish. 

Santona,  a town  in  Asturks,  near  the 
bay  of  Biscay,  Spain,  has  a commodious 
harbour,  well  fortified  both  by  nature  and 
art,  22  miles  e of  Santandar. 

SANTORIN,  the  ancient  Theba,  an 
island  in  the  Archipelago,  n of  Candia,and  s 
of  Nio,  and  is  in  the  form  of  a crescent.  It 
is  eight  miles  in  length,  and  from  one  to  four 
in  breadth,  having  in  its  bosom  the  islands 
of  Therasia  and  Aspronisi,  and  within  these 
three  other  islands.  All  of  these  islands 
are  evidently  volcanic.  Here  are  two  bi- 
shops ; the  oue  Greek,  who  resides  at  Pirgos, 
and  the  other  Latin,  whose  see  is  Scouro. 
The  soil  is  oaturally  dry,  but  by  cultivation 


S A R 

It  affords  a great  deal  of  barley,  plenty  of 
cotton,  and  large  qviamities  of  wine,  in 
which,  and  their  cotton  manufacture,  the 
trade  consists.  Fruit  is  scarce,  except  figs, 
and  they  have  neither  oil  nor  wood.  There 
is  but  one  spring  in  the  island,  for  which 
reason  they  preserve  the  rain  water  in  cis- 
terns. The  inhabitants  are  all  Greeks,  and 
are  about  li^,000  in  number,  and  though 
subject  to  the  Turks,  they  choose  their  own 
magistrates,  Scouro  is  the  capital.  Lon. 
26  1 E,  lat.  36  10  n. 

Santos,  a town  of  Brazil,  in  the  province 
of  St,  Paul,  stands  on  the  n side  of  the  is- 
land, on  a bay  of  its  name  called  Amiar, 
which  is  18  miles  in  circuit.  The  entrance 
of  the  channel,  which  leads  from  the  bay 
to  the  town,  is  defended  by  two  forts,  and 
the  town  by  a rampart,  10  miles  from  the  sea, 
and  54  se  of  St.  Paul,  Lon.  46  24  w,  lat. 
23  69  s.  The  town  of  St.  Vincent  is  seated 
on  the  s side  of  the  island. 

SAONE  AND  LOIRE,  a department  of 
France,  comprehending  a part  of  the  late 
province  of  Burgundy,  has  its  name  from 
two  rivers  which  pass  through  it  in  different 
directions.  The  chief  city  is  Macon. 

SAONE,  UPPER,  a department  of 
France,  which  contains  part  of  the  late 
province  of  Fraiiche  Compte,  so  named  from 
a river,  which  has  its  source  in  Mont  Vosges, 
passes  through  this  department,  Coted'Or, 
and  Saone  and  Loire,  and  unites  with 
the  Rhone  at  Lyon.  The  chief  city  is 
Vesoul. 

SAONE,  or  Sagna,  a small  island  near 
the  SE  part  of  St.  Domingo,  from  the  e side 
of  which  it  is  separated  by  a narrow  chan- 
nel. It  ts  about  eight  leagues  from  e to  w, 
and  two  from  n to  s.  Its  circumference  is 
nearly  25  leagues.  It  is  without  inhabi- 
tants, and  is  visited  by  fishermen,  in  the  sea- 
son for  porpoises.  At  the  e point  ot  the 
island  is  a port  at  which  ships  sometimes  an- 
chor, for  wood,  water,  and  wild  cattle. 
Lon.  68  35  w,  lat.  18  J4  N. 

Saorgio,  a town  of  Piedmont  in  the  county 
of  Nice,  stands  on  the  top  of  a rock,  nearly 
encircled  by  the  Bendola  and  the  Roia.  On 
the  opposiie  side  of  the  latter  is  a rock, 
having  an  ancient  fortress  on  its  top,  com- 
pletely insulated.  In  the  vicinity  of  the 
town  is  a strong  fort.  In  1794,  Saorgia  was 
taken  by  the  French.  It  lies  17  miles  ne 
of  Nice. 

SAPIENZA,  three  islands  and  a cape  of 
Turkey  in  Europe,  near  the  s coast  of  the 
Morea.  The  largest,  anciently  called  Sphac- 
teria,  is  celebrated  for  a victory  which  the 
Athenians  gained  over  the  Lacedemonians. 
Lou.  2 1 35  E,  lat.  36  50  n. 

SARACENS, a people  who,  some  centuries 
ago,  came  from  the  deserts  of  Arabia  ; Sa- 
ara  iii  their  language,  signifying  a desart. 
They  were  celebrated  as  the  first  disciples 
of  Mobamed,  and  within  40  years  of  his 
death  conquered  a great  part  of  Asia,  Africa, 
and  Europe  j and  were  not  expelled  from 


S A R 

Spain  till  1511.  For  a long  time  they  maio- 
tdi.ned  a war  with  the  western  Christians  in 
Palestine,  and  at  length  drove  them  out  of  it. 
The  name  is  now  lost,  and  the  descen- 
dants of  those  who  subdued  Spain  are  called 
Moors. 

Saragossa,  a city  in  Arragon,  Spain.  It  is 
large,  handsome,  and  well  built.  The 
streets  are  long,  broad,  w'cll  paved,  and  very 
clean.  It  is  said  to  have  been  built  by  the 
Phenicians.  The  Romans  in  the  reign  of 
Augustus  sent  a colony  hither,  who  called 
it  Caesar  Augustus,  hence,  by  corruption  it 
has  its  present  name.  It  is  an  archbishop's 
see,  has  an  university,  and  a court  of  inqui- 
sition, 17  churches,  14  convents,  and  mag- 
nificent buildings.  The  river  Ebro  divides 
it  in  two ; and  on  its  banks  is  a handsome 
quay.  The  Holy  street  is  the  largest,  and 
here  they  had  their  bull  fights.  The  most 
elegant  church  is  that  of  our  lady  of  the 
pillar,  and  a place  of  the  greatest  devotion 
in  Spain ; the  cathedral  is  a large  Gothic 
building.  In  the  hall  of  the  town  house 
which  is  a superb  edifice,  are  the  pictures  of 
all  the  kings  of  Arragon,  Saragossa  is  si- 
tuated in  a large  plain,  where  the  Ebro 
receives  two  other  rivers;  and  over  it  are 
two  bridges,  one  of  stone,  and  the  oiher  of 
wood.  This  city  sustained  a siege  by  the 
French,  in  1808.  In  another  siege  which 
continued  63  days,  after  being  quite  worn 
out  by  fighting,  famine,  and  pestilence,  the 
garrison  was  compelled  to  surrender  in 
February  1809,  and  the  city  was  nearly 
demolished  by  the  incessant  firing  of  artil- 
lery, and  about  40,000  shells.  The  French 
surrendered  to  the  Spaniards  in  1813.  It  is 
150  miles  w of  Barcelona,  and  180  ne  of 
Madrid.  Lon.  0 48  w,  lat.  41  45  n. 

SARATOF,  one  of  the  41  governments 
of  Russia,  formerly  a province  of  Astra- 
can.  It  is  divided  into  12  districts,  of 
which  that  of  the  same  name  is  the  prin- 
cipal. 

Saratof,  a town  of  Russia,  capital  of  a 
government  of  the  same  name,  stands  on  the 
side  of  a mountain,  near  the  Volga,  220 
miles  s of  Kasan,  and  300  nw  of  Astracan. 
Lon.  49  25  e,  lat.  52  4 n. 

SARATOGA,  a county  of  the  state  of 
New  York.  It  is  divided  into  eight  tow^n- 
ships. 

Saratoga,  a township  and  fort  of  New 
York,  situated  iu  Saratoga  county,  on  the 
E side  of  Hudson  river.  Here  general  Bur- 
goyne,  at  the  head  of  an  army  ol  British 
and  Hessians,  surreadered  to  the  Americans 
in  1778,  50  miles  n of  Albany. 

SARBRUCK,  or  Saarbritcken,  a ter- 
ritory of  Germany,  annexed  to  France  in 
Dec.  1797,  and  included  in  the  department 
of  Sarre  and  Moselle. 

Sarburg,  a town  of  France,  in  the  above 
territory,  iu  the  department  of  Sarre,  capital 
or  the  county  of  its  name,  seated  on  the  w 
side  of  the  Sarre,  with  a magnificent  Lu- 
theran church;  and  an  elegant  palace,  eight 


S A R 

miles  s of  Treves,  and  14  w of  Deux  Fonts. 
Lon.  7 5 E,  lat.  49  l6  N. 

Sarbrugy  an  ancient  town  in  the^epart- 
ment  of  Meurthe,  France,  on  the  Sarre,  at 
the  foot  of  a mouniain,  40  miles  e by  n ol 
Nancy,  and  50  se  of  Metz. 

Sarburg,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Sarre,  France,  lately  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Treves,  on  the  Sarre,  10  miles 
s by  w of  Treves. 

Sardaniy  a sea  port  of  Holland,  where 
there  are  vast  magazines,  naval  stores,  and 
a number  of  shipwrights,  seated  on  the  Wye. 
Here  Peter  the  Great  resided  for  some  time 
in  private,  and  wrought  as  a ship  carpenter, 
seven  miles  nw  of  Amsterdam. 

SARDINIA,  an  island  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean, 142  miles  in  length  from  n to  s,  and 
70  in  breadth  from  e to  w,  separated  from 
Corsica  on  the  n by  the  strait  of  Bonifacio, 
and  has  44  snioU  islands  belonging  to  it. 
The  soil  i>  fertile  in  corn,  wine,  oranges, 
citrons,  and  olives.  The  inhabitants  were 
formerly  accounted  rude  and  clownish,  but 
they  are  now  more  civilized,  and  enjoyed 
great  liberty  till  an  inquisition  was  establish- 
ed at  Sass^iri.  As  the  inhabitanss  are  not 
very  indust  ions,  the  land  is  not  sufficiently 
cultivated  ; nor  do  they  pay  much  at  ention 
to  trade.  It  contains  mines  of  silver,  lead, 
sulphur,  and  alum  : and  they  make  a good 
deal  of  salt  and  cheese.  Here  are  many 
wild  ducks.  On  the  coast  is  a fishery  for 
coral  and  ancliovi  s,  and  the  exhalations 
from,  the  marshes  tre  pernicious.  The 
small  islands  abound  in  game,  and  in  that 
of  Asnaria  are  a number  of  tur.les.  In 
1708  the  Engitsh  took  Sardinia  from  the 
Spaniards,  and  ceded  it  to  the  emperor  of 
Germany  at  the  peace  of  Utrecht.  The 
Spaniards  regained  it  in  1717,  but  were 
compelled  to  abandon  it  two  years  after. 
In  1720  it  was  given  to  the  duke  of  Savoy 
in  lieu  of  Sicily,  and  then  erected  into  a 
kingdom,  but  the  court  was  held  at  Turin, 
till  1796,  when  the  French  expelled  its  so- 
vereign from  all  his  Piedmontese  possessions, 
and  this  island  became  the  sole  remnant  of 
his  dominions.  The  population  is  estimated 
at  450,000.  The  capital  is  Cagliari. 

SarectOy  a town  of  North  Carolina,  capi- 
tal of  Duplin  county,  on  the  ne  branch  of 
Cape  Fear  river,  80  miles  n by  w of  Wil- 
mington. 

Sargansy  a town  of  Switzerland,  the  ca- 
pital of  a late  county  of  the  same  name,  in 
the  canton  of  Zurich,  with  a castle  on  a 
rock,  and  seated  on  the  top  of  a hill,  by  the 
Rhine,  14  miles  n of  Coire,  and  47  se  of 
Zurich. 

Sargely  a large  and  a.  cient  sea  port  of 
Africa,  in  the  province  of  Mascara,  on  the 
sea  coast,  with  a castle,  25  miles  ssw  of  Al- 
giers. Lon.  2 15  E,  lat.  36  30  n. 

Sargueminey  a town  in  the  department  of 
Moselle,  France,  on  the  Sarre,  nine  miles  s 
by  E of  Sarbruck. 

Sari,  capital  of  Mazauderao^  Persia, 


S A R 

and  the  residence  of  a prince,  seated  in  a 
country  abounding  in  cotton,  rue,  sugar, 
silk,  and  oranges.  It  is  surrounded  by  a 
wall  and  a ditch.  Among  its  numerous 
inhabitants  are  many  merchants  who  trade 
wiih  Astracan,  20  miles  ssw  of  Ferabad. 
and  120  NE  of  Teheren.  Lon.  52  42  e,  lat. 
36  38  N. 

SARK,  a little  island  belonging  to  Bri- 
tain, lying  between  those  of  Guernsey  and 
Jersey,  on  the  coast  of  France.  It  is  five 
miles  long  and  tiiree  broad,  and  depends  on 
Guernsey.  Il  contains  about  300  inhabi- 
tants, and  is  well  defended  by  nature. 

Sark,  a river  o;  Scotland,  which  rises  in 
the  E part  of  Dumfries  shire,  and  for  several 
miles  ;orrns  the  boundary  between  Scotland 
and  England  At  its  mouth,  in  the  Solway 
Frith,  at  the  village  of  Sarkfoot,  is  a har- 
bour, eight  miles  e by  s o*  Annan. 

Sarlaty  a town  in  the  department  of  Dor- 
dogne, France,  lately  a bishop’s  see,  situa- 
ted in  a valley  surrounded  by  mountains, 
27  miiCs  SE  of  Periguex. 

Sar-LouiSy  a strong  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Moselle,  France,  stands  on  the 
isthmus  of  a peninsula  formed  by  the  Sarre, 
26  m les  eoI  Thionvilie,  and  32  ne  of  Metz. 
Lon.  6 48  E,  lat.  49  21  N. 

SARMIENTO  IS!  A'NDS,  PEDRO  DE, 
in  the  South  Pacific  ocean.  They  lie  in 
about  lat.  50  s,  and  are  about  80  in  num» 
ber.  ' 

Sarnen,  a town  of  Switzerland,  capital 
of  the  canton  of  Underwalden,  seated  near 
I a lake  of  its  name.  Its  castle  was  demolish- 
jed'by  the  peasants  in  1308.  It  is  nine 
i miles  s of  Lucern,  Lon.  8 14  e,  lat.  46 

1-^52  N, 

SarnOy  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in 
Principato  Citra,  on  the  Sarno,  near  its  rise, 

I 12  miles  nnw  of  Salerno,  and  20  ese  of 
j Naples. 

j SAROS,  a county  in  Upper  Hungary, 

I has  a strong  ca-tle,  seated  at  the  foot  of 
Mount  Krapack,  on  the  Tariza,  five  miles 
nnw  of  Epieres. 

Sarp,  or  SarpeUy  a town  in  the  province 
of  Chrisfiansand,  Norway.  In  its  vicinity 
is  a vast  cataract,  which  is  heard  at  the 
distance  of  20  miles,  10  miles  wsw  of  Fre- 
dericsiadt. 

SARRE,  one  of  the  six  new  departments 
of  France,  into  which  the  conquered  coun- 
tries of  Germany,  on  the  leit  bank  of  the 
Rhine,  were  divided  by  the  French  govern- 
ment, in  December  1797.  It  inc!ud^s  part 
Ol  the  electorate  ol  Treves,  and  ducLy  of 
Deux  Pouts,  and  has  its  name  from,  a river 
which  has  its  source  near  Salm,  in  the 
department  of  Meurte,  runs  n by  Sarbruck 
and  Sarb'jrg,  and  unites  with  the  Moselle, 
a littie  above  Treves,  which  is  the  capi- 
tal. 

Sarrealy  a town  in  Catalonia,  Spain,  seat- 
ed on  the  Francoli.  In  us  vicinity  are 
quarries  of  alabaster,  so  transparent  that  it  is 
used  for  windows,  1 1 miles  n of  Tarragona, 


^arsanOf  a town  and  fortress  in  the 
State  of  Genoa,  on  the  river  Magra,  five 
amiles  from  the  sea.  Near  it  is  Sarsatielio, 
■a  fort  .seated  in  the  mountains,  45  miles  ese 
•of  Genoa.  Lon.  9 58  e,  lat.  44  9 n. 

Sarsina^  a town  of  Italy,  in  Romagna, 
on  the  river  Savio,  ‘iO  miles  sw  of  Rimini, 

Sart,  a town  in  Naioiia,  Asiatic  Turkey, 
ft  W'as  the  ancent  Sardis,  one  ot  the  seven  fa- 
mous churches  of  Asia,  mentioned  in  the  book 
of  Rtn  eiaiioti,and  capital  of  L}^ia.  It  w’as 
once  a large  city,  but  was  almost  destroyed 
by  an  earthquake  in  the  rei^n  of  Tiberius. 
Here  are  many  ruins  of  ancient  structures,  a 
mosque  that  was  once  a Christian  church, 
ond  a Caravansary.  The  greater  part  of 
4he  inhabitants  are  shepherds,  who  pasture 
their  flocks  ki  the  neighbouring  plains,  35  j 
miles  ENE  of  Smyrna. 

SARTE,  a department  of  France,  inolud-' 
itig  part  of  the  fate  province  of  Maine.  It 
bas  its  aanip  from  a river,  that  runs  by  Mans 
to  Angers,  where  it  unites  with  the  Mayenne. 
Man-  is  the  capital. 

SarvciTy  a town  and  fortress  at  the  con- 
tiuence  of  the  Guntz  and  Raab,  Hungary, 
40  miles  sse  of  Presburg. 

Suruntj  New,  See  Salisbury. 

Sarum,  Old,  an  ancient  burgh  of  Wilts, 
which  though  now  reduced  to  one  farm 
house  still  sends  two  members  to  parlia- 
ment. It  once  covered  the  summit  of  a 
steep  hill,  but  nothing  is  now  to  be  seen 
except  the  ruins  and  traces  of  its  w'alls.  A 
bailiff  and  sis  burgesses,  appointed  by  the 
lord  of  the  manor,  elect  the  representatives 
of  this  nmi-existent  city.  The  celebrated 
John  Horne  Tooke,  was  returned  one  of  its 
members  to  a late  parliament  It  is  two 
miles  N of  Salisbury. 

Sarwar,  a town  of  Upper  Hungary,  capi- 
tal of  a county  of  the  same  name,  50  miles 
w by  N of  Buela. 

Sarwerden,  a town  iu  the  department  of  I 
Moselle,  France,  on  the  Sarre,  33  miles  ' 
Wx\w  of  Haguenau,  and  45  ene  of  Nancy. 

Sas  Van  Ghent,  a town  and  fortress  iti 
Flandevs,  Netherlands,  built  by  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Ghent,  as  a bulwark  to  that  city. 

It  stands  on  the  canal  from  Ghent  to  the 
IScheldf,  and  is  defended  by  sluices  by  which 
the  country  can  be  laid  under  water.  It 
was  taken  in  1664,  by  the  Dutch,  and  by 
the  French  in  1747,  and  again  in  1794.  It 
is  10  miles  tc  of  Ghent. 

Saseram,  a large  town  of  Hiiidoostan,  in 
Bahar,  near  a lake,  at  the  foot  of  a moun- 
tain, 64  milt's  SE  of  Benares,  and  88  sw  of 
Patna, 

Sassafras,  a town  in  Kent  county,  Mary- 
land, on  a river  of  its  name,  near  its  entrance 
into  Chesapeake  bay,  20  miles  s of  Elk- 
ton. 

Sassari,  a city  of  Sardinia,  on  the  Tormes, 
is  an  archbishop’s  see,  with  a castle,  and  an 
university.  Here  is  a fountain  called 
Rossel,  said  to  be  more  magnificent  than 
any  of  Rome ; and  iu  the  vicinity  are  mines 


[ of  gold  and  silver,  whence  the  city  is  alsif 
; called  Logudori.  It  contains  about  30,000 
I inhabitants,  six  miles  n of  Algher,  seven 
from  the  sea,  and  64  N of  Oristagui.  Loa. 
8 45  E,  lat  40  48  n. 

Sassebes,  a town  of  Transylvania,  capital 
of  a county  erf  the  same  name.  Lou.  4 40  e, 
lat.  26  26  K, 

Sassuole,  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy 
of  Modena,  on  the  Seccio,  with  a castle,  16 
miles  sw  of  Modena. 

Sastago,  a town  in  Aragon,  Spain,  oa 
the  Ebro,  40  miles  sE  of  Saragossa. 

Satalia,  a large  and  strong  seaport  of 
Turkey  in  Asia,  situated  on  the  coast  of 
Caramania,  and  divided  into  three  towns. 
It  has  a magnificent  mosque,  which  was 
once  a church.  The  citrons  and  oranges 
of  its  fertile  vicinity  are  extremely  fine. 
It  has  a trade  in  wool,  cotton,  goats’  hair, 
agaric,  tregacauth,  opium,  and  bees  wax. 
Ii  is  seated  on  a bay  of  the  Mediterranean, 
150  miles  sw  of  Cogoi.  Lon.  31  21  e,  lat, 
37  I N. 

Safer,  a town  in  Dalocarlia,  Sweden, 
nas  a rich  iron  mine  in  the  vicinity  23 
miles  s by  e of  Fahlun. 

Satgong,  or  Satagong,  a village  in  Ben- 
gal, Hindostan,  in  the  i6th  century  was  a 
city  in  which  the  European  traders  in  Bengal 
had  their  factories.  It  stands  on  a creek  of 
Hoogly  river,  four  miles  nw  of  Hoogly. 

Satimangalam,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Co'mbetore,  Hindoostan,  near  the  Bhawani, 
with  a fort  and  a temple,  with  manufactures 
of  cotton,  and  a good  trade  to  Seringapatam, 
30  miles  w of  Bhawanikudal,  and  75  sse  of 
Seringapatam. 

Satriano,  a town  of  Calabria,  Ultra, 
Naples,  near  the  sea,  eight  miles  s of  Squil- 
lace. 

Satarah,  a town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
province  of  Visiapour,  formerly  the  capital 
of  the  Mahratta  State,  stands  near  the 
source  of  the  Kistnah,  50  miles  s t)f  Poo- 
rah.  Lon.  74  8 E,  lat.  17  45  x. 

Satteagida,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Coimbetore,  Hindoostan,  with  a large  fort, 

I seated  near  the  Cavery,  in  which,  three 
j miles  below,  is  an  island  nine  miles  long, 

I with  cataracts  on  each  side,  36  miles  se  of 
Seringapatam. 

Sava,  a town  of  Persia,  in  Arabian  Irak, 
surrounded  by  walls  of  earth.  The  envi- 
rons abound  in  rice,  cotton  and  exquisite 
fruit.  It  is  60  miles  sw  of  Teheran, 

SAVAGE  ISLAND,  in  the  South  Paci- 
j fio  ocean,  is  about  33  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence. It  was  discovered  by  - apiain  Cook 
in  1774,  is  of  a circular  form,  and  appeared 
I to  be  covered  with  trees  and  shrubs.  It 
i had  its  name  from  the  rude  behaviour  of  the 
inhabitants,  some  of  w^hom  had  their  face, 
breast,  and  thighs  paiiitai,  and  all  of  them 
naked,  except  round  the  waist,  and  seemed 
to  be  stout  and  well  proportioned.  Lorn 
169  30  w,  lat.  19  2 s. 

Savanna,  a river  of  the  United  States, 


Iirjbich  in  part  separates  S Carolina  from 
Georgia,  is  navigable  for  smaller  vessels 
ifrom  Augusta  to  Savanna,  and  ifaence  lor 
ships  of  harden  to  iis  mouth  in  the  Atlantic, 
at  Tylie  island,  on  which  is  a tight  house 
Lon.  80  40  w,  lat.  31  57  n. 

Savanna,  a port  of  entry  and  post  town  ot 
the  United  States,  in  Georgia,  capital  ot 
Cbatam  county,  and  tormerly  of  the  state, 
seated  on  a sandy  eminence,  near  the  river 
of  its  name,  17  nules  trom  its  mouth.  Ic  is 
regularly  built  in  the  form  of  a parallelo- 
gram, and,  including  its  suburbs,  contained, 
in  1787,  about  2300  inhabitants.  The  ex- 
ports for  one  year,  ending  September  30th, 
1794,  amounted  to  the  value  of  263,830  dol- 
lars. In  1796,  about  two  thirds  of  the  town 
“Was  destroyed  by  fire,  100  miles  SE  of  Louis- 
ville. Lon.  80  87  w,  lat.  31  57  n. 

Savatopoli.  See  Sebastopolis, 

Saveuay,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Lower  Loire,  France,  18  miles  nw  of  Nan- 
tes, and  32  w of  Ancenis. 

Sanceda,  a town  in  New  Biscay,  New 
Spain,  seated  on  a river  of  its  name,  which 
uniting  with  the  Nassas  forms  the  Palmas, 
100  miles  nnw  of  Durango.  Lon.  105  36 
w',  lat.  25  18  N. 

Save,  a river  of  Germany,  that  rises  on 
the  NW  borders  of  Carniola,  flows  e through 
that  country,  separates  Croatia,  Bo-nia,  and 
Servia,  from  Sciavonia,  and  enters  the  Da- 
nube, near  Belgrade. 

Savnndroag,  a strong  fortress  in  Mysore, 
Hindoostan,  on  the  top  of  a rock,  half  a 
mile  in  height,  rising  from  a base  of  eight 
miles  in  circuii,  having  a chassm  at  the  top 
that  divides  it  into  two  hills,  which,  wiih 
their  separate  works,  serve  as  two  citadels. 
The  lower  works  are  very  'trong.  Tn  1791 
after  a siege  of  seven  days,  it  was  taken  by 
the  English,  35  miles  ne  of  Senngapatam. 

Snverdun,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Ariege,  France,  ou  the  Arriege,  25  miles  sse 
of  Thoulouse. 

Saverne,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Lower  Rhine,  France,  seated  at  the  loot  of 
mount  Vosges,  in  a country  fertile  in  grapes, 
18  miles  nw  of  Strasburg. 

Savigliano,  a town  of  Piedmont,  capital 
of  a territory  of  the  same  name,  stands  in  a 
fertile  plain,  on  the  Maira,  has  a rich  Bene- 
dictine abbey,  30  miles  s of  Turin. 

Savignano,  a town  in  Romagna,  Italy, 
on  the  Borco,  eight  miles  se  of  Cesena,  and 
10  w of  Rimini. 

Saviour,  St,  the  name  of  two  towns  ic 
Cornwall,  near  Foy  and  Padstow- haven, 

Sanlgen,  or  Salgau,  a town  of  Suabia, 
five  miles  sw  of  Buchau. 

Sauh'eu,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Cote  d’Or,  France,  seated  on  an  eminer  ce. 
Here  was  a college  oi  ihe  Druids,  and  in  k 
wood  are  still  visible  the  remains  of  one  oi 
their  temples,  38  miles  w of  Dijon,  and  46 
SE  of  Auxerre. 

Saumur,  a considerable  town  in  the 
dex>artmeDt  ot  Maine  and  Lojre^  Franco,  on 


the  Loire,  over  which  is  an  excellent  bridge, 
consisting  of  12  elliptical  arches,  60  leet  in 
diameter.  Here  is  an  au'oent  castle  It  is 
32  miics  SE  of  Angers,  and  30  w'sw  of 
Tours. 

SAUNDERS^  ISLAND,  in  the  South 
Atlantic  ocean,  one  ol  those  which  surround 
the  two  chief  of  the  Falkland  isles. 

SAUNDERS’  1ST  AND,  on  the  c^ast  cf 
South  Georgia.  Lon  36  11  w,  lat.  57 
<39  s 

SAUNDERS’  ISLAND,  in  the  S Pacific 
ocean.  It  is  about  six  miles  long.  Lon. 
1514  w,  lat.  17  28  s. 

S A VOL  AX,  a province  of  Sweden,  in 
FinluUd,  200  miles  tong  and  100  broad,  on 
the  borders  of  Russia,  consisting  of  lakes, 
rivers,  morasses,  and  woods,  and  frequented 
by  elks  and  reindeer.  The  inhabitants  are 
thinly  dispersed,  and  live  by  cultivating 
buck  wheat,  breeding  cattle,  huniing.  tist.ing, 
and  making  Wooden  ware.  Enopia  is  the 
capital. 

Savona,  a large,  populous,  and  strong 
town  of  Italy,  in  Genoa,  seated  on  the 
Mediterranean,  has  a citadel  on  a lo  k,  and 
several  fine  churches.  The  Genoe  e ren- 
dered the  harbour  unfit  for  large  ve.ssels, 
lest  it  should  injure  their  trade.  In  1746, 
it  was  taken  y the  king  ot  Sardinia,  and 
reiitored  in  1748,  taken  by  the  French  in 
1795,  and  surrendered  to  Austria  iti  1800, 
through  famine.  Ii  is  204  mil  s wsw  of 
Genoa.  Lon.  8 20  E,lat.  44  18  n. 

Savoniers,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Indre  and  Loire,  France.  In  the  vicinity 
are  caverns  fariious  for  petrifactions,  eight 
miles  sw  of  Tours. 

Savoy,  a late  iiuchy  of  Europe,  between 
France  and  Italy,  about  83  miles  long  and 
67  broad.  The  mouQtains  being  almost 
alw'ays  covered  with  snow  render  the  air 
cold.  The  mountains  are  adapted  to  pastur- 
age, and  the  valleys  are  ferule  in  cprn  and 
wine.  The  lakes  abound  with  fish.  The 
great  rivers  are  the  Isere  the  Arc,  and  the 
Arve.  The  Savoyards  are  in  general  poor, 
and  many  of  them  emigrate  into  France, 
England,  and  other  countries.  This  coun- 
try was  subdued  by  the  French,  in  1792, 
and  made  a department  of  France,  under  the 
name  of  Mont  Blanc.  They  were  expelled 
by  the  Austrians  and  Russians  in  1799,  but 
regained  possession  in  the  following  year. 
Chaniberry  is  the  capital. 

SAVU,  an  island  in  the  Indian  ocean,  lo 
which  ibe  Dutch  have  a kind  of  exclusive 
trade.  Ii  is  26  miles  b ug.  and  very  fertile^ 
Lo. . i22  30  E,  lat  10  35  s. 

Saumngpvur,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Malwa,  Hindoostan,  42  miles  nne  of  Indore, 
aud  43  NE  of  Ongein. 

SauvBy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Gard,  France,  on  the  Vidoure,  i2  miles  sw 
ot  Alais. 

Sauveterre,  a town  in  the  department  of 
•the  Low'er  Pyrenees  France,  wnh  a castle 
in  Tains,  27  miles  wnw  of  Pau 

i.  P 


SmveierTey  a town  in  tho  department  of 
Ayeiron,  France,  15  miles  sw  of  Rodez. 

Sauveterre,  a town  in  t&e  department 
of  Gironde,  France,  28  miles  s&  of  Bour- 
deaux. 

SasCf  a town  and  bailiwick  of  Switzer- 
land, in  the  canton  of  Zurich,  with  a castle, 
14  miles  s of  Rheinick. 

Saor,  a town  in  Murcia,  Spain,  on  the  El- 
da,  on  the  frontiers  of  Valencia,  with  an 
ancient  citadel  on  the  top  of  a rock  in  the 
vicinity,  25  miles  wnw  of  Alicant,  and  42 
NNE  of  Murcia. 

Saxenburgy  a town  of  Carinthia,  Germa- 
ny, on  the  Drave,  has  a strong  pass,  and  three 
forts  near  it,  38  miles  w of  Clagenfurt. 
liOn.  13  12  B,  lat.  46  44  N. 

Saxmundhamy  a town  in  Suffolk,  con- 
taining about  400  inhabitants.  It  has  a 
weekly  market  on  Thursday,  and  two  annual 
fairs.  It  is  19  miles  ne  of  Ipswich,  and  89 
NE  of  London. 


Tilsit.  But  these  arrangements  are 
greatly  changed  by  the  overthrow  of  the 
imperial  government  in  France. 

SayhTooky  a town  and  fort  in  Middlesex 
county,  Connecticut,  seated  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Connecticut,  is  the  most  ancient  town 
in  the  state,  18  miles  w by  s of  New  Lon- 
don. Lon.  12  25  w,  lat.  41  20  n. 

one  of  the  islands  of  Japan, 
divided  from  Nipfaon  by  a narrow  channel. 
The  Dutch  factors  are  allowed  to  reside  in 
the  small  island  of  Disnia,  on  the  w side  of 
this.  Lon.  132  28  e,  lat.  34  0 n. 

Sayn,  a town  in  Westerwald,  Germany, 
on  the  Sayn,  near  its  junction  with  the  Rhine^. 
gives  name  to  a county,  six- miles  n of  Cob- 
leutz,  and  50  nw  of  Frankfort. 

SAYPAN,  one  of  the  most  pleasant  and' 
fertile  of  all  the  Ladrcne  islands,^  40  miles 
in  circuit,  and  has  a port  on  the  w side 
called  Cantanhitda.  Lon.  146  10  E,lat.  15. 
22  N. 


SAXONY,  UPPER,  one  of  the  circles  of 
the  German  empire,  bounded  on  the  n by 
Lower  Saxony  and  the  Baltic,  e by  Prussia, 
Poland,  and  Lusatia,  s by  Bohemia  and 
Franconia,  and  w by  the  circles  of  Upper  I 
Rhine  and  Lower  Saxony.  It  contains  the  | 
duchy  of  Saxony,  or  Saxony  Proper,  the 
margravate  of  Misnia,  the  landgravate  of 
Thuringia,  the  principalities  of  Brandenburg, 
Merseburg,  Nauburg,  Anhalt,  Coburg,  and 
Querfurt ; the  counties  of  Barby,  Mansfeld, 
Swartzburg,  Stolberg,  and  Hohenstein,  and 
the  duchy  of  Pomerania.  The  elector  of 
Saxony  is  the  director. 

SAXONY,  LOWER,  one  of  the  circles 
of  the  German  empire,  bounded  on  the  e and 
s^by  Upper  Saxony  and  the  circle  of  Upper 
Rhine,  w by  Westphalia  and  the  German 
ocean,  and  n by  Jutland  and  the  Baltic,  and 
contains  the  duchies  of  Magdeburg,  Bremen, 
Brunswick,  Luneburg,  Holstein,  Lauenburg, 
and  Mecklenburg ; the  principalities  of 
Halberstadt,  Ratzeburg,  Hildesheim,  and 
Lubec  ; and  the  cities  of  Hamburg,  Bre- 
men, Goslar,  Mul hausen,  and  Nordhausen. 
The  directors  of  this  circle  are  the  dukes 
of  Magdeburg,  Bremen,  and  of  Brunswick 
Lunenburg. 

SAXONY,  PROPER,  or  the  Electo- 
rate OF  Saxony,  in  the  circle  of  Upper 
Saxony,  is  divided  into  three  principal  parts  ; 
namely;  the  duchy  of  .Saxony,  of  which  Wit- 
tenberg^ is  the  capital ; Lusatia,  of  which 
Kautzen  is  the  capital ; and,  Misnia,  the  ca- 
pital of  which,  and  of  the  whole  electorate, 

[g*  Dresden.  It  is  about  75  miles  in  length, 
and  62  in  breadth,  is  cut  into  two  unequal 
parts  by  the  river  Elbe,  and  is  a very  fertile 
and  trading  country,  abounding  in  mines.  | 
Besides  this  duchy,  the  duke,  afterwards  ere-  I 
ated  by  Bonaparte  king  of  Saxony,  was  so- 
vereign of  Lusatia,  Misnia,  the  greatest  part 
of  Thuringia,  Voigtland,  with  part  of  the 
counties  of  Henneberg  and  Mansfeld,  toge-  | 
ther  vvith  other  cessions  from  Prussia,  both  I 
ia  Germany  and  Poland,  by  the  treaty  of ![ 


Scageriy  a town  in  N Jutland,  Denmark, 
at  the  entrance  of  the  passage  into  the  Cate- 
gat,  seated  on  a promontory  of  its  name.- 
Lon.  10  0 E,  lat.  57  38  N. 

Scaluy  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples.  It  is 
25  miles  se  of  Polieastro. 

Scalanom,  a sea  port  in  Natolia,  Asiatic 
Turkey,  has  a castle,  and  a trade  in  corn,, 
wine,  raisins,  and  leather,  40  miles  sse 
Smyrna.  Lon.  27  31  e,  lat.  37  54  n. 

Scalea,  a town  in  Cala,b;ia  Citra,  Naples,, 
on.  the  w coast,  now  much  decayed,  25- 
miles  SE  of  Polieastro.  Lon.  15  54  e,  lat* 
40  0 N. 

ScalifZy  or  Scala,  a town  of  Upper  Hun- 
gary, in  the  county  of  Poson,  on  tfe  March, 
50  miles  n of  Presburg.  Lon.  17  17  e,  lat, 

49  4 N. 

Scallowayj  a small  town  on  the  s coast 
of  the  Mainland  of  Shetland,  with  an  ex- 
cellent harbour,  in  Ion.  8 31  w,  lat.  60^ 

9 N . 

Scalpa,  a small  rocky  island  of  t}\r-  He^ 
brides,  lying  in  the  sound  between  life  isle 
of  Skye  and  the  main  land,  about  five  mileg^ 
long,  and  from  two  to  three  broad, 

Scalptty  FloiVySL  sea  s of  Pomona,  called 
by  some  the  Mediterranean  of  the  Orkneys, 

50  miles  in  circumference,  has  many  safe 
harbours  for  ships  of  any  burd^,  which  af- 
ford good  shelter  for  shipping. 

Scalpayy  a small  island  at  the  mouth  of 
Loch  Tarbet,  on  the  w side  of  Lewis,  with 
two  good  harbours  at  the  w end,  and  a light- 
house at  the  eastern  extremity. 

Scanderoon.  See  Alexandretta, 

Scania.  See  Schonen. 

Scar  Gy  or  ScareUy  a town  of  Sweden,  in 
West  Gothland,  66  miles  ne  of  Gottenburg. 

Scarbra,  a small  island  of  the  Hebrides, 
about  three  miles  long,  and  nearly  as  much 
broad,  lying  at  the  n end  of  Jura,  containing 
about  50  inhabitants. 

Scarboroiighy  a large  town  in  the  North 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  situated  on  a steep 
rock.  It  is  greatly  frequented  on  account 


I 


its  mineral  waters,  called  the  Scar- 1 
borough  Spa,  and  also  for  a sea  bathing. 
Scarborough  has  a good  harbour,  and  is  the  j 
best  port  for  vessels  to  fake  to  in  stress  of 
weather,  between  Newcastle  and  the  Hum- 
ber. It  is  governed  by  tw^o  bailiffs,  a re- 
corder, two  coroners,  and  36  burgesses,  who 
-elect  two  members  to  parliament.  On  the 
top  of  the  rock  is  a fine  plain,  with  a w'ell 
of  fresh  water,  and  the  ruins  of  a castle, 
built  by  Henry  II.  It  has  a battery,  and 
several  ship  j’ards.  It  possesses  a consider- 
able shipping  trade,  is  much  engaged  in  the 
fisheries,  and  has  a weekly  market  on  Thurs- 
day, and  an  annual  fair.  In  1811,  it  con- 
tained 6710  inhabitants.  It  is  36  miles  ne 
of  York,  and  214  of  London.  Lon.  0 10 
‘W,  lat.  54  18  N.  ^ 

Scarborough,  a town  and  fort  in  the 
island  of  Tobago,  in  the  West  Indies,  on  the 
SE  side  of  the  island.  The  English  took  it 
from  the  French  in  1793,  and  again  in  1803. 
Lon.  60  30  w,  lat.  11  6 N. 

Scardona,  a sea  port  of  Dalmatia,  Eu- 
ropean Turkfc’y,  seated  on  the  Cherca,  and 
Js  a Greek  bishop’s  see.  In  1537,  the 
Venetians  demolished  the  principal  build- 
ings and  foriifi-ations,  but  they  bavo  b^n 
since  repaired  by  the  Turks.  It  is  35  miles 
Nw  of  Spalatro.  Lon.  17  I £,  lat.  44 
29  N. 

Scarlino,  a towui  of  Tuscany,  on  the 
sea  cocist,  has  a castle,  five  miles  s of 
Massa. 

Scarp,  one  of  the  Harris  isles. 

SCARPANTO,  an  island  of  the  Archi- 
pelago, lying  sw  of  the  isle  of  Rhodes.  It 
3S  about  2^  miles  in  length,  and  eight  in 
breadth.  It  abounds  in  cattle  and  wild  j 
animals,  and  has  mines  of  iron,  quarries  of 
marble,  with  several  good  harbours.  It  is 
-subject  to  the  Turks,  but  the  inhabitants 
are  Greeks.  The  chief  town  on  the  w 
coast  has  a good  harbour.  Lon.  27  40  e, 
iat.  35  46  N, 

Scarpe,  a river  which  has  its  source  near 
Aubigrie,  France,  in  the  department  of  Pas 
de  Calais,  and  passing  by  Arras,  Douay, 
and  St  Amand,  unites  with  the  Scheldt,  at 
Mortagne.^ 

Scarperia,  a town  in  Tuscany,  famous 
for  its  steel  manufactures,  13  miles  n of 
Florence. 

Scarsdale,  ei  rich,  fruitful  tract  in  the  ne 
part  of  Derbyshire. 

Scauroy  the  capital  of  the  island  of  San- 
torim,  seated  on  a high  volcanic  rock,  which 
projects  into  the  road,  on  the  w coast  of  the 
Island.  It  is  the  see  of  a Latin  bishop. 
Lon.  25  27  E,  lat.  36  36  N. 

Schaffhameriy  a town  of  Switzerland,  ca- 
pital of  a canton  of  the  same  name,  seated 
on  the  Rhine,  at  the  interruption  of  the  navi- 
gation of  that  river  by  the  cataract  at  Lauf- 
fen.  The  fortifications  are  weak,  and  it  has 
DO  garrison,  though  a frontier  town.  It.** 
famous  hanging  bridge  over  the  Rhine,  which 
is  here  400  feet  wide,  was  burnt  by  the 


French  in  1799,  when  the  Austrians  compel- 
led  them  to  evacuate  the  town.  The  inha- 
bitants of  this  town  are  computed  to  be 
6000 ; but  the  number  of  citizens  or  bur- 
gesses is  about  1600.  The  town  > is  tolera- 
bly well  built.  It  is  22  miles  N by  E of 
Zurich.  Lon.  3 41  e,  lat.  47  39  n. 

Schaffhausen,  the  smallest  canton  of  Swit- 
zerland. It  is  but  five  leagues  in  lengt^ 
and  three  in  breadth.  The  retormed  religi- 
on was  introduced  here  in  1529,  and  the  re- 
ligion is  Calvinism*  The  principal  article 
of  exportation  is  wine.  The  population  of 
this  canton  is  estimated  at  30,000.  The 
principal  town  is  of  the  same  name. 

Schalholt,  a town  of  Iceland,  with  a col- 
lege. Lon.  22  20  w,  lat.  64  40  N. 

Schamachi,  a town  of  Persia,  capital  of 
Schirvaii,  surrounded  by  a wall  and  ditcb, 
seated  in  a plain,  on  the  Aksui.  It  has 
large  manufactories  of  silks  and  cottons; 
and  is  250  miles  ne  of  Tabris.  Lon.  48  30 
E,  lat.  40  20  N. 

Scharding,  or  Scherding,  a town  ana 
castle  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Inn,  seven  miles  s 
of  Passaw.  \ 

-Scharnitz,  a fortified  town  of  Austria,  in 
Tyrol,  which  defends  an  important  pass 
over  the  mountains,  seated  on  the  borders  of 
Bavaria.  It  surrendered  to  the  French 
and  Bavarians  in  1805  ; 12  miles  n of  Jn- 
spruck , 

SCHAUENBURG,  a small  territory  of 
Westphalia,  about  22  miles  in  length  mA 
10  in  breadth,  belonging  to  Hesse  Cassell 
It  contains 'much  fertile  land,  quarries  of 
limestone  and  ireestone,  and  mines  of 
alum,  copper,  and  iron.  Rintel  is  the 
capital. 

Schauensteiriy  a town  in  the  principality 
ot  Bayreuth,  Franconia,  18  miles  ne  of 
Cuimbach, 

Schaumburg,  a town  and  castle  of  Ger- 
many, which  gives  name  to  a lordship,  in 
the  circle  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  23  miles 
NNw  of  Mentz,  and  25  wsw  of  Wetzlar. 

Scheer,  a (own  of  Suabia,  capital  of  a 
principality  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Da- 
nube, 36  miles  sw  of  Ulm.  l^on.  9 24  B, 
lat.  48  5 N. 

Scheinberg,  a town  of  Misnia,  Upper  Sax- 
ony, has  mines  of  iron  and  silver,  22  miles  s 
of  Chemnitz. 

Scheldt,  a river  that  rises  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Aisne,  France,  flows  by  Cam  bray, 
Bouchain,  Valenciennes,  Conde,  Tour  nay, 
Oudenard,  Ghent,  Dendermond,  Antwerp, 
and  Fort  Lillo,  below  which  it  separates  in- 
to two  branches.  The  E Scheldt  runs  by 
Bergen  op  Zoom,  the  western  by  Flushings 
and  both  forming  several  islands  enter  the 
German  ocean.  It  gives  came  to  a new 
dep'^Timent  of  France,  of  which  Ghent  is  the 
capital. 

Schelestadt,  an  ancient  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Upper  Rhine,  trance,  on 
the  111,  20  miles  sw  of  Strasburgh. 

Schella,  a town  of  Upper  Hungary,  on 
P p 2 


the  Waag,  about  25  miles  ne  of  Pres- 
burg 

ScheVenberg,  a mine  town  of  Upper  Sax- 
ony, in  Misnia,  stands  on  the  Z^chopa,  and 
often  called  Augustusburg,  from  a castle 
near  the  town  on  tne  mountain  of  Schellen* 
berg,  eight  miles  y of  Chemnitz. 

SchalLenburg,  a fortre.-^s  of  Bavaria, 
where  ihe  French  and  Bavarians  were  de- 
feated by  the  allies,  in  1704  miles  w of 
Neuburg  and  22  w of  Ingo.stadt. 

Schellingy  an  isknd  o Holland,  at  (he 
entrance  o.  the  Ziiyder  Zee,  12  miles 
long,  and  three  broad.  Lon.  5 0 e,  lai.  ,53 
20  N. 

Schemnitz,  a town  of  Upper  Hungary, 
one  ot  the  seven  n ountain  towns,  with  three 
casties  In  the  viciciiy  is  a large  rock  ol 
shinii.g  blue  stone,  spotted  with  green  and 
yellow.  It  is  famous  for  mines  of  silver 
ai  d other  metals,  as  also  for  its  hot  baths. 
It  IS  80  miles  ene  ot  Presburg.  Lon.  18 
56  E,  lat  48  30  n. 

a fortress  in  Gelderland,  Holland. 
It  IS  highly  important,  as  the  centre  of  com- 
munieatioi)  between  Germany  and  Holland, 
and  stands  in  the  angle  een  the  Rhine 
and  the  Wahal,  13  mi  o s e of  Nimegueu, 

Schenectady.  See  Saenectady, 

■Schening,  a town  in  East  Gothland, 
Sweden,  in  a Uuitful  country,  eight  miles  se 
of  Wastena. 

ScheningeUy  a tow^n  in  the  duchy  of 
Brunswick,  Lower  .saxony.  In  the  vicinity 
is  a salt  mine,  and  a Lutheran  convent,  18 
miles  E of  Wolienbutiie. 

Scheppenstadt.  a towm  in  the  duchy  ot 
Brunswick,  Lower  Saxony,  12  miles  e of 
Woifenbuttie. 

Scher,  a town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Sucbia, seatea  on  the  Danube. 

Scherpenhuel.  See  Montaigne. 

Scheahurg,  a strong  town  ^4  Transylva- 
nia, has  a castle,  about  60  miles  ke  of  We- 
issenburg. 

Schiedam,  a town  of  Holland,  included 
in  the  laie  republican  department  of  Delft, 
on  a canal,  conimunicating  wiin  the  iVleuse, 
called  the  Schie,  six  miles  w by  s ot  Rot- 
terdam. 

Schievilbcin  a town  of  Brandenburg,  in 
(be  New  Mark  on  the  Rega,  with  a castle, 
17  miles  ^ of  Draumburg. 

Se/iilia^  a town  of  Upper  Hungary, 
in  the  country  oi  Neitra,  28  miles  e of 
Presbuig. 

Sc'uiitaeh,  a town  of  Suabia,  in  the  duchy 
of  iriemburg,  on  the  Schiltuch,  14  miles 
NNW  of  Rothweii. 

Schintznach,  a town  iu  the  canton  of 
Bern,  Switzerland,  on  the  Aar.  It  has 
some  warm  mi.ierol  springs,  and  in  the  vi- 
cinity I he  ruins  of  the  celebrated  castle  of 
Harsburg,  10  miles  w of  Baden,  and  20  se 
of  Basel. 

Schirasy  a large  and  famous  city  of  Per- 
and  capital  ol  Faisisida,  stands  at  the 
•extrtJoiiiy  of  au  extensive  plain^  surrounded 


on  all  sides  by  high  mountains,  and  wallet 
round,  has  six  gates,  and  round  towers  at 
80  paces  distant.  It  has  fine  mosques,  auj 
noble  buildings,  constructed  of  brick,  and 
plastered.  In  a large  garden,  on  the  mb 
side  ol  the  ciiy,  is  the  tomb  of  the  celebrated 
poet  Hafiz,  and  at  the  foot  of  the  moun- 
tains, in  the  same  direction,  is  the  tomb  of 
^iadi  Shiras.  It  was  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment in  the  reign  of  Kerim  Khan.  In  the 
neighbourhood  are  numerous  gardens  and 
summer  houses.  It  is  three  miles  in  length 
from  E to  w,  but  not  so  much  in  breadth. 
The  wines  of  Schiras  are  not  only  the  best 
in  Persia,  but  some  think,  in  the  whol© 
world.  It  is  50  miles  sw  of  the  funlous 
city  of  Persepolis,  and  290  s by  e of  Lspa- 
nan.  Lon.  52  44  e,  lat.  29  36  n. 

SCHIRVAN,  a province  of  Persia,  150 
miles  long  and  90  broad,  e of  Georgia,  oa 
the  Caspian  sea.  The  soil  is  fert  le,  pro- 
ducing abundance  of  rice,  wheat,  and  bar- 
ley, pasturing  numbers  of  cattle,  and  abound- 
ing with  bares  and  pheasants.  Shamacht  is 
the  capital. 

Schlackenwaldy  a tow^n  in  the  circle  of 
Saatz,  Bohemia,  with  a rich  tin  mine,  five 
miles  s of  Carlsbad. 

Schlackenwerthy  a town  of  Bohemia,  in 
the  circle  of  Saatz,  on  the  Weisseritz, 
with  a castle,  about  seven  miles  nne  of 
Carlsbad. 

I Schladen,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
H Idesheini,  Lower  Suxonv',  1 1 miles  nnb 
of  Goslar. 

Schlaiiy  d town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle 
of  Rakoniiz,  surrounded  by  walls  and  vine- 
yards, with  a castle.  It  is  16  miles  ne  of 
Rakonitz. 

Schlatuay  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Glogau,  Silesia,  on  the  frontiers  ol  Poland, 
18  miles  n of  Glogau. 

Schlawey  a town  of  I.ower  Pomerania,  on 
the  Wipper,  10  miles  wsw'  of  Stolpe. 

SchlesUidiy  a town  in  the  department 
of  Lower  Rhine,  France,  20  miles  s of 
Strasburg. 

Schleusingeny  a (own  of  Franconia,  in 
the  county  ot  Henneberg,  on  the  Scbleuss, 
with  a castle,  about  10  miles  se  of  Smal- 
kald. 

SehlitZy  a town  of  Germany,  in  the  bu 
shopric  of  Fulda,  on  a river  that  joins  the 
Fulda,  seven  miles  n:n>v  of  Fulda. 

SchlitZy  a town  in  Voigtland,  Upper  Sax- 
ony, with  a castle,  and  is  13  miles  nw  of 
Plauen. 

Schl7(sselhnrg,a  tow'n  aud  fortress  of  Rus- 
sia, situated  on  the  Neva,  near  lake  Ladoga. 
The  fortress,  which  has  often  been  used  as  a 
state  prison,  is  seated  on  an  i>land  in  the  ri- 
ver. It  is  36  miles  e of  Petersburg.  Lon. 
30  55  E,  lat.  59  55  n. 

Schlnsseljeldy  a town  in  the  principality 
of  Wurizhurg,  Franconia,  insulated  in  the 
province  of  Bamberg,  14  miles  wsw  of 
Bamberg. 

Schmalkaideh^  See  Smalkalden, 


Schmalenberg,  a town  in  the  dachy  of 
'Westphalia,  on  the  Lenne,  14  miles  e ol 
Alteudorn. 

Schmiedeberg^  a tow^n  of  Silesia,  in  Jaur, 
at  the  loot  of  u mountcsin,  near  the  source 
of  (he  Bauber.  The  environs  abound  in 
iron  ore,  and  almost  all  the  inhabitants 
are  smiths.  It  is  25  miles  wsvv  of  Schweid- 
uitz. 

Schmiedebergy  a town  in  Misoia,  Upper 
Saxony,  14  miles  s of  Dresden. 

Schmiedeberg , a town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
celebrated  tor  good  beer,  13  miles  s of 
Wittenberg. 

Schmollen,  a town  in  the  principality  ol 
Altenberg,  Upper  Saxony,  on  the  Sprotia, 
seven  rnilt  s sw  of  Aitenberg. 

Sehneebergy  a mine  town  of  Upper 
Saxony,  in  Misnia,  noted  for  manufactures 
of  thread,  silk,  and  go  d ana  silver  lace.  It 
is  situated  on  an  eminence,  nine  miles  sse  of 
Zwickau. 

Schohariy  a town  of  the  state  of  New 
York,  chief  of  t.  county  of  its  name,  seated 
on  the  Schoharie,  which  flows  n into  Mo- 
hawk river.  The  inhabitants  are  generally 
Dutch.  The  land  in  this  county  is  in  gene- 
ral fertile,  well  watered,  and  variegaied 
with  hills.  It  is  one  of  the  wealthiest  in- 
land farming  towns  in  the  state,  40  miles  w 
of  Albany  Lou.  T4  42  w,  lai.  42  40  n. 

Schonbecky  a town  and  castle  in  the 
duchy  of  Magdeburg,  Lower  Saxony,  on  the 
Elbe,  has  some  salt  works,  iO  miles  sse  of 
Magd"‘burg. 

Schoinbergy  a town  in  the  late  electorate 
of  Treves,  France,  15  miles  from  Lim- 
burg. 

Schonbergy  a town  and  castle  in  Ober 
land,  Prussia,  23  miles  esb  of  Marienwer- 
der. 

Schonechy  a town  in  Voigtland,  Upper 
Saxony,  15  miles  se  of  Plauen. 

Schonechy  a town  in  Prus.sian  Pomerania, 
belonging  to  the  knights  of  the  Teutonic 
order,  20  miles  s of  Dantzic. 

Schoncchen,  a town  in  the  electorate  of 
Treves,  France,  in  the  department  of  Sarre, 
seated  on  the  Ny  ms.  It  is  27  miles  n by  w 
of  Treves. 

SCHONEN,  or  Scania,  a province  of 
Sw’eden,  in  Gothland,  nearly  encircled  by 
the  Sound  and  the  Baltic.  It  is  about  78 
miles  long  and  50  broad,  and  is  a very  fer- 
tile country,  deemed  the  granary  and 
store  house  of  Sweden.  Lund  is  the  ca- 
pital. 

SchonjaUy  a town  of  Bavaria,  stands  on 
the  side  of  an  eminence,  by  the  Lech,  sur- 
rounded by  a plain  wall,  and  some  towers, 
with  three  marble  fountain's  in  the  great 
square,  14  miles  s of  Landsberg,  and  40  sw 
of  Munich. 

Schonoveny  a town  of  Holland,  in  the 
late  republican  department  of  Delft,  with 
a very  commodious  haven,  stands  on  the 
Lech,  and  is  famous  (or  its  gardens,  and  i 


salmon  fishery.  It  is  14  miles  b of  Rot- 
terdam. 

Schorndorcy  atowm  in  the  duchy  of  Wir- 
temberg,  Suabia,  on  the  Rems,  with  a strong 
castle, and  productive  suit  springs.  In  1790 
it  was  taken  by  the  French.  It  is  17  miles 
SE  of  Stulgard. 

SCHOD  TEN  ISLAND,  an  island  in  tb© 
South  Sea,  near  the  ne  coast  of  New  Gui- 
nea, flO  miles  long  and  20  broad.  It  was 
discovered  by  Schoutan,  a Dutchman,  in 
1016.  Lon.  135  25  e,  lat.  0 50  s. 

SCHOWEN,  an  island  of  Holland,  in  the 
N part  of  Zealand,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Scheldt  It  is  15  miles  long  and  six  broad. 
Zericzee  is  the  capital. 

Sclirattenthaly  a town  and  castle  on  the 
frontiers  of  Moravia,  Austria,  nine  miles  ssw 
cf  Ziiain. 

Schrobenhauseny  a towm  on  the  Par,  Ba- 
varia, 16  miles  ssw  of  Ingolstadt. 

SCHUT,  a large  island  of  Hungary,  40 
miles  long  and  12  broad,  on  the  Danube, 
just  below  Presburg.  It  abounds  in  wood, 
tish,  game,  herbage,  and  fruits,  Comorn 
and  Sumereiu  are  the  principal  towns. 

Schuyler y Forty  Oldy  and  NeWy  both  in  the 
state  of  New  York,  on  Mohawk  river,  the 
Old,  four  miles  below and  the  New,  seven 
miles  above  Whitestown.  The  laiter  is  al- 
so called  Fort  Stanvix. 

Schyler’s  LakOy  in  New  York,  JO  miles  w 
of  Lake  Orsego.  It  is  nine  miles  long  and 
four  or  five  broad. 

Schmjlkily  a river  of  Pennsylvania,  which 
rises  nw  cf  the  Kitta tinny  niounmins,  takes 
a SE  direction,  and  is  navigable  Irom  above 
Reading  to  its  entrance  into  the  Delaware 
three  miles  below  Philadelphia.  It  is  join- 
ed by  the  Little  Schuyikii  from  the  n,  at 
Reading. 

Schuabaehy  a tow’n  of  Franconia,  in  the 
principality  ot  Anspach,  on  a river  of  its 
name,  which  Itlls  into  the  Rcdnitz.  It  is  a 
populous  place,  with  numerous  manufac- 
tures, 12  miles  e by  n of  Auspach. 

Schwidbacky  a tow  n of  Germany^,  in  the 
county  of  Nassau,  circle  of  the  Upper 
Rhine,  seated  on  the  Aa,and  is  much  resort- 
ed to  for  its  mineral  waters,  nine  miles  n of 
Meiitz,  and  32  w of  Franklort. 

Schwalenburgy  a town  m the  comity  of 
Lippe,  Westphalia,  18  miles  xe  of  Pader- 
boru. 

Schican,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Meck- 
lenburg, Lower  Saxony,  on  the  Waruow,  10 
miles  N oi  Gustrow., 

Schwandorfy  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Neuburg,  Bavaria,  on  the  Nab,  21  miles  n 
of  Raiisbon. 

Sehwanenstadty  a town  of  Austria,  on  the 
Ager.  Here,  in  1800,  tne  French  obtained 
a decisive  victory  over  the  Austrians.  It  is 
25  miles  sw  of  Lintz. 

Schwartzburgy  an  ancient  castle  of  Up- 
per Saxony,  in  Thuringia,  v;hich  gives  name 
to  a county.  The  county  is  divided  into 


Upper  and  Lower,  of  which  Rudelstadt 
and  Saudersbausen  are  the  principal  towns. 
The  castle  stands  on  the  Schwanz,  seven 
fniles  sw  of  Rudelstadt,  and  2Z  se  ot 
Erfurt, 

Schwartzenburg,  a town  of  Franconia,  in 
« principality  ot  its  name,  on  the  Lee,  has  a 
castle,  24  miles  ese  of  Wurtzburg,  and  25 
Kw  of  Nuremburg. 

Schwarizenberg y a town  and  bailiwick  in 
the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  10  nitles 
SE  of  Fribnrg,  and  17  ssw  of  Bern. 

Schwartzenberg,  a town  in  Misnia,  Upper 
Saxony,  with  manufactures  of  wire  and 
lace.  In  the  environs  are  mines  of  lead  and 
tin,  and  iron  forges  10  miles  wsw  of  Anna- 
berg. 

Schwatz,  a town  in  the  Tyrol,  German}^, 
on  the  Inn,  has  a silver  and  copper  mine,  14 
miles  NE  of  Inspruck. 

Scliwedty  a town  in  the  Ucker  Mark, 
Brandenburg,  on  the  Oder,  with  a magni- 
licent  castle,  24  miles  sp:  of  Prenzio. 

SchweidnitZy  a town  of  Silesia,  capital  of 
a province  of  the  same  name,  with  a castle, 
on  an  eminence,  by  the  Weistritz,  Most  of 
the  inhabitants  are  Protestants,  who  have  a 
church  without  the  town,  also  a public 
school,  but  half  of  the  magistrates  are  Ca- 
tholics. The  greatest  part  of  the  city  was 
destroyed  by  fire  in  1716,  but  was  elegantly 
rebuilt.  In  1757,  the  Austrians  took  it  from 
the  Prussians,  who  retook  it  next  year. 
Here  are  manufactures  of  all  kind  of  lea- 
ther, 22  miles  sw  of  Breslau.  Lou.  16  32 
E,  lat.  50  44  N. 

Sehiveiiifurty  a free  and  late  imperial 
town  ol  Franconia,  seated  on  the  Maine. 
It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1796,  and 
ceded  as  indemnity  to  Bavaria,  in  1802. 
The  inhabitants  carry  on  a great  trade  in 
woollen  and  linen  cloth,  goose  quills,  and 
leathers.  It  is  21  miles  ne  of  Wurtburg, 
and  25  w of  Bamberg.  Lou.  10  35  e,  lat. 
<50  6 N. 

Schweinitz,  a town  on  the  Elster,  in  the 
Aueby  of  Saxony,  14  miles  se  of  Witten- 
berg. 

Schweinsbergy  a town  in  Upper  Hesse, 
Germany,  on  the  Oiim,  seven  miles  se  of 
Marburg. 

SCHWEITZ,  a canton  of  Switzerland, 
bounded  on  the  n by  the  cantons  of  Zurich 
and  Zug,  e by  that  of  Glarus,  s by  that  of 
Uri,  and  w by  the  Walstadter  See.  This 
canton,  with  that  of  Uri  and  Underwalden, 
threw  off  the  yoke  of  Austria,  January  13, 
1308,  and  in  1315  formed  a perpetual  alli- 
ance, which  laid  the  foundation  of  the  Hel- 
vetic republic.  The  whole  country  being 
naturally  rugged  and  barren,  is  more  adap- 
ted to  pasturage  than  corn,  but  it  has  been 
greatly  improved  by  its  industrious  peasantry. 
The  name  of  Schwetzerland,  or  Switzer- 
land, which  originally  comprehended  only 
these  three  cantons,  was  afterward  extended 
to  all  Helvetia.  The  governments  of 
Schweitz  and  Uri  were  democratical.  They 


contain  50,000  people.  The  same  kind  of 
soil  and  the  same  productions  are  commoa 
to  the  two  cantons.  The  Romish  religion 
is  exclusively  established. 

Schweitz y a town  of  Switzerland,  capital 
! of  the  abone  canton,  18  miles  e by  s of  Lu- 
I cern.  Lon. .8  31  e,  lat.  46  56  n. 

I Schweitz,  Lake  of.  See  Waldstadter 
! See. 

Schwehn,  a town  in  the  county  of  Mark, 
Westphalia,  has  mineral  springs  in  its  vici- 
nity, 28  miles  e of  Dusseldorf. 

SchwertHy  a town  of  Germany,  capital  of 
the  duchy  of  Mecklenburg  Schwerin.  It  is 
divided  into  four  parts,  viz.  Schwerin,  the 
New  Town,  the  island  of  Schelf,  and  the 
Moor,  which  are  all  nearly  encircled  by  tbe 
lake.  The  ducal  palace  and  gardens  stand 
on  an  island  in  the  lake,  and  communicate 
with  the  town  by  a draw-bridge.  The  prin- 
cipal church  is  a fine  Gothic  stru-  ture,  with 
a lofty  spire.  Schwerin  was  formerly  the 
seat  of  a count,  and  the  title  still  belongs  to 
the  dukes  of  Mecklenburg.  It  is  35 
miles  wsw  of  Gustrow  * Lon.  11  33  e,  lat. 
53  48  N. 

Schwerte,  a town  in  tbe  county  of  Mark, 
Westphalia,  on  the  Roer,  seven  miles  s of 
Uortniund. 

SchwetZy  a town  and  castle  in  Prussian 
Pomerania,  on  the  Vistula,  seven  miles  n of 
Culm, 

Schwiebussefiy  a town  of  Silesia,  capital 
of  a Circle  of  the  same  name,  belonging  to 
the  principality  of  Glogau,  insulated  by 
Poland  and  the  New  Mark  of  Brandenburgs 
It  has  a castle,  a Protestant  church,  a Ca- 
tholic church,  good  cloth  manufactures,  and 
fertile  vineyards.  It  is  13  miles  n of  Zul- 
iicbau.  Lon.  15  47  e,  lat.  52  21  n. 

Schwinburgyix  town  of  Denmark,  on  the 
s coast  of  the  island  of  Funen,  has  a good 
harbour,  and  woollen  and  linen  manufac- 
tures,23  miles  ese  of  Odensee.  Lcn.  10  30 
E,  lat.  55  10  N. 

Sciacca.  See  Xacca. 

Sc«a ^f,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago,  14 
miles  NNE  of  Negropout,  10  miles  long  and 
four  broad,  near  the  entrance  of  the  gulf  of 
Salouichi.  Lon.  23  40  e,  lat.  39  24  n. 

Scieliy  or  Sichiliy  a town  in  Val  di  Noto, 
Sicily,  county  of  Modica,  in  a fruitful  plain, 
surrounded  by  hills,  22  miles  w by  s of 
Nolo. 

Sc4lly,  a village  in  Cork,  Munster. 

Sciglio  yd  town  in  Calabria,  Ultra,  Naples, 
on  a rocky  promontory,  called  Cape  Sciglio, 
or  Scylla.  Here,  in  1783,  tbe  sea  was 
driven  three  miles  inland  by  an  earthquake, 
and  on  its  reflux  swept  off  the  prince  of 
Sciglio,  and  2473  of  tbe  inhabitants,  who 
were  on  the  Scylla  strand,  or  in  boats  near 
the  shore,  10  miles  m by  e of  Reggio. 

SC  ILLY,  a cluster  of  islands  and  rocks 
which  lie  almost  10  leagues  w of  the  Land's 
End,  in  Cornwall,  and  are  easily  discerned 
from  it.  Of  these,  only  six  are  inhabited, 
and  in  1810  contained  2375  persons  ; the 


s c r 

^hers  feed  many  sheep,  and  abound  with 
sea  fowl  and  rabbits.  The  inhabitants  prin- 
cipally subsist  by  fishing,  burning  kelp,  and 
acting  as  pilots.  The  chief  of  tne  islands  is 
St.  Mary's,  which  is  three  miles  long  and 
two  broad,  and  has  a good  port  containing 
more  inhabitants  than  all  the  rest  put  toge- 
ther. Here,  and  in  some  of  the  rest  are  a 
Druidical  temple,  and  the  remains  of  anci- 
ent sepulchres,  Ou  St.  Agnes  is  a light- 
house 51  feet  high.  On  the  outmost  extre- 
mity of  St.  Martin  is  a sea  mark  built  with 
rock  stone.  The  Scilly  rocks  have  been 
destructive  to  a number  of  ships  entering  the 
channel.  One  of  the  most  disastrous  acci- 
dents of  this  kind  occurred  in  1707,  when 
three  men  of  war,  and  admiral  Sir  Clou- 
desly  Shovel,  and  all  their  crews  perished. 
St.  Agnes  light  house  in  Ion.  6 19  w,  lat. 
49  54  N. 

SCILLY,  a group  of  islands  or  shoals  in 
the  South  Pacific  ocean,  discovered  by  cap- 
tain Wallace  in  1767  and  described  as  very 
dangerous,  Lon.  155  30  w,  lat.  16  28  s. 

SCIO,  or  Chio,  one  of  the  most  beauti- 
ful and  celebrated  islands  of  the  Archipelago, 
near  the  coast  of  Natolia,  kw  of  Samos.  L 
is  36  miles  in  length  and  13  in  breadth;  a 
mountainous  and  pleasant  country,  there 
being  fruits  of  various  kinds  growing  in  the 
fields,  such  as  pomegranates,  mulberries, 
olives,  citrons,  and  oranges,  interspersed 
with  myrtles  and  jessamines.  They  have  a 
trade  in  wines  and  silks.  They  have  also 
a small  commerce  m wool,  cheese,  and  figs, 
but  the  island  is  principally  distinguished  by 
the  profitable  culture  of  mastic.  The  wine 
of  Scio,  so  much  celebrated  by  the  ancients, 
is  still  held  in  great  repute.  The  island  was 
taken  from  the  Turks  by  the  Genoese  in 
1566.  It  contains  the  town  of  its  name,  and 
68  villages,  all  inhabited  by  Greeks.  The 
population  is  estimated  at  60,000  Greeks, 
4000  Turks,  and  2000  Latins 

Scio,  a sea  port  and  capital  of  the  island 
of  its  name,  is  large,  pleasant,  and  the  best 
built  of  any  in  the  Levant.  The  streets  are 
paved  with  flint  stones.  The  castle  is  an 
old  citadel,  built  by  the  Genoese,  in  which 
there  is  a Turkish  garrison.  The  harbour 
of  Scio,  protected  by  a low  mole,  and  has 
two  light  houses,  is  the  rendezvous  of  all 
shipping  that  go  to  or  come  from  Constan- 
tinople, and  will  bold  a fleet  of  80  vessels. 
The  town  stands  on  the  e side  of  the  island, 
67  miles  w of  Smyrna.  Lon.  26  12  e,  lat. 
38  26  N. 

Scioto,  a river  of  the  state  of  Ohio, 
which  rises  near  the  source  of  the  Sandusky, 
a boatable  water  of  lake  Erie,  and  running 
s enters  the  Ohio,  300  miles  below  Pitts- 
burg. It  is  navigable  by  barges  150  miles, 
and  by  boats  to  its  source,  whence  there 
is  a portage  of  only  four  miles  to  the  San- 
dusky. 

Scipio,  capital  of  Onondago  county,  New 
York^  on  the  e side  of  Cayuga  lake,  95 


SCO 

miles  w of  Cooperstown.  Lon.  76  52"  Wy 
lat.  42  44  N. 

SCIRO,  or  SciRos,  an  island  of  the 
chipelago,  w of  Melelin,  15  miles  long  and 
eight  broad.  It  is  a mountainous  coimtry. 
but  affords  corn  and  wood  for  the  inhabi- 
tants. The  vine  is  the  chief  ornament  of 
the  island,  and  the  wine  is  excellent.  The 
village  and  convent  of  St.  George  of  which 
there  are  no  more  in  the  place,  are  built  on 
a conical  rock . The  inhabitants  are  G reeks, 
10  miles  from  the  harbour  of  St  George* 
Lon.  24  38  e,  lat.  38  54  n, 

Scituate,  a town  of  Rhode  island.  Provi- 
dence county,  with  a foundary  for  bells  and 
cannon  in  the  vicinity,  1 1 miles  ssw  of  Pro- 
vidence, and  27  nw  of  Newport. 

Scituate,  a town  in  Plymouth  county, 
Massachusetts,  luis  a harlxiur  on  Massachu- 
setts bay,  15  miles  n of  Plymouth. 

SCLA  VONIA,  a country  of  Europe,  be- 
tw^een  the  rivers  Save,  Drave,  and  Danube, 
bounded  on  the  w by  Croatia.  It  is  divided 
into  six  counties,  and  belongs  to  the  house  of 
Austria.  It  was  formerly  called  a king- 
dum,  and  is  not  above  45  miles  in  breadth, 
but  is  150  in  length  Irom  the  confluence  of 
the  Danube  and  the  Save  to  Croatia.  The 
eastern  part  is  called  Ratzia,  and  the  in- 
habitants Rasciaus.  These  form  a particu- 
lar nation,  and  are  of  the  Greek  church* 
The  ancient  Sclavonia,  according  to  some, 
extended  from  the  Adriatic  to  the  Euxinfr 
sea,  and  had  its  name  from  the  Sclavi,a 
Scythian  nation,  who  conquered  Greece  and 
this  couniry  in  the  reign  of  Justinian, 
The  language  of  Sclavonia  is  the  mother  of 
those  of  Hungary,  Bohemia,  Poland,  and 
Russia. 

Scone,  or  Seoon,  a parish  and  village  in 
Perthshire,  on  the  n bank  of  the  Tay.  Here 
stood  an  ancient  royal  palace,  and  also  an 
abbey  founded  in  1143,  the  repository  of  the 
famous  stone  chair  on  which  the  kings  of 
Scotland  were  crowned,  since  conveyed  to 
Westminster  Abbey  by  Edward  I.  of  Eng- 
land. The  only  part  of  these  edifices  which 
! remains  is  the  church  in  which  the  kings 
were  crowned.  In  the  aisle  are  two 
grand  marble  monuments  ; the  one  to  the 
memory  of  the  first  Viscount  Stormont,  the 
other  to  that  of  the  late  lady  Hansfield, 
Near  the  church  is  an  enainence  called  the 
hill  of  Justice,  w of  the  abbey  is  Scoon- 
House,  the  magnificent  mansion  of  the  earl 
of  Mansfield.  At  Scoon,  king  Charles  II. 
swore  and  subscribed  the  national  covenant 
of  Scotland,  and  the  solemn  league  and 
covenant  of  the  three  nations,  Scotland, 
England,  and  Ireland;  for  the  speedy  and 
contemptuous  violation  of  which, , and  the 
cruel  persecution  of  presbyterians,  during 
his  reign,  his  name  will  be  handed  down 
with  infamy,  to  the  latest  posterity.  This 
village  is  about  a mile  E from  the  palace, 
and  one  and  a- ha  If  n by  w of  Perth,  and 
contains  about  500  ichabituhts.  The  j'ansii 


SCO 

contains  about  4000  acres.  The  soil,  near 
the  river,  is  a strong  clay,  but  in  other  parts 
it  is  partly  light  and  gravelly,  and  partly  a 
rich  loam.  At  Stormont  Field  is  a cotton 
work,  and  an  extensive  bleachfield.  The 
peasant  Hay,  ancestor  of  the  earls  of  Er- 
rol who  signalized  himself  at  the  battle  of 
Luncarty,  and  the  late  earl  of  Mansfield, 
chief  justice  of  the  court  of  Kiug^s  Bench 
were  natives  of  this  parish.  Population 
about  1670. 

Scoonisy  a parish  in  Fifeshire,  sometimes 
called  Leven,  from  the  village  lying  at  the 
raouth  ot  the  river  of  the  same  name.  (See 
Leven.)  It  is  about  five  miles  long  and  two 
broad,  lying  on  the  n side  of  the  Frith  of 
Forth.  Population  about  1631.  Here,  in 
the  ninth  century,  a battle  was  fought  be- 
tween the  Scots  and  Danes, 

ScopelOy  an  island  of  the  Archipelago,  10 
miles  long  and  three  broad,  five  miles  e of 
Sciati.  Lou.  23  50  E,lat.  30  20  n.  ^ 

Scopia,  or  Uskiub,  a town  of  European 
Turkey,  in  Macedonia,  and  an  archbishop's 
see,  situated  on  the  Vardar,  over  which  is  a 
bridge  of  12  arches.  It  is  famous  for  its 
manufacture  of  Morocco  leather,  67  miles 
wsw  of  Sophia,  90  e of  Scutari,  and 
170  Nvw  of  Salouica.  Lon.  21  15  b,  lat. 
42  40  N. 

Scotch  Plains y a village  in  Essex  county, 
New  Jersey,  on  a ne  branch  of  (he  Rariton, 
1 1 miles  w of  Elizabethtown. 

SCOTLAND,  or  North  Britain,  the 
most  northern  of  the  two  kingdoms  into 
which  the  island  of  Great  Britain,  was 
formerly  divided.  It  is  bounded  on  the  w 
by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  on  the  n by  the 
North  Sea,  on  the  E by  the  German  ocean, 
on  the  sE  by  England,  and  on  the  sw  by  the 
Irish  sea.  To  Scotland  also  appertain  the 
islands  on  its  w coast,  called  the  Hebrides, 
or  Western  islands,  and  those  to  the  ne, 
called  the  Orkney  and  Shetland  islands. 
From  N to  s,  that  is,  from  Cape  Wrath  in 
Siitherlandshire,  to  the  Mull  of  Galloway, 
in  Wigtonshire,  Scotland  extends  about  300 
miles.  Its  greatest  breadth,  from  Apple- 
cross  in  Ross-siiire  to  Peterhead  in  Aber- 
deenshire, is  about  150  miles;  but  in  some 
places  It  is  not  above  40.  Scotland  is 
estimated  to  contain  an  area  of  27,784 
miles ; which,  by  the  report  lately  made  to 
the  board  of  Agriculture,  comprehended 
12,151,171,  acres  of  cultivated  and  J 4 ,2 1 8,224 
acres  of  uncultivated  lands.  The  remainder 
of  the  surface  is  composed  of  lakes  and 
rivers.  Scotland  seems  to  be  naturally 
divided  by  its  friths  and  lakes,  or  lochs,  into 
three  large  tracts  or  districts.  The  North 
division  is  formed  by  a chain  of  lakes, 
which  cross  the  country  from  the  frith  of 
Murrey,  to  the  island  of  Mull,  in  a direction 
from  NE  to  sw.  The  middle  division  is 
bounded  on  the  s by  the  friths  of  Forth  and 
Clyde,  and  the  great  canal  by  which  (hey 
are  united  ; and  on  the  s side  of  this  boun- 
dary is  the  South  division.  The  x division 


SCO 

Is  chiefly  an  assemblage  of  vast  dreaT|* 
mountains  ; not,  however,  without  many 
fertile  valleys  oh  the  n and  e shores.  The 
Middle  division  is  traversed,  in  different 
directions,  by  many  great  ranges  of  moun- 
tains ; and  though  cultivation  here  is  more 
flourishing,  especially  on  the  e shore,  yet 
of  this  division,  as  well  as  of  the  former,  it 
may  be  observed  that  the  arable  land  bears 
but  a small  proportion  to  the  inountaiuous 
and  barren  tracts.  However  the  e coa.st  of 
the  mid-division,  and  the  whole  of  the  s has 
a great  resemblance  to  England  and  with 
respect  both  to  the  general  aspect  of  the 
country,  and  to  the  progress  of  cultivation 
exhibits  every  kind  of  rural  variety.  The 
principal  ranges  of  mountains  in  Scotland, 
are  the  Grampians,  ihe  Lammermuir,  the 
Ochills  and  the  Chievot.  Some  of  the 
mountains  are  of  great  elevation  ; the 
highest  is  Bennevis,  which  is  4370  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea.  The  principal  rivers 
are  the  Spey,  Don,  Tay,  Tweed,  Clyde, 
Forth,  the  N Dee,  the  Esk,  Annan,  Niih, 
and  S Dee,  &c.  and  the  lochs,  or  lakes  are 
numerous  and  extensive.  The  climate  is 
very  various.  The  northern  extremity, 
which  is  in  the  same  latitude  with  some 
parts  of  Norway,  is  extremely  cold  ; but 
the  frosts  are  far  from  being  so  intense  here 
as  in  those  parts  of  the  continent  equally 
as  far  to  the  x.  For  this  advantage  Scot- 
land is  indebted  to  an  insular  situation.  Its 
w coast  is  subject  to  frequent  rains  in  sum- 
mer, and  to  sudden  changes  of  weather, 
in  many  places  on  the  eastern  shore,  and  in 
the  whole  South  division,  the  climate  is  not 
inferior  to  the  North  part  of  England  : and 
in  general,  the  air  of  Scotland  is  very  heal- 
thy. The  principal  products  of  the  country 
are  grain,  flax,  hemp,  hay,  and  in  general 
all  the  sorts  of  crops  which  are  named  in 
the  southera  parts  of  the  island,  woods  of 
oak  and  fir,  coal,  lead,  iron,  coi  per,  anti- 
mony, oobalt,  bismuth,  manganese,  mercury, 
Iree-stone,  iime-stone,  slate,  ihe  most  beau- 
tiful marble,  fine  rock  chrystals,  variegated 
pebbles,  pearls,  sapphires,  rubies,  and  most 
of  the  gems  and  precious  stones.  Scotland 
feeds  vast  herds  of  cattle  and  flocks  of 
sheep.  Within  (he  last  40  years,  agricul- 
ture has  made 'rapid  progress  all  over  the 
lowland  district,  and  in  some  places  is  in  a 
higher  state  than  in  almost  any  pan  of  (he 
British  empire.  Its  progress  is  greatly 
facilitated  by  a total  exemption  from  tythes. 
Among  the  wild  animals  are  the  roe,  stag, 
fox,  badger,  otter,  hedge  bog.  rabbit,  weasel, 
mole,  and  other  sme  11  quadrupeds.  Among 
file  feathered  race,  are  the  capercailzie,  or 
cock  of  the  wood,  the  eagl  . falcon,  par- 
tridge, quail,  snipe,  plover,  black  cock,  and 
grouse,  <fec.  The  fisheries  in  surround- 
ing seas,  and  in  the  rivers  are  remarkably 
productive.  The  inhabitants  of  Scotland 
me  y be  divided  into  two  great  classes,  the 
Highlanders  and  Lowlanders.  The  former 
occupy  the  uerthern  and  wesleru  parts  of 


4 


SCO 

t\ie  country,  the  latter  the  eastern  and  sou-  j 
them.  The  language  of  the  Highlands  is  a 
species  of  the  Celtic  called  Gaelic,  or  Krse  ; 
the  Lowlanders  speak  a low  dialect  of  the 
Eufflish.  They  are  both  very  much  ad-  I 
mired  ; the  one  for  its  beauty  and  sublimity,  j 
and  the  other  for  its  strength,  poetical  bar- | 
Biouy,  and  simplicity.  'For  the  character 
of  the  Highlanders,  see  Highlands.  The 
■Lowlanders  are  in  general  sober  and  indus- 
-frious,  and  to  the  virtues  of  the  Highlanders,  j 
and  those  accomplishments  which  superior  | 
education,  and  a more  enlarged  intercourse 
with  the  world  produce.  The  established  i 
^eli-ioD,  is  the  Presbyterian;  there  are  | 
fbu?  Ecclesiastical  courts ; the  General 
assembly,  consisting  of  commissioners  trom 
presbyteries,  from  whose  decision  there  lies 
Eo  appeal ; ProvincMl  Synods,  composed  , 
of  a number  of  presbyteries ; Presbyteries,  \ 
composed  of  a number  of  parishes  ; apd,  i 
lastly,  the  Kirk  Session,  composed,  of  the 
minister,  elders,  and  deacons  ot  every  j 
jiarisb.  The  number  of  parish,  miiqisters  is  | 
U3(),  of  presbyteries  78,  and  of  sypods  |4.  | 
besides ‘the  established  churches,  there  is  a | 
.number  of  other  deuotniriutions,  Phe  | 
^eceders  from  the  established  c^fch  are  t 
the  most  numerous,  and  are  known  by  the  | 
names  of  Antiburghers,  and  Hurg hers,  the  | 
reformed  presbytery,  and  relieyers  ; all  of  | 
whom  adhere  strictly’  to  the  Presbyterian  i 
form  of  church  government.  They  rQ» 
spectively  hold  presbyteries  and  synods  of 
their  own.  'p he  Roman  catholics  are  not 
numerous  in  ‘ proportion  to  tht^  population, 
even  in  tlje  places  "where  they  wake  the 
greatest  figure,  except  in  a few  highland  dis- 
tricts. There  are  episcopal  chapels  in  the 
pfinci'pal  towns,  and  ip  a few  places  of 
ihferior  note.  The  Independents,  Baptists, 
and  Moravians  are  few  in  number.  There 
axe  schoolmasters  for  every  parish,  with 
comfortable  salaries  ; and  in  most  of  the 
large  towns,  well  conducted  academies. 
There  are  four  universities,  St.  Andrews ; 
Aberdeen ; Edinburgh ; and  GUisgow. 
From  these  opportunities  of  education,  the 
Scotch  are  almost  universally  well  inform- 
ed, and  have  distinguished  themselves  in 
every  departpient.  of  literature.  The  trade 
of  Scotland  has  greatly  increased  since  the  . 
union.  An  eT%tensive  intercourse  is  parried  ' 
on  with  the  West  Indies,  America,  and  the 
BaltioJ  Their  fisheries  extend  front  their 
owp  coasts  to  Greeulapd  ; and  in  the  curing 
of  fish,  the  Scotch  stand  in  high  estiniatiop, 
fhe  chief  manufactures  are  linen  and 
cotton.  The  real  rent  is  now  abpye 
3,000,0001,  StevUng.  The  population  in 
1801,  was  1,604,720,  and  within  46  years 
preceding  had  increased  849,446,  and  in  1 8 1 1 , 
1,805,688.  Scotland  is  represented  in  parlia- 
ment, by  16  peers,  and  45  Commonerg.  The 
only  officers  of  State  retained  since  the  union, 
are  the  Lords  Privy  Seal,  Register, 
cate,  and  Justice  Clerk.  The  highest  civil 
court  is  the  court  of  session,  composed  of  a 
. No,  26— Qd, 


S C Y 

president.,  and  1 4 ordinary  lords.  This  courl 
now  coDsists  of  two  divisions,  which  re- 
spectively ln*ar  causes  and  give  decisions. 
The  trial  by  jury  iu  certain  civil  causes  has 
lately  been  intjoduced  into  Scotland,  as  an 
appeEitage  to  the  court  of  ses.sion.  An 
appeal  in  all  cases  jlies  from  the  court  of 
.-session  to  the  house  of  peers.  There  are 
sis  inferior  courts,  ffom  all  which  appeals, 
lie,  viz.  the  admir/ility,  commissary,  sheriff, 
burgh,  baronial,  and  justice  of  the  peace 
courts.  There  is  a court  of  Justiciary,  for 
the  trial  of  cr.Jiiiinal  cases,  it  is  composed 
of  the  lore}  justice  general.  Lord  justice 
clerk,  and  l^ve  other  judges,  nominated  froin 
the  lords  of  session.  There  is  algo  a court 
of  Exchequer  as  in  England,  Scotland  is 
politically  divideil  into  33  counties,  namely 
Shetland  and  Orkney,  Bute,  Caithness, 
Siitiierland,  Ross,  Crqmarty,  Nairn,  Inver- 
ness, Murray,  Ilanff,  Aberdeen,  Kincardine, 
Angus,  Perti),  Fife,  Kinross,  Clackmannan, 
Stirling;!  Dumbarton,  Argyll,  Renfrew,  Ayr, 
Wigtoii,  Kirkcudb*'iG;iit,  /Dumfries,  Rox-^ 
burgh,  Selkirk  J Peebles,  Lanark,  Linlith^ 
gow,  Edinburgh,  Haddington,  and  Rerwjck, 
Edinburgb  is  the  capital. 

Scrub  Island,  one  of  the  snutller  Virgin 
island?;.  Lon.  62  57  w,  lat.  18  25, 

Scutari,  a large  and  populous  town  of 
Turkey  in  P^urope,  capital  of  a pachalic, 
and  a bishop^s  see,  ip  Upper  Albania,  seated 
on  the  lake  Labeatis,  near  the  river  Bojana, 
its  outlet.  It  hqs  four  suburbs,  and  carries 
on  a considerable  trade.  The  principal 
manufacture  is  ]\|orocco  leather ; 20  miles 
NE  of  Antivari,  and  64  N by  w of  Durazzo, 
Lon.  18  6 E,  Itvt.  42  n. 

Scutari,  a large  and  handsome  town  of 
Turkey  ip  4-ia,  in  Natolia,  with  a well 
frequented  harbour,  situated  on  the  £ side, 
of  Cqnstantinoule,  and  is  considered  a suburb 
of  that  city.  It  is  in  the  form  of  an  amphi- 


theatre,  and  presents  to  the  view  a ipixtnre 
of  trees,  houses,  mosques,  and  miparets.  It 
i§  a rendezvous  to  the  caravans  of  Asia  i 
and  has  some  manufactures  of  silk  and 
cotton.  In  its  extensive  burying  grounds, 
shaded  with  lofty  cypresses,  ax©  iut©xr©d 
the  rich  Turks  ol  Constantinople,  who  con- 
sider Asia  as  the  land  of  the  true  believers, 
and  suppose  that  Europe  in  the  course  of 
time  will  fall  into  the  hands  of  Christians, 
and  be  trodden  by  infidels,  Scutari  is  one 
milp  K of  Cppstantinople. 

Scylla,  a ropk  near  the  Faro  of  Messina, 
on  tile  coast  of  Cglabria,  opposite  the  cele-, 
brafed  Charyhdis.'  The  rock  itself  is  near 
2Q8  feet  high.  There  is  a kiiid  of  castfe 
pr  fort  QU  it.s  summit ; and  tbe  little  town  of 
Scylla  or  Sciglio,  containing  300  or  400 
inbabitants,  stands  on  its  s side,  and  give« 
the  title  of  prince  to  a Calabrese  lamily. 
I’t  js  the  famous  Scylla  ot  the  ancient  poets, 
but  does  not  come  up  to  the  description  of 
Homer,  por  is  the  passagt?  so  narrow  anef 
dangerous,  as  he  represents  it.  The  promon* 
lory  is  sometimes  ca.lle.1  Cape  Sciglio. 


S E B 


S E O 


Seajord^  a sexi  port  of  Sussex,  one  of  the  ii 
Cinque  Ports,  but  its  market  is  now  disused.  |j 
Its  forts  are  in  a state  of  defence,  it  is  re-  ! 
presented  in  pariianieut  by  two  barons,  has  ! 
little  sea  trade  but  fishing,  though  it  has  a | 
cumbrous  revenue  establishment.  It  is  ! 

verned  by  a bailifl*.  jurats,  dia*.  ; and  con-  | 
tains  about  940  inhabitants,  and  has  fairs  ! 
March  1 0th,  and  July  iJ.5th.  It  is  eight  | 
miles  ssE  of  Lewes,  and  60  sby  e of  London. 
Lon.  0 10  E,  lat.  .50  oO  N.  j 

Seaton,  See  Portseaton,  | 

SeatoUy  a fishing  village  in  Ross-shire,  j 
containing  about  380  inhabifirits.  | 


Seatouy  a town  of  Cumberland,  near 
Workington,  famous  for  its  iron  works. 

SEBACO,  an  island  on  the  w coast  of 
JMesico,  12  miles  >;  of  Point  Mariat. 

SFJIARA,  a province  on  the  n coast  of 
Brazil,  watered  by  the  Serara.  Its  capital, 
of  the  same  name,  stands  on  a hill,  near 
the  river,  and  is  defended  by  a fort ; the 
liarbour  is  large,  but  not  of  sullicient  depth 
for  large  vessels,  it  is  also  protected  by  a 
fort.  Lou.  39  29  w,  lat.  3 31s. 

Sebastiiiy  a town  of  Syria  in  Palestine, 
the  remains  of  the  ancient  city  of  Samaria, 


34  miles  nxe  of  Jerusalem.  i 

SebastiaUf  St,  a town  of  Spain,  in  the 
jirovince  and  capital  of  Guipuscoa,  with  a j| 
good  and  well  frequented  harbour,  secured  j| 
by  two  moles,  and  a narrow  eutrauoe.  The  | 
town  is  defended  by  a double  witU,  and  j 
fortified  toward  the  sea.  It  carries  on  a I 
great  trade,  and  is  so  populous,  that  several 
families  are  obliged  to  live  in  the  same 
house.  Their  greatest  trade  consists  in 
iron  and  steel,  they  also  deal  in  wool,  j 
which  comes  from  Old  Castile.  It  was  i 
taken  by  the  French  in  1194,  and  retaken  | 
by  storm  in  1813,  by  the  allies  under  lord  | 
Wellington.  It  is  50  miles  e of  Bilboa,  i 
and  50  nw  of  Pamplona,  Lon.  I 56  w, 
lat.  43  24  N. 

SebastiaTiy  Sty  a large  atxi  handsome 
city  of  Brazil,  in  South  America,  capital  of 
the  province  of  Rio  Janeiro,  and  of  all 
Brazil,  has  a citadel  on  a hill,  and  nu- 
merous forts.  The  city  is  large,  well  built, 
and  populous,  containing  about  200,000  in- 
habitants. It  is  three  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence, and  stands  four  miles  w of  the  har- 
bour. Tiie  high  hills  in  ils  rear  are  adorn- 
ed with  woods,  houses,  churches,  and  con- 
vents. The  houses  are  generally  of  stone, 
and  two  stories  ; the  streets  are  narrow^  and 
dross  each  other  at  right  angles.  Here 
are  elegant  churches,  and  niore  religious 
parade,  than  in  any  popish  country  of  Eu- 
rope. The  harbour  has  a narrow'  entrance, 
and  is  defended  by  two  forts.  The  palace 
stands  on  tlie  side  of  a s{)aei(ujs  srpiare,  and 
is  supplied  wiili  water  hroiight  over  a valley 
by  an  aqueduct  supported  on  a double  tier 
of  arclu'fc.  The  uiint  is  furnished  wulii  every 
n'eiH'ssary  for  coining,  and  is  one  of  the 
finest  buildings  existing.  A Benedictine 


abbey  mid  ix  fori  stand  ^PP  a pint  jutting 


into  the  harbour,  and  on  Serpent  island 
are  a dock-yard,  magazines,  and  naval 
store-houses.  It  is  a bishop’s  see,  and  tho 
present  seat  of  the  royal  family  of  Portugal, 
who  arrived  here  in  1808.  The  different 
mechanics  carry  on  their  business  in  dis- 
tinct parts  of  the  town ; particular  streetsi 
being-  set  apart  for  particular  trades.  It 
stands  near  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Janeiro, 
on  the  Atlantic.  Lon.  42  44  w,  lat.  22 
54  s. 

Schastiauy  Sty  a town  of  New’  Spain, 
capital  ol  the  province  of  C'hiametlan,  stands, 
on  the  Mazallun,  60  miles  x’nw'  of  Chiamet- 
lan.  Lon.  105  56  w,  lat.  24  20  n. 

Selastian,  Capey  Sty  a cape  of  the  nw'  ex- 
tremity of  Madagascar.  Lon.  46  25  e,  lat. 
12  30  s. 


Seba^topoly  OT.Aktiary  the  principal  sea 
port  town  of  Crimea,  Russia.  It  stands  op 
the  side  of  a hill,  w hich  separates  two  of 
its  basons.  Its  harbour  could  contain  the 
whole  Russian  fleet,  is  one  of  the  safest  in 
the  world,  and  the  chief  station  of  the  Black 
Sea  fleet.  Along  the  quay  are  good  bouses, 
but  the  Old  Tartar  edifices  are  small,  and 
ill  constructed.  It  occupies  part  of  the  site 
ot  the  ancient  city  of  Chersonesus,  w'here 
stood  the  celebrated  temple  of  Diana, 
Taurica.  Here  are  still  many  ruins  and 
antiquities;  40  miles  ssw  of  Sympheropol, 
and  350  nk  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  3^ 
22  E,  lat.  44  25  n. 

Sehastopoli.s'y  or  SavnfopoJiy  a town  of 
Mingreiia,  the  ancient  Dioscurias.  It  stands 
on  the  Black  Sea,  220  miles  wnw  of  Tefflis, 
liOu.  42  45  E,  lat.  44  10  n. 

Sebenico,  a sea  port  of  Dalmatia,  capital 
of  the  county  of  the  same  name.  The 
county  is  30  miles  long,  and  20  broad, 
containing  besides  70  islands.  The  tow’p 
has  four  citadels,  is  a bishop’s  sOe,  seated 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Cherca,  in  the  gulf  of 
Venice.  The  roof  of  the  cathedral  is  com- 
posed of  large  flat  pieces  of  marble.  The 
Turks  have  failed  in  all  their  attempts  to 
take  this  town  ; 25  miles  se  of  Zara,  and 
35  N of  Spoletto.  Lou.  16  46  e,  lat.  4T 
17  N. 

Sebpoy  the  largest  river  in  Morocco,  has 
its  source  in  a forest,  near  the  foot  of  Mount 
Atlas,  flows  within  six  miles  of  the  city  of 
Fez,  passes  by  that  of  Mequinez,  and  falls 
into  the  ocean  at  Marmora.  It  abounds 
with  shebbel,  a rich  species  of  salmon. 

Sebu,  See  ^ebu. 

SebuOy  or  SeboUy  a small  island  on  the 
coast  of  the  island  of  Cape  Breton. 

Sehnrg,  a town  ip  the  department  of 
the  Nprth,  France,  five  miles  e of  Valen- 


ciennes, 

Sebz,  See  Kesh. 

Sechuray  a town  of  Peru,  ten  leagues  s 
of  Piura,  in  tlie  bishopric  of  Tnixillo,  seated 
on  a river  of  its  name,  and  at  the  extremity 
of  a sandy  desert,  which  extends  80  miles 
southward.  It  contains  about  400  families, 
all  Indians,  chiefly  employed  in  fishing  or 


S E G 


rtrJvinir  mules.  It  is  three  miles  from  the  t 
ocean! and  ISO  nnw  of  Truxillo.  Loo.  81  | 

Social' OT^^eeehing,  a town  of  Norfolk,  | 
with  a'^well  frequented  market,  four  nnle» 

the  Gayle,  nine  miles  x of  Judeuburg. 

^eckiiweHy  a town  of  Suubia,  belonging 
to  Ai^rir  the  smraiest  of  the  four  toresc 
towns  on  an  isle  in  the  Rhine,  over  ahich 
is  a bruise.  Here  is  a convent  of  noble 
nuns,  whose  abbess  was  a PfibcfS  of 

“rpire;  sit  miles  sb  of  Rhe.nfeldt,  and  II 

"'sLaLIL,  a village  in 
celebrated  for  a battle  between  fcthelbaid, 
kinir  of  the  Mercians,  and 
tie  West  Saxons,  in  T57.  North  of  the 
church  are  the  remains  of  a fo«. 
it  an  artificial  eminence,  45  feet  high,  three 
miles  NE  of  Tainworth. 

Sedan,  a considerable  town  and  capita 
of  the  department  of  Ardennes,  France.  It 

has  a castle,  an  arsenal,  a cannon  ’ 

a manufacture  of  line  cloth,  and 
oae  of  the  keys  of  the  country.  Ij*'' 
brated  marshal  Turenne  was  born  in  the 
castle.  It  is  situated  on  the  Mae,e  ^8 
miles  SE  of  Charlemout,  and  Ido  ne  ol 
Pans.  Lon.  4 58  E,  ii^t.  49  4 x» 

Sedbergh,  a village  of 
Rother,  surrounded  by  mountam,,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday,  f 1 “ 
fairs,  10  miles  .n  by  E of  Kirby  Lonsdale, 
and  265  xw  of  London. 

Sedasivagur,  the  most  northern  town  of 
Canara.  Hiudoostan,  stands  on  the  n side 
of  the  estuary  of  a river,  at  the  '™“‘h 
which  is  a deep  bay,  .sheltered  by  three 
islands,  one  of  which  is  lortified, 
entrance  protected  by  a tort  on  a to  > ’ 

dO  miles  se  of  Goa,  and  do  nnw  of  Kunda- 
pura.  Lon.  74  15  e,  lat,  14  51  n. 

Seehausen,  a town  in  the  Old  Mark, 
Brandenburg,  nearly  surrounded  by  the 
Aland,  12  miles  w of  Havelherg. 

Seelburg,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Cour- 
land,  on  the  D.viua,  70  miles  E by  s ol 

^^SeeiatP,  a town  in  the  Middle  Mark, 
Brandenburg,  10  miles  sw  of  Custrim. 

Seer,  a sea  port  of  Arabia,  capital  of  a 
principality  in  the  province  of  Oman,  ft 
Ls  a good  harbour,  108  miles  wsw  of  Jul- 
far  Lon.  54  38  E,  lat.  25  10  x. 

Seesen,  a town  in  the 
wick.  Lower  Saxony,  on  a small  lake,  14 

Seeira°own  in  the  department  of  Orne, 
France,  in  a hne  countp',  ° 

the  Orne,  and  a bishop’s  n 

Alenoon,  and  102  w by  s of  Paris.  Lon.  0 

"/e*a!'a“to;n  of  Hungary,  with  a 
castlf,  stands  near  the  Tiesse,  opposite  t>e 
conflux  of  the  Maros,  was  taken  fr®™ 
I'iirks  in  168t);  50  miles  sE  of  Col<f9*a, 


and  105  iSE  of  Pest.  Lon.  20  35  e,  lat.  46 


‘^Seimfterj,  a town  of  Holstein,  Lower 

Saxony,  with  a castle 

aboiiniliiig  with  limestone  on  the  Trave  , 15 

miles  wxw  of  Liibec.  x r wc 

Sege.niar,  capital  of  a county  of  its 
name;  Transylvania,  on  the  s side  ot  a hill, 
near  .he  Kokel,  47  miles  k ol  Hermanstadt. 
Lon.  24  55  E,  lat.  27  4 N. 

SEGISTAN,  a province  of  ^he 

country  is  in  general  flat,  sandy,  and  un- 
inhabited ; and  during  t he  tour  . » 

houses,  gardens,  and  tields  are  frequently 
overwhelmed  with  sand  driven  by  the  wind. 
There  are  many  springs,  and  good  , 

on  the  banks  of  rivers.  The  laud  is  well 
cultivated  near  the  town.  But 
part  of  the  inhabitants  betake 
fo  Dtisturage,  lead  a wandering  life,  and 
dtcrtheif  tents  amid  ancient  palaces 
iphis  country  was  once  equally 
with  any  other  part  of  the  empire,  /areng 

Wi?  alwong  town  of  Morlachia,  with 
a ^,o"rharbour,"tbe  capital  of  Hungarian 
Dflmatia.ou  the  gulf  of  Venice.  t is  00 
miles  xw  of  Spoletlo.  Lon.  15  21  e,  lat. 

an  ancient  town  of  Italy,  in  Cam- 

pagnidi  Roma,  Rome 

miles  SE  of  Palestrina,  and  30  se  ot  Hoine. 

' Seaa  capital  of  Bamhara,  Negroland, 

composed  of  four  ‘'^MlTof 

side  of  the  Niger;  the 
clay,  with  flat  roofs,  some  of  them 
stories  and  are  white-washed.  Population 
about  b,000.  It  abounds  in  mosqu^,  the 
trea  erpan  of  the  inbabitanls  being  Moors. 
tloiirfes,'^a  kind  of  shells,  pass  for  money, 
290  miles  wsw  of  Tombuctoo.  Loa.  . 46  w, 

‘“W/orii  a city  of  .Spain,  in  Valencia,  and 
a bishoo’s  see.  Here  is  a celebrated  toun- 
m.m  ani  many  highly  cultivated  gardens. 
The  vicinity  is  fertile  in  all  j’ 

and  in  the  mountains  is  fine  "fthle.  H m 
near  the  Morvedro,  35  miles  . > 

lencia.  Lon.  0 28  w,  lat.  39  52  N. 

Segovia,  an 

puloiis  city  of  Spam,  m Old  Castile, 
Lnds  on  two  hills,  and  the  ‘"iiing  va  - 
lev  on  the  sw  side  of  the  Etesma,  and  is. 
siirmunded  by  a strong  wall  ‘'®"hed  wi 
towers  and  ramparts.  It  js  ^huudant  y sup 
plied  wilh  water,  by  a Roman 
.3000  feet  in  length,  supporied  by  77  arches 
of  va.st  height,  in  two 
dral,  one  of  the  most  elegan 
Hires  in  the  kingdom,  stands  on 

“•“"ir ciM 

m,d  horned  with  fine  paintings.  T**®; 

ohinery  employed  m coming.  .Here  m 
Q q 2 


best  cloth  in  Spain  is  made,  from  the  fine 
Spanish  ^ool.  It  is  40  miles  nw  of  Madrid. 

^^Xdn.  4 12  w,  lat.  41  3 n. 

Segovia,  a town  in  the  island  of  Luconia, 
situated  near  the  inotith  of  the  Cagayan, 
It  is  a bishop’s  see,  and  has  a fort,  240 
miles  N of  Manilla.  Lon.  J20  6§  e,  lut. 
18  30  N. 

Segovia,  a town  of  Terra  Firma,  w’here 
there  are  mines  of  gold,  15  miles  from 
TiMjueyo. 

Segovia,  New,  a town  of  New  Spain,  in 
Nicaragua,  near  the  source  of  a river  of  its 
name,  .which  runs  iniio  the  Carihean  sea, 
90  miles  n by  e of  Leon.  Lon.  86  50  w, 
lat.  13  45  N. 

Segra,  a river  of  Spain,  wbida  has  its 
source  in  the  Pyrennees,  flows  through  Ca- 
talonia, by  Puicerda,  Urgel,  Belaguer,  and 
Lerida,  to  Mequineiiza,  where  it  unites  with 
the  Ebro. 

Segre,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Maine  and  Loire,  France,  20  miles  nvv  of 
angers. 

Segura,  a town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira, 
on  the  frontiers  of  Spain,  with  a fort  on  a j 
mountain,  15  miles  wnw'  of  Alcantara,  and 
35  ESE  of  Castel  Branco. 

Segura,  a river  which  rises  in  the  moun-  I 
tains  of  Segura,  Murcia,  Spain,  flows  through 
that  province  and  the  s part  of  Valencia, 
and  falls  into  the  Mediterranean  at  Guar- 
daman. 

Segura,  a town  in  Murcia,  Spain,  stands 
emid  mountains,  34  miles  ^E  of  Ubeda,  and  i 
96  WNW  of  Murcia. 

Segura,  a town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon, 
35  miles  se  of  Calatajud,  and  3S  n of 
Teruel. 

Segura  de  la  Frantera,  a large  town  in 
the  province  of  Tlascala,  50  miles  s of 
Puebla. 

Seahauranpour,  a town  of  Hindoostan,  in 
Delhi,  capital  of  a district  of  the  same 
name,  between  the  Ganges  and  the  Jumna, 
86  miles  n by  w of  Delhi.  Lou.  77  15  e, 
Iftt.  30  40  N. 

Seiho,  or  Zeyho,  a town  of  St.  Domingo, 
on  a small  river,  chiefly  occupied  by  gra- 
ziers, 65  miles  exe  of  St.  Domingo. 

Seidenberg,  a town  of  Upper  Lusatia,  has 
manufactures  of  cloth  and  stockings,  eight 
miles  ssK  of  Gorlitz. 

SEIKS,  a numerous  nation  of  Hindoos- 
tan Proper,  consisting  of  several  small  inde- 
pendant  states,  that  have  formed  a kind  of 
federal  union.  They  possess  the  whole  of 
Lahore,  the  princifial  part  of  Moultan,  and 
the  w part  of  DelJii.  This  tract  extends 
about  400  miles  from  xw  lo  se,  and  is 
from  150  to  200  broad.  Their  name  de- 
notes disciples  and  their  founder  was  Na- 
nock,  who  flourished  in  the  J6(h  century. 
They  are,  in  general,  strong,  and  well  made, 
tmd  accustomed  to  the  most  laborious  life, 
and  hardest  fare.  Their  dress  consists  of  a 
pair  of  long  blue  drawers,  and  a kind  of 
ohequered  plaid,  part  of  which  is  wrapped  j 


round  tbe  waist,  and  the  other  thrown  over 
the  shoulder.  The  chiefs  wear  heavy  gold 
bracelets  on  the  wrists,  and  sometimes  a 
chaiu  of  the  same  metal  around  their  tur- 
bans, and  are  mounted  on  better  horses 
which  are  their  only  marks  of  distinction! 
In  matters  of  faith,  tbe  Seiks  are  perfectly 
tolerant,  and  require  conformity  only  in 
certain  signs  and  ceremonies.  They  eat 
all  kinds  of  flesh,  except  that  of  the  cow, 
abolish  all  distinction  of  tribes  or  casts,, 
and  admit  of  proselytes.  Before  they  were 
so  widely  extended  their  civil  and  military 
arrangements  were  conducted  by  a general 
as.sembly,  but  now  this  is  seldom  convened. 
Their  army  consists  almost  entirely  of 
horse,  of  which  they  are  able  to  bring  at 
least  200,000  into  the  field.  They  have 
commonly  two,  and  some  of  them  three 
horses  each,  and  consider  this  animal  as 
necessary  to  their  existence.  Lahore  is  the 
capital. 

SEIL,  one  of  the  Hebrides,  belonging  to 
Argyllshire,  about  eight  miles  long  and 
two  broad,  separated  from  the  mainland  by 
a narrow  strait,  over  which  there  is  a. 
bridge.  It  contains  some  quarries  of 
slate,  and  is  included  in  the  parish  of  Kil- 
brandon, 

Seine,  a river  of  France,  which  rises  in 
the  department  of  Cote  d^Or,  runs  by  Troyes, 
Melun,  Paris,  and  Rouen,  and  falls  into  the 
English  Channel  at  Havre  de  Grace. 

SEINE  AND  MARNE,  a department  of 
France,  including  part  of  the  late  province 
of  the  Isle  of  France.  Melun  is  the  ca- 
pital. 

SEINE  AND  OISE,  a department  of 
France,  including  part  of  the  late  province 
of  the  Isle  of  France.  Versailles  is  the 
capifal. 

SEINE,  LOWER,  a department  of 
France,  including  part  of  Normandy.  Rou- 
en is  the  capital. 

SeinsJieim,  a town  of  Franconia,  in  a 
lordship  of  its  name,  with  a castle,  18  miles 
SE  of  Wurtzburgh. 

Selby,  a market  town  in  the  West  Riding 
of  Yorkshire,  on  the  Ouse,  over  which  is 
one  of  the  most  complete  wooden  bridges  in 
the  kingdom.  Ships  are  built  here,  and  it 
is  the  birth  place  of  Henry  I.  w'hose  father, 
William  I.  built  an  abbey  here,  and  the  con- 
ventual church  is  now  the  parish  church.  It 
is  a small  but  populous  trading  town,  enjoying 
a communication  by  a canal  W'ith  the  rners 
Aire  and  Calder.  It  has  a market  on  Mon- 
day, and  eight  annual  fairs.  It  lies  12 
miles  s of  York,  and  180  x by  w'  of  London. 

Stibosoe,  a town  in  the  province  of  Dron- 
theini,  Norway,  seated  on  tbe  x side  of  a 
lake,  18  miles  se  of  Drontheim. 

Selbury  Hill,  on  the  road  to  Bath,  near 
Kequet,  and  five  miles  w of  Marlborough, 
is  qhe  of  the  largest  and  most  uniform,  round, 
artificial  mounds  in  England.  For  what 
purpose  it  w^as  raised  is  unknown.  ' 

Selem,  a tow'u  in  Jucutan,  New  Spain, 


S E L 

stands  near  the  sea  coast,  45  miles  nw  of 
Merida.  | 

Selanginsk,  a fortified  town  in  the  pro-  j 
vince  of  Irkutsh,  Russia,  with  a fort,  on  the  | 
Selenga,  at  the  junction  of  the  Chilok.  The  | 
vicinity  yields  much  rhubarb,  84  miles 
SE  of  Irkutsh.  Lon.  107  ‘-^8  e,  lat  51 
10  N. 

Sdentif  a town  in  Caramania,  European 
Turkey,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  a river  of 
its  name,  50  miles  wsw  of  Seiesk. 

Selesk,  anciently  Seleucia,  a town  in  Ca- 
ramania, Asiatic  Turkey,  stands  on  a river 
fiv-e  miles  from  the  sea,  and  80  sse  of  Cog- 
nio.  Lon.  34  30  e,  lat.  30  40  n. 

Selimhriaj  or  Selivriay  a town  of  Turkey, 
in  Romania,  is  an  archbishop^s  see,  seated 
on  the  sea  of  Marmora,  and  was  once  a 
flourishing  place,  but  now  much  decayed, 

35  miles  w of  Cons  tan  linople.  Lon.  I d 
E,  lat.  41  4 N. 

Selinstadt,  or  Seligenstadty  a town  of 
Germany,  in  the  electorate  of  Mentz,  at 
the  junction  of  the  Gernspentz  and  the  Maine, 
has  a Benedictine  abbey,  14  miles  e of 
Frankfort. 

Selkirk,  a royal  borough  of  Scotland, 
capital  of  Selkirkshire,  is  pleasantly  situated 
on  the  banks  of  the  Ettrick,  one  mile  and 
a-half  s of  the  Tweed,  commanding  an  ex- 
tensive prospect.  It  is  but  poorly  built, 
little  according  with  its  former  importance. 
Selkirk  unites  with  Lanark,  Linlithgow,  and 
Peebles,  in  sending  a member  to  parliament. 

It  is  governed  by  two  baillies,  a dean  of 
guild,  treasurer,  10  counsellors,  and  contains 
about  1000  inhabitauts.  One  hundred  of 
its  inhabitants  followed  James  IV,  to 
Flodden,  and  distinguished  themselves  so  * 
much,  as  induced  the  English  to  burn  the 
town  soon  after.  In  reward  of  their  valour 
James  V.  bestowed  a considerable  tract  of 
land  on  the  town.  The  sword  of  William 
Brydon,  the  then  town  clerk,  who  headed  the 
citizens  on  that  occasion,  is  still  in  posses- 
sion of  his  lineal  descendant.  A standard 
taken  from  the  English  by  a weaver  of  Sel- 
kirk is  borne  by  one  of  that  profession  in 
their  annual  perambulation  round  the  free- 
hold of  the  town.  It  has  a manufacture 
of  boots  and  shoes.  The  parish  is  in  extent 
a square  of  about  10  miles,  h ing  partly  in 
Selkirk  and  partly  in  Roxlmrghshire.  It 
is  hilly,  and  contained,  along  with  the  town, 
2098  inhabitants  in  1801,  and  2422  in  1811. 
The  town  lies  35  miles  sse  of  Edinburgh. 
Lon.  2 46  w.  lat.  55  34  n. 

SELKIRKSHIRE,  a county  of  Scotland,  | 
bounded  on  the  x by  Edinburghshire,  e by  | 
Roxburghshire,  s by  Dumlries-shire,  and  w 
by  Peebles-sbire.  It  extends  from  n to  s j 
about  20  miles,  and  18  from  e to  w where  I 
broadest.  It  is  a hilly  country,  yielding 
pasture  to  innumerable  flocks  of  sheep  and 
black  cattle,  and  the  valleys  bear  good 
crops  of  hay  and  corn.  The  principal  rivers 
are  the  Tweed,  Ettrick,  Yarrow,  and  Gala,  i 
It  comprehends  only  six  parishes  and  part 


s E M 

of  a seventh,  contained  in  1801,5070  inha- 
bitants, and  in  1811,  5889.  The  real  land 
rent  is  estimated  at  20,3201.  sterling.  Part 
of  the  county  W’as  once  covered  with  wood  ^ 
hence  the  name  of  Ettrick  Forest.  It  is 
the  sceire  of  many  of  our  most  admired 
Scottish  pastoral  songs  and  tunes.  The 
Flow^ers  of  the  Forest  was  composed  in  com- 
memoration of  the  heroes  belonging  to  this 
district  who  fell  at  the  battle  of  Flodden. 

In  the  county  are  vestiges  of  military  stu^ 
tions,  particularly  of  that  occupied  by  the 
marquis  of  Montrose,  previous  to  the  battle 
of  Philiphtiugh.  It  sends  one  member  to 
parliament. 

Sellay,  a small  island  of  the  Hebrides, 
about  two  miles  n from  Pabbay. 

Selles,  a town  in  the  department  of  Loire 
and  Cher,  France,  on  the  Cher,  12  miles  sb 
of  Brois, 

Seitz,  3L  fbwn  in  the  department  of  the 
Lower  Rhine,  Ih-ance,  on  the  Rhine,  2^ 
miles  NNE  of  Strasburg,  and  270  e of 
Paris. 

Sellzer,  or  Lower  Seltzer,  a town  of  Ger- 
many, in  the  late  archbishop  of  Treves,  fa- 
mous for  its  immerial  spring,  great  quantities 
of  which  are  exported.  It  stands  on  the 
Embach,  30  miles  e of  Coblentz. 

Semmtat,  a town  in  Irak,  Asiatic  Turkey, 
on  the  Euphrates,  where  a toll  is  levied, 
20  miles  nw  of  Bassora,  Lon.  48  15  e, 
lat.  32  2 N. 

Semb^wghewn,  a town  of  Birmah,  whence 
is  the  great  road  through  the  western  hills, 
to  Arracan.  This  is  the  great  depot  of  all 
articles  of  tralllc  from  bengal  by  way  of 
Arracan,  and  here  they  are  embarked  on  the 
Irrawaddy,  from  which  the  town  is  three 
miles  w,  and  30  s by  w of  Pagahm. 

Semegonda,  a town  in  the  country  of 
Waugara,  Negroland,  seated  on  a lake 
formed  by  a branch  of  the  Nile,  330 
miles  ssw  of  Bornou.  Lon.  21  30  e,  lat. 
14  58  N. 

Semendria,  a town  of  Servia,  European 
Turkey,  has  a citadel,  on  the  Danube,  20 
miles  SE  of  Belgrade. 

Semennud,  a town  on  the  e branch  of  the 
Nile,  Egypt,  eight  miles  ssw  of  Mansoura, 
and  53  n of  Cairo. 

SEMIGALLIA,  the  eastern  part  of  the 
duchy  of  Courlaud,  separated  by  the  Masza 
from  Coiirland  Proper,  and  by  the  Dwina 
from  Russia,  to  which  it  is  now  subject. 
Mittaw  is  the  capital. 

Seminari,  a town  of  Naples,  In  Calabria 
Ultria,  22  miles  ne  of  Reggio. 

Semlin,  a town  of  Solavonia,  seated  on 
the  s side  of  the  Danube,  a little  above  the 
junction  of  the  Save,  four  miles  w of  Bel- 
grade, and  70  sse  of  Esseck. 

Sempnch,  a town  of  Switzerland,  in  the 
canton  of  Lucerne,  celebrated  for  the  batile 
in  1386,  that  established  the  liberty  of  the 
Swiss,  in  which,  Leopold  was  defeated  and 
slain,  seated  on  a small  lake,  seven  miles 
NW  of  the  town  of  Lucern, 


SEN 


S'E  R 


Semnarif  or  Sumnum,  a tcwii  in  frak, 
Per55ia,  capital  of  a rich  terrhory  n 

of  the  Great  Salt  desert,  90  miles  w by  s of 
Bistam,  and  120  e of  Teheran. 

Sempion€f  a mountain  in  the  Milanese, 
one  of  the  highest  of  the  Italian  Alps, 
whose  summits  are  perj[HUiially  hid  in  ^now. 
On  one  side  of  it  rushes  the  impetuous  tor- 
rent Divario  through  a vast  ch;ism  between 
two  lofty  rocks,  and  rolls  headlong  into 
the  valley  of  Ossola.  Over  this  chasm  a 
bridge  is  now  building,  on  a road  which  is 
making  over  the  mountain,  which  when 
completed,  will  form  the  principal  commu- 
nication between  Italy,  France,  and  Swis- 
serland.  Over  this  mountain  Bonaparte  ex- 
plored his  way,  previous  to  the  famous  bat- 
tle of  Marengo. 

Semur  en  Aua:ois^  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Cote  d’Or,  France,  with  a castle, 
on  the  Armancon,  has  a good  manufacture  of 
cloth,  34  miles  w by  n of  Dijon,  37  n of 
Autun,  and  135  se  of  Paris. 

Semur  en  Briennois,  an  ancient  town  in 
the  departnient  of  Saone  and  Loire,  France, 
40  miles  xw  of  Lyons,  and  45  s of  Autun. 

Sena,  or  Marzali,  a town  of  Mocaranga, 
on  the  Zambeze.  Here  the  Portuguese 
have  a factory.  Lon.  35  3 e,  lat.  17  40  s. 

Seneca,  a town  of  New  York,  Onondago 
county,  on  the  side  of  the  falls 'in  Seneca 
river,  14  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  28  s of 
Oswego. 

Seneca,  a river  and  lake  of  New  York, 
in  Onondago  county,  the  river  has  its  source 
w of  Geneva,  passes  by  that  town  receives 
the  W’aters  of  the  lake,  and  is  afterwards 
augmented  by  those  of  Cayuga  lake,  Canan- 
daqua  creek,  and  Salt  lake,  and  then 
unites  with  the  Onondago.  The  lake  is 

30  miles  long  and  two  broad,  lying  n and  s 
between  th(<se  of  Conondaqiia  and  Cayuga. 
The  town  of  Geneva  is  at  the  n end,  and  on 
the  E side,  between  it  and  Cayiigalake,  are 
the  military  townships  of  Romulous,  Ovid, 
Hector,  and  Ulysses. 

SENECAS,  a tribe  of  Indians,-  one  of 
the  six  nations.  They  inhabit  on  Gennes- 
see  river,  at  the  Gennesse  castle. 

Senef,  a town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
Brabant.  Here,  in  1764,  the  prince  of 
Orange  was  defeated  by  the  French,  four 
miles  s of  Ni veils. 

SENEGAL,  a. kingdom  of  Africa,  in 
Negroland,  situated  on  a river  of  the  same 
name.  The  kingdom  of  Senegal  was 
formerly  very  considerable,  but  it  is  now 
reduced  to  a very  narrow  compass;  it  is 
populouf=.  The  French  have  a fort  and  fac- 
tory at  the  mouth  of  the  river.  Lon.  id 

31  w,  lat.  15  53  N. 

Senegal,  a river  that  has  its  source  in  the 
mountains  of  Kong,  Negroland,  runs  w^  on 
the  southern  coniines  of  Zabara,  and  lulls 
into  the  Atlantic  ocean,  120  miles  nr  oi 
Cape  Verd.  It  has  a winding  course  till  it 
reach  within  six  miles  of  the  sea,  when  it 
turns  suddenly  to  the  s,  and  for  75  miles  is 


'f 

I 

j 


I', 

l! 


i 

i 


I 


i 

i 


I 


I 


I 

i 

1 


1 

i 

i 


P 


separated  from  the  sea  by  a bank  d{  sabdf* 
lis  mouth,  about  two  miles  wide,  is  incom* 
moded  by  a- bar  of  shilling  sand. 

sSenez,  a tow^n  in  the  department  of  tower 
Alps,  France,  stands  in  a barren  country, 
and  formerly  a bisllop^s  see,  15  miles  sse  of 
Degne,  and  49  xw  of  Nice. 

Senftenherg,  a town  in  Misiiia,  Upper 
Saxony,  has  a castle»  and  stands  on  the 
Ulster,  32  miles  xne  of  Dresden. 

Senlis,  an  ancient  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Oise,  France,  and  lately  a bishop’s 
sea,  stands  on  the  side  of  a hill  by  the  river 
Noiiette,  nearly  surrounded  by  a forest.  It 
is  20  miles  kw  of  Meaux,  and  27  ke  of 
Paris. 

Sennar,  a large  city  of  Africa,  in  Nubia, 
capital  of  a kingdom  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  five  miles  in  circumference,  and  very 
populous,  c<*niaining  near  100,000  inhabi- 
tants. The  houses  are  of  one  story,  with 
fiat  roofs ; the  suburbs  consist  of  cottages 
covered  with  reeds.  The  palace  is  surround- 
ed by  high  walls,  and  near  it  is  a market 
for  slaves,  where  the  men  sit  on  one  side, 
and  the  women  on  the  other,  and  the  Egyp- 
tians purchase  a number  of  them  annuaily, 
except  in  the  rainy  season,  which  commences 
in  April  and  continues  till  the  end  of  June, 
the  heat  is  almost  insupportable.  Females 
of  the  higher  orders  wear  slight  silk  gar- 
ments, and  have  rings  of  various  metals, 
on  their  ears,  fingers,  arms,  legs,  and  hair, 
the  lower  ranks  have  cloths  WTupped  round 
them  from  the  waist  to  the  knees.  Their 
commodities  are  elephants’  teeth,  tamarinds, 
civet,  tobacco,  and  gold  dust.  There  is  a 
market  every  day  in  the  week.  Their  re- 
ligion is  Mahometanism.  They  are  an 
ignorant,  superstitious,  and  yet  a cunning 
sort  of  people.  The  merchandise  required 
at  Sennar  are  spices,  paper,  brass,  hard- 
ware, glass-beads,  and  a black  drug,  wuth 
w'hich  they  colour  their  eyelids  and  eye- 
brows. It  is  situated  on  an  eminence 
near  the  river  Nile.  Lon.  30  0 e,  lat. 
15  4 N. 

Sem,  an  ancient  and  considerable  town 
in  the  department  of  Yonne,  France,  lately 
an  archbishop’s  see,  seated  in  a fertile  coun- 
try at  the  junction  of  the  Vanne  and  Yonne. 
The  cathedral  is  a fine  Gothic  edifice,  25 
miles  N of  Auxerre,  and  60  se  of  Paris/ 
Lon.  3 17  E,  lat.  48  12  x. 

Sephonry,  a town  in  Palestine,  the  an- 
cient Sephor  or  Sappura,  which  Herod 
fortified  and  made  the  capital  of  bis  tetrar- 
chy.  Afterwards  It  was  called  Diocaesaria, 
Here  was  a Gothic  church,  said  to  have 
been  erected  over  the  habitation  of  Joachim 
and  Anna,  the  parents  of  the  virgin  Mary, 
and  among  its  ruins  some  ancient  paintings 
were  discovered  in  1801.  It  is  12  miles 
SE  of  Acre,  and  18  wxw  of  Tiberias. 

Sepulveda,  a town  in  Old  Castile,  Spain, 
on  the  Duraton,  38  miles  ne  of  Sagovia. 

Sera,  or  Sira,  a town  in  Mysore,  Hindoo- 
stan^  is  the  chief  place  in  the  central  divi- 


S E R 

Sion  of  the  Rajali’s  dominions  u of  tbe  j, 
Cavery,  bas  a stone  fort,  and  a considerable 
inland  trade  in  cocoa  nuts,  sugar,  betelouts, 
bark,  lace,  steel,  oxen,  buffalos,  butter,  and 
nil  ■ Tbe  fort  has  been  garrisoned  bj  Bri- 
tisb  troops  since  tbe  restoration  ot  tbe  rajab 
in  119(1,  dS  miles  se  of  Chittledrooi,  and  84 
s ot  Seringapataiii.  Lon.  10  53  e,  lat.  13 

Serai,  a town  of  European  Turkey,  capi- 
tal of  Bosnia,  and  tbe  see  of 


a catholic 

blkop  Appointed  by  the  king  of  Hungary. 

commercial  place,  130  milf  t 


It  is  a large 


ot 


Belgrade,  Loo.  10  5 


lat.  44 


of  Fen- 
siuia- 


w by 

^^Serampoiir,  a neat  town  of  Bengal,  a j 
small  distance  above  Calcutta,  on  the 
Hoogly.  It  is  a Danish  settlement. 

SerchiOi  a river  of  Italy,  which  has  its 
source  in  the  duchy  of  Modena,  Hows 
through  the  territory  of  Lucca,  and  tails 
into  the  gulf  of  Genoa. 

Serdgoin,  a farm  in  the  parish 
wick,  Ayrshire,  in  a very  sei^uestered 
tion,  which  has  been  for  several  centuries, 
iu  possession  of  a family  oi  the  name^o 
Howie,  whose  ancestor  is  said  to  have  fled 
from  the  persecution  of  the  Waldenses. 
This  family  suffered  considerably  in  the 
persecution  in  the  17ih  century.  The  stand- 
ard of  the  covenanters  at  Boihwell  Bridge,  i 
and  some  other  similar  relics  are  still  pie- 
served  at  Serdgoin.  In  the  vicinity  ot  the 
farm  bouse  are  three  or  four  grave  stones, 
erected  to  the  memory  of  martyrs  shot 

here.  „ 

Serdoboly  a town  in  the  government  ot 
Wiburg,  Russia,  on  the  lake  Ladoga,  60 
miles  xE  of  Wiburg.  Lon.  30  45  e,  lat. 

6 45  N. 

Seredy  or  Szeredy  a town  of  Hungary,  on 
the  Waag,  30  miles  ene  of  Presburg. 

Serenay  a town  in  Estremadura,  Spain, 

25  miles  E by  s of  Merida. 

Serendy  in  Chili.  See  Coquimho, 

Seregippey  a captainship  ot  Brazil,  in  lat. 

J1  12  s. 

Scregippe,  the  capital  of  the  above  cap- 
tainship, with  a harbour  on  the  South 
Atlantic  ocean,  40  leagues,  ne  of  St.  Salva-  j 

dor.  1 

SERFO,  or  Serfante,  an  island  of  the  | 

■ Arcljiipelago,  50  miles  nw  of  Naxia.  It  is  | 
eight  miles  in  length,  and  five  in  breadth. 
The  inhabitants  are  all  Greeks,  and  have 
but  one  town,  called  St.  Nieholo.  In  its 
niountaius  are  mines  of  iron  and  loadstone. 
Lon.  25  10  E,  lat.  3T  19  n. 

SerianOy  the  name  of  three  extensive 
vallies  of  Italy,  in  tbe  Bergamesco. 

Sergag,  a town  in  the  government  of 
JJiznei  Novogorod,  Russia,  48  miles  sk  of  j 
^iznei  Novogorod. 

SERGIPPY,  a province  on  the  coast  of 
Brasil  s of  that  of  Pernambuco.  It  has 
some  silver  niiues,  and  produces  corn,  sugar, 
ftn<l  tobacco. 

Hergippgt  or  St,  Chmtopber,  capital  of 


s E s 

the  above  province,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  a 
river  of  its  name,  bus  a harbour  for  small 
vessels,  120  miles  ne  of  St.  Salvador.  Lou. 

3T  34  w,  lat.  1 1 20  s. 

Seriginasiy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Herault,  France,  seated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Ambre,  in  the  gulf  of  Lyon,  eight  miles 
SE  of  Bezier. 

Seringiipa tartly  or  Patandy  a city  of 
Hiiidoostaii,  capital  of  the  Mysore,  situated 
in  an  inland  of  the  river  ('auvery,  which  is 
here  a rapid  river.  The  houses  in  general 
are  mean,  and  the  streets  narrow  and  irre- 
gular. The  place  is  large,  and  walled 
round.  Without  the  walls  of  the  city  are 
two  gardens  and  palaces.  In  the  space 
between  the  city  and  gardens  is  the  snhurb 
called  Shahar  Gaujairi,  which  is  rapidly 
increasing  on  a regular  plan.  The  mau- 
soleum of  llyder  Ali  is  one  of  the  most 
magnificent  objects  in  tbe  place.  It  is 
situated  on  the  s angle  of  the  island,  near  an 
elegant  palace  of  Tippoo  Sultan,  and  is 
surrounded  by  a grove  of  beautiful  cypress 
trees.  The  city  is  strongly  fortified,  not- 
withstanding which,  it  was  taken  by  assault 
by  the  British  on  the  4th  of  May,  1799. 
Tippoo  was  slain,  and  the  city  and  the 
island  were  afterwards  annexed  to  the  Bri- 
I tish  dominions  iu  India.  See  Mysore, 
Here  in  1802,  was  established  a manufac- 
ture of  gun  carriages.  It  is  10  miles  n of 
Mysore,  and  290  v/  by  s of  Madras.  Lon. 
76  46  E,  lat.  12  31  n. 

Seronrjy  a town  in  Alalwa,  Hindoostan, 
famous  for  its  manufactures  of  painted 


cottons  and  chintzes;  140  miles  ene  of 
Ougein.  Lon.  78  50  E,  lat.  24  5 n. 

Serpa,  a town  of  Alentejo,  iu  Portugal, 
has  a castle  on  a rugged  eminence,  near 
the  Guadiaua,  38  miles  s by  e of  Evora. 

Serpuchofy  a town  in  the  government  of 
Moscow,  Russia,  on  the  Nara,  has  a citadel. 
The  shops  are  exclusively  emplo}  ed  in  the 
sale  of  sandals  manufactured  of  Linden 
bark.  The  principal  trade  is  corn  and 
cattle  ; 50  miles  s of  Moscow. 

Serfavallcy  a town  in  Treviso,  Italy, 
with  a castle,  seated  between  two  mountains 
at  the  rise  of  the  Maschio.  The  cathedral 
is  adorned  with  fine  paintings,  and  the 
church  of  St  Augusta  is  a noble  structure. 

It  has  a trade  in  corn,  wine,  and  honey,  and 
manufactures  of  cloth,  .woolen,  and  silk ; 
22  miles  n of  Treviso. 

Serresy  a town  in  tbe  department  of  Uppet 
Alps,  France,  23  miles  sw  of  Gap. 

SERVIA,  a province  of  Turki^y  in  Eu- 
rope. It  is  about  190  miles  long  from  b 
to  w,  95  in  breadth  from  n to  s,  and  is  divid- 
ed into  th(^  four  sangiaoales  of  Belgrade, 
Semendriah,  Sciipia,  and  Cratowo.  Bel- 
grade is  the  capiial. 

SESIA,  a new  department  of  France,  in- 
eluding  the  territories  of  Vercelli,  and  Ma- 
cerano,  in  Piedmont,  and  that  part  of  the 
Milanese  lying  w of  the  river  Tesiu.  ft 
has  its  uami>  from  a river,  which  has  its 


SET 


S E V 


source  in  the  alps  on  the  borders  of  Valais, 
and  unites  with  the  Po,  below  Casal.  Ver- 
celli  is  the  capital. 

Se.s6/aahf  a town  and  castle  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Bamberg,  Franconia,  10  miles  n 
of  Bamberg. 

SeiftOf  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese, 
on  the  Tesin,  at  its  eiflux  from  the  lake 
IVIaggiore,  25  miles  wnw  of  Milan. 

Sesto^i,  a strong  castle  of  European  Tur- 
key ; see  Dardanelles^ 

Seslre,  Grandj  or  Great  Paris^  a town 
of  Guinea,  on  the  Grain  Coast,  near  it  is 
Petit  Sestre.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  and 
most  commercial  towns  in  the  country. 


Lon,  7 0 w’,  la^  4 50  n. 

Sesiri  di  Letante,  an  ancient  town  in  the 
territory  of  Genoa,  on  the  e side  of  a bay,  30 
miles  ESE  of  Genoa. 

. Se^tcheou,  a city  of  China,  of  the  first 
rank,  in  the  province  of  Koei-tcheou  ; seat- 
ed among  mountains,  which  yield  cinnabar 
and  quicksi.ver;  980  miles  ssw  of  Pekin. 
Lou.  180  25  E,  lat.  27  10  N. 

SE  TCHUEN,  a province  of  China,  on 
the  E of  Tibet,  watered  by  the  Kiankii.  It 
abounds  in  silk,  iron,  tin,  lead,  amber, 
sugar-canes,  lapis,  lazuli,  musk,  rhubarb. 
Taking-ton  is  the  capital. 

SeteeJ)  a town  in  the  province  of  Con- 
stantina,  Algiers,  anciently  celled  Sitipha, 
capital  of  a part  of  Mauritania.  Except 
the  fountains  there  is  scarcely  a vestige  of 
its  former  magnificence  visible.  The  re- 
maining edifices  are  of  more  modern  date  | 
50  miles  sw  of  Constantina.  Lon.  6 30  e, 
lat.  35  58  N. 

SetimOy  a toxvn  of  Piedmont,  on  the  Po, 
eight  miles  n of  Turin, 

Setlege,  a river  of  Hiudoostan,  the  most 
easterly  of  the  five  eastern  branches  of  the 
Indus.  In  its  course  it  receives  the  Beyah, 
at  Firosepour,  and  unites  with  the  Indus  at 
Veb. 

SettCy  a town  in  the  country  of  Gabon, 
Guinea,  seated  on  a river  of  its  name,  60 
miles  from  its  mouth ; has  an  extensive 
trade  in  logw^ood,  sent  by  water  to 
Mayaraba,  1 10  miles  use.  of  Mayamba. 
Lon,  10  20  E lat.  2 0 s. 

‘ SETTE  COM.MUNI,  or  Seven  Com- 
MUNES,  a mountainous  district  of  Italy, 
in  the  Vicentiuo,  25  miles  long,  iind  20 
broad.  ^ 

Settenil,  a town  in  Grenada,  Spain,  eight 
miles  N of  Rondo,  and  38  nv/  of  Malaga. 

Settia,  a town  in  the  island  of  Candia, 
the  see  of  a Greek  bishop  ; 48  miles  ese  of 
Candia.  Lon.  26  2 e,  lat.  35  3 n. 

Settley  a neat  town  in  tfie  W Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Ribble. 
About  tw'o  miles  to  the  n is  Giggleswick 
Well,  a reciprocating  spring,  w’hich  some- 
times rises  and  falls  near  a foot,  iif  a stone 
trough  about  a yard  square,  every  10  or  15 
minutes.  About  the  same  distance  to  the 
E is  Attermire  cave,  in  which  are  number- 
less chinks  and  recesses,  lluted  pillars,  and 


hanging  petrifactions.  It  has  a market  oa 
Tuesday,  and  four  annual  fairs^  and  lies  28 
miles  E by  n of  Lanchster,  38  nnw  of  Ha- 
lifax,  and  235  from  London, 

Setuval.  See  UbeSy  St. 

Seven  BrotherSy  small  islands  on  the  N 
coast  of  Hispaniola, 

SEVEN  ISLANDS,  in  the  Frozen  ocean, 
lying  in  Ion.  18  48  e,  lat.  80  31  n.  Here 
two  ships,  under  captain  Philips,  were  sur- 
jj  rounded  by  the  ice  from  the  1st  to  the  10th 
f|  of  August  1773,  when  a brisk  wind  at  nnb 
jj  effected  their  deliverance  from  the  horrors  of 
I a polar  wf inter. 

[j  SEVEN  ISLANDS,  islands  near  tbs 
coast  of  Canada,  at  the  entrance  of  a 
small  ba}',  on  the  n side  of  the  mouth  of 
the  St  LawTence,  in  lat.  50  20  n. 

SEVEN  ISLANDS,  Republic  of,  com- 
posed of  seven  isles  in  the  Mediterranean, 
which,  on  the  fall  of  the  republic  of  Ve- 
nice, to  which  they  belonged,  were  occupied 
by  the  French,  but  were  taken  from  them 
by  the  Russians  and  formed  by  them,  in 
1800,  into  a Tepublic,  w'hich  w'as  recog- 
nised by  the  treaty  of  Amiens  and  are  now 
under  the  protection  of  Britain,  Their 
names  are  Corfu,  Paxu,  St  Maura,  Theaki, 
Cefalonia,  Zante,  and  Cerigo.  The  former 
is  the  seat  of  government,  w^hieh  is  aristo- 
cratical,  and  the  religion  that  of  the  Greek 
church ; but  the  Roman  Catholic  religion 
is  protected,  j^nd  all  others  tolerated. 

Sevenhergeuy  a town  of  Dutch  Brabant, 
lately  a lordship  belonging  to  the  Prince 
of  Orange  ; eight  miles  wnw  of  Breda. 

SevenoakSy  a well  built  town  in  Kent, 
seated  near  the  source  of  the  Darwent,  in 
a rich  country,  with  a market  on  Saturday, 

I It  derived  its  name  from  seven  remarkably 
I tall  oak  trees,  that  formerly  stood  near  it. 
Here  is  a free-school,  founded  by  Sir  Wil- 
liam Sevenoaks,  lord  mayor  of  London,  ia 
1418,  w’ho  is  said  to  have  been  a foundling; 
charitably  educated  by  a person  of  this 
town.  Queen  Elisabeth  augmented  its 
revenues,  and  the  whole  was  rebuilt  in 
1727.  Near  the  tow^n  is  Knole,  formerly 
a place  pf  the.see  of  Canterbury,  but  now 
the  property  of  the  earl  of  Dorset.  The 
rebel  John  Cade,  in  1450,  defeated  the  royal 
army  in  the  vicinity.  The  town  and  parish 
are  governed  by  a w^arden  and  assistants. 

It  is  six  miles  nw'  of  Maidstone,  and  23  ssB 
of  London. 

Sevevy  Sty  a town  iu  the  department  of 
Landes,  France,  on  the  Adour,  20  miles 
E of  Dax,  and  65  s by  e of  Bourdeaux. 

SevaraCy  a town  in  the  departmen*  of 
Aveiron,  France,  near  the  source  pf  the 
Aveiron,  25  miles  e of  Rodez. 

Severiny  a town  in  Walachia,  European 
Turkey,  on  the  Danube,  six  niiles  w oi 
Czernetz. 

SeverinGy  St,  a town  of  Naples,  in  Cala- 
bria Ulteriore,  stands  on  a craggy  rock,  by 
the  river  Neto,  and  is  an  archbishop^s  see ; 4ii 
miles  s£  of  Kossano,  and  plgbt  from  the  sea« 


^ E V 

Set>erino,  a towu  of  Italy,  in  the  mar- 
euisate  of  Ancona,  stands  between  iwo  hilis, 
on  the  Potenza,  six  miles  nw  oi  Tolenuna, 
and  13  wsw  of  Maserata.  • • ; 

Seoerinoy  St.  a town  of  Naples,  in  Pruici- 
on  the  Sumo,  10  miles  wsw  ol 

river  of  England,  which  rises 
in  the  huge  mountain  of  Plyalimmon,  which 
is  situaied  partly  in  Monigotneryslaris  and 
partly  in  Cardiganshire,  in  North  and  South 
Wales,  passes  through  Mouigomeryshire, 
Shropshire,  Worceslersuire,  ^^vl^s 

shire.  In  its  course,  it  waters  Llaudylos, 
Newton,  Welsh  Pool,  Shrewsbury,  iiridge- 
north,  Worcester,  Tewksbiiry,  and  blouces- 
ter  : and  entering  the  sea,  its  mouth  is  call- 
ed the  Bristol  Channel.  This  river  has  a 
communication  with  the  Thames,  the 
Trent,  the  Dee,  and  the  Mersey,  by  diftereut 

''Tncrn,  a river  of  Maryland,  which  flows  , 
by  Anuopolis,  and  enters  by  a broad  estuary  | 

into  Chesapeak  bay.  . , j „f  ii:,,  1 

SEVERNDROOG,  an  island  of  Hin-  - 
doostan  Proper,  on  the  coast  of  Concan. 


In  1756,  Commodore  James  captured  a 
strong  fort  la  this  island,  which  belonged  , 
to  Augria,  the  pirate ; 68  miles  s by  e ol  , 

St,  a town  of  Naples,  in  the  Ca- 
pitanata,  seated  in  a plain,  26  miles  w by  N 
of  Manfredonia,  and  To  ne  of  Naples. 

Severus’  Wall,  commonly  called  Gra- 
ham’s  Dyke,  in  the  w of  Scotland.  It  is  a 
•work  of  the  Romans,  and  began  at  Aber- 
corn,  on  the  frith  of  Forth,  four  miles  kb  ol 
liinlithgow,  and  ran  w across  the  country  to 
the  frith  of  Clyde,  ending  at  Kirkpatrick, 

near  Dumbarton.  ^ r a 

Sevigny,  a town  in  the  department  of  Ar- 
dennes,  France,  12  miles  NW  of  Retbel. 

Seville,  an  ancient,  rich,  end  handsome  , 
city,  capital  of  Andalusia,  one  of  the  most 
considerable  in  Spain,  anu  an  archbishop  s 
see,  and  capital  of  the  kingdom,  till  the 
reign  of  Philip  II.,  who  removed  the  court 
to  Madrid.  It  is  situated  on  the  Guadal- 
quiver,  is  of  a round  form,  and  takes  up 
more  ground  than  Madrid,  although  it  has 
not  above  80,000  inhabitants.  It  is  fortified 
by  strong  walls,  flanked  with  high  lowers. 
It  was  Wled  Hispaiis  by  the  Piienicmns, 
and  Julia  by  the  Romans.  The  catheoral, 
next  to  St  Peter's  at  Rome,  is  supposed  to 
be  the  largest  in  the  world.  The  steeple  is 
of  Arabian  architecture,  and  very  high. 
The  churches  and  convents  are  rich  and 
beautiful.  The  university  consists  of  many 
colleges,  but  they  are  chiefly  ap^opnated 
to  the  education  of  the  clergy  . The  royal 
palace,  called  Alcazar,  is  a mile  in  circuit, 
flanked  by  large  sc;pare  lowers,  built  with 
stones  taken  from  the  aucient  temple  oi 
Hercules.  The  exchange  is  a square  edifice 
of  the  Tuscan  order,  each  front  100  feet  in 
length,  and  three  stories  high.  -In  the  su- 
burb, on  the  other  side  of  the  river,  is  the 
No.  26— 


inquisition,  that  most  fatal  instrument  of 
ecclesiastical  tyranny  ; it  is  a noble  bmld- 
ing,  and  was  formerly  ihe  college  of  the 
1 Jesuits.  The  town  house  is  adorned  with  a 
1 great  number  of  statues,  and  before  it  is  a 
' larire  square,  with  a fine  fountain  in  the 
middle.  There  are  120  ho.^pitals  richly  en- 
dowed.  The  pleasant  situation  ol  Seville, 
renders  it  one  of  the  most  commercial  towns 
uf  Spain.  All  the  trade  of  Spam  with 
Anuerica  centered  originally  in  its  port,  at 
St  Lucar,  but  since  ihe  year  1720,  the  gal- 
leons have  sailed  from  Cadiz.  Su  extensive 
was  the  trade  with  the  New  VI  oi  Id,  that 
in  Seville  alone  at  oue  period,  were  16,000 
looms  employed  in  silk  and  woollen ; but 
before  the  reigu  of  Philip  111.,  tuey  were 
reduced  to  400.  The  country  about  it  is 
extremely  fertile  in  corn,  wine,  &c.  and 
' there  is  abundance  of  oil.  Seville  was 
taken  by  the  French  in  1810,  partly  evacu- 
ated in  1812,  and  soon  alter  they  were  total- 
ly expelled  by  assault,  Seville  is  45  mUe& 
irom  the  sea,  112  w ol  Grenada,  and  212 
s by  w of  Madrid.  Lou.  5 59  w,  lat.  37 

^^SEVRES,  THE  Two,  a department  of 
France,  which  comprehends  part  of  the  late 
province  of  Poitou.  It  has  its  name  Iroin 


two  rivers,  that  take  their  rise  here  ; the  one 
called  Sevres  Niorlois  runs  w by  St  Maixent, 
Nicort,  and  Maraiis,  and  enters  the  bay  ot 
Biscay,  opposite  the  isle  of  Rhe ; the  other 
called  Sevre  Nautois,  flowing  nw,  passes 
by  Clisson,  and  unites  with  the  Loire,  oppo- 
site Nantes.  Nicort  is  the  capital. 

Sewulicky  a chain  of  mountains  in  Asia, 
on  the  frontiers  of  Sirinagur,  and  the  pro- 
vince of  Delhi.  At  Hudwar,  the  Ganges 
forces  its  way  through  this  ridge  into  the 
plains  of  Hindooslan. 

Seys^el,  a handsome  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ain,  France,  separated  into  two 
parts  by  the  Rhone,  which  here  becomes 
navigable.  It  is  14  miles  n by  e of  Bel- 

lev  e 

'Sezanney  a towm  in  the  department  of 

Marne,  Franco,  65  miles  se  of  Paris, 

Sezzay  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in 
Terra  di  Lavoro,  14  miles  nw  of  Capua. 

Sfaxy  or  Sfakes,  a sea  port  of  Tunis,  on 
the  E coast,  from  which  a great  part  of  the 
traffic  of  Cairvan  is  exported,  53  miles  s by 
E of  Susa.  Lon.  10  40  e,  lat.  34  50  n. 

Shabury  a town  of  Egypt,  on  the  w branch 
of  the  Nile,  48  miles  se  of  Alexandria,  and 

50  KNW  of  Cairo.  ^ 

Sbaftsburyy  or  Shastoriy  a burgh  in  Dor- 
setshire. Water  is  so  scarce  here,  that  they 
are  obliged  to  bring  it  from  a great  distance, 
in  pails,  or*  on  horses.  It  contains  about 
3.  500  inhabitants.  Before  the  conquest  this 
town  is  said  to  have  had  three  mints,  12 
churches,  and  a monastery  ; the  churches 
are  now  reduced  to  three,  and  a presby- 
terian  meeting-house.  Here  is  a free- 
school,  and  two  alms-houses.  The  chief 
manufactures  are  stockings  and  shirt  neck 
i R T 


S H A 

button?.  Tli(?  toM^n  is  governcc!  by  a mayor, 
recorder,  <fec.  and  returns  two  members  to 
parliafiiem.  It  has  a weekly  market  on 
^Saturday,  and  three  annual  lairs.  Shafts- 
bury  is  try  miles  w by  s of  Salisbury,  25  nne 
of  Dorchester,  and  lOl  w • { London. 

Shaj'tabtmj,  a considerable  and  nourish- 
ing; tow'u  of  Vermont,  in  Bennington  county, 
10  miles  n of  Bennington. 

SHAG  ISLAND,  on  the  s coast  of  the 
island  ot  Terra  del  Fuego,  South  America. 

ShuhaVy  or  Sahar,  a stvM  port  in  Hadra- 
maut,  Arabia,  110  miles  ssw  of  Shibani. 
Lon.  4?^  40  R,^hit.  13  50  x. 

Skahjehanpour,  a town  in  Malwa,  Hin- 
doostan,  20  miles  kk  of  Otigein,  and  106  s 
of  Agimere. 

Sfiuiut,  or  Ildhj  three  small  islands 
of  the  Hebrides,  lying  in  the  ohaunel  be- 
tween the  isles  of  Lewis  and  Skye. 

S7irtm.  See  Damascus, 

Shannoriy  the  largest  river  of  Ireland,  and 
one  of  the  finest  iu  the  British  isles,  rolling 
nearly  from  n to  s 200  miles.  It  issues 
from  Lough  alien,  in  the  county  of  Leitrim, 
and  running  s divides  the  provinces  of  Lein*- 
ster  and  Conntiught,  and  passes  through,  or 
rather  forms  Lough  Baffin,  Lough  Deirgeart, 
Lough  Ree,  &c.  some  of  which  are  from 
two  to  six  miles  broad.  It  contains  a, 
number  of  fine  islands,  and  its  principal  tri- 
butaries are,  the  Inny,  the  Great  and  Little 
Brosna,  the  Suck,  and  the  Fergus.  At?  a 
ledge  of  rocks  at  ICillaloe,  which  intemipts 
the  navigation,  is  a valuable  eel  and  salmon 
fishery.  From  the  city  of  Limerick  to  the 
Atlantic,  a distance  of  60  miles,  it  is  navi- 
gable for  the  largest  vessels. 

Shop,  a village  in  Westmoreinnd,  at  the 
source  of  the  Loder,  between  Orton  and 
Penrith.  A famous  abbey  once  stood  about 
a mile  from  the  church,  the  only  remains  of 
which  are  the  tower  of  the  church,  and  the 
ruins  of  a bridge.  In  the  vicinity  is  an  ex- 
tensive range  of  pyramidical  stones,  of 
such  immense  magnitude,  that  carriages 
iiow  in  use  could  not  support  them.  They 
are  placed  almost  in  a direct  line,  for  a mile 
together,  at  the  distance  of  10  to  J2  yards, 
SHAPINSHA,  one  of  the  Orkney  islands, 
Jydng  three  miles  ne  of  the  Mainland,  about 
«eveu  miles  long,  and  five  broad.  The 
island  forms  a parochial  district,  and  con- 
tains about  744  inhabitants.  The  coasts 
«re  level,  and  produce  corn,  the  interior  is 
common  and  fit  only  for  pasturage.  Q’here 
is  plenty  of  lime  and  marl,  hut  these  are 
seldom  applied  as  a manure,  excejU  by  some 
proprietors,  and  the  greater  Tacksmen.  At 
JBlwiek,  on  the  nw  part  of  the  island,  is  an 
excellent  harbour,  the  only  out?  which  ves- 
sels can  enter.  Here  is  also  a small  vil- 
lage.  In  the  island  are  a ntimber  of  old 
eba)  els,  anof^  Pictish  houses,  an  erect  stone 
of  venerable  appearance,  and  at  Klwick,  a 
ponth'rons  block  lying  on  its  side,  culled 
the  Black  Stone  of  Odin, 

^haruot.  See  jsistan. 


Shurpshnrg,  a post  town  of  Maryland,  iis 
Washington  county,  two  miles  from  the 
Potomac,  60  nw  of  Washington,  and  69  w 
by  N of  Baltimore. 

Sheernessy  a fort  of  England,  in  Kent, 
situated  on  the  n point  of  the  isle  of  Shepey, 
at  the  principal  mouth  of  the  Medway.  The 
fort  was  built  by  Charles  I,,  alter  the 
Dutch  burnt  the  ships  at  Chatham,  in  1667. 
The  buildings  belonging  to  it,  in  which  the 
officers  lodge,  make  a neat  little  town  ; 
and  there  is  also  an  ordnance  office,  a 
yard,  a dock,  and  a chapel.  It  is  three 
miles  N of  Queenborough,  and  45  e of 
London.  , 

Sheffield,  a large  and  populous  towu  of 
England,  in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire, 
situated  on  the  Don,  at  the  junction  of  the 
►Sheaf,  In  the  tow’n  are  three  churches, 
nine  meeting-houses,  and  a Romish  chapel; 
a large  infirmary,  and  several  charitable 
fenndations.  In  1811  it  contained  35,840 
inhabitants.  It  has  long  been  celebrated 
for  its  hardware,  manufactories  of  steel, 
cutlery  wares,  plated  goods,  buttons,  and 
various  tools.  The  master  cutlers  are 
|j  jrbout  600,  incorporated  by  the  style  of  the 
ij  cutlers  of  Hallamshire.  By  the  Don,  which 
! is  uavigable  within  tw'o  or  three  miles  of 
jj  the  town,  it  receives  iron  from  Hull.  Its 
i neighbourhood  abounds  with  coal.  Here 
Ij  ate  also  lead  works,  and  a cottou  mill.  Its 
jj  has  two  w’eekly  markets',  and  (w'o  annual 
Ij  fairs ; and  is  34  miles  n of  Derby,  and 
I 161  of  London.  Lon.  1 29  w,  lat.  53 

20  N. 

SheffieM,  a post  town  in  Berkshire  coun- 
ty, Alassachusetts,  oti  the  e side  of  tha 
Flausatcnic,  257  miles  ne  of  Philadelphia, 
containing  about  2,000  inhabitants  ; and  145* 
w by  s of  Boston. 

Shefford,  a town  in  Bfedfordshire,  on  the 
Ivel,  with  a market  on  Friday,  nine  miles 
SE  of  Bedford,  nnd  41  n by  w of  London. 

Shefnal,  a (own  of  Shropshire,  »hie  miles 
NE  of  Bridgenorth. 

Shelburne,  a fiourishing  town  of  Nortfi 
America,  in  the  British  province  of  New 
Brunswick.  It  is  situated  at  Port  Rose- 
way, and  extends  two  miles  on  the  water 


side,  {tnd  one  mile  back.  The  harbour  is 
deep,  capacious,  and  secure.  About  a 
mile  from  Shelburne  is  Blacktown,  contain- 
ing about  1200  free  bhicks,  who  served  ou- 
the  roy.'il  side  during  (he  American  war.. 
It  is  18  miles  NK  of  Barrington,  anti 
100  sw  of  Halifax.  Lon.  65  0 w,  lat.  43 

\ ShaUa,  a town  of  Alorocco,  info  which 
f(  none  buf  ATahomedans  are  permitted  to 
enter;  four  miles  e ol  Sallee. 

Shedif,  the  largest  river  of  Algiers,  which 
enters  (he  Afediterraneao  to  the  n of  Alusta- 
giim.  It  rises  iu  the  desert,  passes  N through 
the  lake  Tileri,  then  turns  w,  and  in  its 
cotirse  reoeircs  a number  of  rivers. 

, shelter  island,  at  (he  e end  of 
; Long  Island,  ju  Suffiolk  county,  New  York. 


SHE 

Jt  is  about  five  miles  from  e to  w,  and  seven 

from  N to  s.  . . 

SHENANDOAH,  a county  of  Virginia. 

It  contains  10,510  iuiiabiianis.  Chief  town, 
Woodstock. 

Shenandoahy  a river  of  Virginia,  has  its 
source  in  Augusta  county,  runs  nf,  200 
miles,  and  unites  with  the  Potomac  at 
Shepherd’s  Town.  It  is  navigable  near  100 

miles.  ^ , 

SHEPHERD  ISLES,  a cluster  of  islands 
in  the  South  Sea,  part  ofdhe  New  Hebrides, 
to  the  s of  MulicoUo.  Lon.  108  4T  e,  lat.  10 
58  s. 

ShepherdstowTiy  or  Shepherd^burg,  a post 
town  of  Virginia,  ill  Berkly  county,  on  the 
Potomac,  at  the  junction  of  the  Shenandoah, 

It  contains  about  2000  inhabitants  j 00 
miles  X£  of  Alexandria. 

SHEPPKY,  an  island  in  kent,  in  the 
moiiith  of  the  Thames,  separated  from  the 
main  land  by  a branch  of  the  Medway, 
called  the  East  Swale.  It  yields  plenty  of 
corn,  and  feeds  numerous  Hocks  of  sleep. 

It  contains  the  burgh  of  Queenborcugh,  and 
the  fort  of  Sheerness. 

Shepton  Matltt,  a large  town  in  Somer- 
setshire, situated  under  Mendip  hills,  with  a 
considerable  manutacture  ol  second  cloths. 

It  has  a weekly  market  on  Friday,  and  an 
annual  fair,  and  lies  17  miles  sw  of  Bath, 
110  w of  London. 

Sherhorn,  a town  in  Dorsetshire.  It  is 
very  pleasantly  situated  and  watered,  and 
is  a large  and  populous  place.  It  has  two 
weekly  markets,  Thursday  and  Saturday, 
and  four  annual  fairs,  and  contains  about 
3160  inhabitants.  In  its  church,  which 
was  once  a cathedral,  are  intered  the 
Saxon  kings,  Ethelbald  aqd  Ethelbert.  Its 
castle  and  abbey  are  in  ruins.  Here  are 
two  silk  mills,  and  a linen  manufacture.  It 
stands  on  the  Parret,  and  lies  40  miles  w by 
s of  Salisbury,  and  U8  w by  s of  London. 
Lou  2 41  w,  lat.  50  54  N. 

Sherbroy  a fort  at  the  mouth  of  Sherbro 
river,  Guinea,  between  the  territory  of 
Sierra  Leone,  and  the  Grain  coast.  It  be- 
longs to  the  English;  and  is  100  miles  se 
of  the  river  Sierra  Leoce.  Lou.  1 1 0 w,  lat. 
7 0 N. 

Sherburny  a town  in  the  W Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  has  a market  on  Friday,  and 
stands  on  the  Werk,  a little  above  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Ouse.  It  is  a well  inhabited 
place,  10  miles  sw  of  York,  and  179  n by 
w of  London. 

Sherburne,  See  Nantucket. 

Sherecan,  a town  iii  Kurdistan,  Asiatic 
Turkey,  on  the  Diala,  00  miles  nne  ol 
Bagdad,  and  120  s by  e of  Kerkouk. 
Sherezur.  See  Sohjniania, 

Sheriff  Muir,  a heath  of  Scotland,  in 
Perthshire,  lying  between  the  Ochil  hills 
and  the  Grampian  mountains,  lanious  lor  a 
bloody  battle  fought  beiwei^n  the  royal 
army  and  the  adherents  of  the  house  of 
Smart,  under  the  earl  of  Marr,  in  1715, 


S H I 

Shershcl,  a town  of  Algiers,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Museaia,  lamous  for  its  pottery, 
steel  and  iron  maiuilactures.  It  was  once 
a place  of  great  note,  but  is  .«uid  lo  have 
been  destroyed  by  an  eurllquake,  by  which 
its  arsenal,  and  many  of  iis  buildings  were 
overwhelmed  by  the  sea,  the  ruins:of  which 
are  still  visible  at  low  water ; 00  miles 
w by  s of  Algiers,  Lou.  2 48  e,  lat,  32 
42  N. 

Sherwood y a celebrated  and  extensive 
forest  of  England  in  Nolliughumshire. 

SHETLAND,  or  Zetland,  the  general 
name  of  86  islands,  which  lie  about  100 
miles  NNE  of  Caithuess-shire,  between  59 
56  and  61  U 1^^.  The  names  of  the 
principal  are  Mainland,  Yell,  Unst,  and 
Fula,  or  Thule.  There  are  only  about  40 
inhabited ; the  rest  are  small  holms,  ^or 
rocky  islets,  used  only  for  pasturage.  The 
climate  is  not  very  agreeable ; the  longest 
day  in  the  island  of  Unst  is  f9  hours  and  15 
minutes,  and  the  shortest  tour  hours  and  45 
minutes.  The  spring  is  late,  the  summer 
short,  and  the  hutumn  wet  and  foggy.  The 
winter  sets  in  about  October,  and  lasts  till 
April.  The  SlietlcUiders  are  a stout,  well 
made,  comely  people,  mostly  of  a swarthy 
complexion.  Ali hough  their  crops  can 

Scarcely  maintain  them  above  eight  months 
in  the  year,  yet,  with  the  abundance  of  fuel 
and  flesh,  which  their  situation  affords  them, 
they  perhaps,  live  as  comfortably  as  the 
greater  part  of  the  Scoitish  peasantry.  The 
description  already  given  of  the  productions 
of  the  Mainland,  and  the  Orcades,  ap^ 
plies,  in  general,  to  the  whole  of  these 
islands,  in  1801,  they  contained  22,373 
iuhabitaDts,  and  in  181 1,  22,915,  scattered 
among  12  parochial  districts,  which  con- 
stffuie  one  of  the  presbyteries  of  the  synod 
of  Orkney.  The  salaries  of  the  clergy 
arise  principally  from  butter,  oil,  and  boat- 
tiend.  The  language  is  a mixture  of  Saxon, 
Dutch,  and  Norwegian,  The  p.incipul 
trade  is  with  Leith,  Hamburg,  Ireland,  and 
Spain.  The  wool  of  the  sheep,  which  is 
very  fine,  is  partly  manufactured  into  stock- 
ings and  milts,  some  of  which  are  of  remark- 
ably fine  texture.  Husbandry  is  still  in  a 
very  imperfect  state,  and  the  Shetland  niill 
has  but  one  wheel,  and  that  placed  horizon- 
tally. The  Aurora  Borealis,  appears,  if 
possible, in  still  greater  variety  and  sublimity 
here  than  iu  Orkney.  Sheiland  with  Orkney', 
forms  one  of  the  counties  of  Scotland. 

Shevagvnga,  a town  in  Mysore,  Hinuoo- 
stan,  25  miles  xw  of  Bangalore. 

Shibaitiy  capital  of  the  province  of  Hadra- 
maut,  Arabia.  It  is  the  residence  of  a 
sheik,  and  is  300  inib  s e of  Sana.  Lou.  40 
40  E,  lat.  15  25  N. 

Shields,  South  and  North,  two  sea  port 
towns  of  England,  one  in  the  county  of 
Durham,  and  the  otlier  in  Northumberland', 
remarkable  for  being  the  mart  where  ships 
take  in  their  loading  of  coal,  and  where 
liiey  make  large  quaniiiies  of  salt,  Th^y 
K r 2 


S H O 


S H R 


are  situated  on  each  side  of  the  Tyne,  ] 
where  there  are  constantly  immense  fleets  | 
of  shipping,  seven  miles  b of  Newcastle,  j 
North  Shields,  extends  to  Tynemouth  on  j| 
the  E,  and  in  the  vicinity  are  many  elegant  I 
mansions.  In  1801,  the  population  was  1 
•7280,  and  iu  1811,  7699.  It  is  276  miles  j 
M by  w of  London.  South  Shields  has  all  j 
the  advantages  of  trade  in  common  with  N i 
Shields  and  Newcastle,  and  consists  prin-  | 
cipaily  of  one  narrow  street  two  miles  in  | 
length,  with  an  open  square  near  the  mid-  j 
die.  Here  ships  are  built,  and  there  are  I 
considerable  salt  and  glass  works,  the  mar-  1 
ket  in  both  towns  is  on  Wedne>day.  The  i 
number  of  inhabitants  in  1801,  was  8103,  | 
and  in  1811,  9001.  Adjoining,  on  the  s,  is  | 
Westoe,  a township  that,  in  1811,  contained  ; 
6164  inhabitants.  South  Shields  is  19  i 

miles  NE  of  Durham.  | 

Shifnaly  a town  in  Shropshire,  w’itb  a ■ 
market  on  Friday,  and  fairs  August  <5 t‘h,  and 
November  22d,  nine  miles  ne  of  Bridge-  | 
north,  and  H3  xw  of  London.  i 

Shettkstown,  a village  in  the  barony  pa-  ' 
lish  of  Glasgow.  ^ 

Shiel  Lochy  a lake  of  Scotland,  in  Inver-  : 
ness-shire,  about  10  miles  long,  and  two 
broad,  lying  in  the  parish  of  Arduamurchan. 
It  has  a small  beautiful  island.  I 

S/iillela^/iy  a village  in  Wicklow,  Lein-  i 
ster,  near  w'hioh  stands  a few  trees,  the  sole  | 
remains  of  a famous  forest  anciently  noted  I 
for  its  excellent  oak,  which  Was  e'xported  to 
various  parts,  end  is  still  shewn  in  the  roof  ; 
of  Westminster  abby,  and  in  some  ancient  ' 
buildings  on  the  continent.  In  allusion  to  i 
this  celebrated  forest,  a cudgel  or  blndgeou  ! 
is  in  Ireland  called  a Shillelah,  The  vil-  i 
lage  is  five  miles  sw  of  Tinehaly. 

Shin  Lochy  a great  lake  in  the  moun- 
tains of  Sutherlandshire,  about  20  miles 
long,  from  one  to  tw’o  broad,  and  about  81 
miles  in  circuit.  At  its  se  extremity  issues 
the  rapid  river  Shin,  which  runs  about  five 
miles  s by  e and  enters  the  Dornoch  frith. 
About  a mile  from  the  lake,  the  river  ex- 
hibits a tremendous  water  fall,  at  the  bot- 
tom of  which  many  large  salmon  are 
caught. 

Shippenshurgy  a post  town  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, Cumberland  county.  On  a branch  of 
the  Connedogwiunet  creek,  which  runs  into 
the  Susquehanna. 

Shipston,  an  ancient  towm  iu  Worcester- 
shire, situated  on  the  Stour.  It  has  a de- 
clining manufactory  of  shags,  a w’eekly 
market  on  Friday,  and  two  annual  fairs. 
It  lies  about  14  miles  w of  Banbury,  and 
83  Nw  of  London. 

SHOALS,  Isles  of,  are  seven  in  number, 
situated  on  the  coast  of  New  Hampshire,  i 
Here  the  cod  fishery  was  formerly  carried 
on  to  great  extent.  Lou.  70  33  w,  lat.  42 
69  N. 

Shodhurify  North  and  Southyiwo  villages 
in  Essex.  Opposite  the  Buoy  of  the  Nore, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Thames. 


Shoghy  a town  of  Syria,  situated  on  ihs 
river  Asi,  anciently  called  Orontes,  has  an 
excellent  caravansary.  It  is  a large  dis- 
agreeable place.  It  is  18  miles  s by  e of 
Antioch,  and  46  sw  of  Aleppo.  Lon.  36 
40  E,  lat.  35  20  n. 

SHOOMSKA,  one  of  the  Kurile  islands, 
three  leagues  s of  Cape  Lopatka,  in  Kamts- 
cbatka.  The  inhabitants  consist  of  a mix- 
ture of  natives  and  Kamptschadales.  Se© 
Kuriles. 

Shooter^s  Hilly  a village  of  Kent,  situat- 
ed on  a hill  so  called,  eight  miles  ess  of 
London.  From  it  there  is  a good  prospect 
of  the  metropolis  and  the  Thames.  On  th© 
w part  of  this  hill  is  a lofty  triangular 
tower,  erected  by  lady  James,  to  comme- 
morate the  reduction  of  a strong  fort  in  th© 
E Indies  in  1766,  called  Seveodroog,  and 
hence  the  tower  is  called  Sevendroogcastle, 
and  contains  some  of  the  ornaments  and 
arms  taken  from  the  enemy. 

Shorehaniy  a town  in  Sussex,  commonly 
called  New  Sboreham,  with  a market  on 
Saturday.  Old  Sboreham,  lies  near  it,  but 
is  now  of  little  note.  It  is  situated  on  the 
river  Adur,  near  its  mouth,  about  one  mile 
from  the  sea,  which  makes  it  a place  of 
some  trade,  vessels  can  come  up  with  th© 
title  to  the  town,  and  many  small  vessels 
are  built  here.  It  is  a borough  by  prescrip- 
tion, governed  by  constables,  and  returns 
two  members  to  parliament,  chosen  by 
about  1200  electors.  It  lies  19  miles  wnw 
of  Newhaven,  and  66  s by  w of  London. 

Shottsy  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  the 
corner  of  Lanarkshire,  intersected  by  th© 
road  from  Edinburgh  to  Glasgow,  l() 
miles  long,  and  seven  broad.  Coal  and 
ironstone  abound.  The  Shotts  iron  works 
are  about  three  miles  and  a-half  se  of  th© 
church,  and  the  Omoa  works  about  five 
miles  to  the  sw.  In  the  parish  a stone  has 
been  discovered  from  which  chrystal  is 
made.  On  the  3d  Tuesday  of  June,  and 
the  3d  Tuesday  of  November,  both  old 
style,  great  fairs  for  cattle  are  held  at  the 
kirk  of  Shotts.  The  practice  of  having 
sermon  on  the  Monday,  immediately  after 
the  celebration  of  th#  Lord^s  Supper,  was 
introduced  into  Scotland  in  consequence  of 
a sermon  preached  here  on  the  Monday 
after  the  dispensation  of  that  ordinance,  by 
the  celebrated  Mr.  John  Livingstone,  w^hich 
made  an  uncommonly  happy  impression  on 
the  audience.  Gavin  Hamilton,  the  famous 
painter,  and  the  late  celebrated  John  Millar, 
professor  of  law  in  Glasgow,  were  natives 
of  this  parish.  Population  about  2127. 

Shrewsbury,  a large  and  ancient  town  in 
Shropshire,  and  the  capital  of  the  county, 
seated  on  a peninsula  formed  by  the  Severn, 
over  which  are  two  bridges,  and  encom- 
passed by  a wall  in  which  are  three  gates. 
It  has  five  churches.  The  castle  and  abbey 
are  in  ruins.  Here  is  a free  school  founded 
by  Edward  VI.  Kdwuird  I.  held  a parliament 
here  in  1283,  when  the  lords  sat  in  tha 


SI  A 


eftstle,  and  the  commoners  in  a barn.  In 
J3T9,  anoiher  was  held  by  Richard  II. 
Near  the  town,  in  1403,  was  fought  the  bat- 
tie  between  Henry  IV.  and  Hetiry  Piercy,  , 
nicknamed  Hotspur,  in  which  the  latter  was  ! 
iiefeated  and  slain.  The  county  gaol  is 
built  on  Mr,  Howard's  plan.  Shrewsbury  is 
governed  by  a mayor  and  24  aldermen,  and 
returns  two  members  to  parliament.  It  is 
the  chief  mart  for  a coarse  kind  of  woollen 
cloth  made  in  Montgomeryshire,  called 
'Welsh  webs;  it  is  indeed  a common  mart 
for  all  sorts  of  Welsh  commodities.  It  has 
three  weekly  markets  on  Wednesday, 
Thursday,  and  Saturday,  and  e>ght  aimuat 
fairs.  In  1801,  it  contained  10.(531  inhabi- 
tants, and  in  18 1 1 , 28,343.  Here  are  1 2 in- 
corporated  trading  companies.  Shrewsbury 
as  36  miles  w of  Litchfield,  and  135  nw  ol 
London.  Lon.  2 41  w,  lat.  32  43  n. 

Shrewsbury y a post  town  of  New  Jersey, 
Monmouth  county,  on  the  sea  coast. 
Here  are  three  edifices  for  public  w'orship, 
and  is  a place  of  genteel  resort  in  the  sum- 
mer months.  It  contains  4673  inhabitants, 
43  miles  e by  n of  Trenton. 

SHROPSHIRE  or  Salop,  a county  of 
England,  bounded  on  the  n by  Cheshire, 
and  a detached  part  of  Flintshire,  e by 
Staffordshire,  se  by  Worcestershire,  s by 
Herefordshire,  sw  by  Radnorshire,  in  Wales, 
and  w by  the  Welsh  counties  of  Montgo- 
mery and  Denbigh.  It  extends  about  30 
miles  in  length  from  N to  s,  and  contains 
13  hundreds,  16  market  towns,  216  parishes 
and,  in  1801,  167,639  inhabitants,  and  in 
1811,  194,298.  The  air  is  salubrious,  and 
not  very  sharp.  The  soil  is  generally  fruit- 
ful, especially  in  the  uorthren  and  eastern 
parts,  which  produce  plenty  of  wheat  and 
barley.  There  are  mines  of  lead,  copper, 
iron,  lime  stone,  free  stone,  pipe  clay,  and 
inexhaustible  coal  pits.  The  principal 
fivers  are  the  Severn  and  the  Trent.  The 
capital  is  Shrewsbury. 

Shrule,  a beautiful  serpentine  river  in 
fhe  county  of  Tyrone,  Ireland,  which  rises 
SE  of  Omagh,  and  by  a nnw  course  falls 
~ into  the  Foyle,  at  Strabaue. 

Shumblciy  a strong  town  in  Bulgaria 
European  Turkey,  which  commands,  the 
pas.s  over  the  mountains,  120  miles  nnw  of 
Constantinople. 

Shuna,  a small  island  of  Argyllshire,  in- 
cluded in  the  parish  of  Kelbradon,  and  lies 
V of  Jura. 

Shvtesburyy  a (own  of  Massachusetts, 
Hampshire  county,  e side  of  the  Connec- 
ticut, 16  miles  nne  of  Northampton. 

SIAM,  a kingdom  of  Asia,  bounded  on 
fhe  NE  by  that  of  Laos,  e by  Cambodia,  s 
by  a gulf  of  the  same  name,  and  w by  the 
bay  of  Bengal.  It  is  630  miles  in  length, 
and  from  30  to  230  in  breadth.  It  is  divided 
into  the  Higher  and  Lovs'er.  The  principal 
fiver  is  the  Menan,  w’hicb  runs  through  its 
wlrole  length  into  the  gulf  of  Siam.  The 
country,  being  flat,  is  overflowed  in  the 


S I B 

rainy  season,  and  most  of  the  houses  arft 
built  of  bamboos  upon  posts,  and  the  inha- 
bitants for  some  months  have  no  communi- 
cation, but  by  water.  The  tame  cattle  are 
beeves,  buftaloes,  and  hogs,  in  the  woods 
are  elephants,  rhinoceroses,  leopards,  and 
tigers,  there  are  also  large  serpents  and 
crocodiles.  The  soil  produces  plenty  of 
rice,  cotton,  and  a variety  of  fruit  different 
from  those  of  Europe.  There  are  mines  of 
gold,  silver,  tin,  and  copper  ; and  plenty  of 
pepper,  aloes,  benzoin,  and  musk.  Tha 
inhabitants  in  general  go  almost  naked* 
The  king  shows  himself  but  once  a year  to 
the  people.  He  is  proprietor  of  all  the  lands 
in  the  country,  and  no  one  can  buy  any 
merchandise  till  he  has  the  choice  of  them* 
He  generallj  keeps  a numerous  army, 
besides  1000  elephants.  The  women  are 
the  only  merchants  in  buying  goods,  the 
men  being  generally  maintained  by  the  in- 
dustry of  their  waves.  The  mandarins,  that 
is,  the  principal  men  who  daily  attend  the 
palace,  are  3000  in  number.  The  inhabi- 
tants have  large  foreheads,  little  noses, 
plump  lips,  and  black  sparkling  eyes.  The 
men  are  of  an  olive  complexion,  with  little 
beards  ; but  the  women  are  of  a straw  com- 
plexion, and  some  have  their  cheeks  a little 
red.  They  pay  great  respect  to  the  aged, 
begging  is  dishonourable,  theft  infamous, 
and  adultery  very  rare.  Their  furniture  is 
simple,  their  food  chiefly  rice  and  fish  ; they 
are  indolent,  but  ingenious,  and  excel  in  the 
fabrication  of  go  d,  fire  works,  and  in 
miniature  painting.  Their  temples  and 
priests  are  very  numerous.  They  have 
schools  for  the  educatioii  of  their  childrei^ 
and  there  is  scarce  any  among  them  who 
cannot  read  and  write. 

Sianiy  or  Juthitty  a city,  and  capital  of 
the  kingdom  of  .Siam.  In  it  are  a number 
of  temples,  convents,  chapels,  columns,  and 
other  decorations.  The  king’s  palace  is  of 
superior  construction  to  those  of  the  common 
people,  but  does  not  exceed  one  floor.  Hero 
the  Dutch  have  a factory,  and  merchants 
come  from  different  countries  to  trade.  This 
city  was  taken  by  the  Birmans  in  1766.  It 
stands  on  an  island  in  the  river  Menan  ; 30 
miles  N of  its  mouth  in  the  gulf  of  Siam,  and 
I 360  SE  of  Pegu.  Lon.  KiO  50  e,  lat.  14 
i 18  N. 

Slang -yang  a city  of  the  first  class  in 
the  province  of  Houqiiang,  China,  seated  on 
the  Han,  530  miles  ssw  of  Peking.  Lon. 
U I 40  E,  lat.  32  3 n. 

''iarn.  See  Sear  a. 

Siaskoi,  a town  iu  fhe  government  of 
Petersburg,  Russia,  near  the  lake  Ladoga, 
24  miles  xe  of  New'  Ladoga.  Lon.  30  47  e, 
lat.  60  16  N. 

SIBALDES,  islands  on  the  ooa't  of 
Patagonia.  Lou.  39  .35  w,  lat.  30  33 


SIBAU  ISLAND;;',  on  the  coast  of 
Cape  Breton,  lie  off  the  s point  of  Port 
Dauphine. 

SIBERIA,  a large  country,  comprehend- 


S I c 

fn^  the  most  northren  part  of  the  Russian 
empire  in  Asia.  It  is  bounded  oo  the  b by 
the  Eastern  ocean,  s by  Great  Tartary,  w 
by  Russia,  and  n by  the  Frozen  ocean.  It 
is  about  3500  miles  in  length  from  e to  w, 
and  I'^OO  in  breadth  from  n to  s,  containing 
the  half  of  Asia.  The  s part  produces  all 
the  necessaries  of  life,  but  the  n is  extremely 
cold,  almost  uncultivated,  aud  thin  of  people, 
presenting  vast  marshy  plains  covered  with 
almost  perpetual  snow,  aud  per\*aded  with 
mighty  rivers,  which  under  masses  of  ice 
pursue  their  course  to  the  Artie  ocean.  Its 
forests  are  stored  with  an  inexhaustible  sup- 
ply of  birch,  aider,  lime,  and  noble  trees 
of  the  pine  species,  <fec.  The  principal  riches 
of  this  country  consist  of  fine  skins  and 
furs  ; but  they  have  also  rich  mines  of  iron 
Jind  copper,  and  several  kinds  of  precious 
stones,  particularly  topazes  of  a beautiful 
lustre,  magnets  of  an  extraordinary  size,  and 
even  whole  mountains  of  loadstones.  The 
inhabiiants  are  of  three  sorts,  Pagans,  or  the 
natives  of  the  country,  Mahometans,  and 
Russians.  They  dwell  in  forests  in  winter, 
and  on  the  banks  of  rivers  in  summer. 
Their  garments  are  the  skins  of  wild  beasts, 
and  their  riches  bow^s,  arrows,  a knife,  and 
a kettle.  Reindeer  aud  dogs  draw  their 
sledges,  but  they  hunt  on  horseback.  They 
all  live  in  huts,  which  they  remove  from 
place  to  place.  Those  in  the  southern  parts 
are  somewhat  more  civilized.  The  Rus- 
sians settled  here  are  much  the  same  as  in 
their  native  country.  The  Tartars  are  the 
most  civilized  of  the  Joreign  nations  w ho 
live  in  Siberia.  Through  this  immense 
tract,  Russian  caravans  travel  every  year  to 
- China.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Oby, 
Lena,  Irtish,  Yenisei,  and  Okota.  The 
western  part  of  Siberia  is  comprised  in  the 
governments  of  Tobolsk  and  Koiyvan  ; all 
the  eastern  part  is  contained  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Irkutzk.  Siberia  is  the  place  to 
which  criminals,  as  well  as  persons  under 
the  displeasure  of  the  court,  are  commonly 
banished  from  Russia.  Siberia  was  re- 
duced under  the  government  of  Russia 
about  the  end  of  the  16tb  century,  To- 
bolsk is  the  capital  town,  where  the  viceroy 
resides. 

Steal,  a town  on  the  coast  of  Jucafan, 
New  Spain,  70  miles  nw  of  Merida,  Lou. 
90  SO  w,  lat.  39  30  N. 

Sichem,  a town  in  Brabant,  Netherlands ; 
in  the  vicinity,  on  the  s,  is  a famous  monas- 
tery. It  stands  on  the  Denier,  18  miles  e of 
Mechlin. 

SICILY,  an  island  of  the  Mediterranean 
sea,  almost  in  the  form  of  a triangle,  termi- 
nating in  three  capes  ; that  w'hicii  is  nearest 
Italy  is  called  Capo  del  Faro,  that  next  the 
Morea,  Capo  Passaro,  and  the  third,  which 
points  to  Africa,  Capo  di  Boco.  Sicily  is 
separated  from  the  kingdom  of  Naples  by  a 
narrow  strait,  called  the  Faro  ; but  ns  Mes- 
sina is  situated  on  it,  it  is  called  the  Furo 


S I E 

of  Messina#  The  two  kingdoms  of  Naples 
and  Sicily  have  nearly  the  same  climate, 
and  the  productions  are  much  the  same, 
but  Sicily  abounds  much  more  in  corn. 
Sicily  is  about  165  miles  long,  and  from 
30  to  1 12  broad.  It  has  the  title  of  a king- 
dom, aud  is  divided  into  three  provinces  cal- 
led Val  di  DemORa,  Val  di  Mazara,  and 
Val  di  Noto.  Its  horses  and  mules  are  ex- 
cellent, and  the  cattle  are  red,  strong,  and 
compact,  with  large  horns.  In  the  forests 
are  snakes,  asps,  scorpions,  and  harmless 
lizards.  The  ancient  practice  of  treading 
the  corn  out  of  the  ear  is  still  in  use.  The 
clergy  amount  to  the  number  of  80,000  and 
there  are  a great  number  of  nobility,  both 
of  w'hicb  classes  greatly  oppressed  the  peo- 
ple. But  they  are  now  freed  from  a great 
number  of  their  grievances  by  a form  of 
gov ’rnment  resembling  the  British  constitu- 
tion, which,  by  means  of  the  English,  was 
introduced  in  1812,  apparently  without  op- 
position. In  1799,  wheu  the  French  seized 
Naples,  the  court  removed  from  the  city  of 
Naples  to  Palermo,  iu  this  island ; but  on 
the  final  defeat  of  Bonaparte,  and  of  Murat, 
who  w’as  placed  on  the  throne  of  Naples,  in 
1816,  the  Neapolitan  court  returned  to  the 
former  capital.  It  produces  wune,  oil,  silk, 
excellent  fruits,  and  almost  every  necessary 
of  life  in  wonderful  abundance.  See  Naples, 
The  capital  is  Palermo. 

Stelos,  a town  of  Hungary,  with  a cas- 
tle on  a mountain,  in  w’hich  the  emperor 
Sigismund  was  imprisoned.  It  is  two  miles 
s of  Sun  kirchen. 

Sicques.  See  Sieks, 

Sidayey  a sroug  town  on  the  N coast  of 
Java,  with  a harbour.  Lou.  113  15  e, 
lat.  6 40  s. 

Sidcrocapsa,  a towm  of  Turkey,  in  Mace- 
donia, famous  for  a gold  mine  in  its  vici- 
nity. It  is  live  miles  from  the  gulf  of 
Countessa,  and  40  ese  of  Salonichi.  Lon. 
13  44  E,  lat.  40  30  n. 

Sidmvuth,  a toiwn  in  Devonshire,  situated 
on  a bay  of  the  English  channel.  It  is  a 
considerable  fishing  town,  and  the  salubrity 
of  its  air  attracts  many  people  to  it,  as  a 
watering  place.  It  was  a sea  port  before 
its  harbour  w'as  choked  with  sand.  It  has  a 
weekly  market,  and  two  annual  fairs,  stands 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Sid,  and  lies  12  miles 
SE  of  Exeter,  and  158  w by  s of  Loudon. 

Sidon,  See  Saida. 

Sidra,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago,  lying 
between  the  gulf  of  Napoli  and  that  of 
Eugia.  Lon.  24  0 i,  lat.  27  0 n. 

SIDRA,  a small  island  and  a spacious 
gulf  on  the  coast  of  Barbary,  between  Tri- 
poli aud  Barea.  It  forms  a circular  line 
of  low  coast,  400  miles  long  between  Ben- 
gasi and  Mesurata.  Arabs,  in  bodies  of  200 
or  300  each,  inhabit  the  shores  of  this  gulf, 
formerly  called  Syrtis. 

Siedenberg,  a town  in  the  county  of 
Iloya,  Westphalia,  nine  miles  w of  Hoya. 


S I E 

Sieghergi  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Berg, 
tV^estphalia,  on  the  Sieg,  15  miles  se  oi 

Cologne.  . , „ 

Siegen,  a town  of  Germany,  in  the  Wes- 
terwald,  capital  of  a principality  belonging 
to  the  House  of  Nassau  Orange,  with  a cas- 
tle of  the  same  name,  on  the  Sieg.  In  the 
iiei»>-hbourhood  are  iron  mines,  forges  and 
foiinderies.  It  is  24  miles  xw  of  Weiz- 
lar.  Lon.  8 12  E,lat.  47  60n. 

Sienna  y a large,  ancient  and  celebrat- 
ed city  of  Tuscany,  capital  of  the  Siennese, 
with  a famous  university,  and  citadel,  is 
an  archbishop's  see.  It  is  about  four  miles 
in  circumference,  and  surrounded  by  an  old 
wall.  The  metropolitan  church  is  a gothic 
structure  built  of  black  and  white  marble, 
with  a Mosaic  pavement.  The  great  area 
is  circular,  and  the  houses  around  it  are  of 
the  same  height,  supported  by  piazzas,  which 
affords  a pleasant  walk  in  all  weathers. 
Sienna  is  not  very  populous  ; it  is  adorned 
W'ith  a great  number  of  palaces,  fountains, 
superb  churches,  and  a magnificent  hos- 
pital. The  Italian  language  is  spoken  and 
taught  here  in  purity.  It  is  26  miles  s of 
Florence,  and  120  nnw  of  Rome.  Loo.  11 
1 1 E,  lat,  43  24  N. 

Siennescy  a duchy  of  Italy,  in  Tuscany, 
on  the  Mediterranean  sea.  It  is  about  66 
miles  in  length,  and  as  much  in  breadth. 
The  soil  is  pretty  fertile,  especially  in  mul- 
berry-trees. There  are  several  mineral 
springs.  Sienna  is  the  capital. 

Siennoiy  a town  in  the  government  of 
Mohilef,  Russia,  60  miles  nnw  of  Mohilef.  I 
Lon.  29  45  e,  lat.  54  .SO  n. 

Sierky  a town  in  the  department  of  Mo- 
selle, France,  near  the  Moselle,  eight  miles 
NS  E of  Thionville. 

SIERRA  LEONE,  a large  and  fruitful 
country,  ou  the  w coast  of  Africa.  Some 
extend  its  limits  from  the  Grain  Coast  on 
the  SE  to  Cape  Vergu  or  Vega,  on  the  nw 
that  is,  between  seven  and  10  deg.  N lat. 
Others,  however,  confine  the  country  be- 
tween Cape  Verga  and  Cape  Tagrin.  In 
the  open  .places  on  the  banks  of  a river  of 
its  name,  the  heat  is  almost  insupportable 
till  about  noon,  when  a breeze  invariably 
Spri  ngs  up  which  cools  the  air.  The  rainy 
season,  which  continues  from  May  to  Octo- 
ber, begins  and  terminates  with  stormy 
w'cather.  The  principal  subsistence  for 
the  people,  is  rice  and  millet,  with  which 
both  sides  of  the  river  abouml.  The  natives 
-are  proud,  and  much  affected  by  any  kind 
of  insult,  but  they  are  mild,  and  noted  for 
hospitality.  Those  who  have  embraced 
Mahometanism  are  the  most  civilized  ; those 
on  the  coast,  from  their  intercourse  with 
slave  factors  are  much  inferior  to  those 
who  reside  hither  us  the  country  except  in 
making  a bargain. 

Sierra  Leoney  a great  river  of  Africa,  in 
the  country  of  the  same  name.  Its  source 
is  uncertain  ; but  its  mouth,  in  lat.  6 15 
ion.  12  30  w,  is  nino  miles  wide.  In 


SI  L 

1791,  an  act  of  parliament  was  obtained 
incorporating  a company,  called  the  Sierra 
Leone  company,  for  the  express  purpose  of 
cultivating  West  India  and  other  tropical 
productions  on  the  banks  of  this  ri\ex‘.  Tho 
first  settlers  were  200  white  persons,  and  a 
colony  of  free  blocks  from  Nova  Scotia^ 

In  1793,  the  colonists  obtained  small  lots  of 
land  and  a town  was  begun  to  be  built,  but 
in  1794,  a French  squadron  destroyed  tlihs 
settlement,  and  captured  some  of  the  com- 
pany's ships.  A factory  was  established  is 
the  Rio  Paiigos  in  the  following  year  ; but 
the  colony  languished  ftU  1808,  when  it 
was  given  up  to  his  majesty. 

Sierra  Morenn,  Mountains  in  Spain, 
which  divide  Andalusia  from  New  Castile 
and  Estremadura.  They  are  noted  as  the 
scene  of  the  wars,  between,  the  Christians 
and  Mahommedans.  Here  Cervantes  has 
placed  the  most  entertaining  adventures  of 
Don  Quixote. 

SIFANTO,  or  Siphanto,  an  island  of 
the  Archipelago,  w of  Paros.  It  abounds 
with  marble  and  granite,  and  is  one  of  the 
most  fertile  and  best  cultivated  of  these 
islands.  The  inhabitants  cultivate  olive 
trees  and  capers,  and  trade  in  figs,  onions, 
wax,  honey,  straw  bats,  and  excellent  silk. 
Lon.  25  15  E,  lat,  37  9 n. 

Sigatiy  a town  of  China,  ci^pital  of  the 
province  of  Ken-si.  Lon.  168  15  e,  lat.  34 
46  N, 

Sigety  or  Zigety  a town  of  Hungary,  oa 
the  Teisse,  near  its  source,  42  miles  e by 
N of  Nasybanja. 

Sigilmesm  ; See  Sugulmessa. 
Sigmaringefiy  a town  and  castle  of  Sua- 
bia.  It  is  situated  on  the  Danube,  and  gives 
name  to  a branch  oi  the  house  of  Hohen- 
zollern ; 18  miles  ese  of  Hohenzollern. 

Signally  a towft  in  tbe  Canton  of  Berue, 
Swisserland,  12  miles  se  of  Berne. 

Sigtunay  an  ancient  town  of  Sweden  ic 
’ Upland,  on  the  lake  Maeler,  15  miles  s of 
Upsal,  and  17  nnw  of  Stockholm. 

Signenza.  a city  of  New  Castile,  Spain. 
It  has  an  university,  consisting  of  several 
colleges.  It  is  a bishop’s  see,  and  has  a 
castle,  iu  which  is  an  arsenal.  The  niosx 
oonsi'derabie  edifice  is  tbe  cathedral.  It  is 
I situated  on  a bill,  at  the  loot  of  yiounx, 

I Atienca,  65  miles  se  oi  Madrid,  Lon.  2 
' 5 I w,  lat.  40  .58  N. 

1 Sihon ; See  Sirr. 

Silaguttay  n town  in  Mysore  Hindoonan, 
celebrated  for  its  kitchen  gardens.  Coarsu 
coitorisare  manufactured  here,  and  tobacco 
is  reared  in  the  vicinity  ; 20  miles  nw  of 
Colar,  and  32  ne  of  Bangalore. 

Silberhergy  a town  of  Silesia,  insulated  in 
the  principality  of  Mnnsterberg,  but  belongs 
to  that  of  Brieg.  Here  is  a lead  mine,  the 
ore  of  which  is  mixed  with  silver,  1 1 niiies 
\NE  of  Glatz. 

SilchesteTy  (i  village  in  Hampshire,  to 
the  NE  of  king  Clere.  It  was  a large  tot^it 
in  the  time  of  the  RonmiiS.  There  are  extet:.* 


S I L 


^ I N 


Sive  remains  of  its  walls  and  ditches,  in-  r 
closing  an  area  of  80  acres,  and  two  mill-  ' 
tary  roads  from  the  s gate,  one  to  Win- 
chester, and  the  other  (o  old  Sanirn.  It  is  | 
said  to  have  been  the  place  where  Arthur 
was  crowned,  six  miles  n of  Basingstoke. 

It  was  once  a celebrated  city.  i 

SILESIA,  a province  of  Germany,  with 
the  title  of  a duchy.  It  formerly  belong- 
ed to  the  kingdom  of  Bohemia,  and  is 
bounded  on  the  n by  the  marquisite  of  Bran-  i 
denburg  and  Poland,  s by  Moravia  and  Hun- 
gary, E by  Poland,  and  w by  Lower  Lusatia 
and  Bohemia.  It  is  about  274  miles  in 
length,  and  100  in  breadth.  The  princi-  | 
pal  rivers  are  the  Oder,  Vistula,  Neisse,  | 
Bober,  Queis,  Ojjpa,  and  Else.  There  are  i 
mines  of  gold  and  silver ; but  they  have  not 
been  wrought  for  many  years.  The  most  con- 
siderable silver  mines  at  present  are  at  Reii- 
stein,  in  the  principality  of  Breig.  There  j 
are  also  mines  of  lead,  copper,  and  iron,  and  i 
quarries  of  various  stones,  besides  antimony, 
saltpetre,  sulphur,  alum,  vitriol,  quicksilver, 
<fec.  Thepriiicipal  linen  manufacture  is  cloth, 
there  are  also  v/oollen  manufactures,  iron 
fouuderies,  glasshouses,  and  potteries.  Si- 
lesia is  divided  into  the  Upper  and  Lower,  ! 
and  the  country  of  Glatz.  In  the  Upper  the  | 
inhabitants  are  generally  Romanists,  speak-  j 
ing  the  Polish  language  ; and  in  the  Lower,  | 
almost  all  Protestants,  and  speak  their  mo-  ! 
ther  tongue.  Silesia  is  divided  into  17  small 
duchies,  and  seven  free  states,  without  com- 
prehending the  county  of  Glatz.  In  this 
county  are  great  numbers  of  cattle,  horses, 
and  game ; also  Lynxes,  bears,  foxes,  ot- 
ters, and  beavers.  Its  numerous  lakes  1 
abound  in  fishes.  There  are  plenty  of  bees, 
and  the  soil  produces  wheat,  maize,  bailey, 
oats,  and  millet,  but  its  wine  is  not  good. 
In  1742,  it  was  ceded  to  Prussia,  by  the 
treaty  of  Breslau.  It  was  overrun  by  the 
French  in  1807,  but  restored  at  the  peace 
of  Tilsit.  It  was  entered  again  by  the 
French  in  1813,  but  they  were  completely 
defeated  b}'  the  Prussians  between  the  Neisse 
and  Katsback.  Breslau  is  the  capital. 

Silftety  a tow'u  in  Beugal,  Hindoostan, 
capital  of  a district  of  its  name,  on  the  So- 
vima,  120  miles  ne  of  Dacca.  Lou.  91 
57  E,  lat.  23  ,52  n. 

s/ljaTtf  a town  in  Dalecarlia,  .Sweden,  on 
a lake  of  its  name,  28  miles  nw  of  Fah- 
lun. 

SiHstria.  a town  of  Turkey,  in  Bulgaria, 
with  a citadel,  and  is  an  archbishop's  see, 
seated  on  the  Danube,  at  the  junctiou  of  the 
Missovo.  In  ISIO  and  1811,  it  was  takeu 
by  the-Russiaiis,  97  miles  ne  of  Nicopoli, 
and  1,55  nne  of  Adrianople.  Lon.  2^7  6 e,  | 
lat.  44  15  N.  " . ! 

Silk,  a town  in  Lincolnshire,  twm  miles 
s by  w’  of  Sleaford. 

kilkeburg,Si  town  in  N Jutland,  Denmark, 
has  a castle,  formerly  of  great  strength, 
lb  miles  w of  Arhusen. 

. Siila,  a town  in  Baipbara,  Negrolftnd,  on 


the  right  bonk  of  the  Niger,  75  miles  k« 
of  Sego. 

Sillabar,  a sea-port  on  the  w coast  of 
Sumatra,  wuth  a safe  and  commodious  har- 
bour, 30  miles  sse  of  Bencooieu,  Lon.  102 
JO  E,  lat.  4 0 s. 

Sille  le  Guillaume,  a small  commercial 
town  of  France,  in  the  department  of  Sane, 
20  miles  nw  of  Mans. 

Siflee,  a town  in  Bengal,  Hindoostan,  on 
the  Subanreeka,  178  miles  wnw  of  Cal- 
cutta. Lon.  80  54  e,  lat.  23  22  n. 

Silvermiues,  a village  in  the  county  of 
Tipperary,  Ireland,  in  the  vicinity  are  the 
most  extensive  lead  mines  in  the  kingdom, 
in  which  some  virgin  silver  has  been  lound* 
six  miles  s of  Nenagh,  anti  upwards  of  70 
sw  of  Dublin. 

Silves,  a toxvn  in  Algarve,  Portugal,  on 
a river  of  its  name,  35  miles  wxw’  of  Ta- 
vira. 

Simancas,  a town  in  Leon,  Spain,  with 
a strong  castle,  on  the  Douro.  In  the  cas- 
tle, Philip  II.  ordered  the  Archives  of  the 
kingdom  to  be  kept,  eight  miles  sw  of  Val- 
ladolid, and  60  ne  of  Salamanca. 

SIMBIRSK,  one  of  the  41  governments 
of  Russia,  formerly  a province  of  the  king- 
dom of  Casan.  The  capital  of  the  same 
name,  is  situated  on  the  Volga,  100  miles 
w by  s of  Casan.  Lon.  48  34  e,  lat.  54 

22  N. 

SIMI,  the  ancient  Syme,  an  island  in  the 
Mediterranean,  on  a bay  of  its  name,  12 
miles  N of  Rhodes.  Low.  27  33  e,  lat.  38 
55  N. 

towm  in  the  department  of 
the  Pthine,  and  Moselle,  France,  lately  of 
Germany,  in  the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine, 
It  is  26  miles  w of  Mentz,  and  20  s of  Co- 
bientz. 

Simogay,  a town  in  Mysore,  Hindoostan, 
on  the  S lingo,  bas  a manufacture  of  coarse 
cottons,  34  miles  E by  n of  Nagara, 

SIMON  St,  the  easternmost  of  the  three 
large  islands  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Alatamaha  river,  in  Georgia.  This  island 
is  about  14  miles  in  length,  and  from  two 
to  four  in  breadth.  At  the  nw  end  is  a re- 
gular  fortress,  and  some  islets  are  also  for- 
tified. In  the  middle  of  the  island,  is  the 
town  of  Frederica. 

Simojithurn,  or  Simontornya,  a strong 
towm  of  Lower  Hungary,  sealed  on  the  Sar- 
vita,  with  a strong  castle,  taken  from  the 
Turks,  in  1686,  eight  miles  from  Tolna, 
and  32  ssw  of  Buda.  Lon.  18  52  e,  lat.  46 
45  N. 

Simplon,  a new  department  of  France, 
has  its  name  from  a mountain,  on  the  sbor^ 
der,  and  includes  the  county  of  Valais  in 
Swisserlnnd.  Sion  is  the  capital. 

Simprin,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Ber- 
wickshire, now  united  to  Swiuton.  See 
Swintoti, 

Sinai,  a mountain  of  Arabia  Petraea, 
in  a peninsula  formed  by  the  two  arms  of 
the  Red  Sea.  Her©  the  law  was  given  to 


S I N 

Ufoses,  for  which  reason  the  Mahomedaiis 
hold  it  in  great  veneration;  and  here  the 
Christians  have  a monastery  surrounded  by 
a high  wall,  without  gates ; and  those  that 
go  in  and  out  are  drawn  up  and  let  down  in 
baskets.  Lon.  34  15  e,  lat.  idO  2 n. 

SINCAPOUR,  an  island  separated  by  a 
narrow  channel,  from  the  s extreniit}  of  the 
Peninsula  of  Malaya.  To  the  s side  is  a 
narrow  sea,  called  the  strait  of  Smeapour. 

On  the  island  is  a town  of  its  name.  Lon. 
103  15  E,lat.  I 10  N. 

Sitide,  See  Indus. 

StndeIJingeny  a tow'n  in  the  duchy  ot 
Wuriemberg,  Swabia,  10  miles  ssw  of  Stut- 
gard. 

SJNDY,  a province  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per. It  extends  along  the  Shide,  or  Indus, 
from  its  mouth  to  Beliker,  or  Bhakor,  on 
the  frontiers  of  Moiiltan,  and  is  300  miles 
long  and  160  broad.  In  many  particulars 
of  soil  and  climate,  and  in  the  general  ap- 
pearance of  the  surface,  Sindy  resembles 
Egypt,  the  Indus,  like  the  Nile,  inundates 
and  fertilizes  the  country.  During  great 
part  of  the  sw'  Monsoon,  at  least  in  July, 
August,  and  part  of  September,  the  rainy 
season  in  most  parts  of  India,  the  amos- 
phere  is  cloudy,  but  no  rain  falls  except 
near  the  sea.  On  this  account,  and  the 
vicinity  of  the  sandy  deserts  the  heats  are  so 
great,  and  the  winds  from  those  points  so 
noxious  that  they  ventilate  their  houses  from 
the  top,  the  roofs  of  which  are  composed  of 
thick  layers  of  earth  instead  of  terraces. 
Few  climates  are  more  hurtful  to  European 
constitutions,  particularly  the  Delta.  The 
prince  of  this  province  is  a Mahometan, 
tributary  to  the  king  of  Candahar, 
who  treats  the  original  Hindoo  inhabitants 
with  such  rigour,  that  numbers  ot  them  emi- 
grate into  other  countries.  He  resides  at 
Hydrabad,  the  capital.  The  inland  parts  of 
Sindy  produce  saltpetre,  sal-ammoniac, 
borax,  bezoar,  lapislazuli,  and  raw  silk. 
They  have  also  manufactures  of  cotton  and 
silk  of  various  kinds;  and  they  make  tine 
cabinets,  inlaid  with  ivory,  and  finely  lack- 
ered. They  also  export  great  quantities  of 
butter,  clarified,  and  wrapt  up  in  diippas, 
made  of  the  hides  of  cattle.  In  this  coun- 
try the  horses  are  small  and  hardy,  the 
beeves  large,  and  the  sheep  fine.  Here  also 
are  deex,  antelopes,  hares,  and  foxes  ; also 
leopards,  and  a fierce  creature  called  a 
Shiahgush.  The  governments  is  a military 
despotism  ; at  the  head  of  which  is  a person 
with  the  title  of  Hakem. 

Sines,  a town  in  Alentejo,  Portugal,  on 
a cape  of  the  same  name,  70  miles  sw  of 
Evoro.  Lon.  8 46  w,  lat.  37  58  n. 

Sing,  a strong  town  of  Venetian  Dalmatia, 
built  by  the  Turks  in  opposition  to  Clissa, 
and  taken  by  the  Venetians  in  1687,  eight 
miles  N of  Clissa,  and  14  from  Spalatvo. 

Singan,  a city  of  China,  capital  of  the 
province  of  Chensi,  and,  next  to  Pekin,  the 
largest  and  most  beautiful  in  the  empire. 
No. 


s I o 

Its  territories  contain  six  cities  of  the  se* 
coiid,  and  31  of  the  third  rank.  The  walls 
of  the  city  are  12  miles  in  circumference, 
and  surrounded  with  a deep  ditch.  The 
principal  trade  is  in  mules,  great  numbers 
of  which  are  bred  up,  and  sent  to  Pekin* 
Here  is  a species  of  bats  as  large  as  domes- 
tic fowls,  which  the  Chinese  prefer  to  the 
flesh  of  chickens.  In  this  city  are  n great 
many  Mandarins,  mostly  Tartars,  and'  in  a 
quarter  of  the  city  separated  by  a strong 
wall,  a pow'erful  garrison  of  Tartars.  It 
is  540  miles  sw  of  Pekin.  Lon,  108  43  e, 
lat.  34  15  N. 

Singilief,  a town  in  the  government  of 
Simbirsk,  Russia,  on  the  Volga,  24  miles  s 
of  Simbirsk, 

Singo,  a town  of  Macedonia,  European 
Turkey,  on  the  gulf  of  Monte  Sauio,  Lon. 

24  0 E,  lat.  40  13  N. 

Singor,  a town  in  the  peninsula  of  Malac- 
ca, stands  at  the  mouth  of  a small  river, 
in  the  bay  of  Patani,  35  miles  e of  Patani. 
Lon.  101  25  E,lat.  6 40  n. 

Sinigaglia,  a handsome  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  duchy  of  Urbino,  and  a bishop^s  see, 
with  two  harbours,  and  a castle ; beside 
the  cathedral,  there  are  several  line  churches, 
convents,  and  a mint.  A fair  is  held  here 
from  the  middle  to  the  end  of  July,  much 
frequented  by  merchants.  It  is  situated  on 
the  sea  coast,  on  the  Nigola,  in  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  .34  miles  e of  Urbino.  Lon.  13  15 
E,  lat.  36  45  N. 

Signing,  a city  of  the  second  rank,  on  the 
w of  the  province  of  Chen  si,  China,  has  a 
trade  with  the  Tibet,  particularly  in  tea, 
450  miles  wnw  of  Singan.  Lou.  101  35  E, 
lat.  36  45  N. 

Sinope,  a decayed  sea  port  of  Asiatio 
Turkey,  in  Natolia,  situated  on  an  isthmus 
of  a peninsula  in  the  Black  Sea,  surrounded 
by  walls  and  double  ramparts.  It  is  the 
birth  place  of  Diogenes.  The  inhabitants, 
who  are  Turks  will  not  admit  any  Jews, 
and  the  Greeks  live  in  the  suburbs,  280 
miles  E of  Constantinople.  Lon.  38  55  E, 
lat.  41  5 N. 

Sintzheim,  a town  of  Germany,  in  the 
late  palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  stands  on  a 
morass,  18  miles  e of  Spire. 

Sion,  a mountain  of  Syria,  on  the  e side 
of  Jerusalem,  greatly  celebrated  in  the  holy 
scriptures. 

Sion,  or  Sitten,  an  ancient  town  of  Swit- 
zerland, capital  of  the  Vullais,  now  belong- 
ing to  France,  and  capital  of  Sirapton.  It 
is  situated  on  the  Sitten,  near  the  Rhone. 
Sion  was  formerly  the  capital  of  the  Seduni, 
wrho  inhabited  this  part  of  the  coimtry  in  tho 
time  of  Julius  (’ajsar,  and  some  Roman  in- 
scriptions still  remain.  Its  bishop  is  a 
prince  of  the  empire.  It  is  50  miles  e of 
Geneva.  See  Vullais.  Lon.  7 23  e,  lat. 
46  0 N. 

ijous,  or  Sioux,  a powerful  nation  of 
Indians,  which  can  furnish  0f}00  war- 
riors. They  inhabit  on  the  bead  watert* 
¥ s 


SIR 

of  the  Missisipi  and  Mii^souri,  North  Ame- 
rica. j 

Siouty  or  Oaioty  a town  of  Africa,  one  of 
the  largest  and  most  populous  in  Egypt,  and 
the  see  of  a Coptic  bishop.  H "re  are  some 
itomau  sepulchres,  th  ruins  of  an  amphi- 
theatre, and  several  mosques.  It  stands  on 
an  artif’cial  mount,  and  has  fine  gardens,  with 
palm  trees  that  bear  the  best  dates  in  Egypt. 
This  place  is  the  rendezvous  of  those  that 
go  in  the  caravan  to  Sennaar,  in  Nubia.  | 
It  is  two  miles  from  the  river  Nile,  and  18-5 
s of  Cairo.  Lon.  31  14  E,  lat.  27  2<3  n. 

Siphanto,  See  Sifanto. 

Siradia,  a to'vn  of  Great  Poland,  capital  i 
of  a palatin  vle  of  the  same  name,  with  a | 
strong  castle,  surrounded  by  a wall,  and  j. 
stands  in  a plain,  on  the  Warta.  It  is  62  j 
miles  NE  of  Breslau,  and  105  nw  of  Cra- 
cow. Lon.  18  65  e,  lat.  51  52  n. 

SIR  CHARLES  HARDY'S  ISLAND, 
in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  was  discovered  i 
in  J767,  by  Captain  Carteret,  it  is  low,  ie-  j 
vel,  and  woody.  Lon.  154  20  w,  lat.  4 
41  s. 

SIR  CHARLES  SAUNDERS'S  IS- 
LAND, in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  and 
discovered  by  Captain  Wallis,  is  about  two 
leagues  in  length  from  e to  w.  The  ac- 
commodations of  the  natives  seem  to  be  very 
mean.  Lon.  151  4 w,  lat.  17  28  s. 

Sira.  See  Sera. 

Sir  aft  a towm  in  the  province  of  Laristan, 
i^ersia,  stands  on  the  Persian  gulf,  30  miles 
sw  of  Lar.  Lon.  52  25  e,  lat.  35  20  n. 

SiravaUt  a town  in  the  province  of  Kusi- 
stan,  Persia,  48  miles  nne  of  Suster.  ton. 
51  5 E,  lat.  31  50  n. 

Sire,  a town  in  Tigre,  Abyssinia,  celebra- 
ted for  a manufacture  of  cotton  cloths,  40 
miles  w of  Auxum,  and  100  nnw  of  Au- 
zen. 

Sir g an.  See  Kerman. 

Sirhindy  or  Serindey  a very  ancient  city 
6f  Hindoostan  Proper,  in  the  province  of 
Delhi,  capital  of  a country  of  its  name. 
Silk  according  to  Procopius,  was  brought 
from  Serinada,  a country  in  India,  in  the 
time  of  Justinian,  (the  sixth  century,)  Sir- 
llind  is  175  miles  kw'  of  Delhi.  Lon.  75 
35  E,  lat.  29  55  n. 

SiriaUy  a sea  port  of  Tegu,  resorted  to  by 
the  Dutch,  French,  and  English,  it  stands 
on  Pegu  river.  30  miles  from  its  mouth,  and 
SO  s of  Pegu.  Lon.  96  12  e,  iat.  16  52  N. 

SlRlNAGUR,  a large  rugged  coumry  of 
Asia,  betw'een  Hindoos! an  Proper  and  Thi- 
bet, bounded  on  the  w by  Lahore,  and  on 
the  s by  Delhi. 

SirinaguTy  the  capital  of  the  above  coun- 
try, 'is  siinated  on  the  Alakuandera,  wdiich 
runs  into  the  Ganges,  24  miles  below.  It 
is  166  miles  n by  E of  Delhi.  Lon.  7T  38  e, 
lat.  30  59  N. 

Sirius,  a small  island  in  the  Pacific  ocean 
about  18  miles  in  circuit,  discovered  b\ 
Lieutenant  Ball,  in  1790.  Lon.  162  30  e, 
lat.  10  52  s.  . 


s I T 

Sirfiiichy  or  Nir/ntwm,  an  ancient  and  ce- 
lebrated town,  and  a county  of  Sclavonia, 
situated  on  the  Boswetb,  near  the  Saave,  is 
a bishop's  see,  42  miles  se  of  Essek.  Lon. 
10  19  E,  lat.  45  13  N. 

Siroway,  a town  in  Agimere,  Hindopstan, 
in  a district  of  its  name,  stands  near  the 
Puddar,  70  miles  sw  of  Agimere.  Lou.  74 
27  E,  lat.  26  J N. 

Sirpy,  a town  and  fort  in  Mysore,  Hin- 
doostan, 1 4 miles  n of  Sera,  and  37  se  of 
Chittlebrood. 

Sirr,  or  Sihon,  a river  of  Independant 
Tartary,  which  rises  in  the  mouniaiti*s  of 
Belur  or  Imaus,  on  the  borders  of  Cashgur, 
and  flowing  nw'  550  miles,  falls  into  the  ne 
part  of  the  lake  Aral.  It  formerly  entered 
the  Caspian  sea,  but  the  Tartars  turned  its 
course  to  free  themselves  from  pirates. 

Sirong.  See  Serong. 

Sisal,  a small  port  in  Jucatan,  New 
Spain,  opposite  a sand  bank  on  the  coast  of 
Mexico,  12  leagues  in  length. 

Sisizian,  a sea  port  on  the  E coast  of  La- 
conia, oneof  the  Phillippine islands,  situated 
almost  opposite  Manilla,  near  a very  high 
mountain,  which  renders  the  air  moist.  Lon. 
123  45  E,lat.  14  20  N. 

Sissao,  a town  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Basel,  17  miles  se  of  Basel, 

Sisseky  or  Siszeg,  a strong  town  of  Croa- 
tia, on  the  Saave,  at  the  junction  of  the  Kul- 
pat,  42  miles  e of  Carlstadt.  Lon.  16  56  e, 
iat.  45  33  N. 

SissopoUy  a towm  in  Romania,  European 
'!  Turkey,  stands  on  a peninsula  of  the  Black 
I sea,  and  an  archiepiscopai  see,  25  miles  s of 
Mesembria,  and  97  nw  of  Constantinople. 
Lon.  28  9 e,  lat.  42  30  n. 

Sisteron,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
I Low'er  Alps,  France,  with  a citadel  on  the 
I top  of  a rock,  in  which  Casimlr  V.  king  of 
Poland,  was  imprisoned^  seated  on  the  Du- 
rance, and  lately  an  episcopal  see,  45  miles 
NE  of  Aix,  and  407  se  of  Paris.  Lon.  5 56 
E,  lat.  44  12  N. 

Siston,  a village  in  Gloucestershire,  seven 
miles  E of  Bristol,  at  the  source  of  a rivulet 
w^hich  falls  into  the  Avon.  It  has  a ma- 
nufactory of  brass,  and  another  of  salt- 
petre. 

SistovQy  a town  in  Bulgaria,  European 
Turkey,  on  the  Danube.  Here,  in  1791,  a 
peace  w'as  concluded  betw'een  the  Turks 
and  Austrians,  25  miles  £ of  Nicapoli. 

Sitia,  a town  on  the  n coast  of  Candia, 
seated  on  a bay  of  its  name,  about  58 
miles  ESE  of  Candia.  Lon.  26  29  e,  lat.  35 
0 N. 

Stifardy  a town,  late  of  Westphalia,  in- 
cluded in  the  department  of  Roer,  in  the 
duchy  of  Juliers,iiear  the  Meuse,  10  miles  s 
of  Ruremonde. 

SitlingburUy  a corporate  town  in  Kent, 
with  good  inns,  being  a great  thoroughfare 
on  the  road  to  Canterbury.  In  the  vicinity 
are  the  ruins  of  a fortification  raised  by 
king  Alfred.  Here  are  tw'o  annual  fairs, 


S K E 

11  miles  SE  of  Rochester,  15  wnw  of 
Canterbury,  and  40  esk  of  London. 

Sitticacciiy  a village  of  Ceylon,  on  a 
branch  of  the  MiiUiredcly,  which  separates 
it  from  the  territory  of  the  king  ot  Candy, 
and  is  the  chief  place  of  intercourse  between 
the  Candians  and  their  European  neighbours. 

On  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  is  the  Can- 
dian  village  of  GoiobalivilU,  tS  miles  e ot 

Columbo.  ...  m ^ 

Siuas,  a city  in  Rioiim,  Asiatic  Turkey,  u 
capital  of  a .sangieaie,  with  a castle,  and 
is  a bishop’s  see,  55  miles  s by  e of  Tocat, 
and  230  ene  of  Cogui.  Lon.  3b  45  e, 

lat.  39  8 N.  . 

Siuraijy  a town  in  the  department  ot  Vien- 
ne, France,  on  the  Charente,  25  miles  s ot 
Poitiers. 

Sijc-Mile-Bridgey  a town  in  Clare  coun- 
ty, Munster,  on  the  Germa,  about  12  miles 
SE  of  Ennis. 

Siwahy  a county  of  Africa,  on  the  bor- 
ders  of  Esypt  and  Barca,  aDciently  the 
Oasis  of  Ammon.  The  fertile  part  which 
Is  well  watered  by  small  streams,  and  pro- 
duces abundance  of  corn,  oil  and  vegeta- 
bles, is  about  20  miles  in  circuit.  In  the 
capital  of  the  same  name,  are  the  nuns  o. 
the  temple  of  Jupiter  Ammon,  and  in  the 
vicinity  are  many  catacombs,  in  which  the 
ancient  inhabitants  were  buried,  220  miles 
E of  Augila  and  280  w by  s of  Cairo.  Lon. 
27  10  E,  lat.  29  12  N. 

SIX  NATIONS,  a confederacy  ot  In- 
dians, so  called  by  the  British  and  Ameri- 
cans. The  French  call  them  Iroqueis. 
They  live  on  grounds  called  the  State  Re- 
servations. which  are  intern.ediate  spaces 
settled  on  all  sides  by  white  people. 

Siziin,  a small  island  on  the  nw  coast 
of  France,  eight  miles  from  the  main  land. 

Skara,  an  ancient  town  in  West  Goth- 
land, Sweden,  and  a bishop’s  see,  seated  on 
the  Lida,  in  a morass.  The  cathedral  is 
the  largest  building  ot  its  kind  in  Sweden. 
Here  is  a gyninasittm,  or  seminary,  founded 
in  1640.  The  ruins  of  an  aufient  palace 
burnt  by  the  Danes  in  1611,  and  of  several 
churches  and  convents  are  still  visible.  It 
is  77  miles  ne  of  Gotheburg.  Lon.  14 
0 e,  lat.  58  16  N. 

Skeen,  a town  of  Norv/ay,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Aggerhuys,  stands  near  a lake,  and 
is  remarkable  for  its  mines  of  iron  and  cop- 
per. It  is  10  miles  w of  Tonsburg,  and 
26  w of  Frederickstadt. 

SKELIG  ISLANDS,  islands  off  the 
coast  of  Kerry,  in  Munster.  They  are 
three  in  number.  Lou.  10  30  w,  lat.  51 
35  N. 

Skelton  Castle,  a town  in  the  N Riding 
of  Yorkshire,  between  Kirkleutham  and 
the  sea. 

Skene  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Aber- 
deenshire, about  six  miles  long  and  three 
and  a half  broad,  nearly  one  bait  of  whicu 
is  arable.  The  surface  is  pleasant  and  w’eli 
watered.  It  lies  xw  o!  the  county  town. 


S K I 

In  the  parish  is  a fine  lake,  .several  mineral 
springs,  an  ancient  encampment,  two  druidi- 
cal  temples,  and  many  tumuli.  The  parish 
contained  1 1 40  inhabitants  in  1801. 

Skenectady,  an  ancient  town  in  Albany 
county,  New  York,  1 6 miles  nw  of  Albany 
city.  Union  college  founded  by  vaivious 
denominations  of  Christians,  was  establish- 
ed and  incorporated  here  in  1794,  and  is 
under  the  direction  of  24  trustees.  In  June, 
1796,  there  were  40  students,  divided  into 
four  classes.  In  the  town  are  IW'O  churches, 
and  it  has  a trade  with  the  back  country, 
and  is  seated  on  the  w side  of  Mohawk 
river,  above  the  tails.  , ^ j 

Skeninge,  a town  in  E Gothland,  Sweden, 

18  miles  w by  s of  Linkoping. 

Skenesboroughy  now  called  Whitehall,  a 
flourishing  town  in  Washington  county, 
situated  on  Wood  Creek,  on  the  s side  of 
South  Bay,  which  leads  N into  lake  Cham- 
plain. It  is  the  harbour  for  Vessels  that 
trade  between  Canada  and  Nnv  York, 

38  miles  s of  Crounpoint,  and  43  n by  e of 

Lasii.burg.  . 

Skerries,  a small  fishing  town.m  Leinster, 

17  miles  n by  e of  the  metropolis.  About 
' three  miles  from  the  coast  are  two  small 
I islands  of  the  same  group,  noted  lor  a valu- 
i able  light  house,  and  produce  great  quanti- 
i ties  of  sea  weed.  One  of  them  is  celebrated 
I for  having  been  the  residence  of  St.  Patrick. 

: SKERRIES,  or  SKERRY  ISLES,  three 

I small  islands  of  Shetland,  lying  near  20 
; miles  from  the  Mainland.  ' ^ , 

Skibbereen,  a town  in  CorK,  Munster* 
It  is  situated  on  the  Hen,  seven  miles  nne 
of  Baltimore,  and  13  se  of  Bantry. 

SkiddaWy  a mountain  of  Cumberland, 
one  of  the  most  remarkable,  in  the  king- 
dom, being  above  1000  yards  perpendicular 
height  from  the  surface  ot  the  Derw'ent  wa- 
ter, and  the  highest  in  England,  Lorn  the 
surface  of  the  sea.  It  is  covered  with  grass, 
and  has  on  the  top  a browm  slate  stone,  and 
is  difficult  of  access.  From  the  top  is  a 
very  extensive  prospect.  It  is  six  miles 
from  Cockermouth,  near  Basingthwaite 
water,  and  Keswick,  stands  near  the  toot 

Skilsqueiy  a towm  in  the  island  of  Zea- 
land, Denmark,  on  a bay  of  the  great  Beit, 
48  miles  sw  of  Copenhagen.  Lou.  11  27  e, 

lat.  55  16  X.  , 1 f T'- 

Skipness,  a cape  on  the  w shore  of  Kin- 
lyre,  Argyllshire,  wiih  a strong  castle,  ot 
great  strength  and  antiquity  ; it  is  still  in- 
i habited,  and  part  of  it  is  fitted  up  m the 

modern  taste.  . 

Skiptouy  a handsome  trading  to wm  in  the 
West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  containing  about 
2100  inhaffitants,  situated  near  the  Aire. 
The  Leeds  canal  comes  close  to  the  town, 
and  has  warehouses  and  wharfs  on  its 
banks;  near  it  are  cotton  works.  Hero  is 
a public  library,  and  some  good  schools.  _ It 
has  a weekly  market  on  Saturday,  eight 
annual  fairs,  and  a great  market  tor  cattle 
S s 


SLA 

on  Tuesday,  once  a fortnight  throughout  the 
year.  It  lies  40  miles  w from  York,  and 
2 It  of  London. 

Sr,irlingy  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  the 
county  of  Peebles,  about  two  miles  and  a- 
half  long  by  nearly  the  same  broad.  The 
soil  is  ill  general  light  and  fertile.  The  viL 
lage  of  Skirling,  situated  on  the  road  from 
Edinburgh  to  Leadhills,  has  four  annual 
fairs.  Population  of  the  parish  and  village 
is  about  308. 

SKYE,  an  island  of  Scotland,  one  of  the 
largest  of  the  western  islands,  or  Hebrides. 
It  is  60  miles  in  length,  and,  in  some  places, 
above  20  broad.  The  se  end  of  this  island 
is  separated  from  Inverness-shire,  (to  which 
it  belongs)  by  a very  narrow  channel,  called 
the  Inner  Sound  ; the  most  narrow  part  of 
which,  named  the  Kyle,  cattle  are  made  to 
swim  across.  This  side  of  the  island  swells 
gradually  from  the  shore  in  a verdant  slope, 
adorned  here  and  there  with  trees,  over 
which  are  seen  the  naked  hills  of  Strath ; 
and  above  these  rises  the  rugged  top  of 
Cullin,  or  CucLullin.  There  is  a great  pro- 
portion of  level  ground,  With  excellent  pas- 
turage. The  island  is  well  watered  by 
livers,  and  abounds  with  lakes,  producing 
trout,  salmon,  and  eels.  The  climate  is 
very  uncertain,  scarcely  three  days  out  of 
12  beir.g  free  from  rain,  yet  it  is  far  from 
"being  \mhealthy,  as  the  long  life  of  the  in- 
habitants sufficiently  testifies.  Skye  has 
long  been  noted  for  an  excellent  breed  of 
small  cattle,  vast  numbers  of  which  are 
annually  exported,  has  numbers  of  deer  and 
various  sort^  of  game.  The  numerous  small 
rivers,  and  the  coast,  and  bays  abound  with 
fish,  and  the  soil  produces  early  and  rich 
pasturage,  barley,  oats,  liax,  and  potatoes. 
The  s and  vv  coasts  abound  with  coral ; 
limestone,  marl,  and  marble  are  found  in 
tbe  interior,  as  well  as  beautiful  agates, 
topazes,  and  other  precious  stones. " Tbe 
basaltic  columns,  resembling  the  Giant^s 
Causeway,  in  Ireland,  are  the  greatest 
curiosity  of  the  island.  The  inhabitants  are 
a robust  and  healthy  people ; honest,  brave, 
and  hospitable.  They  generally  proless  the 
Protestant  religion.  They  wear  the  dress,  | 
speak  the  lai  guage,  and  observe  the  cus- 
toms of  the  Highlanders,  and  amount  to  up- 
wards of  J5,000.  The  island  is  divided 
into  seven  parochial  districts,  which  belong 
to  only  two  proprietors,  Lord  Macdonald, 
and  the  Laird  of  Macleod.  A cave  in  tliis 
island  afforded  an  as.sylum  to  Charles 
Stemirt,  the  disappointed  pretender,  and  his 
faithful  guide,  in  J746,  for  tw^o  nights.  In 
the  island  are  many  old  chapels,  Pictish 
houses,  tumuli,  and  some  Druklical  temples. 
Portree  is  the  principal  town.  Point  Slate, 
a rugged  promontory,  terminates  the  island 
on  the  s.  Lon.  (1  12  w,  lat  37  12 

Siafftise,  a tow  n in  the  island  of  Zealand. 
Denmark,  42  miles  wsw  of  Copenha* 

geji. 

^layuaii  a town  of  Further  Pomerania, 


s L E 

on  <he  Wipper,  10  miles  e by  s of  Ruffec. 
Wald. 

Slaighthwaite,  a village  on  the  Rudders- 
field  canal,  W Yorkshire,  with  various  ma- 
nufactures of  Manchester  goods  ; four  miles 
sw  of  Huddersfield. 

Slaim,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Aberdeen- 
shire,  about  six  miles  long,  and  three  broad, 
extending  along  the  sea  coast  of  Buchan. 
There  is  a cave  in  this  parish,  known  by 
the  name  of  the  Dropping  Cave,  or  White 
Cave  of  Plains,  whieh  is  a great  curiosity, 
every  part  is  covered  with  staiatical  incrus- 
tations of  the  purest  white.  The  surface  is 
level,  and  tbe  soil  fertile,  and  well  culti- 
vated. In  tbe  parish  are  the  ruins  of  Slains 
castle,  anciently  the  seat  of  the  family  of 
Huutly,  afterwards  that  of  Errol ; a fine 
lake,  and  mineral  springs,  and  the  river 
Ythau,  which  waters  tbe  parish,  abounds 
with  salmon,  the.  taking  of  which  employ 
a number  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  villages 
of  Colliston  and  Old  Castle.  Population  is 
about  970. 

Slamaiuiaitf  or  St  Lawrence^  a parish  of 
Scotland,  in  the  nw  corner  of  Stirlingshire, 
about  five  miles  long,  and  from  three  to 
four  broad,  lying  on  the  banks  of  the  Avon. 
Near  tbe  rivers  the  soil  is  light  and  fertile, 
and  the  exports  are  black  cattle,  butter, 
cheese,  tfec.  Population  is  about  1,000. 

Slaney  a town  in  the  county  of  Meath, 
Ireland,  on  the  n banks  of  the  Boyne,  an- 
ciently a bi.^hopric.  Here  are  the  ruins  of 
ihe  hermitage  of  St  Eire,  and  of  a magni- 
ficent abbey.  Slane  castle  is  a superb 
structure,  and  the  flour  mills,  at  New 
Grange,  are  noted  for  their  magnitude, 
convenience,  and  superior  style  of  perform- 
ing their  work ; 10  miles  w by  s of 
Drogheda. 

Slaney,  a town  of  Bohemia,  now  much 
decayed,  with  a castle,  18  miles  nw  of 
Prague. 

Slate.  See  Sleat. 

Slateford,  a village  in  Mid-Lothian,  on 
the  water  of  Leith,  three  miles  w of  Edin- 
burgh. 

Slatinaj  a town  in  Moldavia,  European 
Turkey,  18  miles  nw’  of  Niemecz. 

Slaiina,  a town  in  Wallachia,  European 
Turkey,  on  the  Alaut,  30  miles  w of  Bu- 
cborest. 

SLAVE  COAST,  a territory  of  Guinea, 
comprehending  the  kingdoms  of  Adra,  Popo. 
and  Whidah,  lying  between  the  Gold  Coast 
and  Benin. 

Slave  Lakey  a lake  of  N America,  230 
miles  long,  and  from  00  to  100  broad,  and 
contains  many  wooded  islands.  From  its 
w extremity  issues  tbe  McKenzie  river ; 
which  falls  into  the  frozen  ocean.  The 
centre  is  in  Ion.  113  0 w,  lat.  01  20  x. 

Slawkow,  See  Austcrlitz. 

Sleaford,  a large  well  built,  and  popu- 
lous town  in  Lincolnshire,  on  the  Slea,  with 
a castle  in  ruins,  a neat  and  highly  orna- 
mented Gothic  church ; a well  endowed 


S L O 

free- school,  nnd  an  hospital.  It  has  a 
weekly  market  on  Monday,  five  annual 
fairs,  and  lies  18  miles  s of  Lincoln,  and  1 15 
Hi  of  London. 

Sleatf  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  “the  s of  the 
isle  of  Skye,  17  miles  in  length,  and  from 
one  to  three  and  a half  in  breadth.  There 
is  a deep,  fertile,  clayey  soil  in  the  middle, 
but  the  extremities  are  mountainous.  There 
is  an  excellent  harbour  in  this  parish.  An 
old  castle  in  this  parish  was  besieged  in  the 
reign  of  James  I V.,  by  the  Macleods,  who 
had  the  royal  sanction  to  ravage  this  coun- 
try. The  siege,  however,  was  raised,  chief- 
ly' by  the  address  and  fortitude  of  a Lady, 
still  celebrated  by  the  name  of  Mary  of 
the  Castle.  Population  is  about  1903. 

Slesividdandy  or  North  Jutland^  a duchy 
of  Denmark,  separated  from  Holstein,  or 
the  king  of  Denmark’^ 
by  the  river  Eyder. 
in  length,  and  60 


S U A 


s German  dominions. 
It  is  about  100  miles 
in  breadth ; and  is  a 


pleasant,  fertile,  and  populous  country. 
Sleswick  is  the  capital.  See  Jutland, 
Sleswreky  an  ancient  and  considerable 
town  of  Denmark,  capital  of  a duchy  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  situated  at  the  bottom 
of  an  arm  of  the  sea,  called  the  Sley.  It  is 
of  great  length,  but  irregular.  The  houses 
are  mostly  built  of  wood,  and  of  one  story, 
but  very  neat.  In  (he  church  is  the  elegaut 
mausoleum  of  Frederic  I.,  and  in  the  vici- 
nity, the  old  ducal  palace  of  Gottorp,  The 
German  and  Danish  languages  are  spoken 
here,  but  a number  of  the  inhabitants  dress 
like  the  Dutch,  aud  speak  their  tongue  ; six 
miles  xw  of  Lubec,  and  125  sw  of  Copen- 
hagen. Lon.  9 42  e,  lat.  54  37  n. 

SLIGO,  a county  of  Ireland,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Connaught,  32  miles  in  length, 
and  as  much  in  breadth ; bounded  on  the  w 
by  Mayo,  n and  nw  by  the  Atlantic,  e by 
Leitrim,  and  s aud  sw  by  Roscommon  and 
Mayo.  It  contains  41  parishes,  and  one 
town,  and  returns  three  members  to  parlia- 
ment. The  soil  is  fertile,  but  boggy  on  the  E, 
Population  about  60,000. 

SligOy  the  capital  of  the  above  county, 
and  the  only  market  town  in  it.  It  is  si- 
tuated on  a bay  of  the  same  name,  which 
is  navigable  to  the  towm  for  vessels  of  200 
tons,  and  near  the  mouth  of  a river,  that 
issues  from  Lough  Gill,  and  falls  into  the 
bay  of  Sligo.  It  has  a castle,  a charter 
.school,  and  barracks  for  two  companies  of 
foot.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  a magnificent 
Dominican  monastery.  In  the  vicinity  is 
Lugnallogh,  or  the  Ciant^s  Crave,  con- 
sisting of  perpendicular  ranges  of  stones, 
piled  on  each  other’s  ends,  under  which 
bones  have  been  found.  It  has  an  extensive 
trade  in  corn,  flour,  beef,  pork,  butter,  and 
linen ; contains  about  8,000  inhabitants, 
and  sends  one  member  to  parliament ; 26 
miles  K of  Killala,  50  N by  w of  Roscom- 
mon, aud  120  Nw  of  Dublin.  Lou.  S 54  w’, 
^at.  54  15  N. 

SI,OK.r\l’S  ISI.AVD,  an  of  Mas- 


I sachusetts,  being  about  five  miles  in  cir- 
cuit, w of  Buzzards  Bay,  in  Braustap.® 
county. 

Slonim,  a town  in  Novogrodeck,  Lithu- 
ania, on  the  Zezra,  has  a castle,  40  miles  sw 
of  Novogrodeck,  and  70  se  of  Grodno. 
Lon.  23  57  e,  lat.  53  0 N. 

Slooten,  or  Sloten,  a populous  and  trading 
town  of  Friesland,  Holland,  on  the  rivulet 
Ee,  near  the  lake  Slothen-mere,  three  miles 
from  the  Zuyder  Zee,  18  nw  of  Steenwick, 
aud  20  ssw  of  Le warden. 

Sloughy  a village  on  the  Bath  road,  full 
of  inns,  famous  tor  being  the  place  whera 
the  celebrated  Dr  Herschel  produced  his 
astronomical  studies  for  many  years  ; four 
miles  NW  of  Colnbrook,  aud  20  w of 
London. 

Slousky  or  Sluck,  a large  and  populous 
town  of  Lithuania,  in  the  palatinate  of  No- 
vogrodeck, has  three  Greek  churches.  It  is 
situated  on  the  Siong,  75  miles  ese  of  No- 
vogrodeck. Lon.  27  54  E,  lat.  52  50  n. 

"stuttenburg,  a town  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Petersburgh,  on  the  s side  of 
the  lake  Ladoga,  30  miles  e of  St  Peters- 
burgh. 

Slugs,  a town  of  Holland,  Dutch  Flan- 
ders, situated  opposite  the  isle  of  Cadsaud, 
with  a good  harbour,  and  some  fine  sluices, 
by  which  the  country  may  be  inundated. 
In  1587,  it  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards, 
retaken  by  the  Dutch  in  1602,  and  taken  by 
the  French  in  1794.  It  is  10  miles  n of 
Bruges.  Lou.  3 25  e,  lat,  51  19  n. 
Smaland.  See  Smoland. 

Smalkald,  or  Smalkalden,  a town  of  Up- 
per Saxony,  in  the  county  oUHenueberg, 
subject  to  Hesse  Cassel,  with  a fine  castle  oo 
a mountain,  and  in  the  viciniiy  are  irou 
mines  and  salt  pits.  It  is  celebrated  for  (he 
league  of  its  name  entered  into  by  the  Lu- 
therans, against  the  emperor,  in  1531,  to 
defend  their  religion  and  liberties.  It  stands 
on  a river  of  the  same  name,  25  miles  sw  of 


Erfurt.  Lon.  10  47  e,  lat.  50  45  n. 


Smallholm,  a parish  of  Scotland,  Rox- 
burghshire, of  an  irregular  form,  about 
four  miles  long  from  e to  w,  and  three) 
broad  from  n to  s.  The  surface  and  soil 
i are  various,  but  well  cultivated,  and  gene- 
rally  productive.  In  the  parish  is  a square* 
tower  of  the  same  name,  apparently  of  con- 
siderable antiquity,  which  serves  as  a mark 
for  mariners  coming  into  the  harbour  of 
Berwick.  The  village  is  situated  on  the 
road  from  Edinburgh  to  Kelso,  about  five 
miles  from  the  latter  place.  Population 
about  446. 

Small  Isles,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  the 
Hebrides,  comprehending  the  islands  of 
Eigg,  Rurn,  Cauna,  and  Muck,  lying  sw  of 
the  s end  of  the  island  of  Skye,- to  the  pres- 
bytery oF which  It  belongs.  Eie,  in  w’hich 
the  parish  minister  and  schoolmaster,  and  a 
popish  priest  reside,  belongs  to  Inveincsv- 
shire,  and  the  other  three  to  Argyishi:<j. 
PopulMion  about  1339.  . . 


S M O 


SNA 


Smarden,  a town  n Kent,  by  the  Med- 
jVay,  with  a market  on  IViday,  seven  miles 
s o!  Lenbum^  10  se  ol  Maiusione,  and  56  se 
of  I o idon. 

Smithjieldy  the  capital  of  Johnson  county, 
North  Caro.uia,  on  the  Neus,  in  a beaHiifui 
plain.  miles  se  of  Ralegh,  and  70  wa^w 
of  Nev  b ‘rn. 

Smithjieldy  a town  in  the  Isle  of  Wight 
county,  Virginia^  stands  on  the  Pagan 
creek,  w'hich  runs  into  James^  river,  70 
miles  SE  fit  Richmond. 

S ith  Boroutjh,  a towm  in  Monaghain, 
\J  Islei , ti  ■ e vu i les  \v  of  Monog hai n . 

Smith  Island,  in  the  Soutn  Pacific 
©cean.  Lon.  161  54  e,  lat.  9 44  s. 

Sniitlds  Island,  ihe  .‘ioviihernmost  of  the 
range  os  islands  in  the  Atlantic  o ean,  along 
ih»^  e«)asi  oi  Northampton  an^.  Accomack 
count!  ^s,  Virginia. 

SmiWs  Island,  a small  island  at  the  e 
end  of  the  island  of  Antigua. 

Smith  Town,  a town  in  Suffolk  county 
New  York,  on  the  n side  of  Long  IsUtnd, 
SZ  miles  e by  N of  New  York. 

Smithville,  the  chief  town  of  Brunswick 
county,  North  Carolina,  near  the  mouth  of 
Cape  Fear  river,  Z5  miles  ssw  of  Wilmington, 
Lon.  78  30  w,  lat.  33  50  n. 

SMOLAND,  or  Smalamd,  a province  of 
Gothland,  in  Sweden,  in  which  are  immense 
forests  of  pine  and  fir.  This  province  is 
140  miles  long,  and  from  40  to  78  broad. 
This  province  produces  a great  quantity  of 
hops,  and  much  iron  is  tound  in  the  lakes 
and  marshes  in  the  Span.  There  are 
numerous  plots  of  arable  land  among  rocks 
and  pasiure.  Jonkopmg  is  the  capital. 

SMOLENSK,  a duchy  of  Russia,  on  the 
frontiers  of  Lithuania,  forming  one  of  the  41 
Russian  governments.  In  J 654,  it  was  con- 
quered b}  Alexay  Michaelov itch,  and  ceded 
to  Ru.ssia,ai  the  peace  of  Moscow  m 1666. 

Smolensk,  a city  of  Russia,  capital  of 
the  government  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
situated  on  the  banks  of  the  Duieper.  It  is 
surround-‘d  by  walls  30  feet  high,  and  15 
thick ; their  circumference  is  four  miie.s 
end  three  quarters.  The  city  is  divided 
through  its  whole  length  by  one  straight 
pave^l  street ; the  others  are  circular,  and 
floored  with  planks.  'I  he  houses  are  mostly 
of  wood  and  only  one  story,  except  a few 
that  are  dignified  with  the  name  of  palaces. 
The  cathedral  stands  on  an  eminence  and 
commands  a view  of  the  Wuole  cit)'.  With- 
in the  w’alls  are  gard  ns,  meadow\s,  and 
cornfields.  Notwithstanding  its  extent,  it 
contains  only  about  4000  inliabitants,  and 
has  no  manu.actures,  but  carries  on,  with 
Dantzic,  Riga,  and  the  Ukraine,  a con- 
siderable traffic  in  linen,  hemp,  honey,  wax, , 
leather,  furs,  tfec.  On  the  17th  of  August 
Bonaparte  attempted  to  take  lui.^ 
city  by  storm,  when  the  slaughter  wa.- 
tremendous  on  both  sides  ; and  a Litle  after 
midnight  the  Russians  retired,  having  first 
«et  fir©  Id  their  maguziucs,  tfeOt  The 


ij  French,  on  their  retreat  from  Moscow, 
i evacuated  it  on  the  i7th  of  November  the 
same  year.  It  is  130  miles  ese  ol  Polotsk, 
197  NE  of  Novogrodeck,  and  230  wsw  of 
Aioscow.  Lon.  3^  33  e,  lat.  54  50  n. 

Smorgone,  a town  in  the  palatinate  of 
Wilna,  Lithuania,  46  miles  ese  of  Wiina. 
j Smijnhnsen,  a town  in  the  duchy  of 
j Holstein,  Lower  Sa.xony,  16  miles  w'  of 
■j  iiend.sburg, 

Smyvjia,  a sea  port  of  Asiatic  Turkey 
and  one  of  ihe  largest  and  richest  cities  of 
the  Levant.  The  goodness  of  tlie  harbour 
j has  caused  it  to  be  rebuilt  several  times, 

I after  having  been  destroyed  by  earthquakes* 

I It  is  the  rendezvous  of  merchants  from  al- 
j most  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  the  maga- 
j zine  of  their  merchandise.  The  Turks  have 
19  mo.sqiies,  the  Greeks  three  churches,  the 
Armenians  one,  the  Jews  six  s^'uagogues 
and  the  Latins  three  convents.  There  are 
here  three  bishops,  one  Greek,  another 
j Latin,  and  the  third  Armenian.  The  streets 
I are  open,  and  better  paved,  and  the  houses 
I superior  to  those  in  other  towns  on  the  con- 
tinent. The  street  of  the  Franks  is  the 
finest  in  Smyrna.  The  Dutch  and  English 
factors  have  protestaut  chapels.  Here  are 
a fort,  a castle,  and  an  old  citadel  for  the 
deieace  of  the  town.  The  population  is 
computed  at  100,000.  It  is  eight  days  jour- 
ney from  Constantinople  by  laud,  25  from 
Aleppo,  by  the  caravans,  six  from  Cogna, 
seven  from  Cataya,  and  six  from  Sataiin. 
The  caravans  of  Persia  often  bring  200 
bales  of  silk  in  a year,  besides  drugs  and 
cloths.  The  other  commodities  brought 
here  are,  thread  made  of  goats  hair,  cotton 
yarn,  cotton  in  bags,  and  all  sorts  of  carpets. 
Most  of  the  trade  passes  through  the  hands 
I of  the  Jews.  It  is  situated  at  the  bottom  of 
j a large  ba}',  190  miles  ssw  of  Constanti- 
nople. Lon.  27  25  E,  lat.  38  28  x. 

Smyrna,  New,  a thriving  town  of  East 
Florida,  on  the  w side  of  the  s branch  of 
I the  Mosquito  inlet,  about  10  miles  above  the 
I capes  of  that  river,  about  30  miles  n of  Cape 
j Curnaveral,  and  80  sse  of  St.  Augustin. 

I Lat.  28  28  N.  It  is  inhabited  by  a colony  of 
j Greeks,  &c. 

j Snaokenbzirg,  a town  of  Lower  Saxony, 

I in  Brunswick  Lunenburg,  stands  at  the 
I junction  of  the  Utcht  and  the  Elbe.  It  is  a 
large  trading  place,  29  miles  e by  s of 
Danuenburg* 

Snajjield,  a lofty  mountain  in  the  Isle  of 
Man,  iroiu  the  top  of  which  there  is  a dis- 
tinct view  of  the  mountains  of  Galloway  in 
j Scotland,  of  Cumberland  and  Lancashire  in 
I England,  of  Caernarvonshire  in  Wales,  and 
ol  Arkiow  in  Ireland.  It  is  about  eight  milts 
X of  Douglas. 

Snaith,  a small  brisk  trading  town  in 
the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  situated  at 
ihe  conlliix  of  the  rivers  Aire  and  Don.  It 
has  a weekly  market  on  Friday,  and  threo 
innual  fairs.  It  lies  22  miles  s of  York,  and 
175  N by  w of  London, 


S O A 

snake  INDIANS,  a tribe  of  Nortli 

Americans,  wUo  inhabit  the  sw  side  of 
Jlissouri  river,  in  lat.  about  47  N,  ami  Ion. 
i07  w!  The  Shevetoon  Indians  inhabit  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  river. 

Sneck,  or  Sriitz,  a handsome  and  popu- 
lous town  of  Friesland,  Hoilaud,  stands  on 
marshy  ground,  near  a lake  of  its  name, 
eiglu  miles  s of  Franeker,  and  15^  sw  of 
Le  warden. 

Sneirue,  a town  in  the  province  Oi  Irak, 


S O C 


Persia,  57  miles  wKvv  ot  Amadau.  Lon. 

46  24  E,  lat.  35  45  N. 

Snetih^imy  a town  in  Norfolk,  stands  on  a 
^mall  inlet  of  the  sea,  with  a market  on 
Friday,  12  miles  n by  e of  Lynn  Regis,  and 
111  N by  E of  Loi.don. 

Sniadiriy  a town  in  the  palatinate  ot 
Bizese,  Liibiiania,  on  the  Prynee,  45  miles 
SE  of  Slack,  and  100  e of  Pinsk. 

Sniatiuy  a trading  town  of  Little  Poland, 
in  the  palatinate  of  Lemberg,  or  kingdom  of 
Gaiiciu,  seated  on  tlv  Pruth.  U is  eight 
miles  E of  Coloni,  and  1 10  se  of  Lemburg. 
Lon.  25  50  e,  lat.  48  3a  n.  . ^ 

Snizort,  a parish  in  the  N of  the  isle  of 
Skye,  has  its  name  from  a large  bay  which 
indents  the  island,  about  18  miles  long,  and 
nine  where  broadest.  The  surface,  parti- 
cularly near  the  eastern  shore  is  rugged  and 
mountainous,  and  it  scarcely  produces 
grain  and  potatoes  sufficient  for  the  inhabi- 
tants. Black  cattle  is  the  staple.  The 
parish  is  intersected  by  many  rapid  streams, 
of  which  the  Snizort  is  the  principal,  which 
forms  an  island  near  its  mouth  containio.^. 
the  ruins  of  a cathedral,  and  a bur}ing 
ground  still  much  used.  In  the  parish  are 
several  druidical  temples,  and  a number  of 
tumuli-  At  the  foot  of  a rock  stands  an 
erect  stone  300  f'et  in  circumference  at  the 
base,  and  about  300  feet  high,  tapering  to  a 
point.  In  one  of  the  rivers  is  a grand 
Waterfall,  90  feet  high.  In  1706,  there 
was  neither  church  nor  manse  in  this  parish. 
Population  2,144. 

Snowdoriy  a famous  mountain  of  North 
Wales,  in  Caernarvon.'^hire.  This  is  the 
most  noted  eminence  in  the  whole  region 
of  (he  W^ehsh  hills.  The  height  of  this 
mountain  reckoning  from  the  quay  ol 
Caernarvon  to  its  highest  peak  is  357 1 feet. 
On  its  summit  are  two  lakes  that  abound 
with  fish,  particularly  the  Char  and  (he 
Guiuiard,  It  was  held  sacred  by  the  an- 
cient Britons,  as  Parnassus  was  by  th-* 
Greeks.  It  commands  a view  of  Scotland, 
of  Cumberland,  and  of  Ireland. 

Snowhilly  a port  of  entry,  and  post  town 
of  Maryland,  and  the  capital  of  Worcester 
county.  On  the  Pokorncke,  12  milt^  Irom 
its  mouth  in  the  Chea.sapeak,  has  a small 
export  trade,  30  miles  se  of  Vienna,  Lon. 
75  40  w,  lat.  38  8 n. 

' So  ana,  a (own  in  the  Siennese,  Tuscany, 
on  a monn(ain,  near  the  Flora,  46  miles  s 
by  E of  Sienna. 

SoanOf  a river  of  Hindooslan,  which 


issues  from  a lake,  on  the  S borders  of 
Ailuhbad,  w'hich  also  gives  rise  to  the 
Nerbudda.,  and  fiowing  in  an  opp  >si(e  direo* 
tion  on  that  river,  1500  miles,  falls  into  the 
Gauges  above  Patna. 

Soar,  a river  in  Leicestershire,  which  has 
its  source  in  the  NW  part  of  the  county,  runs 
by  Leicester,  and  Moimtsorrel,  flows  a 
little  to  the  e ahd  n of  L.aighborough,  and 
then  separates  Nottinghamshire  from  this 
county,  till  it  falls  into  the  Trent. 

So bernherm,  a town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  on  the  Nahe,  U 
miles  w by  s of  Krent2nacri. 

Sobieslan,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Bechin, 
Bohemia,  has  manufactures  of  cloth,  12 
miles  EsE  of  Bechin. 

Sobotka,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Bunts- 
lau,  Bohemia,  eight  miles  e by  n of  Jung 
Buntzlau. 

Sochackzoit,  a town  of  Poland,  in  Maso- 


via,  20  miles  from  the  Vistula. 

Socheu,  a town  of  China,  m the  province 
of  Chen~si,  defended  by  a (ort.  Here  is  a 
temple  dedicated  to  a blind  man,  said  to  have 
been  one  of  the  greatest  politicians  in  Chi- 
na. Lon  1 12  20  E,  lat.  38  48  n. 

SOCIETY  ISLANDS,  a clusier  of  is- 
lands  in  the  South  Pacific  ocean,  of  which 
the  principal  are  Huaheine,  Ulitea,  Otaha, 
and  Bolaboia.  The  names  of  the  other 
three  are  Mourua,  Tubai,  and  Tabooya- 
manoo,  Tliey  were  discovered  by  captain 
Cook  in  1769,  and  had  their  name  in  honour 
of  the  Royal  Society,  and  are  situated  nw 
j of  Oiaheiie,  between  lat.  16  10  and  t6  55  s, 

I and  between  Ion.  150  57  and  152  B w.  The 
I soil,  productions,  the  people,  their  language, 
i religion,  customs,  and  manners,  are  nearly 
I the  same  as  at  Otabeite.  The  people  of 
j Huabeine  are  in  general  stouter  and  fairer 
I than  those  of  Otaheite,  and  the  island  is 
remarkable  for  its  populousness  and  fertility. 
Those  of  Ulitea,  on  the  contrary,  are  smal- 
ler and  blacker,  and  much  less  orderly, 
Tiie  soil  produces  plenty  of  subsistence 
without  cultivation,  which  renders  the  inha- 
bitants indolent.  A plantain  branch  is  the 
emblem  of  peace,  and  the  greatest  token  of 
friendship  is  changing  names. 

Sock,  a village  in  Somersetshire,  s of  II- 
chester,  noted  for  a large  pod  of  brackish 
water,  of  which  pigeons  drink  freely,  but 
cattle  will  not  taste  it. 

SOCONUSCO,  a province  of  New’  Spain, 
in  the  audience  of  Guatimala.  It  is  about 
100  miles  long  and  frt)n»  30  to  60  broad. 
It  is  sheltered  on  the  n by  a range  of  high 
mountains,  W’hich  renders  the  air  very  hot. 
There  are  few  seulements  besides  the  capi- 
tal. It  produces  not  much  corn,  but  great 
quantities  of  cocoa  and  indiiio. 

Soconmeo,  or  Guevi  tlan,  a town  on  the 
w coast  of  New  Mexi.  o,  capi  al  el  the  pro- 
vince of  Socoiiusco,  on  a river,  near  the  Pa- 
cific ocean,  130  miles  nw  of  Guatiniala, 
and  440  se  of  Mexico.  Lon.  04  16  w,  lat* 
15  12  N. 


S O F 


S O I 


SOCOTERA,  or  Socotra,  ao  island  of 
Asia,  lying:  between  Arabia  Felix  and  Afri- 
ca, about  80  miles  in  length  and  22  in 
breadth.  If  is  particularly  noted  for  its 
fine  aloes,  known  by  the  name  of  Socotrine 
.iloes.  The  natives  are  Mahometans,  with 
a mixture  of  Paganism,  and  they*  have  a 
king  who  depends  on  Arabia,  It  abounds 
ill  cattle  and  fruit.  Tamara  is  the  ca- 
pital. 

Soczowaj  a towTi  of  Moldavia,  European 
Turkey,  on  the  Seret,  32  miles  sw  of 
Jassy. 

Sodbur^f  or  Chipping  Sodbunj,  a town 
of  Gloucestershire,  has  a market  on  Thurs- 
day, one  of  the  greatest  for  cheese  in  Eng- 
land. It  stands  in  a bottom  near  the  Downs. 
The  town  is  governed  by  a bailiff,  who  by 
virtue  of  an  old  royal  grant,  nominates 
88  of  the  inhabitants  to  pasture  each  a cow, 
on  an  adjoining  piece  of  ground,  called  the 
Rodings,  during  their  own  lives  and  those  of 
their  wuves.  Here  is  a free-school  and 
fairs  May  23d  and  June  24th.  At  Old  Sod- 
biiry,  two  miles  and  a-half  to  the  ne,  is  an 
ancient  camp  of  great  extent,  w^hich  the 
army  of  king  Edward  IV,  occupied  a little 
before  the  battle  of  Tewkesbery.  It  is  1,5 
miles  ENE  of  Bristol,  ai>d  110  w of  Lon- 
don. 

Soderhamn,  See  Suderhamn, 

. Sodomy  formerly  a town  of  Asia,  suppo- 
sed to  have  stood  on  a plain,  now  under 
water,  in  w^hat  is  called  the  dead  Sea,  or 
lake  Asphaltites,  in  Judea. 

Sodovy  a village  of  Icolumbkill,  one  of 
the  Western  isles  of  Scotland.  The  name 
applies  to  the  Southern  division  of  the  He- 
brides, but  more  particularly  to  Icolumbkill. 
It  was  formerly  a bishop’s  see,  comprehend- 
ing all  the  isles,  together  with  the  Isle  of 
Man,  and  to  this  day  the  bishop  of  Man 
is  styled  The  bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man. 

Sodus,  a town  on  the  s side  of  lake  On- 
tario, state  of  New  York,  on  a bay,  nine 
miles  long  and  four  broad,  which  forms  a 
safe  harbour,  when  the  rest  of  the  lake  is 
agitated  by  a storm,  80  miles  E of  Niagara. 
Lon.  77  5 w,  lat.  43  10  n. 

Soeborg,  a town  in  the  island  of  Zealand, 
Denmark,  on  an  island  in  a fresh  water 
lake,  15  miles  wxw  of  Elsinore. 

Soest,  a large,  handsome,  and  rich  town 
of  Westphalia,  in  the  county  of  Mark,  for* 
merly  free  and  imperial.  The  streets  are 
watered  by  streams  that  proceed  from  the 
lake.  The  cathedral  is  divided  between 
tile  Lutherans  and  Catholics,  a great  pro- 
portion of  the  inhabiiants  being  of  the  latter 
persuasion.  The  inhabitants  have  a great 
trade.  It  is  12  miles  wsw  of  Lippestadt, 
and  30  sE  of  Munster.  j 

, SOFALA,  or  Cefala,  a kingdom  of  | 
Africa,  lying  on  the  coast  of  Caffraria,  ’• 
near  Zanguebar,  stretches  150  miles  along  jj 
the  coast,  and  250  inland.  It  contains  || 
mines  of  gold  and  iron,  and  a great  number  : 
wf  elephants.  It  Is  govetDed  by  a king,  i 


tributary  to  the^  Portuguese.  Sofala,  the 
capital,  is  situated  in  a small  island,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Cuama,  and  ^as  a 
fort  constructed  by  the  Portuguese,  and  is 
of  great  importance  for  their  trade  to  the 
E Indies.  Lon,  35  40  e,  lat.  20  20  s. 

Sofay  or  Sophia,  a large  town  of  Turkey 
in  Europe,  capital  of  Bulgaria,  .stands  at 
the  foot  of  the  mountains  of  Argentaro,  on 
the  Bogana,  is  an  archbishop’s  see,  contains 
70,000  inhabitants,  and  has  a good  trade. 
It  is  156  miles  wnw  of  Adrianople,  Lon. 
23  58  E,  lat.  42  35  N. 

Sofroyy  a town  ©f  Fez,  noted  for  a very 
fine  mosque,  stands  on  an  eminence,  betw^een 
two  rivers,  at  the  foot  of  a mountain  of  its 
name,  part  of  Mount  Atlas.  It  is  12  miles 
E of  Fez.  Lon.  4 48  w’,  lat  33  40  n. 

SOGNO,  a maritime  province  of  the 
kingdom  of  Congo,  s of  the  river  Zaire.  It 
is  a dry  sandy  country,  but  yields  abun- 
dance of  salt.  The  inhabitants  are  said  to 
be  Christians  converted  by  the  Portuguese. 
The  capital  is  Banza  Sogno,  and  stands  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Zaire.  Here  the  Capu- 
chins have  a church.  It  lies  160  miles  wsw 
of  St.  Salvador.  Lon.  H 55  e,  lat.  6 
Os. 

Sohagepour,  capital  of  a district  in  the 
province  of  Allahabad,  Hindoostan,  seated 
near  the  Saone,  130  miles  s of  Allahabad. 
Lon.  8 15  E,  lat.  23  30  n. 

Soham,  or  Monk’s  Soham,  a town  in 
Cambridgeshire,  near  Soham  Meers,  stands 
in  a fen  of  its  name,  which  comprehends 
1000  acres  of  land.  It  has  a market  on 
Saturday,  is  five  miles  sse  of  Ely,  and  70  n 
by  E of  London. 

SohOy  a village  in  Staffordshire,  tw’O  miles 
Nw  of  Birmingham,  noted  for  its  manufac- 
ture of  the  various  articles  common  to  Bir- 
mingham, Sheffield,  <fec.  and  in  1797  a 
mint  was  established  here  by  government 
for  the  coinage  of  copper,  and  in  1804  the 
bank  of  England  dollars  were  stamped 
at  this  mint.  The  town  was  recently  foun- 
ded by  Mr.  Bolton,  on  a plan  admirably 
adapted  to  the  health  and  convenience  of 
its  inhabitants. 

Soigniesy  a town  in  Hainault,  Nether- 
lands, on  the  Senne,  near  a forest  of  its 
name,  eight  miles  ne  of  Mons. 

Soissons,  an  ancient,  large,  and  consi- 
derable city  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Aisne,  anciently  the  capital  of  a kingdom 
of  the  .same  name,  under  the  first  race  of  the 
French  kings.  It  is  a bisbop^s  see  and  the 
cathedral  has  one  of  the  most  considerable 
chapiters  in  the  kingdom.  Here  were 
crowned  Louis  Philip  the  bold,  and  Louis 
XIV.  Here  is  an  ancient  castle.  It  con- 
tains above  12,000  inhabitants.  It  is  sitna- 
ated  in  a fertile  valley,  on  the  Aisne,  30 
miles  w by  n of  Rheinis,  and  60  ne  of  Pa- 
ris. Lon.  3 19  E,  lat.  49  23  n. 

SOISSONNOIS,  a late  province  of 
France,  abounding  in  corn,  wood,  and  pas- 
tures. With  the  late  province  of  Ver- 


SOL 

sandois  it  now  forms  the  department  of  the 
Solan^Oy  au  island  on  the  coast  of  Peru, 

12  miles  s of  Port  Carlo. 

Solanta,  a town  in  Val  di  Mazara,  Si- 
cily, from  which  a cape  and  bay  on  the  n 
coast  take  their  name,  10  miles  e of  Pa- 


Soldau,  a town  of  W Prussia,  on  pe 
Krn,  66  miles  sE  of  Marienwerder,  and  68  e 

of  Thorn.  • .u 

Soldin,  a town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the 
New  Mark,  of  which  it  was  formerly  the 
capital.  It  has  cloth  and  woollen  manu- 
factures, and  a trade  in  hops,  and  is  seated 
on  a lake  of  its  name,  from  which  issues 
the  river  Mitzel.  It  is  26  miles  n by  e oi 
Custrin.  Lon.  L5  7 e,  lat.  <33  i N. 

Solebay,  See  Sonthwold, 

Solenof,  a salt  lake  of  Independant  Tar- 
tary, situated  midway  betw^eeu  lake  Aral 
and  the  Caspian  sea,  and  is  80  miles  long 
and  20  broad.  In  it  are  two  islands. 

SOLURE,  or  Solothurn,  a canton  of 
Switzerland,  which  holds  the  1 1th  ra.nk  in 
the  Helvetic  confederacy,  into  which  it  was 
admitted  in  1481.  It  is  36  miles  in  length 
from  N to  s,  and  25  in  breadth  from  e to  w, 
and  contains  about  50,000  inhabitants. 
The  sou,  tor  the  most  part,  is  very  ferule  in 
corn.  The  districts  within  the  Jura  are 
rich  in  pasture,  and  in  the  mountains  are 
iron,  lead,  coal,  marble,  and  alabaster.  It 
is  divided  into  1 1 bailiwics,  and  the  inha- 


bitants are  ail  Roman  Catnolics,  except 
those  of  the  bailliwic  of  Buckegberg,  who 
are  of  the  reformed  religion.  The  govern- 
ment IS  a complete  aristocracy. 

Solen.re,  aii  ancient  town  of  Switzerland, 
capital  of  the  canton  of  the  same  name,  and 
is  .strongly  fortified.  The  churcu  of  St. 
Urs  ts  a noble  structure,  built  of  whitish 


grey  stone  ; the  town  house  and  arsenal  are 
good  buildings.  It  contains  about  4000  in- 
hcihiianis,  and  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the 
Aar,  Soieure  is  20  miles  N of  Bern, 
and  30  ssw  of  Basel.  Lon.  7 50  e,  lat.  47 


Solfatura,  a lake  of  the  Roman  republic, 
ill  Campagna  di  Roma,  near  Tivoli,  former- 
ly called  Lacus  Albulus.  In  this  lake  are 
several  floating  isjai.ds,  compo.sed  of  plants 
and  herbage  matted  together,  with  a soil  of 
sand  and  dust  carried  by  the  winds  from 
the  adjacent  ground,  some  of  these  adhering 
from  time  to  time  to  the  shore  havtv  dimi- 
nished the  surface  of  the  lake,  which  is  now 
less  than  a mile  in  circuit.  A whitish 
stream  of  a sulphureous  smell  and  petrify- 
ing quality,  which  increases  ia  strength  till 
it  reaches  the  Teverone,  i.ssues  from  this 
lake.  No  fish  are  found  in  the  Teverone 
alter  it  receives  this  stream. 

Solfatara,  Si  mountaiu  of  Naples,  in  the 
Terra  di  Lavora,  surrounded  with  other 
mountains,  in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre. 
It  has  a cavity  above  a mile  in  length  and 
breadth,  which  smokes  in  the  day,  and 
Nq.  26—6(1. 


SOL 

flames  in  the  night.  It 'is  suppo.sed  to  have 
a subterraneous  communication  with  Mount 
Vesuvius.  Here  are  manufactures  of  al- 
liim,  sulphur,  and  vitriol. 

Solfwitzborg,  or  Sglvisborgy  a sea  port 
in  the  province  of  Blenkingen,  Sweden, 
nearly  surrounded  by  the  Baltic  sea  ; has  a 
castle,  and  w^as  formerly  of  greater  note, 
33  miles  wsw  of  Carlscrona.  Lon.  14  32 

E,  lat.  56  2 N.  . , V.  -.u 

Solihully  a town  in  Warwickshire,  with 
a market  on  Wednejrday,  and  three  annual 
fairs.  In  the  vicinity  are  vestiges  of  a. tri- 
angular Danish  camp,  comprehending  nine 
acres,  12  miles  w of  Coventry,  24  ne  of 
Worcester,  and  108  Nw  of  London. 

Soiingeriy  a town  of  Westphalia,  and 
duchy  of  Berg,  stands  near  the  Wipper,  and 
has  manufactures  of  cutlery , and  all  kinds 
of  iron  work,  15  miles  ese  of  Dusseldorf. 

Solkamsky  a town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
verument  of  Perm,  on  the  Us.solka,  w hich 
falls  into  the  Kama,  famous  for  its  salt- 
pits  and  horses.  It  is  430  miles  ne  of  Ka- 
san.  Lon.  57  26  e,  lai.  59  16  n. 

Sollapour,8L  town  in  Visiapour,  Hindoos- 
tan,  stands  near  the  Kistna,  capital  ^ 
district  celebrated  for  its  mines  of  diamonds, 
J30  miles  sE  of  Visiapour.  Lon.  77  10  b, 
lat.  18  23  N. 

So  Her y a town  near  the  nW  coast  of  Ma- 
jorca, stands  in  a celebrated  vale  of  orange 
trees ; and  near  it  is  a port  from  which  the 
oranges  of  this  district  are  exported,  16  miles 
NNEofPalrna 

SOLMS,  a princely  county  of  Germany, 
in  Wetteravia,  w of  Upper  Hesse.  The 
house  of  Solras  consists  of  several  branches, 
the  principal  of  which  is  Braunfels,  which, 
in  1742,  was  raised  to  the  princely  rank. 
The  capital  is  Braunfels,  a mile  e of  which, 
on  a hill,  is  the  decayed  ca.stle  of  Sol  ms, 
the  residence  of  the  ancient  counts. 

Solomon^s  Isles,  or  Land  of  the  Arsaetdes* 
See  Danger,  Isles  of, 

an  island  in  the  Indian  ocean,  70 
miles  in  circuit,  w of  Flores,  aud  s of  Cele- 
bes. Lon,  123  53  E,  lat.  9 0^. 

Solserino,  a town  iu  Mantuan,  Italy,  IT 
miles  Nw  of  Mantuan. 

Solta,  an  island  in  Dalmatia,  w of  Ne- 
rissa,  1 1 1 miles  in  Circumference, 

Solsona,  a city  in  Catalonia,  Spam,  and 
a bishop^s  see,  stands  at  the  foot  of  a moun- 
tain, 56  miles  nnw  of  Barcelona.  Lon.  I 
25  E,  lat.  42  2 N. 

Soltau,  a town  in  the  principality  ot  Lu, 
nenburg  Zell,  Lower  Saxony,  on  the  Bohrne- 
28  miles  nnw  of  Zell,  aud  28  wsw  of  Lune- 


^oltcamp,  a town  of  Holland,  Gronin- 
I,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hunse,  which  i? 
led  Groningen  Deep,  has  a large  tort,  17 
[es  Nw  of  Groningen.  ^ ^ ^ 

^olva,  a town  in  Pembrokeshire,  Wales, 
;h  a harbour  at  the  mouth  of  the  Soivach, 
ee  miles  e of  St.  David. 

Solvitzburg,  a town  of  Blekmgen,  Swe« 
T t 


SOM 


SOM 


with  a castle  in  ruins,  almost  surroun- 
ded by  the  Baltic,  36  miles  wsw  of  Carls- 
crona. 

Solway  Frith,  a large  arm  of  the  sea,  se- 
parating Cumberland  from  Kirkcudbright 
and  Dumfries-shires.  From  its  entrance  at 
Bx.  Bees  head,  to  the  e point  of  Rowcliff 
Bear  Carlisle,  is  about  50  miles,  and  the 
width  from  that  head  to  the  isle  of  Ross, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Dee,  is  eight  or  nine 
leagues.  At  Boulness,  where  it  is  fordable 
at  low  water,  it  is  two  miles  over  at  flood. 
The  current  in  this  frith  is  extremely  rapid. 
The  narrow  part  of  it,  at  Boulness,  is  cros- 
sed at  low  water  by  carriages  and  horses. 
The  Southern  Dee,  the  Urr,  the  Nith,  the 
Annan,  the  Kirtle,  the  Sark,  the  Esk,  the 
Wampool,  Darweut,  Eden,  and  the  Liddle, 
pour  their  streams  into  this  estuary.  At 
the  mouths  of  these  rivers  are  valuable 
salmon  fishings,  and  in  some  seasons  great 
quantities  of  herrings  have  been  caught 
within  the  bay. 

Solway  Moss,  a large  black  morass  in 
Cumberland,  near  the  river  Esk,  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Scotland,  two  miles  long  and  one 
broad.  In  1771,  this  morass,  being  swoln 
with  rain,  burst  out  at  the  eastern  extremi- 
ty, spread  over  about  400  acres  of  land, 
and  demolished  some  farm  houses,  as  it 
made  its  way  to  the  Esk,  and  the  surface 
of  the  moss  sunk  24  feet.  Here,  in  1543, 
the  English,  under  Sir  Thomas  Wharton, 
gained  a signal  victory  over  the  Scots,  com- 
manded by  king  James  V.  in  consequence 
of  a mutiny  among  the  Scottish  nobles, 
which  is  said  to  have  occasioned  the  death 
of  their  king. 

Solymania,  or  Slierezur,  capital  of  the 
largest  district  in  Lower  Kurdistan,  Asiatic 
Turkey,  stands  in  a delightful  valley,  at  the 
foot  of  mount  Zagras.  Sherezur,  having  been 
rebuilt  by  Solyman  the  Great,  assumed  his 
name.  The  governor,  w^ho  is  always  a 
Kurd,  assumes  the  title  of  Pasha  of  Kurdis- 
tan, 35  miles  e by  s of  Kerkouk,  and  J80 
KNK  of  Bagdad.  Lon.  45  20  e,  lat~  35 

20  N. 

SOMBRERA,  or  Sombrero,  a cluster 
of  small  islands  in  the  West  Indies,  about  18 
miles  Nw  of  Anguilla,  belonging  to  the 
English,  and  uninhabited.  The  most  re- 
markable of  them  is  about  three  miles  long, 
and  the  Spaniards,  finding  that  it  had  some 
resemblance  to  a hat,  gave  it  this  name.  It 
is  80  miles  sw  of  St.  Christopher.  Lon.  63 
37  w,  lat.  18  50  N. 

.SOMBRERE,  an  island  of  Asia,  in  the 
I^diau  ocean.  It  is  one  of  the  Nicobar 
islands,  and  gives  name  to  a channel  nearly 
ill  the  middle  of  the  islands,  30  miles  n of 
Nicobar. 

Sombrerete,  a town  in  Zacatecas,  New 
Spain,  capital  of  a district  containing  rich 
silver  mines,  80  miles  \w  of  Zacatecas. 

SOMERSET,  a well  cultivated  county  of 
New  Jersey,  on  the  n side  of  the  great  road 
i^om  New  York  to  Philadelphia.  The 


j soil,  especially  on  Rariton  river  and  it« 

I branches,  is  good,  and  produces  good  crops 
I of  wheat.  It  is  divided  into  six  townships, 
and  contains  12,296  inhabitants. 

Somerset,  the  capital  of  the  above  coun- 
ty, stands  on  Millstone  river,  23  miles  n of 
Trenton,  and  72  ne  by  n of  Philadelphia. 

Somerset,  a town  of  Massachusetts,  in 
i Bristol  county,  on  the  Taunton,  50  miles  s 
by  w of  Boston. 

SOMERSETSHIRE,  a county  of  Eng- 
land, bounded  on  the  nw  by  the  Bristol 
channel,  n by  Gloucestershire,  from  w hich 
j it  is  divided  by  the  Avon,  e by  Wiltshire,  sr 
I by  Dorsetshire,  and  sw  by  Devonshire.  Its 
j extent  from  e to  w is  65  miles,  and 
from  N to  s 45.  It  contains  42  hundreds, 
475  parishes,  two  cities,  28  market  towm^ 
1700  villages  and  sends  16  members  to  par- 
liament, and  contains  about  303,180  inha- 
I bitants.  The  air  in  the  low’^er  grounds  is , 
universally  mild,  and  generally  wholesome. 
The  soil  is  various.  It  is  high  and  stony 
in  the  ne  quarter,  in  the  centre  are  fens  and 
marshy  moors;  on  the  w are  the  Quantock 
hills,  with  many  downs  and  open  heaths,  and 
j in  the  nw  corner  is  the  barren  tract  called 
Exmoor.  On  the  s,  it  is  well  cultivated 
throughout  the  county,  particularly  in  the 
j sw  quarter,  are  vales  of  great  fertility. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Parrel,  Ivel, 
Thone,  Brent,  and  Avon,  The  Mendip  hills 
afford  abundance  of  coal,  lead,  calamine, 
copper,  manganese,  bole  and  red  ochre. 
Cyder  is  a common  product  of  this  county, 

I and  it  has  a considerable  share  in  the  wool- 
j len  manufacture.  The  marshes  supply  the 
I market  with  the  best  goose  feathers  for 
i beds.  Bristol  is  the  capital  of  this  county 
j with  respect  to  size,  population,  and  com- 
I merce ; but  Bath  is  the  grand  place  of  re- 
I sort  for  health  and  pleasure.  Bath  and 
I Wells  are  the  two  cities  which  form  one 
j bishopric. 

1 Somersham.,  a large  village,  seated 
among  fens,  in  Huntingdonshire.  At  this 
place  the  bishop  of  Ely  had  formerly  a pa- 
lace, and  here  is  a mineral  spring,  contain- 
ing green  vitriol,  allum,  and  fixed  air,  useful 
for  washing  ulcers  and  cancers,  five  miles 
NNE  of  St.  Ives. 

Somorton,  a town  in  the  middle  of  So- 
mersetshire, from  which  the  county  took  its 
name,  and  formerly  a place  of  note.  Some 
ruins  of  its  castle  form  part  of  the  Bear  inn. 
Between  Bridgewater  and  this  place  is 
Sedgemoor,  a rich  tract  of  land,  where  the 
I duke  of  Monmouth  was  defeated,  in  1685. 
It  has  a market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  13  miles 
s of  Wells,  and  123  w by  s of  Loudon. 

Sonima,  a town  in  Terra  di  Lavoro,  Na- 
ples. Tho  vicinity  produces  silk  of  the  best 
quality,  10  miles  e of  Naples. 

SOMME,  a department  of  France,  com- 
prehending the  late  province  of  Picardy. 
The  Somme,  from  which  it  takes  its  name, 
runs  through  it  in  a nw  direction,  by  St, 
Quetin,  Perouoe,  Amiens,  Abbeville,  and 


SON 

St.  Valery,  and  falls  into  tbe  English  chan- 
nel. Amiens  is  the  capital.  , , . , , 

Sommerdyek,  the  chief  town  of  the  island 
of  Overllakee,  S Holland,  five  miles  EsE  of 

” Sontm^/eid,  a town  of  Brandenburg,  in 
the  New  Mark,  seated  on  the  Luim.  It  has 
manufactures  of  fine  cloths,  and  is  15  miles 

ssw  of  Crossen.  , , ^ . . 

Sommieret,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Card,  France,  on  the  Vidourle.  It  has  a 
manufacture  of  thick  serges ; 14  miles  w by 

^ of  Nismes.  . 

Sommorostro,  a town  on  the  coast  of 
Biscay,  Spain,  noted  for  its  iron  mine ; 14 
miles  NW  of  Bilboa, 

Soncino,  a strong  town  of  the  Cremonese, 
Italy,  situated  on  the  Oglio,  20  miles  n by 

w’  of  Cremona.  . , . i j r 

Sonderhorg,  a sea  port  in  tbe  island  of 
Alsen,  with  one  of  the  best  harbours  in 
Denmark,  and  n royal  palace,  in  which 
Christian  II.  was  confined  13  y«ars.  It  is 
16  miles  enb  of  Hendsburg.  Lon.  9 49  e, 
lat.  54  57  N. 

Sondershamen,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
capital  of  the  Lower  county  of  Schwaru- 
burg,  with  a fine  castle  on  a mountain, 
stands  on  the  Wippcr,  24  miles  N ot  Erturt. 
Lon.  11  2 E,  lat.  51  21  N. 

Sondrioy  a town  of  the  Gnsons,  and 
capital  of  the  province  of  the  Valteline, 
united  to  the  late  Italian  repubUc.  It  is 
seated  at  the  extremit^^  of  a narrow  valley, 
on  both  sides  of  tbe  Malenco,  a furious  tor- 
rent which  falls  into  the  Adda.  Sondrio  is 
10  miles  ne  of  Morbegno,  14  sw  of  Triano, 
and  34  ne  of  Como. 

Sonepoury  a town  in  Orissa,  Hindoostan, 
at  the  conflux  of  the  Mahanada  and  the 
Taile,  45  miles  s of  Sumbulpour. 

Sonergona.  See  Sunergong, 

Song-kiangy  a city  of  China  of  the  first 
rank,  in  the  province  of  Kiangnan,  .stands 
amid  several  canals,  near  the  sea.  It  has 
a great  trade  in  cotton  cloth,  and  is  560 
miles  s of  Pekin.  Lou.  120  45  e,  lat. 

31  0 N.  , u 

SOXKUAS,  a people  that  inhabit  the 
S part  of  Africa,  to  the  N of  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hoi>e. 

Sonneberg.diiQ'fJXi  in  Thuringia,  Upper 
Saxony,  has  an  extensive  trade  in  whetstones, 
nails,  mirrors,  cfec.  H miles  nne  of  Co- 

burg.  m . 1 

Sonnebergy  a town  and  castle  in  Tjrol, 

Germany,  capital  of  a lordship  of  its  name, 
10  miles  ese  of  Feldkifch. 

Sonnewaldy  a towi)  of  Lusatia,  seated  on 
the  Dober,  12  miles  sw  of  Liickau. 

Sonnebergy  or  Sonnenburg,  a town  of 
Brandenburg,  in  the  New  Alark,  with  a 
castle,  on  the  Lenze.  It  is  the  seat  of  the 
grand  mastership  of  the  knights  of  Malta  in 
Brandenburg,  Saxony,  and  Pomerania,  apd 
is  nine  miles  e of  Custrin. 

SONORA,  or  New  Navarre,  a province 
of  New  Spain,  in  the  Audience  of  Guada- 


s o It 

laxarti,  on  the  e side  of  the  Gulf  of  Califor- 
nia. It  is  an  arid  and  hilly  country.  The 
N part  is  inhabited  by  the  Pimas  nation  of 
Indians,  and  therefore  called  Pimeria;  the 
other  parts  are  thinly  inhabited  ; but  contain 
.some  rich  mines  of  silver.  Arispe  is  the 
capital. 

Sonora y a town  in  the  above  province, 
and  a bishop's  see,  on  the  Sonora,  38  miles  s 
of  Arispe. 

Sonsonate,  a sea  port  town  and  bay  on  tue 
coast  of  Mexico. 

SOOLOO,  an  island  of  the  Indian  ocean, 
situated  sw  of  Mindanao,  nearly  midway 
between  that  island  and  Borneo.  It  is  36 
miles  long,  and  12  broad,  and  is  supposed  to 
contain  about  60,000  inhabitants,  who  are 
Mahomedaus.  It  is  a great  mart  for  pearls, 
Sago,  and  edible  bird  nests.  It  is  governed 
by  a sultan,  whose  power  extends  over  a 
number  of  islands  in  the  Soohoo,  Archipela- 
go. The  English  East  India  company 
have  a resident  here.  Lou.  121  25  e,  lat. 

5 58  N.  . ^ 

SoondGy  or  SudhGy  a town  in  Canara, 
Hindoostan,  the  capital  of  a territory,  whose 
rajah,  Hyder  expelled  in  1763,  at  which 
period  it  contained  10,000  houses,  but  they 
do  not  now  amount  to  100.  It  stands  on 
the  Gangawali,  above  the  Gauts,  60  miles 
N by  w of  Nagara,  and  75  N by  E of  Kunda: 
pura. 

Sophia  See  Sofia. 

Svphianiay  a town  of  Persia,  in  Aderbi- 
jan,  seated  in  a valley,  25  miles  Nw  of 
Tauris. 

Srphienberg  a town  in  Zealand,  Den» 
mark,  near  the  Sound,  with  a royal  palace, 
13  miles  N of  Copenhagen. 

Sopro7i.  See  Edenburg. 

Soroy  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in  the 
Terra  di  Lavora,  stands  ou  the  Garigliano, 
on  the  borders  of  Campagna  di  Roma,  has  a 
castle,  46  miles  e by  s of  Rome.  Lon.  14 


4 e,  lat,  41  54  N.  , v j 

SoraUy  a town  of  Lusatia,  on  the  borders 
of  Silesia,  with  manufactures  of  cloth,  and 
a trade  in  yarn  and  linen  ; eight  miles  w of 

Segan,  ....  * 

SoraUy  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Ratibor,  Silesia,  21  miles  E of  Ratibor. 

Sorbioy  a beautiful  parish  in  Wigtoiishire, 
about  six  miles  long,  and  on  an  average 
two  broad,  lying  on  the  s side  of  the  bay 
of  Wigton,  N of  Whithorn.  The  soil  is  not 
deep,  but  of  excellent  quality,  and  the  sur- 
, face  finely  diversified  with  little  hills  and 
plains,  and  it  yields  abundant  crops,  and  rich 
pasture.  The  seat  of  the  earl  of  Galloway 
is  in  this  parish,  adjoining  on  the  s,  to  the 
harbour  of  Garlieston.  There  are  two 
villages,  viz.  Garlieston  aod  Sorbie.  Popu- 
lation about  1091.  , 

Sorbony  or  SorbonnCy  a village  in  the 
department  of  Ardennes,  France,  celebrated 
for  being  tbe  birth  place  of  Robert  Sorbon, 
confessor  to  St  Louis,  who  founded  the 
college  of  Paris,  called  after  his  name, 

T \ ^ 


SOT 


SOU 


Sorely  or  Chambly,  a river  of  Lower 
Canada,  which  issues  from  lake  Champlain, 
and  flcwiug  n falls  into  the  St  Lawrence, 
at  the  town  of  Sorel,  or  William  Henry, 
On  iis  banks  are  two  forts.  See  Chambly, 
and  William  Henry. 

Sorento,  a sea  port  of  Naples,  in  the  Prin- 
«ipato  Citra,  and  an  archbishop^s  see,  on  a 
pi  niusula,  in  the  bay  of  Naples,  at  the  foot 
of  a mountain  of  its  name,  and  is  famous  as 
the  birth  place  of  Tasso,  17  miles  s by  e 
of  Naples.  Lon.  14  24  r,  lat.  40  36. N. 

Soria,  a town  in  Old  Castile,  Spain,  on 
the  site  of  the  ancient  Numatia,  near  the  rise 

01  the  Douro,  74  miles  ese  of  Burgos.  Lon. 

2 18  w,  lat.  41  SO  n, 

Soriano,  a town  in  Calabria  Ultra,  Na- 
ples, 17  miles  ene  of  Nicotera. 

Sorn,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Ayrshire, 
about  six  miles  and  a-half  square,  and  con- 
taining 23,000  acres,  nearly  one  half  of 
which  is  arable.  The  principal  river  is  the 
Ayr.  The  village  of  Catrine  is  situated  in 
Ibis  parish.  There  is  also  a small  village 
named  Dalgain,  containing  192  inhabitants. 
The  parish  abounds  in  coal,  limestone,  and 
ironstone  ; and  there  is  a vein  of  lead  here. 
On  the  banks  of  the  Ayr,  w^hich  are  here 
highly  picturesque,  stands  the  castle  of  Sorn, 
which,  while  in  possession  of  Sir  William 
Hamilton,  was  honoured  with  a visit  from 
king  James  V.  The  celebrated  Mr  Alex- 
ander Peden,  whose  prophecies  are  w^ell 
known,  and  who  had  so  many  miraculous 
escapes  from  his  unrelenting  persecutprs, 
was  a native  of  this  parish.  In  it  are 
several  chalybeate  and  sulphureous  springs. 
Population  q^out  2606. 

Sorock,  a town  of  Poland,  situated  on  the 
Dniester,  w'ith  a strong  castle. 

Sorue,  a towm  of  Denmark,  in  the  island 
of  Zealand,  seated  on  a lake,  with  a royal 
college,  endowed  with  the  revenues  of  a 
once  rich  convent.  It  is  38  miles  sw  of 
Copenhagen. 

Sos,  a town  in  Arragon,  Spain,  on  the 
Confines  of  Navarre,  19  miles  ke  of  Tudel, 
and  40  w by  s of  Juca^ 

Sosila,  a town  in  Mysore,  Hindoostan, 
stands  near  the  Cavery,  with  a fort,  25 
miles  sE  of  Seringapatam. 

So.^peUo,  an  episcopal  tow  n of  Piedmont, 
in  the  county  of  Nice,  on  the  Bevera,  at 
ihe  foot  of  three  mountains,  has  a trade  in 
dried  fruits,  particularly  in  figs.  It  is  1<5 
miles  N E of  Nice. 

SOTA-BPvITlL,  an  island  of  the  He- 
brides, eihout  five  miles  in  circumference, 
lying  about  half  a mile  s of  .Skye. 

Solovenfo,  a name  arplied  to  the  Lesser 
Antilles,  in  (he  We.st  Indies.  Among  these, 
the  chief  maj  be  reckoned  Trinidad,  Mar- 
garetta,  Curasson,  and  Tortugas. 

.‘■'OTOVENTO  1.0150S,  or  I.EEWAnD 
Island  of  Sea  Wolves  or  Seals,  on  the 
coast  of  Peru,  is  seven  leagues  from  the 
Barlevento  Lpbos,  or  Windward  Island  of 


Sea  Wolves.  It  is  about  six  miles  in  cir* 
cuit,  and  15  from  Cape  Aguja. 

Sovano,  a town  of  Tuscany,  in  the  Sien- 
nese, 25  miles  w of  Orvieto,  and  45  nnw  of 
Rome. 

Souhise,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Lower  Charente,  France,  stands  on  an 
eminence  near  the  Charente,  22  miles  s of 
Rochelle. 

Soudak,  a town  of  Crimea,  formerly  a 
coD'^iderable  sea  port,  seated  at  the  extremi- 
ty of  a valley,  fertile  in  the  best  grapes  and 
wine  in  the  peninsula.  Here  are  the  re- 
mains  of  an  old  fort  on  a mountain,  26 
miles  sw  of  Caffa. 

Soudan,  See  Negroland, 

^ Souillae,  a town  in  the  department  of 
! Lot,  France,  on  the  Borese,  32  miles  n of 
Cahors. 

Sour,  a river  of  the  Netherlands,  which 
runs  from  n to  s through  Luxemburg,  and 
falls  into  the  Moselle,  a little  above  I'reves. 

Sound,  a strait  between  Sweden  and 
Denmark,  through  which  ships  usually  sail 
between  the  ocean  and  the  Baltic.  It  is 
about  four  miles  broad,  and  here  the  Danes 
I take  toll  of  the  merchant  ships  that  pass. 
See  Elsinore, 

Sourabaya,  a town  of  Java,  seated  in  a 
level  country,  on  the  n coast,  on  a river 
that  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  100  tons. 
Lat.  7 11s. 

Soure,  a town  in  Estremadura,  Portugal, 
on  the  Soure,  27  miles  n of  Leiria, 

Souri,  a tow^n  in  Laristan,  Persia,  seated 
on  the  Persian  gulf,  1 15  miles  sw  of  Ormus. 
Lon.  55  30  e,  lai.  26  18  n. 

Soicr  or  Svr,  a sea-port  of  Syria,  where 
stood  the  famous  city  of  Tyre,  of  which 
nothing  now  remains  but  ruins.  See  Sur. 

Sons.  See  Susa. 

Soti-Tcheou,  a city  of  China  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Kiangnan,  seated  on  the  grand 
I canal,  and  on  a river  that  communicates 
j with  the  lake  Tai.  Europeans  compare  it 
I to  Venice  on  account  of  the  canals  of  fresh 
water  with  which  it  is  intersected,  and  from 
I the  amenity  of  the  country  around  ; the  Chi- 
I nese  style  it  the  paradise  of  the  world.  The 
I embroideries  and  brocades  manufactured 
i here  are  in  great  repute  throughout  the 
j w^hole  empire.  It  is  famous  for  beautiful 
j w^omen,  who  are  purchased  in  infancy, 
j educated  in  all  the  arts  of  pleasing,  and  sold 
I to  the  opulent.  Its  population  is  very  great, 

; the  commercial  intercourse  prodigious.  It 
i is  560  miles  s by  n of  Pekin,  Lou.  120 
I 0 E,  lat.  31  22  N. 

j Souterraine,  a town  in  the  department 
! of  Creuse,  France,  24  miles  n of  Limoges. 

South  sea  ; See  Pacific  Ocean. 

Southam,  a town  in  Warwickshire,  wdth 
a considerable  market  on  Monday,  for  cat- 
1 tie,  and  three  annual  fairs.  It  is  noted  for 
cyder.  It  lies  13  miles  s of  Coventry,  and  82 
Nw  of  London. 

Southampton,  supposed  to  be  the  Antoni 


sou 

pf  Tacitus,  is  a large  and  handsome  town  in 
Hampshire,  pleasantly  situated  on  a fine 
inlet  of  the  sea,  called  Trissanton  bay.,  or 
Southampton  water,  between  the  Itchen 
and  the  Test.  This  inlet  is  navigable  al- 
most to  the  head  for  vessels  of  1<500  tons 
burden.  It  was  formerly  a port  of  great 
commerce  ; at  present  the  vessels  employed 
are  180,  which  trade  principally  with  Jer- 
sey, Guernsey,  Alderney,  and  Sark,  as  all 
tbe\vool  sent  to  these  islands,  duty  free, 
must  be  shipped  at  this  port.  It  sends  ships 
also  to  the  Mediterranean  and  Newfound- 
land. It  is  a fashionable  place  of  resort  for 
sea-bathing.  The  principal  street  is  one  of 
the  broadest  *u  England,  and  is  three  quarters 
of  a mile  long,  ending  at  an  excellent  quay, 
the  town  is  well  paved  and  lighted,  and  sup- 
plied with  good  water  in  pipes.  There  are 
here  five  parish  churches  and  a chapel  be- 
longing to  an  hospital,  called  house, 

of  ancient  foundation,  and  still  one  of  the 
principal  ornaments  of  the  town.  Here  also 
is  a French  protestant  chapel.  The  town 
is  a county  of  itself,  governed  by  a mayor, 
who  is  admiral  of  the  liberties,  aldermen, 
recorder,  common  council,  <fec.  and  returns 
two  members  to  parliament.  It  has  weekly 
markets  on  tnesday,  thursday,  and  Saturday, 
and  two  annual  fairs.  Its  walls  are  much 
decayed,  and  its  castle  in  ruins.  At  Wood- 
mills,  tw'o  miles  from  the  tow’n,  is  a manu- 
facture of  ships^  blocks,  for  the  king's  yards, 
and  three  miles  to  the  se  are  the  venerable 
remains  of  Netley  Abbey.  Southampton 
is  the  birth  place  of  the  celebrated  Isaac 
Watts.  In  1801,  the  population  was  7913, 
and  in  1811,  9617.  A mail  packet  is  dis- 
patched every  morning  from  hence  for  Co«- 
wes  in  the  isle  of  Wight.  Southampton, 
is  12  miles  s by  w of  Winchester,  and  74 
wsw  of  London.  Lon.  1 24  w,  lat.  50 
54  N. 

Southampton,  a town  in  Suffolk  county, 
state  of  New  York,  stands  on  the  s side  of 
Longisland,  12  miles  sE  of  Sagg  harbour,  and 
75  E of  New  York. 

Southbury,  a tow’D  in  Lichfield  county, 
Connecticut,  51  miles  nw  of  Harford. 

Southdean,  a hilly  parish  in  Roxburgh- 
shire, about  12  miles  long  and  seven  broad, 
lying  on  the  banks  of  the  Jed,  and  compre- 
hending part  of  the  old  parish  of  Abotrule. 
There  is  little  arable  ground,  and  the  greater 
part  is  devoted  to  pasturage.  It  feeds  17,000 
sheep.  Population  is  697. 

Southend,  a village  in  Essex,  in  the  pa- 
rish of  Prittlewell,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Thames.  It  is  a great  resort  for  sea  ba- 
thing, being  the  nearest  place  to  tbe  capital 
for  that  purpose,  and  has  handsome  accom- 
modation for  company,  and  is  44  miles  e of 
London. 

Southend,  a parish  of  Sco-tland,  in  Ar- 
gyllshire, about  1 1 miles  long  and  five 
broad,  lying  at  the  s extremity  of  the  penin- 
^ sula  of  Cantyre.  It  abounds  in  verdant 
hills  of  smajl  elevation  well  fitted  for  the 


sou 

rearing  of  sheep,  and  is  of  late  much  im* 
proved.  The  island  of  Landa  lies  near  the 
coast  of  this  parish.  The  parish  contains 
1825  inhabitants.  The  village  is  seven 
miles  s of  Campbelion.  Here  are  vessels 
always  in  readiness  to  convey  passengers, 
cattle,  <fec.  to  and  from  Bally  castle  in  Ire- 
land ; and  near  it,  on  a precipice  overhang- 
ing the  sea,  is  the  old  castle  of  Danaverty. 

Southjieet,  a village  in  Kent,  three  miles 
sw  of  Gravesend.  At  the  commencement 
of  the  present  century,  some  stone  coffins, 
urns  <fec.  were  discovered  here,  which  shew 
that  it  bad  been  a Roman  station. 

SOUTH  HAMS,  a district  and  several 
villages  in  Devonshire,  near  Torbay.  This 
district  is  famous  for  cider,  which  in  flavour 
and  taste  resembles  wine.  The  cabbaged 
and  carrots  raised  here  are  highly  prized. 

SOUTH  KEY,  one  of  tbe  Bahama  is- 
lands in  the  West  Indies,  Lon.  74  0 w, 
lat.  22  21  N. 

Southhold,  a town  in  Suffolk  county.  New 
York,  seated  on  the  n side  of  an  inland  bay 
at  the  E end  of  Long  Island,  100  miles  enb 
of  New  York.  Lon.  72  0 w,  lat,  41  14  N, 
Southmoulton  ; See  Moulton  South, 
Souttipetherton ; See  Petherton  South, 
Southwark,  a town  in  Surry,  which  may 
be  considered  as  part  of  the  metropolis,  be- 
ing situated  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
Thames,  and  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
city  of  London,  which  has  an  officer  here, 
called  the  bailiff  of  Southwark.  It  is  cal- 
led the  Borough,  by  way  of  distinction  ; and 
js  a large  and  populous  place.  It  contains 
six  parishes.  Many  places  of  worship  for 
Dissenters,  a Roman  Catholic  chapel,  St. 
Thomas's  hospital,  Guy's  hospital,  and  the 
Magdalene  hospital;  besides  the  King's 
Bench  and  Marshalsea  prisons,  the  county 
Bridewell,  a new  county  gaol,  drc.  la 
1801,  the  population  was  67,448,  and  ia 
1811,  72,119;  the  latter  number  together 
with  Lambeth,  and  other  out-parishes  in 
Surry  dependent  on  the  metropolis,  augment 
its  population  by  169/260.  It  sends  two 
members  to  parliament,  has  markets  on 
Monday,  Wednesday,  and  Friday,  and  a 
noted  fair  on  September  9th,  proclaimed  by 
the  lord  Mayor  of  London,  See  London. 

Southwell,  an  ancient  town  in  Notting- 
hamshire, It  has  a weekly  market  on  Sa- 
turday, and  an  annual  fair.  Here  is  an  ele- 
gant church,  which  is  collegiate.  This 
town  is  exempted  from  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  county,  and  its  own  jurisdiction  ex- 
tends over  20  townships.  Here  are  the  re- 
mains of  a splendid  palace  demolished  ia 
the  civil  wars,  which  belonged  to  the  arch- 
bishops of  York,  13  miles  ne  of  Notting- 
ham, and  129  nnw  of  Loudon,  Lon.  0 
51  w,  lat.  53  6 n. 

Southwick,  See  Colrend, 

Southwold,  a sea  port  of  Suffolk,  with  a 
market  on  Thursday.  It  is  seated  ou  A 
cliff  at  the  mouth  of  the  Blytb,  and  at  high 
tide  is  almost  surrounded  by  water.  Its 


SPA 

salt  and  beer  are  much  esteemed.  It  has  a 
considerable  share  in  fishing  herrings  and 
sprats,  and  a trade  in  corn.  It  is  commonly 
called  Soicley  or  Solcy  and  its  bay  is  named 
Solebmj.  In  this  bay,  which  affords  safe 
anchorage,  was  the  great  naval  battle  be- 
tween the  Dutch  admiral  de  Ruyter  and 
James  duire  of  York,  in  1672,  in  which  the  1 
victory  was  undecided.  Southw'old  is  20 
miles  s of  Yarmouth,  and  J0<3  se  of  London. 
Lon.  1 <54  E,  lat.  <52  24  n. 

Souto  Major,  a town  of  Portugal,  in 
Beira,  14  miles  nw  of  Piribel. 

Soutra,  a hill  in  the  united  parishes  of 
Tala  and  Soutra,  is  1000  feet  above  sea  level, 
and  affords  a vast  and  delightful  prospect 
towards  the  n.  On  the  n side  of  this  hill 
stood  the  hospital  of  Soutra,  founded  by  i 
Blalcolm  IV.,  king  of  Scotland,  in  1164,  | 
for  the  accommodation  of  pilgrims,  arid  the 
relief  of  the  poor  and  diseased,  and  for  a 
place  of  Sanctuary.  See  Fala, 

Sotivigmj,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Allier,  France,  on  the  Qtiesne,  10  miles 
\v  by  s of  Moulins,  and  167  s of  Paris. 
Lon.  3 21  E,  lat.  46  30  n. 

Sow,  a river  of  Staffordshire,  which  rises 
s of  Newcastle,  in  the  w part  of  the  county, 
flows  SE  by  Eccieshal  to  Stafon!,  receives 
the  peak  from  the  s,  and  soon  afterwards 
joins  the  Trent. 

SOW  AND  PIGS,  a number  of  large 
islands  lying  off  the  sw  end  of  Catahuuk 
island. 

Sowerhy,  a town  in  W Yorkshire,  on  the 
Calder,  over  which  is  a bridge.  It  has 
considerable  manufactures  of  various  kinds. 
In  1801,  the  population  was  4275,  and  in 
ISll,  5117,  three  miles  sw  of  Halifax. 

Spa,  a town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Liege;  annexed  to  France  in 
1166,  and  included  in  the  department  of 
Ourte,  but  retaken  in  1814,  on  the  defeat  of 
Bonapane.  It  is  divided  into  the  Old  and 
New  Towns.  The  names  of  the  five  prin- 
cipal mineral  wells  are  Pouhon,  Geronflerd, 
Savin iere,  Watpotz,  and  Tunnelet.  The 
part  called  the  Old  Spa,  consists  of  poor 
cottages ; the  houses  of  the  New  Spa,  are 
mostly  of  w ood  and  plaister  ; but  the  mo- 
dern ones  are  of  stone  and  brick.  The 
church  of  the  Capuchins  and  the  parish 
church  both  stands  upon  eminences.  The 
inhabitants  are  much  employed  in  making 
toys  for  strangers.  The  tow'n  is  seated  in  a 
valley,  surrounded  by  mountuins.  It  is  17 
miles  SE  of  Liege. 

SPAIN,  a considerable  kingdom  of  Eu- 
rope, bounded  on  the  n by  the  bay  of  Biscay, 
ke  by  the  Pyrenean  mountains,  which  sepa- 
rate jt  from  France,  on  the  e and  sk  by  th.' 
iViediterritnean,  on  the  s by  the  straits  of 
Gibraltiu*,  on  the  sw'  by  the  Atlnn.tic,  and  w 
by  Portugal  and  the  Atlantic.  It  is  about 
700  miles  long,  and  500  broad.  It  contains 
tlie  provinces  of  Old  and  New  Casiile,  An- 
dalusic'i,  Arragou,  E.^tramadura,  Gallicia, 
Leon,  Cataloula,  Granada,  Valencia,  Bis- 


S PA 

cay,  the  Asturias,  Murcia,  and  Upper 
varre;  some  of  which  were  formerly  sepa* 
rate  kingdoms.  The  air  is  dry  and  serene, 
except  during  the  Equinoctial  rains,  but  ex- 
cessively hot  in  the  southern  provinces  in 
summer,  but  the  heat  is  allayed  by  the 
breezes  that  come  from  its  vast  mountains, 
Tlie  soil  is  fertile ; but  there  are  large  tracts 
of  uncultivated  ground.  The  produce  of 
the  country  is  w’ heat,  barley,  saffron,  hooey, 
silk,  saltpetre,  hemp,  barillas  (a  species  of 
pot-ash),  and  sugar  canes.  It  produces  the 
richest  and  most  delicious  fruits  that  are  to 
be  found  in  France  and  Italy,  and  its  wines 
are  in  high  esteem.  The  domestic  animals 
are  horses,  which  are  remarkably  fleet, 
mules,  black  cattle,  sheep,  &c.  The  wool 
is  superior  to  any  in  Europe.  Wolves  are 
the  chief  beasts  of  prey  that  infest  the 
kingdom.  So  ferocious  are  the  wild  bulls, 
that  the  most  magnificent  spectacle  which 
the  court  could  exhibit  were  bullfights. 
Spain  abounds  in  minerals  and  metals,  cor- 
nelians, agates,  jacinths,  loadstones  tor- 
quois  stones,  quick  silver,  copper,  lead,  suL 
pnur,  alu  . , calamine,  crystal,  marble  of 
several  kinds,  porphyry,  the  finest  jasper, 
and  even  diamonds,  emeralds,  and  amethysts 
are  found.  Anciently  it  Was  celebrated  for 
gold  and  silver  mines.  The  principal  rivers 
are  the  Duero,  Tajo,  Guadiana,  Guadal- 
quiver,  and  Ebro.  Spain,  formerly  the  most 
j populous  kingdom  in  Europe,  is  now  but 
I thinly  inhabited.  By  the  census  t^ken  in 
1803,  including  the  Balearic  Islands,  the 
number  of  inhabitants  was  only  10,351,075. 
The  diminution  of  its  population  resulted 
from  the  expulsion  of  the  Moors,  the  emigra- 
tions to  the  colonies,  the  vast  numbers  and 
celibacy  of  the  clergy,  and  the  indolence  of 
the  natives.  The  Spaniards,  besides  their 
aversion  to  work,  are  too  proud  to  stoop  to 
handicrafts ; consequently  there  is  a great 
want  of  necessary  trades,  and  the  greater 
part  of  those  that  are  to  be  met  with  are  in 
the  hands  of  the  French,  who  are  very 
numerous  in  Spain,  The  royal  monopolies, 
which  include  broad  cloth,  china,  glass, 
pottery,  paper,  salt,  saltpetre,  sulphur, 
tobacco,  snuff,  and  some  others,  are  highly 
injurious  to  their  manufactures.  The  Spa- 
niards, in  general,  are  tall ; their  com- 
plexions are  swarthy  ; and  their  countenan- 
ces expressive.  The  w'omen  are  small  and 
slender.  Jealousy  is  said  to  be  no  longer 
the  characteristic  of  the  Spaniards ; the 
married  ladies  hare  their  cortejo,  or  male 
attendant,  as  the  Italians  have  their  cicis- 
beo.  The  established  relig  ion  is  the  Roman 
catholic,  and  here  the  inquisition  reigned 
in  all  its  horrors;  but  in  1813,  it  was  entire- 
ly abolished  under  .Joseph  Bonaparte, 
Spain  bad  formerly  eight  archbishoprics, 
46  episcopal  sees,  ;ind  24  universities,  or 
rather  academies.  The  Spanish  language  i» 
derived  from  the  latin,  Imt  has  a mixture 
of  Arabic,  borrowed  from  the  Moors,  who 
for^  seven  centuries  held  dominiop  in  Spain  ; 


SPA 

the  speech  is  sonorous,  grave,  and  melodious. 

It  was  once  the  most  free,  but  became  one 
of  the  most  despotic  kingdoms  in  Europv-. 
They  had  formerly  their  cortes,  or  parlia- 
ments, which  had  great  privileges  ; but, 
though  absolutely  abolished,  they  had  lately 
no  part  in  the  government.  In  1808,  Napo- 
leon Bonaparte  attempted  to  seize  upon  the 
government  of  Spain,  and  for  this  purpose 
be  allured  the  royal  family  into  France,  and 
detained  them  there,  while  he  placed  his 
brother  Joseph  on  the  throne  at  Madrid, 
with  the  title  of  king  of  Spain.  To  resist 
this  aggression  a supreme  Junta  of  govern- 
ment of  the  kingdom  was  appointed,  who, 
in  1810,  summoned  the  cortes  to  join  them 
at  Cadiz,  and  this  assembly,  subsecpiently 
removed  to  Seville  and  Madrid,  and  used 
their  endeavours  to  reUore  their  king.  The 
forces  w’hich  they  directed,  displayed,  in 
their  first  onset,  wherever  they  engaged 
the  French,  a considerable  degree  of  valour, 
but  it  was  soon  found  that  they  could  not 
make  head  against  the  superior  discipline  of 
the  enemy.  The  campaigns  of  1811,  and 
1812,  of  the  united  Spanish,  Portuguese,  and 
British  forces  under  lord  Wellington,  \tere 
carried  on  with  various  success,  but  by  the 
persevering  efforts  of  the  British  general, 
that  of  1813,  left  few  of  the  French  in  the 
peninsula.  In  Octol^er  of  that  year,  the 
allied  army  passed  the  Bidassoa,  and  esta- 
blished itself  in  France;  and  in  1814,  on 
the  downfall  of  Napoleon,  Ferdinand  the 
VII.  was  restored,  and  with  him  the  inquisi- 
tion and  all  the  evils  of  a tyrannical  govern- 
ment. Madrid  is  the  capital. 

SPAIN,  NEW,  an  exteusive  kingdom, 
belonging  to  Spain,  in  the  w'  part  of  N 
America,  and  governed  by  a viceroy.  See 
Meaico. 

Spatla,  a town  in  the  kingdom  of  Tunis, 
Barbary,  has  magnificent  aud  extensive 
ruins  in  the  vicinity,  and  stands  on  an  emi- 
nence, shaded  with  juniper  trees,  90  miles 
sw  of  Tunis,  and  100  sse  of  Bona.  Lon.  9 
15  E,  lat.  35  40  n. 

SpalairOy  or  Spalatto,  a rich  and  popu- 
lous town,  capital  of  the  late  Venetian  Dal- 
matia, and  an  archbishop^s  see.  Here  are 
the  ruins  of  the  palace  of  Dioclesian,  and  of 
a large  aqueduct.  Without  the  walls  is  a 
sulphureous  spring  of  great  efficacy  in 
chronic  diseases.  The  town  was  nearly 
depopulated  by  the  plague  in  1748.  It  has 
a good  harbour.  It  is  built  on  a peninsula, 
on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  25  miles  se  of  Sobe- 
nico,  70  SE  of  Zara,  and  102  nw  of'Raqusa. 
Lon.  17  31  E,  lat.  44  4 n. 

Spalding^  a town  in  Lincolnshire,  in  the 
district  of  Holland,  situated  near  the  niouih 
of  the  Welland.  From  its  neatness,  and 
the  canals  in  the  streets,  it  resembles  a 
Dutch  town.  Much  hemp  and  flax,  the 
produce  of  the  neighbourhood,  are  sold  in 
its  markets,  and  it  has  a good  carrying 
trade  in  coal  and  corn.  Near  it  is  tue 
grctUest  Ui^Qny  iu  England,  the  herons 


S P E 

like  rooks  build  their  nests  together  on  frees. 
It  has  a weekly  market  on  Tuesday,  and 
five  annual  fairs,  and  lies  20  miles  n by 
of  Petersborough,  and  97  n of  Loudon. 

Spalty  a town  and  castle  of  Franconia, 
in  the  principality  of  Anspach,  on  the  Ret- 
zat,  has  excteilent  hops  in  the  environs,  IQ 
miles  ESE  of  Anspach. 

Spa2idau,  a town  and  citadel  of  Upper 
Saxony,  in  the  middle  mark  of  Branden- 
burg, with  a fine  fortress.  It  is  very 
strong,  and  has  an  excellent  arsenal,  in 
subterranean  vaults,  and  a jirisou  for  state 
criminals.  Here  is  a manufacture  of  bayo- 


nets, sword  blades,  sabres,  and  ramrods, 
also  of  musket  barrels  which  are  sent  to 
Potsdam  to  be  finished.  It  is  situated  on 
the  Havel,  eight  miles  nw  of  Berlin,  and  12 
NE  of  Potsdam. 

Hpangenherg^  a tow^n  in  Lower  Hesse, 
Germany,  with  a castle,  stands  on  a moun- 
tain, 28  miles  se  of  Cassel. 

SPANISH  MAIN,  that  part  of  the  coast 
of  America,  w hich  extends  from  the  Mos- 
quito shore,  along  the  n coast  of  Darien, 
Carthegena,  and  Venezuela,  to  the  Leeward 
isles. 

Spanish  Town.  See  Jago  Aclavega, 
SpartiveniOj  Cape,  a promontory  at  the 
SK  extremity  of  Calabria  Ultra,  Naples. 
Lon.  16  40  E,  lat.  37  50  n. 

Spean  ; See  Lochy,  Loch, 

Spartel  Cape,  on  the  coast  of  Barbary, 
at  the  entrance  of  the  straits  of  Gibraltar. 
Lon.  5 56  w,  lat.  35  50  n. 

Speight  Town,  a sea-port  of  Barbadoes, 
on  the  nw  coast  of  the  island,  and  defended 
by  two  lorts,  it  was  formerly  much  fre- 
quented by  the  Bristol  traders,  and  thence 
was  called  Liide  Bristol.  Lou.  59  55  w. 
lat.  13  15  N.  , 

Spello,  a town  of  the  duchy  of  Spoleto, 

, Ifaly,  seated  on  a hill.  Here  are  the  ruins 
I of  a theatre,  and  other  antiquities,  13 
I miles  N of  Spoletto. 

i a great  and  rapid  river  of  Scot- 

j land,  which  issues  from  a lake  of  its  name, 

, in  the  centre  of  Inverness-shire,  aud  falls 
j into  the  German  Ocean,  at  the  village  of 
Speymouth.  Its  course  including  windings 
is  about  120  miles;  the  mountain  torrents 
! sw'ell  this  river  very  rapidly.  In  September, 

J 1768,  it  rose  no  less  than  18  feet  aud  corn- 
5 mitted  great  devastation  on  its  banks.  Much 
wood  from  Glenmore,  is  floated  dowai  to  its 
mouth  in  the  German  ocean. 

Speymouth,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in 
j Morayshire,  lying  at  the  mouth  of  Spej-,  on 
Its  w banks.  It  extends  about  six  miles 
1 and  a-half  in  length,  by  one  and  a-half  in 
j breadth,  aud  the  soil  is  light  and  fertile. 

I The  thriving  village  of  Garmouth  lies  in 
j this  parish.  Population  is  about  1236. 

Spezzia,  or  Spetia,  a lowm  in  the  territory 
[ of  Genoa,  wdtli  a good  harbour,  stands  at 
j the  foot  of  a bill,  on  a gulf  or  its  name,  47 
I miles  SE  gf  Genoa.  Lon.  9 37  e,  lat.  44 
ilON. 


S P I 

SPICE  ISLANDS,  islands  of  Asia,  in 
the  East  Indies.  See  Banda,  Cevlon, 
AIolucca,  <fec. 

Spietz,  a town  in  the  canton  of  Bern, 
Swisserland,  stands  on  the  w side  of  the  lake 
^huD,  40  miles  ss£  of  Bern. 

Spigelberg,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Oeitingen,  Swabia,  eight  miles  ne  of  Oet- 
tingen,  and  13  sse  of  Anspach. 

Hpigelherg,  a town  and  castle,  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Calenberg,  Westphalia,  capital 
of  a county  of  its  name,  iZ  miles  e by  s of 
Halem. 

SpignOf  a town  of  Piedmont,  in  Mont- 
serrat, on  the  Belbo,  with  a castle,  11  miles 
ssw  of  Acqui,  and  40  se  of  Turin. 

SPIKE  ISLAND,  an  island  of  Cork  har- 
tour,  s of  the  cave. 

Spilembergo,  a town  in  Friuli,  Italy, 
seated  on  the  Tagliamento,  14  miles  W'  of 
Udina,  and  47  nne  of  Venice. 

Spihby,  a heathy  town  in  Lincolnshire, 
situated  on  the  side  of  a hill.  There  is  a 
weekly  market  on  Monday,  and  four  annual 
fairs.  It  contains  930  inhabitants,  and  lies 
28  miles  e of  Lincoln,  and  133  n by  e of 
London. 

Spinulovgay  a sea  port  of  the  island 
of  Candia,  near  a cape  of  the  same  name, 
v/ith  a citadel  and  a good  harbour,  30 
miles  E of  Candia.  Lon.  2«3  48  e,  lat.  36 

20  N. 

Spire,  a late  bishopric  of  Germany,  jn 
the  circle  of  the  Upper  Rhine,  50  miles  in 
length,  and  30  where  broadest.  It  is  divid- 
ed into  two  pans  by  the  Rhine,  and  is 
mountainous  and  woody,  but  fertile  in  corn, 
wine,  almonds,  and  chesnuts.  That  part  ot 
it  which  lay  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine, 
W’as  annexed  to  France,  and  the  remainder 
to  Baden  in  1802,  as  part  of  its  indemnity. 

Spire,  a town,  late  oi  Germany,  and 
capital  of  the  bishopric  of  Spire,  annexed  to 
France,  and  included  in  the  depanihent  of 
Mont  Toniiere.  It  is  situated  on  the  w 
side  of  the  Rhine,  at  the  influx  of  the  Spire- 
bach.  Here,  in  ancient  times  the  emperors 
held  many  diets,  and  it  w^as  the  seat  of  the 
Imperial  chamber  till  1089,  when  the  city 
was  burnt  by  the  French,  and  not  rebuilt 
till  1097,  alter  the  peace  of  Ryswick.  Al- 
though the  greater  part  ot  the  inhabitants 
are  Lutherans,  here  are  15  Catholic  church- 
es and  convents,  among  which  the  college 
of  the  Jesuiis  claims  the  precedence.  In 
1734,  this  city  was  taken  by  me  French, 
and  in  1792  it  surrendered  to  the  republican 
troops  of  France,  who  evacuated  it  next  year, 
but  re-entered  it  in  1794,  seven  miles  n ol 
Philipsburg,  and  54  s by  E of  Mculz.  Lon. 

8 29  K,  lai.  49  19  N. 

Spirebach,  a tow  n,  late  of  Germany,  now 
annexed  to  France,  and  included  in  the  de- 
partmeni  of  Mont  Tunnere, 

Spiriiu  Suulo,  a town  iu  Brazil,  South 
America,  capit  I of  a government  of  the 
same  name,  situated  between  that  ot  Rio- 
Jiuieiro  and  Porto  Seguiu.  The  province  is 


s P o 

watered  by  a river  of  its  name,  which  enters 
a large  bay  of  the  Atlantic.  The  town 
has  a castle  and  a harbour,  about  10  miles* 
from  the  ocean.  LOn.  40  40  w,  lat.  20  10  s, 

Spiritu  Santo,  a town  near  the  middle  of 
the  island  of  Cuba,  about  45  miles  nw  of  la 
Trinidad,  and  155  esE  of  Havana,  Lon^ 
79  37  w,  lat.  22  15  n. 

jj  Spital,  a town  of  Upper  Carinthia,  Ger- 
jj  many,  on  the  Liser,  near  the  Drave,  lies  15 
! miles  wnw  of  Villach. 

Spital,  a village  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Tweed,  about  a mile  se  of  Berwick.  It  is 
much  frequented  by  sea  bathers,  and  has  a 
mineral  well. 

Spital,  a town  in  Lincolnshire,  had  its 
name  from  an  hospital,  part  of  which  still 
remains,  that  stands  on  the  Roman  cause- 


way leading  to  the  Hunsber,  with  a chapel, 
and  an  inn,  a noted  stage  on  the  road  from 
Lincoln  to  Barton.  Here  are  two  noted 
springs ; one  called  JuiiaiPs  well,  and  the 
other  Castleton.  Many  Roman  coins  have 
been  dug  up  in  this  village,  10  miles  n of 
Lincoln. 

Spithead,  a famous  road  between  Ports- 
mouth and  the  isle  of  Wight,  where  the 
royal  navy  frequently  rendezvous. 

SPITSBERGEN,  or  as  it  has  been  some- 
times called  East  Greenland,  having 
been  long  considered  as  united  to,  and  a 
part  of  old  Greenland,  is  the  most  northerly 
country  oi  Europe.  It  consists  of  a number 
of  dreary  islands,  and  lies  between  76  and  80 
deg.  N lat.  and  9 and  24  deg.  e Iod.  having 
Greenland  on  the  w,  and  Nova  Zembla  on 
the  E.  It  was  discovered  according  to 
some,  by  Sir  Hugh  Willoughby,  in  1553, 
w'ho  called  it  Greenland,  supposing  it  to  be 
a part  of  the  western  continent ; or,  as  others 
suppose,  by  the  Dutch  navigator  Brirentz, 
in  1596,  who  gfive  it  the  name  Spitzbergen, 
or  sharp  mountains,  from  the  rocky  and 
sharp  pointed  mountains  with  which  it 
abounds.  The  Glaciers  on  the  ne,  are  high 
cbffs  of  an  emerald  colour,  impendent  over 
the  sea,  with  cataracts  of  melted  snow',  and 
back  ground  of  black  conic  hills,  streaked 
with  white.  In  the  winter  it  is  continual 
night  for  four  months,  and  in  summer  con- 
tinual day  lor  the  same  period.  The  main- 
lami  or  irinci{.al  of  these  islands,  is  about 
300  miles  iu  lenth  from  n to  s.  The  few 
vegetables  and  animals  are  nearly  the  same 
with  these  of  Greenland.  The  Russians 
claim  this  dreary  country,  and  maintain  a 
kind  of  colony  here  from  archangel.  The 
inland  parts  are  uninhabited.  To  the  ne  of 
this  dreary  group  are  small  i>les  called  the 
Seven  sisiers ; the  most  northerly  land  yet 
discovered. 

Splugen,  a towm  of  Switzerland  in  the 
country  of  the  Grisons,  near  the  rise  of  the 
Hinder  Rhine,  and  18  miles  nw  of  Chia- 
venna. 

SPOLETO,  a duchy  of  Italy,  in  the 
ecclesiastical  state,  about  55  miles  in 
leuo  lb,  and  40  in  breadth,  e of  the  pairi* 


SPR 

mony  of  St  Peter,  Orvieda,  and  Pernglno. 
It  is  sometimes  called  Umbria. 

Spoleto,  an  ancient  and  handsome  town 
of  Italy,  capital  of  the  above  duehy,  and  a 
bishop’s  see,  stands  in  a plain  noted  for  ex- 
cellent wine,  near  the  Tessino.  The  castle, 
seated  on  a hill,  is  connected  with  the  town 
by  a bridge;  and  the  cathedral  is  a nne 
edifice.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  an  amphi- 
theatre, a triumphal  arch,  and  an  aqueduct. 
The  city  sulfered  greatly  by  an  earthquake 
in  1703,  and  again  in  1767.  It  now  con- 
tains  many  fine  buildings,  40  miles  e o1 
Orvieto,  and  80  n by  e of  Rome.  Lon.  13 
6 E,  lat.  42  45  N.  . , . . 

Sponheimj  a town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Rhine  and  Moselle,  lately  of  Ger- 
many, capital  of  a county  of  its  name, 
stands  among  hills,  abounding  with  vine- 
yards, 27  miles  w by  s of  Mentz.  Lon.  7 

38  E,  lat.  49  54  n.  . r 

SporoWf  a town  in  the  palatinate  ot 
Brzesc,  Lithuania,  seated  on  a lake  of  its 
name,  34  miles  w by  n of  Pinsk. 

Spotlandy  a town  in  Lancashire,  consider- 
able for  its  commerce  and  manutactures. 
Population  about  10,968,  three  miles  n by  w 
of  Rochdale. 

Spottf  a parish  in  East  Lothian,  in  the 
neio^hbovirliood  of  Dunbar,  about  10  miles 


long  and  five  broad,  comprehending  a fertile 
lowland  district,  and  part  of  the  hilly  dis- 
trict of  Lammermuir.  A spring  called 
Kisthill  well  was  formerly  much  resorted  ! 
to  by  scorbutic  patients.  From  St  John’s 
well,  water  is  conveyed  in  pipes  to  Dunbar. 
Spott  House,  belonging  to  — Hay  Esquire, 
is  romantically  situated  oua  rock,  environed 
with  beautiful  sceuery.  So  late  as  1705, 
several  people  were  burnt  at  Spott  for 
witchcraft.  The  village  of  Spott,  lying 
about  five  miles  s of  Dunbar,  contains  180 
inhabitants.  Population  of  the  parish  and 
village,  about  502. 

Spreey  a river  that  has  its  source  in  the 
mountains  of  Bohemia,  fiows  through  Lusa- 
tia  into  Brandenburg,  passes  by  Berlin, 
and  unites  with  the  Havel  opposite  Span* 
dau. 

Spremhergy  a town  of  Lusatia,  on  an 
island  in  the  above  river,  14  miles  s by  e of 
Cotbus. 

Spridlingtoiiy  a town  in  Lincolnshire,  six 
miles  N by  k of  Lincoln. 

Springfield y 3L  town  in  Bourbon  county, 
Kentucky,  stands  on  the  Licking,  60  miles 
W by  N of  Frankfort. 

Springfield,  a new  village  in  the  county 
of  Dumfries,  and  parish  of  Graitney.  It 
lies  about  one  mile  from  the  port  of  Sark- 
foot. 

Sp  ringfieldy  a post  town  of  Hampshire 
county,  Massachusetts,  on  the  Connecticut, 
with  a considerable  inland  trade.  It  con- 
tains 1574  inhabitants,  is  20  miles  s by  e 
of  Northampton,  and  98  wsw  of  Boston. 

Sprottaiiy  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Gi^ogau,  Silesia^  on  a river  of  its  name,  at 
H 


ST  A 

its  junction  with  the  Bober,  10  miles  SE  o^ 
Sagan,  and  20  wsw  of  Glogau. 

Sproustony  a fertile  parish  in  Roxburgh- 
shire, lying  on  the  s banks  of  the  Tweed. 

It  is  six  miles  long  and  fou’*  broad,  part  of 
it  is  lira,  and  liable  to  be  overflowed,  but 
at  some  distance  from  the  river  is  consider- 
ably elevated.  The  village  of  Sprouston  is 
about  a mile  e of  Kelso,  and  contains 
200  inhabitants.  Population  about  1105. 

Spurn  Head,  a promontory  on  the  sk 
coast  of  Yorkshire,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Humber,  on  which  is  a light  house  immedi- 
ately opposite  to  Grimsby  in  Lincolnshire. 
Lon.  0 15  E,lat.  53  38  N. 

Spgnity  or  Spynie,  a parish  in  Mo- 
rayshire, about  four  miles  long  and  two 
broad,  stretching  along  the  n banks  of  the 
Lossie,  s of  the  lake  of  Spynie,  about  one 
mile  from  Elgin.  A ridge  which  intersects 
the  parish  is  adorned  with  plantations  be- 
longing to  the  earl  of  Fife,  and  produces 
freestone  and  millstones.  Grain  is  the 
staple  of  the  parish.  The  cathedral  of  the 
diocese  of  Moray,  founded  by  Malcolni 
Canmorein  1 157,  stood  originally  in  Spynie, 
but,  in  1224,  was  removed  to  Elgin  by 
Alexander  II.  The  episcopal  palace,  which 
was  magnificent,  and  had  fine  gardens, 
stood  at  the  e end  of  the  parish.  James  VI. 
bestowed  the  temporalities  of  this  bishopric 
upon  Alexander  Lindsay,  who  hereby  be- 
came lord  Spynie.  Population  about 
843. 

Spynie  Loch,  a lake  on  the  n side  of  the 
above  parish,  four  miles  long  and  Irom  one 
to  two  broad.  It  is  now  at  a considerable 
distance  from  the  sea,  with  which  it  former- 
ly communicated  at  both  ends.  On  its  e 
banks  stood  the  fishing  village  called  Spy- 
nie,  erected  into  a burgh  of  barony  in  the 
15th  century,  of  which  the  cross  is  now  the 
only  remaining  vestige. 

Sguilcice,  a town  of  Calabria  Ultra,  Na- 
ples, seated  on  the  Favelone,  near  a gulf  of 
its  name,  was  greatly  injured  by  an  earth- 
quake in  1783.  It  is  35  miles  sw  of  St 
Severino.  Lon.  16  40  e,  lat.  39  3 n. 

Squince  Island,  an  island  near  Glandore 
harbour,  in  Cork.  Its  herbage  has  a re- 
markable effect  on  diseased  horses. 

StablOy  a town,  late  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  the  bishopric  of  Liege,  annexed  to  France 
in  1796,  and  included  in  the  departmeiu  of 
Forets,  with  a famous  Benedictine  abbey. 
The  inhabitants  manufacture  and  export 
leather,  and  have  a trade  in  cloths  and 
stuffs.  It  is  situated  on  the  Reciit,  1 2 miles 

s of  Limburg.  . 

Slade,  a town  of  Lower  Saxony,  m the 
duchy  of  Bremen,  formerly  a Hanseatic 
town.  It  has  a fortress,  a college  and 
three  churches.  It  is  the  principal  town 
of  the  duchy,  Bremen,  the  capital,  being  a 
free  city.  Stade  is  the  seat  of  the  regency 
and  chief  courts  of  justice  of  the  duchies  of 
Bremen  and  Verden,  and  stands  on  the 
.«;wingel,  near  its  junction  with  the  Elbe, 
‘ ^ U u 


S T A 

and  is  22  miles  w of  Hamburgh  and  43 
ne  of  Bremen.  Lon.  9 28  e,  lat.  SS 
36  N. 

Stadtam  Hoff,  a town  of  Bavaria,  con- 
nected by  a bridge  with  the  city  of  Ratis- 
bon,  seated  on  the  n side  of  the  Danube. 

Stadtberg,  a town  of  Westphalia,  on  the 
borders  of  the  county  of  Waldeck.  That 
part  of  it,  called  Marsberg,  stands  on  the 
site  of  the  celebrated  Saxon  fort  of  Elmes- 
berg,  which  was  captured  by  Charlemagne, 
who  built  a church  here  in  honour  of  St 
Peter  and  St  Paul.  It  is  seated  on  the  Du- 
mel,  14  miles  s of  Paderborn. 

Stadthagen,  a strong  town  of  Westphalia, 
in  the  county  of  Schaueuburg,  has  a palace 
belonging  to  the  prince  of  Schauenberg 
Lippe,  in  the  garden  of  which  is  a mineral 
spring,  eight  miles  e of  Minden,  and  10  n of 
Rinteln. 

Staebroechy  a town  of  Dutch  Guiana,  in 
South  America,  on  the  e side  of  Demarara 
river,  a mile  and  a-half  above  the  post 
that  commands  its  entrance.  It  is  the  seat 
of  government,  and  the  depository  of  the 
records. 

Stafarddy  a town  of  Piedmont,  in  the  mar- 
quisate  of  Saluzzo,  with  a rich  abbey, 
seated  on  the  Po.  In  the  vicinity,  a vic- 
tory was  obtained  by  the  French  over  the 
duke  of  Savoy,  in  1090.  It  is  three  miles  n 
of  Saluzzo. 

STAFF  A,  a celebrated  island  of  Scotland, 
one  of  the  Hebrides,  a little  to  the  w of 
Mull.  It  is  one  mile  long  and  half  a mile 
broad.  The  whole  sw  end  of  this  island  is 
supported  by  ranges  of  natural  pillars, 
mostly  above  50  feet  high,  and  standing  in 
natural  colonnades.  Here  is  also  a cavern 
called  Fin  ma  tonly  or  FingaPs  CavCy  which 
extends  250  feet  under  ground.  Its  entrance 
is  a natural  arch,  more  than  100  feet  high. 
The  cavern  is  lighted  from  without,  so  that 
its  farthest  extremity  may  be  seen.  The 
bottom  of  the  cave  is  filled  by  the  sea, 
reaching  to  the  extremity,  and  in  calm  v/ea- 
ther  a boat  may  sail  into  it.  . On  the  other 
side  of  the  island  is  a cave  called  the  Cor- 
moranFs  cave,  exhibiting  the  same  appear- 
ances, but  on  a less  scale.  The  island  is 
every  where  supported  by  basaltic  rocks  and 
pillars,  which  are  all  magnetic,  the  lower 
parts  possessing  a n,  and  the  upper  a s 
polarity,  and  contains  some  of  the  greatest 
natural  curiosities  in  Europe,  yet  was 
scarcely  known  before  the  year  1772. 

Slaffelstein,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Bamberg,  Franconia,  seated  on  the  Lauter, 
16  miles  nxe  of  Bamberg. 

Stafford,  the  county  town  of  Stafford- 
shire, situated  on  the  river  Sow,  which 
washes  it  s and  w parts.  The  county  as- 
sizes and  quarter  sessions  are  held  here. 
Its  castle,  built  by  William  I.  was  garri- 
soned by  the  troops  of  Charles  I.  and,  being 
taken,  was  demolished  by  order  of  the  par- 
liament. It  has  two  handsome  churches, 
ao  hospital;  a freo  school;  and  a spire  Loll, 


s t A 

situated  in  a spacious  market  place.  The 
town  has  greatly  increased  of  late,  by  th« 
manufacture  of  cloth  and  shoes.  It  is  go- 
verned by  a mayor,  recorder,  12  aldermen, 
and  20  common  council  men,  and  sends  two 
members  to  parliament,  elected  by  the 
resident  burgesses,  who  must  be  sous  of  bur- 
gesses, and  have  each  served  an  apprentice- 
ship of  seven  years  within  the  borough.  It 
gives  the  title  of  marquis  to  the  family  of 
Goww,  and  retains  the  custom  of  borough 
English,  by  which  the  youngest  son  inherits 
(he  lands  of  his  father.  Population  in  1801 
was  3898,  and  in  1811,  4868.  It  has  a 
weekly  market  on  Saturday  and  six  annual 
fairs,  and  lies  41  miles  kw  of  Litchfield,  and 
135  Nw  of  London.  Lon.  2 4 w,  lat.  52 
48  N. 

STAFFORDSHIRE,  a county  of  Eng- 
land, bounded  on  the  nw  by  Shropshire,  Kw 
by  Cheshire,  ne  and  e by  Derbyshire,  se  by 
Warwickshire,  and  s by  Worcestershire, 
It  extends  in  length  about  55  miles,  and 
about  42  in  breadth.  It  is  divided  into  five 
hundreds,  and  contains  one  city,  19  market 
towns,  139  parishes,  and  sends  10  members 
to  parliament,  and  295,153  inhabitants  in 
18 1 J.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Trent, 
Dove,  Sow,  Churnet,  Stour,  Penk,  and  Ma- 
nyfold.  The  air  is  pleasant,  mild,  and 
wholesome.  The  n part  is  hilly  and  barren, 
the  middle  level,  and  the  s good  and  fertile, 
though  not  without  heaths.  There  are  good 
stone  quarries,  plenty  of  alabaster  and 
limestone.  Staffordshire  is  famous  for  its 
potteries,  the  iron  trade  in  all  its  varieties, 
and  inland  navigation.  Stafford  is  th© 
county  town. 

Stagira,  a town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in 
Macedonia,  situated  on  the  gulf  of  Coniessa, 
It  is  famous  for  being  the  birthplace  of 
Aristotle,  whence  he  is  called  the  Stagerite. 
It  is  now  called  Stavros,  and  is  16  miles 
WNW  of  Contessa. 

StagnOy  a town  of  Ragusan  Dalmatia, 
with  a small  harbour,  is  a bishop^s  see, 
and  stands  on  a peninsula  in  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  30  miles  nw  of  Ragusa.  Lon.  17 
50  E,  lat.  43  12  N. 

Stagshaw  Bank,  in  Northumberland,  is 
famous  for  two  very  great  annual  fairs,  viz. 
on  Whitsun  Eve,  and  July  4th,  chiefly  for 
horses  and  sheep. 

Staindrop,  a town  in  Durham,  has  a mar- 
ket on  Saturday,  and  a collegiate  church, 
five  miles  e of  Barnard  Castle. 

Staines,  a town  in  Middlesex,  situated  on 
the  Thames,  over  which  is  an  elegant  new 
iron  bridge  of  three  elliptic  arches.  At 
Coin  Ditch,  a little  above  the  bridge,  is  the 
London  Mark  Stone,  the  ancient  boundary 
of  the  jurisdiction  of  London  on  the  Thames, 
with  an  inscription  dated  1280.  Staines  is 
a lordsip  of  the  crown,  governed  by  tw'o 
constables,  with  four  head  boroughs,  has  a 
weekly  market  on  Friday,  and  two  annual 
fairs,  and  lies  17  miles  n by  e of  Dorches- 
ter, and  16  w by  s of  Lonc^qn. 


S T A 

. Stainlon,  a large  village  in  Lincolnshire, 
•with  a market  on  Monday,  and  an  annual 
fair,  October  9th,  eight  miles  swof  Louth. 

Staintony  a hanasome  and  genteely  in- 
habited village  in  Cumberland,  on  the  road 
to  Keswick,  noted  for  its  lime  works,  two 
miles  w of  Penrith. 

StaiTy  a parish  in  Ayrshire,  about  six 
miles  long  and  two  broad,  lying  on  the  banks 
of  the  river  Ayr.  The  soil  is  in  general  a 
deep  clay,  and  well  cultivated.  The  parish 
is  well  supplied  with  coal,  and  on  the  lauds 
of  Dalmore  have  been  found  specimens  of 
antimony  and  copper,  and  a considerable 
quantity  of  plumbago  or  black  lead.  This 
parish  also  affords  the  species  of  whetstones 
called  Water  of  Ayr  Stones.  It  gives  the 
title  of  earl  to  the  family  of  Dalrymple. 
population  about  668. 

Stalbridge,  a town  in  Dorsetshire,  re* 
markable  lor  a manufacture  of  stockings, 
seated  near  the  Stour.  It  has  a large  anci- 
ent church,  w'ith  an  old  cross  of  one  stone, 
21  feet  high,  on  a base  of  eight  feet.  It 
has  a weekly  market  on  Tuesday  and  two 
annual  fair*?,  contains  1254  inhabitants,  and 
lies  20  miles  n by  e of  Dorchester  and  1 12 
W by  s of  London. 

Staleyj  a thriving  village  in  Lancashire, 
on  the  Tame,  over  which  is  a bridge  into 
Cheshire.  This  place  has  been  long  cele- 
brated for  weavers,  dyers,  and  pressers  of 
w’oollen  cloth,  and  has  a share  in  the  cotton 
trade,  nine  miles  e of  Manchester. 

Stalimene,  See  Lemnos* 

Stamford*  a town  in  Lincolnshire,  situa- 
ted on  the  Welland,  which  is  made  naviga- 
ble hence.  It  is  a large  and  ancient  place, 
has  six  parish  churches,  and  it  had  formerly 
a college,  whose  students  removed  to  Bra- 
senose  college  in  Oxford.  Here  are  elegant 
inns ; 80  children  are  taught,  and  part  of 
them  fed  and  clothed  at  a charity  school  in 
this  tow’D,  It  has  an  elegant  theatre,  and 
frequent  horse  races.  In  one  ot  the  churches 
the  celebrated  lord  Burleigh  is  buried  in  a 
splendid  tomb ; in  another  church  is  a fine 
white  marble  monument,  for  an  earl  and 
countess  of  Exeter,  of  Italian  workmanship. 
The  town  is  in  some  measure  a county  of 
itself,  as  it  is  independant  of  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  sheriff  and  lord  lieutenant  of  Lincoln- 
shire. Here  subsists  the  custom  of  Borough 
English,  by  which  the  youngest  son  inherits 
the  lands  aud  tenements  of  the  father  dying 
intestate.  Its  trade  is  chiefiy  in  malt, coals, 
and  freestone.  It  is  governed  by  a mayor, 
12  aldermen,  and  24  bu  gesses,  and  returns 
two  members  to  the  British  parliament. 
There  are  weekly  markets  on  Monday  and 
Friday,  and  seven  annual  fairs.  It  contains 
6064  inhabitants,  and  lies  26  m.iles  n of 
Huntingdon,  44  s of  Lincoln,  and  86  n by  w 
of  London.  Lon.  0 31  w^,  lat.  62  42  n. 

Stamfordy  a towm  in  Fairfield  county, 
Conecticut,  stands  on  Millriver,  which  falls 
into  Long  Island  sound,  44  miles  ne  of  New 
York. 


s T A 

Stampalia,  au  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
60  miles  w of  Rhodes,  and  37  from  the 
coast  of  Natolia.  It  is  12  miles  in  length, 
and  five  in  breadth.  It  wants  fresh  water, 
and  has  few  inhabitants. 

STANCHIO,  formerly  called  Cos,  a 
fertile  island  of  the  Archipelago,  near  the 
coast  of  Natolia,  25  miles  in  length,  and  10 
in  breadth.  The  capital  is  of  the  same 
name,  seated  at  the  foot  of  a mountain,  at 
the  bottom  of  a bay,  and  has  a good  bar* 
hour,  defended  by  a castle.  The  island  is 
40  miles  Nw  of  Rhodes,  abounds  with  tur- 
pentine and  cypress  trees,  and  is  the  birth- 
place of  Appelles  and  Hoppocrates.  Lon, 
27  10  B,  lat.  36  46  N.  , 

Standony  a town  in  Hertfordshire,  with 
a market  on  Friday,  seated  on  the  Rth, 
eight  miles  n of  Hertford,  and  27  n by  E of 
London.  . . ^ • 

STANEMORE,  a dreary  district  in 
Westmoreland,  in  the  eastern  angle  of 
that  county,  between  Brough  and  Kirby- 
Steven. 

Stanford,  chief  town  of  Lincoln  county, 
Kentucky,  seated  in  a fertile  plain,  10 
miles  ssE  of  Danville,  and  40  s by  w of 
Lexington. 

Stanfordy  a neat  village  in  the  w'  corner 
of  Northamptonshire,  on  the  Avon,  wffh  a 
fine  seat  aud  park,  on  the  other  side  of  tho 
river  in  Leicestershire,  four  miles  se  of  Lut- 
terworth. . 

StangeTy  a village  in  Cumberland,  three 
miles  above  Cockermoutfa,  has  a fin© 
spa,  but  little  known,  and  not  much  fre- 
quented. 

Stanhope,  a town  in  the  county  ot  Dur- 
ham, on  the  river  Wear,  with  a market  on 
Tuesday,  chiefly  inhabited  by  miners.  In  a 
large  park  here,  king  Edward  III.  of  Eng- 
land, besieged  the  Scottish  army,  20  miles 
w of  Durham,  and  263  n by  w of  London. 

Stanley,  a town  in  Gloucestershire,  wittt 
a market  on  Saturday,  and  several  annual 
fairs.  It  is  partly  engaged  in  the  cloth  ma- 
nufacture, 12  miles  s of  Gloucester,  and  105 

w of  London.  • ti  v, 

Stanley,  a considerable  village  in  Perth- 
shire, about  six  or  seven  miles  nw  ot  Perth. 
Here  are  extensive  works  employed  in 
spinning  cotton  and  flax.  The  village  con- 
tains abont  600  inhabitants, 

Stanraore,  a town  of  Middlesex.  Th© 
common  on  which  it  stands  is  so  elevated, 
that  some  trees  growing  here  are  seen  from 
the  German  ocean,  two  miles  nw  ol  Euge- 
ware,  and  10  nw^I  Loudon. 

Stansfieldy  a considerable  manufacturing 
town  in  W Yorkshire.  The  population  in 
1801  was  4768,  and  6447  in  1811.  It  is 
nine  miles  w of  Halifax. 

Stanton,  a town  i/i  Lincolnshire,  with 
a market  on  Monday,  L?  miles  e of  Lin- 

Stanzy  a town  of  Switzerland,  capital  cf 
the  canton  of  Underwalden,  stands  in  a 
plain,  at  the  foot  of  S/anzberg.  In  th© 
* U u 2 


ST  A 

Vicinity,  in  1T98,  the  French  totally  defeated 
the  troops  of  Underwaldeu,  and  afterwards 
l^urnt  the  town  and  put  the  inhabitants  to 
the  sword,  eight  miles  se  of  Lucern,  and  29 
s of  Zurich. 

StanwiXf  a town  in  Cumberland,  near 
Carlisle,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Eden, 
on  the  Piets  wall,  long  celebrated  for  the 
manufacture  of  a plain  knife  for  culinary 
purposes,  called  the  Stanwix  Gulty. 

Stanwix,  Fort,  See  Rome,  in  New 
York. 

Stara  Rusa,  a town  in  the  government  of 
Novogorod,  Russia,  on  the  Polish,  near  the 
lake  Ilmen,  40  miles  s of  Novogorod.  Lon. 
33  2 E,  lat.  37  40  n. 

Starbrock,  a sea  port  of  Guayana,  on  the 
E side  of  the  river  Demerary,  two  miles 
above  the  fort  that  commands  its  entrance. 
It  is  the  seat  of  the  government  of  the  set- 
tlement of  Demerary  and  Issequibo.  Lon. 
38  0 w,  lat.  6 30  N. 

* Starenberg,  a town  and  castle  of  Bavaria, 
seated  near  the  n end  of  the  lake  Wurmsee, 
14  miles  sw  of  Munich. 

Stargard,  a town  in  Mecklenburg-Stre- 
litz,  Lower  Saxony,  with  a castle  belonging 
to  the  prince,  10  miles  n by  e of  Stre- 
liu. 

Star  gar  d,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Pomerania,  seated  on  the  Ihna,  which  falls 
into  the  Oder,  with  an  academy,  and  good 
woollen  manufactures,  such  as  serges, 
cloth,  shalloons,  tammies,  druggets,  (fee. 
It  was  taken  by  the  Russians  in  1738,  and 
is  20  miles  sr  of  Stettin.  Lon.  13  13  e, 
lat.  33  26  N. 

Start  Point,  a promontory  in  Devonshire, 
14  miles  s by  w of  Dartmouth.  Lou.  3 48  w, 
lat.  30  13  N. 

Stasfurt,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Magde- 
burg, Upper  Saxony,  has  good  salt  works, 
and  is  21  miles  ssw  of  Magdeburg. 

STATEN  ISLAND,  an  island  of  the 
United  States,  which  lies  nine  miles  sw  of 
the  city  of  New  York,  and  constitutes  Rich- 
mond county.  The  island  is  about  18  miles 
in  length,  and  at  a medium  six  or  seven  in 
breadth,  and  contains  4000  inhabitants. 
On  the  s the  land  is  level,  but  in  general 
the  surface  is  rough  and  hilly.  Richmond 
is  the  only  town  of  any  note. 

STATEN  LAND,  an  island  at  the  extre- 
mity of  South  America,  about  30  miles  in 
length  and  12  in  breadth,  near  the  se  point 
of  Terra  del  Fuego.  Jt  is  of  a square  form, 
and  craggy.  The  passage  between  the  is- 
land and  the  continent  is  stbe  strait  of  Le 
Maitre,  and  the  eastern  point,  now  usually 
passed  by  vessels  turning  Cape  Horn,  is 
called  Cape  St  John.  I’he  centre  of  the 
island  is  in  loo.  about  63  47  w,  and  lat.  34 
30  s. 

State^hurg^  a post  town  of  South  Caroli- 
na, ami  the  capital  of  Clerraciu  county, 
ttan.'Ls  on  the  Be»'ch,  which  joins  the  Wate- 
ree,  a lew  miles  w of  the  town,  2,0  miles  e 


S T E 

of  Cambden,  and  93  n by  w of  Charles^ 
ton. 

Stavanger,  a town  of  Norway,  in  the 
province  of  Christiansand,  capital  of  a ter- 
ritory of  the  same  name,  seated  on  a penin- 
sula. Near  it  is  the  fortress  of  Doswick. 

It  is  73  miles  s of  Bergen,  and  105  wn  w 
of  Christiansand.  Lon.  3 35  e,  lat.  38 
38  N. 

a celebrated  cataract  of  Swit  ■ 
zerland,  near  the  village  of  Lauterbrunnen, 
ip  the  canton  of  Bern,  It  rushes  down  a 
precipice  930  feet  high,  with  such  impetuo- 
sity as  to  reduce  itself  into  a fine  spray,  re- 
sembling a cloud  of  dust,  as  the  name,  in 
the  German  language,  siguifies.  It  makes 
a great  noise,  and  agitates  the  air. 

Staveren,  an  ancient  of  Friesland, 
Holland,  formerly  a much  frequented  sea 
port,  but  the  harbour  being  choked  up.  th© 
town  is  much  decayed  ; yet  it  has  still  a 
trade  in  fishing,  and  in  passage  boats  over 
the  neighbouring  pools  and  lakes.  Anci- 
ently. it  was  the  ordinary  residence  of  the 
kings  of  Friesland,  and  it  still  retains  marks 
of  its  former  splendour.  It  is  situated  on 
the  Zuyder  Zee,  eight  miles  w of  Sloolen, 
and  17  ne  of  Enchuysen.  Lon.  3 13  e,  lat, 
52  34  N. 

Stauffenburg,  a town  and  castle  in  Upper 
Hesse,  Germany,  seated  on  the  Lon,  13 
miles  NNE  of  Giessen. 

Staunton,  a post  town  of  Virginia,  and 
the  capital  of  Augusta  county,  seated  on 
Middle  river,  a water  of  the  Potomac,  100 
miles  ssw  of  Winchester.  Lon.  79  35  w, 
lat.  38  15  N. 

Stavros,  See  Stagira. 

Staivropoi,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Caucasia,  Russia,  with  a fort,  on  an  emi- 
nence at  the  source  of  the  Attsohill.  The 
streets  are  spacious,  and  the  market  house 
is  large,  and  furnished  with  all  sorts  of  com- 
modities, 70  miles  NNwof  Georgiewsh,  and 
210  SE  of  Asaph. 

Staxoigo,  a small  village  in  Caithness, 
with  a harbour,  near  the  town  of  Wick, 
Hence  corn  and  meal  are  exported,  and  it 
has  commodious  storehouses,  and  kilns  for 
curing  red  herrings,  d^c. 

Steenhergen,  a town  of  Dutch  Brabant, 
formerly  a strong  place,  with  a commodious 
harbour,  from  whicli  the  sea  has  now  retired 
about  three  miles,  which,  together  with  the 
calamities  of  war,  has  reduced  it  to  a poor 
town.  It  has  communicaiion  with  the 
Meuse,  and  is  seven  iiiiies  no!  Bergeii-op- 
Zoom. 

Steenkeer,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Droutheim,  Norway,  66  miles  ne  of  Dron- 
theim. 

Steenkirk,  a village  in  Hainault,  Nether- 
lands, In  1692,  the  allies,  commanded  by 
William  III.  of  England,  attacked  the 
French  camp  under  marshal  Luxemburg, 
but  were  defeated.  It  is  15  miles  N of 
Mens. 


S T E 

' Sleenwick,  a strong  town  of  HoIU^ikI,  in  j 
Overyssel,  on  the  Aa,  18  miles  n of  Zwol,  | 
and  3^  X of  Deventer.  Lou.  6 IS  e,  lat.  62 

SO  N. 

Steephelm,  an  island  in  Somersetshire, 
in  the  Bristol  Channel,  under  the  Quantock 
bills. 

StegCy  a sra  port  on  the  n coast  of  the 
Isle  of  Mona,  Denmark,  nearly  surrounded 
bv  a lake,  42  miles  s ]>y  w of  Copenhagen,  j 
Loo.  12  15  E,  lat.  55  4 n. 

Stcgeburgy  a town  of  Sweden,  in  East 
Gothland,  situated  on  the  Baltic,  with  a 
harbour,  82  miles  sw  of  Stockiiolm.  Lon. 

16  40  E,Ut.  58  {()  N. 

Sfein,  a town  of  Austria,  on  the  n side  of 
the  Danube,  over  which  is  a long  wooden 
bridge  to  Mautern.  Between  this  place 
and  Krems  is  a manufacture  of  militury 
cloths,  sabres,  and  other  metal  articles, 
situated  two  miles  w of  Krems,  and  12  n by 
w of  St  Polten. 

SteiHy  a town  and  castle  in  Carniola, 
Germany,  seated  on  the  Feistritz,  1 1 miles  n 
Laubach. 

SteiUy  a town  and  castle  in  Carinthia, 
Germany,  on  the  Drave,  12  miles  se  of 
Clagenfurt. 

Stehiy  a tow’n  of  Swisserland  in  the  can- 
ton of  Zurich,  on  the  N side  of  the  Rhine, 
at  its  etllux  from  the  lake  of  Constance. 

In  the  vicinity  is  the  ancient  castle  of  Ho- 
faenklingen,  now  a w^atch-tower.  The 
town  is  connected  with  Burg,  on  the  other 
side  of  the  Rhine,  by  a bridge.  The  church 
is  in  Burg,  15  miles  w by  n of  Constance, 
and  25  ^E  of  Zurich. 

SUinaUy  a town  of  Silesia,  capital  of  a 
circle  in  the  principality  of  Wolau,  seated 
on  the  Otler,  with  manufactures  of  cloth,  16 
miles  NXE  of  Lignitz. 

Steinfurty  a town  of  Westphalia,  capital 
of  a county  of  the  same  name,  seated  on 
the  Aa,  witti  a Calvinist  academy,  10  miles 
ssE  of  Bentheim,  and  34  xw  of  ^lunster. 

SteinheiMy  a town  of  Germay,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Rhine,  with  a castle,  near 
the  Main,  four  miles  se  of  Haoau,  and  nine 
from  Frankfort. 

SteinJinde  a town  in  the  connty  of  Schau- 
enherg,  Westphalia,  stands  on  the  s side  of 
Steinhuder-mere,  in  which  is  the  strong 
fortress  of  Wilhelmstein,  15  miles  nw  of 
Hanover. 

' Steinhursty  a town  in  Holstein,  Lower 
Saxony,  with  a castle,  14  miles  ssw  of 
Lubec. 

Stenagy  a fortified  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Meuse,  France,  on  the  Meuse.  It 
is  22  miles  n by  w of  Verdun. 

Stenburi/y  a town  in  the  Isle  of  Wight, 
near  Appledurcomb. 

Stendalyd  ioviu  oi  Brandenburg,  capital 
of  the  Old  Mark.  Here  is  a colony  of 
French  Calvinists,  and  several  manufac- 
tures. It  is  seated  on  the  Ucht,  and  is  36 
miles  X by  e of  Magdeburg.  Lon,  II  58  e, 
lat.  52  35  N * 


ST  E 

Stcnness^  a village  in  the  island  of  Ork» 
ney,  between  Kirkwall  and  Stromness,  oa 
an  ancient  bridge  or  causeway,  across  a 
narrow  neck  of  land,  between  two  lakes. 

The  parish  of  Stenuess  is  now  united  lo 
Frith.  See  Frith, 

Stennessy  a small  island  of  Shetland  on 
the  K coast  of  the  Alainland,  where  there  is  \ 
a good  fishing  station. 

Stenforiy  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Had- 
dingtonshire, the  arable  district  is  about 
three  miles  and  a-half  long,  and  three  broad. 

The  face  of  the  country  is  beautiful,  and 
the  crops  often  luxuriant,  part  of  the  parish 
runs  into  Lammermuir,  which  affords  pas« 
ture  for  sheep.  Population  about  620. 
Stephenkirk,  See  Stonykirk, 

Stepney,  a very  ancient  village,  formerly 
a considerable  distance  e of  London,  but 
now  contiguous  to  it.  Its  parish  was  of 
such  extent,  and  so  much  increased  in 
buildings,  as  to  produce  the  parishes  of 
St.  Mary,  at  Bow  ; St.  Mary,  Whitechapel  ; 

St.  Ann,  Limehouse;  St.  George,  Ratcliff 
highway  ; Christ  church,  Spitalfields ; and 
St.  Matthew,  Bethnal  Green;  and  yet  it 
remains  one  of  the  largest  parishes  in  the 
bills  of  mortality,  and  contains  the  hamlets 
of  Mile-End  Old  Town,  Mile-End  New 
Town,  Ratcliff,  and  Poplar.  Ac  Ratckff, 
in  this  parish,  in  1794,  were  consumed,  455 
houses,  and  36  warehouses.  On  the  e side 
of  the  Portico  of  the  church  is  a stone,  im- 
porting, in  coarse  verse,  that  it  came  from 
Carthage. 

Sternberg y a large  town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
in  the  New  Mark  of  Brandenburg.  The 
chief  article  of  commerce  is  cattle.  It  is 
20  miles  ene  of  Francfort  on  the  Oder. 

Sferubergy  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Meck- 
lenburg, Lower  Saxony,  seated  on  a lake, 

16  miles  se  of  Wesmar. 

Sterubergy  a town  and  castle  of  Moravia, 
in  the  circle  of  Olmutz,  10  miles  ne  of 
Olaiutz. 

Sterzingeny  a town  of  Germany,  in  Tyrol, 
stands  at  the  foot  of  a mountain,  on  the 
Eysoch,  celebrated  for  its  sword  blades,  and 
there  are  silver  mines  in  its  vicinity.  It  is 
12  miles  of  Brixen. 

STETIN,  or  Stettin,  a duchy  of  Po  ’ 
merania,  125  miles  long,  and  from  17  to 
25  broad.  It  borders  upon  Mecklenburg 
and  Brandenburg,  and  is  divided  by  the 
Oder  into  two  parts.  It  is  subject  to  the 
king  of  Prussia. 

Stelin,  or  Stettin,  a strong  sea  port  of 
Upper  Saxony,  and  capital  of  Hither  Pome- 
rania, seated  on  the  Oder.  It  is  a hand- 
some town,  and  contains  about  20,001) 
inhabitants,  exclusive  of  the  garrison.  It 
has  three  forts,  a royal  college,  and  five 
parish  churches.  There  are  numerous 
manufaciiires,  particularly  of  cloth,  stuffs, 
canvas,  cotton,  hats,  stockings,  yarn,  rib- 
bands, and  paper,  and  a considerable  trade 
is  carried  on  to  all  parts  of  Europe.  Tim- 
ber is  the  principle  article  exported.  It  is 


S T E 

TO  miles  ktcb  of  Berlin.  Lon.  14  44  n, 
lat.  53  30  N. 

Stettin,  New,  a town  of  Further  Pome*, 
rauia^  stands  on  the  Willem,  amid  lakes  on 
the  borders  of  Prussia,  and  has  a castle,  55 
miles  SB  of  Colberg,  and  02  ene  of  New 
Stargard. 

Stevenage,  a town  in  Hertfordshire,  with 
a weekly  market  on  Friday^  and  four 
annual  fairs.  It  lies  12  miles  nnw  of  Hert- 
ford, and  31  n by  w of  London. 

Stevensburg,  a post  town  of  Virginia,  on 
the  road  from  Philadelphia  to  Staunton,  13 
miles  sw  of  Winchester. 

Stevenston,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Ayr- 
shire, lying  on  the  northern  shore  of  the  bay 
of  Ayr.  It  is  nearly  two  miles  and  a-half 
square,  with  a tract  of  sandy  ground  extend- 
ing south  two  miles  and  a-half  along  the 
coast  to  the  river  Irvine.  The  soil  on  the 
coast  is  sandy  but  in  the  interior,  clayey. 
The  town  of  Stevenston  contains  upwards  of 
1000  inhabitants.  It  is  about  a mile  from 
Saltcoats.  There  are  about  23,000  tons  of 
coals  raised  here  annually,  the  most  of 
which  is  shipped  at  Saltcoats.  In  the 
sandy  tract  are  eleven  dilferent  strata  of 
coal  varying  from  one  foot  and  a-half  to 
seven  feet  thick,  of  diflfereBt  qualities,  and  at 
different  distances  one  below  another.  It 
has  manufactures  of  cotton  and  coarse 
linen.  Population  about  2146. 

Sfevemtiert,  a fortress  in  Upper  Gelder- 
land,  Netherlands,  stands  on  the  Meuse,  six 
miles  ssw  of  Kuremonde. 

Stewartjicld,  a village  in  the  district  of 
Buchan,  Al>erdeenshire,  lying  12  miles 
from  Peterhead,  and  containing  800  inha- 
bitants. 

Stewartown,  a town  and  parish  in  Ayr- 
shire. The  parish,  which  is  about  10  miles 
in  length  by  four  in  breadth,  is  beautified 
with  extensive  plantations  and  abounds  in 
lime  stone.  In  the  parish  is  a valuable 
breed  of  milk  cows,  and  has  been  long  fa- 
mous for  the  quantity  and  quality  of  the 
cheeses  it  produces.  The  town,  which  is 
said  to  derive  its  name  from  some  of  the 
royal  family  of  Stewart  who  anciently- 
resided  here.  It  is  situated  on  the  water  of 
Annock,  about  six  miles  n from  Irvine. 

It  is  a post  town  and  has  several  well  at- 
tended annual  fairs.  Its  chief  trade  is  the 
manufacture  of  bonnets,  and  it  contains 
aJjoiit  2500  inhabitants.  It  has  also  some 
share  of  the  cotton  trade.  It  is  the  birth 
place  of  (he  late  celebrated  David  Dale 
esquire  of  Glasgow.  The  town  and  parish 
contains  about  2657  inhabitants ; seven 
miles  N by  w of  Kilmarnock,  and  62  sw  by 
w of  Edinburgh. 

STEWART^S  ISLANDS,  five  islands 
in  the  S Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  by  cap- 
fain  Hunter  in  1791,  and  named  by  him  in 
honour  of  admiral  Keith  Stewart.  Lon. 
163  18  w,  lat.  8 26  s. 

Stewartstown,  a town  in  the  county  of 


s Ti 

, Tyrone,  Ulster,  five  miles  nkb  of 
gaunou. 

Stegnb&rough,9i  town  in  the  isle  of  Wight^ 
in  East  Medina. 

Stegning,  a borough  in  Sussex,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday,  and  three  annual 
fairs.  It  is  governed  by  a constable,  chosea 
at  the  court  Icet  of  the  manor,  and  sends 
two  members  to  the  British  parliament^ 
elected  by  the  inhabitants  paying  scot  and 
lot,  and  not  receiving  alms.  In  its  church, 
which  is  of  Norman  architecture,  are  buried 
St.  Cuthman,  and  Ethelwolf,  king  of 
Essex,  father  of  Alfred.  The  town  is  said 
to  have  been  formerly  large,  and  a county 
of  itself.  It  is  15  miles  w by  n of  Lewes, 
and  50  sw  of  London, 

Steyr,  a town  of  Upper  Austria,  stands  at 
the  junction  of  the  Steyr  and  Ens.  Tho 
French  entered  it  in  1800,  and  concluded 
an  armistice  preliminary  to  a peace  with 
the  Austrians.  It  carries  on  a great  trade  in 
iron,  and  is  eight  miles  s of  Ens,  and  20  sb 
of  Lentz. 

Steyreg,  a town  and  castle  of  Austria, 
seated  on  a mountain,  on  the  N side  of  tha 
Danube,  eight  miles  B of  Lintz. 

Stickhausen,  a town  and  castle  in  lha 
principality  of  E Friesland,  Westphalia,  28 
miles  EsE  of  Embden. 

Stigliano,  a town  of  Basilicata,  Naples, 
stands  near  the  Salandrella,  and  is  famous 
for  its  baths,  26  miles  sse  of  Acerenza. 

Stillwater,  a town  in  Albany  county. 
New  York,  on  the  w side  of  the  Hudson,  25, 
miles  N of  Albany. 

Stilton,  a town  in  Huntingdonshire,  seat-* 
ed  on  the  w side  of  a fen  of  its  name,  and 
noted  for  a rich  kind  of  cheese,  by  some 
called  English  parmesan  but  now  princi- 
pally made  at  Melton  Mowbray,  in  Lieces-? 
tershire,  14  miles  s by  e of  Stamford,  and 
75  miles  n by  e of  London, 

Stinchar,  See  Ardstinchar. 

STIRIA,  a duchy  of  Austria,  125  miles 
in  length,  and  17  broad.  It  is  divided  into 
Upper  and  Lower  Stiria;  the  former  con-* 
tains  the  circles  of  Judenburg  and  Bruck, 
and  the  latter  those  of  Gratz,  Marchburg, 
and  Cilly.  Though  it  is  a mountainous 
country,  there  is  a great  deal  of  land  fit  fop 
tillage,  and  the  inhabitants  raise  great 
quantities  of  corn,  and  the  white  wine  is  very 
pleasant.  It  has  mines  of  very  good  iron, 
lead,  and  coal.  The  inhabitants  are  bigot- 
ted  catholics.  The  chief  towns  are  Grata 
and  Judenburg. 

STIRLINGSHIRE,  formerly  called 
STRiy  Ki;,iNG,  a county  of  Scotland,  bound-* 
ed  on  the  N and  ne  by  Perthshire,  on  the  e by 
the  frith  of  Forth,  oq  thesE  by  Linlithgow- 
shire, on  the  s by  Dumbartonshire,  and  on 
tlie  w by  (hat  county  and  Loch  Lomond* 

It  is  about  30  miles  in  length,  and  in  its 
greatest  breadth  not  more  than  15.  The 
face  of  the  country  is  rich  and  beautiful 
towards  the  Forth,  the  other  parts  are 


S T I 

mountainous.  The  principal  river  is  the 
Forth.  It  is  watered  also  by  the  Carron, 
the  Avon,  and  the  great  canal  from  Forth 
to  Clyde.  At  Bannockburn  in  this  county 
was  fought  the  eventful  battle  between 
Robert  Bruce,  and  Edward  II.  (See  Ban- 
nockburn.) The  county  is  divided  into  2'Z 
parochial  districts,  which,  in  1801,  contain- 
ed 50,825  inhabitants,  and  in  1811,  58,174. 
The  population  has  been  much  augmented 
hy  the  Carron  works,  and  the  great  canal. 
It  sends  one  member  to  parliament.  Black 
mail  is  said  to  have  been  paid  in  this  county 
as  late  as  1748,  when  the  jurisdiction  act 
rendered  it  unnecessary.  It  consisted  ol  a 
certain  salary  paid  to  self  created  wardens, 
who  undertook  to  protect  the  inhabitants 
from  the  incursions  of  banditti  from  the 
Highlands.  In  the  county  are  many  Roman 
and  other  antiquities.  It  abounds  with  ex- 
cellent coal,  iron  stone,  freestone,  and  lime 
stone  ; and  silver,  copper,  cobalt,  and  lead, 
have  also  been  discovered,  and  in  part 
wrought.  The  real  land  rent  is  estimated  at 
86,7201.  Sterling. 

Stirlingy  an  ancient  town,  the  capital  of 
Stirlingshire.  It  is  situated  on  the  s side  of 
the  Forth,  on  a hill,  which  rising  from  the 
E terminates  abruptly  in  a steep  basaltic 
rock,  similiar  to  that  on  which  the  castle  of 
Edinburgh  is  built.  On  this  rock  is  an 
ancient  castle,  which  was  often  the  resi- 
dence of  the  kings  of  Scotland,  and  the 
object  of  bloody  contention  during  the  civil 
wars,  and  English  invasions.  From  the 
castle  is  a fine  view  of  the  windings  of  the 
Forth.  Stirling  appears  to  have  been  incor- 
porated before  the  year  1120.  About  the 
middle  of  the  12th  century  it  became  a 
royal  residence,  and  since  that  time  it  has 
neither  made  advances  in  extent  and  popula- 
tion, nor  has  it  receded.  The  palace 
built  by  James  V.  is  a stately  edifice ; the 
outside  curiously  ornamented  with  Grotes- 
que figures.  There  are  two  churches,  one 
of  which  is  of  great  antiquity  and  little 
used  since  the  reformation  ; the  other  built 
by  cardinal  Beatown,  is  a magnificent 
structure,  and  served  by  two  clergymen. 
Mr.  Ebenezer  Erskine,  one  of  the  first  four 
seceeding  ministers,  flourished  here  in  the 
18th  century,  first  as  a minister  of  the 
establishment,  and  afterwards  as  a dissenter. 
Here  are  three  hospitals,  a commodious 
town  house,  an  excellent  grammar  school, 
and  three  private  banking  companies.  In 
tne  council  chamber  is  preserved  the  Jug 
appointed  by  law  to  be  the  standard  for  dry 
measure  in  Scotland.  In  the  town  and  its 
neighbourhood  are  manufactures  of  carpets, 
shalloons,  and  other  woollen  stuffs ; that  of 
tartants,  formerly  very  flourishing,  is  now 
on  the  decline,  but  it  has  a considerable 
share  of  the  cotton  manufacture.  Stirling 
holds  a fifth  rank  among  the  royal  boroughs. 
The  municipal  government  consists  of  a 
provost,  four  bailies,  a dean  of  guild,  trea- 
surer; and  14  other  counsellors;  making  | 


S T O 

the  whole  town  council  21,  of  whom  14 
are  merchants,  and  seven  representatives  of 
the  incorporated  trades.  Of  these  11  go 
out  annually,  and  are  succeeded  by  11 
others  chosen])  by  the  merchants  and  incor- 
porated trades.  Besides  the  ordinary  juris- 
diction in  civil  causes,  the  magistrates  hav» 
an  extensive  criminal  jurisdiction.  Stirling 
unites  with  Culross,  Inverkeithing,  Burn- 
fermline  and  Queensferry  in  sending  a mem- 
ber to  parliament.  The  battle  of  Stirling, 
in  which  the  Scots  under  Sir  William 
Wallace  defeated  the  English  under  Sir 
Hugh  Cressingham,  was  fought  at  Corn- 
town,  near  Stirling,  on  the  13th  of  Septem- 
ber, 1297,  a day  or  two  after  the  latter  de- 
feated the  former  at  Falkirk.  From  tiia 
castle  walls  two  fields  of  battle  are  pointed 
out  to  strangers.  There  is  a valuable  sal- 
mon fishery  in  the  Forth  at  this  town.  Tha 
bridge  here,  w^hichis  of  unknown  antiquity, 
is  a noted  passage  between  the  s and  n of 
Scotland.  The  parish  of  Stirling  is  con- 
fined to  the  borough,  and  a small  territory 
round  it,  in  which  is  a small  village  called 
the  Abbey.  In  1801  the  town  and  parish 
contained  5271  inhabitants,  and  in  1811, 
5820.  It  has  five  annual  fairs.  The  town 
is  35  miles  wnw  of  Edinburgh. 

Stirum,  a town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Berg,  on  the  Roer,  12  miles  n of 
Dusseldorp. 

satchel,  and  Hume,  an  united  parish,  the 
former  in  Roxburghshire,  and  the  latter  in 
Berwickshire,  of  an  irregular  figure,  five  or 
six  miles  long,  and  between  three  and  four 
broad.  The  lands  are  almost  all  inclosed 
and  under  tillage.  There  are  two  villages 
in  the  parish,  viz.  Stitchel,  which  lies  about 
four  miles  from  Kelso,  and  Hume.  (See 
Home.)  Population  about  9.21.  Stitchel 
House,  the  seat  of  Sir  John  Pringle,  Baro- 
net, is  in  the  parish,  and  commands  a most 
extensive  and  beautiful  prospect. 

Stobo,  a parish  in  the  county  of  Peebles, 
intersected  by  the  Tweed,  about  six  miles 
long,  and  from  three  to  four  broad.  The 
greater  part  is  mountainous,  and  fit  for 
pasture,  but  a considerable  part  is  culti- 
vated. The  parish  contains  two  quarries 
of  excellent  blue  slate,  from  which  Edin- 
burgh is  supplied.  Population  about  336. 

Stockach,  a town  in  the  Landgravate  of 
Nellenburg,  Swabia,  seated  on  a river  of  its 
name.  In  the  vicinity,  in  1799,  the  Aus- 
trians defeated  the  French,  but  in  1800  the 
latter  gained  a victory  over  the  former,  and 
took  the  town,  17  miles  nk  of  Constance. 

Stockem,  a town  late  of  the  bishopric  of 
Liege,  Netherlands,  seated  on  the  Meuse. 
It  is  1 1 miles  n of  Maestricht. 

Stockbridge,  a town  in  Hampshire  on 
the  road  from  Winchester  to  Salisbury,  on 
the  Test.  It  is  of  some  note  for  carpenters 
and  wheelwrights.  It  is  governed  by  a 
bailiff,  constable,  and  serjeant  at  mace. 
U is  represented  by  two  members  elected 
[ by  tha  tahabitants  paying  to  tha  church  and 


S T O 

poor,  about  60  in  number*  It  has  a Weekly 
market  on  Thursday,  and  two  annual  fairs. 
It  contains  above  640  inhabitants,  and  lies 
nine  miles  nw  of  Winchester,  and  66  w by 
s of  London. 

Stoakhridge^  a town  of  Massachussets, 
chief  of  Berkshire  county,  38  miles  w by  s 
©f  Northampton. 

Stockerauy  a town  of  Austria,  seated  near 
the  Danube,  14  miles  nnw  of  Vienna. 

Stockholm,  the  capital  of  Sweden,  with 
a castle,  lies  in  a situation  remarkable  for 
its  romantic  scenery.  It  is  very  long  and 
irregular,  and  occupies  besides  two  penin- 
sulas, seven  small  rocky  islands,  scattered 
in  the  Maeler,  in  the  streams  which  issue 
from  that  lake,  and  in  a bay  of  the  Baltic. 
The  water  that  separates  the  inhabitants  in 
summer,  unites  them  in  winter ; for  it  be- 
comes a plain  which  is  traversed  hy  horses 
in  sledges,  and  all  sorts  of  vehicles.  The 
harbour  is  an  inlet  of  the  Baltic  : the  water 
is  of  such  depth,  that  ships  of  the  largest 
burden  can  approach  the  quay.  At  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  harbour,  several  streets  rise 
one  above  another,  in  the  form  of  an  amphi- 
theatre, and  the  palace,  a magnificent 
building,  crowns  the  summit.  Here  also 
is  the  house  of  the  nobles,  the  mint,  the  ex- 
change, the  bank,  and  several  other  public 
buildings.  The  churches  are  not  remarka- 
ble for  elegance.  The  kings  of  Sweden 
are  buried  in  that  of  Riddezholm.  Except 
in  the  suburbs,  where  several  houses  are  of 
wood,  painted  red,  the  generality  of  the 
buildings  are  of  stone,  or  of  brick,  whitened 
with  stucco.  There  is  a royal  academy  of 
sciences,  instituted  by  the  celebrated  Linne, 
and  a few'  other  learned  men,  in  1741;  and 
also  a royal  academy  of  arts.  The  arsenal 
contains  an  immense  number  of  trophies 
and  sta’ndards.  Stockholm  is  upwards  of 
20  miles  in  circuit,  and  contains  about 
73000  inhabitants,  wdio  manufacture  glass, 
china,  silk,  woollen,  linen,  &c.  It  is  340 
miles  NE  of  Copenhagen,  1000  ne  of  Paris, 
and  900  ne  of  London.  Lon.  18  4 e,  lat. 
69  20  N. 

Stockport,  a large  town  in  Cheshire,  on 
the  edge  of  the  country,  situated  on  the 
Mersey,  over  which  there  are  four  bridges. 
It  contains  many  large  and  handsome  facto- 
ries. Its  population  in  1801,  w'as  14,830, 
and  in  1811,  17545.  Its  manufactories, 
include  most  branches  of  the  cotton  busi- 
ness, with  a few  silk  mills,  and  a consider- 
able share  of  hat-making  for  the  London 
market.  It  has  two  churches  and  several 
meeting  houses.  It  is  governed  by  a high 
constable,  and  has  a weekly  market  on 
Friday,  and  five  annual  fairs.  It  lies  seven 
miles  ssE  of  Manchester,  and  176  knw  of 
London. 

Stockport,  a town  in  Northampton  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  seated  on  the  w side  of 
the  Popaxtunk  branch  of  Delaware  river, 
18  miles  ese  of  Harmony,  on  Susquehaua 
river,  between  which  there  is  a portage. 


s t o 

j Stockton,  a well  built,  flourishing  towfi 
in  the  county  of  Durham,  with  a handsome 
town  ball,  and  very  spacious  market  place. 
It  is  situated  eight  miles  from  the  sea,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Tees,  over  which  there 
is  a fine  stone  bridge  of  five  elliptical  arches. 
Here  are  two  docks  for  shipbuilding'; 
manufactures  of  sail  cloth,  of  oorduro)'s, 
thicksetts,  and  other  articles  in  cotton,  and 
of  linen  damasks,  in  which  last  branch  some 
considerable  improvements  have  been  made 
here,  and  a trade  in  corn,  butter,  and  lead. 
Its  sea  trade  is  considerable.  The  town  is 
well  paved,  and  kept  remarkably  clean. 
It  has  a good  salmon  fishery,  and  is  noted 
for  good  ale.  It  is  governed  by  a mayor, 
12  aklennen,  recorder,  &c,  and  has  weekly 
markets  on  Wednesday  and  Friday,  and  five 
annual  fairs,  Stockton  contains  above 
4400  inhhabitants,  and  is  18  miles  sse  of 
Durham,  and  243  n by  w'  of  London, 

Stockwell,  a village  two  rriiles  sw  of  Lon-* 
don,  with  a neat  chapel  and  elegant 
villa, 

Stockzotv,  a town  of  Moravia,  in  the 
circle  of  Teschen,  on  the  Vistula,  12  miles 
SE  of  Teschen. 

Stoke,  a village  in  Suffolk,  has  a church 
on  a hill,  whose  tower  is  a seamark  to 
ships  that  pass  the  mouth  of  the  harbour  of 
Harwich  at  13  miles  distance,  two  miles  e of 
Neyland. 

Stoke,  a village  in  Norfolk,  with  a ferry 
on  the  river  Stoke,  which  is  navigable 
•hence  to  Ouse.  It  is  seven  miles  se  of 
Downham. 

Stoke,  or  Stoke  Poges,  a village  in  Buck- 
inghamshire, four  miles  nne  of  Windsor, 
and  21  w of  London.  The  church  yard  was 
the  scene  of  Air.  Gray^s  celebrated  elegy. 
He  is  buried  at  the  E end  of  the  church, 
without  a stone  to  mark  the  spot. 

Stokecomer,  a town  in  Somersetshire, 
whose  market  is  now  disused,  26  miles  w 
of  Wells,  and  152  w by  s of  London. 

Stoke  Damarel,  a parish  in  Devonshire, 
about  two  miles  n of  Plymouth.  It  lies 
along  the  harbour  of  Homoaze,  and  con- 
tains the  large  and  populous  town  of 
Dock. 

Stokes,  a tow'u  of  North  Carolina,  chief 
of  Montgomery  county,  stands  on  the  Yad» 
kin,  46  miles  wxw  of  Fayetteville. 

Stokesleyj  a town  in  the  N riding  of 
Yorkshire,  near  the  Wish.  It  has  a weekly 
market  on  Saturday,  and  five  annual  fairs. 
It  is  36  miles  n of  York,  and  235  n by  w of 
London. 

Stolherg,  a town  of  Thuringia,  capital 
of  a county  of  the  same  name,  has  a castl®. 
i the  residence  of  the  count,  and  stands  in  a 
I valley  between  two  mountains.  It  lies 
! 12  miles  ke  of  Northausen,  and  55  wxw  of 
Leipzic.  Lon.  11  5 e,  lat.  51  36  x. 

Stolberg,  a town  in  Misnia,  Upper 
Saxony,  with  extensive  cloth  manufactures, 

; nine  miles  sw  of  Chemnitz, 
i Slolhoffen,  a town  of  Suabia,  in  Badea^ 


S T O 

stands  iu  a morass,  near  the  Khine,  ei»'ht 
miles  sw  of  Baden,  and  12  nb  of  Stras- 
burs^. 

Stolpe^  R town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Further  Pomerania,  has  a castle,  three ' 
churches,  anda  Lutheran  nunnery,  seated  on 
the  Stolpa,  10  miles  from  its  influx  into  the 
Baltic.  It  has  a fine  salmon  fi-hery  and  a 
good  trade  with  Dantzic,  «5o  miles  ene  of 
Colber^;.  Lon.  16  48  e,  lat.<54  27  n. 

Stolpemmde,  a town  of  Further  Pome- 
rania, on  the  Baltic  sea,  with  a harbour  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Stolpa,  10  miles  n\v  of 
Stolpe. 

Sio^pe?!,  a town  in  Misnia,  Upper  Saxony, 
with  a castle  on  a mountain,  16  miles  e of 
Dresden. 

Stvlzemm,  a town  in  the  county  of  Hoya, 
^yestphalia,  on  the  Weser,  16  miiCs  ssw  of  j 
Nienburg.  I 

Stone,  a town  in  Staffordsliire,  situated  | 
on  the  Trent,  and  the  Siaffordihire  canal.  * 
It  has  a weekly  market  on  Tue  day,  and 
three  animal  fairs,  and  a free  grammar 
school ; and  lies  2 id  miles  nw  of  Litchfield, 
and  140  n vv  of  London. 

Stone  Arabia^  a village  and  fine  tract 
of  country  in  Montgomery  county,  New 
York. 

Stonehyres,  a remarkable  cataract  in 
lianarkshire,  two  miles  below  the  town  of 
Lanark. 

Stonchanen,  or  Stonchire,  a.  fishing  town 
in  the  county  of  Kincardine,  and  parish  of 
Duunottar.  It  chiefly  consists  of  two  prin- 
cipal streets,  and  has  an  excellent  harbour, 
at  the  influx  of  the  Carroii,  defended  by  a 
high  rock,  and  a strong  pier.  Near  it  are 
the  remains  of  the  castle  of  Dunottar,  on  a 
lofty  perpendicular  rook  almost  surrounded 
by  the  sea.  It  is  a borough  of  burony>  and 
contained  1072  in  1792,  and  in  1811,  1886. 
It  is  the  seat  of  the  courts  held  by  the  sheriff 
of  the  county,  and  of  the  parochial  school. 
H^re  is  a manufacture  of  canvass,  and  some 
trade  in  dried  fish  and  oil.  Siouehaven  is 
14  miles  s by  w of  Aberdeen,  and  20  nne  of 
Montrose.  Lon.  1 63  w,  lat.  66  68  n. 

Stonehenge^  a remarkable  relic  of  anti- 
quity, upon  Salisbury  plain,  six  miles  n of 
Salisbury.  It  consists  of  several  very  large 
stones,  some  placed  upright,  and  others 
horizontally  upon  one  another  ; it  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  a temple  of  the  ancient 
Druids,  because  it  is  in  a circular  form. 
It  has  puzzled  antiquarians  to  account  for 
the  bringing  and  placing  of  those  enormous 
stones ; for  they  are  .so  heavy,  that  it  is 
thought  no  artifice  now'  known  is  .suflicient 
to  have  raised  those  that  lie  across,  to  that 
height. 

Stonehonse,  a parish  and  village  in 
Lanarkshire.  The  parish  is  about  five 
miles  long,  and  two  broad,  containing  6000 
acres.  The  whole  parish  is  generally  either 
cultivated  or  plained,  and  contains  an  anti 
scorbutic  spring.  In  the  centre  of  the  parish 
is  the  village  oi  Stonehouse,  whioff  -contains 
14 


S T O 


the  inhabitants,  who  are 
The  inhabitants  of  this 


about  half  of 
chiefly  weavers, 
parish  are  noted  for  spinning  fine  liuen  yarn. 
There  is  plenty  of  coal,  lime  stone,  and  free 
stone.  Population  about  1259. 

Stonington,  a post  town  and  port  of 
Connecticut,  in  New  London  county',  w’iih  a 
harbour  that  sets  up  from  Long  Island 
Sound,  opposite  Fisher’s  Island,  14  miles  B 
of  New  Linidon  city.  The  number  of 
iubabitants  is  about  6648. 

Stonyki)  ky  or  Stephenkirk,  a parish  in 
Wigtonshire,  composed  of  the  parishes  of 
Stoiiykirk,  Clashaii,  Rhiuns,  and  Toscar- 
ton,  or  Kirk  Madrine,  which  have  been 
long  since  united,  about  <^tght  miles  in 
length,  and  nearly  the  same  in  breadth.  It 
lies  on  the  w coast  of  the  bay  of  Luce,  antfe 
is  bounded  on  the  s by  Kirkmaiden  and  the 
Irish  sea,  and  contains  about  17,000  acres. 

It  is  in  general  well  cultivated  and  produc- 
tive. The  inhabitants  subsist  by  agricul- 
ture, and  the  trades  eo\inected  with  it. 
Mackeral  and  spout  fish  are  taken  in  the 
bay  of  Luce,  and  rabbits  in  the  sand  hills  on 
its  shore.  It  is  watered  by  the  Piltanton 
and  other  streams.  A square  tower,  46  feet 
high,  dated  on  the  battlements  1274,  was  ' 
long  the  residence  of  the  family  of  M‘c 
Dow'all  of  Garthland.  A beautiful  earthen 
mound  near  Balgreggan  house,  overlooking 
the  bay  of  Luce,  measures  360  feet  round 
the  base,  is  about  60  feet  high,  and  curious- 
ly excavated  on  the  top.  The  exports  from 
the  parish  are  barley,  oats,  black  cattle, 
and  swine.  A good  deal  of  linen  cloth  is 
manufactured,  and  also  a kind  of  woollen 
cloth,  called  plaiding.  There  are  two  an- 
nual fairs,  one  at  Stonykirk,  and  the  other 
at  Kirk  Madrine,  but  little  business  is  done 
at  either.  Population  about  1848.  ^ 

Storkau,  a tow'n  in  the  Ucker  Mark, 
Brandenburg,,  27  miles  se  of  Berlin. 

STORMARIA,  a principality  of  tiplstein. 
It  is  12  miles  in  length,  and  eight  in  fareudth. 
Hamburg  is  the  capital. 

STORMONT,  a district  in  Perthshire, 
from  which  the  earl  of  Mansfield  has  the 
title  of  viscount. 

Stornaway,  a flourishing  towm  and  parish 
in  the  isle  of  Lewis,  Scotland.  The  lown 
is  well  built,  and  of  considerable  extent. 
It  has  an  excellent  harbour  called  Loch 
Stornaway,  on  the  e side  of  the  n division 
of  the  island.  About  40  vessels  are  an- 
nually fitted  out  here  lor  the  white  and  her- 
ring fisheries.  The  number  of  inhabitants 
is  about  800.  It  has  a handsome  church, 
a town  house,  an  assembly  room,  a custom 
house,  and  a post  office,  aud  a packet  sails 
j weekly  to  Ulapool  on  the  Mainland  of  lloss- 
shire.  Besides  the  Parochial  school,  there 
is  one  established  by  the  .society  for  propa- 
gating Christian  knowledge.  The  parish  is 
of  very  great  extent  ; the  general  appear- 
ance is  a fiat  moor,  with  a small  extent  of 
cultivated  land  on  the  coasts,  of  a blackish 
soil  tglerably  fertile.  The  principal  bays 
X X 


S T O 

Broad  Bay,  South  Bay,  loch  Storna- 
way, and  Loch  Grimshader,  all  of  which 
afford  tolerable  anchorage.  The  principal 
headlands  are  Torstasel  er,  Triumpban,  and 
Seller  Heads,  Population  of  the  town  and 
parish  about  2974. 

Stortford,  or  Bishop^s  Stortford,  a town 
in  Hertfordshire,  situated  on  the  e side  of  a 
hill,  by  the  river  Stort,  which  is  navigable 
hence  to  the  sea,  with  a market  on  Thurs 
day.  It  is  large,  and  well  frequented. 
On  the  E side  is  the  ruin  of  a castle  on  an 
artificial  mount.  It  is  16  miles  ene  ol 
Hertford,  and  30  nne  of  London. 

Stossen^  a town  in  Thuringia,  Upper 
Saxony,  six  miles  s of  Wei-seniels. 

Stoughton,  Great,  and  Stoughton  High- 
way, two  large  ctmtiguoMs  viiiage>  in  Hun- 
tingdonshire, five  miles  nw'  of  St*  Neots. 

Stoughton,  a town  tn  Norfolk  county, 
Massachussetts,  which  supplies  Boston  w ith 
great  quantities  of  Charcoal,  brooms,  and 
baskets,  nine  miles  se  of  Deadham,  and  16 
s of  Boston. 

Stour,  a river  in  Kent,  w^bich  has  its 
source  in  the  Weald,  pas.^es  by  Wye  and 
Canterbury,  and  seven  nilts  below  sepa- 
rates into  two  streams,  the  larg  r one  runs 
by  Sandwich  into  Hope  bay  ; the  smaller 
falls  into  the  sea  at  Reculver. 

Stour,  a river  which  rises  in  the  northern 
extremity  of  Dcr.'^etsbire,  flows  by  Stour- 
niinster,  Blandiorl,  and  W’^indbern,  then, 
enter- iig  Hampshire,  unites  with  the  Avon, 
opposite  Christ  church. 

Stour,  a river  that  rises  in  the  s part  of 
Staffordshire,  enters  Worce  tershire  at  Stour- 
bridge, and  runs  by  Kidderminster  into  the 
Severn,  opposite  Stour|>ort. 

StouTy  a river  that  forms  the  entire 
boundary  betw^een  Essex  and  Suffolk, 
waters  Ciare,  Ludbury.  Neyland,  and  Man- 
ningtree,  and  united  with  the  Orwell  from 
Ipswich  forms  the  harbour  of  Harwich. 

Stourbridge,  a town  in  Worcestershire, 
situated  on  the  Stour,  over  which  it  has  a 
bridge.  It  is  iioK  d for  its  glass  and  iron 
works,  and  earthenw^are,  and  has  manuf'<c- 
tures  of  frieze,  and  other  w'oolLns.  It  has 
a weekly  market  on  ‘ riday,  and  three  an- 
nual fairs,  conta  ns  nearly  3500  inhabitants. 
It  has  a siacioiis  church,  a free  school 
founded  by  Edward  VI.,  and  .some  dissenting  1 
meeting  houses.  In  the  vicinity  is  an  hos- 
pital for  the  maintenance  and  education  of 
$0  boy  s 22  n iies  n of  Worcester^  and  ] 26 
S’w  of  London. 

Stourbridge,  a town  in  Worcester  coun- 
ty, Mas-achu.'^eits,  noted  for  excellent  butler 
and  chee^e,  22  mi  es  sw  of  Worcester. 

Stourbridge,  or  Sturhick,  a village  on  a 
brock,  called  the  Stour  or  Sture,  noted  lor 
one  of  the  greatest  tinnual  fairs  in  Englaiid. 
It  commences  on  September  19th,  and  con 
tinues  a fortnight.  Besides  an  in  mensf 
^uamlly  of  wool,  cheese,  and  hops  sold  in 
this  lair,  it  is  a great  mart  for  almost  ever} 
ki&d  qI  Eaglish  maxiuiftflure,  particulftrly 


S t It 

Woollen,  cotton,  and  hardware 
Tents  and  booths  are  erected  for  the  accom- 
modation ot  the  people  who  attend  tho 
lair,  and  for  the  preservation  of  order,  tha 
magistrates  of  Cambridge,  hold  a court'on 
the  spot,  all  the  time  the  fair  lasts.  See 
Cambridge, 

Stomholm,  a small  island  of  Shetland. 

St  our  minuter,  a town  in  Dorsetshire^ 
with  a weekly  narket  on  Thursday,  a 
loanufacture  of  white  baize,  and  two  an- 
nual fairs.  In  the  vicinity  is  the  ruin  of  a 
castle,  once  the  seat  of  the  w Saxon  kings. 
It  contains  1406  inhabitants.  It  is  situated 
on  the  Stour,  20  miles  ne  of  Dorchester, 
and  108  w by  s of  T ondon. 

Stow^ort,  a town  in  Wore  stershire, 
lour  miles  s o Kidderminster,  seated  oppo- 
Sfie  the  place  v here  the  river  Stour,  and  iho 
I St.  ffordshire  and  Worcestershne  canal 
I enters  the  Severn,  over  wmeh  it  has  a long 
i Slone  bridge. 

I Stow,  a town  in  Glouce? tershire,  called 
I ixXsoSt.w  on  the  .stands  on  a,  bleak 
hill.  The  piineipal  manufacture  is  that  of 
shoes.  It  contains  near  y 1 100  inhabitants, 
ai  d has  a weekly  maiket  on  Thursday,  and 
two  annual  lairs.  It  i.s  1 1 miles  s of  Cam- 
den,  22  e of  Gloucester,  and  83  w by  n of 
London. 

Stow,  a pari.sh  of  JMid-I.othian  and  Sel- 
kirkshire, extend.s  about  15  miles  in  length, 
and  five  in  breadth.  The  snrface,  one 
fourth  of  which  is  arable  is  billy,  well 
adapted  for  sheep  pasture,  and  contains 
about  1876  inhabitants.  The  eburch  living 
was  lorn  erly  a part  of  the  temporalities  of 
the  archbishop  of  St.  Andrews,  The  vil- 
! lage  ol  Slow'  has  a manufaeiure  ol  womlen 
j cloth,  and  has  been  long  noted  lor  making  a 
j coarse  kind  of  woollen  tape  known  by  the 
I name  of  Stow  Strunting  u.-^ed  for  garters, 

! a lid  other  purpose.*;.  It  has  a fair  qn  the 
j second  Tuesday  of  March  for  hiring  ser- 
! vants,  and  the  sale  ol  sheep,  particularly 
ewes,  23  miles  ssk  of  Edinhurgh. 

Stowey  a town  in  Somersetshire,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday,  no  vestige  o it*,  ancient 
castle  ren  ai*  s except  the  ditc'h,  22  miles  w 
of  Wells,  and  147  w by  s of  Loudim 

Stow  Market,  a large  and  handsome 
town  in  Suffolk,  seated  on  the  Orwell,  with 
a na\igable  cut  to  Ipswdch.  It  has  a 
large  manufactory  ot  sacking,  ropes,  twist, 
<fee.  'which  has  sucoeedeil  ti)  that  oi  woollen 
stuffs,  <frc.  tt  has  a weekly  market,  and 
three  annual  fairs,  and  lies  12  miles  nw' of 
Ij sw ich,  and  69  n ne  of  London. 

Strabane,  a large,  populous,  and  well 
built  tow  n in  Tyrone,  Ulster,  seated  on  the 
JVlorne,  near  the  Fi  yle.  It  gives  the  title  of 
viscount  to  a Ian  ily  of  the  name  ot  Hamil- 
ton. The  town  has  ^ considerable  share  in 
(he  linen  trade,  and  sent  two  niemher.-i;  to 
ihe  Irish  parli-  ment,  two  miles  sr  of  Lef- 
’ord,  1 3 ssw  of  Londonderry,  and  101  nnw 
ol  Dublin. 

Strachsiii,  See  Struthaen^ 


S T R 

Strachiirf  and  Sralachlan^  an  united 
^rish  in  the  district  ot  fowal,  Argyllshire 
cii  the  .'‘E  banks  ot  Loch  Fy*  e>  18  miles 
long,  and  from  nine  to  six  broad.  The 
general  appearance  is  hilly,  affording  ex- 
cellent pasture  for  sheep  and  black  cattle. 

In  each  ot  the  united  parishes  is  a church 
and  a parochial  school.  Near  Strachur, 
the  elegant  seat  of  General  Campbell,  is  an 
excellent  ■ inn,  and  at  a small  distance  an 
ancient  obelisk,  10  teet  high.  In  Stralach- 
lan,  is  castle  l*acblan  a stately  and  vene- 
rable edifice,  still  kept  in  repair  by  the 
chief  of  the  elan  ol  Maclachlan,  its  owner. 
Popula  ion  about  10T9. 

StradbaUy,  a small  town  in  Qneen^s 
county,  Leinster,  with  a charter  school. 
Here,  in  the  12tb  century,  was  founded  a 
convent  of  Franciscans,  Within  half  a ndle 
is  Brockley  park,  a superb  seat  ol  lord 
Roden,  38  miles  from  Dublin. 

Stradbrooky  a town  in  Suffolk,  five 
miles  trom  Harlestown. 

StradtllOy  a strong  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Milanese,  with  a castle,  stands  on  the  Ver- 
sa, near  the  Po,  It  was  t^ken  by  the 
French  in  IhOO,  10  miles  sE  of  Pavia. 

Straiton.  a parish  in  Carrick,  Ayrshire, 
about  J<5  miles  in  length  irom  Nw  to  se, 
and  five  in  breadth,  intersected  by  the  Gir- 
van.  The  greater  pan  ol  it  is  only  fit  lor 
pasture.  The  villap  of  Straiten  or  Stre- 
town  is  regularly  built,  and  stands  in  a plea 
sant  situation,  between  two  wood  skirted 
bills,  on  the  bat  ks  of  the  Girvan.  It  con- 
tains 200  inhabitant-,  a number  of  wdiom 
are  weavers  employed  in  manufacturing 
flannels,  serges,  <fec.  for  sa  e.  There  is 
plenty  of  coal,  lime,  marl,  and  ironstone  in 
the  parish.  Population  about  1026. 

StrakonitZy  a town  of  Bohemia,  in  the 
circle  of  Prachin,  with  a castle  on  the 
Wotawa,  1 1 miles  sw  of  Piseck. 

Straleriy  a town  of  Prussian  Guelderland, 
10  miles  sw  of  Guelders. 

Strahundy  a rich  sea  port  of  Hither 
Pomerania,  and  lately  the  capital  of  the 
Swedish  part.  The  churches  and  other 
public  buildings  are  handsome  ; the  college 
library  contains  a capital  collection  ot 
coins.  In  1714.  Charles  XII.  came  hither 
alter  his  return  from  Turkey,  and  enobled 
the  magistrates.  In  1715,  it  submitted  to 
the  allies,  but  was  restored  in  1720,  and 
was  taken  by  the  French  In  1807.  It  con- 
tains about  11,000  inhabitants;  and  has 
a considerable  trade.  It  is  almost  sur- 
rounded byihe  Baltic  and  the  lake  Franoen, 
and  has  a harbour  separated  from  the  Isle 
of  Rugen,  by  a narrow  channel.  It  is 
15  miles  n of  Gripswald,  40  ene  of  Ros- 
tock, and  85  nw  ol  Stettin.  Lon.  13  28 
E,  lat.  54  17  N. 

Strammely  a town  of  Further  Pomerania, 
on  the  R^ga,  21  miles  of  New  Star* 
gard. 

' Strangfordy  a sea  port  in  the  county  of 
'Down,  Irela^,  on  a bay  of  its  name,  at 


S T R 

tbc  narrow  part  that  connects  l^trangford 
Loch  with  the  Irish  sea.  It  is  nine  miles 
E by  N of  Downpatrick,  Lon.  5 30  Wp 
lat.  t'>4  31  N. 

Strangford  Lough.  See  Lough  Sttang^ 
ford. 

Slranraery  a parish  and  handsome  burgh 
in  Wigto  shire,  beautifully  situated  at  the 
head  ol  Loch  Ryan,  intersected  by  a rivulet. 

It  has  a considerable  trade  to  Eng. and, 
Ireland,  and  the  Baltic,  and  a number  of 
vessels  mployed  iu  the  herring  fishery  in 
the  West  Highland  loughs  and  seas.  Th© 
cotton  and  linen  nianut.'Ciures  are  als© 
carried  on  to  a considerab  e extent  Shi^ 
buildi  g emp  oys  sev  ral  of  the  inhabi- 
tants. The  town  is  governed  by  a provost,, 
two  bailies,  a dean  of  guild,  and  15  coun- 
sellors, and  joins  with  Migton,  New  Gallo- 
way, and  Whithorn  in  electing  a member 
to  parliament.  The  privilege  ot  the  burgh 
extend  to  the  distance  ot  several  miies.  Part 
of  the  subur.i'S  aie  in  the  parish  of  Less- 
wall,  which  see.  In  the  town  is  an  ancient 
square  tower,  of  four  or  fi^e  stories  high^^ 
called  the  castle.  The  church  and  towa 
house,  in  the  latter  of  which  is  the  tol booth, 
are  handsome  buildings.  It  is  a port  of 
the  customhouse.  Its  harbour  is  excellent 
but  ships  of  the  greatest  burden  cannot 
come  up  to  the  town.  Formerly  Lochryaa 
was  frequented  by  immense  shoals  ot  her- 
rings of  large  size  and  excellent  quality, 
but  for  many  jears  they  have  not  come  io 
such  quantities.  The  Landwart  part  of  th® 
pari'h  is  fertile,  but  not  of  great  extent. 
Part  of  the  minister's  stipend  consists  ol  th® 
tithe  of  fish  taken  in  Lochryan.  This  town 
is  a great  thoroughfare  from  Ireland  to  all 
parts  of  Scotland  and  England.  It  lies 
six  miles  n oi  Portpatrick,  10  wsw  of  Glen- 
luce,  and  126  sw  of  Edinburgh  by  Ayr, 
and  contains  nearly  2000  souls.  The  mar- 
ket is  on  Friday,  and  fairs  first  Friday  of 
M.iy,  last  Friday  of  August,  and  last  Friday 
of  October.  Lon.  4 57  w,  lat,  35  0 N* 
Sfrasbitrgy  an  ancient,  large,  bandsomOp 
populous,  and  commercial  city  of  Frano®^ 
in  the  department  of  Lower  Rhine,  and  be- 
fore the  revolution  in  1789,  the  se©  of  aa 
archbishop,  but  now  of  a bishop.  It  i® 
situated  a quarter  of  a league  from  th® 
Rhine;  and  the  river  III  runs  through  It, 
and  forms  many  canals.  The  inhabitants, 
exclusive  of  the  garrison,  are  comput'd  to 
Vie  60,000.  The  tow^n  has  six  gates,  and  a$ 
many  bridges  of  communication  between 
the  different  parts  of  the  city.  The  princi- 
pal edifices  are  built  of  red  stone.  This 
town,  formerly  imp 'rial,  was  taken  by 
Louis  XIV.  in  1681.  Its  citadel  and  for- 
tifications render  it  one  of  the  strongest 
places  in  Europe.  It  was  confirmed  t® 
France  at  the  peace  of  Ryswick.  Inth® 
cathedral  is  a clock,  which  shews  tb® 
motions  of  constellat  ons,  the  revolution, 
of  the  sun  and  moon,  the  days  of  the  week* 
the  hours,  dtc.  The  pyramidioal  tower  of 
X %% 


S T R 

the  cathedral  is  649  feet  high.  In  the 
church  of  St.  Thomas  is  the  magniUceni 
tomb  of  the  celebrated  marshal  Saxe. 
Strashurg  is  a place  of  considerable  com- 
merce, and  has  manufactures  of  tobacco, 
porcelain,  steel,  lace,  carpets,  cloth,  lea- 
ther, (fee.  Strashurg  is  6^5  miles  x of  Basel, 
and  75  E of  Nancy.  Lon.  7 45  e,  lat.  48 
35  N. 

Strasburg,  a town  ami  castle  of  Swabia, 
18  miles  e of  Rothvveil,  and  19  of  Bu- 
chan. 

Stra.sbnrg,  a strong  town  of  West  Prussia, 
in  the  provmcc  of  Culm,  on  the  Drigeutz, 
with  a castle.  It  is  39  miles  exe  of 
'Thorn. 

Strashurg,  a (o\vn  in  Carinthia,  Ger- 
many, on  the  Gurk,  12  miles  x of  Clagen- 
furt. 

Strashurg,  a town  iiT  the  Ucker  Mark, 
Brandenburg,  15  miles  n by  w of  Prenzlow’. 

Strashurg,  a post  town  of  Shernandoah 
county,  Virginia,  on  the  yw  branch  of  the 
N Fork  of  the  Shenandoah,  18  miles  ssw  of 
Winchester. 

Strashurg,  a town  of  Pennsylvania,  in 
Lancaster  county,  stands  on  an  eminence, 
58  miles  w of  Philadelphia. 

Strasnitz,  a town  of  Moravia,  on  the 
Marseb,  with  a castle  and  a college,  12 
miles  ssw  of  Hradisch. 

Stratfotd,  a town  in  Wicklow,  Leinster,  ! 
begun  2b  years  since,  laid  out  on  an  ele- 
gant plan,  with  spacious  streets,  and  squares, 
and  a handsome  church,  school  house,  (fee. 
built,  and  has  manufactures  of  printed  linens, 
calicoes,  muslins,  stockings,  hats,  flannels, 
carpets,  fustians,  tabinets,  fiorentines,  lace, 
ribbons,  (fee.  23  miles  from  Dublin. 

Stratford,  a considerable  village  in 
Essex,  separated  from  Bow  in  Middlesex, 
by  the  river  Lea,  over  which  is  a bridge, 
said  to  be  the  most  ancient  stone  one  in 
England.  It  is  three  miles  exe  of  Lon- 
don. 

Stratford,  a pleasant  post  town  in  Fair- 
field,  county,  Connecticut,  on  a river  of  its 
name,  five  miles  from  its  mouth,  lias  two 
edilices  for  public  worship,  14  miles  wsw  of 
New  haven. 

Stratford  Fenny,  a town  in  Buckingham- 
shire, with  a market  ou  Monday,  seated  on 
the  Lissel,  and  the  Roman  Wattling  Street. 
The  principal  manufacture  is  that  of  thread 
lace.  ^ It  has  four  annual  fairs,  aud  lies  45 
miles  xw  of  London. 

Stratford-le-bow,  See  BoWc 

Stratford,  St.  Mary,  a considerable  vil- 
lage in  Suffolk,  12  miles  sw  of  Ipswich, 
seated  on  the  Stour,  has  a share  in  tlie 
woollen  manufacture,  aud  a bridge  over  the 
river  into  Essex. 

Stratford,  Stony,  an  ancient  tow'n  in 
Buckinghamshire,  situated  ou  the  Ouse.  It 
has  two  churches,  and  a cross  liuilt  by  j 
Edward  I,  in  memory  of  his  queen  Eleanor, 
150  houses  were  destroyed  by  lire  in  1743.1 
The  inhabUants  are  mostly  employed  as  j 


s T R 

j lace  makers.  Stony  Stratford  has  a 
j ly  market  on  Friday,  aud  three  annual  fairs^ 
j It  contains  nearly  1700  inhabitants,  and  lie$; 

1 20  miles  xw  of  Dunstable,  and  52  xw  of 
1 London. 

I Siratfurd  Upon  Anon,  a fovrn  of  War- 
I vvickshire,  situated  on  the  Avon,  over  which 
is  a long  stone  bridge.  This  town  is 
famous  for  having  been  the  birth  place  of 
1 the  immortal  Shakespeare,  who  was  buried 
here  in  16 1 (i.  His  monument,  with  a short 
inscription,  stands  near  the  e end  of  the 
j church.  The  house  in  which  he  was  born 
i was  lately  pulled  down,  and  a mulberry  of 
! his  own  planting  lately  felled  ; of  the  wood 
of  which  many  curious  articles  have  since 
been  made.  It  has  an  ancient  church,  a 
free  grammar  school,  and  an  alms  house. 

{ It  has  a great  trade  in  corn  and  malt,  with 
j a weekly  market  on  Thursday,  and  four 
j annual  fairs.  It  is  governed  by  a mayor, 

' recorder,  high  steward,  12  aldermen,  and  12 
j capital  burgesses,  and  lies  eight  miles  sw  of 
j Warwick,  and  93  xw  of  London. 

; Strnili,  more  properly  called  Srathsicordlef 
I a parish  of  the  isle  of  Sky,  about  19  miles 
I long,  aud  five  miles  and  a-half  broad,  lying 
i on  the  sound  which  separates  Skye  irom  the 
' mainland.  It  also  comprehends  the  small 
! islands  of  Scaipa  and  Pabba.  Black  cat- 
I tie  are  the  staple  of  the  parish,  for  the  sale 
[j  of  which,  it  has  a fair  in  the  last  week  of 
I May,  and  another  in  the  end  of  July.  The 
i coast  abounds  with  fish,  and  the  parish 
I with  freestone,  coarse  marble,  marl,  and 
j limestone.  In  a cave  here  the  pretender  lodged 
1 some  nights,  after  the  defeat  of  his  troops  in 
1740.  Population  about  1748. 

Stralhaeri,  more  generally  called  »SYr«« 
chan,  a parish  in  Mearns,  lying  on  the  x 
side  of  the  Grampian  ridge,  extending  from 
the  top  of  Gairn-o’- Mount  to  the  banks 
of  the  Dee,  about  1 1 miles.  Populatiou 
about  739. 

Strathaven,  a town  and  parish  in  Lanark- 
shire. The  pari>h,  which  likewise  receives 
the  name  of  Avendale,  is  about  12  miles  longj 
by  five  or  six  broad.  There  are  here  lime- 
stone, coal,  and  freestone  ; and  a few  sw'ci- 
niens  of  iron  ore  have  been  found.  The 
town  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Avon, 
and  has  a manufacture  of  cotton.  It  was 
erected  into  a burgh  of  barony  in  1459,  and 
has  a weekly  market,  and  three  annual 
fairs.  It  lies  seven  miles  s of  Hamilton, 

. and  contains  16 iO  inhabitants.  The  town 
and  parish  contains  about  3623  inhabitants. 
It  was  long  famous  for  dresdng  flax  and 
spinning  it  into  fiiic  yarn,  but  is  succeeded 
by  spimiiug  and  weaving  of  cotton.  It  has 
a castle  on  a rocky  eminence,  and  stands 
I on  the  Painilioii,  neurits  junction  with  the 
I Avon,  seven  s of  Hamilton,  16  sse  of  Glas+ 
gow,and  45  w^,^v  of  Kdinhurgh. 

S f rat hh lane,  a beaut ilnl  vale  in  the 
I counties  of  Stirling  and  Dumbarton,  includ- 
ing the  parishes  of  Buchanan,  Drymen, 
Kiimaronock,  Killearn,  and  Sirathblaiie.  , 


SlraMlaney  an  agreeable  and  pichiresqne  |j 
parish  in  the  above  valley,  in  the  nw  corner  j 
of  Stirlingshire,  of  a rectangular  torm,  five  j 
miles  long  and  four  broad.  The  vale  is  i 
very  fertile  and  well  cultivated.  In  the  j 
cJiurch  is  buried  Mary  countess  of  Angus, 
liaughter  of  king  Robert  III,  and  wile  oi  ; 
Sir  Will  am  Edmonstone  of  Duntreath.  Tn  | 
a log  of  wood,  which  for  rpany  years  had  i 
been  used  as  a prop  for  a form  in  the  school, 
were  found  a number  of  old  English  and  i 
Scottish  coins,  and  also  some  Dutch  duca- 
foons,  about  the  year  Population  j 

about  734. 

STRATHBOGTE,  a district  of  Scotland, 
in  ilberdeenshire,  extending  over  a surface  ol 
120  square  miles. 

Strathdon,  a parish  in  Aberdeenshire, 
situated  on  the  west  ern  border  of  the  county, 
about  50  miles  from  the  county  town,  and 
extending  about  20  miles  in  length,  by  seven 
or  eight  in  breadth.  The  greater  pari  of 
the  parish  is  hilly,  and  affords  good  sheep 
pasture.  Many  bla 'k  cattle  are  also  reared, 
and  much  flax  is  spun.  In  the  parish  are 
limestone^  granite,  and  coarse  slate  ; also  a 
chalybeam  spring,  a missionary  preacher,  | 
and  two  schools  established  by  the  society  | 
for  propagating  Christian  knowledge.  Po- 
pulation about  1354. 

Strathearny  or  Stratherne,  a fine  rich 
valley  in  Perthshire,  extending  many  miles 
E anil  w,  watered  by  the  Earn,  which  falls 
into  the  Tay,at  the  e end  of  the  Strath. 

Straikendrie,  an  old  castle  in  the  parish 
of  Leslie,  Fife,  near  which  stand  four  erect 
stones;  in  a hillock  near  it  have  been  found 
a stone  coiiin,  an  urn,  bones,  and  pieces  of 
armour. 

Strathmartiiiy  a parish  in  Forfarshire, 
about  two  miles  square,  a few  miles  w of 
Dundee.  Here  is  St  Martinis  stone,  which, 
according  to  tradition,  stands  on  the  spot 
where  a person  of  the  name  of  Martin  killed 
a dragon.  This  parish  is  now  united  to 
that  of  Mains  of  Fintree.  Population  of 
Sirathmartin  about  503, 

• StrathmifjlOy  a pari'«h  of  .Scotland,  in 
Fifeshire,  about  five  miles  and  a-hall  long, 
and  three  and  u-half  bro  ul,  watered  by  the 
Miglo,  one  of  the  tributaries  of  the  Eden. 
The  village  of  .Slraihniiglo,  which  contains 
upwards  of  200  inhabitants,  lies  three  miles 
Kw  from  Falkiciiid.  Population  of  the  pa- 
rish and  village,  about  1000. 

Strathmore,  an  extensive  plain  of  .Scot- 
land, reaching  from  the  vicinity  of  Perth  to 
Brechin,  eastward,  nearly  40  miles  in  length, 
and  from  four  to  six  in  breadth.  A series 
of  encampments  run  its  whole  length  con- 
tiguous to  the  bases  of  the  mountains  ; and 
its  N extremity  is  said  by  some  to  have  b;eeu 
the  scene  of  conflict  between  the  Romans 
under  Agricola,  and  the  Caledonians  under 
Galgacus.  Strathmore  gives  the  tide  of 
€arl  to  the  ancient  family  of  Lyon. 

STRATHNAVER,a  district  in  Suther- 
iaudsiiire^  which  comprises  the  whole  ne 


part  of  that  county.  It  derives  its  nam© 
from  the  river  Naver. 

Strathspe-g,  an  extensive  valley  in  Mur- 
rayshir^*,  celebrated  for  giving  name  to  a 
stdiviiig  and  popular  species  of  ScottisU 
music.  Tulloohgoruin,  Rothiemurcus,  a,nA 
several  other  places  celebrated  in  song  ara 
in  this  valley. 

Straihy,  a river  of  Scotland,  Sutherland- 
shire  which  enters  an  extensive  bay  ol  the 
North  sea,  shelteied  by  a large  promon- 
tory of  its  name.  Lon,  3 43  w,  lat,  5H 
43  N, 

Stratton,  a town  in  Cornwall,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday,  and  three  annual  fairs. 

It  is  no.ed  for  gaidens  and  orchards.  It  is 
18  miles  nnw  of  Launceston,  and  222  w by  s 
of  London. 

Stfauoing,  a town  of  Bavaria,  capital  ol 
a ternt  )ry  of  the  same  name,  with  a castle, 
seated  on  the  Danube.  It  is  a large  place, 
and  has  broad  streets,  elegant  churches,  and 
handsome  convents.  In  1743,  it  was  taken 
by  the  Austrians,  who  demolished  its  fortifi- 
cations ; but  it  was  restored  in  iT45,  22 
miles  sE  of  Ratisbon,  and  dS  ne  of  Munich. 
Lon.  12  28  E,  lat.  48  50  n. 

Sireatham,  a village  in  Surry,  with^a 
mineral  water  of  cathartic  quality,  which 
is  much  used  in  London,  five  miles  s of  Lon* 
don. 

Straiishcrg,  a town  in  the  Middle  Mark, 
Brandenburg,  stands  on  the  lake  Straus, 
has  a castle  on  a mountain,  and  ma- 
nufactures of  baize  and  cloth,  21  miles  enb 
of  Berlin. 

Strehla,  a town  in  Misnia,  Upper  Sax- 
ony, seated  on  the  Elbe.  Li  the  vicmity, 
the  Prussians  were  defeated  by  the  Aus- 
trians, in  1760,  14  miles  nw  of  Meissen. 

Strelitz,  a toWxU  in  the  principality 
of  Oppeln,  Silesia;  16  miles  se  of  Op- 
peln. 

^Strelitz,  New,  a town  of  Lower  .Saxony, 
capital  of  Mecklenburg  Strelitz,  seated 
among  lakes.  It  had  its  origin  from  tha 
destruction  of  the  ducal  palace,  in  Old 
Strelitz;  after  which,  in  1713,  the  duka 
ji  began  to  build  a superb  palace,  two  miles 
|!  from  the  site  of  the  former,  at  Glienkie, 

I which  was  a hunting. seat,  and  in  1T33,  foun- 
deil  the  town  contiguous  to  the  palace, 
j From  the  spacious  market-place  in  the  ceu- 
I tre,  a number  of  .streeis branch  out  in  straight 
I lines,  the  chief  of  which  leads  to  the  palace, 
ji  and  the  next  to  a pleasant  lake,  55  mi'  s 
I of  Gusirow,  and  56  N by  wof  Berlin.  Lou. 

13  18  E,  lat.  53  21  n. 

I Strelitz,  Old,  an  old  town  of  Mecklen- 
i burg,  the  residence  of  the  youngest  brancii 
of  that  house,  till  the  palace  was  ^urnt  in 
1712. 

Strelitz,  a village  in  the  parish  of  Cargill, 
eight  miles  n of  Perth,  built  for  disabled 
soldiers,  consisting  of  about  80  housc.s,  vvilU 
♦wardens  and  three  acresof  land  each. 

Streng,  or  Strengnas,  a town  in  Siider- 
marda;  seated  on  the  lake  Maeler,  is  a bi- 


S T R 

sliop’s  see,  and  has  a college,  30  miles  w 
by  s of  Stockholm.  Lon.  17  40  e,  lat.  69 
IS  s. 

Stretton,  See  Churck  Stretton. 

StricheUf  a parish  in  Aberdeenshire,  in 
the  district  of  Buchan,  conta.ning  abou( 
8000  acres*  The  village  of  Strichen  con- 
tains about  200  inhabitants,  chiefly  employ- 
ed in  the  inen  manufacture.  It  has  a char 
ter  for  a weekly  market,  a post  office,  and 
fairs  for  flax  in  March  and  in  May.  Popu- 
lation about  I <520,  33  miles  n of  Aberdeen, 
and  nine  s of  Frazerburgh. 

Strickathrow y a parish  in  Strathmore, 
Forfarshire,  about  seven  miles  long  and  two 
broad.  Freestone  and  limestone  are  abiin« 
dant,  has  two  chalybeate  springs,  and  is 
watered  by  rivulets,  which  united,  form  the 
North  Esk.  Corn,  black  cattle,  and  flax, 
are  the  principal  produce.  In  the  church 
yard,  which  is  said  to  have  been  the  scene 
of  the  surrender  of  the  crown  of  Scotland, 
by  John  Baliol  to  Edward  I.  in  I29fl,  are 
three  tomb  stones,  said  by  tradition  to  mark 
the  graves  of  three  Danish  generals*  Popu- 
lation about  593. 

Striegauy  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Schweidnitz,  Silesia,  on  a river  ai  the  foot 
of  a mountain;  11  miles  n of  Schweid- 
Bitz. 

StrokestowTiy  a town  in  Roscommon, 
Connahghi,  10  miles  n of  Roscommon,  and 
70  wNw  of  Dublin. 

Stroemslwlmy  a town  in  Westmania, 
Sweden,  seated  on  the  lake  Maeler,  with  an 
ancient  royal  castle,  and  a canal  to  the  iron 
mines  at  Norberg ; 18  miles  sw  of  Wes« 
teras. 

Stroma,  a small  island  on  the  coast  of 
Caithness-shire,  about  three  miles  from  the 
shore  of  Caithness,  in  the  Pentland  Frith, 
included  in  the  parish  of  Cannisbay.  It  is 
about  a mile  long,  and  4ialf  a mile  broad, 
inhabited  by  170  persons,  who  are  very 
dexterous  fishers.  Here  is  a society  school, 
an  old  chapel  in  ruins,  at  its  w end  is  a 
tremendous  cavern  called  the  Gulpe,  and 
near  its  n end  a dangerous  whirlpool.  The 
tide  rises  about  30  feet  above  low  water 
mark.  It  is  very  productive  Of  corn. 

Strombergy  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Munster,  Westphalia,  20  miles  ese  of  Mun- 
ster, and  20  Nw  of  Paderborn. 

Strombergy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Rhine  and  Moselle,  France,  lately  of  Ger- 
many, in  the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine, 
22  miles  w of  Mentz,  and  32  s of  Cob- 
lentz. 

STROMBOLI,  the  most  northern  of  the 
Lipari  islands,  in  the  Tuscan  sea.  It  is  a 
volcano  which  rises  in  a conical  form  to 
the  height  of  3000  feet,  and  toward  the  e 
are  three  small  craters  ranged  near  each 
other  nearly  at  tv'o  thirds  of  its  height.  It 
is  inhabited  notwithstanding  its  fires,  and 
produces  a great  deal  of  cotton.  Of  all 
the  volcanoes  recorded  in  history,  Stromboli 
seems  to  be  the  only  one  that  burns  without 


s T R 

I ceasing,  inflomueh  that,  for  ages  past,  it  hsM 
been  looked  upon  as  the  great  - light- 
hou.ve  of  these  seas.  Lon.  15  45  s,  lat.  38 
40  N 

Stromnefis,  a town  in  the  isle  of  Pomona, 
in  Orkney,  about  nine  miles  w from  Kirk- 
wall. It  has  an  excellent  harbour,  in 
which  ships  of  1000  tons  can  lie,  and  is  vi- 
sited by  many  ships  from'  the’ w ol  Britain 
and  Ireland  in  their  voyages  to  Norway  and 
the  Baltic,  and  by  ships  of  the  Hudson 
Bay  Company,  who  keep  an  agent  here,  and 
who  here  find  many  hands  to  mau  their 
vessels.  It  h<.s  a pretty  good  trade,  and 
contains  1400  inhabitants.  To  the  parish 
of  Stromne  s is  united  that  of  Sandwieb,  in 
each  of  which  is  a church.  The  united 
parish  is  about  19  miles  long,  atid  from  two 
and  a half  to  five  and  a- he  If  broad,  lying 
, along  the  n banks  of  the  sound  of  Hoy, 
j The  coast  is  bold,  and  the  rocks  in  some 
i places  rise  to  the  height  of  500  feet.  The 
I surface  is  hilly,  and  part  of  »t  mountainous. 
The  men  are  addicted  to  a sea-faring  life, 
the  women  spin  and  knit  a fine  species  of 
woollen  stockings,  and  tpanuiaefure  linen. 
Here  are  many  ruinous  chapels,  a number 
of  tumuli,  and  a druidical  circle.  In  one 
chasm  stands  a rock  resembling  a bishop  in 
bis  sacerdotal  habit.  Population  of  tho 
united  pari'-b  is  about  2600. 

STROMOE,  the  largest  of  the  Feroe  is- 
lands, in  luc  northern  ocean,  27  miles  long, 
and  seven  broad.  Throsbaven  is  the  capital 
of  this,  and  of  all  the  l.-lands,  and  the  com- 
mon market.  It  is  seated  on  a tongue  of 
•and  on  the  se  side  of  the  island,  and  has  a 
1 fort  on  a point  on  the  e side  of  the  bay, 
Lon.  7 0 w,  lat.  62  10  n. 

&tromsoe,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Aggerhuys,  Norway,  20  miles  sw  of  Chris- 
tiana. 

Stromstadty  a town  in  the  province  of 
West  Gotblctnd,  Sweden,  stands  on  tha 
coast  of  the  North  sea,  and  is  celebrated  for 
shell-fish,  45  miles  nnw  of  Dddevalla.  Lon. 

II  10  E,  lat.  58  53  n. 

SirongoH,  an  episeopal  town  of  Naples 
in  Calabria  Citeriore,  stands  on  a high, 
rock,  tl»ree  miies  from  the  sea,  and  seven  v 
of  St  Severino, 

STRONSA,  one  of  the  Orkney  isles,  si- 
tuated NE  of  Mainland.  It  is  about  seven 
miles  and  a-half  long,  and  nearly  ol  tho 
same  breadth,  but  so  iudenteti  with  hay.s, 
that  no  part  of  it  is  above  one  mile  and 
a-half  distant  from  the  sea.  There  are  two 
safe  harbours  here,  Ling  Bay  and  Papa 
Sound.  A chalybeaie  spring  in  this  island, 
called  the  well  of  Kildinguie,  was  formerly 
frequented  by  persons  of  rank  from  Denmark 
and  Norway.  It  produces  a great  quantity 
of  kelp,  and  feeds  many  cat  le  and  sheep. 

Stroma  EdayH  parish  of  the  Orkney 
isles,  comprehending  the  islands  of  Stronsa, 
Eda,  Papa  Stronsa,  Faira,  and  nine  Holmes, 
or  pasture  isles.  In  Stronsa  is  one  church, 
arid  in  Eda  another,  both  served  by  ouft 


S T U 

Ihietstef,  and  the  ruins  of  no  Ic^s  than  five 
carish  cburi'hes,  and  nine  c.iapels.  The 
kelp  manuiaciure  wa.s  introduced  h re 
About  the  y.^ar  1^2^.  The  parish  contains 
About  1642  inhabitants. 

Strontian,  a vilUg^e  iu  Argyllshire,  noted 
for  its  lead  mines,  situated  at  the  head  ot 
Loch  Sunart,  and  built  on  aceounl  of  the 
mines.  Here,  in  1790,  was  discovered  a 
new  kind  oi  mineral  called  Sirontites,  Iroin 
the  place  where  it  was  found,  15  ni  les  "Wsw 
of  Fort  William. 

StroiidySiXQ'ffn  in  Gloucestershire, situated 
ot  the  confluence  of  the  Frome  and  Srade, 
who^e  waters  being  peculiarly  adapted  lor 
dying  scarlet,  its  banks,  for  about  20  miles, 
are  crowded  with  the  houses  of  clothiers. 

A navigable  canal  runs  \v  to  the  Severn,  and 
also  extends  e to  the  Thames,  at  Lechlade, 
by  which  means  the  town  has  greatly  in- 
creased of  late  years.  In  181 1,  it  contained 
^321  inhabitants,  and  has  a weekly  market 
on  Friday,  and  two  annual  fairs.  Here  is  a 
handsome  church,  a free  school,  a charity 
school,  and  a work  house.  Stroud  is  1 1 
miles  sE  of  Gloucester,  and  100  w by  n of 
Loudon. 

Stroud,  a large  village  in  Kent,  which 
may  be  considered  as  a suburb  of  Roches- 
ter, from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  river 
3fedway. 

Stuen,  a town  of  Upper  Hungary,  re- 
markable for  its  hot  baths,  and  for  th* 
mines  of  copper  and  silvet  found  in  the 
neighbouring  mountains. 

Stutland,  a village  at  the  e end  of  the 
isle  of  Purbeck,  Dorsetshire,  seated  on  a 
bay  of  the  same  name,  which  extends  to 
Pool  Harbour.  In  the  vicinity  are  several 
curious  barrows,  four  miles  e by  n of  Corte 
Castle. 

Stuhlingen,  a town  of  Suabia,  in  the 
landgravate  of  its  name,  has  a castle  on  a 
mountain,  nine  miles  s of  Fursteuberg. 

St?ildiveissenburg,  a town  of  Lower  Hun- 
gary, stands  in  a marshy  ground,  occasioned 
by  the  river  Sarwitz.  It  is  a bishop^s  see ; 
formerly  the  place  of  the  oorouation  of 
their  kings,  and  generally  also  of  their  in- 
terment,  but  it  has  fallen  much  into  decay 
since  1702,  when  the  works  were  disman- 
tled. The  inhabitants  are  estimated  at 
11,000.  It  was  formerly  called  A iba  Re- 
galis,  30  miles  sw  of  Buda,  and  80  sE  ol 
Presburg.  Lon.  18  28  E,lat.  47  18  N. 

STURA,  a department  of  France,  con- 
taining part  of  Piedmont.  It  takes  its 
name  from  a rivei*,  which  has  its  source  on 
the  w border,  and  running  by  Coni  and  Fos- 
sano,  unites  witti  the  Tanaro,  at  Cnerasco. 
Coni  IS  tiie  capital. 

Stutgardj  a Handsome  and  po!  ulous  city 
of  Suauid,  capital  of  tne  duchy  oi  Wirteni- 
burg,  seated  iu  a plain  among  mountains 
near  the  Neckar.  Ii  is  surrounded  hy  walis 
And  ditches.  Here  are  an  aneient  castle,  a 
ducal  palace,  a ri-oh  cabinet  ot  curiosities, 
A college,  A duoai  academy  Awd  ohservatofy,  | 


s UD 

a military  academy,  one  of  the  most  valua- 
ble libraries  in  Germany,  and  an  orphan 
house.  In  the  city,  which  is  generally  of 
wood,  the  streets  are  narrow,  but  iu  one  of 
the  suburbs  there  are  fine  houses  and  spaci- 
ous streets.  It  was  taken  by  the  French 
in  1796,  and  again  in  1799.  It  is  36  miles 
E of  Baden,  and  52  ne  of  Strasburg.  Lon* 

9 21  E,  lat.  48  44  n. 

SUABIA,  a circle  of  Germany.  It  com- 
prehends the  duchies  of  Wirtemburg,  the 
raargraviate  of  Baden,  the  principalities  of 
Hohen  ZoUern,  Oettingeu,  Furstenburg,  and 
Aliudleheim;  the  bishoprics  of  Augsburg, 
Constance,  and  Coire,  with  several  abbeys 
and  free  tow’ns. 

SUANES,  SuANi,  or  Siianeti,  a poor 
and  simple  people  of  Asia,  who  inhabit  on© 
of  the  four  divisions  of  the  kingdom  of  Ime- 
ritia.  They  subsist  by  raising  cattle,  and 
by  a little  agriculture. 

Suakem,  or  Suaquani,  a town  of  Turkey, 
in  Africa,  capital  of  the  beglerbeglic  of 
Abex.  it  is  situated  on  a small  island  of 
its  name,  in  the  Red  Sea,  having  a well 
frequented  harbour.  It  is  the  seat  of  a 
Turkish  governor,  under  the  bashaw  of 
Cairo,  and  w^as  once  a place  of  note,  but 
now  greatly  decayed.  Lon.  37  55  e,  lat. 
19  56  N. 

Subiaco,  a town  of  Italy,  in  Campagna 
di  Roma,  on  the  Teverone,  33  miles  e by  N 
of  Rome. 

Stica,  a town  in  Tripoli,  Barbary,  seated 
on  the  gulf  of  Syrtis,  near  a lake  of  its 
name,  from  which  great  quantities  of  excel- 
lent salt  are  obtained,  36  miles  s of  Mesu- 
rata. 

Sucadana,  capital  of  a kingdom  of  its 
name  on  the  sw  coast  of  Borneo,  stands  at 
the  mouth  of  a river.  The  chief  products 
of  tne  country  are  can.phor  and  diamonds. 
Lon.  110  15  E,  lat.  1 10  s. 

Success  Bay,  a bay  on  the  w coast  of 
the  strait  of  Le  Maire,  Terra  del  Fuego ; 
the  s promontory  at  its  entrance  is  called 
Cape  Success.  Lon.  65  27  w,  lat.  55  1 s. 

Suda,  a strong  fort  on  an  islet,  in  a gulf 
of  its  name,  in  the  isle  of  Candia.  This 
fort  was  built  by  the  Venetians,  and  was  re- 
tained by  them  long  after  they  lost  tho 
island.  Here  is  one  of  the  safest  harbours 
in  the  Levant,  eight  miles  e of  Canea. 

Sudbury,  a large  town  in  Suflblk,  situa- 
ted on  ;be  Stour,  by  which  it  is  almost 
surrounded.  Different  kinds  of  thin  siulfs 
are  made  here,  panicularly  says,  bunting  for 
ship-  colours,  ami  burial  crapes.  It  was 
one  cf  the  first  seats  of  the  FI  miings  who 
were  inv  ted  to  England  by  Edward  III.  io 
teach  his  .subjects  the  art  of  manufacturing 
iheir  own  wool.  It  contains  three  haud- 
.some  churches,  and  is  governed  by  a mayor 
and  .sev  n aid  rmen,  and  sends  two  members 
io  pariiameut,  ciio  en  by  the  freemen, 
amounting  to  upwards  ot  700.  It  has  a 
weekly  market  ou  Saturday,  and  two  annual 
fairs,  Aud  Les  14  milos  s of  Edmundsbury, 


SUE 

and  54  ne  of  London,  Lon.  0 50  w,  lat.  !| 
S2  II  K.  l! 

Sitdet'farSy  a town  in  Upland,  Sweden, 
spaced  near  the  Dahl,  above  the  cataract  of 
lilfscarleby.  It  is  the  only  place  in  the 
kingdom  where  anchors  are  forged,  38  miles 
:!ww  of  Upsal. 

Stiderhamn,  a town  of  .Sweden,  in  the 
province  of  Helsingland,  It  is  situated  at 
the  mouth  of  a river,  near  the  gulf  or 
Bothnia,  and  has  a manufacture  of  arms, 
aiKl  a good  trade  in  linen,  butter,  timber, 
and  flax,  20  miles  n of  Gefle.  Lon.  17  5 e, 
lat.  63  20  N. 

Snderkoping,  a town  of  Sweden,  in  East 
Gothland,  seated  on  a navigable  river,  and 
formerly  much  more  flourishing  than  at 
present,  10  miles  sse  of  Nordkioping. 

SUDERMANIA,  or  Sudekma\’-Land, 
a province  in  the  s of  Sweden,  about  62  miles 
in  length,  and  42  in  breadth.  It  is  the  most 
populous  part  in  Sweden,  and  abounds  in 
corn,  and  mines  of  various  metals.  Niko- 
ping  is  the  capital. 

Sudertelje,  a town  in  Sudermania,  Swe- 
den, stands  near  the  lake  Maeler,  wuth  a 
manufacture  of  worsted  and  silk  stockings, 
16  miles  wsw  of  Stockholm. 

SUDOREE,  one  of  the  Farro  islands,  in 
the  Northern  ocean,  remarkable  for  a dan- 
gerous w'hirlpool  near  it,  occasioned  by  a 
crater,  61  fathoms  deep  in  the  centre.  The 
danger,  at  most  times,  especially  in  storms, 
is  very  great,  but  at  the  reflux,  and  in  calm 
weather,  the  inhabitants  venture  in  boats 
for  the  sake  of  fishing. 

SUE,  LA,  a powerful  nation  of  Indians,  |j 
inhabiting  the  westward  of  La^e  Superior  | 
and  the  Mississippi.  Warriors,  10,600.  | 

Sneaborg^  a strong  and  immense  fortress,  | 
constructed  on  several  rocky  islets  in  the  jj 
gulf  of  Finland,  Sweden,  It  surrendered  to  |j 
the  Russians  in  1808;  three  miles  s of  Hel-  Ij 
ffingfors.  | 

Suenborg^  a town  in  the  island  of  Funen,  i 
Denmark,  has  the  best  harbour  in  the  island,  j 
and  manufactures  of  linen  and  woollen,  j 
22  miles  s of  Odensee.  Lon.  10  37  e,  lat.  j 
55  9 N.  1 

Suen-hoa,  a city  of  the  first  rank,  in  the  } 
province  of  Pe-tche-li,  China,  stands  amidst  ij 
mountains,  near  the  great  wall,  77  miles  jj 
KNW  of  Peking,  Lon.  U4  39  e,  lat.  40  ij 
38  N.  - 

Suez,  a town  of  Africa,  in  Egypt,  situated 
at  the  N end  of  the  w gulf  of  the  Red  Sea, 
called  the  gulf  of  Suez,  with  a harbour. 
This  gulf  is  separated  from  the  Mediterra- 
nean by  an  isthmus,  125  miles  over,  which 
joins  Africa  to  Asia.  The  town  stands  in 
the  midst  of  a sandy  country,  and  is  without 
water.  The  only  water  fit  for  drinking  is 
brought  by  the  Arabs  from  ihe  wells  of  Na- 
ba,  on  the  other  side  of  the  gulf,  seven  miles 
from  Suez.  Fish  is  plentiful,  but  all  other 
necessaries  of  life,  both  for  men  and  animals, 
are  brought  from  Cairo,  or  more  distant 
places.  The  commodities  of  the  country 


SUL 

are  carried  hence  in  vessels  to  Jidda,  and 
exchanged  for  Indian  goods,  and  the  coffe© 
of  Arabia.  Between  Cairo  and  Suez  th© 
commerce  is  carried  on  by  caravans,  which 
wait  the  arrival  of  the  ships  and  set  out  oa 
their  deprirture.  The  articles  of  trade  ar® 
cor  1,  wood,  iron,  lead,  vyool,  cloth,  cochi- 
neal, sails,  cordage,  c^c.  It  is  65  miles  B 
of  Cairo.  Lon.  32  45  e,  lat.  30  2 n, 

Suffteld,a.  town  in  Hartford  county,  Con- 
necticut, w side  of  Connecticut  river,  17 
miles  N of  Hartford. 

SUFFOLK,  a county  of  England,  bound- 
ed on  the  w by  Cambridgesh  re,  n by  Nor* 
folk,  s by  Essex,  and  k by  the  Germaii 
ocean.  It  extends  58  miles  from  e to  wv 
and  28  from  N to  s.  It  is  divided  into  21 
hundreds,  containing  29  market  towns,  510 
parishes,  sends  16  members  to  pariiamenty 
in  1801,  2i0,431  inhabitants,  and  in  1811, 
234,211.  The  air  is  clear  and  healthy, 
(‘ven  near  the  sea  coast.  The  soil  is  of  va- 
rious qualities,  but  the  country  in  genera.l  isi 
level.  Its  principal  produce  is  butter  and 
cheese.  Grain  of  all  sorts,  beans,  and 
hemp,  are  raised  in  this  county,  and  a few 
hops  not  far  from  Sudbury.  There  are  also 
abundance  of  cattle,  and  numerous  flocks 
of  sheep.  The  n and  nw  is  most  fruitful 
in  corn,  and  the  inland  parts  are  the  best 
pasturage.  The  principal  rivers  are  th© 
Stour,  the  Waveuay,  and  Little  Ousej 
Larke,  Deben,  Gipping  and  Orwell.  It 
gives  the  title  of  earl  to  a branch  of  the  fa- 
mily of  Howard.  Ipswich  is  the  principal 
town  ; but  the  assizes  are  held  at  Bury  St 
Edmund’s. 

Suffolk,  a post  town  of  Virginia,  chief  of 
Nan.^emond  county,  seated  on  the  Nause- 
mond,  20  miles  w by  scf.Norfolk. 

SUGULMESSA,  or  Sigilmessa,  a pro- 
vince of  the  kingdom  of  Tafilet,  s of  Mount 
Atlas.  It  is  about  100  miles  in  length,  and 
the  capital  is  of  the  same  name,  situated  on 
the  Zig,  140  miles  nne  of  Tafilet.  It 
abounds  in  corn,  dates,  and  other  fruits;  and 
has  mines  of  iron,  lead,  and  antimony.  Lon* 
5 5 w,  lat.  40  N. 

Suhla,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the 
county  of  Henneberg,  sealed  on  the  Hasel, 
celebrated  for  its  trade  in  leather.  It  has 
manufactures  of  fustians,  linen,  and  fire 
arms.  It  is  seven  miles  n of  Schleusingen* 

SahHngen,  a town  in  the  county  of  Hoya, 
on  a river  of  its  name,  22  miles  w by  n of 
Nienbiirg. 

Sin'r,  a large  river  in  Munster,  Ireland, 
which  rises  in  the  mountain  BemUibb,  in 
the  N part  of  Tipperary,  above  Holy  Cross, 
passes  by  Cabir,  Clonmel,  and  Carrick,  to 
Waterford,  and  meets  the  Barrow  at  the 
head  of  Waterford  haven,  where  it  forms  a 
deep  and  spacious  harbour. 

Suluu.  See  Znlaiif, 

Sulli,  a town  in  Albania,  European  Tur- 
key, stands  on  the  side  of  a range  of  moun- 
tains of  its  name,  with  a castle,  27  miles  ssw 
of  Janina. 


SUM 

Sullivan,  a post  town  of  the  United  | 
States,  in  Hancock  county,  district  of 
Alaine,  on  a bay  opposite  Alount  Desert 
island,  12  miles  nw  of  Goidsborough. 

Sullitan’s  Island,  one  of  the  islands 
which  form  the  n part  of  Charlseton  har- 
bour, in  S Carolina. 

Sully,  a town  in  the  department  of  Loire, 
France,  on  the  river  Loire,  20  miles  se  of 
Orleans. 

Sulmona,  a town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo 
Citeriore,  seated  on  the  Sora,  and  is  a bi- 
shop’s see,  with  11  churches  and  12  con- 
vents. It  is  the  birth-place  of  the  celebrated 
poet  Ovid,  26  miles  sw  of  Civita  di  Chieti. 
Lon.  14  56  E,  lat.  4 20  N. 

Sultania,  or  Sultanabad,  a town  of  Per- 
sia, in  Irac  Agemi,  seated  in  a rich  plain. 
Here  are  the  ruins  of  a magnificent 
mo'^que,  in  which  is  the  tomb  of  the  sultan 
Chodabend.  Considerable  ruins  mark  its 
former  magnificence,  and  it  is  now  begun 
to  be  rebuilt  under  its  latter  name.  In 
1809,  the  citadel  was  completed,  in  the 
vicinity  of  which  is  the  king’s  pleasure 
house,  60  miles  nw  of  Casbin. 

Sulianpour  a town  in  the  province  of 
Lahore,  Hindoostan,  62  miles  se  of  La- 
hore. 

Sulianpour,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Onde,  Hindoostan,  32  miles  s of  Fyzabad, 
and  50  N of  Allahabad. 

Suite,  a town  in  Mecklenburg,  Lower 
.Saxony,  seated  ou  the  Rekenitz,  and  has  a 
salt  mine,  18  miles  ese  of  Rostock. 

Sultz,  a town  in  the  department  of  Upper 
Rhine,  France,  has  a medicinal  spring,  13 
miles  ssw  of  Colmar. 

Sidz,  a towm  in  the  duchy  of  Wirtem- 
berg,  Swabia,  stands  on  the  Neckar,  and 
has  some  salt  works,  12  miles  n of  Roth- 
weil. 

Suiza,  a town  in  Thuringia,  Upper  Sax- 
ony, stands  on  the  lime,  near  its  junction 
with  the  Saal,  and  has  a salt  mine,  13  miles 
enk  of  Weimar. 

Snlzbaeh,  a handsome  towm  and  castle  of 
the  palatinate  of  Bavaria,  in  a duchy  of  the 
same  name,  stands  in  a country  fertile  in 
bops,  although  mountainous,  six  miles  Nwof 
Amberg. 

Sulzburg,  a town  of  Suabia,  in  Baden- 
Dourlach,  stands  in  a territory  fertile  in 
good  wine,  and  has  an  elegant  palace,  eight 
miles  sw  of  Friburg. 

SUMATRA,  an  island  of  Asia,  the  most 
western  of  the  Sunda  islands,  and  constitut- 
ing, on  that  side,  the  boundary  of  the  eastern 
Archipelago  Its  general  direction  is 
nearly  nw  i«nd  se.  The  equator  divides  it 
into  almost  two  equal  parts,  the  one  extre- 
mity being  in  lat.  5 33  n,  and  the  other  in 
lat.  5 56  s.  Acheen  Head,  at  the  N extre- 
mity of  the  island,  is  in  Ion.  95  34  E.  It  is 
abo«it  900  miles  in  length,  and  from  150  to 
200  in  breadth.  This  island  is  represented 
as  surpassed  by  few  in  the  beautiful  indul- 
gences of  nature,  A chain  of  mountains 


SUM 

passes  through  its  w'hole  extent,  consisting^ 
of  double  anil  treble  ranges,  between  whiob' 
are  large  elevated  plains.  In  these  the  air 
is  cool,  they  are  most  cleared  oi  wood,  and 
best  inhabited.  Here  are  found  many 
large  and  beautiful  lakes,  i;.at  laciliiaie 
much  the  communication  between  the  dif- 
ferent parts.  The  heat  of  the  air  is  far 
from  being  so  inten  e as  might  be  expected 
from  a country  occupying  the  middle  oi  the 
torrid  zone.  The  inhabitants  are  Alalays, 
Aohenees,  Battas,  Lampoons,  and  Rejangs, 
The  latter  are  taken  as  a standard  of  de- 
scription, with  respect  to  the  persons,  man- 
ners, and  customs  of  the  inhabitants.  They 
are  rather  below  the  middle  stature,  their 
bulk  in  proportion,  their  limbs  lor  the  most 
part  slight,  and  particularly  smaT  at  th« 
wrists  and  ancles  ; and  upon  the  whole 
they  are  accounted  gracefully  formed. 
Their  hair  is  strong,  and  of  a shining  black. 
The  men  are  beardless.  Their  complexion 
is  properly  yellow,  wanting  the  red  ting© 
that  constitutes  a copper  or  taw'ny  colour. 
The  rites  of  marriage  among  the  Sumatrans 
consist  simply  in  joining  the  hands  ol  ihw 
parties,  and  pronouncing  them  man  and 
wife,  without  much  ceremony,  except  the 
entertainment  which  is  given  upon  the  occa- 
sion. Little  apparent  couitvhip  precedes 
their  marriages  ; the  young  people  of  both 
sexes  being  carefully  kept  separate,  and  the 
young  women  being  seldom  trusted  from 
their  mothers.  The  young  people  seldom 
see  each  other,  except  at  the  public  festivals. 
When  a man  has  made  his  choice,  he  gene- 
rally employs  an  old  woman  as  his  agent, 
by  whom  he  'sends  a present  to  the  female 
whom  he  wish  to  become  his  wife.  The 
parents  then  interfere,  and  having  settled 
the  preliminaries,  a least  takes  place,  to 
which  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  neighbour- 
hood may  repair,  if  they  choose ; and  tho 
greater  the  concourse,  it  is  reckoned  the 
moro  honourable  to  the  entertainer.  The 
customs  of  the  Sumatrans  allow  them  to 
take  as  many  waves  as  they  can  purchase 
or  maintain,  but  it  is  extremely  rare  that 
they  take  more  than  one,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a few  of  their  chiefs.  Little  attesi- 
tion  is  paid  to  the  nur.'ing  of  their  children, 
who  soon  learn  to  walk  and  shift  for  them- 
selves. The  original  natives  are  Pagans^ 
but  w^hen  the  Sumatrans,  or  any  ot  th© 
natives  of  the  eastern  islands  learn  to  read 
the  Arabic  character,  and  submit  to  circum- 
cision, they  are  said  to  become  Malays  ; 
the  term  Malay  being  understood  to  mean- 
Mooselmiu.  The  wild  beasts  of  Sumatra 
are  tygers,  rlephams,  rhinoceroses,  bears, 
and  monkeys.  The  tygers  prove  to  the 
inhabitants,  both  in  their  jourmes,  and  even 
in  their  domestic  occupations,  must  de- 
structive enemies.  Tfin  number  of  people 
annually  slain  by  those  rapacious  tyratiis  of 
the  woods  is  almost  incredible.  Whul© 
Villages  have  been  depopulated  by  tbewi. 
The  sia«  and  strength  of  the  species  which 
Y y 


SUM 

^^•evails  on  this  island  is  prodigious.  From 

\ a superstitious  prejudice,  they  can  scarcely 
be  prevailed  upon  to  use  any  means  to  destroy 
them.  Alligators  likewise  occasion  the 
I'lss  of  many  inhabitants,  frequently  destroy- 
ing the  people  as  they  bathe  in  the  river,  ac- 
cording to  their  regular  custom,  and  which 
the  perpetual  evidence  of  the  risk  attending 
it,  cannot  deter  them  from.  A superstitious 
veneration  for  these  also  preserves  them 
from  molestation.  Theother  animals  of  Su- 
matra are  buffaloes,  a small  kind  of  horses, 
goats,  hogs,  deer,  bullocks,  and  hog-deer. 
The  bezoar  stone  found  on  this  animal  has 
been  valued  at  ten  times  its  weight  in  gold. 
Of  birds  they  have  a greater  variety  than  of 
beasts.  The  Sumatran  pheasant  is  a bird  of 
uncommon  beauty  ; besides  a great  variety 
ot  small  birds  remarkable  for  the  beauty  of 
their  colours.  They  have  parrots,  dunghill 
fowls,  ducks,  wood  pigeons,  the  largest 
cocks  in  the  world,  and  storks  of  a prodigi- 
ous size.  Of  reptiles  they  have  lizards, 
flying-lizards,  and  cameleons.  The  island 
swarms  with  insects,  and  their  varieties  are 
no  less  extraordinary  than  their  numbers. 
Rice  is  the  only  grain  that  grows  in  the 
country  ; they  have  sugar-canes,  beans,  peas, 
radishes,  yams,  potatoes,  pumpkins,  and 
several  kinds  of  pot-herbs  unknown  to  Eu- 
rope ; and  here  are  found  most  of  the  fruits 
to  be  met  in  other  parts  of  the  East  Indies, 
in  the  greatest  perfection.  Indigo,  Brazil 
wood,  two  species  of  the  bread-fruit  tree, 
pepper,  benjamin,  coffee,  and  cotton,  are 
likewise  the  produce  of  this  island,  asw'ell 
as  cassia  and  camphire.  Here  also  is  the* 
cabbage  tree  and  silk  cotton  tree ; and  the 
forests  contain  a great  variety  of  valuable 
species  of  wood,  as  ebony,  pine,  sandal, 
eagle,  or  aloes,  teak,  nianchiueel,  iron 
wood, and  the  banyan  tree.  Gold,  tin,  iron, 
copper,  lead,  sulphur,  arsenic,  and  saltpetre, 
are  also  produced  at  Sumatra.  Bees  wax 
is  a commodity  of  great  importance  4]ere. 
This  island  is  divided  into  many  petty  king- 
doms, the  chief  of  which  are  Acheen,  Indra- 
pore,  Palimban,  and  Jambi.  The  English 
and  Dutch  have  factories  on  this  island. 
The  principal  one  of  the  former  is  Fort 
Marlborough,  at  Bencoolen.  See  Acheen. 

SUMBI,  a province  of  Africa,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Angola,  lying  in  about  11 
6 lat. 

Sumhuly  a town  in  a territory  of  its  name,. 
Hindoostan,  e of  Delhi,  subject  to  the  nabob 
of  Oude,  <52  miles  wnw  of  Bereilly, 
and  7<5  e pf  Delhi.  Lon.  78  53  e,  lat.  28 
32  N. 

Sumbulpour,  or  SumeJpoury  a town  in 
the  province  of  Orissa,  Hindoostan,  144 
miles  WNW  of  Cattack,  and  208  w of  Cal- 
cutta. Lon.  63  40  e,  lat.  21  2,5  n. 

.Sumehy  a town  in  Natoliu,  Asiatic  Tur* 
key,  14  miles  e ol  Pergamp. 

Sumertiriy  a town  of  Hungary,  in  the 
island  of  Sehut,  near  a branch  of  t|i!&  Da- 
nube, 10  miles  s of  Presburg. 


SUN 

Summ.'^i’kiomnj  a town  in  the  kingdom 
of  Birmab,  seated  on  the  Irrawaddy, 
The  sole  employment  of  the  inhabitants  is 
the  manufacture  of  gunpowder,  and  saltpe- 
tre, whence  all  the  royal  magazines  are 
supplied  with  gunpowder,  68  miles  s by  w of 
Ummerapoora. 

Summer  Hilly  a tow  n in  Meath,  Leinster, 
with  many  elegant  seats  in  the  vicinity,  20 
miles  from  Dublin. 

Sumnum.  Se6  Semnan. 

SUNART,  a district  in  Argyllshire,  re- 
markabie  for  numerous  veins  ol  lead. 

Sunart  Lochy  an  inlet  ol  the  sea,  extend- 
ing 20  miles  e into  Argyllshire,  from  the  e 
end  of  the  sound  of  Mull. 

Simhvruy  the  chief  town  of  Northumber- 
land county,  Pennsylvania,  seated  on  the  E 
side  of  the  Susquehanna,  just  below 
junction  of  the  e and  w branches,  with  tw  o 
churches,  IJO  miles  kw  of  Philadelphia. 
Lon.  77  0 w,  lat.  40  48  N. 

Sunhuryy  a port  of  entry  and  post  tow  n of 
Georgia,  in  Liberty  county,  with  an  exten- 
sive harbour,  defended  from  the  sea  by  th® 
isle  of  St  Catherine.  The  town  is  healthy, 
and  a place  of  resort  during  the  sickly 
months.  It  w’as  burnt  in  the  late  war,  but 
has  been  rebuilt,  30  miles  sw  of  Savanna# 
Lon.  81  0 w,  lat.  31  33  n. 

SUNDA  ISLANDS,  in  the  se  part  of  the 
Indian  ocean.  The  chief  of  them  are  Bor- 
neo, Java,  and  Sumatra.  The  two  latter 
are  separated  by  a channel  called  the  Strait 
of  Sunda. 

SUNDERBUNDS,  or  The  Woods,  a 
tract  of  country  consisting  of  that  part  of 
the  Delta  of  the  Ganges,  in  Hindoostan 
Proper,  and  in  the  soubah  of  Bengal,  w^hich 
borders  on  the  sea.  In  extent  it  is  equal  to 
the  principality  of  Wales,  and  completely 
surrounded  by  woods  abounding  with  tigers, 
and  composed  of  a labyrinth  of  creeks  and 
rivers  all  of  which  are  salt,  except  those 
which  immediately  communicate  with  the 
principal  branch  of  the  Ganges.  Here 
salt  in  quantities  equal  to  the  whole  con- 
sumpticii  of  Bengal  and  its  dependencies, 
is  made.  Here  is  also  an  inexhaustible  sup- 
ply of  wood  for  ship-building. 

Sundet'hvrgy  a town  of  Denmark,  in  the 
island  of  Alsen,  with  a oastle,  stands  on  a 
strait  called  Suiiderburg  sound,  12  miles  B of 
Flensburg.  Lon.  16  0 e,  lut.  54  41  n. 

SunderdoOy  an  island  and  sea  port  of  Hin- 
doostan,  in  Concan,  taken  by  commodore 
James  in  1756.  It  is  .SO  miles  knw  of  Goa. 
Lon.  73  20  e,  lat.  16  3 n. 

Sunderland y a sea  port  in  the  county  of 
Durham,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
W ear.  It  is  a populctis,  thriving,  and  well 
built  tow'n,  governed  by  a mayor,  and  has- 
a market  on  Friday.  The  number  of  inha- 
bitants in  1801  was  12.412,  and  in  181 1, 
12,289.  Coal  is  (be  staple  commodity,  of 
W’hich  280,000  chaldrons,  Newcastle  mea- 
su^e^  are  exported  annually.  In  1791, 
4905  vessels  cleared  coastway s,  and  703 


SUP 


S U R 


over  sea,  in  all  5608.  Here  are  several 
small  dock-yards,  a battery  which  defends 
the  entrance  of  the  harbour,  and  a pier  on 
which  is  a light  house.  Glass,  bottles, 
lime,  salt,  grindstones,  copperas,  and  pot- 
tery-ware, are  also  exported.  A bridge  is 
erected  across  the  river  Wear,  one  of  the 
greatest  curiosities  of  its  kind  in  the  world, 
ft  is  not  less  remarkable  for  its  prodigious 
height  and  extreme  span,  than  for  the  peeuli- 
ariry  of  its  consiruction.  The  span  of  the 
arch  is  236  feet ; its  height  frojii  the  surface 
of  the  river  at  low  water,  is  100  feet ; spring 
of  the  arch  33  feet,  and  the  breadth  32. 
Rowland  Burdon,  Esqr.  M.  P.  was  the  in- 
ventor and  patentee.  It  will  admit  of  ves- 
sels sailing  under  it  of  400  tons  burden,  by 
only  striking  tlicir  top-gallant  masts.  It 
has* two  annual  fairs,  and  lies  13  niiles  ne 
of  Durham,  and  269  n by  w of  London. 
Lon.  1 2 w,  lat.  54  56  n. 

Sunderland,  a town  of  Massachusetts,  in 
Hampshire,  about  10  miles  N of  Hadley, 
and  86  WNW  of  Boston. 

SUXDI,  a province  of  Congo,  which  lies 
along  the  river  Zaire.  The  capital  is  of  the 
same  name.  In  the  mountaibs  are  mines 
of  several  metals,  and  its  rivers  render 
it  very  fertile.  Lon.  IT  55  e,  lat.  4 
50  s. 

Sundsivald,  a sea  port  of  Sweden,  capital 
of  Medelpadia,  seated  near  the  gulf  of  Both- 
nia. The  principal  trade  is  in  tar,  birch, 
bark,  deals,  hops,  flax,  and  linen.  It  is  210 
miles  N by  w of  Stockholm.  Lon.  17  50  e, 
lat.  62  25  N. 

Sunergong,  or  Sunnergaum,  a town  in 
Bengal,  Hindoostan, stands  between  Burram- 
pooter  and  a branch  of  the  Ganges.  It  was 
a large  city,  and  noted  for  a manufacture 
of  Ane  cloth  before  the  building  of  Dacca, 

15  miles  se  of  Dacca. 

Sunk  Idand,  an  island  in  Yorkshire,  in 
the  Humber,  SE  of  Hull,  about  nine  miles  in 
circuit,  separated  from  Yorkshire  by  a chan- 
nel two  miles  broad.  It  produces  all  sorts 
of  grain,  wood,  and  black  rabbits. 

Sunning, village  in  Berkshire,  seated 
on  the  Thames.  It  was  once  an  episcopal 
see,  and  had  nine  bishops  in  succession,  the 
last  of  whom,  Hermanus,  removed  the  see  to 
.Salisbury,  two  miles  ne  of  Reading. 

Sunning  Hill,  a village  at  the  s extremity 
of  \Yiadsor  Forest,  Berksliire,  noted  for  a 
mineral  spring,  which  is  efileacious  in 
paralytic  complaints.,  six  miles  ssw  of  Wind- 
sor. 

Superior  Lake,  formerly  termed  the  Up- 
per Lake,  from  its  northern  situation.  It 
may  justly  be  termed  the  Caspian  sea  qf 
America,  and  is  supposed  to  be  the  largest 
body  of  fresh  water  on  the  globe.  Accor- 
ding to  the  French  cliarts  it  is  1500  miles 
in  circumference.  It  is  situated  between 
46  and  50  x lat.  and  between  84  30  and  92 
w Ion.  Tiiere  are  many  islands  in  this 
lake.  Two  of  liiein  are  large,  especially 
Isle  Royal,  winch  is  70  miles  long  and  20  1 


broad.  About  40  rivers  empty  their  waters 
into  this  mighty  reservoir,  and  its  water  is 
more  pure  than  that  of  any  other  lake  in 
the  world.  It  abounds  with  sturgeon  and 
trout.  Storms  are  more  terrific  here  than 
in  the  ocean.  It  discharges  its  waters  from 
the  SE  corner  through  the  straits  of  St 
Maire,  which  are  cibout  40  miles  long,  into 
Lake  Huron,  but  the  quantity  does  not  ap- 
pear to  be  one  tenth  of  is  poured  into  it 
by  the  rivers. 

Supino,  an  ancient  town  of  Naples,  in  the 
Molise,  stands  at  the  source  of  the  Tamara, 
with  a castle,  17  miles  n by  w of  Beue- 

vento.  . o • 

Sur,  or  Sour,  a town  in  Palestine,  Syria, 
on  the  Mediterranean,  where  the  iamous 
city  of  Tyre  stood,  which  was  destroyed 
by  Alexander  the  Great.  It  is  now  evu  in- 
considerable village,  on  a peninsula  w’hicll 
projects  from  the  shore  into  the  sea.  .Tne 
point  to  the  n is  occupied  by  a basin,  which 
was  a port  formed  by  art,  and  the  entrance 
defended  by  two  towers  ; but  it  is  now  quite 
choked  up.  A ridge  of  rocks,  on  the  nw 
point,  nearly  level  with  the  water,  on  one 
side,  and  the  mainland  on  the  other,  form  a 
kind  of  road,  where  ships  lie  in  greater 
safety  than  at  Saida.  The  inhabitants, 
amounting  to  about  60  families,  subsist  on 
the  produce  of  small  farms,  and  by  fishing, 
18  miles  ssw  of  Saida,  and  60  sw  of  Damas- 

Sura,  a town  in  Westmanland,  Sweden, 
15  miles  n of  Stroenisholm. 

Surat,  a sea  port  town  in  Guzzerat,  Kin- 
doostan,  said  to  contain  320,000  inhabitants. 
It  has  large  squares,  and  spacious  streets  ; 
each  street  has  a gate  of  its  own,  with  which 
it  is  shut  up  in  times  of  danger.  The  houses 
of  the  common  people  are  high  roofed 
those  of  the  better  sort  are  flat  roofed,  with 
courts  before  them.  There  is  a considerable 
trade  carried  on  ; large  vessels  load  and  un- 
load at  Swally,  15  miles  w of  Surat.  In 
this  city  are  as  many  different  professions 
of  religion  as  in  Am.sierdam ; for  there  are 
Mahometans  of  several  sects,  and  many 
sorts  of  Genloos.  The  Hindoos  are  a set 
of  industrious  sober  people,  arid  of  a most 
surprising  Iione.sty.  The  Hindoo  women 
assist  their  husbands  in  earning  their  bread. 
They  give  their  children  in  marriage  at  six 
or  eight  years  of  age.  They  are  almost  all 
of  the  cast  of  the  Banians,  and  their  skill 
and  dexterity  in  matters  of  calculation  and 
economy  olten  raise  them  to  places  ut  con- 
siderable trust.  Some  of  them  are  very 
rich,  but  all  of  them  live  in  a style  of  mo- 
derate simplicity;  their  dre>.s  is  a robe  Oi 
while  cotton.  All  people  of  distinction  in 
Surat,  and  through  all  the  rest  of  India, 
speak  and  write  the  Persian  language,  but 
that  used  in  trade  is  a corruption  ot  the  Por- 
tuguese. Besides  the  Mahometans  and 
Geutoos,  there  are  .Tews  and  C'hn.^tians  of 
variou.s  denominations  at  Sural.  This  city 
is  the  emporium  of  ihe  most  valuable  pro- 
Y y 2 


S U R 

duotiors  of  Hindoostan,  wbicb  are  broiig^bt 
Id  immense  quantities  from  the  interior,  and 
conveyed  hence  in  merchant  ships  to  the 
Red  Sea,  the  Persian  Gulf,  the  coasts  of 
J^alabar  and  Coromandel,  and  even  to 
China.  The  English  engross  almost  the 
whole  trade  of  this  port,  that  of  the  Dutch, 
French,  and  Portuguese  having  greatly  de- 
clined. Although  there  is  no  hospital  here 
for  human  beings,  there  is  an  extensive  one 
for  sick  and  maiuied  animais,  for  the  sup- 
port of  which  the  Hindoos  provide.  The 
East  India  Company,  in  IT59,  fitted  out  an 
armament  which  captured  the  castle  ; and, 
soon  after,  the  possession  of  it  was  confirmed 
to  them  by  the  court  of  Delhi.  The  coun- 
try around  Surat  is  fertile,  except  towards 
the  sea,  where  it  is  sandy,  and  barren. 
Surat  is  situated,  about  20  miles  up  the  river 
Tapty,  and  147  n of  Bombay.  Lon;  72 
48  E,  lat.  21  10  N. 

SurgoGjdiy  capital  of  a circar  of  its  name 
in  the  country  of  Orissa,  Hindoostan,  75 
miles  NE  of  Runtunpour,  and  210  ssw  of 
Patna,  Lon.  83  32  e,  lat.  23  6 n. 

Surgut,  a town  in  the  government  of 
Tobolsk,  Siberia,  seated  on  the  Obey,  and 
surrounded  by  pallisades,  285  miles  kne  of 
Tobolsk.  Lon.  73  30  e,  lat.  61  30  n. 

SURINAM,  a country  of  South  America, 
in  Guiana.  It  extends  about  75  miles  along 
the  river  Surinam,  which  enters  the  Atlantic 
in  lat.  6 6 s,  and  on  its  w shore  is  a fort  to 
lie  end  the  entrance,  and  abounds  in  fruits, 
fish,  game,  and  singular  animals  of  difi'erent 
kinds ; the  toad,  in  particular,  being  re- 
markable for  its  enormous  size  and  ugly 
fornq.  It  also  produces  sugar,  cotton,  in- 
digo, tobacco,  gums,  and  wood  for  dying. 
The  woods  abound  with  monkeys,  and  it  is 
said  there  are  serpents  oi  30  feet  long.  This 
country  was  ceded  by  the  English  to  the 
Dutch,  in  1774,  and  taken  from  the  French 
by  the  English  in  1799,  and  again  in  1804. 
The  capital,  is  Parimaribo. 

Suringia,  a large  trading  town  of  Japan, 
in  the  island  of  Niphon,  capital  of  a province 
of  . the  same  name,  wdth  a castle  in  which 
the  emperors  formerly  resided.  It  is  170 
miles  E of  Meaco.  Lon.  139  5 e,  lat  39 

30  N. 

SURRY,  a county  of  England,  bounded 
on  the  N by  Middlesex,  and  a point  of 
Buckiiigbamsbire,  k by  Kent,  s by  Sussex, 
and  w by  Hampshire  and  Berks.  Its  great- 
est length  is  about  37  miles,  and  its 
breadth  27.  It  is  divided  into  14  hundreds, 
containing  II  market  towns  (including 
Southwark),  140  parishes,  and  about 
269,  043  inhabitants,  and  sends  14  mem- 
bers to  parliament.  It  is  a healthy,  plea- 
sant  county.  The  soil  is  very  different 
an  the  extreme  parts  from  that  in  the 
middle ; for  the  edge  of  the  county  has 
a rich  soil,  extremely  fruitful  in  corn  and 
grass,  but,  in  the  heart  of  the  county, 
there  are  wdde  tracts  of  sandy  ground 
and  barren  heath.  The  county  produces 


s u s , 

j corn,  box-wood,  walnuts,  hops,  and  fnl* 
j ler-  earth.  Besides  (he  products  in  common 
with  the  neighbouring  counties,  Surry  is 
noted  for  the  fimst  ho|s  near  Farnham. 
The  principal  rivers,  beside  the  Thames,  are 
the  Mole,  Wey,  arid  Wandle.  The  Lent 
assizes  are  held  at  Kingston,  and  the 
summer  assizes  at  Guildford  and  Croydon 
alternately. 

Surzee,  a handsome  town  of  Switzerland, 
in  the  canton  of  Lucern,  on  the  Sur,  near 
the  lake  Sempaoh,  12  miles  s of  Lucern. 

SvifOT  Susa,  a {rovinee  of  Africa,  be- 
longing to  Morocco,  bounded  on  the  N by 
Morocco  Proper,  w by  the  Atlantic,  s by 
Darab,  and  e by  Tafilet.  The  inhabitants 
are  distinguished  by  their  industry,  and  many 
of  them,  who  live  in  towns,  acquire  riches, 
and  are  much  more  poliie  than  their 
neighbours  in  Fez  and  Morocco.  In  the 
mountainous  part  they  are  entirely  free,  and 
are  governed  by  their  own  chiefs.  It  is 
mostly  aflat  couuirj,  abounding  in  corn, 
sugar  Cctnes,  and  dates.  Tarudant  is  the 
capital. 

Susa,  a river  of  Morocco,  which  has 
its  source  in  mount  Atlas,  passes  through  the 
kingdom  of  Sus,  and  falls  into  the  Atlantic 
20  miles  s of  St.  Cruz.  The  country  is  en- 
richrd  by  its  annual  inundations. 

Susa,  an  ancient  towm  of  Piedmont,  capi- 
tal of  the  marquisate  of  Susa,  with  a citadel, 
now  dismanlled,  seated  on  the  Doria,  at  the 
lOot  ot  the  Alps,  and  is  the  principal  passage 
out  of  France  into  Italy.  Here  are  four 
parish  churches,  several  religious  houses, 
and  a triumphal  arch  (o  the  honour  of 
Augustus  Cesar.  In  1704,  it  was  taken  by 
the  French,  retaken  by  prince  Eugene  in 
1707,  and  again  by  the  French  in  1799.  It 
is  23  miles  wxw  of  Turin.  Lon.  7 16  e, 
lat.  45  10  N. 

Susa,  or  Sousa,  a seaport  and  principal 
mart  of  the  kingdpni  of  Tunis,  for  linen  and 
Olive  oil.  Here  also  are  exported  many 
of  the  commodities  of  Cairoan.  Many  ves- 
tiges of  its  former  repute  are  still  visible, 
and  in  the  vicinity  are  considerable  remains, 
of  ancient  buildings.  It  is  seated  on  the  e 
coast,  85  miles  s by  e of  Tunis.  Lou.  10 
35  E.  lat.  35  34  N. 

Susdal,  a town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Volodimir,  capital  of  a duchy  of 
the  same  name,  and  a bishop’s  see,  sealed 
on  the  Nerl,  and  constructed  of  wood,  90 
! miles  NE  of  Moscow.  Lon.  -10  25  e,  lat.  56 
i 26  N. 

Susquehannah , a river  of  North  Ame- 
rica; the  E branch  rises  in  the  lake  of 
Os  lego,  in  the  state  of  New  York  ; and  after 
a long  serpentine  course,  in  which  it  crosses 
three  times  the  line  that  divides  the  stale  of 
Pennsylvania  from  New  York,  and  receiving 
the  Tioga  at  Lockartsburg,  flows  se  to 
Wilkesbarre  and  turns  sw’ to  Sunbury,  whero 
it  joins  the  w branch  of  the  Susquehannah, 
It  afterward  meets  the  Juniata  from  the  w, 
flow's  by  Harrisburg,  aud  Jails  into  the  bead 


S U T 

cf  Chesapeak  bay,  just  below  Havre  de  i 
Grace.  It  is  about  a mile  wide  at  its  mouth, 
and  navigable  20  miles,  where  it  is  ob- 
structed by  some  falls. 

Sassae,  a town  in  the  department  ol 
Upper  Vienne,  France,  15  miles  sb  of 
Limoges. 

SUSSEX,  a county  of  England,  bou  idea 
on  the  N by  Surry,  i<e  and  e by  Kent,  s by 
the  English  •hannel,  and  w by  Hampshire. 

It  is  about  TO  miles  in  length,  and  28  in 
breadth  ; is  divided  into  live  rapes,  and  sub- 
divided into  05  hundreds,  containing  one  city, 
16  market  towns,  313  parishes,  and  in  1801, 
159,311  inhabitants,  and  in  181 190,083. 
It  sends  18  members  to  parliament.  ^ The 
climate  and  soil  is  very  various,  that  of  the 
downs,  and  thence  to  the  sea  is  fertile  in 
grass  and  corn  ; the  wool  ot  the  sheep  on 
these  pastures  is  remarkably  fine ; in 
middle  are  meadows,  and  rich  arable 
ground  ; and  the  n abounds  in  woods.  This 
plentiful  county  exports  corn,  malt,  cattle, 
Wool,  wood,  iron,  chalk,  glass,  fish,  and 
fowl.  Sussex  is  not  distinguished  lor  any 
maniifac lures,  but  that  of  gunpowder,  at  Bat- 
tel, and  of  needles  at  Chichester.  The  prin- 
cipal rivers  are  the  Arun,  Adur,  Ouse,  and 
Rother.  Cinchester  is  the  capital,  but  the 
lent  assizes  arfe  held  at  Horsham,  aad  the 
summer  at  Lewes. 

Susfer  ; Sr2e  Zaster. 

Su^tereii,  a town  in  the  department  of 


the  Roer,  France,  lately  of  Germany, 


in  the 


duchy  of  Juiiers,  two  miles  from  the  Meuse, 
and  10  sof  Ruremonde. 

Sulera,^  town  in  Val  di  Mazera,  Sicily, 
48  miles  SS  E of  Palermo. 

SUTHRRI.ANHSHIRK,  a 


rrlERLANDSHIRE,  a county  of 
Scotland,  bounded  on  the  n by  the  North 
Sea,  E by  Caithness  shire  and  the  German 
Ocean,  S by  the  frith  of  Dornoch  and  Ross- 
shire  and  w by  the  channel  called  the  Minch* 

It  extends  50  miles  from  e to  w and  from  n 
to  s somewiiat  more.  The  valleys  in  the  in- 
terior mountainous  country  are  chiefly  oc- 
cupied by  extensive  lakes  and  rivers,  which, 
as  well  as  the  bays  on  the  coast  abound 
with  fish.  The  coast  for  the  most  part  are 
bold  and  rocky,  and  indented  with  nume- 
rous bays  of  great  extent,  which  are  very 
safe  harbours,  and  commodious  fishing  sta- 
tion'. The  chief  promontories  are  Assint 
point,  Cape  Wrath,  and  Strathy  head.  The 
principal  crops  raised  in  Sutherland  are 
oats,  bear  and  potatoes.  The  county  pro- 
duces freestone,  limestone,  and  slate  ; there 
are  also  some  small  veins  of  coal ; and  of 
the  metals  it  can  claim  gold,  lead  richly 
impregnated  with  silver,  iron,  and  black 
oxyd  of  manganese.  The  inhabitants  are 
a bravve,  hardy  people,  In  1801,  they  ^ 
amounted  to  23,1 17,  and  in  1811,  23,029.1 
The  county  is  divided  into  13  parochial  dis-  j 
tricts,  and  sends  one  member  to  parliament,  | 
wdio  is  chosen  by  such  Landholders,  as  bold 
Of  the  earl  of  Sutherland,  there  being  no 


SWA 

proprietors  in  the  county,  who  hold  imme- 
diately of  the  crown.  The  real  rent  is  es- 
timated at  about  10,0001.  Sterling.  Dor- 
noch is  the  county  town. 

Hutri,  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  patrimony 
of  St.  Peter,  on  the  Puzzulo,  22  miles  nw 
of  Home. 

Sidton  Coldfield',  a small  corporate  town 
in  Warwdcksbiie.  It  contains  about  IhOO 
inhabitants,  and  is  governed  by  a Warden, 
a guild  or  society  of  24  members,  with  a 
ammar  school.  It  has  a market  oa 
Monday,  two  annual  fairs,  is  seated  in  a bar- 
ren chase,  and  lies  about  six  miles  nne  of 
Birmi;.gham,  24  nnw  of  Warwick,  and  UO 
NW  of  Loudon. 

Sut  on,  a town  in  Worcester  county, 
Massachusetts,  10  miles  s by  e of  Worces- 
ter, and  46  w^sw  of  Boston. 

Suzanne,  St.  a town  in  the  department 
of  Mayenne,  France,  has  a considerable  pa- 
per manufacture,  24  miles  w of  Mans. 

Swaf'ham,  a large  populous  and  well 
built  town  in  Norfolk,  seated  oa  a hill  with 
a market  on  Saturday,  and  three  annual 
fairs.  The  church,  built  in  form  of  a 
cathedral,  is  handsome.  In  the  vicinity  is 
a forest,  and  frequent  horse  races,  it  lies 
34  miles  nne  of  Newmarket. 

Swale,  a river  of  Yorkshire,  which  hat 
its  source  on  the  borders  of  Westmoreland, 
runs  B by  Richmond,  and  then  se  with 
many  fine  windings,  till  it  join  the  Ure  a 
little  below  Aidborough,  where  they  form 
the  Ouse. 

SWALLOW,  an  island  in  the  Pacifio 
Ocean,  discovered  by  Roggewins  in  1722, 
Lon.  160  5 E,  lat.  10  s. 

Swally,  a town  in  Guzzerat,  Hindoostan, 
in  the  province  of  Cambay  a.  It  has  a 
harbour,  where  ships  receive  and  deliver 
•i  their  lading  for  the  merchants  of  Surat, 

|1  seated  near  the  gulf  of  Cambay,  15  miles 
11  NW  of  Surrat.  Lon.  72  33  e,  lat.  21 

18  N. 

Swalwell,  a village  in  the  county  «£ 
Durham,  on  the  Dorwent,  near  its  influx 
into  the  Tyne.  It  has  famous  iron  works 
originally  established  by  a blacksmith, 
about  the  year  169i,  13  miles  wnw  of  Sun- 
derland. 

Swanage,  a handsome  village  in  the  se 
corner  of  Dorsetshire,  stands  on  a bay  of 
its  name,  in  the  English  channel,  has  a trade 
j in  herrings,  and  quarries  of  fine  stone,  of 
w'hich  many  thousand  tons  are  shipped  an- 
nually. The  village  contains  about  1000 
j inhabitants,  and  has  a large,  ancient  and 
I handsome  church,  four  miles  ksk  of  Corfe 
castle.  See  Purbeek,  isle  ot, 

1 Swanlinbar,  and  market  and  post  town  in 
il  the  county  of  Cavan,  Ireland,  much  fre- 
quented for  a mineral  spring,  efficacious  in 
Scorbutic,  nervous,  and  other  diseases. 
Near  il  is  Florence  court,  the  superb  seat 
of  lord  Enniskillen,  about  12  miles  s by  wof 
Enniskillen/and  87  nw  of  Dublin. 


S W E 

SWAN  ISLAND,  an  island  of  the  Uni- 
ted  States,  in  the  district  of  Maine.  It  is 
seven  miles  long, 

Swamboroughy  the  chief  town  of  Onslow 
bounty,  Wilmington  district,  North  Caro-  | 
lina,  to  the  ne  of  Wilmington.  I 

Sivanscomb,  a village  in  Kent,  where  | 
are  remains  of  Camps  and  forts  supposed  to 
be  Danish  and  famous  for  being  the  place, 
according  to  some  authors,  where  the 
Kentishmen  obtained  ^from  William  I.  the 
coniirinatiou  of  their  ancient  franchises. 

Swansey,  or  Swansea^  the  most  consider- 
able commercial  town  of  Glamorganshire, 
in  South  Vfales,  with  an  old  easilo,  part  of 
which  is  turned  into  a gaol  and  workhouse. 

It  has  two  churches  and  a good  port  at  the 
mouth  ci  the  river  Tawy.  Near  2000  vessels 
are  cleared  from  this  port  annually.  There 
are  immense  mines  of  lime  and  iron  in  the 
neighbourhood,  besides  abundance  of  coal. 
Many  ships  have  been  built  here.  It  has 
great  works  for  the  smelting  of  copper  and 
lead  ore,  and  is  much  resorted  to  by  sea 
bathers.  In  1801,  it  contained  6099  inha- 
bitants, and  in  181 1,  8196.  It  is  governed 
by  a portreve,  alderman,  recorder,  cfec.  and 
in  conjunction  with  Cowbridge,  Aberavon, 
<fec.  sends  one  member  to  parliament.  It 
bcis  weekly  markets  on  Wednesday  and 
Saturday  and  4 annual  fairs,  and  lies  24 
miles  wNw  of  Cowbridge,  32  sw  of  Breck- 
nock, and  206  w of  Loudon. 

Swansea,  a town  in  Bristol  county, 
Massachussets,  on  the  Taunton,  10  miles  sw 
of  Taunton. 

Swansfials,  a towui  in  West  Gothland, 
Sweden,  25  miles  wsw  of  Lindkioping.  j 
Swanton,  a town  in  Franklin  county, 
Vermont,  on  the  Missisqni,  near  its  influx  ! 
into  the  N part  of  lake  Champlain,  30  miles  ! 

N by  E of  Burlington. 

Swanwich,  a town  in  Dorsetshire,  in  Fiir- 
bech  isle,  2 miles  from  Langton. 

SwarJestown,  a town  in  Derbyshire,  which 
has  a bridge  over  the  Trent  consisting  of  39 
'■arches,  5 miles  and  a-half  sse  of  Derby. 

Swarteberg,  a towm  in  West  Gothland, 
Sweden,  18  miles  nw  Under valle. 

Swartsluys,  a town  and  fortress  in 
Overyssel,  Holland,  on  the  Vecht,  4 miles 
from  its  mouth,  and  8 n of  Zwoli. 

SVfEDEN,  a large  kingdom  in  the  x part 
of  Europe,  bounded  x by  Danish  Lapland, 
and  the  ocean,  s by  the  Baltic  and  the  gulf 
of  Finland,  and  w by  Norway,  the  Sound, 
and  the  Cattegate ; being  about  1100  miles 
in  length  from  x to  s and  600  broad  from  e 
to  w.  The  whole  kingdom  is  divided  into 
five  parts,  viz.  Sweden  Proper,  Gothland, 
Nordland,  Lapland,  and  Finland  : and  each 
of  these  is  subdivided  into  several  provinces. 
Sweden  Proper  contains  Upland,  Suderma- 
Jtiia,  Nericia,  Westmania,  and  Dalecarlia. 
Gothland  contains  E Gothland,  Smolaiid,  W 
Gothland,  Wermeland,  Bahu.s,  Dalia, 
Sclionen,  Hailand,  Blek ingen,  and  the  isles  of 
Gothland,  and  Oeland.  Nordland  contains 
^ Gestricia,  Helsingia,  Medelpadia,  Jeinptia, 


S W E 

Angermania,  and  W Bothnia.  Swedish 
Lapland  includes  Uma,  Pitha,  Lula,  Tornea, 
and  Kimi.  These  districts  have  no  towns  in 
their  interior  parts,  and  take  their  names 
from  rivers  that  have  theif  source  near  the 
frontiers  of  Norway,  and  fall  into  the  gulf 
of  Bothnia.  Finland  comprises  Finland 
Proper,  E Bothnia,  Ta^asteuuid,  Nyland, 
Savolax,  and  part  of  Kymene,  and  Carelia. 
See  Finland.  The  whole  country  is  well 
watered  by  lakes,  inland  pieces  of  water,  on 
the  banks  of  which  the  palaces  and  villas 
are  usually  built,  and  numerous  rivers,  uoius 
of  which  are  navigable  to  any  extent.  At 
Stockholm,  spring  and  autumn  are  scarcely 
perceptible,  for  winter  continues  nine  months, 
and  summer  the  remaining  three.  On  tha 
s the  longest  day  is  18  hours  30  minutes; 
but  toward  the  x there  is  continual  day  in 
summer,  and  continual  night  in  winter,  for 
several  weeks  successively.  In  winter  th® 
cold  is  excessive,  and  in  summer  the  heat  is 
almost  insupportable,  the  air  being  generally 
serene  all  the  time.  The  trees  are  early  in 
blossoming,  because  the  soil  is  flat  and  sul- 
phureous, which  contributes  greatly  to  the 
vegetation  of  plants.  Their  domestic  ani- 
mals are  horses,  cows,  hogs,  goats,  and 
sheep.  The  wild  beasts  are  bears,  wolves, 
foxes,  wild  cats,  and  squirrels.  There  are 
also  elks,  and  rein-deer,  several  sorts  of 
fowls,  and  partridges,  woodcocks,  and 
falcons,  in  great  plenty.  The  Swedish 
horses  are  small  ayd  feeble,  but  a foundered 
or  lame  one  is  scarcely  to  be  seen,  which 
is  accounted  for,  in  a certain  degree,  to  the 
manner  of  stabling  them  on  perforated  boards 
without  litter.  The  country  is  also  rich  in 
silver,  copper,  and  iron.  The  articles  of  ex- 
port are  boards,  gunpowder,  leather  iron, 
copper,  tallow,  skins,  pitch,  rosin,  salt  and 
masts  ; and  of  import,  brandy,  wine,  linen- 
cloth,  stuffs,  tobacco,  sugar,  spice,  and 
paper.  The  inhabitants  are  of  a robust  con- 
stitution, and  they  have  several  publio 
schools  and  colleges,  where  arts  and  sciences 
are  taught.  They  bestow  in  general  little 
attention  upon  their  bouses,  which  are 
mostly  constructed  of  wood,  covered  with 
turf,  on  w'hich  their  goats  often  feed.  Th© 
Swedish  government  before  the  accession  of 
Gustavus  I.  was  an  elective  monarchy.  By 
the  union  of  Calmar,  in  1397,  Denmark, 
Sweden,  and  Norway  came  under  the  govern- 
ment of  the  same  sovereign.  In  1523, 
Gustavus  Vasa  rescued  Sweden  from  this 
state  of  dependence,  w^hen  he  was  elected 
king,  and  the  crown  made  hereditary  in  his 
maie  issue  ; at  that  period  the  conferred 
great  prerogatives  upon  the  king,  without 
rendering  him  an  absolute  monarch.  In 
the  reign  of  Gustavus  Adolphus,  the  right  of 
succession  was  extended  to  ihe  female  line, 
in  the  minority  of  wdiose  daughter,  Christina, 
the  nobles  acquired  such  ascendency,  as 
gave  great  umbrage  to  all  the  other  ranks. 

To  get  rid  of  the  pow'er  of  the  nobles,  the 
states  formally  conferred  absolute  sovereign- 
ty on  Charles  XI,  which  quietly  devolved 


S WI 

epon  his  son  Charles  XII.  On  his  demise 
Ulrica  Eleanor  his  youngest  sister  succeed- 
ed to  the  throne,  when  th^e  prerogative  was 
greatly  limited.  Ulrica  resigned  the  crown 
to  her  consort  Frederic  I.  and  the  Swedish 
monarch  was  the  most  limited  one  in 
Europe,  till  Gustavus  III.,  in  1772,  regained 
the  most  essential  royal  prerogatives,  with- 
out becoming  an  absolute  monarch.  He 
was  assassinated  in  1 792,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Gustavus  Adolphus,  a minor,  who  attain- 
ed his  majority  in  1796.  On  the  1st  of  May 
1809,  a revolution  took  place  in  this  king- 
dom, the  late  gallant  Swedish  monarch, 
Gustavus  IV.  was  deposed  and  the  duke  of 
Saudermauia  was  made  king  who  enjoyed 
k but  a short  time,  and  the  prince  otAugus- 
tenburg,  dying  in  1811,  the  Swedes  by  the 
influence  of  Napolean  Bonaparte,  elected 
the  French  general  Bernadotte  to  be  crown 
prince.  In  1814,  Norway  came  under  the 
dominion  of  the  Swedish  monarch.  The 
established  religion  is  the  Lutheran,  and 
they  have  one  archbishop,  and  eleven 
bishops,  but  no  other  mode  of  worship  is 
prohibited.  Stockholm  is  the  capital. 

SWEDEN  PROPER,  one  of  the  five 
grand  divisions  of  Sweden.  It  comprehends 
6 provinces,  and  Stockholm,  the  capital  of 
all  Sweden. 

Sicedeshoroughf  a town  in  Gloucester 
county,  New  Jersey,  stands  on  Rariton 
Creek,  3 miles  from  its  junction  with  the 
Delaware,  and  20  s by  w of  Philadelphia. 

Siveingyii  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Dar- 
foor,  and  a place  of  general  resort  for  the 
merchants  trading  to  Egypt,  35  miles  n of 
Cobbe. 

Sivemcuiny,  a town  in  the  palatinate  of 
>yilaa,  Lithuania,  35  miles  ne  of  W'ilna. 

Swernicky  a town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
on  the  confines  of  Servia  and  Bosnia,  70 
miles  SE  of  Harrisburg. 

S^ioiudoriy  a well  built  town  in  Wiltshire, 
stands  on  a bill,  near  a rich  vale,  with  a 
market  on  ilonday,  and  several  annual  fairs, 
28  miles  n of  Salisbury,  and  83  w of  Lon- 
don. 

Swinejieety  a town  in  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  on  the  s side  of  the  Ouse,  8 miles 
E of  Snaith. 

Swinesheady  a town  in  Lincolnshire,  with 
a market  on  Tuesday.  Here  was  formerly 
an  Abbey,  6 miles  e of  Boston,  and  110  n 
of  London. 

Sivtnnay  a little  island  of  the  Orkner's, 
about  a mile  long  and  half  a mile  broad  ly- 
ing nearly  in  the  middle  of  the  Pentland 
frith.  Here  are  tw’o  whirlpools,  that  are 
very  dangerous.  It  is  a barren  unhospitable 
island,  having  only  about  20  inhabitants 
employed  mostly  in  piloting  vessels  in  this 
dangerous  FrilL 

Sivintony  a parish  in  Berwicdvshire,  to 
which  that  of  Simprin  was  united  in  1761. 
The  united  parish,  extends  about  4 miles  in 
length  and  three  and  a half  in  breadth.  The 
soil  is  for  the  most  part  deep  and  fertile,  and 


s WI 

i highly  cultivated.  In  the  parish  are  quar- 
ries of  excellent  freestone.  The  estate  of 
Swinton  has  been  upwards  of  740  years  the 
property  of  a family  of  the  same  name, 
whose  ancestor  acquired  it  as  a reward  for 
clearing  the  country  of  boars,  with  which  it 
was  anciently  much  infested.  It  wtis  after- 
wards confirmed  to  them  by  king  Malcolm 
Canmore,  for  faithful  services  in  restoring 
him  to  the  throne.  The  charter,  which  is 
one  of  the  oldest  in  Scotland,  is  still  extant 
in  the  archieves  of  Durham.  The  famous 
Mr.  Thomas  Boston  author  of  the  fourfold 
state  was  some  lime  minister  of  Simprin,  be- 
fore its  annexation,  and  previous  to  his 
translation  to  Etterick.  There  are  two 
villages  here,  viz.  Swinton  which  contains 
about  350  inhabitants,  and  Simprin  which 
contains  only  75.  Population  in  181  i,  875. 

In  the  village  of  Swinton  are  two  annual 
fairs,  3 Thursday  of  June,  and  4 Tuesday 
of  October. 

Swinton,  a village  in  W Yorkshire,  on 
the  Dearn  and  Dove  canal,  near  its  entrance 
into  the  Don.  It  has  a large  iron  forge, 
and  a considerable  pottery,  4 miles 
Rotherara. 

SWITZERLAND,  a large  and  populous 
country  of  Europe,  bounded  on  the  e by  the 
Tyrol,  on  the  w by  France,  on  the  n by  the 
Black  Forrest  and  a part  of  Suabia,  and  on 
the  s by  the  Italian  provinces  of  the  Milanese, 
Bergamasco,  and  Bresciano.  It  is  22-5 
miles  in  length,  and  130  in  breadth,  sepa- 
rated from  the  adjacent  countries  by  the 
Alps.  It  is  divided  into  13  cantons,  exclu- 
sive of  their  allies,  viz.  Lucern,  Uri, 
Schweitz,  Underwalden,  Zug,  Friburg, « 
Soleure,  whose  inhabitants  were  Romani' ts. 
The  Protestant  cantons  were  Zurich,  Bern, 
Basle,  and  Schaffbauseu.  G laris  and  Ap- 
penzel  contain  people  of  both  professions. 
The  mountains  of  Switzerland  arc  com- 
monly called  the  Alps.  See  Alps.  Swit- 
zerland has  four  passages  into  Italy  over 
these  mountains  ; the  first  ot  which  is  be- 
yond the  lake  of  Geneva ; over  mount 
Cennis,  which  leads  to  Savoy  ; the  second 
leads  from  ihe  country  of  the  Grisons,  over 
mount  St.  Bernard  to  the  valley  of  Aousta 
in  Piedmont ; the  third  begins  in  the  country 
of  the  Grisons,  passes  over  mount  Simplon, 
and  leads  to  the  duchy  of  Milan  ; the  fourth 
crosses  mount  St.  Gothard,  and  tht3  bail- 
liwics  of  Italy  to  the  same  duchy.  No 
country  in  the  world  has  a greater  diversity 
of  surface  and  appearance.  Here  the  vast 
chain  of  Alps,  with  enormous  precipices,  ex- 
tensive regions  of  perpetual  snow,  tind 
glaciers  that  resemble  seas  of  ice,  make  a 
striking  contrast  with  the  luxuriant  vineyard 
and  cultivated  field,  the  beautifully  wooded 
brow,  and  the  verdant  valley,  vrith  its 
chrysial  stream.  Switzerland  products 
grain  sufiicient  for  the  inimbitants,  but  the 
chief  riches  consist  in  the  cattle  bred  in  their 
excellent  pastures,  and  the  goats  and  chamois 
that  feed  on  the  mountains  and  in  the  woods. 


\ 


S Y D 


S Y M 


The  principal  lakes  are  those  of  Constance, 
Geneva,  Lucero,  Zurich,  and  Neufchatel. 
The  most  considerable  rivers  are,  the  Rhine, 
the  Rhone,  the  Aar,  the  Arve,  the  Reuss, 
and  the  Inn.  The  inhabitants  are  strong 
robust  men.  The  women  are  tolerably 
handsome,  and  in  general  industrious.  The 
peasants  retain  their  ancient  manner  of 
dress,  and  are  content  to  live  upon  milk, 
butter,  and  cheese:  and  some  of  the  moun- 
taineers never  have  any  bread.  The  ancient 
government  of  the  cantons  was  aristo'cra- 
tical ; and  of  some  of  them  mere  oligarchies. 
Every  canton  formed,  within  itself,  a little 
republic  ; each  canton  sending  two  deputies 
to  a general  diet  held  at  Baden.  A spirit  of 
liberty  pervaded  the  whole.  In  the  year 
1T92  or  1791,  Switserland  exhibited  every 
appearance  of  splendour,  afSuence,  and 
gaiety.  But  revolutionary  principles  were 
daily  gaining  ground  ; emissaries  were  em- 
ployed by  the  French  Directory  to  stir  up 
dissension  among  the  peaceful  inhabitants; 
and,  when  every  thing  was  ripe  for  execu- 
tion, the  French,  in  1797,  seized  the  oppor- 
tunity of  rushing  in  upon  their  country  with 
a military  force  and,  within  the  short  space 
of  4 days  this  warlike  nation,  which  had 
enjoyed  its  independance  for  500  years,  was 
crushed  by  the  lawless  aggressions  of 
foreign  power,  and  the  artful  machinations 
of  a few  designing  men.  The  Helvetic  re- 
public w'as  raised  upon  its  ruins,  which  see. 
This  constitution  was  abolished  by  the  first 
consul  cf  France  in  1802,  and  a new  one 
adopted  in  1803,  by  which,  exclusive  of  the 
republic  of  Valais,  and  the  territory  of 
Neucbaiel,  the  country  is  divided  into  19  i 
cantons;  the  six  new  ones  are  Pays  de 
Valid,  Tesin,  Argau,  Grisons,  St.  Gail,  and 
Thurgau;  of  which  the  two  first  are  catho- 
lics, and  the  other  four  are  partly  catholics 
and  partly  protestants.  Each  canton  has  a 
distinct  government.-  Schweitz,  Appenzel, 
Glarus,  Underw^alden,  Uri.,  Zug,  and  Gri- 
sons have  a democratic  form,  as  all  the 
male  inhabitants  above  20  years  of  age  have 
a voice  in  the  assembly ; the  others  are 
aristocratic,  being  governed  by  a great  and 
little  ocHineii.  The  general  government  is 
conducted  by  a diet  composed  of  a delegate 
from  each  canton,  which  assembles  annu- 
ally at  Fn burg,  Bern,  Soleure,  Basil,  Zurich 
or  Lucern  in  rotation  ; ,and  the  president  is 
styled  Landamnian  of  Switzerland.  See 
Schweitz. 

Sicords,  a town  in  the  county  of  Dublin, 
Leinster.  Near  the  church  is  one  ot  the 
most  perfect  ancient  round  towers,  73  leet 
high.  Swords  was  represented  in  the  Irish 
parliament  by  two  members,  elected  by  the 
householders,  or  potwallopers,  8 miles  n by  e 
cf  the  metropolis. 

SuKy  a town  in  W Gothland,  Sweden,  13 
miles  s\v  of  Lindkioping. 

Sydenham f a village  in  Kent  celebrated 
for  its  medicinal  ::*pt'ings,  8 miles  s by  b of 
Loaion. 


Sydney  Bay,  a bay  on  the  s sid«  of  NorV 
folk  island,  in  the  S Pacific  Ocean.  On  this 
bay  is  formed  a settlement  of  English  con-« 
victs.  Lon.  168  12  e,  lat.  29  4 s. 

Sydney  Cove,  the  town  or  settlement  of 
convicts,  begun  to  te  erected  by  governor 
Philip  in  Port  Jackson,  on  the  coast  of  New 
South  Wales,  in  1788,  originally  intended 
for  Botany  bay.  The  ground  about  it  was 
then  covered  by  a thick  forest ; but,  ia 
1790,  some  good  buildings  had  been  erected. 
It  is  now  the  principal  seat  of  the  govern- 
ment. The  buildings  are  of  stone,  brick, 
lath,  and  plaster,  weatherboarded  : and  are 
durable.  Here  is  a handsome  church,  a 
citadel,  an  orphan  hospital,  a military  hos- 
pital, a gaol,  a naval  yard,  barracks  <fec. 
It  stands  on  the  s side  of  the  harbour  of  Port 
.Taekson,  6 miles  from  the  Ocean.  Lon. 
151  28  E,  lat.  33  50  s. 

Syetie,  or  Assuan,  a town  with  a small 
fort  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Nile,  Egypt. 
Here,  about  the  year  275  before  Christ,. 
Eratostenes,  a native  of  this  city,  made  the 
first  attempt  to  ascertain  the  circumference 
cf  the  earth.  On  an  eminence  to  the  s are 
the  remains  of  the  ancient  town,  whose 
situation  is  marked  by  columns  and  pillars 
of  granite  scattered  here  and  there.  Near 
it,  on  a small  island  in  the  Nile,  anciently 
called  Eiephantina,  is  a tern  ole  of  Cnuphis 
nearly  entire,  400  miles  s of  Cairo.  Lon. 
33  20  E,  lal.  24  0 n. 

Sijlt,  an  island  of  Denmark,  on  the  w 
coast  of  Jutland,  of  an  irregular  form,  about 
40  miles  in  circumference,  but  in  no  part 
above  two  from  the  sea.  Here  are  found  great 
quantities  of  oysters.  The  chief  town  is 
Morsum.  Lon.  8 26  e,  lat.  54  57  n. 

Sylves,  a town  in  Algarva,  Portugal^ 
seated  on  a river  of  its  name,  15  miles  esb 
of  Lagos,  and  44  w of  Tavira. 

Symington,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in 
Ayrshire,  in  the  district  of  Kyle,  about  four 
miles  long  and  one  mile  and  a quarter  broad, 
containing  above  3000  acres.  The  surface 
is  agreeably  deversified.  The  soil  is  in 
general  clayey.  The  village  of  Symington 
contain^  above  200  inhabitants.  Population 
about  668.  The  viUage  is  six  miles  of 
Ayr  on  the  road  leading  to  Glasgow'  by 
Kilmarnock.  In  the  sw  part  of  the  parish 
is  Bosemoui'.t,  the  elegant  seat  of  William 
Fullarton,  esquire. 

Symington,  a parish  in  Lanarkshire,  of  a 
circular  form,  three  miles  in  diameter,  situ- 
ated on  the  banks  of  the  Clyde,  near  Carn- 
wath,  including  a part  of  the  mountain  Tinio. 
Near  the  village  is  place  called  Casilehill, 
which  seems  once  to  have  been  a place  of 
strength.  The  surface  is  well  cultivated. 
Population  about  303. 

Sympheropol,  the  capital  of  Crimea,  or 
Russian  of  Taurida,  on  the  Salgir,  the  chief 
river  of  the  province.  The  houses  are  of 
stone  and  roofed  with  tiles  after  the  manner 
of  the  ancient  Greeks.  The  houses  of  the 
governor.  Judges,  and  other  officers,  ax© 


s z u 

feandsome.  The  Akhmetchet,  or  old  Tar- 
tar,  part  of  the  town,  is  ill  built,  and  dirty. 
The  environs  are  charming,  and  two  miles 
E of  the  city,  is  the  mountain  Tchatirdagh, 
the  highest  in  Crimea,  and  the  Mons  Bero- 
sus  of  the  ancients,  65  miles  w by  s of  Caf- 
fa,  and  90  s by  e of  Precop.  Lon.  34  0 e, 

lat.  44  52  K.  , t . r 

SYPOMBA,  an  island  on  the  coast,  ot 

Brazil,  in  South  America,  about  seven  lea- 
gues NE  of  St.  JohiPs  Island. 

Syracuse,  an  ancient,  strong,  and  famous 
city  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Noto,  and  a bishop’s 
see,  with  a fine  large  harbour,  defended  by  a 
pastle,  stcinds  near  the  sea.  It  was  once 
deemed  one  of  the  most  famous  cities  in  the 
world,  and  w'as  the  capital  of  the  island,  but 
hy  earthquakes,  tyranny,  and  war  it  is  not 
one  fourth  of  its  former  size.  The  temple 
of  Minerva,  built  700  years  before  Christ 
is  converted  into  the  cathedral.  Besides 
this  there  are  many  other  antiquities.  Here 
is  a pearl  fishery,  a powder  manufacture,  apd 
a trade  in  wine,  oil,  hemp,  salt,  nitre,  and 
salted  Tunny.  In  1718,  the  English  ob- 
tained a victory  over  the  Spaniards  in  a sea- 
fight,  near  this  place.  It  is  82  miles  s by 
w of  Messina.  Lon.  15  30  E,  lat.  37  5 n. 

SYRIA,  or  SURISTAN,  a province  of 
Turkey  in  Asia,  bounded  on  the  s by  Arabia 
Petraea,  on  the  w by  the  Mediterranean,  and 
X by  Natolia  and  Diarbeck,  e by  part  of 
Diarbeck  and  the  deserts  of  Arabia ; under 
the  general  name  of  Syria,  was  included 
ancient  Phenicia,  lying  s of  Syria  proper. 
It  abounds  in  oil,  corn,  and  several  sorts  ot 
fruits,  but  its  fine  vallies  and  sides  of  moun- 
tains would  be  much  more  productive,  by 
proper  cultivation.  The  inhabitants  have  a 
trade  in  silk,  and  camlets,  and  salt.  In  the 
reign  of  Ptolomy,  Syria,  after  being  sub- 
jected to  a succession  of  foreign  nations, 
became  a province  of  the  Roman  empire. 
Five  hundred  years  after  it  was  annexed  to 
the  empire  of  Constantinople,  In  1622  it 
was  laid  waste  by  the  Arabian  tribes  un- 
der the  banners  of  Mahomed.  It  suffered 
in  the  civil  wars  of  the  Fatemites  and  On- 
imgades,  was  taken  by  the  Turkmen  sol- 
diers, invaded  by  the  crusaders,  ravaged  by 
Tamerlane,  and  at  length  fell  upwards  of 
three  centuries  ago  into  the  hands  of  the  Ot- 
toman Turks.  It  is  divided  into  five  pacha- 
lics,  or  governments;  Aleppo,  Trppoli,  Da- 
mascus, Acre,  and  Palestine.  Aleppq  is 
the  capital. 

Syriam,  a large  town  of  Pegu,  at  the  head 
of  a river  of  its  name,  opposite  the  mouth 
of  Pegu  river  two  miles  to  the  s is  the  great 
Pagoda  of  Syriam,  eight  miles  k by  x of 
Rangoon.  Lon.  96  17  e,  lat,  16  50  n. 

Sziidecky  a town  in  the  palatinate  of 
Sirailia,  Poland,  22  miles  ne  of  Siradia. 

Szeged.  See  Zegedin. 

Szucca,  a town  of  VYeslern  Prussia,  in 
the  palatinate  of  Culm,  on  the  Vi.'.tula,  12 
mdes  s by  w ot  Culm. 

14 


tab 


TAAFE,  a very  rapid  river  of  Glamor 
gaiishire,  in  South  Wales,  W'hich  enters 
the  sea  at  Cardiff. 

Taaif,  a town  of  Arabia,  in  the  provinca 
of  Hedjas,  seated  on  a lofty  mountain.  It 
has  a considerable  trade  in  almonds,  fruits, 
aqd  raisitis,  and  is  60  miles  se  ofMaela. 

Tdds,  a city  in  Yemen,  Arabia,  with  a 
fortress,  seated  at  the  foot  of  a fertile  hill. 
Here  is  the  tomb  of  a saint,  who  is  said  to 
have  been  king  of  the  country,  48  miles  ene 
of  Mocha.  Lon.  44  10  k,  lat.  13  45  x. 

Taata,  a town  of  Upper  Egypt,  about  a 
mile  from  the  river  Nile,  with  many  curioug 
remains  of  antiquity,  and  is  the  residence  o 
a governor.  It  is  200  miles  s of  Cairo. 
Lon.  31  25  e,  lat.  26  56  n. 

TAAWIRRY,  one  of  two  small  islands 
within  the  reef  of  the  island  of  Otaheite 
in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean.  ^ 

Tabaehasan,  a tow'n  of  Asia,  about  50 
miles  from  Adana, 

Tabaco,  or  Tahago,  an  island  in  the  bay 
of  Panama,  about  four  miles  long  and  three 
broad.  It  is  woody  and  abounds  with 
fruit  trees.  Lon.  80  0 w’,  lat.  8 48  n. 

TA BARCA,  an  island  on  the  coast  of 
Barbary,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Zaiue.  It 
was  fortified  and  had  a populous  city  of  its 
name  when  in  possession  of  the  Genoese. 
In  1757,  when  the  Genoese  attempted  to 
cede  the  island  to  France,  the  inhabitants 
surrendered  the  city  to  Tunis,  and  werp 
cruelly  deceived  by  the  Bey,  who  raised  the 
fortifications,  and  made  the  greater  part  of 
the  inhabitants  slaves.  Coral  is  fished  fox 
on  its  coast.  It  is  10  miles  w of  Tunis. 
Lon.  8 58  e,  lat,  37  10  N. 

Tabaria  ; See  Tiberias, 

Tubas,  a city  in  Chorazan,  Persia,  stands 
near  the  s borders  pf  the  province,  amid  a 
range  of  hills,  has  a frade  with  Herat  and 
Yeza,  and  coptaips  about  20,000  inhabi- 
tants, 1 20  miles  of  Yeza,  and  170  sw  of 
Herat. 

TABASCO,  a province  of  New  Spain, 
bounded  on  the  s by  Chiapa,  w by  Guaxaca, 
E by  Jucatan,  and  x by  the  bay  ol  Cam- 
peachy.  There  is  rain  every  day  for  nine 
months  in  the  year,  and  February,  Marcli, 
and  April  are  very  hot.  It  abounds  in  (Ce- 
dars, brasil  and  other  kinds  ot  wood,  but 
maize,  rice,  pepper,  and  Cocoa  n»Us  consti- 
tute its  chief  riches. 

Tabasco,  capital  of  the  above  province, 
seated  on  an  i.sland  ot  its  name,  fi>rmed  hy 
the  river  Tabasco,  that  of  St.  Peter  and  .St. 


I 

I 


Paul,  and  the  bay  of  Campeachy,  ihc  Sj.a- 
niards  call  it  Neuestra  Seuora  de  la  Vitio 
ria,  irom  a great  victory  obtained  here  Vy 
Cortes  on  his  first  arrival;  27U  miles  XEuf 
Cheapa.  Lon.  98  30  e,  lat.  J8  34  x. 

Z z 


TAG 

TahasseraUj  capital  of  a district  in  Da- 
gbestan,  and  the  centre  of  the  commerce  be- 
tween Daghestan  and  Persia.  It  stands  on 
the  Girgeri,  50  miles  ssw  of  Derbend,  and 
90  NNW  of  Schamachi. 

Taber Qy  a town  in  Smoland,  Sweden, 
celebrated  for  rich  iron  mines,  10  miles  s 
of  Jonkoping. 

TABLE  ISLANDy  one  of  the  New  He- 
Ibrides,  in  the  Pacific  ocean.  Lon.  16T  7 e, 
lat.  15  3$  s. 

Taboo,  a town  of  Cassna,  capital  of  a 
territory,  Tying  to  the  e of  Zahara,280  miles 
K by  w of  Agades.  Lon.  12  10  e,  lat.  24  0 n. 

Tabor,  a town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle 
of  Bechin,  stands  on  a mountain  of  the  same 
name  by  the  river  Luschnitz.  It  was  for- 
tified by  the  Hussites,  under  their  celebrated 
general  Zisca,  and  became  their  principal 
retreat.  It  is  11  miles  nne  of  Bechin. 

Tabriz,  or  Tauris,  capital  of  Aderbijan, 
Persia,  stands  in  a fertile  plain,  near  the 
foot  of  a mountain,  watered  by  the  rivulet 
Spinatcha,  which  passes  through  it,  and  the 
river  Agi,  that  flows  on  the  nw  side  of  the 
city,  in  its  course  to  the  lake  Urmia. 
Tabriz  is  no  more  the  magnificent  city  de- 
scribed to  Chardin  ; all  its  large  buildings 
having  been  destroyed  by  earthquakes.  In 
1724,  nearly  100,000  of  its  inhabitants 
perished  by  an  earthquake,  which  did  im- 
mense damage  to  the  houses.  In  the  sub- 
sequent siege  and  capture  by  the  Turks, 
and  by  other  earthquakes,  it  was  reduced  to 
an  insignificant  place.  About  the  year 
1804,  when  Abbas  Mirza,  the  heir  apparent 
of  the  crown,  was  appointed  to  the  govern- 
ment of  Aderbijan,  he  made  Tabriz  his 
capital  and  began  to  repair  the  w-alls,  three 
miles  in  circuit,  erected  a new  citadel,  and 
many  new  buildings.  Here  is  a bazar  that 
reaches  the  whole  length  of  the  city,  and 
12  public  bathl:,  some  of  which  are  elegant. 
There  are  no  mosques  worthy  of  notice 
except  the  ruin  of  a large  one  that  was  de- 
stroyed by  an  earthquake  in  1778.  The 
famous  marble  of  Tabriz  is  found  on  the  e, 
borders  of  the  lake  Urmia.  The  town  is 
environed  by  gardens  stored  with  fruit  trees, 
and  the  banks  of  every  stream  are  covered 
with  poplars,  with  which  all  the  timber 
W'ork  of  the  houses  is  supplied.  The  inha- 
bitants have  a trade  in  cloth,  cotton,  and 
silks,  290  miles  nw  of  Teheran.  Lon.  46 
37  E,  lat.  38  10  n. 

Tacames,  or  Atacames,  a sea  port  and 
capital  of  a jurisdiction  of  its  name,  in  the 
audience  of  Quito,  Peru,  seated  on  a bay  of 
the  Pacific  ocean,  to  which  it  gives  name, 
120  miles  nw  of  Quito.  Lon.  79  30  w,  lat 
0 52  N. 

Tacazze,  a river  that  has  its  source  in 
Abysinia,  runs  nw  in  Nubia,  and  enters  the 
Nile  at  Ilak. 

Tachau,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Pilsen, 
Bohemia,  ou  the  river  Mies,  28  miles  w of 
Pilsen. 

Tatunga,  capital  of  a province  of  its 


TAG 

name,  in  the  kingdom  of  Quito,  seated  in  a 
valley ; rich  in  corn  and  cattle.  The 
houses  are  low,  but  handsome,  built  of 
pumice  stone  and  arched,  and  the  streets  are 
wide,  50  miles  s by  w of  Quito. 

Tadcaster,  a town  in  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire.  It  has  a weekly  market  on 
Thursday,  and  four  annual  fairs.  The 
neighbourhood  abounds  in  limestone.  It  is 
seated  on  the  wharf,  nine  miles  sw  of  York, 
and  187  N by  w of  London. 

Tadmor.  See  Palmyra, 

Tadivan,  or  Taduan,  a town  of  Farsistan, 
Persia,  .seated  in  a fertile  valley,  60  miles 
s of  Shiras. 

Tadousac,  a town  of  Lower  Canada,  on 
the  Saguenay,  at  its  conflux  with  the  St. 
Laurence,  has  a harbour  for  the  largest 
vessels,  and  a fort  on  a rock,  hither  the  In- 
dians bring  furs  to  exchange  for  cloth  and? 
other  commodities,  125  miles  ne  of  Que-. 
bee.  Lon.  69  16  w,  lat.  48  2 n. 

Tajalla,  a town,  in  Navarre,  Spain,  on 
the  Cidazzo,  with  a university.  Here,, 
Charle.s  I V.  king  of  Naxarre,  built  a palace, 
in  which  he  resided,  and  Philip  IV.  gave  it 
the  name  of  a city  ; the  viainUy  yields  good: 
wine,  18  miles  s of  Pamplona.  Lon.  I 36; 
w,  lat.  42  29  n. 

TAFILET,  or  Tafilelt,  a kingdom  of 
Barhary,  in  the  dominions  of  the  emperor 
of  Morocco,  on  (he  e side  of  mount  Atlas* 
It  is  mountainous  and  sandy,  but  wheat  and 
barley  are  produced  near  the  rivers,  hor.«8s 
are  bred  to  sell  to  foreigners,  and  the  inha- 
bkaats  subsist  on  camels  flesh  and  dates. 
It  is  divided  into  three  provinces,  Dras, 
Saro,  and  Tuet.  The  Arabs  live  in  tent.®,, 
and  the  Beriberics,  the  ancient  inhabitants 
dwell  in  villages.  Tafilet  is  the  capital* 
It  is  a trading  place,  has  a castle,  seated  on 
a river  of  its  name,  and  is  340  miles  s of 
Fez,  and  275  se  of  Morocco.  Lon.  4 20  w', 
lat.  30  40  N. 

Taganrog,  a sea  port  and  fort  of  Russia, 
on  a promontory  at  the  nw  extremity  of  the 
sea  of  Asoph.  It  is  large  and  commodious, 
has  a considerable  trade  with  Constantin 
nople  and  the  Archipelago.  Here  ship- 
building is  carried  on,  and  the  produce  of 
Russia  is  brought  hither  by  water.  The 
Calmucs  have  extensive  settlements  in  its 
vicinity,  36  miles  vf  by  n of  Rastof.  Lon. 
42  6 E,  lat.  47  10  n. 

Tagaost,  or  Tagavasf,  a large  town  of 
Morocco,  in  the  kingdom  of  Sus,  said  by 
some  to  be  the  birth  place  of  ^t.  Augustin. 
Here  many  Jews  reside  and  carry  on  a 
considerable  trade.  It  is  situated  in  a rich 
plain,  37  miles  s of  Tarudant.  Lon.  8 5 w> 
lat.  29  23  N. 

Tage,  a large  town  of  Arabia  Felix. 
Lon  42  5 e,  lat.  21  45  x. 

Taghmon,  a town  in  the  county  of  Wex- 
fotd,  Leinster,  wliich,  before  the  union,  \va.s 
; repre.sented  by  two  rnend)Hrs  in  the  Iri^h 
• parlrument,  seven  miles  w’  ot  Wexford, 
j Tagliacozzo,  t\  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruz- 


T A I 

20  Ultra,  18  miles  sw  of  Aquila,  and  33  enk 
of  Rome.  .... 

Tafjliamento,  a river  of  Italy,  whicb  has 
its  source  in  the  Alps,  on  the.  borders  ot  Ger- 
many, and  flows  s through  Friuli,  and  Tre- 
visano, into  the  gulf  of  Venice. 

Ta^nmadtrt,  a town  of  Morocco,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Darah,  seated  on  the  Darah, 
has  a strong  castle  on  a mountain,  20  miles 
s of  Tattah.  Lou.  6 43  w,  lat.  2T  10  N. 

Tahooray  or  Tahoorowa,  one  of  the 
smallest  of  the  Sandwich  islands,  nine 
miles  distant  frOm  the  sw  part  of  Mowee, 
with  a barren  and  sandy  soil,  destitute  of 
wood.  Lon.  176  15  w,  lat.  20  33  n. 

Tai,  a lake  of  China,  situated  in  the 
provinces  of  Kiang-nan  and  Tche-kiang, 
150  miles  in  circuit,  and  75  se  of  Nan- 

Taicfy  a town  of  Arabia,  Deserta,  with 
a castle  on  a mountain,  60  miles  sk  of 
Mecca. 

Taillehourg,  a town  in  the  department  ot 
Lower  Charente,  France,  stands  on  the 
Charente,  eight  miles  n of  Saintes,  and  30 
SE  of  Rochelle. 

Tain,  a royal  burgh,  and  sea  port  in 
Ross-shire,  on  the  frith  of  Dornoch,  some- 
times called  the  frith  of  Tain.  'I  he  town 
has  a considerable  tract  of  land  and  a 
muscle  fishery  in  the  frith,  belonging  to  the 
community.  Here  is  a large  square  tower 
adorned  with  five  spires,  and  a handsome 
church,  which  has  stood  400  years.  Here 
was  a chapel  dedicated  to  St.  Duthus,  to 
which  James  IV.  is  said  to  have  walked  on 
foot  from  Falkland,  by  way  of  Penance. 
On  the  E is  a fishing  village  called  Inver,  and 
four  miles  w is  a ferry  across  the  frith  to 
Sutherland.  It  is  the  county  town,  and 
joins  with  Dingwall,  Dornoch,  Kirkwall, 
and  Wick,  in  sending  a member  to  parlia- 
ment. It  lies  12  miles  n of  Cromarty,  and 
contains  1250  inhabitants.  The  principal 
branches  of  industry  are  spinning  flax,  and 
tanning  leather.  The  parish  ot  Tain  ex- 
‘ends  along  the  frith  of  Dornoch,  eight 
miles  in  length,  and  tw^o  in  breadth.  Po- 
pulation of  the  town  and  parish  in  1801, 
2277,  and  in  1811,  2384.  The  town  is  10 
miles  N of  Cromarty,  20  e of  Dingwall, 
and  200  knw'  of  Edinburgh.  Lou.  3 51  w, 
lat.  57  46  N. 

Tujo,  anciently  called  Tagus,  a river  of 
.Spain,  which  has  its  .source  on  the  borders 
of  Aragon,  fiows  through  New  Castile  by 
Arunjuer,  Toledo,  and  Talavera,  crosses 
Estreniadura,  by  Alcantara,  into  Portugal  ; 
it  washes  Abralites  and  Santareni,  forms  a 
small  bay,  which  serves  for  the  harbour  of 
Lisbon,  and  10  miles  lower  it  falls  into  the 
Allantic  ocean. 

Tai-ouan,  a city  and  sea  port,  capital 
of  the  island  of  Formosa.  Some  of  the 
5’ reels  are  above  two  miles  long,  from  30  to 
40  feet  broad,  and  quite  straight.  During 
six  months  of  the  year  they  are  covered  with 
ftwnings  to  defend  the  passengers  from  the 


T A L 

heat  of  the  sun.  It  is  seated  on  the  w side 
of  the  island,  and  has  a harbour  well  .sheU 
tered  from  the  wund.  Lon.  120  30  e,  lat, 

23  25  N. 

Taiping,  a city  of  the  first  rank,  in  the 
province  of  Kiannan,  China,  on  the  Kian- 
ku,  25  miles  ssw  of  Nan-king.  Lon.  119 
15  E,  lat.  32  23  n. 

Taiping,  a city  of  the  first  rank  in 
province  of  Quang-si,  China,  stands  on  a 
point  of  land  nearly  sunouncied  by  a jiver, 
380  miles  w by  s of  Canton.  Lon.  107  0 E, 
lat.  22  36  N, 

Taitcheou,  a city  of  China,  of  the  first 
rank,  in  the  province  of  Tche-kiang,  stands 
on  the  bank  of  a river,  in  a mountainous 
country,  720  miles  sse  of  Peking.  Lon. 

121  2 E,lat.  28  55  N. 

Taitong,  a city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  the  province  of  Ghansi,  in  a mountainous 
country,  near  the  great  wall,  J55  miles  w 
of  Peking.  Lon.  1 13  0 e,  lat.  40  5 n. 

Tai-yuen,  capital  of  the  province  of 
Chansi,  China,  nine  miles  in  circuit,  but 
much  fallen  off  since  it  was  the  residence  of 
the  princes  of  the  last  imperial  family  of 
Tai-ming  tebao,  230  miles  sw  of  Peking. 
Lon.  Ill  56  E,  lat.  37  54  N. 

Talacundu,  a town  in  Mysore,  Hindoo- 
stan,  seated  on  the  n bank  of  the  cavery, 
with  a celebrated  temple,  and  the  tops  of 
some  others  are  visible  between  the  town 
and  the  river,  which  for  many  years  have 
been  overwhelmed  by  sand  hills,  24  miles 
ESE  of  Mysore. 

Talavera  de  la  Reyna,  a town  of  Spain > 
in  New  Castile,  with  a fort,  seated  on  the 
Tajo  in  a valley  abounding  in  corn,  fruits, 
and  excellent  wine.  It  has  a fort,  and 
manufactures  gf  silk  and  pottery.  On  the 
27th  and  28th  of  July,  1809,  a battle  was 
fought  here  betw^een  the  British  under  Sir 
Arthur  Wellesley,  (now  the  duke  of  Wel- 
lington) and  the  French  under  Joseph  Bo- 
naparte, aided  by  Victor,  Soult,  and  Sebas- 
tiaui,  in  which  the  latter  were  completely 
defeated.  Talavera  lies  58  miles  sv/  of 
Madrid.  Lon.  4 I w,  lat.  39  41  n. 

Talaveruela,  a town  of  Spain,  in  Estre- 
madura,  seated  on  the  Guadiana,  14  miles 
E of  Badajos. 

Talbert’s  Island,  is  on  the  coast  of  Geor- 
gia in  lat.  about  30  44  N. 

Talca,  the  capital  of  the  province  of 
Maule,  Chili,  seated  amid  hills,  on  the 
Maule,  with  a fort,  and  numerous  gold 
mines  in  the  vicinity.  Provisions  are  plenti- 
ful, and  the  population  numerous,  140  miles 
s by  w of  St.  Jago.  Lon.  71  I w,  lat.  35 
13  s. 

Talca guana,  a sea  port  near  the  ruins  of 
the  old  city  of  conception,  stands  on  the  se 
shore  of  the  bay  of  coneeptiou,  Chili,  now 
the  only  Spanish  settlement  in  the  bay,  nine 
miles  from  the  new  city  of  Conception. 
Lon.  72  30  w,  lat.  36  42  s. 

Tali,  a city  of  the  first  rank  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Yun-nan,  China.  Here  are  made 

;z  z 2 


T A M 

curious  tables  of  fine  marble  shaded  with 
diiTtrent  colours  representiuj^  mountains, 
rivers,  trees,  and  flowers,  160  miles  wnw 
of  Yun-nan.  Lon.  100  6 e,  lat.  24  54  n. 

Tallaghy  or  Tallow ^ a ]3orough  of  Ire- 
land, in  the  county  of  Waterford,  seated 
near  the  river  Bride,  with  a castle  in  ruins. 
It  sent  two  members  to  the  Irish  parliament. 
On  the  N side  of  the  Bride  is  a village  called 
Tallowbridge,  six  miles  ssw  of  Lismore, 
and  26  ENE  of  Cork. 

Tallano,  a sea  port  of  Corsica,  on  the 
jg^ulf  of  Tallano,  24  miles  nnw  of  Bonifacio. 
Lon.  9 18  E,  lat.  41  20  n, 

Tallerd,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Upper  Alps,  France,  on  the  Durance,  10 
miles  s of  Gap,  and  47  s of  Grenoble. 

Talmont,  a sea  port  in  the  department  of 
Lower  Charente,  France,  with  a harbour, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Gironde,  20  miles  sw 
of  Saintes,  and  260  sw  of  Paris. 

Tamalameca , or  Tamaleque^  an  inland 
city,  in  the  province  of  St.  Martha,  on  the 
cocist  of  Terra  Firma,  on  the  Madalena, 
140  miles  s of  St.  Martha.  Lon.  74  15  w, 
lat.  9 6 N. 

Taman,  a town  in  the  province  of  Cau- 
casia Russia,  with  a fort,  on  the  s side  of  a 
bay  of  the  black  sea,  and  on  the  site  of  the 
ancient  Phanagora,  of  which  there  are 
vestiges  still  remaining.  The  town  stands 
a mile  w of  the  fort,  near  the  entrance  of 
the  bay,  from  the  strait  that  leads  into  the 
sea  of  Asoph,  and  10  s by  e of  Yenikale, 
in  Crimea.  Lon.  36  24  e,  lat.  45  5 n. 

Taman,  Strait  of,  a channel  that  forms 
the  communication  betw^een  the  sea  of 
Asoph  and  the  Black  sea,  and  separates 
Europe  from  Asia.  It  is  the  ancient  Cim- 
merian Bosphorus.  The  bay  of  Taman 
extends  e from  the  Strait. 

Tamanah,  a town  in  Concan,  Hindoostan, 
seated  at  the  mouth  of  a river,  24  miles  s 
by  e of  Gheriah. 

Tamar,  a considerable  river  that  rises  in 
the  N part  of  Cornwall,  and  flowing  s,  sepa- 
rates Cornwall  from  Devonshire,  and  forms 
the  harbour  of  Hamvaze  at  Plymouth.  On 
its  banks  is  much  Romantic  scenery. 

Tamara,  a sea  port  of  Asia,  on  the  n 
coast  of  the  island  of  Socotora,  lying  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Red  Sea.  It  has  a good 
harbour,  and  a trade  in  aloes,  frankincense, 
ambergrise,  and  DragoiFs  blood.  Lon.  53 
45  E,  lat.  1 1 56  N. 

Tamarachenj,  a town  in  Malabar,  Hin- 
doostan, 17  miles  ke  of  Calicut. 

TAMARA  ISLANDS,  on  the  coast  of 
Guinea,  near  Sierra  Leone.  Ships  obtain 
refreshments  here,  as  well  as  gold  and 
elephants  teeth. 

TAMARICA,  an  island  on  the  coast  of 
Brazil,  n of  Pernambuco,  about  24  miles 
in  length.  A rich  island  of  its  name,  10 
miles  long  and  two  broad,  in  which  is  the 
capital,  seated  on  an  eminence,  with  two 
forts,  and  a good  harbour,  forms  the  princi- 


TAN 

pal  part  of  the  government.  Lon.  35  5 w, 
lat.  7 56  s. 

Tamhof,  a town  of  Russia,  capital  of  a 
government  of  its  name,  stands  on  the  Tzna, 
j which  falls  into  the  Mokscha,  s a bishop’s 
see,  228  miles  se  of  Moscow.  Lou.  41  4 k, 
lat.  52  48  N. 

Tame,  a town  and  river.  See  Thame 

Tame,  a river  which  has  its  source  irr 
StaflTordshire,  and  entering  Warwickshire, 
runs  first  e and  then  n till  it  re-enter  its 
native  county  at  Tam  worth,  below  w'hich 
it  joins  the  Trent,  seven  miles  above  Bur- 
ton. 

Tamtagua,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Panuca,  New’  Spain,  on  an  isthmus  between 
the  gulf  of  Mexico,  and  an  arm  of  the  sea, 
of  the  same  name,  100  miles  sse  of 
Panuco. 

Tamieli,  a towm  on  a canal  w^hich  com- 
municates with  the  Nile,  Egypt,  12  miles 
NE  of  Fa  you  m. 

Taminga,  a tow’n  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Pekin.  Lon.  114  35  e,  lat.  38 
56  N. 

Tammata  Pappa,  a low’  i.«land  of  the 
I North  Pacific  Ocean,  near  the  Sandwich 
islands* 

Tammtoul,  sometimes  called  Tomantoul, 
a small  village  in  the  county  of  Banff.  It 
contains  220  inhabitants,  is  on  the  great 
road  to  Inverness,  has  a protestant  chapel, 
a popish  meeting  bouse,  a society  school, 
and  two  well  frequented  fairs. 

Tampico,  a towm  in  the  province  of 
Panuco,  New  Spain,  near  the  gulf  of  Mexi- 
co, on  an  isthmus,  formed  by  the  sea,  and 
the  lake  of  Tamiagua,  30  miles  e by  s of 
Panuco. 

Tamtallan,  an  ancient  castle,  on  a penin- 
sular rook,  demolished  in  1639,  by  the  cove- 
naters,  the  marquis  of  Douglas  its  owner 
having  been  a royalist,  two  miles  e of  North 
Berwick. 

Tamworth,  a town  in  Staffordshire, 
situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Tame 
^ and  Anker,  near  the  grand  navigable  ca- 
nal. The  E part  of  the  town  is  in  War- 
w’iek.shire.  Tamworth  castle  is  the  seat  of 
the  earl  of  Leicester.  In  its  ancient  church 
are  several  curious  monuments.  Here  is  an 
old  tower  said  to  have  been  built  by  queen 
Ethelfleda.  The  trade  principally  consists 
in  calico  printing,  the  manufacture  of  super- 
; fine  narrow’  w'oollens,  and  extensive  taii- 
I vvorks.  The  town  is  governed  by  two 
I bailiffs,  and  24  principal  burges.ses,  and 
j returns  tw  o members  to  parliament.  It  lias 
a weekly  market  on  Saturday,  and  threo 
annual  fairs,  and  lies  eight  miles  se  of 
Litchfield,  and  1 15  nw  of  London. 

Tanaro,  i\  river  which  has  its  source  in 
Piedmont,  and  pas.sing  Cherasco,  Alba, 
Asti,  and  Alexandria,  iinite.s  with  the  Po 
below’  Valeiiza.  It  gives  name  to  a new 
department  of  France,  iiududing  part  of 
Piedmont,  of  which  the  capital  is  Asti. 


TAN 


TAP 


Tanasserim,  a town  of  Asia,  the  king- 
dom of  Siam,  220  miles  sw  of  Siam.  Lon. 
98  0 E,  lat.  1 1 50  N. 

Tancosy  a town  in  Estremadnra,  Portu- 
j^al,  6a  the  Terara,  near  its  junction  with 
the  Po,  12  miles  sse  of  Tomar. 

Tancrowall,  a town  of  Negroland,  situa- 
ted on  the  Ganiliia,  It  is  divided  into  two  j 
parts,  one  inhabited  by  Portuguese,  and  the 
other  by  Mundingoes.  Here  the  English 
have  a fort.  Lou.  14  2T  w,  lat.  13 
10  y. 

Tanday  or  Tanrahy  a town  of  Hindoostan, 
in  Bengal,  of  which  Soubah  was  the  capital 
in  the  1 7th  century.  There  is  little  remain- 
ing of  it  except  the  rampart,  nor  is  it  cer- 
tainly known  when  it  was  deserted.  It  is 
situated  on  the  e side  of  the  Ganges,  120 
miles  Nw  of  Dacca.  Lon.  87  56  e,  lat.  23 
35  y. 

TANDAYE,  one  of  the  most  easterly  of 
the  Philippine  islands.  It  is  125  miles  in  | 
length,  and  100  in  breadth.  Lon.  124  56  e,  j 
lat.  12  36  y. 

Tanderagecy  a town  in  Armagh,  on  the  j 
Newry  canal,  with  an  extensive  linen  manu-  | 
facture,  and  a good  trade,  eight  miles  e of  j 
Hamilton’s  Bawn,  13  nnw  of  Newry,  and  76 
N of  Dublin. 

Taneytown,  a town  in  Frederic  county, 
Maryland,  27  miles  n by  e of  Frederic- 
town. 

Tangermundey  a populous  town  in  the 
Old  Mark,  Brandenburg,  at  the  junction  of 
the  Tanger  and  Elbe,  with  a castle.  It  is  28 
miles  yE  of  Magdeburg- 

Tangiery  a sea  port  of  Africa,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Fez,  seated  on  the  strait  of 
Gibraltar,  is  surrounded  by  a wall,  and  has 
a castle.  It  is  the  residence  of  the  consuls 
of  the  powers  who  are  in  amity  with  the 
Emperor,  and  their  houses  are  built  in  the 
European  style.  The  habitations  of  the 
Moors  are  handsome.  Provisions  being 
plentiful  and  cheap,  are  exported  to  the 
opposite  coasts.  The  water  is  excellent  and 
the  air  healthful.  In  1471,  it  Was  taken 
by  the  Portuguese,  and  given  as  a dower  to 
princess  Catharine,  on  her  marriage  with 
Charles  I.  of  England,  who  did  not  think 
it  worth  the  expense  of  retaining,  and  caused 
the  works  to  be  blown  up  in  1683  ; 140 
miles  N by  w of  the  city  of  Fez.  Lon.  5 
50  w,  lat.  35  49  y. 

TANGOLA,  or  Taxgolataxge,  an 
island  in  the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  on  the 
w coast  of  New  Mexico,  It  is  about  60 
miles  w of  Guatimala. 

Tx\NJOP^E,  a fertile  province  of  the 
peninsula  of  Hindoostan,  on  the  coast  of 
Coromandel,  05  miles  long,  and  50  lirond. 
It  is  an  appendage  of  the  Carnatic*,  but  sub- 
ject to  its  own  rajah,  who  pays  an  annual 
subsidy  to  the  English  E Tntlia  Company. 

TanjorCy  the  capital  of  the  above  pro- 
vince, stands  on  a branch  of  the  Cavery. 
The  palace  is  a grand  square  surrounded  by 
a.  wall  and  a wet  ditch,  156  miles  s by  w 


of  Madras,  and  166  se  of  Seringapatant, 
Lon.  79  12  e,  lat.  10  46  y. 

Tankersleify  a town  in  Yorkshire,  twc^ 
miles  E of  Wortley,  with  a park  noted  for 
red  deer,  said. to  be  the  ftoest  in  England. 

Tankidy  or  Tinkia-ling,  a town  of  Thibet^ 
with  a fortress,  at  the  foot  of  a mountainy 
275  miles  w by  s of  Lassa.  Lon.  ST  22  Ey 
lat.  29  5 y. 

TANNA,  a considerable  island  in  th© 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  oue  of  the  New  He- 
brides, has  a volcano  and  some  hot  springs. 
It  was  discovered  by  Captain  Cook,  in  ITTly 
who  called  the  harbour  where  he  hty,  Port 
Resolution,  from  the  name  of  his  ship.  Jfc 
is  22  miles  long,  and  10  broad.  The  inha- 
bitants are  brave  and  hospitalde ; and  their 
arms  are  bows  and  arrows,  slings,  spearsy 
and  clubs*  Lon.  169  46  e,  lat.  19  30  s. 

Tanmiy  a towm  in  the  isle  of  Salsette^ 
Hindoostan,  on  the  e coast,  15  miles 
VE  of  Bombay.  Lon.  72  53  e,  lat.  19 
13  y. 

Tannadgce,  a parish  in  Forfarshire,  about 
12  miles  long,  and,  on  an  average  four 
broad,  partly  intersected  and  partly  watered 
on  the  s by  the  South  Esk.  Much  of  th© 
surface  is  hilly,  but  ihe  lands  near  the  river 
are  rich  and  productive.  Upon  a high  rock 
half  surrounded  by  this  river,  stood  the 
castle  of  Quieeh,  the  ancient  residence  of 
the  earls  of  Buchan.  In  the  village  of 
Tannadyce  some  osnahurgs  are  manufac- 
tured, Population  is  about  1,373. 

Tanore,  a sea  port  on  the  coast  of  Mala- 
I bar,  28  miles  sse  of  Calicut.  Lon.  75  50  e> 
[lat.  10  55  y. 

TAOO,  the  most  southern  of  the  Friendly 
islands^  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean.  It  is 
about  10  leagues  in  circuit,  and  of  a height 
1 sufficient  to  be  seen  12  leagues  off.  It  has 
i a good  anchorage  on  the  xw  side, 
j Taorminay  a sea  port  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di 
j Demona,  and  on  part  of  the  site  of  the 
I ancient  Tauromeniurn,  of  wffiicb  some  ot 
the  ruins  are  yet  visible.  It  stands  on  an 
I eminence,  at  the  foot  of  a high  rock,  at 
I the  head  of  a rocky  hay,  and  is  a strong 
I military  position,  32  miles  ssw  of  Messina, 
j Lon.  15  34  e,  lat.  38  21  n. 

! TaoSy  a town  on  a river  that  falls  into 
the  Rio  del  Norte,  New  Mexico,  80  miles  n 
of  St  Fe. 

TAOUKA,  an  island  in  the  South  Paci- 
fic Ocean,  one  of  the  Society  Islands,  65 
j leagues  NE  of  Otaheite.  Lon.  145  9 w,  lat. 


14  30  s. 

Tajp'loe,  a village  in  Buckinghamshire, 
on  a hill  on  tlie  Thames,  distinguished  by 
two  majestic  woodlands,  and  handsome 
villas,  one  mile  from  Maidenhead,  and  25 
w b)^  y of  London. 

Tapoovy  a town  in  Mysore,  Hindoostan. 

15  miles  ssw  of  Darampour,  and  83  kse 
of  Seringapatam. 

Tappahannocky  or  Hohe's  Hole,  a post 
town  ol  Virginia,  in  Essex  county,  stands 
in  a rich  plain,  on  the  sw  bank  of  the 


T A R 

Eappabaunoc,  and  has  some  export  trade. 
It  lies  54  miles  ne  of  Richmond.  Lou.  77 
12  w,  lat.  38  0 K. 

TappaUy  a town  of  Orange  county,  New 
York  state,  at  the  s end  of  the  Tappan  sea 
Here,  October  2nd,  1780,  major  Andre, 
having  been  taken  on  his  way  to  New  York, 
after  concerting  a plan  with  general  Arnold 
for  delivering  up  West  Point  to  the  British, 
was  tried,  and  executed  as  a spy.  It  is  Z5 
miles  N of  New  York. 

IWppanooly,  a sea  port  on  the  Small 
island  Punohongcacheel,  w side  of  Sumatra, 
with  a deep  bay,  capable  of  containing  the 
navies  of  Europe.  Here  the  English  E India 
Company  have  a factory.  It  was  taken  by 
the  French,  but  restored  at  the  peace  of 
1763.  Lon.  98  6 e,  lat.  I 40  N. 

Taptpy  a river  which  rises  at  Maltoy,  in 
county  of  Berar,  Hindoostan,  and  falls 
into  the  gulf  of  Cambay,  20  miles  below 
Surat.  At  its  mouth,  is  a tower  30  feet 
high,  erected  over  the  grave  of  an  English 
captain  of  the  name  of  Vaux,  and  called 
Vaux  Tomb.  It  serves  as  a mark  to  ships 
entering  the  road  of  Surat. 

Tarj  or  PimplicOj  a river  of  N Carolina, 
which  after  passing  Louisburg,  Tarborough, 
Greenville,  and  Washington,  enters  PimpiU 
co  sound,  40  miles  se  of  the  latter  town. 

Tarugalltty  a town  of  Africa,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Darah,  v/ith  a castle,  on  the 
Darab,  135  miles  w by  s of  Taiilet.  Lon. 
7 32  w,  lat.  27  25  K. 

Taraghy  a village  in  the  county  of  Meath, 
Ireland,  where,  according  to  tradition,  was 
a niagniiiceDt  palace  of  the  ancient  kings 
of  Ireland,  who  are  said  to  have  held  a par- 
liament here  once  in  three  years,  composed 
not  only  of  the  nobility  and  gentry,  but 
also  of  the  learned  and  ingenious,  w’ho,  with- 
out regard  to  former  laws  or  precedent, 
framed  laws  solely  for  the  public  good. 
The  church  stands  on  the  summit  of  a 
beautiful  hill,  in  the  vicinity,  about  six 
miles  s by  w of  Navan,  and  25  nw  of 
Dublin. 

Tarancony  a town  in  New  Castile,  Spain, 
40  miles  se  of  Madrid. 

TAR  ANSA  Y,  one  of  the  Northern  Harris 
isles,  high  and  rocky,  about  four  miles  long, 
and  one  broad,  and  has  the  remains  of  two 
chapels  ; the  soil  is  barren,  and  unlit  for 
cultivation.  Lon.  8 55  w,  lat.  58  2 n. 

TarantOy  a populous  sea  port  of  Naples, 
situated  on  a peninsula,  and  has  a strong 
castle.  This  town  gave  name  to  the  spiders 
called  Tarantulas,  whose  bite,  according 
to  fable,  was  only  to  be  cured  by  music 
and  dancing.  It  is  50  miles  se  of  Bari,  55 
Nw  of  Otranto,  and  150  e by  s of  Naples. 
Lon.  17  29  e,  lat.  40  35  n. 

Tararey  a town  in  the  department  of 
Rhone,  France,  at  the  foot  of  a mountain, 
20  miles  wnw  of  Lyon. 

TarasooUy  an  ancient,  populous,  and 
handsome  town  in  the  department  of  the 
Mouths  of  the  Rhone,  France,  wi'b  a castle, 


TAR 

on  the  Rhone,  opposite  Beaucaire,  whk 
which  it  communicates  by  a bridge  of 
boats.  It  has  a trade  in  silk  stuffs,  brandy, 
oil,  and  starch.  It  is  10  miles  n of  Arles, 
and  14  E by  s of  Nismes. 

TarascoHy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Arriege,  France,  on  the  Arriege,  seven  miles 
ssE  of  Foix. 

Tarazy  capital  of  Turkestan  Western 
Tartary,  seated  on  a river  which  joins  th® 
Sirr,  350  miles  n by  e of  Samarcantl.  Lon. 
66  30  E,  lat.  44  20  n. 

Tarazonoy  a strong  town  in  Arragon, 
Spain,  and  a bishop^s  see,  stands  partly  on  & 
rock,  and  partly  on  a fertile  plain,  13  miles 
sw  of  Tudela,  60  wnw  of  Saragossa,  and 
180  NE  of  Madrid.  Lon.  1 36  w,  lat.  42  2 n. 

Tarazontty  a town. in  Mancha,  Spain,  4S 
miles  NE  of  Alcarez,  and  54  s of  Cuenza. 

Tarbaty  a parish  partly  in  Ross-shire,  and 
partly  in  Cromartyshire,  about  seven  miles 
and  a-balf  long,  and  four  and  a-half  at  its 
greatest  breadth.  The^sea  coast  abounds 
with  gray  and  shelfish,  and  is  frequented  by 
seals,  porpoises,  and  whales,  and  by  im- 
mense flocks  of  wild  geese,  ducks,  swans, 
and  other  sea  and  land  birds.  The  lobster 
fishery  is  productive.  There  are  five  fishing 
villages  in  the  parish ; the  principal  harbour 
is  Port-Mabolmack,  The  air  is  salubrious, 
the  surface  agreeably  diversified,  and  the 
greater  part  of  the  soil  capable  of  cultiva- 
tion. There  is  great  almndance  of  marl 
and  freestone  here.  Fuel  is  scarce,  hemp 
and  flax  are  raised  and  spnn,  and  in  the  parish 
are  the  ruins  of  several  castles,  also  chaly- 
beate springs.  Population  is  about  1400. 

Tarbat  Ness,  the  ne  corner  of  the  above 
parish,  attached  to  it  by  a narrow  neck; 
on  its  NE  extremity  is  a narrow  creek, 
called  Castlehaven,  where  are  the  remains 
of  the  old  castle  of  Tarbat.  Lon.  3 20  w, 
lat.  57  34  N. 

Tarberty  or  Tarbety  a low  sandy  isthmus, 
about  a mile  broad,  which  connects  Kin- 
tyre  wuth  the  district  properly  called  Argyle, 
formerly  defended  by  a chain  of  forts.  One 
of  them  called  the  castle  of  Tarbert  is  a 
fine  ruin.  In  the  11th  century  the  Chieftaa 
McDonald  had  his  vessel  drawn  across  it  in 
lull  sail,  in  proof  that  K intyre  was  aa 
island^  and  so  belonged  to  him.  Near  the 
peninsula  is  a post  office  with  a mail  three 
times  a week ; 36  miles  nnw  of  Campbell- 
town  and  37  ssw  of  Inverary. 

Tarberty  a town  in  Kerry,  Munster,  seated 
on  the  Shannon,  with  a safe  harbour  at 
Tarbert  Point.  Here  is  a handsome  church, 
a good  inn,  and  neat  houses,  and  has  a chaly- 
beate spring  in  the  vicinity  ; 25  miles  nne 
of  Ratass,  35  w by  s of  Limerick,  and  156 
sw  of  Dublin. 

Tarbety  a populous  town,  capital  of  th© 
department  of  the  Upper  Pyrenees,  France, 
seated  in  rich  plain,  on  the  Adour,  has  a 
castle,  and  college,  and  was  lately  a bishop’s 
see.  It  is  42  miles  sw  of  Aucb,  Lon.  Q 
4 E,  lat.  43  14  N. 


4 


TAR 

TarhoUoitf  a parish  In  Ayrshire,  in  the 
district  of  Kyle,  about  seven  or  eight  miles 
loDO",  and  six  broad.  Here  is  a celebrated 
breed  of  cattle,  and  the  parish  is  famous  tor 
the  quantity  and  quality  of  its  cheese.  The 
villago  of  Tarbolton  is  neatly  built,  and 
contains  about  450  inhabitants.  In  it  is  a 
farmers  friendly  society,  a farmers  club  for 
the  diffusion  of  agricultural  knowledge,  and 
two  mason  lodges.  Near  it  is  an  erect 
stone,  venerated  as  the  monument  of  king 
Coilus,  and  at  a small  distance  the  ruins  of 
the  monastery  of  Feale.  It  lies  nine  miles 
K by  E of  the  town  of  Ayr,  Population 
about  1766. 

Tarborough,  a post  town  of  North  Caro- 
lina, on  the  Tar.  Here  are  collected  for 
exportation  large  quantities  of  beef,  pork, 
maize,  and  tobacco,  40  miles  nw  of  Wash- 
ington, and  56  e by  of  Ralegh..  Lon.  77 
65  w,  lat.  35  58  N. 

Tarettij  a city  iii.Laristan,  Persia,  with  a 
mud  fort,  seated  in  a plain,  abounding  with 
date  trees.  Though  meanly  built,  it  is  the 
residence  of  many  wealthy  merchants,  80 
miles  ENE  of  Lar. 

Tarento,  See  Taranto, 

Tar  gay  a town  of  Fez,  situated  on  the 
sea-coast,  has  a castle  on  a rock,  90  miles 
SE  of  Tangier.  Lon.  4 56  w,  lat.  35  20  n. 

Tariffay  a town  in  Andalusia,  Spain,  with 
a castle,  stands  on  an  eminence,  on  the 
etrait  of  Gibraltar.  In  the  beginning  of 
1812,  a French  army  invested  this  place, 
but  were  compelled  to  retreat,  by  the 
garrison,  composed  of  British  and  Spaniards, 
17  miles  wsw  of  Gibraltar,  and  52  se  of 
Cadiz.  Lon.  5 40  w,  lat.  38  5 n, 

Tarija  a town  of  Tucuman,  capital  of  a 
district  which  abounds  in  cattle  and  sheep, 
seated  on  the  St.  Juan,  196  miles  nne  ol 
St.  Salvador  de  Jujui.  Lou.  64  0 w,  lat.  21 
40  s. 

TarkUy  the  capital  of  a district  in 
Daghestan,  seated  in  a narrow  glen,  near 
the  Caspian  sea,  52  miles  ssk  of  Terki,  80 
Kw  Derbeud,  and  150  ne  Feflis.  Lon*  47 
5 E,  lat.  45  50  N. 

Tarland,  ,and  Migrgy  a mountainous 
parish  in  Aberdeenshire,  to  which  that  of 
Migvy  was  united.  The  united  parish  is  of 
a.  form  extremely  irregular,  and  a district 
belonging  to  Tarland,  lies  15  miles  nw  on 
the  N side  of  the  Don,  and  a part  of  Migvy 
several  miles  nw,  cut  off  by  intervening 
parishes.  There  is  a church  in  each  parish. 
The  villige  of  Tarland,  situated  nearly  in 
the  centre  of  the  district  of  Cromar,  is  a 
borough  of  barony,  with  a weekly  marker, 
and  six  annual  lairs,  containing  150  inha- 
bitants. Population  about  922. 

Tarleton,  a village  in  Lancashire,  w .side 
of  the  Douglas,  has  a mineral  well  re- 
sembling that  of  Scarborough,  eight  miles 
TJ  of  Orniskirk. 

TarmOy  e ipital  of  a jurisdiction  in  Peru, 
on  the  Cancliarnayo.  It  is  a populour  town, 
and  has  an  extensive  trade  in  woollen  cloth. 


TAR 

Here  are  excellent  pastures  and  numerous 
silver  mines,  1 10  miles  ene  of  Lima.  Lon* 

75  17  w,  iat.  11  s. 

Tarn  a department  of  France.  It  con- 
tains part  of  the  late  province  of  Languedoc, 
and  takes  us  name  from  a river,  which  has 
its  source  in  the  department  of  Lozhere,  and 
passing  Mithoud,  Alby,  Guillac,  Montaubon, 
and  Moissac,  falls  into  the  Garronne. 
Castres  is  the  capital. 

Tarn  and  GarronnCy  a department  of 
France  consisting  of  portions  detached  from 
the  departrnents  of  Lot,  Aveyron,  Gers,  and 
Upper  Garonne.  Montauben  is  the  capital. 

Tarnowitzy  a town  in  the  lordship  of 
of  Beuthen,  Silesia,  stands  near  the  borders 
of  Poland,  and  has  a valuable  irou  mine, 

38  miles  ese  of  Oppelen. 

Taro,  a new  department  of  France,  in- 
cluding the  duchy  of  Parma,  in  Italy,  and 
takes  its  name  from  a river,  which  rises  on 
the  s border,  and  runs  ne  to  the  Po. 

Taro  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  duehy  of 
Parma,  stands  near  the  source  of  the  Taro, 
28  miles  s of  Parma.  Lon.  10  9 e,  lufc.  44 
36  N. 

Taroga,  a town  in  Catalonia,  Spain,  !5 
miles  from  Lerida. 

Tarporley,  a town  in  Cheshire,  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday,  and  a manufacture  of 
stockings.  The  church  is  large  and  con- 
tains several  monuments ; 1 1 miles  esb  of 
Chester  and  178  nw  of  London. 

Tarragona,  an  ancient  sea-port  of  Spain,  in 
Catalonia,  and  an  arebbishop^s  see,  with  au 
university,  seated  on  a hill,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Francoli,  ou  the  Mediterranean.  It  has 
many  noble  monuments  of  Roman  antiquity, 
is  surrounded  by  walls,  and  has  some 
bastions.  It  is  neither  so  large  nor  so 
populous  as  it  was  formerly.  The  number 
of  houses  within  the  walls  is  600,  though 
there  be  room  for  2000.  They  are  all  con- 
structed with  large  square  stones.  The 
cathedral  is  of  elegant  gothic  architecture, 
and  of  vast  dimensions.  The  chapel,  built 
with  lich  marble  and  Jasper,  is  very  magni- 
ficent. The  exports  consist  of  brandy  and 
wunc.  In  1811,  the  French  took  this  city 
by  storm,  massacred  the  inhabitants,  and 
barm  their  houses.  It  is  35  miles  ne  of 
Tortosa,  57  wsw  of  Barcelona,  and  260 
E by  N of  Madrid,  Lon.  1 13  fi,  lat.  41 
5 N. 

Tarrega,  a town  in  Catalonia,  Spam, 
stands  on  a hill  by  the  river  Cervera,  15 
.miles  E by  s of  Lerida  33  n by  w of 
Tarragona. 

Tarsus.  See  Taresso. 

TART  ARY,  a country  of  Asia,  wdiich 
reaches  from  the  eastern  ocean  to  the  Cas- 
pian sea,  and  from  Corea,  China,  Thibet, 
Hindoostan,  a.nd  Persia,  to  Russia  and 
Siberia.  It  lies  betw’een  Ion.  55  and  135 
E,  and  between  lat.  35  and  55  n,  being 
3600  miles  in  length,  and  960  in  breadth, 
but  ill  ibe  narrowest  part  not  above  S30 
broad.  It  may  be  eoniid«red  under  two 


\' 


T A S 


T A V 


grand  divisions,  liamely  Eastern  and  i 
Western  Tartary.  The  greatest  part  of  the 
former  either  belongs  to  the  emperor  of 
China,  is  tributary  to  him,  or  is  under  his 
protection  ; and  a very  considerabie  part  of 
\Yes?ern  Tartary  has  been  conquered  by 
the  Russians,  and  that  part  of  it  e from  the 
mountainous  of  I mans,  or  Belur,  to  the 
Caspian  sea,  is  called  Independent  Tartary. 
which  has  for  ages  been  attached  to  Persia. 
These  vast  countries  include  all  the  middle 
parts  of  Asia,  and  are  inhabited  by  Tartars 
of  diflbrent  denominations,  and  different 
manners.  For  various  interesting  particu- 
lars concerning  them,  see  the  articles  Ab- 
kas,  Circassia,  Crimea,  Cossacks,  Georgia, 
Imerititia,  iCalmucks,  Kisti,  Lesguis,  Min- 
grelia,  Mongals,  Ossi,  Samoyedes,  Turko- 
mans, and  Usbees. 

TariaSj  a town  in  the  department  of 
Landes,  France,  through  which  the  Midouse 
passes,  and  one  part  cf  it  stands  on  a plain, 
the  other  part  rises  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  river  in  form  of  an  amphitheatre.  It  is 
V4  miles  ne  of  Dax.  Lon.  0 48  vv,  lat.  43 

^0  N. 

Tarudant  or  Terodant,  the  principal 
town  of  the  kingdom  of  Sus,  and  the  seat  of 
a governor,  or  sheriff  related  to  the  Emperor 
of  Morocco.  It  is  noted  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  leather  and  salt]ietre.  The  popula- 
tion is  about  2.5,000,  but  was  formerly  more 
inimerous,  128  miles  sw  of  Morocco.  Lon. 

8 35  w,  lat.  29  58  N. 

Tarves,  a parish  in  Aberdeenshire,  about 
nine  miles  long,  and  six  broad,  watered  by 
the  Ythan.  The  surface  is  agreeably  diver- 
sified, the  air  salubrious,  and  the  soil  fertile, 
Near  the  church  is  the  declining  village  of 
Tarves,  which  formerly  had  a market  or 
fair  almost  monthly,  but  now  has  only  five 
or  six  in  the  year.  Population  in  1801, 
1750. 

Tarwis,  a town  in  Carinthia,  Germany, 

2S  miles  wsvv  of  Clagenfurt. 

TascOy  a town  in  the  province  of  Mexico, 
New  Spain,  seated  on  the  Zaccitula,  with  a 
keautiiul  church,  and  rich  silver  mines  in 
the  vicinity,  TO  miles  ssw  of  Mexico.  ' 

Tassacorta,  a town  in  the  isle  of  Palma, 
one  of  the  Canaries,  sw  of  St  Cruz,  and  is  j 
little  frequented  except  by  boats,  being  ex-  j 
posed  to  the  westerly  winds.  j 

TiU-sasndon,  a city  of  Asia,  the  capital  of  I 
Bootan,  a feudalory  country  of  Tibet,  seat-  | 
cd  on  the  Tehintchieu,  in  a cultivated  val- 
ley surrounded  by  mountains.  The  palace 
is  an  extensive  quadrangular  stone  building 
and  lias  accommodation  for  the  rajah,  or 
Luma,  all  the  officers  of  state,  a numerous 
e^tablis^•^,'ent  of  Gylongs.  and  a temple  of 
the  great  idol  Mahauiuonie,  280  miles  ssw  | 
of  i.assa.  Lt>n.  8940  k,  lat.  27  49  \.  j 

TASKING,  an  island  of  Denmark,  wliicli  i 
eoiitaiiis  a few  towns  and  villages,  is  18  ' 
miles  in  ciicuU,  and  lies  between  Funen  j| 
and  Luiigeland,  separatetl  from  Fuuea  bv  a |' 

I! 


I strait.  The  town  of  its  name  is  in  Lon. 

47  E,  lat.  55  7 N. 

TASSO,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
near  Ilomouia.  It  is  about  35  miles  in  cir- 
cumfeience ; and  the  chief  town  is  of  tho 
same  name,  with  a good  harbour. 

TATOO  E-TEE,  one  of  the  Ingraham, 
isles,  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean.  It  lies 
seven  or  eight  leagues  w by  n of  Noo- 
heave. 

TattUy  a town  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  ca- 
pital of  the  province  of  Sindy.  It  is  situa- 
ted on  a branch  of  the  river  Sinde  or  Indus, 
called  the  Ritchel  River.  In  the  15  cen- 
tury it  was  very  populous,  and  had  nianu- 
fuctures  of  silk,  cotton,  and  wool,  and  was, 
famous  for  cabinet  ware.  It  is  now  greatly 
reduced,  but  siiU  contains  1800  inhabitants. 
On  the  Indus,  above  the  delta  much  salt- 
petre is  made,  and  three  miles  nw  of  the  city, 
are  mines  of  salt  and  iron.  The  Indus,  ani 
its  branches,  admit  of  an  uninterrupted  na- 
vigation hence  to  Lahore,  Mpultan,  and 
Cashmere,  for  vessels  of  near  200  tons,  but 
owing  to  a bad  government  in  Sindy,  and  a 
hostile  disposition  of  the  Seiks,  and  present 
possessors  of  MouUan,  and  Lahore  this  trade 
is  much  circumseribed.  Tatta  is  64  miles  sw 
of  Hydrahad,  the  present  capital  741  nw  of 
Bombay,  and  125  from  the  Arabian  sea. 
Lon.  68  IT  e,  lat  24  50  n. 

Tuttahy  a town  in  Africa,  on  the  common 
frontiers  of  Morocco,  Darab,  and  Tafilet, 
and  in  the  route  from  Morocco  to  Tombuc- 
too,  170  miles  s by  e of  Morrocco.  Lon. 
6 15  w,  lat.  28  25  n. 

Tattershall,  a small  town  in  Lincolnshire, 
situated  on  the  Bane,  near  its  confluence 
with  the  Witham,  in  a fenny  country.  It 
has  the  remains  of  a castle,  a beautiful  and 
spacious  church,  in  form  of  a cross,  and  a lo- 
wer of  great  height  connected  with  the  old 
castle.  The  town  is  much  decayed,  but 
has  a weekly  market,  on  Friday  and  two 
annual  fairs.  It  lies  20  miles  se  of  Lincoln, 
and  125  n of  London. 

TAVASTELAND,  a province  ©f  Sweden, 
in  the  middle  of  Finland,  150  miles  long, 
and  100  broad.  The  N'  part  is  mountainous 
and  woody,  but  the  greater  part  consists  in 
fertile  plains  watered  by  numerous  rivers 
and  lakes.  The  soil  is  equal  to  almost  any 
in  Sweden,  but  it  is  badly  cultivated,  and 
the  peasants  are  mostly  poor.  The  chief 
traffio  is  in  corn,  flax,  hemp,  dried  fish,  cat- 
tle, leather,  tallow,  and  lime. 

TanastuSy  or  'J'avotithorg,  a town  of  Fin- 
land, capital  of  the  province  of  Tavastland, 
with  a strong  castle,  on  a river  which  falls 
into  the  lakeWana,  J 10  mile.s  e.\e  oi  Abo. 
Lon.  25  10  e,  lat.  6112  n. 

Tauchefy  a town  of  Poland,  in  Pomerelia, 
on  the  Verd,  30  miles  nw  of  Culm,  and  5a 
sw  of  Marienburg. 

Tavernay  a town  in  Calabria  Ulteriore, 
Naples,  on  the  Goraca,  20  mile>  ene  Nicas- 
tre.  Lon.  16  44  e,  lai.  39  11  N. 


T AU 

TAVERNIER  KEY,  one  of  the  Tontu- 
ga  islands. 

Tavira,  or  Tavila,  a considerable  town 
of  Portugal,  capital  of  Algarve,  wdth  one 
of  the  best  harbours  in  the  kingdom,  seated 
in  a fertile  country,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Gi- 
laon,  in  the  gulf  of  Cadiz,  21  miles  e by  n 
of  Faro,  9T  s of  Evora,  and  100  w by  n of 
Cadiz.  Lon.  7 42  w lat.  37  18  x. 

Tavistock,  a town  in  Devonshire,  situated 
on  the  TavT,  or  Tave,  and  governed  by  a 
portreeve.  It  w^as  once  a flourishing  place, 
and  is  still  large.  Here  was  formerly  a 
stately  abbey  founded  in  961,  the  abbots  of 
which  sat  in  parliament.  Some  of  its  re- 
mains are  now  formed  into  tenements. 
This  is  one  of  the  stannary  towns  and  gives 
name  to  a hundred.  It  sends  two  members 
to  parliament,  and  has  a mineral  spring  in 
the  vicinity.  It  has  a weekly  market  on 
Saturday,  a manufacture  of  serges,  and  five 
annual  fairs.  It  is  32  miles  w by  s of  Exe- 
ter, and  207  wsw  of  London. 

Taumasco , a town  in  the  province  of 
Thessaly,  European  Turkey,  18  miles  xw 
Zeiton. 

Taumago,  a fertile  island  in  the  pacific 
Ocean,  discovered  by  Quiros  in  1606,  24  j 
miles  in  circumference.  Lon.  176  45  w,  j 
lat.  13  0 s.  I 

• Taunton,  a large,  handsome,  well-built,  1 
and  populous  town  in  Somersetshire,  situa- 
ted on  the  Thone,  which  is  navigable  to  the 
Parret  Taunton  extends  about  a mile  in 
length  from  e to  w and  chiefly  consists  of 
lour  principal  streets  which  are  spacious 
and  airy.  Its  castle  is  in  ruins  ; it  has  two 
churches,  in  one  of  which  is  the  Epitaph  of 
the  Taylor  who  invented  ruffs  in  the  reign 
of  queen  Elisabeth.  Here  are  also  several 
•dissenting  meeting-houses,  an  academy  for 
educating  dissenting  Clergymen,  a gram- 
mar-school, and  several  w’ell  endowed  ho- 
'pitals.  Here  were  formerly  a priory  of 
black  Canons,  a house  of  white  Caraielites, 
and  a leperhouse.  It  has  been  the  princi- 
pal seat  of  the  manufacture  of  coarse  wool- 
len goods,  such  as  serges,  duroys,  druggets, 
&c.  The  corporation  consists  of  a mayor, 
two  aldermen,  20  burgesses,  wuth  a recor- 
der. It  is  singular  that  the  mayors  officers 
cannot  arrest  any  person,  nor  is  there  a gaol 
in  the  town,  except  a bridewell  for  vagrants.  | 
The  borough  has  been  represented  in  parlia- 
ment by  two  burgesses,  ever  since  the  reign 
of  king  Edward  III,  chosen  by  the  Potwal- 
lopers.  King  Charles  11.  disfranched  this 
town  and  dennolisbed  its  walls  on  account 
of  the  adherence  of  the  inhabitants  to  the 
solemn  leagual  and  covenant,  but  granted 
a new  charter  in  1685.  The  spring  assizes 
are  held  here.  Taunton  was  the  scene  of 
many  bloody  executions  in  the  reign  of 
James  II,  after  the  defeat  of  the  duke  of 
Monmouth  at  Sedgemoor  in  its  vicinity. 
The  inhabitants  eagerly  embraced  the  cause 
of  king  William,  are  still  firmly  attached  | 
to  the  principals  of  the  Revolution,  It  con- 
14  “ 


T A Y 

taiued  in  1801,  5794  inhabitants,  and  in 
1811,  6997,  and  has  weekly  markets  on 
Wednesday,  and  Saturday,  and  two  annual 
fairs.  It  lies  31  miles  xe  of  Exeter,  and 
141  w by  s of  London.  Lon.  3 17  w,lat.  50 
59  X. 

Taurtton,Si  post  town  of  Massachusetts, 
the  capital  of  Bristol  county,  situated  ou 
the  w side  of  Taunton  river,  which  is  navi- 
gable by  small  vessels  hence  to  Narragan- 
setbay.  It  has  a manufacture  of  Ochre 
and  iron,  36  miles  s of  Boston. 

Tavoy,  a sea-port  on  the  w coast  of 
Siam,  taken  from  the  Siamese  by  the  Bir- 
mans ; 150  miles  wxw  of  Siam.  Lon.  98 
20  E,  lat.  14  45  N. 

TAUREAU,  an  isle  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Finisterre,  lying  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Morlaix,  with  a fort.  Lon.  31  51  w, 
lat.  48  40  X. 

Taurim,  or  Tuurida,  See  Crimea^ 

Tauris  ; See  Tabriz, 

Taurus,  Si  gtedii  chain  of  mountains,  which 
begin  at  the  eastern  part  of  Little  Carama- 
nia,  and  extend  very  far  into  India. 

Taus,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Pilisen,  Bo- 
hemia, 31  miles  ssw  of  Pilsen. 

Tavy,  a river  in  Devonshire,  that  rises 
in  Dartmoor,  passes  by  Tavistock,  and  falls 
into  the  harbour  of  Harnoaze  above  Ply« 
mouth. 

Taw,  a river  in  Devonshire,  that  rises  ia 
Dartmoor,  and  passing  Chimleigh  and 
Barnstable,  unites  with  the  Towridge  at  its 
mouth  in  Barnstable  bay. 

Tawy,  a river  in  Glamorganshire,  Wales, 
which  runs  parallel  to  the  Neath  and  falls 
into  the  Bristol  channel  in  Swansea  bay. 

Tag,  a celebrated  river  of  Perthshire.  It 
rises  in  Bradalbin,  on  the  frontiers  of  Lorn  ; 
and  passing  Dunkeld  comes  with  a full  swel- 
ling stream  to  Perth.  From  thence  it  visits 
Dundee,  where  it  is  two  miles  broad,  and 
falls  into  the  German  Ocean.  In  its  coarse 
it  receives  the  Tummel,  the  Lyon,  the  Gary, 
and  between  Dunkeld  and  Perth,  the  Rran, 
the  Isla,  and  the  Almond,  and  six  mil«s  be- 
low' Perth,  the  Earn,  w'here  it  becomes  an 
estuary,  called  the  Frith  of  Tay,  and  is 
in  some  places  three  miles  broad.  The 
tide  flows  two  miles  above  Perth,  to  which, 
tow/u  it  is  navigable  by  vessels  of  considera-* 
ble  tonage,  30  miles  from  the  Ocean.  The 
salmon  fisheries  in  this  beautiful  river,  let 
above  L7000  a year  and  it  is  open  from 
December  1 1th,  to  the  26  of  August.  Pearl 
oysters  also  are  taken  in  considerable  num- 
bers. 

Tay  Loch,  a lake  of  Scotland,  in  Perth- 
shire, through  which  flows  the  river  Tay. 
It  is  15  miles  long,  but  in  few  parts  above 
one  broad.  The  banks  are  finely  wooded  ; 
and  near  the  x extremity  is  a small  tufted 
island,  on  which  are  the  ruins  ol  a priory, 
built  by  Alexander  I ; and  in  it  Sibilla  his 
queen,  natural  daughter  of  Henry  I.  of  Eng- 
i land  is  interred.  In  some  places  this  lake 
I is  so  deep  that  i>  seldom  freezes,  and  the 
1 3 A, 


T C H 


T C I 


noon  with  which  it  abounds  are  in  sdason  | 
all  the  year. 

Taxowskaia  ; See  Obskaia.  j 

Tchang-tcha,  a city  of  China,  capital  j 
of  the  s part  of  the  province  of  Hon-quang,  j 
stafid  on  the  Heng,  and  communicates  with 
an  extensive  lake,  called  Tonting-hou,  740  | 
miles  s by  w of  Pekin.  Lon.  112  25  e,  I 
lat.  28  11n. 

Tchang-tcheoUf  a city  of  the  first  rank,  j 
in  Fo-kien.  China,  and  trades  With  Emony,  1 
Pong'hou,  and  Formosa.  It  is  950  miles  | 
s of  Pekin.  Lou.  1 17  35  e,  lat.  24  32  n. 

Tchang-te,  a city  of  China,  of  the  first  | 
rank,  in  Ho-nan.  In  the  vicinity  is  a moun-  | 
tain  so  inaccessible  that  it  affords  a safe  | 
asylum  in  time  of  war  to  the  inhabitants,  j 
Here  is  a fish  resembling  the  crocodile, 
the  fat  of  which  when  once  kindled  cannot 
be  extinguished.  It  is  255  miles  ssw  of  Pe- 
kin. Lon.  1 n 5 E,  lat.  29  2 n. 

Tchao-kingy  a city  of  the  first  rank,  in 
Quang-tong,  China,  stands  on  the  river  Si, 
70  miles  w of  Canton. 

Tchao-tcheou,  a city  of  the  first  rank, 
in  Quang-ton,  China,  stands  on  the  Pei- 
kiang,  36  miles  e of  Canton. 

TCHE-KIANG,  one  of  the  most  con- 
siderable provinces  in  China,  for  extent, 
population,  and  riches,  bounded  on  the  s by 
Fo-kien,  e by  the  ocean,  n and  w by  Ki- 
apg-nan,  and  sw  by  Kiang-si.  Prodigious 
quantities  of  silkworms  are  bred ; silk 
stuffs  constitute  the  chief  branch  of  their 
trade,  and  those  in  which  gold  and  silver 
are  interwoven  are  the  most  beautiful  in 
China.  Their  ponds  are  stocked  with  the 
small  gold  fish.  Here  grows  the  tallow 
tree,  and  a species  of  mushrooms,  which 
are  sent  to  all  the  provinces  of  the  empire. 
In  the  province  are  11  cities  of  the  first 
rank,  72  of  the  third,  and  18  fortresses, 
which  in  other  countries  would  be  reckoned 
large  ities.  Hang-tcheou  is  the  capital. 

TCHERNIGOF,  a government  of  Russia. 
Its  capital,  of  the  same  name,  situated  on 
the  D?sna,  is  80  miles  imne  of  Kiof,  240  s 
by  w of  Smolensk,  and  345  ssw  of  Moscow. 
Lon.  31  15  E,  lat.  51  24  n. 

Tchesney  a town  of  Turkey,  in  Asia,  on 
the  w coast  of  Natolia,  has  a citadel,  seated 
almost  opposite  Scio,  at  the  head  of  a spa- 
cious road,  where  the  Russians  destroyed 
the  Turkish  fleet,  in  1770.  It  possesses  a 
good  harbour.  It  is  48  miles  w of  Smyrna. 
Lon  26  28  e,  lat.  38  26  n. 

Telling  Jiiang,  a city  of  China,  of  the 
first  rank,  in  Se  tcheun,  910  miles  sw  of  Pe- 
kin. Lon.  104  26  e,  lat.  27  18  n. 

Tching-kiang,  a strong  city  of  China,  of 
the  first  rank,  in  Kiang-nan,  stands  on  the 
s side  of  the  Kian-ku.  The  beauty  of  its 
walls,  and  its  situation  for  commerce,  it 
being  the  key  of  the  empire  towards  the 
sea,  make  it  rank  above  the  other  cities  in 
the  province,  470  miles  sse  of  Pekin.  Lon. 
118  55  E,  lat.  32  14  N. 

Tching-kiang,  a city  of  the  first  rank,  in 


th«  province  of  Yun-an,  China,  36  miles  s 
by  E of  Yun-an.  Lon.  102  4 e,  lat.  24 
44  N, 

Tching-tcheou,  a city  of  the  first  rank, 
in  Hou-quang,  China,  at  the  junction  of  two 
rivers.  Under  it  are  five  cities  of  the  third 
rank,  in  which  a kind  of  earthen  ware  is 
made,  w'hich  the  Chinese  prefer  to  the 
finest  porcelain,  765  miles  ssw  of  Peking.. 
Lon.  109  40  e,  lat.  28  23  n. 

Tching-  Ting,  a city  of  China,  of  the  first 
rank,  in  Pe-tche  li,  136  miles  ssw  of  Pekin. 
Lon.  114  21  E,  lat.  38  9 N. 

Tching-tou,  capital  of  Se-tchuen,  China, 
is  one  of  the  largest  and  most  splendid  cities 
in  the  empire,  and  formerly  the  residence  of 
j the  emperors.  During  the  civil  wars,  that 
preceded  the  last  invasion  of  the  Tartars,  in 
1646, it  was  nearly  demolished.  Stranger,  are 
j much  struck  with  its  temples,  and  the  ruins 
I of  its  ancient  palaces,  810  miles  sw  of  Pe- 
j king.  Lon.  103  44  e,  lat.  30  40  n. 

('  Tching^ngany  a city  of  China,  of  the 
first  rank,  in  Quang-si,  1250  miles  ssw'  of 
Peking.  Lon.  106  0 e,  lat.  23  21 
I Tehi-tcheouy  a city  of  the  first  rank,  in 
1 Kiang-nan,  China,  stands  on  a river  570 
I miles  s of  Pekin.  Lon.  117  0 e,  lat.  30 
[ 44  N. 

I Tchi-gueriy  a city  of  China  of  the  first 
I rank,  in  Koei-tcheou,  980  miles  ssw  of  Pe- 
kin. Lon.  107  51  e,  lat.  27  1 n. 

Tchoka*  See  Saghalien. 

Tchong-kingya  city  of  China,  of  the  first 
rank,  in  Se-tchuen,  stands  on  the  side  of  a 
mountain,  at  the  junction  of  the  Kianku 
and  the  Kincha,  750  miles  sw  of  Pekin, 
Lon.  106  20  E,  lat.  2942  n. 

Tchou-kiongy  a city  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Yun-nan,  China,  75  miles 
w of  Yun-nan.  Lon.  101  20  e,  lat.  25 

6 N. 

Tchudscoi.  See  Peipus. 

Tehuk9tski y the  most  eastern  part  of  the 
j province  of  Okotsk,  Siberia.  The  natives 
! are  a stout  made,  warlike  people,  and  fre- 
I quently  make  depredations  on  their  neigh- 
! hours,  the  Koriacs.  Their  deer  are  the 
I principal  object  of  their  attention. 

, Tchukotskiy  a cape  of  Siberia,  on  the 
’ eastern  extremity  of  Asia,  and  the  sw  limit 
of  Beering  Strait.  Lon.  172  30  w,  lat.  64 
! 15  Nv 

i Tchu-tcheouy  a city  of  the  first  rank,  in 
’ Tche-kiang,  China,  730  miles  sse  of  Pekin, 
j Lon.  120  33  E,lat.  28  36  n. 

TCITCTCAR,  the  largest  of  the  three 
I provinces  of  Eastern  Tartary,  bounded  on 
the  w by  Western  Tartary,  n by  Siberia, 
NE  by  the  sea  of  Okotsk,  and  se  by  the  pro- 
vince of  Kirin  ; it  is  mountainous,  and  wa- 
tered by  the  Saghalien,  which  meets  in  its 
course  with  many  tributary  streams. 

Tcitcieury  capital  of  the  province  of  its 
name.  Eastern  Tartary.  It  is  the  residence 
of  a Mandshur  general.  It  was  built,  iu 
modern  times,  by  the  emperor  of  China,  ta 
protect  his  frontiers  against  the  Russians, 


1 


i 

J 


TED 

ana  stands  on  the  Nonni,  600  miles  nne  of 
liOn.  123  50  Ej  la.t.  47  25  n. 

Teaki,  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean, 

20  miles  long,  and  tour  broad.  It  is  the 
ancient  Ithaca.  Lon.  20  54  e,  lat.  38 
47  N. 

Tealing,  a parish  in  Forfarshire,  lying 
OB  the  s side  of  the  Sidlaw  hills,  about  eight 
miles  N by  w of  Dundee,  on  the  road  to 
Glammis.  It  extends  about  three  miles  in 
length,  and  from  one  to  two  in  breadth. 
The  church  was  founded  in  690,  by  Boni- 
face, a missionary  from  Rome.  Tlie  cele- 
brated Mr  John  Glass,  the  reputed  founder 
of  the  Glassites  or  Sauder.ianians,  was  mi- 
nister of  this  parish,  betbre  he  left  the  es- 
tablished  church.  In  this  parish  is  found 
grey  slate,  moorstone,  and  freestone, 
some  Druidical  circles,  and  other  antiquities 
supposed  to  be  Roman.  Population  about 
755. 

Tebesta,  or  Tinsa,  a town  in  the  province 
of  Coiistantina,  Algiers,  stands  at  the  foot 
of  a mountain,  on  the  frontiers  of  Tunis,  and 
has  a castle  and  several  remains  of  antiquity , 
120  miles  se  of  Constantina.  Lou.  8 5 e, 
lat.  34  5 In. 

Tehza,  a town  of  Morocco,  capital  ot  a 
province  of  the  same  name,  70  miles  nne 
of  Morocco.  Lon.  5 55  w,  lat.  32 

50  N.  ^ . 

Tecalif  a town  in  Tlascala,  New  Spain, 
noted  for  small  baskets,  and  mats  made  of 
reeds  of  palm,  17  miles  se  of  Puebla. 

Tecklenburg town  of  Westphalia,  capi- 
tal of  a county  of  the  same  name.  On  a 
mountain,  in  the  vicinity,  is  a decayed  cas- 
tle, formerly  the  residence  of  the  ancient 
counts.  It  has  a manufacture  of  linen 
cloth.  It  is  12  miles  sw  of  Osnaburg,  and 
22  N by  E of  Munster. 

Tecluty  or  TecheUy  a town  of  Morocco, 
in  the  kingdom  of  Sus.  The  vicinity 
abounds  in  grain,  dates,  and  sugar  canes, 
four  miles  e of  Messa,  Lon.  8 25  e,  lat. 
29  10  N. 

TecoantepeCy  a sea  port  in  Guaxaca, 
New  Spain,  stands  near  a bay  of  the  same 
name,  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  at  the  extremity 
of  a creek,  the  entrance  of  which  is  impeded 
by  a bar  of  sand.  Here  is  a fortified  abbey, 
and  several  handsome  churches,  150  miles 
E by  s of  Guaxaca.  Lon.  95  55  w,  lat.  10 
20  N. 

Tecort,  an  ancient  town  in  the  dominions 
of  Morocco,  and  capital  of  a kingdom  of 
the  same  name,  In  Biledulgerid.  It  is  420 
miles  sw  of  Tripoli.  Lon.  7 55  e,  lat.  29 
35  N. 

Tecrity  a town  in  the  government  of  Mo- 
sul, Asiatic  Turkey,  stands  on  a rock,  w 
banks  of  the  Tigris.  It  is  130  miles  s of 
Mosul. 

Teculety  a sea  port  of  Morocco,  on  the 
side  of  a mountain,  at  the  mouth  ot  a river 
of  its  name,  with  a castle,  150  miles  w ot 
Morocco.  Lon.  9 5 w,  lat.  30  45  n. 

Teddington,  a village  of  Middlesex,  on 


T E F 

the  Thames,  The  church  is  a perpetual 
curacy,  which  was  served  fo  50  years  by 
the  celelirated  philosopher  Dr  Stephen  Hales, 
who  died  in  1761,  and  is  buried  under  the 
tower  of  the  church,  which  he  built  at  his 
own  expence.  Here  are  many  elegant 
seats,  the  most  noted  of  vt^hich  is  the  Manor 
House,  built  by  the  great  lord  Buckhurst 
in  1602.  One  of  the  rooms  contains  two 
portraits  ot  Sir  George  Rook,  12  miles  wsw 
of  London.  . 

Tedelezy  a town  of  Algiers,  on  the  Medi- 
terranean, has  a castle,  45  miles  B of  Al- 
giers. Lon.  3 5 E,  lat.  37  5 N* 

Tednest,  a large  and  considerable  town 
of  Morocco,  and  capital  of  the  province  of 
Hea,  almost  surrounded  by  a river.  In 
1517,  it  was  taken  by  the  Portuguese,  but 
they  were  soon  after  expelled,  40  miles 
NE  of  Magador.  Lon.  8 35  w,  lat.  3(1 

30  N.  u 1 • 

Tedsiy  a town  of  Morocco,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Sus,  situated  in  a plain  fertile  in 
corn,  17  miles  from  Mount  Atlas,  and  21/ 

SE  of  Tarudant.  . 

Tees,  a river  of  England,  which  nsees  on 
the  confines  of  Cumberland,  separates  the 
counties  of  Durham  and  York,  and  tails  into 
the  German  ocean  below  Stockton. 

Teesta,  or  Yo  Sanpoo,  a river  that  has  its 
source  in  Thibet,  and  crossing  Bootan,  enters 
Bengal,  where  it  divides  into  two  strearns, 
that  enter  the  Ganges ; one  26  miles  N,  the 
other  98  ese  of  Moorshedabad. 

Tefcssad,  a town  of  Algiers,  with  iron 
mines  in  its  vicinity,  32  miles  sw  of  Al- 
giers. * 

Tefezara,  SiX\  ancient  and  large  town  m 
Barbary,  in  the  kingdom  of  Tremesen,  12 
miles  from  the  city  of  that  name. 

TejiiSy  or  Tips,  a town  of  Asia,  m 
Georgia,  one  of  the  seven  nations  between 
the  Black  sea  and  the  Caspian,  with  a cita- 
del. The  inhabitants  call  it  Tbilis  Cabar, 
warm  town,  from  the  warm  baths  in  its  vi- 
cinity. It  is  the  capital  ol  that  country. 
Though  its  circumference  does  not  exceed 
two  English  miles,  it  contains  18,000  inha- 
bitants, the  half  of  which  are  Armenians. 
The  streets  are  generally  only  17  leet 
broad ; the  houses  are  oi  stone,  with  flat 
roofs,  which  serve  as  walks  for  the  women. 
Here  is  a public  school,  founded  by  the  em- 
peror Alexander,  and  a loundery  tor  cannon, 
mortars,  and  halls.  The  Armenians  have 
established  in  this  town  all  the  manufactures 
carried  on  by  their  countrymen  in  Persia; 
the  mo.t  flourishing  is  Hint  of  printed  linenfi 
and  silks  ; but  the  principal  trade  is  in  furs, 
sent  to  Turkey,  and  the  s oi  Persia.  In 
1723,  it  was  taken  by  the  Turks  ; by  Kouli 
Khan,  in  1734;  and  in  1797,  by  Aga  Mo- 
hained  Khan;  and  in  1800  bi’came  subject 
to  Russia.  Tefflis  stands  on  the  Kur,  at 
the  loot  of  a hill,  125  miles  w of  TeiK;,  and 
200  ssw  of  Astracau.  Lon.  44  56  N,  lat.  41 
59  N. 

Tefza:  Tee  Zehza. 

3 A 2 


T E J 

Tejzrn,  a town  in  the  province  of  Mas- 
Sara,  Algiers,  55  miles  ssw  of  Oran. 

Tegaza,  a town  of  Zagbara,  Africa,  capi- 
tal ot  a territory  of  that  name,  remarkable 
for  mountains  of  salt.  Lou.  6 30  w,  lat.  12 
40  N. 

Tegerhy^  a town  in  the  kingdom  of  Fezzan, 
80  miles  sw  of  Moorzook. 

Tegern,  a town  of  Bavaria,  with  a cele- 
brated abbey,  stands  on  a lake  called  the 
Tegern  sea,  30  miles  sse  of  Munich. 

TegliOy  a town  of  the  Orisons,  and  capital 
of  a government  of  the  same  name,  in  the 
Valteline.  It  is  seated  on  a mountain,  nine 
miles  sw  of  Tirano. 

Teheran,  or  Tehraun,^  city  in  Irak  Age- 
mi,  the  northern  capital  of  Persia,  stands  on 
a salt  and  moist  plain,  near  the  foot  of  the 
Albores  mountains.  It  is  walled  round, 
has  six  gates,  and  is  as  large  as  Shiras; 
but  has  not  so  many  public  buildings.  The 
bouses  are  built  of  brick,  baked  in  the  sun. 
The  king^s  palace  is  surrounded  by  a w^all 
and  a ditch,  and  is  entered  by  tw  o gates. 
In  the  city  are  some  good  bazars,  and  a 
number  of  caravansaries  and  hiimmums. 
Five  miles  to  the  s are  the  extensive  ruins  of 
the  city  of  Rey,  the  Rages  of  Tcbit,  230 
miles  N by  w of  Ispahan.  Lon.  50  55  E, 
lat.  35  40  N. 

Telinacan,  a city  of  New  Spain,  129 
miles  SE  of  Mexico. 

Teig2i,  a nxer  composed  of  two  branches, 
which  rises  in  the  e part  of  Dartmoor,  De- 
vonshire, and  after  their  junction  enter  the 
English  Channel  at  Teignmouth. 

Teignmonth,  a sea  port  in  Devonshire, 
reckoned  part  of  the  port  of  Exeter,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday.  Here  the  Danes  first 
landed,  and  committed  several  outrages,  and 
in  1690,  it  was  set  on  fire  by  the  French 
and  nearly  destroyed,  but  it  is  new  of  great 
note,  being  one  of  the  most  pleasant  watering 
places  on  the  coast.  Pipe  clay  is  sent 
hence  to  Liverpool,  and  to  the  potteries  in 
Staffordshire,  whence  are  brought  coals, 
salt,  earthern  ware,  <fec.  It  sends  a number 
of  vessels  to  the  Newfoundland  fishery,  and 
has  a considerable  coasting  trade.  At  the 
distance  of  four  miles  on  the  coast,  is  an 
extensive  quarry  of  variegated  marble.  It  is 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Teign,  15 
miles  s of  Exeter,  and  I8T  w by  s of  London. 
Lon.  3 29  w,  lat.  50  32  N. 

Teinitz,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Pilsen, 
Bohemia,  with  a castle  and  convent,  stands 
on  the  Radbuza,  30  miles  wsw  of  Pilsen. 

Teissendorfy  a town  in  the  duchy  of 
Salzburg,  Bavaria,  12  miles  kw  of  Salz- 
burg. 

Teisse,  or  Tiess,  a river  of  Hungary, 
which  rises  in  Ibe  Carpathian  mountains, 
and  running  w to  Tohiay,  and  the  s by 
Tsongrad,  Segedin,  and  Titul,  falls  jnto 
the  Danube  a little  below  the  latter. 

Tejucoy  capital  of  a district  of  its  name, 
in  BiazU.  It  abounds  with  diamonds,  but 


T E M 

is  otherwise  barren.  The  shops  are  well 
supplied  with  English  cloth,  printed  cottons, 
baizes,  bams,  butter,  cheese,  and  porter, 
brought  on  mules  from  St  Sebastian,  or  St 
I Salvador,  400  miles  n of  the  former,  and  500 
ssw  of  the  latter.  Lon.  40  30  w,  lat.  18 
11  s.  ' 

Tekin.  See  Bender, 

Telemoney  a sea  port  of  Tuscany,  in 
Stato  delli  Presidii,  with  a small  harbour, 
seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ossa,  10  miles 
N of  Orbitello.  Lon.  11  11  e,  lat.  42 

28  N. 

Telese,  a town  in  Terra  di  Lavora,  Naples, 
18  miles  ene  of  Capua. 

Telgen,  or  Telgu,  a trading  town  of 
Sudermania,  Sweden,  stands  on  the  s part 
of  the  lake  Maeler,  12  miles  sw^  of  Stock- 
holm. 

Telgen,  a town  in  Upland,  Sweden,  on  a 
creek  of  the  Baltic,  36  miles  ee  of  Stock- 
holm. 

Telgety  a fov/n  in  the  principality  of 
Munster,  Westphalia,  to  which  there  is  a 
I great  resort  of  pilgrims,  on  account  of  a 
celebrated  image  of  the  virgin ; five  miles 
I ENE  of  Munster. 

TelleSy  a town  in  the  kingdom  of  Fez,  on 
the  Mediterranean,  with  a small  harbour, 
100  miles  ese  of  Tetuan. 

Tellicherry,  a sea  port  on  the  coast  of 
Malabar,  Hindoostan,  stands  at  the  mouth 
of  a river.  It  was  long  the  chief  settlement 
of  the  English  on  this  coast,  but  after  the 
capture  of  Make,  in  1793,  ihe  company  re- 
moved their  commerce  thither.  It  still  has 
aii  extensive  trade,  and  many  rich  natives. 

Teltowy  a town  in  the  Middle  Mark, 
Brandenburg,  seated  on  a lake  of  its  name, 
seven  miles  ssw  of  Berlin. 

Teltschy  a town  of  Moravia,  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Bohemia,  at  the  source  of  the  Teya, 
16  miles  s of  Iglau. 

TemblequCy  a town  in  New  Castile, Spain, 
28  miles  ese  of  Toledo,  and  43  s by  e of 
Madrid. 

Temendefust,  a town  of  Algiers,  on  the 
Mediterranean,  10  miles  e of  Algiers. 

Temeswar,  a considerable  and  strong 
town  of  Upper  Hungary,  capital  of  a terri- 
tory called  the  Bannat  of  Temeswar,  seated 
on  the  Bega,  which  forms  a morass  round  it. 
Formerly  it  was  deemed  impregnable,  but 
in  the  dry  season  of  1716,  was  taken  by 
prince  Eugene;  its  fortress  requires  a gar- 
rison of  14,000  men  ; 80  miles  nne  of  Bel- 
grade, and  160  se  of  Buda.  Lon.  21  40  e, 
lat.  45  53  N. 

Temiscamm,  a lake  in  Canada,  45  miles 
long,  and  15  broad.  This  lake  with  the 
river  Utawas,  iis  outlet,  lorms  part  of  the 
boundary  line,  separating  Upper  and  Lower 
Canada. 

Temissa,  a large  town  of  Africa,  in  the 
.kingdom  of  Fezzan.  Here  the  caravans 
from  Tombuctoo,  Bornou,  <kc.  which  travel 
by  way  of  Cairo  to  Mecca,  are  usually 


TEN 

Supplied  with  born,  dates,  dried  meat,  and 
other  necessaries  tor  their  dreary  passage 
across  the  desart.  It  is  120  miles  ene  of 
Mourzoouk. 

Temple^  a parish  in  Mid-Lothian,  situated 
on  the  s borders  of  the  county,  about  11 
miles  from  Edinburgh.  Its  greatest  length 
is  about  nine  miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth 
about  five  ; a considerable  district  four  miles 
to  the  w is  quite  detached.  In  this  parish 
is  a mill,  built  in  1794,  for  the  manufac- 
turing of  gunpowder,  the  first  erection  of 
the  kind  in  Scotland.  At  Temple  was  an 
establishment  of  the  Templars,  or  Redfriars, 
founded  by  David  I.  Population  is  about 
865. 

Templehorg^  a town  of  Further  Pomera- 
nia, stands  on  the  s side  of  a lake,  and  on 
the  borders  of  Poland,  43  miles  e by  n of 
New  Stargard. 

TempUmore,  a town  in  the  county  of 
Tipperary,  Ireland,  noted  for  the  quantity  of 
wool  annually  sold  in  July  ; i3  miles  s by 
w of  Roscrea,  and  21  n ot  Cashel. 

Temple  Patrick,  a town  in  the  county 
of  Antrim,  five  miles  e by  s of  Antrim,  and 
106  X of  Dublin,  remarkable  for  a limpid 
spring  much  frequented. 

Temple  Sowerby,  an  elegant  village  in 
V/estmoreland,  on  the  Eden,  with  a hand- 
some chapel ; it  belonged  to  the  knights 
Templars.  Here  the  lord  of  the  manor  re- 
ceives a small  sum  from  every  bride  within 
his  jurisdiction.  The  inhabitants  are  wealthy, 
and  it  has  famous  tan-w'orks. 

Templin,  a town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the 
Ucker  Mark,  stands  between  the  Bodensee 
and  Dolgensee,  and  has  an  extensive  trade 
in  timber.  In  1735,  it  was  consumed  by 
fire,  but  has  been  elegantly  rebuilt  ; 18 
miles  sw  of  Prenzlo,  and  42  n by  e of 
Berlin. 

Temrock,  a sea  port  town  of  Cuban,  si- 
tuated on  the  sea  of  Asoph.  Lon.  37  20  e, 
lat.  45  27  N. 

Tenasserim,  a town  of  Siam,  capital  of  a 
province,  seated  on  a river  of  its  name,  47 
miles  sE  of  Mergui.  Lon.  98  50  w,  lat.  11 
35  N. 

Tenbury,  a populous,  well  built  town  in 
Worcestershire,  situated  on  the  river  Teme, 
with  a market  on  Tuesday,  and  three  annual 
fairs,  15  ..liles  w by  N of  Worcester,  and 
133  wxwoi  London. 

Tenby,  a sea  port  of  Pembrokeshire,  in 
South  Wales,  situated  on  the  Bristol  Chan- 
nel.  It  has  a good  harbour,  and  a consi- 
derable coasting  trade.  It  was  formerly 
wailed  round,  and  had  an  ancieat  and  strong 
castle,  which  was  demolished  in  the  civil 
w'ars.  The  church,  built  ui  an  elegant 
Gothic  siyie,  v/iih  a lofty  spire,  contains 
some  fine  monuments.  It  i.s  governed  by  a 
mayor  and  a bailiff,  and  has  markets  on 
Wednesday  and  Saturday,  and  five  annual 
/airs.  It  IS  much  frequented  by  sea-baihei  - . 
Four  miles  wsw,  on  the  sea  coast,  are  t/.e 
of  Manorbeer  castle.  It  is  10  miles 


TEN 

E of  Pembroke,  and  250  w of  London.  Leo, 

4 40  w,  lat.  51  54  x. 

TENCH'S  ISLAND,  a well  inhabited 
island  in  the  S Pacific  Ocean.  It  is  about 
two  miles  in  cireumierence : it  is  low, 
but  entirely  covered  with  trees,  many  of 
which  are  the  cocoa.  Lon.  151  31  w,  lat. 

1 39  s. 

Tenda,  a town  of  Piedmont,  capital  of 
a county  of  the  same  name,  seated  on  the 
Roia,  at  the  junction  of  the  Brogna,  has  a 
fortified  castle  on  a rock,  28  miles  xxe  of 
Nice,  and  65  s of  Turin. 

TENEDOS,  a celebrated  island  in  the 
Archipelago,  lying  on  the  coast  of  Natolia, 
to  the  SE  of  Lemnos,  and  14  miles  s of  the 
straits  of  Gallipoli.  It  is  nine  miles  in 
length,  and  six  in  breadth.  On  the  xe  side 
is  a pretty  large  town,  with  a fine  harbour 
defended  by  a castle.  The  inhabitants  are 
mostly  Greeks,  and  its  muscadine  wine  is 
the  best  in  the  Levant.  Lon.  25  58  e,  lat. 
39  48  N. 

Tenen,  or  Knin,  a town  in  Dalmatia, 
on  the  frontiers  oi  Bosnia,  and  a bishop^s 
see.  It  has  been  several  times  taken  by  the 
Turks  and  Venetians  ; 48  miles  s of  Bihacz. 
Lou.  10  30  E,  lat.  44  5 n. 

TENERIFF,  one  of  the  Canary  islands, 
the  most  considerable  for  riches,  trade,  and 
extent.  It  lies  to  the  w ot  the  Grand  Ca- 
nary, and  is  about  70  miles  in  length,  and 
22  in  breadth.  It  abounds  in  wine,  difi'ereut 
sorts  of  fruits,  cattle,  and  game.  On  a part 
of  this  island  are  inaccessible  mountains, 
and  there  is  one  in  particular  called  the 
Peak  of  Teneriffe,  which  may  be  seen  120 
miles  off,  in  a clear  day,  the  height  of 
•which  is  12,138  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea,  and  the  distance  from  the  port  of  Ora- 
tava  to  the  Peak  is  above  il  miles.  In 
1704,  several  towns  and  many  thousand 
people  were  destroyed  by  an  earthquake. 
Oxen  and  mules  are  employed  for  labour, 
instead  of  horses,  which  are  kept  principally 
for  the  saddle.  Parrots,  hawks,  sw^allows, 
sea  gulls,  patridges  and  blackbirds  are 
natives  of  the  island.  Here  are  also  lizards, 
locusts,  and  dragonflies.  The  governor  re- 
sides at  St  Cruz,  but  Laguna  is  the  capital. 
Lon.  16  18  w,  lat.  28  29  n. 

Teneriff,  a town  of  the  province  of 
Santa  Martha,  in  Terra  Firma,  on  the  Ma- 
dalena,  100  miles  s by  w of  St  Martha. 
Lon.  74  15  w,  iat.  9 47  x. 

Tenez,  or  Tenis,  a town  of  Africa,  in  the 
province  of  Mascara,  capital  of  a district  of 
the  same  came,  with  a fort,  seated  on  a 
river,  four  miles  from  the  se  i.  It  exports 
corn,  but  has  no  harbour,  and  the  road  is 
exposed  to  the  nw  wind,  85  miles  wsw  of 
Algiers.  Lon.  I 14  e,  lat.  36  26  x. 

Te-ngan,  a city  of  the  first  rank,  in  Hou- 
quang,  China,  550  miles  s by  w of  Peking. 
Lon.  113  21  E,  lat.  31  20  x. 

Tennessee,  a targe,  beautiful,  and  navi- 
gable river  of  the  state  of  Tennessee.  It  is 
the  largest  branch  of  the  Ohio,  and  rises 


TEN 

i n the  mountains  of  S Carolina^  is  formed 
hy  the  junction  of  the  Holston  and  broad 
rivers,  at  Fort  Grainger,  35  miles  below 
Knoxville,  in  Tennessee,  runs  sw  on  the  e 
side  of  Cumberland  mountains,  into  the 
Mississippi  territory,  where  it  turns  to  the  w, 
called  the  Great  Bend,  then  re-enters  the 
state  Of  Tennessee ; flows  through  it  into 
that  of  Kentucky,  where  it  unites  with  the 
Ohio,  about  50  miles  above  its  influx  into 
the  Mississippi,  after  a course  of  about  1000 
miles.  It  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  great 
burden  to  the  Muscle  Shoals,  in  the  Great 
Bend,  260  miles  from  its  mouth.  These 
Shoals  extend  about  30  miles,  and  are  na- 
vigable for  small  boats,  but  above  them  it 
admits  of  vessels  of  40  tons  for  400  miles 
further. 

TENNESSEE,  one  of  the  united  states  of 
America,  is  about  410  miles  in  length,  and 
104  in  breadth,  betw’een  lat.  35  and  30 
30  N,  and  Ion.  81  28  and  91  38  w.  It  is 
divided  into  three  districts,  viz.  Washington, 
Hamiltou,  and  Mero,  which  are  subdivided 
into  14  counties.  The  Cumberland  moun- 
tains, a lofty  ridge  near  30  miles  broad,  di- 
vide this  state  into  the  e and  w divisions, 
originally  called  the  establishments  of  Hoi- 
ston  and  Cumberland,  the  latter  of  which  is 
most  extensive.  The  principal  rivers  are 
the  Mississippi,  Tennessee,  Cumberland,  Hol- 
ston, and  Clinch.  The  principal  towns 
are  Knoxville,  the  seat  of  government, 
Nashville,  and  Jonesborough.  In  1791,  the 
number  of  inhabitants  was  esimated  at 
35,691.  In  November  1795,  the  number 
had  increased  to  77,262  persons,  and  in 
1810,  201,727.  The  soil  is  luxuriant,  and 
will  aflford  every  production,  the  growth  of 
any  of  the  United  States.  The  climate  is 
temperate  and  healthful.  Salt  lakes  are 
found  in  many  parts  of  the  country.  Iron 
ore  abounds  in  the  districts  of  Washington 
and  Hamilton.  Several  lead  mines  have 
been  discovered.  Salt-petre  caves  are  nu- 
merous. This  country  furnishes  all  the 
valuable  articles  of  the  southern  states. 
The  Presbyterians  are  the  prevailing  de- 
nomination of  Christians.  There  are  also 
some  Baptists  and  Methodists.  There  are 
three  colleges  established  by  law;  Green- 
ville in  Greenes  county.  Blount  at  Knox- 
ville, and  Washington  in  the  county  of  that 
name.  Here  is  likewise  a ^‘Society  lor 
promoting  Useful  Knowledge. A taste 
for  literature  is  daily  increasing.  The 
Indian  tribes  within,  and  in  the  vicinity  of 
this  state  are  the  Cherokees  and  the 
Chickasaws.  Knoxville  is  the  capital. 

Tennis^  a town  of  Egypt,  stands  on  an 
island  in  a lake  of  its  name,  28  miles  se  of 
Damietta. 

Tensaw,  See  Mobile. 

Tensifty^  a river  which  rises  in  mount 
Atlas,  Morocco,  e of  Morocco,  runs  five 
miles  N of  that  city,  and  falls  into  the 
ocean,  15  miles  s of  Safl'y. 


TER 

Temtadt,  a town  in  Thuringia,  tTpp«f 
Saxony,  10  miles  ne  of  Langensalza. 

Ten-tcheoUy  a city  of  the  first  rank,  in 
Chang-tong,  China,  seated  on  the  n side  of 
a peninsula  of  the  Yellow  sea,  with  a safe 
port  and  a garrison,  250  miles  sb  of  Peking. 
Lon.  120  50  e,  lat.  37  20  n. 

Tenterdeuy  a town  in  Kent.  It  is  govern- 
ed by  a mayor,  12  jurats,  12  common 
council-men,  a chamberlain,  and  a town- 
clerk,  has  a market  on  Friday,  and  an 
annual  fair.  Here  is  a free  grammar 
school,  and  the  church  is  noted  for  a lofty 
steeple,  which,  at  the  time  of  the  Spanish 
invasion,  in  1588,  was  employed  as  a 
beacon.  It  lies  24  miles  sw  of  Canterbury, 
and  56  E by  s of  London. 

Tentugal,  a town  in  Beira,  Portugal,  eight 
miles  wNw  of  Coimbra. 

Teolacha,  an  ancient  tow  n of  Africa,  in 
Bileduigerid,  seated  on  a river  that  issues 
from  a hot  spring,  in  a country  abounding 
in  dates. 

Tepeaca,  a town  in  Tlascala,  New  Spain, 
built  by  Cortes,  and  then  called  Segura  de 
la  Froutera.  A dilapidated  fort,  a beautiful 
church,  and  a large  convent  are  in  the 
great  square.  It  has  manufactures  of 
w’oollen  cloth  ; 17  miles  sse  of  Puebla. 

Tepellene,  a town  in  Albania,  European 
Turkey,  stands  on  the  Vouissa,  and  has  a 
palace  of  the  Pacha  of  Janina,  where  be 
sometimes  holds  his  court;  12  miles  N of 
Argiro  Castro,  and  60  n\w  of  Janina. 

TepiCy  a town  in  Guadalaxara,  New 
Spain,  capital  of  a district  that  extends  to 
the  sea  coast,  stands  on  the  top  of  a mouu- 
lain,  110  miles  w’  by  n of  Guadalaxara, 
Lon.  104  45  w,  lat.  21  36  n. 

Tepozcoluloy  a town  in  Tlascala,  New’ 
Spain,  stands  amidst  mountains,  is  capital 
of  a territory  fertile  in  corn,  cotton,  and 
cochineal,  and  has  manufactures  of  cotton 
stuffs  and  chamois,  160  miles  s of  Puebla. 
Lon.  97  51  w^  lat.  17  10  s. 

Tequia,  a town  in  the  district  of  Tunja, 
New  Grenada,  has  a trade  in  the  produce  of 
a rich  country,  sugar,  and  sweatmeats,  32 
miles  sswr  of  Pamplona,  and  100  ne  of 
Tuirja. 

TeramOy  a town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzi> 
Ultra,  at  the  junction  of  the  Tordino  and 
the  Viciola,  25  miles  ne  of  Aquila.  Lon. 
13  39  E,  lat.  42  37  N. 

Terassoy  a sea  port  in  Carimania,  Asiatic 
Turkey,  the  ancient  Tarsus,  and  an  archi- 
episcopal  see,  and  stands  on  the  Mediterra- 
nean, 100  miles  w by  n of  Alexandretta, 
Lon.  35  15  E,  lat.  37  4 N. 

TERCERA,  one  of  the  Azores,  or  Wes- 
tern islands.  It  is  of  a circular  form,  about 
55  miles  in  circumference.  It  contains 
about  20,000  inhabitants,  and  a number  of 
forts,  and  several  towuis,  and  villages,  and  is 
very  fertile.  Angra,  the  capital,  is  the  seat 
of  governiueiu  for  all  the  islands.  Lon.  27 
1 w,  lat,  38  45  N. 


TER 

TerchiZf  or  Tershiz,  a town  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Chorasan,  Persia,  120  miles  wnw 

of  Herat.  . 

Tergay  a town  of  Morocco,  on  the  Omi- 
rabi,  90  miles  n of  Morocco. 

Tergovisty  Targovisco,  or  TerviSy  a to^^m 
of  Euiopean  Turkey,  capital  of  Wallachia, 
stands  on  the  Jalouitz,  has  a fine  palace 
belonging  to  the  Hospodar,  or  reigning 
prince,  bat  he  usually  resides  at  Buchorest, 

35  miles  nnw  of  Buchorest.  Lon.  25  38  e, 
lat.  45  28  s. 

Tergouw,  See  Gouda. 

Terkiy  a town  of  Circassia,  the  seat  of 
a prince  dependent  on  Russia,  near  the  fron- 
tier of  Georgia,  stands  on  a river  of  its 
name,  near  the  Caspian  sea.  It  is  125 
miles  E by  n of  Telflis,  and  180  s of  Astra- 
can.  Lon.  47  30  E,  lat.  43  22  n. 

Termedy  capital  of  a district  in  Bokha- 
Tia,  Ushbec  Tartary,  stands  in  an  angle  at 
the  conflux  of  two  rivers,  150  miles  s of 
Samarcand.  Lou.  65  35  e,  lat.  37  15  n. 

Tenniniy  a town  on  the  northern  coast 
of  Sicily,  in  the  Val  di  Mazara.  Here  are 
the  remains  of  a fine  aqueduct,  a strong 
castle,  and  warm  baths ; also  a royal  depot 
for  the  exportation  of  corn,  oil,  olives,  and 
other  productions,  with  a large  fishery.  It 
stands  near  the  mouth  of  a river  of  its 
name,  20  miles  ese  of  Palermo. 

TermoUy  a town  of  Naples,  in  the  Capi- 
tanata,  stands  near  the  sea,  32  miles  se  of 
Lanciano.  Lon.  15  20  e,  lat.  41  50  n. 

TERN  ATE,  an  island  of  the  Eastern 
ocean,  the  most  northern,  and  principal  of 
the  Moluccas.  It  is  mountainous  and 
woody,  and  produces  much  game;  and 
I abounds  in  cocoa  nuts,  bananas,  citrons, 

! oranges,  almonds,  and  other  fruits,  proper  to 
I the  climate.  But  it  is  of  the  greatest  note 
I for  its  cloves.  It  has  deer,  goats,  and 
I hogs;  the  birds  are  beautiful,  particularly 
I the  king  fisher,  whose  colour  is  scarlet  and 
mazareen  blue.  The  Boa  Serpent  is  some- 
times found  here  ot  the  length  of  30  feet, 
and  is  said  sometimes  to  swallow  small 
deer.  The  Sultan  of  Ternate  controls 
Micuian,  Motir,  and  Mortay,  with  the  n 
pan  of  Gilolo,  and  even  some  Celebezian 
islands,  and  part  of  Papua,  from  which  he 
receives  a tribute  in  gold,  amber,  and  birds 
of  paradise.  The  Dutch,  in  1638,  formed  an 
alliance  with  the  sultan  of  Ternate  and  the 
lesser  princi?s,  which  his  frequently  been  re- 
newed. It  was  taken  by  the  Engli'^h  in 
1810.  It  lies  a little  to  the  w of  Gilelo, 
and  100  miles  e of  Celebes.  Lon.  126  38  e, 
lat.  1 20  N. 

I Terneusey  a strong  town  in  Flanders, 
Netherlands,  stands  on  the  Hondt,  the  w 
branch  of  the  Scheldt.  In  1704,  it  was 
taken  by  the  French,  eigiit  miles  x of 
Sasvan  Ghent,  25  wnw  of  Antwerp,  and  five 
from  Axel.  Lon.  3 45  e,  lut.  51  20  n. 

Terni,  an  ancient  and  considerable  town 
of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Spoleto,  on  the 
N«ra,  near  the  Junction  of  the  Velino,  which 


TER 

has  a noted  cataract  a mile  from  the  town 
It  is  the  birth  place  of  Tacitus  the  historian 
and  contains  about  12,000  inhabitants.  It 
is  15  miles  ssw  of  Spoletto,  and  46  n of 
Rome.  Lon.  12  40  e,  lat.  42  34  n. 

Ternova,  an  ancient  town  of  European 
Turkey,  in  Bulgaria,  and  an  archbishop^s 
see,  seated  on  a mountain,  near  the  Jenera. 

It  was  a strong  place,  but  its  fortifications 
are  decayed,  and  formerly  the  seat  of 
government  of  the  princes  of  Bulgaria.  It 
is  88  miles  nw  of  Adrianople,  and  97  nb 
of  Sofia.  Lon.  26  2 e,  lat.  43  1 n. 

Ternova,  a town  in  Thessaly,  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  stands  on  the  Salempria,  and 
is  a bishop’s  see,  10  miles  wnw  of  La* 
rissa. 

Terodant,  See  Tarudant. 

Teroueney  sl  town  in  the  department  of 
Pas  de  Calais,  France,  stands  on  the  Lis, 
six  miles  s of  St.  Omer. 

Terra  di  Bari,  Lavoro,  and  Otranto,  See 

Bariy 

Terracina,  an  ancient  town  of  Italy,  in 
Campagna  di  Roma,  formerly  called  Anxur, 
the  capital  of  the  Volsci,  has  a castle  on  a 
rock,  and  stands  amidst  orange  and  citron 
groves,  near  the  sea,  on  the  borders  of 
Naples,  Its  cathedral  was  formerly  a tem- 
ple of  .Tupiter.  Here,  pope  Pius  VI.  built  a 
palace,  in  which  he  risided  during  the  sum- 
mer and  autumn,  to  superintend  his  noble 
( undertaking  of  draining  the  Pomptine 
marshes,  which  he  began  in  1778,  and  com- 
pleted in  10  years.  It  is  54  miles  sse  of 
Rome.  Loo.  13  15  e,  lat,  4!  24  n, 

TERRA  DEL  ESPIRITU  SANTO,  the 
most  western  and  largest  island  of  the  New 
Hebrides,  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  being  40 
leagues  in  circuit.  Beside  the  bay  of  St. 
Philip  and  St.  Jago,  on  the  n side,  several 
commodious  bays,  and  harbours  are  formed 
by  the  isles  lying  along  the  s and  e coast. 
The  land  is  very  high  and  mountainous,  and 
except  the  ciilfs  and  beaches,  every  part  of 
it  is  covered  with  wood,  or  occupied  in  plan- 
tations. Lon.  16  7 E,  lat.  15  0 s. 

TERRA  DEL  FUEGO,  or  the  Land  op 
Fire,  an  island  at  the  S extremity  of  South 
America,  separated  from  the  main  on  the  n 
by  the  straits  of  Magellan,  and  containing 
about  42,000  square  miles.  This  is  the 
largest  of  the  islands  s of  the  straits,  and 
they  all  receive  this  common  name  on 
account  of  the  vast  fires  and  smoke  which 
the  first  discoverers  of  them  perceived  Irom 
the  volcano  on  this  island.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  short  in  their  persons,  with  large 
heads,  broad  faces,  prominent  cheek  bones, 
and  flat  noses.  They  have  iitlle  dull  brown 
eyes,  and  long  black  and  lank  hair,  be 
smeared  with  train  oil,  tneir  beard  is  a few 
short  hairs  on  the  chin.  Their  natural 
colour  seems  to  be  an  olive  brown.  They 
live  mostly  on  seals  flesh,  and  prefer  tho 
fat  oily  part,  their  clothing  is  a piece  of 
sealskin  reaching  to  the  middle  of  the  back. 
Their  arms  are  bows,  arrov/s,  and  darts, 


TER  T E S 


awl  ?heir  iminimcnts  for  fishiog  are  a kind 
of  fisbgigs.  There  seems  to  be  no  subordi- 
nation cimong  them,  and  their  charaeter  is 
deeply  marked  with  stupidity,  indifference, 
and  inactivity. 

TERRA  FIRMAjOr  Castile  del  Ono, 
ihe  most  northern  province  of  South  Ame- 
rica, 1400  miles  in  length,  and  450  in  breadth, 
situated  between  the  equator  and  12  deg, 
N lat.  and  between  60  and  82  w Ion. 
bounded  on  the  n by  the  Northern  Atlantic 
ocean,  here  called  the  North  Sea,  on  the  e 
by  the  same  ocean  and  Surinam,  on  the  s 
by  Amazmiia  and  Peru,  and  on  the  w by 
the  Northern  Pacific  ocean.  It  is  called 
Terra  Firma,  Irom  being  the  first  part  of 
the  continent  discovered  by  the  Spaniards ; 
and  is  divided  into  Terra  Firma  Proper ; or 
Darien,  Carthagena,  St.  Martha,  Venezuela, 
.Ccmana,  Paria,  New  Granada,  and  Po- 
payan.  The  chief  towns  are  Portobello, 
Panama,  Carthagena,  and  Popayan.  The 
climate,  especially  in  the  northern  parts,  is 
oxtremely  hot  and  sultry  during  the  whole 
j^ear.  The  soil  of  this  country  is  very  dif- 
ferent, the  inland  parts  being  rich  and  fer- 
tile, and  the  coasts  sandy  and  barren.  The 
country  produces  corn,  sugar,  tobacco, 
<fec.  and  fruits  of  all  kinds.  This  part  of 
South  America  v/as  discovered  by  Colum- 
bus in  his  third  voyage  to  America.  It 
was  subdued  and  settled  by  the  Spaniards 
about  the  year  15  H,  after  destroying,  with 
great  inhumanity,  several  millions  of  the 
natives.  In  1811,  a spirit  of  revolt  dis- 
covered itself,  a general  congress  of  the 
provinces  assembled,  called  the  confedera- 
tion of  Venezuela,  and  they  attempted  to 
become  an  independent  empire.  But  in 
1812,  when  the  churches  were  filled  in 
ceiebration  of  Maunday  Thursday,  a sudden 
and  aiareni ng  convulsion  of  nature  took 
place  and  extended  over  a great  part  of  the 
country  ; many  thousands  of  human  beings 
were  lost ; recks  and  mountains  split,  and 
roiled  into  vallies,  rivers  lost,  or  their 
courses  changed  ; some  towns  totally  swal- 
iowTd  up,  others  nearly  destroyed,  and 
many  very  much  injured.  The  inhabitants, 
supposing  this  heavy  judgment  to  be  inflict- 
ed for  recent  transgressions,  paused  in  their 
revolutionary  career. 

Terra  Ntfova,  an  ancient  town  on  the 
y eastern  coast  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  62 
miles  EXE  of  Sassari.  Lon.  9 35  e,  lat.  41 
3 N. 

■ I'erranovay  a sea-port  in  Val  di  Noto, 
Sicily,  stands  near  the  mouth  of  a river  of 
its  name,  and  is  noted  for  the  export  of  sul- 
phur, dfi  miles  wxwof  Noto.  Lou.  14  25  E, 
lat.  37  5 N. 

Terrassouy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Dordogne,  France,  on  the  Vesere,  28  miles 
E of  Perigueux. 

Tcrrcgles,  a parish  of  Scotland,  in  Kirk- 
cudbrightshire, about  five  miles  long,  and 
three  iuoad,  lying  on  the  river  Nith,  and 
vveuered  also  by  the  Cairn,  nearly  opposite 


to  the  town  of  Dumfries.  The  soil  is  well  , 
cultivated  and  productive.  In  the  parish  \ 
stands  Terregles  house,  the  ancient  residence  ' 
of  the  Maxwells,  earls  of  Nithsdale,  and 
still  in  poseession  of  a representative  of  the 
family.  Population  about  510. 

Terrenate,  a town  in  the  province  of  So- 
nora, New  Spain,  60  miles  x of  Arispe. 

Terridon  Loch,  an  inlet  of  the  sea,  ia 
Ross-shire,  with  many  creeks  and  bays,  ly- 
ing between  Applecross  and  Gairloch. 

Terring,  a town  in  Sussex,  situated  on  the 
Downs,  24  miles  e of  Cbichister,  and  53 
sw  of  London. 

Terriore,  a strong  town  and  fortress  in 
the  Carnahi,  Hindoostan,  25  miles  n of 
Tritchinopoly. 

T'ershiz,  or  Turshish,  a town  in  Chorasan, 
Persia,  has  a trade  in  plate  iron,  indigo, 
drugs,  wool,  cloths,  and  rice  brought  from 
Herat,  180  miles  wnw  of  Herat,  and  180  s 
by  E of  Mesebed. 

TERRITTORY  NORTH  WEST  OF 
THE  OHIO,  or  North-Western  Ter- 
ritory, a large  part  of  the  United  States, 
situated  between  Ion.  81  8 and  91  8 w,  and 
between  lat.  37  and  50  n.  Its  greatest 
length  is  about  900  miles,  and  its  breadth 
700,  according  to  Dr  Morse  ; but  Mr  Jos. 
Scott,  makes  its  greatest  breadth,  from  n 
to  s about  800  miles,  and  its  length,  from 
SE  to  Nw  about  1170;  and  John  Walker 
states  its  total  contents  at  411,000  square 
miles.  This  extensive  tract  of  country  is 
bounded  on  the  n by  part  of  the  northern 
boundary  line  of  the  United  States,  on  the 
E by  the  lakes  and  Penusj'lvania,  on  the 
s by  the  river  Ohio,  and  on  the  w by  the 
Missisippi.  That  part  of  the  territory  which 
is  settling  under  the  government  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  isjdivided  into  five  counties  ; viz, 
Washington,  Hamilton,  St.,  Claii*,  Knox, 
and  Waynne,  These  counties  have  been  or- 
ganized with  the  proper  civil  and  military 
officers.  From  the  best  data  Dr  Morse  had 
received  in  1792,  he  estimated  them  at 
72,820,  of  which  65,000  were  Indians, 

Teruel,  a considerable  town  in  Arragon, 
Spain,  and  a bishop^s  see,  with  a citadel. 

It  stands  in  a fertile  plain,  at  the  confluence 
of  the  rivers  Guadalquivir  and  Alhambra, 

75  miles  sw  of  Saragossa,  and  112  e of 
Madrid.  Lon.  0 56  w,  lat.  40  33  n. 

Tervere,  or  Vecre,  a town  of  Holland,  in 
Zealand,  on  the  ne  coast  of  the  island  of 
Walcheren.  It  has  a good  harbour,  and  a 
fine  arsenal,  and  lies  four  miles  nk  of  Mid- 
dleburgh,  with  which  it  communicates  by  a 
canal.  Lon.  3 42  e,  lat.  51  36  n. 

Tcschen,  a town  of  Moravia,  capital  of  a 
circle  of  the  same  name,  stands  in  a morass, 
near  the  Elsa,  it  is  surrounded  by  a wall, 
and  has  a castle  in  the  vicinity,  in  which  the 
ancient  dukes  resided,  and  a trade  in  wine, 
woollen  stufTs,  and  leather.  In  1757,  it  was 
taken  by  the  Prussians,  and  restored  in  1763. 
Here,  in  1779,  a [treaty  of  peace  was  con-  < 
eluded  between  the  emperor  of  Germany 


X 


T E T 


and  the  king  of  Prussia.  It  is  36  miles  ESE 
of  Troppau,  and  60  e by  n of  Oimutz. 
Lon.  18  Si  E,  lat.  49  43  n. 

Tesegdelty  a town  of  Morocco,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Techubit,  on  a craggy,  im- 
pregnable rock,  140  miles  wnw  of  Mo- 
2'eshooloomhooy the  capital  of  Thibet,  or 
of  that  part  which  is  immediately  subject  to 
the  Teshoo  Lama,  who  is  sovereign  of  the 
country  during  the  minority  of  the  grand 
lama.  It  is  seated  on  a rocky  eminence, 
at  the  N end  of  a plain,  and  the  entrance  of 
a narrow  defile,  through  which  the  ri\er 
Painorn-tchieu  passes,  and  a little  below 
unites  with  the  Burrampooter.  The  palace 
of  the  lama,  the  temples,  and  mausoleums, 
with  their  numerous  gilded  canopies,  and 
turrets  add  much  to  its  magnificence.  It  is 
220  miles  sw  of  Lassa,  and  470  n by  E of 
Calcutta.  Lon.  89  7 e,  lat.  29  4 n. 

Tesiu^  a new  canton  of  Switzerland,  si- 
tuated w of  the  canton  of  Grisons,  nearly 
encircled  by  Italy,  and  abounds  in  pastures 
and  cattle.  The  capital  is  Bellinzona. 

Tesiiio,  a large  river  of  Italy,  which  has 
its  source  in  the  Alps,  on  the  s side  of  St. 
Gothland,  passes  through  the  canton  of  Te- 
sin  into  the  lake  Maggiore,  then  flows  into 
Papia,  in  Milanese,  and  a little  below,  falls 
into  the  Pc. 

Tesino,  a town  in  the  county  of  Tyrol, 
Germany,  to  miles  ene  of  Trent. 

Tcsset,  capital  of  a district  of  its  name, 
in  Zahara,  350  miles  ssw  oi  Tafilet.  Lon. 

5 45  w,  lat.  25  54  n. 

Tessin j a town  in  Mecklenburg,  Lower 
Saxony,  on  the  Rakenitz,  12  miles  se  oi 
Rostock. 

Tessoudy  a town  ol  Fezzan,  seated  near  a 
river,  90  miles  ese  of  Mourzoulf. 

Test  or  Tese,  a river  in  Hampshire,  that 
rises  near  Whitechurch,  flows  sw  to  that 
town,  and  washing  Stockbnige  and  Rum- 
sey,  falls  into  Southampton  water,  at  Red- 
bridge, three  miles  nw  of  Southampton.  It 
forms  a number  oi  fine  islands  m its  course, 
some  of  which  are  of  considerable  length, 
TESTIGOS,  islands  near  the  coast  of 
New  Andalusia,  in  Terra  Firma,  on  the 
s coast  of  the  Carribbean  sea,  Lon.  61 
48  w,  lat.  1 1 6 N. 

Tetbury,  a pretty  good  town  in  Glouces- 
tershire, situated  near  the  source  of  the  Avon. 
Here  are  two  handsome  market-houses,  a 
newly  built  church  in  the  gothic  style,  a 
free  school,  and  an  alms  house.  The  town 
is  governed  by  a bailifl' chosen  annually.  It 
has  a share  of  the  woollen  manufacture, 
a great  trade  in  wool,  cheese,  and  yarn,  and 
a market  on  Wednesday,  and  two  annual 
fairs.  It  is  25  miles  ene  of  Bristol,  and  99 
w of  London. 

Tetschen,  or  Tetzen,  a town  in  the  circle 
of  Leitzmeritz,  Bohemia,  wuh  a castle  on 
a rock,  situated  on  the  Elbe,  29  miles  se 
of  Dresden. 

Tttnamy  a town  in  a Lordship  of  its 
14 


e got  miles 


N of  Lin* 


name,  Swabia, 

dciU. 

TETHdROri  an  island  in  the  South  Pa- 
cific Ocean.  Lon.  149  30  W,  lat.  17  4 s.^ 
Tetnany  an  ancient,  well  built,  and  plea- 
sant city  of  Africa,  in  the  kingdom  of  Fez, 
with  a good  harbour,  and  a castle.  It  is 
situated  on  the  river  St  Martin,  three  milea 
from  the  sea.  The  houses  are  two  stories,  - 
with  flat  roofs,  and  white-washed.  They 
have  only  small  boles  towards  the  street,  the 
windows  being  on  the  other  side,  looking 
into  a oo'.in-yard,  in  which  generally  there 
is  a fountain.  There  is  a communicatioa 
between  the  roofs  of  the  houses,  on  which 
the  inhabitants  dance,  sing,  and  amuse  them- 
selves. Some  of  the  women  seldom  tak© 
the  air,  except  on  these  flat  roofs.  The  in- 
habitants are  estimated  at  80,000,  one-  lourth 
of  which  are  Jews,  and  the  town  of  the  latter 
is  quite  disiinct  from  that  of  the  Moors. 
The  dress  of  both  sexes  is  similar,  but 
nothing  of  the  women  is  to  be  seen  in  the 
streets  except  their  eyes  and  legs,  which,  in 
this  country,  are  never  covered.  They  wear 
bracelets  on  their  arm?  and  legs,  and  large 
ear-rings  in  their  ears.  It  has  a consider- 
able trade,  and  manufactures  of  silk,  car- 
pets, and  mats.  The  vicinity  is  adorned 
with  gardens  and  vineyards^,  and  the  fruits 
come  to  greater  perfection  than  in  any  other 
part  of  the  empire.  Here  several  European 
consuls  resided,  till  tne  year  1770,  when  tho 
emperor  would  not  permit  them  to  remain 
any  longer.  It  is  140  miles  nnw  of  Fez. 
Lon.  5 26  w,  lat.  35  37  \. 

Teveroney  a river  oi  Italy,  which  rises  in 
the  Appenines,  50  miles  above  Tivoli,  flows 
through  a plain  till  it  approaches  the  town, 
when  it  is  confined  for  a short  space  between 
two  hills,  covered  with  groves,  supposed  to 
be  the  residence  of  the  Sibyl  Albunea,  to 
w'horn  an  elegant  temple  here  was  dedicated. 
This  river  is  the  ancient  Anio ; and  moving 
with  augmented  rapidity,  as  its  chauael  is 
confined,  at  last  rushes  over  a lofty  preci- 
pice, and  the  noise  of  its  fall  resounds 
through  the  hills  and  groves  of  Tivoli. 
Having  reached  the  plain,  a soon  after  re- 
ceives the  waters  of  the  lak'^  Solfatara,  and 
falls  into  the  Tiber,  uear  P^ome.  See  NuZ- 
fatara. 

Temoty  or  Tivioty  a river  which  rises  in 
the  mountains  in  the  sw  of  Roxburgnsiure, 
near  Mosspaul,  takes  a jce  cour>>e  to 
Hawick,  where  it  receive  the  Siutriok, 
and  turning  a litiie  more  to  the  meets  the 
Rule  at  Cavers,  the  Jed  ,below  Jeburgh, 
the  Oxnam  near  Crailing,  the  Kale  near 
Ecforci,  and  other  tribu.ary  streams,  joins 
the  Tweed  at  Kelso.  Roxburghshire  de- 
rived the  name  of  Tiviotdale  Irom  this 
beautiful  river,  so  much  celebrated  by  the 
pastoral  muse. 

T oiotdale.  See  Roxburghshire. 

Tehke.u  a sea  pori  in  Ba;ka,  T^uibary, 
on  a bay  of  (he  'vieeJerraneaU,  UO  miles 
wsw  of  Derna.  Lon.  iO  40  e,  lat.  32  25  i<i. 
3 B 


T E Y 

TeupitZy  a,  town  in  the  Bftddle  Mark, 
Branden burgh,  with  a castle  in  a lake,  25 
miles  s by  e of  Berlin. 

Teuschintz,  a town  and  castle  in  the 
principality  of  Bamberg,  Franconia,  17 
miles  K of  Culmbach. 

Tensing,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Pilsen, 
Bohemia,  30  miles  kw’  of  Pilsen. 

Tenzar^  an  ancient  and  considerable 
town  01  Africa,  in  Biledulgerid.  Lon.  10 
16  E,  lat.  31  2S  N, 

Tewkesbury,  a beautiful,  and  populous 
towm  in  Gloucestershire,  seated  on  the  Avon, 
near  its  juction  with  the  Severn.  The  town 
principally  consists  of  three  streets,  w^ell 
paved  cind  lighted,  and  contains  above 
4000  inhabitants.  Being  almost  completely 
surrounded  by  water,  the  principal  access 
to  it  is  by  three  bridges.  Here  are  the  re- 
mains of  a monastery,  and  its  church  still 
forms  one  of  the  noblest  parish  churches  ih 
the  kingdom.  The  abbots  of  this  monastery 
were  mitred  and  sat  in  parliament.  In  the 
town  are  several  dissenting  meeting-houses, 
a free  school,  an  hospital,  and  an  alms 
house.  Its  principal  trade,  at  present  con- 
sist in  the  manufacture  of  cotton  stockings, 
fine  w oollens,  nails,  and  mustard.  Tew  kes- 
bury  IS  governed  by  a corporation  of  24 
burgesses,  from  w^horn  are  annually  chosen, 
two  bailiffs,  and  a recorder,  and  sends  two 
members  to  parliament,  elected  by  the  inha- 
bitants paying  scot  and  lot.  It  has  markets 
on  Wednesday  and  Saturday,  and  seven 
annual  fairs.  Here,  May  4th,  1471,  Ed- 
w^ard  IV,  gained  a decisive  victory  over  the 
Lancastrians.  It  lies  10  miles  n of  Glou- 
cester, and  103  NW'  of  London. 

TEXAS,  a large  province  in  the  audience 
of  Mexico,  New  Spain,  bounded  on  the  s by 
the  gulf  of  Mexico  and  New  Leon,  w by 
Cohahuila,  and  n and  e by  Louisiana,  is 
about  700  miles  long,  and  200  broad,  and 
inhabited  by  numerous  nations  of  Indians, 
w ho  have  but  few  settlements.  It  is  w^oody, 
and  well  watered,  and  abounds  in  wild 
horses.  St  Antonio  is  the  capital. 

TEXEL,  an  island  of  N Holland,  sepa- 
rated by  a narrow  channel  of  its  name, 
from  the  mainland,  on  which  is  a fort  called 
the  Helder.  Through  this  channel  pass 
most  of  the  ships  that  are  bound  for  the  port 
of  Amsterdam.  The  English,  in  1799,  took 
the  fort,  and  the  whole  of  the  Dutch  fleet, 
lying  within  the  channel,  but  abandoned  the 
fort  soon  afterw^ards. 

Texel,  the  capital  of  the  above  island, 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Zuyder  Zee, 
with  a good  harbour.  Lon.  4 59  e,  lat. 

BZ  8 N. 

Tcga,.aL  river  which  has  its  source  near 
'I'ehsch,  in  Moravia,  Germany,  and  running 
by  Znaim,  on  the  frontiers  of  Austria,  falls 
into  the  Moraw,  on  the  borders  of  Hun- 
gary. 

’ Teyn,  a town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Bechin,  situated  on  the  Mulda,  10  miles  se 
of  Piseck, 


T H A 

Teznir,  an  ancient  and  considerable  fowji' 
of  Fez,  capital  of  the  province  of  Cuzi,  has 
a mosque  half  a mile  in  circumference.  It 
is  situated  on  a small  river,  45  miles  e of 
Fez.  Lon.  4 15  w,  lat,  33  40  n. 

Tezcuco,  a town  of  New  Spain,  situated 
on  the  river,  and  near  the  lake  of  Mexico, 
once  populous,  and  celebrated,  and  has  still 
some  magnificent  buildings.  Here  Cortez 
ordered  a canal  to  be  formed,  and  18  brigan- 
tines to  be  built,  to  carry  on  the  siege  of 
Mexico.  It  has  cotton  and  w oollen  manu- 
factures ; and  lies  16  miles  ene  of  the  city 
of  that  name.  See  Mexico. 

Tezela,  an  old  town  of  Mascara,  Algiers, 
with  a castle,  15  miles  sw  of  Oran.  Lon.  0 
25  E,  lat.  35  25  W'. 

Tezout,  a town  of  Fez,  on  the  point  of  a 
rock,  15  miles  s of  Melilla.  , 

Tezzoute,  a town  in  the  province  of  Con- 
stantia,  Algiers,  has  ruins  10  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, among  which  are  magnificent 
remains  of  city  gates,  a temple  dedicated  to 
Esculapius,  an  amphitheatre,  and  other 
elegant  edifices ; 90  miles  ssw  of  Con- 
stanlia. 

Thatnee,  a town  in  the  kingdom  of  Tunis, 
stands  near  the  mouth  of  a river  of  its  name, 
120  miles  s of  Tunis.  Len.  10  15  e.  lat.  34 
50  N. 

Thame,  or  Tame,  a river  that  has  its 
source  near  Tring,  in  Hertfordshire,  and 
passing  through  Buckinghamshire  to  the  n 
of  Aiiesbury,  enters  Oxfordshire  at  the  town 
of  Thame,  from  whence  it  is  navigable  for 
barges  to  Dorchester,  where  it  unites  with 
the  Thames. 

Thame,  or  Tame,  a town  in  Oxfordshire, 
stands  on  the  river  of  its  name,  has  a market 
on  Tuesday,  is  12  miles  e of  Oxford,  and  44 
w by  N of  London. 

Thames,  the  most  navigable  river  in 
Great  Britain,  and  most  commercial  in 
the  wmrld ; takes  its  rise  from  a copious 
spring,  called  Thames  Head,  two  miles  sw 
of  Cirencester,  in  Gloucestershire.  Some 
contend  that  the  names  Isis  belongs  to  this 
river,  till  it  meet  the  Thame  at  Dorchester, 
but  this  is  confuted  by  ancient  and  incon- 
testible  authorities.  From  Somerford,  the 
stream  winds  to  Crickdale,  where  it  receives 
many  rivulets.  It  widens  considerably  in 
its  way  to  Lechlade  ; and  is  there  joined  by 
the  Lech  and  Coin.  At  Ensham,  in  its 
course  ke  to  Oxford,  is  the  first  bridge  of 
stone.  Passing  by  the  ruins  of  Goostow 
nunnery,  the  rivers  reach  Oxford,  in  whose 
academic  groves  its  poetical  name  of  Isis 
has  been  so  often  invoked.  Being  there 
joined  by  the  Charwell,  it  proceeds  se  to 
Abingdon,  and  thence  to  Dorchester,  where 
it  receives  the  Thame.  Continuing  its 
course  se  by  Wallingford,  to  Reading,  and 
forming  a boundary  to  the  counties  of  Berks, 
Bucks,  Surry,  Middlesex,  Es:sex,  and  Kent, 
it  washes  the  towms  of  Henly,  Marlow, 
Maidenhead,  Windsor,  Eton,  Egham,  Staines, 
Laleham,  Cheruey,  Weybridge,  Shepperton, 


T H A 


Wal'ey,  Sunbury,  East  and  West  Moiilsey, 
Hampton,  Thames,  Ditton,  Kingston,  Ted- 
dingtoii,  Twickenham,  Richmond,  Isles- 
worth,  Brentford,  Kew,  Mortlake,  Barnes, 
Chiswick,  Hammersmith,  Putney,  Fulham, 
Wandsworth,  Battersea,  Chelsea,  and  Lam- 
beth. Then,  on  the  n bank  of  the  river, 
stands  Westminster  and  London,  and,  on  the 
opposite  side,  Southwark,  forming  together 
one  continued  city,  extending  to  Limehouse 
and  Deptford  : and  hence  the  river  proceeds 
to  Greenwich,  Erith,  Greenhithe,  Grey’s 
Thurrock,  Gravesend,  and  Leigh,  into  the 
Ocean.  Though  the  Thames  is  said  to  be 
navigable  158  miles  above  London  bridge, 
yet  there  are  so  many  flats,  that,  in  summer, 
the  navigation  westward  would  be  entirely 
stopped,  when  the  springs  are  low,  were  it 
not  for  a number  of  locks.  There  is  no 
lock  from  London  bridge  to  Balter’s  lock, 
that  is,  for  5 1 miles  above  that  bridge.  The 
plan  of  new  cuts  has  been  adopted  in  some 
places,  to  shorten  and  facilitate  the  naviga- 
tion. There  is  one  near  Lechlade,  and 
there  is  another  a mile  from  Abingdon.  Bnt 
a much  more  important  undertaking  has 
lately  been  accomplished,  namely,  the  junc- 
tion of  this  river  with  the  Severn.  A canal 
has  been  made  from  the  Severn  to  Wall- 
bridge,  near  Stroud.  A new  canal  now  as- 
cends  by  Stroud,  through  the  vale  of  Chal- 
ford,  to  the  height  of  343  feet,  by  28  locks, 
and  thence  to  the  entrance  of  a tunnel,  near 
Sapperton,  a distance  of  near  eight  miles.  ; 
This  canal  is  42  feet  in  width  at  top,  and  30 
at  the  bottom.  In  the  coarse  of  this  vast 
undertaking,  the  canal  from  the  Severn,  at 
Froomlade,  to  Inglesham,  where  it  jouis  the 
Thames,  is  a distance  of  more  than  30  miles. 
The  expence  of  it  exceeded  the  sum  of 
200,0001.  of  which  30001.  is  said  to  have 
been  exuended  in  gunpowder  alone,  for  blow- 
ing- up\he  rock.  This  new  canal  was 
completed  in  1T89,  within  less  than  seven 
years  from  its  commencement.  A com- 
munication not  only  with  the  Trent,  but 
with  the  Morse V,  has  likewise  been  effected 
by  a canal  from  Oxford  to  Coventry  and  an 
act  of  Parliament  passed,  to  extend  another 
canal  from  this,  at  Braunston,  to  the 
Thames  at  Brentford.  This  is  to  be  called 
The  Grand  Junction  Canal.  The  tide 
flows  up  the  Thames  as  high  as  Richmond, 
which,  following  the  winding  of  the  river, 
is  70  miles  from  the  Ocean. 

Thamesy  a river  in  Connecticut,  composed 
of  the  Shetucket  and  the  Quinabaug,  which 
unite  at  Norwich.  From  hence  to  Long 
Island  Sound,  a distance  of  15  miles,  into 
which  it  falls  below  New  London,  form- 
ino*  the  commodious  harbour  of  that  town. 

’^Thamsbruck,  a town  in  Thuringia,  Upper 
Saxony,  seated  on  the  Unstrut,  three  miles 
N of  Langensalza. 

THANET,  an  island  of  England,  politi- 
cally annexed  to  Kent,  comprising  the 
eastern  angle  of  the  county,  and  separated 
from  the  main  land  by  the  two  branches  of  | 


THE 

the  Stour.  It  produces  much  corn  and 
madder.  The  s part  of  it  contains  a rich 
tract  of  marsh  land.  It  contains  the  sea 
port  of  Margate  and  Ramsgate,  and  several 
villages.  Its  shores  produce  sea  weed, 
which  is  applied  as  a manure,  and  burnt 
for  kelp.  It  gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the 
family  of  Tufton. 

1 Thanhaus^n,  a town  of  Suabia,  on  th© 

I Mindel,  14  miles  n of  Mindlesheim. 
j THASOS,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago, 

I on  the  coast  of  Jamboli,  a province  of  Ma- 
cedonia, at  the  entrance  of  the  gulf  of  Con- 
tessa.  It  is  12  miles  in  length,  and  eight  ia 
breadth,  and  abounds  in  all  the  necessaries 
of  life.  Its  fruit  and  wine  are  delicious, 
and  besides  q\iarries  of  marble,  there  are 
mines  of  silver  and  gold.  The  chief  town 
is  of  the  same  name,  and  has  a well  fre- 
quented harbour.  Lon.  24  32  e,  lat.  40 
i59  N. 

Thaxted,  a town  in  Essex,  situated  near 
the  source  of  the  Chelrner.  It  has  a large, 
ancient,  and  handsome  church,  a market  oa 
Friday,  and  two  annual  fairs,  and  lies  20 
miles  N by  w of  Chelmsford,  and  44  nnb  of 
London, 

Theaki,  the  ancient  Ithaca,  famous  as  the 
. birth  place  and  kingdom  of  Ulysses,  aa 
island  in  the  Mediterranean,  24  miles  long 
1 and  seven  broad,  separated  by  a narrow' 
i channel  from  the  ne"  part  of  Cefalonia.  It 
' belongs  to  the  republic  of  the  seven  islands. 
Valthi,  the  principal  towm,  has  a good  har- 
bour. Loo.  20  40  E,  lat.  28  35  n. 

THEBAID,  a large  country  of  Upper 
Egypt,  reaching  from  Fiam  to  the  Red  sea, 
no“w  called  Said.  It  is  the  least  fertile  of 
any  province  ia  Egypt,  being  full  of  deserts, 
but  famous  for  the  retreat  of  a great  number 
of  Christians,  who  lived  here  in  a solitary 
manner.  It  is  now  inhabited  by  Arabs,  who 
are  robbers  by  profession. 

Thebes,  the  ancient  name  of  a city  of 
Upper  Egypt,  now  called  Luxor.  It  was 
formerly  celebrated  for  having  100  gates, 
and  there  are  still  many  ntagnifioent  remains 
of  the  ancient  city.  Besides  Luxor,  there 
are  other  two  villages,  Carnack  and  Gour- 
nou,  seated  among  us  ruins. 

Thebes.  See  Thioa. 

Themar,  a county  of  Henneberg,  Franco- 
nia, seated  near  the  Werra,  10  miles  se  of 
Mai  nun  gen. 

Thengen,  capital  of  an  extensive  county 
of  its  name,  Swabia,  in  the  landgravate  of 
Nellenburg,  on  the  Hegau,  eight  miles  n of 
Schaffhausen. 

Theodosia.  See  Caffa. 

THERMIA,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
near  the  gulf  of  Engia,  12  miles  in  length 
and  five  in  breadth,  s of  the  island  ol  Zia. 
The  soil  is  good,  and  well  cultivated,  and 
they  have  u great  deal  of  silk.  The  princi- 
pal town  is  of  the  same  name,  and  the  resi- 
dence of  a Greek  bishop.  Lon.  24  59  e, 
lat.  37  31  N. 

THESSALY,  a province  of  Europeao 


3 B 2 


T H I 

Turkey,  bouDded  on  the  $ by  Lavadia,  w by 
Albania,  e by  the  Archipelago,  and  n by 
Macedonia,  It  is  exceedingly  fertile,  and 
abounds  in  grapes  of  exquisite  sweetness 
figs,  melons,  oranges,  lemons,  citrons, 
pomegranates,  almonds,  olives,  cotton, 
chesnuts,  <&c.  It  is  the  modern  Janna,  and 
Larissa  is  the  capital 

ThetJ'crd,  a borough  in  Norfolk,  situated 
on  the  Little  Ouse,  where  the  Lent  assizes 
for  the  county  are  kept.  This  was  once  a 
very  large  city  and  contained  above  20 
churches,  and  eight  monasteries.  It  has 
now  only  two  parish  churches,  one  of  which 
is  on  the  Suffolk  side  of  the  river,  and 
about  2250  inhabitants.  The  principal 
manufactures  are  worsted  stuffs  and  paper, 
and  it  has  a trade  in  corn  along  the  Little 
and  Great  Ouse.  The  guildhall  is  a fine 
old  building.  Here  is  a goal,  a bridewell, 
a ho  use  of  correction,  and  an  hospital.  The 
coi  ration,  consisting  of  a mayor,  10  al- 
dermen, and  20  comv*  on  council  men,  elect 
the  two  members  which  it  sends  to  parlia- 
ment. It  has  a market  on  Saturday,  and 
three  annual  fairs,  and  lies  30  miles  ssp  of 
King^s  Linn,  and  80  ne  of  London,  Lon. 

0 50E,^lat.  52  28  >y. 

Theiiw,  a village  in  the  territory  of  Liege, 
Kettieiiands,  where,  in  1794,  the  French 
defeated  the  Austrians,  three  miles  nw  of 
Spa. 

THIBET,  or  G&eat  Thibet,  a large 
country  of  Asia,  considered  by  some  geo- 
graphers as  part  of  Tartary.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  NW  and  n by  the  desert  of  Kobi,  in 
Tartary,  on  the  e by  China,  on  the  s by  As- 
sam and  Burmah,  and  on  the  w and  sw  by 
Hindoostan  Proper  and  Bootan.  It  lies  be- 
tween 25  0 and  40  0 n lat.  and  between  81 
0 and  102^0  e Ion.  This  country  is  one  of 
the  highest  in  Asia,  whi  ch  gives  rise  not 
only  to  the  rivers  of  Ii^dia  and  China,  but 
also  to  those  of  Siberia  and  Tartary.  Its 
length  Irom  e to  w cannot  be  less  than  1400 
miles,  its  breadth  500,  but  very  unequal, 
it  is  divided  into  three  parts,  Upper,  Muldle, 
and  Lower  Thibet.  The  Upper  lies  to- 
wards the  sc'/rces  of  the  Barrampooter  and 
the  Ganges  ; the  Middle  is  that  in  which  i 
Lassa,  the  Ct-pUal,  is  seated,  and  the  Lower  | 
ihat  which  borders  upon  China.  Little 
Thibet  lies  between  Cashgur  and  Upper 
Thibet.  The  principal  exports  are  gold 
dust,  diamonds,  pearls,  iambs^  skins,  wool- 
len cloths,  shawls,  rock  salt,  musk,  and 
crude  borax.  Wheat,  barley  and  peas  are  | 
culto-  ml.  The  country  abounds  with  ! 

giM  ' a-'d  wild  fowl,  numerous  liock.s  of  ! 
shef'i)  and  goats,  herds  of  small  cattle,  and  j 
borsi  ..  Among  the  priests  are  many  monas- 
tic orders,  of  which  the  Gjiong.s  are  the 
mos!  numerous:  they  are  exevupted  from 
enjoined  temperance,  and  prohibited 
all  intercourse  wi,h  the  female  sex;  lnr\ 
are  very  numerous,  as  every  family  of  more  J 
than  four  boys,  is  obliged  to  contribtile  one  | 
of  them  to  this  order ; Ironi  it  thecllicers  of  J 


T H I 

state  are  usually  chosen.  The  practice  of 
polyandry  prevails  universally  in  this  coun- 
try, and  one  female,  selected  by  the  elder 
broiher,  a,ssociatPs  with  all  the  brothers  of 
the  family,  without  any  restriction  of  num- 
ber or  age.  This  practice,  with  the  cele- 
bacj'  of  the  priests,  prevent  too  numerous  a 
population.  The  corpses  of  their  dead  are 
either  consumed  by  fire,  or  given  to  the 
beasts  and  birds  of  prey,  with  the  exception 
of  the  -orpses  of  the  grand  lamas,  w hich  are 
preserved  entire.  They  venerate  the  cow, 
and  pay  great  respect  to  the  water  of  the 
Ganges,  the  source  of  which  they  believe  to 
be  in  heaven,  Thibet  is  often  visited  by  the 
Indian  pilgrims.  Considering  the  exceed- 
ingly rough  and  sterile  state  of  the  country 
of  Thibet,  and  the  severity  of  its  climate, 
from  its  wonderful  elevation,  it  is  astonish- 
ing  to  find  its  inhabitants  in  a high  stale  of 
civilization.  The  Thiberians  are  governed 
by  the  grand  lama,  or  delai  lama,  who  is 
not  only  submitted  to  by  them,  but  is  also 
very  much  revered  by  various  tribes  of  Tar- 
tars, even  the  emperor  of  Chiua,  who  is  of 
a Tartar  race,  does  net  fail  to  ctcknowledge 
the  Iaiea,iD  his  religious  capacity,  although 
as  a temporal  sovereign,  the  lama  himself  is 
tributary  to  that  emperor.  The  residence 
of  the  grand  lama  is  at  Patoli.  The  religi- 
on of  Thibet,  though  in  many  respects  it  • 
diflers  from  that  of  the  Indian  Bram  ns,  yet 
in  others  it  has  a great  affinity  to  it. 

Thfe/,  or  Tiel.  a strong  tow  n in  Gelder- 
land,  Holland  .<^tarids  on  tbe  Waal,  and  was 
taken  by  the  French  in  1794,  IS  miles  w 
of  Nimeguen. 

ThuUy  u town  of  Flanders,  Netherlands, 
10  miles  N of  Courtraj^ 

Thiengerif  a town  on  the  Wuttuck, 
Swabia;  13  miles  w of  Schauffhaiisen, 
Ttiiersy  a populous  trading  towm  in  the 
department  of  Puy  de  Dome,  France,  stands 
on  the  side  of  a hill,  and  has  manufactures 
of  cutlery,  thread,  and  paper.  It  is  22  miles 
E of  tiiermont. 

ThiOiwiUe,  a considerable  town  in  the 
departrr,ent  of  Moselle,  France,  seated  on 
tlic  Moselle,  over  w’bich  is  a bridge  d fended 
by  a horn  work.  In  1792,  it  was  bonbarded 
by  the  Austrians,  but  they  were  obliged  to 
abandon  the  siege,  14  miles  n of  Metz,  and 
33  ssw’  of  Treves. 

Thirtemere.  See  Leathes-ivuter. 

Thii\skj  a borough  in  the  North  Riding 
of  Yorkshire,  situated  on  the  great  post 
road  from  Edinburgh  to  London.  The 
church  was  built  from  the  ruins  of  its  strong 
castle,  destroyed  by  Henry  II.  It  is  go- 
verned by  a bailiff,  Lind  is  represented  by 
two  members  in  paniamfiit.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  coarse  linens,  sacking,  <fec.  a 
weekly  market  on  Mo  iday,  and  five  annual 
iairs,  and  lies  24  miles  nw  of  York,  and 
220  N by  w of  London 

Thivuy  anciently  called  Thebes,  a cele- 
brated town  of  Greece,  in  Livadia,  and  a 
bishop  s see,  seated  between  two  small 


T H O ' 

rivers,  has  two  mosques  and  several 
ehurohes.  The  castle,  called  Cadmaca, 
from  Cadmus,  its  founder,  is  the  only  part 
now  inhabited.  It  was  formerly  very  arg 
and  is  yet  four  miles  in  circumference,  but 
so  full  of  ruins,  that  there  are  pot  above 
4000  Turks  and  Christians  m it.  it  is 
noted  for  a fine  sort  of  white  clay,  “f 
they  make  bowls  for  pipes  after  the  Turki 
fashion,  that  dry  naturally,  and  j 

being  burnt,  become  as  bard  as  a stone,  \ 
mile.s  Nw  of  Athens. 

Tiiiviersy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Dordogne,  France,  18  miles  nne  of  Pen- 

^ Thoissely  a considerable  town  in  the 
department  of  Ain,  France.  It  is  situated 
in  a fertile  country,  near  the  Saone  and 
Chalerone,  16  miles  n of  Trevoux,  and 

SE  of  Paris  , . 

THOMAS,  St,  an  island  of  Africa,  lying 
under  the  equator  in  8 deg.  E Ion.  It  was 
discovered  in  i429,  and  belongs  to  the  For- 
tuguese.  It  is  almost  round,  and  is  about 


39  miles  in  diameter. 


The  surface  consists 


OM  llliics  lu  . 

of  hills  intermixed  with  vallies,  frequently 
filled  with  a thick  fog.  The  soil  is  fertile, 
and  produces  plenty  of  sugar  canes,  nee, 
and  millet.  On  the  same  vine  appear 
blossoms,  and  green  and  ripe  fruit  all  the 
year  round.  The  cattle  are  larger  and 
finer  than  on  the  coast  of  Guinea,  the  cli- 
mate is  healthy  for  the  natives,  but  not  tor 
Europeans,  few  o4  whom  live  to  a great  age. 
The  Dutch  took  this  island  in  1641,  but 
soon  abandoned  it,  on  account  of  the  climate, 
the  capital  is  Pavoasan. 

THOMAS  ISLAND,  St,  or  Danes 
Island,  the  largest  and  most  northerly  of 
the  Virgin  islands,  in  the  West  Indies,  is 
about  nine  miles  long,  and  three  broad. 

It  has  a sandy  soil,  and  is  badly  watered, 
but  enjoys  a considerable  tr  ;de.  It  has  a 
safe  and  commodious  harbour,  a town,  and 
a fort.  It  was  surrendered  by  the  Danes  to 
the  English  in  1807,  and  lies  about  30 
miles  E of  the  island  of  Porto  Rico.  Lon. 
65  26  W,lat.  18  22  N.  ^ r 

THOMAS  ISfAND,  Sr,  an  island  ot 
North  America,  on  the  w coast  of  New 
Mexico.  Lon.  1 1 3 5 w,  lat.  20  10  n. 

Thomas,  St,  a town  of  Soutn  America,  in 
Guinea,  situated  at  the  foot  of  a hill,  on  the 
right  banks  of  the  Oroonoko,  where  that 
rivHv  begins  to  form  its  delta.  It  is  the 
residence*  of  a governor,  is  fortified,  and  the 
centre  of  trade  in  these  waters.  Lon.  62 
50  w,  lat.  S 7 N. 

Thomas,  St,  a town  in  the  Carnatic, 
Hindoostan,  inhabited  by  weavers,  and 
dyers,  and  famous  for  tiie  best  oolourecl 
stuffs  ill  India,  and  was  formerly  a powerlul 
city,  three  miles  s of  Madras. 

Thomastown,  a borough  in  Kilkenny, 
Leinster,  with  a castle,  and  a bridge  over 
the  river  Noire.  It  sent  two  members  to 
the  Irish  parliament,  10  miles  ssE  of  Kil- 
kenny, and  58  ssw  of  Dublin* 


T H O 

Thomastoim,  a town  in  Lincoln  county, 
district  of  Maine,  stands  on  the  w side  of 
Penobscot  bay,  and  bas  a trade  in  lumber 
and  lime,  30  miles  e by  n ©f  Wisoasset. 

Thonon,  a hand. so  me  town  of  Savoy,  on 
the  lake  of  Geneva,  at  the  influx  of  the  Dra- 
ma, has  a palace,  and  several  convents. 

It  is  13  miles  sw  of  Lausanne,  and  86  ns 

of  Geneva.  . 

Thorn,  a city  of  Western  Pru-ssia.  It 
was  lormerly  a hanseatic  town,  and  still 
enjoys  great  privileges.  It  is  situated  on 
the  river  Vistula,  over  winch  it  has  a long 
wooden  bridge.  In  the  church  of  St.  John 
is  the  epitaph  of  the  celebrated  Copernicus, 
who  was  a native  ot  this  place.  It  con- 
sists of  the  old  and  new  town,  and  has  a 
famous  protestant  academy.  In  1703,  its 
fortifications  were  destroyed  by  the  Swedw. 
Between  ITO'S  and  1710  it  was  visited  by 
the  plague.  Here,  a tumult  took  place  be- 
tween  the  protestants  and  Roman  catholics, 
in  1734,  on  account  of  the  students  of  tho 
Jesuits;  and  judges  were  sent  by  the  Poles 
to  try  the  magistrates  for  not  suppressing 
the  riot,  when  the  president  and  nine  citi- 
zens  w^ere  condemned  to  be  beheaded.  In 
1799  the  king  of  Prussia  seized  this  city 
and  annexed  it  to  his  dominions,  67  miles  s 
of  Dantzic,  and  105  nw  of  Warsaw.  Lon. 

18  42  E,  lat.  53  6 N. 

Thornbury,  a town  in  Gloucestershire, 
Iviiig  near  the  Severn.  The  town  chiefly 
consists  of  three  streets,  m the  form  of  Y. 
It  is  governed  by  a mayor  and  assistants  and 
has  a market  on  Saturday,  and  three  an- 
nual fairs.  Here  are  the  remains  of  a pa- 
lace begun,  but  never  finished  by  the  great 
duke  ot  Buckingham,  who  fell  a sacrifice 
to  the  deadly  malice  of  cardinal  Wolsey 
It  is  24  miles  w of  Gloucester,  and  122  w 

of  London.  . . __ 

Thorne,  an  improving  town  in  the  W 
Riding  of  Yorkshire.  It  stands  in  the 
marsh  land  on  the  river  Don,  now  much 
improved  by  draining.  It  has  a vnarket  on 
Wednesday,  and  two  annual  fairs,  eacn 
of  which  last  -three  days. 

Thorney,  a village  in  Cambridgeshire,  in 
the  vicinity  of  which  was  an  abbey,  whose 
abbot  wore  a mitre.  The  nave  of  the 
church  is  still  remaining,  six  miles  ne  ot 


Petersborough. 

Thorney,  a small  island  in  a bay  ot  the 
Enp’lish  channel,  near  the  coast  of  Sussex, 
with  a village  of  the  samename,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Lavant,  seven  miles  .sw  of  Chichester. 

Thornhill,  a neat  little  town  in  Duni'- 
fries-shire,  situated  in  the  parish  of  Morton, 
It  is  regularly  built  in  two  streets,  crossing 
each  other  at  right  angles.  There  ore  four 
fairs  held  here  annually,  chiefly  tor  woollen 
yarn,  and  coarse  woollen  stufls.  It  con- 
tains  about  600  inhabitants  and  is  siluateiij. 
i near  the  n side  of  the  river  Nith,  and  inter 
sected  by  the  road  leading  from  Glasgow  to 
Dumfries,  12  miles  se  of  Sanquhar,  15  N 
w of  Dumfries,  and  60  ssa  of  Edinburgh. 


THU 

TnarnhrUy  a village  iu  the  parish  of  Kin- 
cardiae,  Perthshire,  near  the  Forth,  has  a 
considerable  tannery  and  including  Norries- 
town,  immediately  adjoining,  contains  600 
inhabitants  10  miles  w of  Stirling. 

Tnouars,  an  ancient  and  considerable 
town  in  the  department  of  the  Two  Sevres, 
France,  It  is  situated  on  a hill  by  the  river 
Thoue  with  the  castle  of  its  ancient  dukes, 
on  a rock,  surrounded  by  walls,  feet 
high,  built  of  white  stone,  32  miles  se  of 
Angers,  and  162  sw  of  Paris. 

thousand  isles,  are  situated  in  SL 
Lawrence,  or  Iroquois  river,  a little  x of 
lake  Ontario. 

Thraete^  or  Thrive,  a castle  on  a small 
island  in  the  river  Dee,  in  Kirkcudbright- 
shire, formerly  of  great  strength,  and  mag- 
uificenee.  It  was  the  residence  of  the 
Douglasses,  lords  of  Gallovi’^y,  from  the 
. year,  1300  to  J450,  when  that  branch  of  the 
celebrated  family  of  Douglass  became  ex- 
tinct. King  James  IV  nearly  demolished 
this  elegant  structure,  which  is  now  a fine 
ruin. 

Thrapston,  a small  town  in  Northamp- 
tonshire, with  a market  on  Thursday,  seat- 
ed on  the  Nen,  over  which  is  a fine  strong 
bridge.  The  river  is  navigable  to  this 
place,  which  has  an  export  and  import  trade, 
and  an  annual  fair  August  7,  seven  miles 
N of  Higham  Ferrets,  20  sw  of  Peterbo- 
rough, and  73  nxw  of  London. 

three-hills  ISLAND,  one  of  the 

New  Hebrides,  in  the  South  Sea,  s of  Mali- 
collo,  12  miles  in  circuit. 

Three  Rivers,  capital  of  Lower  Canada, 
when  U was  subject  to  the  French,  stands 
on  a river  of  its  name,  which,  before  it  uni- 
tes with  the  St  Lawrence,  is  parted  by  two 
islands  into  three  channels.  Here  are  two 
churches,  and  convent,  and  an  hospital. 
Nine  miles/higher  up  the  river  are  consider- 
able iron -works,  70  miles  wsw  of  Quebec. 
Lon.  72  27  w,  lat.  46  24  n. 

Thuin,  a town  in  the  territory  of  Liege, 
Netherlands,  situated  on  the  river  Sambre, 
eight  miles  sw  of  Charleroy,  and  2*5  se  of 
AJons. 

T}i?de.  See  Tula* 

T.HULE,  SocTHERX,  laud  discovered 
by  Cook,  in  1775.  It  lies  -in  lat.  59  54  s 
and  Ion.  26  40  w. 

Thun,  a handsome  town  in  the  canton  of 
Bern,  Switzerland,  capital  of  a bailliwic 
with  a castle,  on  a lake  of  its  name,  (14 
miles  long,  and  three  broad,)  at  the  efflux  of 
the  Aar,  15  miles  s by  e of  Bern. 

Thnr,  a river  of  Swisseiland,  that  has  its 
source  in  the  s part  of  the  county  of  For- 
genburg,  and  falls  into  the  Rhine,  seven 
miles  ssw  of  Scbaufbiiauseii. 

I’lwrgau,  a new  canton,  of  Switzerland, 
situated  along  the  river  Thiir,  bounded  on 
the  N and  e by  the  lake  and  territory  of 
Constance,  s by  the  canton  of  St  Gall, 
and  w by  Zurich.  Though  somewhat 
iiiountaiiious  toward  the  b,  it  is  the  most 


T I B 

1 pleasant,  rich,  and  fertile  part  of  Switzer- 
land,  belong  extremely  populous,  one  third 
ot  the  inhabitants  are  papists,  and  the  others 
Calvinists.  The  capital  is  Frauenfeld. 

THURINGIA,  a province  of  Upper  Sax- 
ony, about  78  miles  in  length,  and  75  in 
breadtn.  It  is  lertileandabouiiding  in  corn, 
fruits,  and  wood,  and  watered  by  several 
rivers.  It  belongs  to  the  duke  of  Saxony, 
and  several  petty  sovereigns.  Erfurt  is  the 
capital  town. 

Thurles,  a town  in  Tipperary,  Munster, 
lotersecied  by  the  Suir,  and  contains  a fine 
scat  of  the  earl  of  Llandaff.  It  has  some 
r-^mains  of  a monastery  of  white  Friars 
loiinded  in  1300,  25  miles  x by  e of  Cashel' 
25  w of  Kilkenny,  and  70  sw  of  Dublin. 

Thurso,  a town  in  Caithness-shire,  situa- 
ted at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Thurso,  on  the 
w side  of  the  Duunet  bay.  It  is  a borough 
of  barony,  governed  by  two  bailies,  and  12 
counsellors,  appointed  by  Sir  John  Sinclair, 
the  superior,  contains  about  1600  inhabi 
tants,  a society's  school,  two  good  inns,  a 
manufactory  of  ploughs  and  carts,  a tan- 
nery, a brewery,  a bleacbfield,  and  snuff- 
work.  It  bas  also  a considerable  trade, 
and  manufactory  of  woollen  and  linen  cloth. 
The  harbour  at  spring  tides  admits  vessels 
of  10  feet  draught  of  water.  It  is  a port  of 
the  custom-house,  having  16  decked  vessels, 
amounting  to  858  tons,  and  a good  coasting 
trade,  a salmon  fishery,  and  a fair  June  29” 
and  another  in  the  end  of  August  which 
lasts  JO  days.  Thurso  castle,  anciently  the 
seat  of  the  earls  of  Caithness,  stands  on  the 
E side  of  the  river,  near  the  town.  The 
parish  of  Thurso  extends  about  three  miles 
around  the  town  in  every  direction  except  t® 
the  Nw  where  it  is  bounded  by  the  sea.  The 
parish  abounds  in  a coarse  kind  of  slatej, 
and  along  with  the  town  contained  3626  in- 
habitants in  1801,  and  in  1811,  3462,  25 
miles  xw  of  Wick,  270  x of  Edinburgh. 
Lon.  3 18  w,  lat.  58  36  x. 

Thurso,  a river  of  Scotland,  which  rises 
from  Loch  More,  runs  about  16  miles  over 
a stony  bed,  skirted  with  beautiful  meadows 
and  fertile  fields,  and  falls  into  the  Pent- 
land  Frith  at  the  town  of  Thurso,  into  the 
bay  of  the  same  name. 

Tiagar,  a town  in  the  Carnatic,  Hindoo- 
Stan,  50  miles  wsw  of  Pondicherry,  and  75 
s of  Arcot. 

Tiano,  an  ancient  episcopal  town  of 
Naples,  in  Terro  de  Lavoro,  has  a celebra- 
ted nunnery,  and  a mineral  spring,  15  miles 
NW  of  Capua. 

Tibbermuir,  (commonly  called  Tipper^ 
tnuir)  a parish  of  Scotland  in  Perthshire, 
about  eight  miles  long  and  from  one  to  three 
broad,  lying  to  the  w of  Perth,  in  which  are 
paper  mills,  printflelds,  and  bleacbfields. 
The  surface  is  agreeably  varied,  and  though 
naturally  sterile,  is  now  highly  cultivated 
and  productive.  The  bishop^s  of  Dunkeld 
bad  their  residence  ju  this  parish.  Popula- 
tion about  1306. 


T I D . 

’Tiber.  B.  great  river  in  Italy,  which  rises 

in  the  Appeaine  *“  by 

passes  ibrougb  the  eoolesiasUoa,  by 

Boro-o,  St.  Ssimlcnro,  Citta  hi  t-iotell 
Orlo,  and  Rome,  10  miles  below  “ 

falls  into  the  Mediterranean  sea,  between 
oitL  and  Porto.  Tivere  is  its  modern, 

“^rL-rias,  or  Tcb aria,  a.  io'.ja  ia  f 

Syria,  stands  on  the  w side  oi  a la,te  of  ae 
sime  name,  called  also  the  la^e  of  faene- 
sareth,  and  the  sea  of  Galilee,  is 
by  walls,  has  a very  ancient  church,  caded 
the  house  of  St  Peter,  and  a castle,  and  a 
mile  to  the  s are  the  tamous  not  baths  ol 
Emmaus.  Some  traces  ot  the  ancient  city 
are  yet  visible.  Lofty  and  precipitous  emi- 
nences sujroiiud  the  lake,  along  tne  bor- 
ders of  which  are  still  to  be  seen  the  re- 
mains of  ancient  tombs  hewn  in  the  rocks 
lacing  the  water ; 64  miles  kne  of  Jeru- 
.§alem. 

Tibet  See  Tkibet. 

Tiburon,  a cape  at  the  most  westerly  ex- 
tremity of  the  island  of  St.  Domingo,  with 
a town  and  fort,  on  an  open  road  opposite 
Port  Antonio  in  Jamaica.  In  1T94,  it  was 
taken  by  the  British  and  French  royalists, 
but  was  retaken  by  the  French  republicans 
the  next  year,  Lon.  74  3'^^  w,  lat.  18  25  n. 

Titchfield,  a town  in  Hampshire,  six 
miles  E of  Southampton.  It  contains  2949 
inhabitants,  and  has  a weekly  market,  and 
live  annual  fairs.  Here  are  some  remains 
of  an  Abbey,  and  on  its  site  is  the  ruin  oi  a 
mansion  in  which  Charles  I.  was  concealed 
in  his  flight  from  Hampton  court,  in  1647. 

Tickely,  a town  in  the  circar  of  Cicacole, 
Hiildoostan,  30  miles  nb  of  Cicacole,  and 
TO  sw  of  Garjam. 

Tickell,  or  Tickhill,  a healthy  town  m 


the  w Riding  of  Yorkshire.  Its  castle  and  | 
fortifications  of  which  some  remains  are 
visible,  were  demolished  in  the  cruel  wars. 
It  has  a weekly  market  and  an  annual  fair, 
and  lies  five  miles  s of  Doncaster,  and  154 
N by  w of  London. 

Ticonderagoy  a fort  on  the  narrow  pas- 
sage between  the  lakes  George  and  Cham- 
plain,  state  of  New  York,  built  by  the 
French  in  1756,  and  taken  by  general  Am- 
herst, in  1759,  and  by  general  Burgojme  in 
1777,  but  evacuated  after  the  convention  ot 
Sarataga.  It  is  now  in  ruins  and  is  an  ap- 
pendage to  a farm,  14  miles  s of  Crown- 

point.  . 

Tideswell)  a town  in  Derbysnire,  on  tne 
s confines  of  the  petik.  The  buiUlings  are 
not  remarkable,  but  the  church  is  much 


T I L 

fair.s,  and  lies  22  miles  uw  of  Derby,  and 
160  N of  London. 

TIDOKE,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
one  of  the  Moluccas,  16  miles  to  the  s of 
Ternate,  It  is  20  miles  in  circumference 
and  produces  cloves  and  flax.  It  is  strong 
being  surrounded  by  rocks  and  woods,  and 
is  governed  by  a sultan,  who  is  also 
sovereign  of  the  s part  of  Gilolo,  and  de- 
mands tribute  from  Mysol.  Lon.  126  40  e, 
iai.  0 50  N. 

TieL  See  Thiet 

Tien,  a large  and  handsome  town  of 
China,  in  Petcheli,  seated  on  the  Pei-iio,  at 
the  junction  of  tiie  Eu-ho,  with  a harbour, 
and  a great  trade  in  salt,  90  miles  se  of 
Peking. 

Tiess.  See  Tiesse, 

Tijiis.  See  Tejlis. 

TIGilE,  a%ovinc0 
Abysima,  200  miles  in 
breadth,  through  which  passes  all  the  mer- 
chandise of  the  kingdom  shipped  on  the 
Red  Sea,  for  Arabia.  The  capital  is  Au- 
zen. 

Tigris,  a river  of  Asia,  which  has  its 
source  near  that  of  the  Euphrates,  in  the 
mountain  Tchilder,  in  Diarbeck.  This 
river  passes  by  Diarbeck,  Gexira,  Mouzul, 
Bagdad,  Gonio,  and  joins  the  Euphrates,  35 
miles  above  Bassora. 

Tilburg,  East,  a village  in  Essex,  situated 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Thames,  to  the  e of 
Tilbury  fort,  noted  for  having  from  ancient 
times  a ferry  over  the  river  into  Kent.  Here 
queen  Elizabeth  fortified  a camp  to  prevent 
the  landing  of  the  Spaniards.  In  this  parish 
IS  a field,  called  Cave  Field,  in  which  is  a 
horizontal  passage  to  one  of  the  spaeioVis 
caverns  in  the  neighbouring  parish  ol  Chad- 
well,  Dr.  Durham  measured  three  of  the 


in  the  ne  part  of 
length  and  120  in 


most  considerable  of  them,  and  found  the 
depth  of  one  to  be  50,  another  TO,  and  the 
third  80  feet.  They  are  supposed  to  be  the 
work  of  the  Britons. 

Tilburg,  Fort,  a regular  fortification  in 
in  Essex,  opposite  to  Gravesend.  It  has 
a double  moat,  the  innermost  of  which  is 
180  feet  broad;  with  a good  counterscarp, 
and  covered  way,  ravelins,  and  terrails. 
It  has  a platform,  in  place  of  a counter- 
I scarp,  on  which  are  planted  106  guns,  from 
} 24  to  46  pounders,  besides  smaller  ones.  Its 
' chief  strength  on  the  land  side  consists  in 
in  being  able  to  lay  the  whole  level  under 
water.  This  fort  lies  28  miles  e by  s of 
! London. 

j Tilbury,  West,  a village  in  Es-sex,  situa- 


,j  ted  on  the  Thames,  N ot  Tilbury  tort.  In 

admired  At  some  distance  tvom  (he  town  j 1630,  it  was  the  see  of  Gedila,  or  St.  Chad, 

is  a well  three  feetdeeu,iind  three  ieet  wide,  i who  converted  the  Saxons  to  Cnristiamty. 
IS  a well,  three  ieeiaeep,.iu  ^ Uiscovered  in  17^7,  a 

medicinal  spring  of  great  efficacy  in  the 


that  after  great  rains,  ebbs  and  flows  two 
or  three  times  in  an  hour,  and  the  water 


m an  Hour,  anu  me  waici  u - 

uses  and  fails  about  two  feel  three  inches  1 asthma,  gravel,  dissentery,  piles  Ac. 
at  a thue,  wLh  it  accomplishes  m ahont -1  Till,  a r.ver  m Aor.hnmh.rland,  winch 


five  minutes'.  This  well  is  reckoned  one  ol 
the  w'onders  of  the  peak,  Jideweli,  has  a 
market  on  Wednesday,  and  three  annual 


rises  s of  the  Cue » His,  passes  by  Woofer, 
and  unites  with  tuc  iweed,  at  the  village  of 
TilmoiUb,  four  miles  below  Coldstieuai. 


TIN 


TIN 


Tillicoultry^  a parish  in  Clackmannan- 
shire, of  an  oblong  form,  six  miles  long,  and 
from  one  to  two  broad,  watered  on  the  n by 
the  Devon.  It  includes  part  of  the  Ochil 
hills.  The  soil  is  various  but  fertile.  Gra- 
nite, basaltes,  scheorls,  schistus,  mica,  sul- 
phur, silver,  lead,  copper,  antimony,  and 
arsenic  are  found  in  the  parish.  Ironstone 
and  coal  abound.  There  are  three  villages 
in  the  parish,  viz.  Earlstown,  Coalsnaugh- 
ton,  and  Westertown,  each  of  which  con- 
tains upwards  of  210  inhabitants.  Popula- 
tion about  910. 

Tilliersy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Eure»  France,  six  miles  ne  of  Verneuil, 
and  12  w of  Dreux. 

Tilney,  a village  in  the  marsh  land  of 
Norfolk  w of  Lynn  Regis,  noted  for  a large 
and  valuable  marsh  capable  of  pasturing 
30,000  sheep,  which  was  sdljured  to  the 
inhabitants  from  the  rapacity  of  the  lord  of 
the  manor,  by  the  prowess  of  one  Kikifrike, 
whose  tombstone  is  in  the  churchyard  of 
this  place. 

7'ilsit,  a tow^n  of  Prussian  Lithuania,  with 
a castle.  It  has  a considerable  trade,  in 
corn,  lintseed,  butter,  cheese,  and  other 
provisions.  It  was  captured  by  the  Rus- 
sians in  1T57,  but  soon  relinquished.  In 
1807,  it  was  taken  by  the  French,  soon 
after  which  tw’o  treaties  of  peace  were 
signed  between  France  and  Russia,  and 
France  and  Prussia,  the  three  sovereigns 
being  here  in  person.  It  is  situated  on  the 
Memei,  dO  miles  ke  of  Konigsberg,  and  9S 
ssw  of  Mittau.  Lon.  22  8 e,  lat.  65  8 y, 

Timmia^  a town  in  Popayan,  New  Gre- 
nada, capital  of  a territory  of  the  same 
name,  abounding  in  cattle,  cotton,  anti 
honey.  It  stands  on  a river,  100  miles  ese 
of  Popayan.  Lon.  75  12  w,  lat.  2 14  N. 

Timhuctoo,  See  Tombucteo. 

Timerycotta,  a town  and  fortress  in  tbe 
Carnatic,  Hindoostan,  capital  of  the  district  ! 
of  Palnaud,  70  miles  se  of  Hydrabad,  and  ’ 
80  w by  s of  Condapilly.  Lon.  79  26  e, 
lat.  16  20  N. 

TIMON,  or  Timoan,  a island  on  the  e 
coast  of  the  peninsula  of  Malacca.  It  is 
30  miles  in  circumference  It  is  mountain- 
ous and  woody,  and  yields  abundance  of 
rice,  and  cocoa  nuts.  Lon.  104  25  E,  flat. 

3 0 N. 

TIMOR,  an  island  in  tbe  Indian  ocean, 
to  the  w 01  the  nw  point  of  NewHolland,  200 
miles  in  length,  and  60  in  breadth.  It  pro- 
duces sandalwood,  honey,  and  wax.  In 
1613,  the  Dutch  expelled  the  Portuguese 
from  a fort  here,  seated  at  Cupan,  the  prin- 
cipal town,  oil  the  sw  part  of  the  island. 
Lon.  124  0 E,  lat.  10  23  s. 

Timorlaut,  an  island  in  the  Indian  ocean, 
situated  between  Tinior  and  New  Guinea, 

60  miles  in  circuit.  The  s point  is  in  Ion. 
131  54  E,  lat.  8 15  s. 

Tina,  a town  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Bosnia,  on  the  river  Tis,  37  miles  nw  of 
Spalatro.  Lon.  17  4 e,  lat,  44  28  n. 


TINA;  Of  Tiyo,  anciently  Tenos,  an  is- 
land of  the  Archipelago,  one  of  the  Cyclades^ 
to  the  w of  Nicana,  J7  miles  long  and 
eight  broad.  The  riches  of  this  island 
chiefly  consists  in  -silks.  The  fortress 
stands  on  a rock.  Here  is  a bishop^s  see 
of  the  Latin  church,  though  tbe  Greeks 
have  200  papas  or  priests.  The  capital  is 
of  the  same  name,  but  St  Nicolo  is  the  prin- 
cipal town.  Lon.  25  24  e,  lat.  37  30  n. 

Tinchaly,^  town  in  Wicklow,  Leinster 
15  miles  n of  Ferns,  21  sw  of  Wicklow 
and  38  sof  Dublin. 

Ting-tcheou,  a city  of  the  first  rank,  in 
Fo-kien,  China, 980  miles  sof  Peking.  Lon. 
116  30  E,  lat.  25  48  n. 

Tinevellg,  See  Palamcotta. 

Tingwall,  Weisdale,  and  Whiteness,  an 
united  parish  of  .Scotland,  in  the  Mainland 
of  Shetland,  extending  10  miles  in  length 
and  five  in  breadth,  exclusive  of  small  is- 
lands that  belong  to  the  parish.  This  re- 
mote parish  is  noted  for  its  minister,  being 
the  first  who  in  late  times  sued  the  land- 
owners for  an  addition  to  his  living.  The. 
cause  was  strenuously  delended,  but  at  last 
decided  by  the  house  of  peers,  in  the  clergy- 
man’s favour,  and  his  brethren  have  imitated 
I his  example  with  more  than  religious  zeal. 
Population  above  1800. 

TINIAN,  an  island  in  the  Indian  ocean, 
and  one  of  the  Ladrones.  It  abounds  witk 
fowls  and  wild  hags.  It  produces  cotton 
and  indigo,  and  plenty  of  cocoa  nuts, 

I breadfruits,  guavas,  limes,  and  sour  oran- 
j ges.  In  1742,  Anson  found  a well  from 
j which  he  got  a supply  of  water,  and  Byron 
j in  1765,  filled  his  casks  from  the  same 
well,  but  it  was  found  to  be  brackish,  and 
j full  of  worms.  There  are  no  streams  on 
j the  island.  It  is  infested  with  muskiios, 
and  other  flies,  many  venemous  insects, 
j centipedes,  and  scorpions.  The  road  is 
I dangerous,  the  bottom  consisting  of  large 
coral  rocks  and  hard  sand.  It  is  about  12 
miles  in  length,  and  six  in  breadth.  There 
are  at  least  10,00C  cattle,  that  are  all  milk 
white  except  their  ears,  which  are  brown 
or  black.  This  island  has  now  no  inhabi- 
tants, 30,000  having  been  taken  by  the 
Spaniards  to  other  islands,  particularly  to 
Guam,  Lon.  146  0 e,  lat.  15  0 n. 

; Tintagelj  a village  in  Cornwall,  one 
mile  from  Bossiney,  remarkable  for  tbe 
splendid  ruin  of  a castle,  on  a bold  pro- 
montory, in  the  Bristol  channel,  said  to 
have  been  the  birth  place  of  king  Arthur, 
and  the  seat  of  the  ancient  dukes  of  Corn- 
w’all,  and  has  the  name  of  king  Arthur’s 
castle. 

Tintern,  a village  in  Monmouthshire, 
seated  on  the  Woe,  with  tbe  ruin  of  an  ab- 
bey, which  is  a beautiful  specimen  of  Gor 
thic  architecture.  It  has  a manufacture  of 
iron  wire,  five  miles  n by  B of  Chep- 
stow. 

TintOy  or  Tmteck,  a conspicuous  moun- 
tain near  the  Clyde,  in  the  upper  W'ard  of 


\ 


T I P 

Lanarkshire.  Its  top  is  Z3S1  feet  above 
sea  level,  and  1740  above  the  Clyde.  On 
thtt  summit  of  this  mountain  is  a vast  tumu- 
lus, on  which,  it  is  said,  a fire  was  kept 
constantly  burning  in  the  time  of  the  Druids. 
The  name,  it  is  said,  denotes  the  mountain 
of  fire.  Near  the  tumulus  is  a fine  spring, 
and  at  the  bottom  of  Tinto,  in  the  parish  of 
Covington,  are  two  Druidical  temples  of 
erect  stones,  placed  close  to  each  other, 

Tinto,  a river  of  Spain,  which  rises  in 
the  province  of  Seville,  and  takes  its  name 
from  the  yellow  colour  of  the  water. 
Near  its  source  it  has  a petrifying  quality, 
no  plant  will  grow  on  its  banks,  nor  any 
fish  live  in  it,  till  other  rivulets  join  it.  It 
falls  into  the  bay  of  Cadiz,  at  Huelva,  18 
miles  below  Niebia. 

Tinwald,  a parish  in  Dumfries-shire,  to 
which  that  of  Trailfiat  was  united  in  1650. 
The  united  parish  is  of  a rectangular  figure, 
six  miles  long  and  four  broad,  lying  on  the 
B side  of  Lochar  Moss.  The  greater  part 
• of  the  parish  is  arable.  It  is  intersected  by 
a Roman  highway.  At  Tiudwald  downs  is 
an  elegant  mansion  house  belonging  to  the 
duke  of  Queensbury,  and  AmisfieW  house 
was  an  ancient  seat  of  the  earls  of  Wemyss. 
Paterson,  the  original  projector  of  the  Darien 
cxpidition  and  of  the  bank  of  England,  and 
the  late  Dr  Mouncy,  many  years  first  phy- 
sician to  the  late  empress  of  Russia,  were 
both  born  in  a house  called  Skipmrey  in 
ihi.s  parish.  Population  about  980, 

Tinzeda,  a town  of  Africa,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Darah,  stands  on  the  Dras.  Lon. 
6 13  w,  lat.  27  30  n. 

Tinzulie,  a large  town  of  Africa,  in 
Biledulgerid.  Lou.  .5  43  w,  lat.  28  15  n. 

Tiovn,  an  i.sland  on  the  w coast  of  Swe- 
den, about  27  miles  in  circumference,  affords 
excellent  pasture.  Lon.  ii  29  e,  lat.  68 
On. 

TfPERAH,  or  Tipra,  a kingdom  of 
Asia,  in  Bengal,  on  the  frontiers  of  Birmah. 
Comillah,  the  capital  is  in  Ion.  92  15  E, 
lat.  24  20  N. 

TIPPERARY,  a county  of  Ireland,  in 
the  province  of  Munster,  57  miles  in  length, 
and  35  in  breadth  ; bounded  on  the  n by 
King's  county,  on  the  e by  Queen's  county 
and  Kilkenny,  on  the  s by  Waterford,  and 


on  the  w by  Galway,  Clare,  and  Limerick. 
The  s parts  are  exceedingly  fertile,  bat  the 
N is  rather  barren.  It  contains  147  parishes, 
170,000  inhabitants,  and  sends  four  mem- 
bers to  parliament.  The  n part  of  the 
county  terminates  in  a chain  of  12  moun- 
tains, the  highest  in  Ireland,  called  Phelem- 
dhs-Madina.  There  are  48  flour  mills  in 
the  county,  and  besides  flour,  the  exports  are 
butter,  fat  cattle,  and  sheep.  It  is  watered 
by  the  Suir,  which  intersects  it  from  N to  s, 
the  Shannon  its  boundary  on  the  w,  and 
many  smaller  streams,  rivulets,  and  brooks. 
The  most  considerable  places  are  Clonmel, 
Cashel,  and  Carrick,  Roscrea,  Tipperary, 
Cahir,  Fetbard,  Holy  Cross,  Thurlos,  Sil- 
14 


T I R 

vermines,  and  Nenagh.  Clonmel  is  the 
capital. 

Tipperary,  a town  in  the  above  county,  1 3 
miles  w by  s of  Cashel. 

Tipsa.  See  Tebesta, 

Tirano,  a town  of  Swisserland,  capital  of 
a district  in  the  Valteline,  with  some  vestiges 
of  its  walls  and  fortress,  erected  by  Ludo- 
vico Sforza,  to  defeud  it  from  the  Grisons, 
who  demolished  them  when  they  obtained 
possession  of  the  Valteline.  Near  the  town 
is  the  superb  church  of  the  Madona,  resorted 
to  by  Catholic  pilgrims.  In  this  town  com- 
menced the  massacre  of  the  protestants  of 
Valteline,  in  1620.  It  contains  many 
handsome  buildings,  but  many  are  in  ruins, 
and  the  streets  are  narrow.  The  staple 
commerce  of  this  town  consists  jn  the  ex- 
portation of  wine  and  silk.  It  stands  on  the 
Adda,  12  miles^w  of  Bormio.  Lon.  9 18  e, 
lat.  46  20  N. 

Tireh,  a town  in  Natolia,  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, on  the  Meinder,  32  miles  sse  of 
Smyrna. 

Tirlemont,  or  Tillemont,  a town  in 
Brabant,  Netherlands,  seated  on  the  river 
Geet.  It  was  one  of  the  most  considerable 
cities  in  the  duchy,  but  ruined  by  the  wars, 
and  a great  fire  in  1701.  In  its  vicinity, 
the  French  routed  the  Austrians  in  1792, 
but  in  the  following  year,  were  defeated  by 
the  latter.  It  is  10  miles  ese  of  Louvainj 
and  25  se  of  Brussels. 

Tirnau,  a handsome  and  considerable 
town  of  Upper  Hungary,  in  the  country  of 
Neitra,  seated  on  the  Tirna,  five  miles  w 
of  Leopolstadt,  and  26  ne  of  Presburg. 

TIROL,  a country  of  Austria,  and  for- 
merly part  of  the  hereditary  dominions  of 
that  house,  but  ceded  to  Bavaria  by  the 
peace  of  Presburg,  who  again  transferred 
the  southern  part  of  it  to  France.  The  Ty- 
roleans in  the  year  1809,  excited  the  admi- 
ration of  Europe,  by  a contest  in  defence 
of  their  liberty,  as  brave  as  any  recorded  in 
history,  when  it  w'as  formally  ceded  to 
Italy.  It  is  150  miles  in  length,  and  120 
in  breadth.  It  is  a mountainous  country, 
yet  produces  as  much  corn  and  wine  as  the 
inhabitants  have  occasion  for,  and  has  an 
excellent  breed  of  cattle.  It  yields  much 
salt,  has  rich  mines  of  gold,  silver,  and 
copper,  and  various  sorts  of  precious  stones. 
The  chief  rivers  are  the  Inn,  the  Adige,  and 
Eysach ; and  contains  28  cities  and  larga 
towns.  This  country  is  divided  into  four 
parts ; viz.  Tirol  properly  so  called,  the 
bishopric  of  Trent,  the  bishopric  of  Brixen, 
and  four  of  the  provinces  of  Suabia,  which 
are  united  to  Tirol.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
N by  Bavaria,  on  the  e by  Carinthia  and 
the  archbishopric  of  Saltzburg,  on  the  s 
by  part  of  the  late  territory  oi  Venice  and 
Trentina,  and  on  the  w by  Switzerland  and 
the  country  of  the  Grisons.  Inspruck  is 
the  capital. 

TIRY,  Tiri,  or  Tyree,  an  island  of 
the  Hebrides,  belonging  to  Argyllshire,, 
3 C 


T I V 


TLA 


about  21  miles  w of  the  island  of  Mull. 
It  is  about  11  miles  long,  by  nearly  two 
and  a- half  broad,  indented  with  many  beau- 
tiful bays.  The  surface  is  flat,  and  the 
soil  of  the  arable  land  is  in  general  rather 
sandy  but  fertile.  There  are  no  fewer  than 
24  small  islets  within  the  island,  on  one  oJ 
these  is  the  ruins  of  a square  castle,  with 
turrets,  and  the  entrance  by  a draw- bridge, 
on  the  site  oi  wh.ch  a neat  modern  house 
is  erected.  . The  mills  are  very  scantily 
supplied  with  w^ater.  Here  are  several 
tumuli  and  stone  obelisks  over  the  graves 
of  heroes,  who  had  fallen  in  battle.  In  this 
island  formerly  stood  the  Deanery  church 
of  the  isles,  and  the  ruins  of  many  chap  Is 
are  visible.  The  Society  for  propagating 
Christian  Knowledge  have  a school  here. 
Whinstone,  granite,  ironstone,  limestone, 
and  variegated  marble,  now  isuch  in  repute, 
are  found  here.  The  population  is  above 
1400. 

Tiry,  a parish  in  Argyllshire,  ccmpre- 
bendmg-  the  islands  of  Tiry,  Coll,  Guuua, 
and  several  holms,  and  containing  about 
S457  inhabitants,  who  are  in  general 
healthy,  cheerlul,  social,  and  hospitable. 

Tirsehenreid,  a town  in  the  palatinate  of 
Bavaria,  on  a lake,  10  miles  s of  Egra. 

TITERI,  the  middle  or  southern  and 
smallest  province  of  Algiers,  mountainous 
and  narrow  towards  the  n,  and  extending 
southwards  far  into  the  desert.  The  Anwali 
mountains  on  the  Isser  rise  to  a great 
height,  but  to  the  se  are  some  of  the  highest 
in  the  kingdom,  called  Felicia  and  Jurjura. 
The  former  are  rocky  and  nearly  inacces- 
sible, extending  about  20  miles.  Here  | 
dwell  the  Cabyis,  an  independe-.t  tribe, 
whom  the  Algerines  have  not  been  able  to 
subdue.  In  this  province  is  a lake  of  its 
came.  The  principal  town  in  the  province 
is  Belida. 

Titicaca,  or  Chucuito,  a lake  in  the  i 
audience  of  Charcas,  Peru,  240  miles  in  | 
circuit,  of  an  oval  form,  into  which  man}  ' 
streams  enter,  but  the  w'ater  is  so  muddy  as  ' 
to  be  unfit  for  use.  In  this  lake  are  several  { 
islands,  and  on  the  largest,  called  Titicaca,  ! 
Manco  Capac,  the  first  inca,  erected  the  | 
most  splendid  temple  in  the  empire. 

Titch field.  See  Tick  field.  i 

Titiisberg,  a mountain  in  the  canton  of  ! 
Uri,  one  of  ibe  highest  in  Sw  isserland,  11  j 
miles  ssw'  oi  Alton.  ' 

Titsehie7i,  New,  a,  town  in  the  circle  of  i 
Prerau,  Aloravia,  handsomely  built  and  : 
wailed,  28  miles  e by  n ol  Prerau.  , 

Tittmaning,  a town  of  Bavaria,  Ger- 
man}^  in  the  duchy  of  Saltzburg,  on  the 
Salza,  20  miles  nnw  of  Salzburg.  j 

Titul,  a town  of  Upper  Hungary,  in  the  ! 
county  of  Bodrog,.  on  the  Teis-e,  near  its  [ 
junction  with  the  Danube,  23  miles  ese  of 
Peter wardein,  mid  24  nnw.  of  Belgrade. 

Tiveri07i,  a borough  in  Devonshire,  wiih 
a market  on  Tuesday,  and  two  annual  lairs 
Jt  is  seated;'?on  the  Ex  _\vherQ  Ht  joins  the 


! Loman,  and  has  two  churches,  and  a free 
I grammar  school,  which  has  an  endowment 
j for  the  maiuteuanee  of  four  scholars  ol 
I Cambridge,  and  lour  at  Oxford.  Part  of 
j the  ruins  of  a castle  is  still  visible.  The 
I corporation  consists  of  a mayor,  12  bur- 
gesses,  and  12  assistants,  who  enjoy  the 
exclusive  privilege  of  electing  tw^o  members 
to  parliament.  The  number  of  inhabitants 
in  181  1,  650<5.  It  has  been  noted  for.  its 
great  woollen  manufacture,  particularly  of 
kerseys  ; but  the  trade  at  present  chiefly 
consists  in  the  manufacture  of  serges,  drug- 
gets, duroys,  sagaties,  diapers,  <fec.  It  lies 
14  miles  nne  of  Exeter,  and  161  w by  s of 
London.  Lon.  3 38  w,  lat.  50  54  n. 

Tiumen,  a town  of  Siberia,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Tobolsk,  on  the  Tura,  where  it 
joins  the  Pischma,  170  miles  sw^  of  Tobolsk. 

Tivoli,  a celebrated  town  of  Italy, 
Campagna  di  Roma,  and  a bishop^s  see. 
Though  now  wretchedly  poor,  it  is  however 
of  greater  antiquity  than  Rome  itself,  being 
the  ancient  Tubor,  which  Horace  says 
was  founded  by  a Grecian  colony.  It  w^as 
the  favourite  country  residence  of  the  an- 
cient Romans,  as  Frescateis  of  the  moderns. 
In  the  cathedral  of  St  Lawrence,  is  the 
shrine  of  that  martyr,  and  in  the  market 
place  are  two  images  of  Oriental  granite, 
representing  Isis,  an  Egyptian  deity.  In  the 
vicinity  are  the  remains  o ’ the  superb  villa, 
built  by  the  emperor  Adrian,  a temple  of 
Vesta,  a celebrated  Cascade,  a temple  of 
the  Sybil  Albunea,  a noted  villa,  called  the 
Villa  E.«teme,  and  the  famous  lake  Soifa- 
tara.  Horace  is  supposed  to  have  composed 
I great  part  of  his  works  in  this  favourite  re- 
treat. Tivoli  is  situated  on  an  eminence, 
on  the  river  Teveroiie,  15  miles  ene  of 
Rome  Lon.  12  43  e,  lat.  41  59  n. 

Tiz,  a town  in  Mekran,  Persia,  stands 
amid  hills,  at  the  head  of  Churbar  bay,  16 
miles  Nw  of  Churbar,  and  80  sw  of 
Kidge. 

Tizzano,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Parma, 
Italy,  13  milfs  s of  Parma. 

TLASCALA,  a province  of  North  Ame- 
rica, in  New  Spain,  bonnded  on  the  n by 
Pantioo,  E by  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  on  the  s 
by  the  province  oi  Guaxaca  and  the  South 
Sea,  and  on  the  w by  the  government  of 
Mexico.  A chain  of  cultivated  mountains 
extends  55  miles  on  the  w side,  and  the  n is 
au  immense  plain,  elevated  iq.wards  ol  6C00 
ieei  above  sea  level,  and  uncommonly  fer- 
tile in  wheat,  maize,  and  fruit;  iieuce  it  has 
its  name  Tlascaia,  the  Land  ol  Bread. 
The  s part,  (hough  not  so  fertile,  is  adapted 
for  the  production  of  sugar,  cotton,  and 
tobacco.  In  this  province  are  three  re- 
markable summits,  the  Popocatepelt,  the 
Peak  of  Orizaba,  and  the  Coflre  of  Perote. 
The  two  lormer  are  the  most  elevated  in 
New  Spain,  and  the  other  is  a mark  for 
mariners.  This  is  the  most  populous  coun- 
try in  all  South'  America.  Puebla  is  tha 
capital,  , . ' 


T O B 

THscalay  a considerable  town  of  North 
America,  in  New  Spain,  formerly  capital  of 
cl  province  of  the  same  name,  which  makes 
part  of  the  audience  of  Mexico.  It  has  ma- 
nufactures of  woollen  and  cotton,  and  is 
situated  on  a river,  18  miles  n by  e of 
Peubla,  and  62  se  of  Pdexico.  Lon.  99  I w, 
lat.  19  30  N. 

Tlemsan.  See  Tremesan. 

TOBAGO,  the  most  southward  of  the 
West  India  islands,  and  the  most  eastward 
except  Barbadoes.  It  is  32  miles  ion^ 
from  sw  to  nf,  and  about  nine  broad,  and 
near  the  ne  extremity  is  Little  Tobago,  tw^o 
miles  long.  The  climate  is  not  so  hot  as 
might  be  expected  from  its  situation  so  near 
the  eqaator  ; nor  is  it  visited  by  such  dread- 
ful hurricanes  as  frequetitly  desolate  the 
other  islands.  It  is  agreeably  diversified 
with  hills  and  vales,  and  is  equal  in  richness 
of  produce  to  any  of  the  islands  in  these 
seas.  It  w'as  declared  a neutral  island  in 
1748,  but  was  ceded  to  the  English  in  1763. 
The  French  took  it  in  1781,  and  had  it 
confirmed  to  them  in  1783.  The  English 
took  it  in  1793,  restored  it  in  1802,  and 
retook  it  the  following  year.  The  princi- 
pal place  is  Scarborough.  It  is  120  miles 
s of  Barbadoes.  Lon.  59  0 \v,  lat.  1 i 
10  N. 

Tobermoreiji  a village  of  Scotland,  on 
the  Nw'  coast  of  the  isle^  Mull,  lately  built 
by  the  British  Society,  for  the  encourage- 
ment of  fisheries.  It  was  begun  to  be  built 
in  1788,  and  contains  300  inhabitants  ; and 
has  a custom-house  ; a salt-store,  a cooper- 
age, and  several  handsome  bouses.  It  has 
a good  harbour,  in  a fine  bay.  Lon.  5 
^9  w,  lat.  56  46  N. 

TOBOLSK,  a government  of  Russia, 
which  comprehends  the  western  part  ot 
Siberia,  and  is  divided  into  the  two  pro- 
vinces of  Tobolsk  and  Tomsk. 

Tobolsk,  a considerable  town  of  the 
Russian  empire,  capital  of  Siberia,  and  of 
the  government  of  Tobolsk,  and  an  archi- 
episcopal  see,  seated  on  the  Irtysh,  at  the 
influx  of  the  Tobol,  and  is  divided  into  the 
upper  and  low^er  town.  The  upper  town, 
which  is  properly  the  city,  is  seated  on  a 
hill,  and  encompassed  by  an  earthen  ram- 
part, with  a fort  on  its  w side,  in  which  aie 
the  governor's  house,  the  archbishop^s  pa- 
lace, the  exchange,  and  tw^o  churches,  all 
built  of  stone.  Besides  these,  in  the  town 
are  three  wooden  churches,  and  a convent. 
In  the  lower  town  most  of  the  houses  were 
of  wood,  but  it  was  nearly  consumed  by 
fire  in  1786,  and  has  been  rebuilt  mostly 
with  stone.  Almost  a fourth  ot  the  popula- 
tion, which  amounts  to  15,000,  are  Tartars  ; 
there  are  a number  of  Kalnuics,  and  the 
rest  are  Russians,  whose  ancestors  were 
banished  for  their  crimes,  or  exiled  them- 
selves. The  Chinese  caravans  are  obliged 
to  pass  through  this  town,  and  ail  the  mrs 
furnished  by  i^iutria  are  warehoused  licre, 
iii  iheir  progress  to  the  Siberian  chancery 


T O K 

at  Moscow.  Here  are  many  artificers  fur- 
nished with  tools  and  materials,  but  they 
are  indolent,  owing  to  the  abundance  of 
provisions.  It  is  1100  miles  e by  n of  Mos- 
cow, and  1209  e by  s of  Petersburg!!.  Lon. 

68  35  E,  lat.  58  J2  N. 

Tocantin,  a large  river  of  Brasil,  which, 
after  a northerly  course  of  900  miles, 
enters  the  estuary  of  the  Para,  above  the 
city  of  Para.  . 

Tocat,  a large  and  handsome  city  ot 
Turkey  in  Asia,  in  Roum,  capital  of  a pro- 
vince of  the  same  name.  The  town  stan.iS 
on  uneven  ground,  but  the  houses  are  haud- 
some,  and  the  streets  are  paved,  which  is 
very  uncommon  in  these  parts.  There  aie 
two  rugged  perpendicular  rocks  of  niarble, 
with  a castle  on  each  ; and  the  streams  aie 
so  numerous  that  eaxh  house  has  a fountain. 
The  inhabitants  are  estimated  at  90,000, 
consisting  of  about  20,000  Turlnsh  lanniies, 
4,000  Armenian,  and  400  Greek.  There 
are  12  mosques,  and  a vast  number  of 
chapels.  The  Armenians  htive  seven 
churches,  and  the  Greeks  one.  Besides 
the  silk  of  this  country,  they  manufacture 
eight  or  10  loads  of  that  of  Persia,  and 
make  it  into  sewing  silk.  Their  chief  trade 
is  in  copper  kettles,  drinking  cups,  lanterns, 
candlesticks,  &c.  Its  territory  abounds  in 
fruit  and  excellent  wane ; and  it  may  be 
considered  as  the  centre  of  the  trade  of 
Turkey’".  It  stands  on  the  Tozzan,  55  miles 
N by  w of  Sivas,  180  w of  Erzerum,  and 
250  irom  Constantinople.  Lon.  36  38  e, 
lat.  39  55  N. 

Tocayma,  a town  of  Terra  Firma,  in 
New  Granada,  seated  on  the  Pati,  near  its 
junction  with  the  Madalena.  Here  are  hot 
baths  between  two  cold  springs,  and  in  the 
vicinity  is  a vol-cano,  34  miles  w of  St  Fe. 
Lon.  73  58  w,  lat.  4 3.  n. 

Tockay,  a town  of  Upper  Hungary,  in  the 
country  of  Zimplin,  celebrated  for  wine, 
and  salt  works.  It  is  situated  at  tne  junc- 
tion of  the  Bodroel  and  Teisse,  75  miles 
Nw  of  Great  Waradin.  Lon.  21  25  e,  iat. 

48  10  N.  • , , . , 

TOCRUR,  a kingdom  lying  on  both  sides 
of  the  Niger,  to  the  E of  Tomhuctoo,  Negro- 
land,  the  capital  is  of  the  same  name,  and 
stands  on  die  s side  of  the  Niger,  320  miles 
E of  Tombuctoo.  Lon.  6 18  w,  lat.  16 

. u , r P 

Todi,  an  ancient  tov;n  in  the  duchy  ot 
Spoleto,  Italy,  on  a hill  near  the  Tiber,  22 
miles  s of  Perugia,  22  e of  Spoleto,  tiTid  50 

N of  Home.  . 

Tafwey,  a town  in  the  department  ot  Am, 

1 France,  stands  near  the  junction  of  the 

I Safsne  and  Chalarone,  with  a college;  15 
uiiie^  N ofiTrevoux. 

Tokenburg,  or  Toggenburg,  a county  ot 
Switzerland,  which  lies  among  higft  moun- 
tains, between  the  cantons  of  Appenzei  and 
Zurich,  and  now  included  in  the  canton  of 
. St  Gall.  It  is  ferule  in  cdrn,  fruit,  and 
cattle,  and  divided  into  the  Upper  and  Lowt^r, 

II  3 C 2 


T O L 

tolagd  Bay,  a bay  on  the  ne  coast  of 
the  Northern  island  of  New  Zealand.  Lon 
ITS  24  E,  lat.  28  21  s. 

Toledo,  an  ancient,  handsome,  and  trading 
city  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  of  which  it 
was  formerly  the  capital.  It  is  advanta- 
geously  situated  on  a conical  hill,  nearly 
surrounded  by  the  river  Tajo,  and  on  the 
land  side  is  an  ancient  wall,  fiaaked  with 
100  towers.  Here  are  a number  of  magni- 
ficent structures,  besides  17  public  squares 
where  the  n:arkefs  are  held.  The  cathe- 
dral is  the  richest  in  Spain  ; Segario,  or  prin- 
cipal chapel  contains  J<5  large  cabinets  let 
into  the  M^all,  full  of  gold  and  silver  vessels, 
and  other  works.  There  are  38  religious 
houses,  with  a great  number  of  churches  be- 
longing to  27  parishes,  and  sonie  hospitals. 
It  is  an  archbishos^s  see,  who  is  primate  of 
all  Spain,  has  a royal  castle,  a famous  uni- 
versity, and  several  manufacteries  of  silk 
and  wool.  The  population  once  estimated 
at  200,000  is  now  reduced  to  25,000.  With- 
out the  town  are  the  remains  of  an  aniphi- 
theatre,  and  other  antiquities.  It  is  plea- 
santly situated  37  miles 's  of  Madrid.  Lon. 
3 20  w,  lat.  39  50  n. 

Tolen,  a fortified  town  in  Zealand,  Hol- 
land, in  an  island  ot  the  same  name,  near 
Brabant,  separated  froiu  Brabant,  by  a nar- 
row channel,  with  a fort,  on  the  Brabant 
side,  called  Sechlykenburg,  five  miles  nw 
of  Bergen  op-Zoom.  Lon.  4 20  e,  lat.  51 
30 

Tolentino,  a town  in  the  marquisite  of 
Ancona,  Italy.  Here  are  kept  the  relics 
of  St  Nicolas,  It  is  situated  on  the  river 
Chiento,  eight  miles  se  of  St  Severeino,  12 
miles  sw  of  Macerata,  and  88  nb  of 
Rome 

Toleshnrg,  a sea-port  of  Riga,  situated 
on  the  gulf  of  Finland,  60  miles  w of  Narva. 
Lon.  26  4 e,  lat.  69  38  n. 

Tolja,  a town  in  the  patrimony  of  St. 
Peter,  Italy,  has  allum  and  iron  mines, 
quarries  of  alabaster,  and  lapis  lazuli,  and 
warm  baths  in  the  vicinity,  four  miles  ne 
< of  Civita  Veechia,  Z5  miles  nw  of  Rome. 
TolJwys,  a town  in  Guelderland,  Holland, 
on  the  Rhine,  eight  miles  e of  Nimeguen. 

Tolland,  a town  of  Connecticut,  chief 
county,  of  its  name.  It  was  incorporated 
in  1715,  is  a grazing  district,  18  miles  xe 
of  Hartford. 

Tolmezo,  a town  of  Italy  in  Friuli,  on 
the  Tagiiamento,  with  a castle,  has  an  ex- 
tensive linen  manufactory  in  the  vicinity, 
14  miles  nw  of  Udina,  and  50  ne  of  Kel- 

lUDO.  ^ 

Tolmino,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Carnio- 
la,  Germany,  12  miles  n of  Gloritz. 

Tolna,  a town  of  Lower  Hungary,  capi- 
tal of  a county  of  the  same  name,  on  the 
Danube  in  a country  producing  excellent 
wine,  eight  miles  sw  of  Colocza,  and  65 
s of  Bada.  Lon.  19  15  e,  lat.  46  30  x. 

Tolnani,  a town  in  the  county  of  Bag- 
laua,  HindoostttD,  70  miles  w of  Burhain- 


TOM 

pour,  and  124  E of  Surat.  Lon.  T5  3 e> 
lat.  21  15  N. 

'lolometa,  a sea  port  in  Barca,  Barbary, 
the  ancient  Ptolemais,  stands  on  the  Medi- 
terraneau,  80  miles  w by  n of  Derna, 
Lon.  20  40  e,  lat.  32  52  n. 

Tolasa,  a town  of  Spain,  in  the  province 
of  Biscay,  and  capital  of  Guipuscoa,  stands 
in  a valley,  between  the  Araxis  and  Oria. 
It  is  not  large,  but  is  inhabited  by  a great 
number  of  cutlers,  whose  work  is  in  high 
esteem,  particularly  their  sword  blades.  It 
was  taken  by  the  French  in  1704.  It  is 
37  miles  sw  of  Bayonne,  and  36  e of  Bil- 
boa.  Lon.  2 5 w,  lat.  43  12  n. 

Tolu,  a town  of  Terra  Firma,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Carthagena,  noted  for  its  Bal- 
sam, produced  from  a tree  like  a pine.  It 
has  a harbour  on  a bay,  70  miles  s of  Car- 
thagena. Lon.  75  26  w,  lat.  9 30  n. 

Toluca,  a town  in  the  province  of  Mexi- 
co, New  Spain,  stands  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain,  in  a fertile  valley,  25  wsw  miles 
of  Mexico. 

TOMAHAWK  ISLAND,  an  island  on 
the  B coast  of  Patagonia,  24  miles  wk  of 
SeaPs  bay. 

Tomar,  a handsome  town  in  Extrema- 
dura, Portugal,  on  the  Naboan,  at  the  foot 
of  the  mountains,  where  there  is  a castle 
belonging  to  the  knights  of  Christ.  The 
French,  on  their  retreat,  in  1811,  burnt  the 
town,  40  miles  s by  b of  Caimbra,  and  65 
N E of  Lisbon. 

Tombee,  a town  in  the  department  of 
.Dyle,  France,  eight  miles  s of  Louvain. 

Tomberlaine,  a small  island  with  a town 
of  the  same  name,  on  the  n coast  of  France, 
lying  on  a small  gulf  between  Avranches, 
and  St  Malo. 

TOMBUCTOO,  or  Timbuctoo,  a king- 
dom of  Africa,  in  Negroland,  which  lies  to 
the  SE  of  the  great  desert  of  Zahara,  and  w 
of  Bambara,  and  e of  Tocrur.  It  is  fertile 
in  corn,  coffee,  and  indigo,  and  produces 
cattle,  milk,  honey,  and  wax,  The  houses 
are  constructed  of  hurdles  plastered  with 
clay,  in  the  form  of  bells,  and  covered  with 
reeds.  The  religion  is  Mahomedanism  and 
the  better  son  of  women  have  their  faces 
covered.  Both  men  and  women  are  fond 
of  dancing,  and  spend  a great  part  of  the 
night  in  that  exercise.  The  king,  w^ho  is 
despotic,  has  3000  cavalry,  and  a great 
number  of  foot,  who  sell  the  captives  taken 
in  war  for  slaves  Tomhuctoo,  capital  of 
the  above  kingdom  stands  in  a piaiu  sur- 
rounded by  sand  hills,  12  miles  n of  the  Ni- 
ger. It  has  a stately  stone  nK)sque,  and 
royal  palace,  and  is  12  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence. The  houses  are  spacious,  and  are 
only  one  story.  In  Tomhuctoo  are  great 
numbers  of  rich  merchants,  and  weavers  of 
cotton  cloth,  and  hither  the  cloth  and  other 
merchandise,  are  brought  by  caravans  from 
Barhary,  exchanged  for  slaves,  ivory,  sena, 
gold  dusr,  dates, ostrich  feathers  <feo.  brought 
Iroiii  the  maritime  parts  of  Africa,  as  well 


ton 


a-*  the  interior.  Water  is  convey^  to  the 
town  by  canals,  when  the  river  Niger  is  1 
overflowed.  Instead  of  money,  they  make 
use  of  small  bits  of  gold.  It  is  subject  to 
a well  regulated  police,  290  miles 
of  Sego,  and  9T9  sw  oi  xMourzook.  Ldn. 

where  was  a temple  of  the  sun,  whose  walls 
as  the  Spaniards  pretend,  " 

gold.  It  is  120  miles  s of  Quito.  Lon.  n 

^'^Tnmfna.^a't’own  in  the  province  of  Char- 
cas  Peru,  60  miles  ne  of  Plata. 

famint,a  townin  the  E coast  of  Celebes, 
seated  on  a bay  of  its  name.  Lon.  1 10  o E, 

roim4,  a town  of  the 
in  Siberia,  in  the  government  of  ToboUk, 
and  province  of  Tomsk.  It 
2000^  houses.  In  a wooden  castle, 
by  cannon,  are  the  cathedral  constructed 
of  wood,  the  chancery,  and  an 
The  inhabitants  carry  on  a great  trade,  it 
being  on  the  great  road  to  all  the  E and  ^ 
parts  of  Siberia.  It  has  numbers  of  trades- 
men, and  artificers,  but  they  are  indolent. 

It  is  situated  on  the  river  Tom,  560  miles 
E by  s of  Tobolsk.  Lon.  84  19  E,  lat.  57 

Tondern.a.  town  of  Denmark,  in  Sles 
wick,  and  capital  of  a bailiwick  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  well  built.  an<l 
good  trade  in  corn,  cattle,  silk,  and  lace. 
Its  ancient  fortified  palace  is  now  in  rums. 

It  stands  on  the  Widaw,  and  on  a bay  of  the 
German  Ocean,  28  miles  se  of  R'V®"’ 

40  NW  of  Sleswick.  Lon.  9 40  E,  lat.  i>4 

38  N. 

Tondergarth,  or  Tundergarth,  a,  parish 
m Dumfries-shire,  about  14  miles  m 
and  one  and  a-half  in  breadth,  comprehend- 
ing  the  declivity  of  a range  ot  hills  which 
lie  along  the  river  Milk.  The  surface  is  in 
general  level.  The  most  prevalent  Surname 
is  Johnston.  Fundergarth  castle,  of  which 
remains  are  still  visible,  was  the  principal 
seat  of  the  ancestors  of  the  marquis  ot  An- 
nandale.  Population  is  about  485. 

TONG  AT  A BOO,  one  of  tbe  Friendly  is- 
lands, about  20  leagues  in  circuit,  some- 
what oblong  from  E to  w.  It  was  disco- 
vered  by  Tasman,  who  called  it  new  Arn- 
sterdam,  and  visited  by  captain  Cook  m 
1773  aud  1777.  It  has  one  of  the  best  har- 
bours or  anchoring  places  to  he  found 
among  these  islands.  The  land 
all  of  an  equal  height,  not  exceeding  60 
or  80  feet  above  the  level  ol  the  sea,  and 
very  fertile,  being  wholly  laid  out  in  plan- 
tations, with  lanes  for  travelling.  I^^^  ® 

seat  of  government  for  all  the  other  islands, 
and  the  ordinary  residence  of  the 
chiefs.  See  Axmsterdam.  Lon.  I <4  4b 

w,  lat.  21  8 s.  > u 4 

Tongeren,  or  Tongres,  a town  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  Liege,  Netherlands,  seated  on  the 
Jeckar,  formerly  one  of  the  most  nourish- 


T O N 

ing  cities  in  the  Roman  province  of  Gnllia 
Belo'ica.  It  suffered  greatly  m war,  by 
AttUa,  king  of  the  Huns,  in  455,  and  by  the 
French,  in  1677.  It  isJ2  miles  sw  of 

Maestricht,and  13  NW  ol  xuege. 

Tong-giUy  a city  of  the  first  rank  in  Koe- 
tcheouf  China,  and  50  miles  sw  ot  Peking, 
Lon.  108  37  E,lat.  27  40  N. 

Tongho,  a city  of  Pegu,  capital  of  an  ex- 
tensive province  of  the  same  name,  stands 
near  the  Setang,  and  is  famous  for  producing 
thT  Betel  nut!  Its  fort  is  reckoned  the 
strongest  in  the  Birman  empire,  90  miles  n 
of  Pegu.  Lou,  96  45  B, lat.  18  45  N. 

Tongland,  or  Tongneland,  a parish  m 
Kirkcudbrightshire,  eight  miles  long,  and 
four  broad  It  its  northern  extremity,  with  a 
fertile  loamy  soil,  bounded  on  the  E by  the 
Dee,  and  on  the  w by  the  Tarf,  « jbich  s 
a valuable  salmon  fishery.  Near  the 
church,  the  Dee  forms  a tram  of  beautiful 

cascades,  described  in  the  sixth  stanza  of 

the  poem  entitled  the  cherry  and  the 
sla^  In  the  parish  is  a paper  mill,  and 
contiguous  to  the  church  are  the  rums 
of  a Iriory,  founded  in  the  12  century  by 
Fergus  Lord  of  Galloway.  Population 

^^°Tong-%hang,  a city  of  the  first  rank  in 
Changtong,  China,  stands  near  the  ” 
the  great  canal,  210  miles  s of  Peking. 

Lon.  116  12  B,  lat.  36  30  N. 

Tong-tchou,  a small  city  of  Pe-tche-li, 
China,  on  the  Pei-ho,  12  miles  e by  s of 
Peking. 


Tong-tchuen,  a fortified  city  of  China, 
^ ’ The  inhabi- 


in  the  province  of  Se-tchuen. 
tants  have  all  followed  the  ^ 

arms  from  father  to  son.  It  is  1000  miles 
sw  of  Pekin.  Lon.  101  30  B,  lat.  25 

Tongue,  a parish  in  Sutherlandshire,  on 
the  s coast  of  that  country,  about  11  miles 
long,  and  nearly  the  same  broad,  of  which 
only  714  acres  are  arable,  the  remainder 
being  pasture  or  waste  lands.  It  is  the 
sole  pioperty  of  lord  Keay,  and  compre- 
hends about  22  miles  of  bold  and  rocky 
coast  indented  by  numerous  creeks,  tre- 
quented  by  immense  flocks  of  Sea-fowl.  I^n 
the  district  are  several  mineral  springs,  one 
ot  which  is  strongly  impregnated  with  sul- 
phur. To  the  parish  belong  three  small 
fslands  one  of  which 

Tongue,  which  indents  the  parish  for  about 
five  miles  and  abounds  m shell-fish,  stands 
Tongue  House,  an  elegant  seat  of  lord 
Reay,  and  on  its  western  shore  are  vesti- 
ges of  an  ancient  edifice,  said  f® 
erected  by  Domadilla,  king  of  the  Scot.. 

-“Cirri'S'  r 

eastern  parts  of  Siberia,  and  are  subject  to 
tbe  Russian.^.  They  chiefly  subsist  by  graz- 
ino-,  and  hunting  of  sables.  Both  sexes  are 
very  strong,  and  broad  faced,  and  they  all 
ride  on  horseback,  not  excepting  the  girls 
Their  houses  are  constructed  of  wooden 


TON 

p©les  covered  over  with  hair  and  rubbish, 
with  the  fire  in  the  middle,  round  which  they 
sit  on  turfs.  They  carry  their  houses  along 
wUh  them  when  they  change  their  dwellings. 
The  men  and  women  dress  alike  in  a kind 
of  frock,  and  boots  of  skin  on  their  legs. 
They  are  Pagans ; and  water  is  their  usual 
drink. 

Tonna,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Gotha,  Upper  Saxony,  six  miles  n of  Gotha. 

Tonnay  Boutonne,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Charente,  France,  on  the 
Boutoime,  17  miles  n of  Saintes. 

Tonnay  Charente,  an  ancient  and  con- 
siderable town  in  the  department  of  Lower 
Charente,  France,  on  the  Charente,  with  a 
castle.  It  is  three  miles  e from  Rochefort, 
and  15  Nw  of  Saintes. 

Tonneins,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Lot  and  Garonne,  France,  on  the  Garonne 
two  miles  from  its  conflux  with  the  Lot 
and  seven  e of  Marmande. 

Tonnerre,  an  ancient  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Yonne,  France,  on  the  Armacon, 
celebrated  for  good  wines.  It  is  27  miles 
SE  of  Troyes,  and  102  e of  Paris. 

Tonnerre  Mont,  one  of  the  new  depart- 
ments of  France.  See  Mont  Tonnerre. 

Tonningen,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Sles- 
wick,  Denmark,  capital  of  a territory  of 
the  same  name;  it  has  a commodious  har- 
bour, defended  by  three  batteries,  and  stands 
on  a peninsula  formed  by  the  Ryder  Its 
fortifications  were  demolished  by  order  of 
the  king  in  1714,  and  its  castle  in  1734,  25 
miles  wsw  of  Sleswick,  and  70  nnw  of 
Hamburg.  Lon.  9 10  e,  lat.  54  30  n. 

TONQUIN,  a kingdom  of  Asia,  bounded 
on  the  N by  China,  on  the  e by  China  and 
the  bay  of  Tonquin,  on  the  s by  Cochiji 
China,  and  on  the  w by  the  kingdom  of  Lao. 

It  is  about  450  miles  in'length,  and  3S0  in 
breadth  in  the  n,  but  only  70  on  the  s.  To-  ( 
wards  China  is  a large  desert,  and  a chain 
of  mountains,  through  which  there  is  only 
one  passage,  defended  by  a wall ; yet  it  is 
one  of  the  finest  and  most  considerable 
kingdoms  of  the  e,  as  well  on  account  of 
the  number  of  inhabitants,  as  the  riches  it 
contains,  and  the  trade  it  carries  on.  The 
vicinity  of  the  sea,  the  number  of  rivers  and 
canals,  the  extensive  irrigations  required  for 
the  cultivation  of  rice,  and  the  periodical 
rains  moderate,  the  temperature  of  the  air. 
Maize  and  Turkey  corn,  potatoes,  yams  are 
successfully  cultivated,  but  rice  is  the 
principal  produce,  two  abundant  crops  of 
which  are  raised  in  the  year,  and  sometimes 
between  these  a crop  of  pulse  comes  to  ma- 
turity in  three  weeks.  The  ox  and  buffalo 
are  used  both  for  labour  and  food ; the  I 
horses  are  small  and  not  much  used,  and  | 
they  have  goats  and  hogs  in  abundance.  ! 
The  natives  in  general  are  of  a middle  sta-  j 
ture,  and  clean  limbed  with  tawny  com- 
plexions. Their  faces  are  oval  and  fiattisb, 
and  their  noses  and  lips  of  a neat  form!  | 
Their  hair  is  black,  long,  lank,  and  coarse,  j 


TOO 

They  are  generally  dexterous,  active,  and 
ingenious  in  mimhanic  arts.  They  weave 
a multitude  of  fine  silks,  and  make  curious 
lacker  works,  which  are  exported  to  other 
countries.  The  villages  consist  of  30  or 
40  houses,  surrounded  by  trees;  In  the 
rainy  season,  they  pass  from  one  house  to 
another,  wading  through  the  water,  or  bv 
the  help  of  boats.  They  buy  all  their  wives, 
01  which  the  rich  have  several;  but  the 
, poor  are  stinted  for  want  of  money.  In 
hard  times,  the  men  will  sell  both  their 
wives  and  children,  to  buy  rice  to  maintain 
themselves.  Their  religion  is  Paganism, 
and  yet  they  own  a Supreme  Being;  their 
idols  have  human  shapes,  but  in  very  differ- 
ent fornis.  Every  bouse  has  a little  altar 
on  the  side  of  a table,  and  two  incense  pots 
on  it.  The  first  new  moon  after  the  middle 
of  January  is  a great  festivel,  which  lasts 
for  10  days,  and  they  have  another  great 
feast  in  May  or  June^j^  when  their  harvest  is 
got  in.  The  language  is  very  guttural, 
and  some  of  the  words  are  pronounced 
through  the  teeth.  It  has  a great  resem- 
blance to  the  Chinese.  They  have  several 
mechanics,  as  smiths,  carpenters,  sav/yers, 
joiners,  turners,  weavers,  taiiojs,  potters, 
painters,  paper  makers,  workers  in  lacker, 
and  bell-founders.  The  commodities  are 
gold,  musk,  silk,  callicoes,  drugs  of  many 
sorts,  woods  for  dying,  lackered  wares,  ear- 
then wares,  salt,  aniseed  and  wormseed. 
The  goods  imported,  besides  silver,  are  salt- 
petre, sulphur,  English  broad  cloth,  pepper, 
spices,  and  gums.  This  kingdom  is  an 
absolute  monarchy,  and  became  subject  to  . 
Cochinchtna  about  the  year  1800.  Cachao 
is  the  capital. 

Tonsherg,  a sea  port  of  Norway,  in  the 
province  of  Aggerhuys,  seated  on  a bav, 
has  some  commerce  in  timber,  and  at  Wid- 
loe,  in  the  vicinity,  the  most  extensive  salt- 
work  in  the  kingdom,  30  miles  w of  Frede- 
rickstadt,  and  46  s of  Christiana.  Lon. 

10  20  E,lat.  50  50  n. 

TONTI,  an  island  at  the  eastern  extre- 
mity of  lake  Ontario. 

Tonnru,  a town  in  Mysore,  Hindoostan, 
stands  between  two  rocky  hills,  near  an 
immense  reservoir  of  water.  From  some 
ruins  of  its  walls,  it  appears  formerly  to 
have  been  a city  of  great  extent.  It  has 
three  temples  in  good  repair,  10  miles  n of 
Seringapatam. 

TOOBOUAI,  one  of  the  Society  Islands, 
in  the  .South  Pacific  ocean,  cot  more  than 
five  or  six  miles  across  in  any  part.  It 
was  discovered  by  captain  Cook.  The  hills 
are  covered  with  herbage,  interspersed  with 
trees,  is  well  stored  with  hogs  and  fowls, 
and  produces  various  fruits  and  roots. 
Lon.  149  23  w,  lat.  23  25  s. 

Tootoch,  a small  low  island,  in  Noolka 
sound. 

Toongabhee,  a town  at  the  head  of  the 
harbour  of  Port  Jackson,  New  South 
\t'ales,  15  miles  w by  N of  Sidney. 


TOR 

Tovciif,  a town  in  the  North  Riding;  of 
YoTk'hirC  noar  ThirsU,  on  the  great  N road, 
has  several  good  inns  U ts  seated  on 

the  Swale,  24  miles  n ot 

Touel  or  Topi,  a town  in  tbe  Circle  ct 

P.lse^^,  Bohemia, 

rivnlet  ot  its  name,  25  nnles  of  Pn 

""'ropetina,  a town  in  the  P^vinne  of  Me- 
choacan.  New  Spam,  stands  at  lo 
of  a river,  near  the  Pacific  ocean,  55  mats  || 
yw  of  Zacatula. 


ri-'  r\  n 


Topli: 


a town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  cir- 


c'e  of  Leitmeritz,  famous  lor  its  i 

baths.  In  IT62,  the  Austrians  obtained  a , 
victory  over  the  Prussians  in  its  vicinity. 

Tt  Jc  irt  mi'p.s  NW  of  Leitnneritz.  ! 

Topolitza,  a tow  n of  European  Turkey, 
in  Moldavia,  12  miles  sw  of  Niemecz 
TopaHzan,  a town  of  Hungary,  00  mil 

town  in  Devonshire,  situated  at  ihe  conflu 
IZe  of  the  rivers  Ex  and  Clyst,  five  miles 
SE  of  Exeter,  ot  which  it  is  the  poit,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday  It  consists 
of  one  long  street  extending  from  N to  s. 
The  quay  is  spacious  and  elegant,  an  n 
ielonls  tothe  chamber  of  Exeter.  Most 
of  the  inhabitants  are  employed  in  the  ship- 
ping business.  It  contains  about  2TaO  m- 
Lbitaiits,  and  has  a fair  on  St  Margaret 
day,  170  miles  sw  of  London. 

Tor  a town  of  Arabia  Petraea,  situated 
on  the  Red  sea,  with  a good  ‘‘^fbour,  do- 
fended  by  a castle.  It  stands  on  ih,.  sid. 

. of  a peninsula  formed  by  tue  two  aims  o 
the  Red  sea.  Here,  in  the 
Greek  convent,  are  fountains  of  bitter  wa- 
ter, pretended  to  be  those  which  Moses  ren- 
dered sweet,  by  throwing  in  a piece  of 
wood,  150  miles  ssE  of  Suez.  Lou.  .58  40 

^’TorblUa  fine  bay  of  the  English  chan- 
nel,  on  ibe  coast  of  Devonshire,  a liUle  to 
the  E of  Dartmontb,  formed  by  two  capes 
called  Berry  Point  and  Bons  nose.  The 
prince  of  Orange-landed  here  in  1688,  when 
he  arrived  from  Holland,  to  relieve  the 
country  from  popery  and  arbitrary  power. 
Berry  Head  is  in  Ion.  3 w,  lat.  50 

Torbia,  a town  of  Piedmont,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Nice,  with  an  ancient  Gothic  tower, 
and  in  the  vicinity  numerous  remains  ot 
Roman  monuments;  seven  miles  e oi 

^icG*  • 

Torhole,  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  bishopric 

of  Trent,  14  miles  se  of  Trent. 

Torcello,  a town  .seated  on  a small  island 
of  its  name,  in  the  gulf  of  Venice,  Italy, 
has  several  churches,  and  a handsome  nun- 
nery. .seven  miles  n ot  Venice.  . m 

Torda,  or  Torenhurg,  a town  Ox  Tva,n- 
sylvania,  celebrated  for  its 
miles  W.VW  of  Clausenburg,  ami  4<3  ^w  ot 
ilermanstadt.  ' . 

Tordesillas,  a fortiSed  town  m Leon, 


Spain,  seated  on  the  Douro.  Here  is  a pa- 
lace where  queen  Joan,  mother  ot  Charles 
V,  ended  her  melancholy  days,  15  miles  sw 
of’ Valladolid,  and  75  ssE  of  Leon. 

Tores,  capital  of  a circar,  in  Bengal, 
Hindoostan,  235  miles  WNW  of  Calcutta. 
Lon.  84  55  e,  lat.  23  38  n.  . ^ , 

Torella  de  Mongris,  a sea  port  in  Catalo- 
, nia,  Spain,  37  miles  s by  e of  Perpig- 

Torello,  a town  in  Catalonia,  Spain, 
stands  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ter.  Here,  in 
IT94,  the  Spaniards  were  deteated  oy  the 
French,  19  mdes  e by  s of  Giromia,  and  60 
NE  of  Barcelona.  . 

Torqau,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  m Mis- 
nia,  witha  castle,  seated  amid  groves  and 
lakes,  on  the  Elbe.  It  has  manutactnres 
of  cloth  and  silk,  and  is  famous  for  excel- 
lent beer.  Here  the  Russians  (if«ated  the 
Austrians  in  a great  battle  fought  in  ITo  , 
22  miles  SSE  of  Wittemberg,  and  27  ne  ot 
Leinsick.  Lon.  13  3 e,  lat.  51  52  n. 

Torigny,  a town  in  tbe  department  ot 
Manche,  France,  with  a castle,  seven  miles 

SSE  of  St  Lo.  , . , 

Tormes,  a river  of  Spam,  that  has  its 
source  in  tbe  mountains  of  Avila,  in  Castile, 

1 flows  by  Alva,  Tormes,  and  Salamanca, 
and  unites  with  tbe  Douro,  below  Miranda 
de  Douro. 

Toma,  a town  of  Upper  Hungary,  capi- 
tal of  a county  of  its  name,  stands  on  an 
eminence  by  tbe  river  Sayo,  with  a tjastle 


22  miles  n of  Cassovia.  Lon.  20  43  e, 

lat.  48  50  N.  . 

Tornea  a river  of  Sweden,  which  has  its 
source  on  the  frontiers  of  Norvvay , forms  a 
lake  of  its  name,  and  runs  se  into  the  guU 
of  Bothnia,  at  Tornea.  - 

Tornea,  a town  in  Bothnia,  Sweden,  capi- 
tal of  a territory  of  the  same  name,  in  W 
Bothnia,  with  a good  harbour,  stands  on  the 
Tornea,  at  the  n extremity  of  the  gulf  of 
1 Bothnia.  The  houses  are  low,  and  by  the 
i extreme  cold  the  inhabitants  sometimes  lose 
their  finp-ers  and  toes.  Near  it  is  an  entire 
mountain  of  iron  ore.  Here  the  Laplanders 
in  the  vicinity  exchange  their  furs,  skins, 
and  other  articles,  for  the  commodities 
which  they  need.  It  is  350  miles  nne  of 
Abo,  and  420  nne  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  24 
12  E,  lat.  65  51  N. 

i Toro,  a town  in  Leon,  Spam,  on  a hill 
1 by  the  Douro,  over  w^hich  is  a bridge.  It  is 
20  miles  ene  of  Zamoro,  and  30  nne  of 
Salamanca. 

Torosay,  a rugged  and  mountainous  pa- 
rish in  Argyllshire,  in  Mull,  on  the  e side  of 
that  island,  extending  U miles  in  every  di- 
rection, and  is  indented  by  a number  of  bays, 
in  one  of  which  called  Loclibay  a number  of 
large  herrings  are  taken.  Here  are  two 
' schools  supported  by  the  society  for  propa- 
gating Christian  knowledge.  Population 

about  1764.  , x i ... 

Torpichen,  a parish  on  the  western  bor- 
ders of  Linlithgowshire,  about  mne  miles 


TOR 


oDg,  and  on  an  average  two  and  a-half 
broad.  The  village  of  Torpiohen  lies  on 
the  road  from  Edinburgh  to  Glasgow,  about 
15  Wiiles  from  the  former,  and  contains 
about  400  inhabitants.  There  is  plenty  of 
excellent  freestone,  two  valuable  coal 
mines,  and  several  rich  seams  of  ironstone. 
Near  the  village  are  the  ruins  of  an  ancient 
hospital,  said  to  have  been  the  chief  seat  in 
Scotland  of  the  knights  of  St  John  of  Jeru- 
salem. In  the  church  yard  is  an  erect 
stone,  at  a mile  distance  from  which,  to- 
-wards  the  four  cardinal  points,  stand  four 
others,  on  each  of  which  is  a St  John's 
cross.  Several  eminent  men  have  been  pre- 
ceptors of  Torpicheo.  The  last  was  Sir 
James  Sandilands,  ancestor  of  the  present 
lord  Torpichen,  on  whom,  at  the  reform.a- 
tion,  the  revenues  were  bestowed  in  form  of 
a lay  lordship,  A mile  e of  the  hospital  is 
an  altar,  composed  of  four  rough  stones, 
supposed  by  some  to  have  been  the  temple 
of  Terminus.  To  the  nw  are  vestiges  of  an 
an  oval  camp.  Population  about  1028. 

loroTi,  a town  in  Macedonia,  European 
Turkey,  stands  between  the  gulfs  of  Cassan- 
dra and  Monte  Santo,  90  miles  se  of  Salo- 
nica.  Lon.  24  10  e,  lat.  39  15  n. 

^ Torquay,  a village  near  the  n side  of 
Torbay,  Devonshire,  which  has  a handsome 
range  of  buildings  for  summer  visitors,  who 
here  enjoy  a romantic  situation,  and  conve- 
nient bathing.  In  the  neighbourhood  is 
KenCs  hole,  a cavern  20  yards  long  and  20 
feet  high,  seven  miles  se  of  Newton 
Bushel. 

Torquemada,  a town  in  Leon,  Spain, 
on  the  Arianza,  14  miles  E by  n of  Paleu*- 
oii. 

Torre  del  Greco,  a town  of  Naples,  in 
Terra  di  Lavoro.  It  is  situated  at  the  foot 
of  Mount  Vesuvius,  on  the  bay  of  Naples, 
and  was  destroyed  by  an  eruption  of  that 
mount  in  I63J,  and  by  another  in  1794, 
five  miles  se  of  Naples. 

Torre  de  Moncorvo,  a town  in  Tralos 
Montes,  Portugal,  has  walls  defended  by  a 
bastion,  and  a castle.  It  is  27  miles  se  of 
Mirandela,  and  42  ssw  of  Braganza. 

Torre  de  las  Salinas,  a town  in  Valencia, 
Spain,  which  carries  on  considerable  salt- 
^*^*^*^*  ^ lake  formed  of  saline  springs. 
This  is  the  most  extensive  salt-wmrk  in  all 
Spain,  situated  20  miles  se  of  Orguela,  and 
37  NN-E  of  Carthagena. 

Tbrrejb,  a town  in  New  Castile,  Spain,  15 
miles  s of  Madrid. 

Torrcmacha,  a town  in  Estremadura, 
Spain,  10  m les  s by  w of  Merida. 

Torres  Novas,  a considerable  town  in 
Estremadura,  Portugal,  sealed  in  a fertile 
plain,  with  a castle,  38  miles  n by  e of 
Santarem,  and  65  ne  of  Lisbon. 

Teri'es,  a town  in  Grenada,  Spain,  with 
a harbour  on  the  Mediterranean,  45  miles  sw 
of  Granada. 

Torres  Vedras,  a town  in  Estremadura, 


T O R 

Portugal,  strongly  seated  near  the  Atlantic, 
seven  miles  n of  Lisbon. 

Torreximeno,  a town  in  Andalusia, 
Spam,  nine  miles  w by  n of  Jaen, 

Torridge,  a river  that  rises  in  the  nw  ex- 
tremity of  Devonshire,  near  the  source  of 
the  Tamar,  on  the  summit  of  a moor,  not 
far  from  the  Bristol  Channel,  flows  in  an 
easterly  direction  to  Heatherly,  where  it 
meets  the  Oak,  winds  to  the  n,  and  passing 
Torrington  and  Biddeford,  falls  into  Barn- 
stable bay.  The  country  through  which 
it  passes  is  agreeably  diversified  and  popu- 
lous. ^ 

Torriglia,  a town  of  the  territory  of  Ge- 
noa, 14  miles  ne  of  Genoa. 

Torrington,  a town  in  Devonshire,  situa- 
ted on  the  E bank  of  the  river  Torridge, 
with  a manufactory  of  stuffs.  The  town 
principally  consists  of  one  long  street,  and 
the  inhabitants  are  chiefly  employed  in  the 
woollen  manufacture.  It  has  two  churches, 
a charity  school,  and  several  alms-houses, 
and  in  the  s part  some  remains  of  a castle, 
Torrington  is  governed  by  a mayor,  aider- 
men,  and  18  burgesses,  and  has  a market  on 
Saturday,  and  three  annual  fairs.  It  is  li 
miles  s by  w of  Barnstaple,  and  194  w by  s 
of  London. 

Torridale,  a river  in  Sutherlandshire, 
which  issues  from  the  lake  Laoghal  in. the 
parish  of  Tongue,  and  falls  into  the  northern 
ocean  at  the  village  of  Torrisdale.  Both 
the  river  and  lake  abound  with  salmon, 
trout,  and  Cher. 

Torrs,  a place  in  the  bay  of  Kirkcud- 
bright, where  king  William  erected  a strong 
battery,  while  his  fleet  lay  wind-bound 
here,  on  its  way  to  raise  the  siege  of  London- 
derry. In  the  vicinity  is  a large  natural 
cave. 

Torry,  a small  fishing  village  in  Kincar- 
dineshire, with  a harbour  and  pier  for  small 
vessels. 

Torryburn,  a town  and  parish  in  Fife- 
shire,  in  the  western  extremity  of  the  coun- 
ty, upon  the  coast  of  the  Frith  at  Forth, 
extending  about  five  miles  in  length  and 
two  in  breadth.  The  soil  is  in  general  good 
aud  well  cultivated.  The  town  of  Torry- 
biirn  contains  about  1200  inhabitants,  and 
possesses  an  exeel  lent  harbour,  has  a good 
coasting  trade,  and  an  annual  fair  2d  Wed- 
nesday of  July.  In  the  parish  are  several 
excellent  seams  oi  coal  and  ironstone. 
Near  it  is  the  seat  of  Sir  James  Erskine  of 
Torry.  Population  about  1403. 

Torshok,  a town  in  the  government  of 
Tver,  Russia,  seated  on  the  Tverza.  The 
inhabitants  subsist  principally  by  the  manu- 
facture of  articles  made  of  green,  red,  and 
yellow  Turkey  leather,  38  miles  nw  of  Tver. 

Torshalla,  a town  in  Sudermania,  Swe- 
den, stands  on  the  river  that  forms  the  com- 
munication between  the  lakes  Hielmar  and 
Maeler,  near  its  entrance  into  the  latter,  53 
miles  w \ of  Stockholm. 


T O tl 

Torsil-,  a town  of  Sweden,  in  Sudermania, 

<<3  miles  w of  Stockholm. 

Torthorwald,  a parish  in  Dumfnes-shire, 
lyinff  on  the  e side  of  the  -Lochar 
l^e  arable  lands  are  well  cultivated,  and 
marl  is  foirind  in  great  abundance.  Inere 
are  two  small  villages,  v.z.  Norhorwald, 
which  contains  above  130  inhabitants,  and 
Roucan,  which  contains  above  140.  Her.  . 
are  two  British  camps,  and  the  remains  of  a I 
castle,  on  an  eminence.  Population  about 

TORTOLA,  an  island  of  the  West  Indies, 
and  the  principal  of  the  Virgin  Islands.  It 
is  about  18  miles  long  from  e to  w,  and 
about  seven  in  its  greatest  breadth.  It  pro* 
duces  excellent  cotton,  and  very,  good  sugar 
and  rum.  The  entrance  into  the  harbour  is 
at  the  E end  of  the  island.  It  belonged  to 
the  Dutch,  who  built  a strong  fort,  from  , 
which  they  were  expelled  by  the  English  in  | 
16d0.  Lon.  63  0.  w,  lat.  18  33  n.  Sec 
Virgin  Islands. 

Tortona,  a town  in  the. Milanese,  Italy. 

It  is  situated  on  the  Scrivia,  and  has  a cita- 
del on  an  emmence.  In  1T44,  it  was  taken 
by  the  allies,  in  1745  by  the  Spaniards,  by 
^he  French  in  1796,  by  the  Rnssians  and 
Anstricvns  in  1799,  and  retaken  by  the  French 
in  the  same  year,  42  miles  s by  w oi  Milan. 
Lon.  85  8 e,  lat.  44  54  n. 

Tortorellay  a town  in  Pnncipato  Citra, 
Naples,  five  miles  ne  of  Policastro. 

Tortoricif  a town  in  Val  di  Demona, 
Sicily,  13  mUes  sw^  of  PattU  . ^ 

Tortasny  a large  town  of  Spam,  in 
Ionia,  with  a smaliuniversity,  and  citadel, 
seated  partly  in  a plain,  and  partly^on  a 
bill.  It  consists  of  the  Old  and  h^ew  town, 
both  surrounded  with  modern  fortifioations. 
The  entrance  is  by  a bridge  of  boats  over 
th“  Ebro.  It  is  a bishop’s  see,  has  a great 
number  of  Churches,  and  religious  houses ; , 
the  principal  of  which  are  the  cathedral,  the  ■ 
Toyal  college  of  Dominicians,  and  the  con- 
vent  of  the  Carmelites.  Its  trade  is  in  silk 
and  oil,  and  very  fine  potter’s  ware,  which 
resembles  porcelain.  It  is  situated  m a 
country  abounding  in  corn  and  Iriiit,  and 
has  mines  of  silver,  iron,  alabaster,  Jasper  ol 
various  colours,  and  quarries  oi  stone  wi  h 
veins  of  gold.  It  has  a trade  also  in  silk, 
oil,  and  potters  ware,  resembling  porcelain, 
’ - and  98 


55  miles  sw  of  Tarragona. 


Saragossa.  Lon.  0 35  e,  lat.  40  48  n. 

TortGsa,  a town  of  Syria,  surrounaed  with 
lofty  walls,  stands  near  the  Mediterranean, 
with  a casle,  35  miles  nne  of  Tripoli. 

TORTCE,  or  Tortuga,  an  isiand  on 
the  N side  of  Hispiiniola,  about  seven  lea- 
gues long  from  e to  w,  and  two  broad  It 
drives  fts  aame  from  the  great  number  ol  ji  90  feet  high 
Tortoises  found  upon  it,  the  s part  is  iertile,  r i5  about  a.500,  a coi 
but  llirN  t;  and  is  infested  j whom 

with  v/ild  boars.  It  was  the  a:^sylnm  ot  j 
the  French  buccaneers,  has  a sate  harbour,  j 
Cayoua,  its  capital,  is  j 
14 


lor  large  vessels. 


TOT 

defended  by  a fort.  Lon.  72  44  w,  lat, 

20  4 N. 

TCHITUGA,  a large  uninhabited  island 
of  South  America.  It  lies  near  the  W 
coast  ot  Ttfrra  Firma,  60  miles  w of  tha 
island  of  Margaretta,  and  is  about  30  miles 
in  circumference.  At  the  e end  is  a large 
salt  pond,  where  the  salt  begins  to  kern  on 
April,  and  some  months  after  ships  come  to 
lade  with  salt.  There  are  some  goats  on 
the  island,  and  the  tortoises  deposit  their 
eggs  in  the  sand  banks.  Lon.  65  26  w, 
lat.  n 30  N. 

Torwoody  a small  forest  in  Stirlingshire, 
famous  for  having  afforded  shelter  to  Sir 
William  Wallace  after  his  defeat  in  the 
north,  and  a victory  completed  here  by  the 
Scotch  over  the  English,  commanded  by 
Sir  William  Wallace,  September  1 3th, 
1297.  Here  the  celebrated  Donald  Cargil 
excommunicated  king  Charles  II.  for  burn- 
ing the  covenant  which  he  had  solemnly 
svvorn  and  subscribed,  and  for  attemping  to 
overturn  the  constitution  of  the  country, 
both  in  church  and  state. 

Tosa,  a sea  port  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
seated  partly  in  a plain,  and  partly  on  a hill, 
on  the  summit  of  which  is  a citadel  and 
other  fortifications.  It  lies  on  a bay,  and 
has  a good  harbour,  57  miles  ne  of  Barce- 
lona. Lon.  2 54  e,  lat.  41  4%  n. 

Toscanella,  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy, 
in  the  patrimony  of  St.  Peter,  35  miles  n of 
Rome. 

Tosena,  a town  in  W Gothland,  Sweden, 

20  miles  wnw  of  Uddevalla. 

Tosidy  a town  in  Natolia,  Asiatic  Turkey, 
stands  on  the  side  of  a hill,  and  nas  several 
mosques,  85  miles  ne  of  Angura. 

Tost,\  town  in  the  principality  of  Op- 
peln,  Silesia,  has  a castle,  25  miles  ese  of 

Oppeln.  . . 

Taster,  or  Suster,  capital  of  Kusistan, 
Persia,  seated  on  the  Kayoon.  In  scripture 
it  is  called  Shusan,  and  the  river  Ulai.  It 
I was  formerly  a famous  city,  and  contained 
a palace  of  the  kings  of  Persia.  The  houses 
I are  generally  built  of  stone,  but  the  streets 
1 are  narrow  and  dirty.  The  inhabitants, 
composed  of  Arabs  and  Prussians,  wero 
above  15,000,  and  have  manufactures  of 
rich  cloths,  silks,  and  stuffs,  190  miles  wsw 
of  Ispahan.  Lon.  48  58  E,lnt.  31  40  n. 

Toinessy  a town  of  Devonshire,  situated 
on  the  side  of  a hill,  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  liver  Dart.  The  town  consists  chiefly 
of  one  broad  street  abouf  three  quarters  of  a 
mile  in  lesgth.  It  formerly  had  a castle, 
and  walls,  and  two  of  its  gates  are  yet 
standing.  Its  ancient  spacious  church  has  a 
line  tower,  and  four  pinnacles  upwarus  ot 
The  number  of  inhabitants 
com  idertv))le  number  of 
in  the  woollen  manu- 
factnre,  now  in  a very  flourishing  state.  It 
is  governed  bv a mayor,  recorder, H3  burgo- 
masters, and*  20  common  councilrnen,  on^ 
3 D 


of 


T O U 

of.whom  is  the  earl  of  Mouat  EJgiComb 
who  claims  this  privilege  as  his  hereditary 
right.  The  two  members  who  represent 
the  town  in  parliament  are  chosen  by  the 
corporation.  It  has  a market  on  Saturday 
and  four  annual  fairs.  It  lies  27  miles  sw 
of  Exeter,  and  196  w by  s of  London. 

Tottenham  High  Cross,  a large  village  in 
Middlesex,  five  miles  n of  London.  It  is  so 
called  froni  a cross,  which  has  existed  here 
from  time  immemorial.  It  is  the  residence 
of  many  quakers.  One  of  its  three  alms 
houses  was  erected  by  Balthazar  Zaiiches, 
who  accompanied  Philip  II.  king  of  Spain, 
to  England,  as  his  confectioner,  and  was  the 
first  who  introduced  that  art  as  a business, 
into  England.  Loy^s  Well,  on  the  w side 
of  the  road,  is  said  always  to  be  full,  and 
never  to  run  over. 

Totteridde,  a village  in  Middlesex,  on  the 
borders  of  Hertfordshire,  with  a fine  man- 
sion and  park  of  its  name,  and  many  villas. 
Jt  W4S  the  resort  of  the  citizens  of  London  1 
as  early  as  the  reign  of  James  I.,  two  miles  * 
sw  of  Barnet,  and  10  na  w of  London. 

Tottington,  a town  in  Lancashire,  famous 
for  its  trade  and  manufactures.  Its  popu- 
lation in  1811,  was  5917.  It  is  four  miles 
WNW  of  Burg, 

Tough,  a parish  in  Aberdeenshire,  near 
Alford,  about  22  miles  distant  from  the 
county  town,  ‘five  miles  long  and  three 
^rpad.  The  surface  is  irregular,  but  the 
soil  is  in  general  good.  Population  about 
6219. 

Tout,  an  ancient  and  considerable  tovi^n 
in  the  department  of  Meurthe  Fiance,  lately 
a bishop's  see.  It  stands  in  a plain,  on  the 
Moselle,  almost  surrounded  by  mountains. 
The  cathedral  and  late  episcopal  palace  are 
elegant  structures.  It  is  15  miles  w by  s 
of  Nancy,  and  34  w^sw  of  Metz. 

Toulon,  a celebrated  city  and  sea  port 
of  France,  the  chief  town  of  the  department 
of  Var,  and  lately  an  episcopal- see.  It  is  a 
very  ancient  place;  having  been  founded 
according  to  the  common  opinion,  by  a 
Roman  general.  The  inhabitants  are  about 
80,000.  It  is  divided  into  the  Old  Quarter 
and  the  New  Quarter.  The  Old  Quarter, 
which  is  ill  built,  contains  nothing  remark- 
able, except  the  Rue  aux  Arbre,  a kind  of 
Mall,  and  the  townhouse ; the  other,  besides 
the  magnificent  works  constructed  by 
Lewis  XIV,  contains  many  fine  houses,  and 
a grand  oblong  square,  lined  with  trees 
and  serving  as  a parade.  The  harbour,  re- 
specting these  two  quarters,  is  distinguished 
likewise  by  the  names  of  the  Old  Port,  or 
the  Merchant  Port,  and  the  New  Port,  which 
are  joined  by  a canal.  The  Merchant's 
iiaveD>  along  which  extends  a spacious 
quay,  on  which  stands  the  town  house,  is 
protected  from  the  force  of  the  waves  by 
two  moles.  The  new  haven,  formed  by 
Lewis  XIV,  contains  an  arsenal,  a rope- 
walk,  a park  of  artillery,  dock  yards,  basons ; 
on«  of  the  is  occupied  by  the  dallies. 


T o u 

The  Gallics  slaves,  many  of  whom  are  artf» 
sans,  and  merchants,  no  longer  sleep  on  boardy 
but  in  a vast  building  on  shore,  constructed 
for  the  purpose.  Toulon  is  the  only  mart 
in  the  Mediterranean  for  the  re-exportation 
of  the  products  of  the  East  Indies.  Both 
the  Old  and  New  Port  have  an  outlet  into 
the  spacious  and  outer  road,  or  harbour, 
which  is  surrounded  by  hills,  and  formed  by 
nature  almost  circular,  and  of  very  great 
extent.  In  1706,  the  town  was  nearly  de- 
molished, and  many  ships  burnt  by  the  allies, 
in  a bombardment  both  by  land  and  sea ; but 
they  were  at  last  obliged  to  raise  the  siege. 
In  1721,  it  was  subjected  to  the  ravages  of 
the  pestilence.  The  inhabitants  were  indu* 
ced  to  surrender  this  city  in  trust,  to  the 
British  admiral  lord  Hood,  who  took  posses* 
sion  of  it,  in  the  name  of  Lewis  XVII.,  ia 
the  autumn  of  1793;  but  the  consequences 
were  dreadful.  Toulon  is  situated  on  a bay 
of  the  Mediterranean,  37  miles  se  of  Mar* 
seilles,  and  517  ss  of  Paris.  Lon.  5 55  B, 
lat.  43  7 N, 

Toul^fuse,  a very  ancient  city  in  the  de* 

; partment  of  Upper  Garonne,  France,  and  an 
archbishop’s  see.  It  is  the  most  considera* 
ble  city  in  France,  next  to  Paris  and  Lyons, 
although  its  population  bears  no  proportion 
to  its  extent ; containing  only  60,000  inha* 
bitants.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  Tecto- 
sages,  who  made  so  many  conquests  in  Asia 
and  Greece.  It  was  next  a Roman  colony, 
and  was  successively  the  capital  of  the  Visi- 
goths, who  destroyed  the  amphitheatre  of 
which  there  are  still  some  remains,  the  capi- 
tal, and  other  Roman  works,, and  that  of 
Aquitaine.  The  streets  are  very  handsome^ 
and  the  walls  of  the  city,  as  well  as  the 
houses  are  built  with  bricks.  The  town 
bouse  forms  a square  324  feet,  and  is  66 
feet  high,  and  occupies  one  side  of  tha 
square,  called  the  Place  Royale.  ThB 
metropolitan  church,  and  the  episcopal  pa« 
lace  are  superb.  In  the  great  hall,  called 
the  hall  of  illustrious  men,  is  the  statue  of 
the  Chevallie  Isauxe,  and  the  busts  of  all 
the  great  men  born  in  the  town.  Commu- 
nicating with  the  ocean  on  one  side,  by  the 
river  Garonne,  and  with  the  Mediterranean^ 
on  the  other,  by  the  canal  of  Languedoc. 
Toulouse  might  have  been  a very  commer- 
cial city ; but  the  taste  of  the  inhabitants 
has  been  principally  directed  to  the  sciences^ 
and  belles  lettres.  The  little  commerce  of 
Toulouse  consists  in  leather,  drapery,  blan- 
kets, mignionets,  oil,  iron,  mercery,  hard- 
ware, and  books.  Near  it  is  a manufacture 
of  indigo  from  the  woad  plant.  The  bridge 
over  the  Gc.ronne  forms  the  commumoatiou 
between  the  suburb  of  St.  Cypriau  and  the 
city.  The  quays  extend  along  the  banks  of 
the  Garonne.  Toulouse  is  37  miles  e of 
Aucb,  125  sEof  Bourdeaux,  and  350  s by  w 
of  Paris, 

Tour,  a town  iu  the  department  of  Puy 
de  Dome;  Fraoce,  22  miles  s of  Cler^ 
mouti 


T O U 


■TOtTRAlNE,  a late  province  of 
tThe  river  Loire  runs  through  the 
THs  58  miles  in  length,  and  55  m breadth, 
and  is  watered  by  several  other 
commodious  for  trade,  and  is,  m g®“®[®  ’ 
so  oleasant  and  fertile  a country,  that  it  is 
caUeTthe  Garden  of  France.  It  now  forms 
the  department  of  Indre  and  Loire,  of  which 

Tours  is  the  capital.  , 

^ Tour  la  Blanche,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Dordogne,  France,  15  miles  nw  of 

de  Roussillon,  a town  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  Eastern  Pyrenees,  Fra®®®’ 
ftandson  a hill  near  the  Tet,  three  miles  e of 

Pin,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Isere,  Fr.vnce,  on  a river  of  its  name,  24 

"Site  f “wo  lo  .1,. 

Sambre  and  Meuse,  France,  13  miles  ne  of 

^^Tour  la  ville,  a town  in  the  department 
of  La  Manche,  France,  separated  from 
Cherburg  by  a river.  It  is  celebrated  by  a 

sflass  manufacture.  ^ . 

Tourancourchy,  a town  in  the  Carnatic, 
Hindoostan,  35  miles  ssw  of  Tntchinopoli. 

Towrnan,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Seine  and  Marne,  France,  20  miles  esb  of 

^^ll'urnay,  a handsome  and  considerable 
city  in  Flanders,  Netherlands,  and  a ® 

see,  with  a strong  castle.  The  cathedral, 
and  the  abbey  of  St  Martin  are  magnificent 
edifices.  In  1T09,  it  was  taken  by  the 
allies,  and  ceded  to  Austria  at  the  peace  of 
Utreck  but  « ^^s  allowed  a Dutch  gar- 
rison. as  one  of  the  barrier  towns.  In  1T45, 
the  French  took  it,  and  destroyed  its  loiti- 
fications,  but  it  was  restored  in  1 <48.  in 
1781,  the  emperor  compelled  the  Dutch  to 
withdraw  their  garrison.  The  Ft®^  t®®b 
it  again,  in  1792,  abandoned  it  m 1^93,  and 
retook  it  on  the  conquest  of  F<anders  m 
1794.  It  is  a large  trading  place,  with 
several  fine  manufactories,  and  particularly 
famous  for  good  stockings.  It  is  situated 
on  both  sides  of  the  river  Scheldt,  over 
which  is  a bridge,  14  miles  sb  of  D’®‘®> 
and  30  ssw  of  Ghent.  Lon.  3 24  e,  lat.  50 
33  N. 

Tourrtebem,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Pas  de  Calais,  France,  nine  miles  nw  ot 

St  Omer.  , ^ . r 

Tournony  a town  in  the  department  ot 
Ardeche,  France.  It  is  situated  on  the  side 
of  a mountain,  by  the  Rhone,  has  a castle 
and  a fine  college ; 40  miles  w of  Grenoble, 

and  48  s of  Lyon.  . , 

Tournus,  an  ancient  town  in  de 

partment  of  Saone  and  Loire,  France, 
situated  on  the  river  Saone,  15  miles  s ot 

Chalons.  , , i 

Tours,  an  ancient,  large,  rich,  and  ton- 
siderable  city,  capital  of  the  department  of 
Indre  and  Loire,  France.  It  is  advan- 
tageously situated  on  the  Loire,  and  near 


T R A 

r the  Cher.  Over  the  former  is  one  tJf  the 
finest  bridges  in  Europe,  consisting  of  15 
elliptical  arches,  each  75  feet  diiimeter. 
The  principal  church  is  noted  for  the  deli- 
cacy of  its  structure.  Mosaic  pavement, 
curious  clock,  and  rich  library  of  manu- 
scripts. In  one  of  the  suburbs  is  the  ab- 
bev  of  Marmoutier,  reckoned  the  most 
ancient  in  the  west.  In  the  vi®  "/y 
Plesis  de  Tours,  a palace  built  by  the  su- 
perstitious and  profligate  Lewis  XI.  who 
died  here  in  1463.  Under  the  ministry  of 
Cardinal  Richlieu,  no  less  than  27,000  per- 
sons were  here  employed  in  the  silk  manu- 
facture ; but,  at  present,  the  whole  n^mto 
of  inhabitants  is  not  more  than  33,000. 
The  red  wines  of  Tours  are  in  great  re- 
pute. Tours  is  52  miles  ne  of  Poitiers, 
and  127  sw  of  Paris.  Lon.  0 42  e,  lat  4T 

Touseroy  a town  of  Barbary,  Africa^capi- 
tal  of  Biledulgerid,  dependent  on  Turns. 
Lon.  10  55  E,  lat.  32  30  n. 

Towcestevy  a small  town  in  Northampton- 
shire,  situated  on  the  small  river  Weedon. 

It  is  ancient,  populous,  and  handsome, 
chiefly  consisting  of  one  long,  and  very 
broad  street.  It  was  once  strongly  fortift  - 
ed,  and  the  Wattling  street  passes  through 
it.  The  inhabitants  are  exclusively  employ- 
ed in  the  manufacture  of  lace  and  silk.  It 
has  a market  on  Tuesday,  and  two  annual 
fairs,'  nine  miles  wsw  of  Northampton, 

32  sE  of  Caveiitry,  and  60  nw  of  London. 

Toivie  or  Towie-Kinbatiocky  a hilly 
parish  of  Scotland,  in  Aberdeenshire,  about 
i^hree  miles  and  a-half  long,  and  tw<j  broad, 
watered  by  the  Don.  There 
freestoue,  and  granite  in  the  parish.  Here 
are  several  mineral  springs.  Population  is 
about  528. 

Towridge,  See  Torrtdge. 

Townstall,  a town  in  Devonshire,  near 
Dartmeuth,  with  a tower  69  feet  high,  which 
is  used  as  a sea  mark.  t? 

Towtouy  a village  in  the 
Yorkshire,  three  miles  se  of 
Hereon  Palm-Sunday,  March  29th,  1461, 
a bloody  battle  was  fought  ^^etween  the 
forces  of  Lancaster,  and  Edward,  duke  of 
York,  which  lasted  10  hours,  quarter  was 
neither  asked  or  given,  more  than  one  third 
prrt  of  the  troops%ngaged  fell,,  amounting 
to  36,775,  and  victory  declared  m favour  of 
Edward,  who,  in  consequence  became  king, 

bv  the  title  of  Edwavd  IV. 

^Touiy,  a river  of  S Wales,  which  rises  m 
Cardiganshire,  and  passing  by  Caermarthen, 
enters  the  Bristol  channel.  . 

Towyn  a town  in  Merionethshire,  Wales, 
seated  on  the  Desynni,  at  its 
George’s  channel.  In  its  venerable  .^hurch 
are  several  good  monuments, 

XrMi  yard  fre  two  rude  stone  .^eUsks 
11  miles  s of  Barmouth,  and  218  wnw  ot 

"'“rteohenturp,  a town  ot  Silesia,  ejUa^ 
of  a principality  of  the  same  name,  with  a 

3 li  2 


V 


1 K.  A 


fine  castle,  on  the  Bartch.  The  vicinity 
abounds  in  corn,  cattie,  and  timber.  It  is 
26  miles  nnw  of  Breslau. 

Trafalgar,  a cape  or  promontory  of 
Spam,  m Andalusia,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
^raits  ol  Gibraltar,  30  miles  sb  of  Cadiz 
This  cape  will  ever  be  memorable  for  one 
ot  the  jijeatest  naval  engagements  recorded 
m history,  tought  off  it  upon  the  2Jst  oi 
October  1805,  between  the  British,  consist- 
ing  of  27,  sail  of  the  line,  and  the  French 
and  Spanish  fleets  of  33.  The  defeat  of 

nineteen 

ships  of  their  line  were  taken.  :unk,  or 
destroyed,  and  the  rest  being  dispersed,  four 
Ol  them  afterwards  shared  a similar  fate. 

commander-in-ehief.  Admiral 
Viileneuve,  and  two  Spanish  Admirals  wero 
wade  prisoners.  This  signal  v.etory  was 
Obtained  without  the  loss  of  a single  Mtish 

“‘e  hero 

who  atchieved  tae  honours  of  that  glorious 
day,  received  a mortal  wound  on  the  eve  of 
vietory,  which  closed  a life  that  had  been 
evotfcd,  to  the  defence  of  his  native  land. 
Ion.  6 2 w,  lat.  36  1 1 n. 

Trugonara,  a toVn  in  Capitaaata,  Naples, 
&%)  rmlos  A W OI  Lucera.  ^ ^ 

“ Komania,  Euro- 
pean  lurkey,  seated  on  the  Marissa,  a.nd 

bishop  s see.  It  is  situated  on  the  Marissa, 
40  miles  s by  w of  Adrianople,  and  135  w 
DyN  of  Constantinople. 

Trryesto  a town  of  Naples  in  the  Terra 
d Lavora,  bmlt  on  the  site  of  the  ancient 
fp,  **  ®d-ualed  near  the  mouth  of 

the  Carigliaiio,  in  the  Mediterranean.  Here 

^worV.?'*'®  amphitheatre;  25  mUes 
ivw  of  Capua.  Lon.  14  4 e,  lat.  41  20  N. 
rmn^  a town  ol  Bavaria,  on  the  Ambs, 

Ingolstadt.'  and  20  e of 

a town  of  Sicily,  in  the  Val  di 
Demona,  situated  on  a mountain,  at  ti-« 
source  of  the  Traina,  25  miles  aw  of  Cata: 
uta,  and  39  w of  Taormina. 

Tra/ee,  the  shire  town  of  Kerry,  in  Mun- 
ster Ireland,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Le  at 
the  head  of  a large  bay  of  the  Atlantic  of 

^ a«d  a town- 

cieik,  and  sends  one  member  to  tbe  im- 

penal  parliament.  Near  the  town  is  a 
chalybeate  spring.  Vessels  of  50  or  60 
tons,  cannot  come  within  a mile  of  the 

kIsw  of  -d 

Tralkbcrg,  a town  in  Schonen,  Swedeji 
near  the  Baltic,  10  miles  s of  Lund.  Lon’ 
i-2  68  E,  lat.  55  20  v. 

tiK-If  ^ province  of  Por- 

L * ^ by  Gallicia, 

Kcir.  1 ^'"f^s-Cohro-e-Minho,  and 
fceira  and  on  the  .s  by  Beira  and  a part  oi 
Leon  ft  ,s  fertile  i„  wine  and  oil,  Ld  a- 

Alira*  * tbcDouroimetsccts  it. 
miranoa  is  (he  capitcil. 

'irunchin,  a hiindsome  town  of  Upper 


1 K A 

Hungary,  capital  of  a county  of  the  same 
name  abounding  in  mineral  springs.  It^ls 
50  miles  ke  of  Presburg.  ^ *® 

Tramore,  a.  town  in  the  county  of  Water- 
ford  Ireland,  stands  on  the  declivity  of  a 

bay  of  Its  name,  and  is  much  frequented  by 
sea  bathers,  six  miles  s of  Vfaterford  ^ 
IrancGso,  an  old  town  of  Portup;al  in 
lrd-ios-Moii(es,  with  a castle.  It  is  nine 
miles  V/  of  Piubel. 

Iranent,  a small  town  in  Ea.?t  Lothian 
on  the  post  road  bet^^een  KaddiD^ioc  and 
Edinburgn.  The  chief  dependence  of  the 
tov,  n IS  on  its  cotil-works.  It  is  a neat  built 

ri’792%f'""‘"\'’>'^‘>‘EdinburS! 
The  n^lh  1 inhabitants. 

The  parish  lies  on  the  Frith  of  Forth,  and 

IS  about  stx  miles  long  and  three  broad 

Uv  "■‘‘Of®  is  cul- 

tivuteA  except  about  100  acres.  The  soil 
espectally  towards  the  coast  is  inferiorio 
none  in  Scotland.  The  villages  of  Port  Se- 
en and  Cockenzie  are  in  this  parish.  4t 
t ockenzte  the  manufacture  of  common  salt 
^ earned  to  a great  extent.  'I'he  battle  of 
Pieston,  in  which  colonel  Gardiner  was  kil- 

e ij  ‘0"^*“  ^‘‘'■‘fy  i“  ‘bis  parish,  the 
held  of  battle  lying  about  half  a mile  s-  of 

Trina“r^’T®"u  "“Ofob  in  ‘be  church  of 
Tran.mt,  In  the  town  is  a weekly  market 
manufacture  of  linen,  nails,  loci,  a tan! 
ntry,  several  friendly  societies,  and  a pari.sh 
fi^oekenzie  is  a fair  first  Thurs- 
day of  November,  chiefly  for  flax.  In  the 
parisb  IS  tbe  extensive  distillery  of  St  Tle- 
ments  wells,  and  chalybeate  spring.  Coal 

abtatmT® 

Tram,  a haud.some  and  populous  town  of 
Naples,  tn  the  llerra  di  Bari,  is  an  archbi- 
-nop  s see,  and  the  residence  of  the  governor 
ol  the  province.  It  is  injured  by  the  ohok- 
harbour,  and  stands  on  the  gulf 
of  Aenice,  26  miles  w by  n of  Bori,  and  125 

^ oy  e of  Naples.  Lou.  16  36  e,  lat.  41 

J S N . 

Tranguebar,a  town  in  the  peninsula  of 
Jdindcosian,  in  the  territorv  of  Tciiiore  It 
IS  surrounded  by  a wall  and  bastious,'  has 
three  ciirisiian  cimrehes,  a large  mosque, 
and  severe  pagodas.  It  has  a fon  and  a 
! Idclory  belonging  to  the  Danes,  who  pay 
an  annual  to  the  rajah.  I„  |807,  u was  ta- 
ken by  the  English.  It  is  situated  at  the 
mouth  ol  the  river  Caiivery,  165  miles  s of 
Madras.  Lon.  79  57  E,lat.  ii  ( k 

TRANSYLVANIA,  a.'eountry  of  Europe, 

hpTi  bo'»»led  on 

j I i?  ^‘‘dgoO’  and  Poland,  on  the 

E by  Ajolnavia  and  Walachia,  on  the  s by 
Walachia,  and  on  the  w by  Upper  and  Lo- 
t'er  Hui,gary.  It  is  surroiin-.led  on  all  parts 


-'.t^higli  numiitaiiis;  and  abounds  in  con 
i!  '.iiu  v.iiie,ai,d  rich  mines uf gold, silver, lead 

ill.  It  IS  aboiii 
fdO  in  breadth. 


J W-  * . -..4  » , 1 iJ  i li  CO  U J ^ fJX 

copper,  quicksilver,  ami  alum. 
Ib2  miles  in  lericth,  and 


. . lou  in  oreaatii 

alter  vuiiods  revoiudons  it  was  ceded  to  th< 


T R A 


louse  of  Austria,  in  whose  priaces  P«“- 
ce-ses  the  government  has  been  iiered.tary 

since  1709.  The  inhabitants  protess  various 

'elisions : here  are  Roman  Catholics,  u- 
rberans.  Calvinists,  Soamans,  Armimans, 
Greeks,  and  Mahoraedans.  Hermstadl  is  the 

siwn  or  Traw,  the  capital  of  the  above 
counlv,  containing  4800  inhabitants,  siuia- 
tedon  thd  gulf  of  Venice,  27  miles  sE  of  H 

^^'rrafiani,  or  Trapitno,  a town  on  the  w j 
side  ol  Sicily,  in  the  Val  di  Mazara,  with  i 
a harbour,  anciently  called  Drepauum,  from 
the  form  of  its  harbour,  ft  has  a good  trade,  j 
famous  salt  works,  and  fisheries  ot  coral  , 
and  tunnies.  It  is  situated  on  a small  pen-  j| 
insula,  28  miles  N of  Mazara,  and  56  inil^s 
w of  Palermo.  Lon.  12  aa  E,  mt.  38  | 

TraouiVy  (more  properly  Stratbquair,)  a i 
parish  hi  Scotland,  in  Peebles- shire,  Ijang  1 
on  the  s bank  oi  the  Tweed,  extending  about 
nine  miles  in  length,  and  from  four  to  live 
in  breadth,  and  containing  17,290  acres. 

The  low  grounds,  though  the  soil  is  shallow, 
are  tolerably  fertile  and  the  bills  afford  ex- 
cellent sheep  pasture,  large  ravens,  and  the 
true  game  falcon  frequent  the  rocks.  Lead 
ore  and  galena  are  found,  and  a birch  wood, 
now  consisting  of  four  or  five  trees,  is  the 
scene  of  the  beautiful  Scottish  song  entitiert 
the  Bush  ahoon  Traqucdr,  Traquair  iioii^se 
the  seat  of  the  earl  of  Traquair  is  (^light- 
fully  seated  on  the  s banks  of  the  Tweed. 
Population  about  613. 

Trarbach,  a town  of  Germany,  annexed 
to  France  in  December  1707,  and  included 
in  the  department  of  the  Rhine  and  Moselle. 

It  has  a fortress  on  a mountain,  and  stands 
on  the  Moselle,  22  miles  ne  of  Treves,  and 
47  w by  N of  Mentz.  Lon,  T 6 e,  lat.  49 

<58  N.  . ,p 

TraUf  a sea  port  of  Dalmatia,  on  the  gul 
of  Venice,  seated  on  a small  island  vrhich 
communicates  w’ith  the  mainland  by  a long 
bridge  of  wood,  with  the  isle  of  Bua,  ny  one 
of  stone.  It  is  a bishop’s  see,  27  miles  se 
of  Sebenico.  Lon.  17  52  b,  lat.  44  Ox. 

TRAVANCORE,  a province  of  the  pe- 
ninsula of  llindoostan,  extending  along  t e 
coast  of  Malabar  from  cape  Comorin  to 
10  15  N lat.  140  miles  in  length,  and  70  in 
breadth  at  its  Northern  extremity  and  gra- 
dually narrowing  to  the  s.  It  is  subject  to 
a rajah,  who  is  allied  to  the  English. 

Travancorey  a town  of  llindoostan,  capi- 
tal of  a province  of  the  same  name,  defended 
by  strong  and  extensive  lines,  1 10  miles  ssw 
of  Madura,  and  230  sse  of  Calicut.  Lou. 

77  15  E,lat.  8 25  N.  „ 7 . • 

Trave,  a river  in  the  duchy  of  Holstein, 
liOwer  Saxony,  which  passing  Segeberg, 
Oldeslo,  and  Lubec,  falls  into  the  Baltic  at 
Travemunde. 

Trammunde,  a strong  town  of  Lower 
Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of  Holstein.  It  stands 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Trave,  and  is  the  port 


T R E 

of  Lubec,  and  is  12  miles  ne  of  that  city 


Lon.  10  55  E,  lat.  54  1 N. 

Travers,  a town  in  the  territory  of  Neu- 
chatel,  Swisserland,  11  miles  w of  Neucha- 

Traunstein,  a town  of  Upper  Bavaria, 
with  a castle  of  its  name,  on  the  Traiin. 

Here  are  made  great  quantities  of  salt,  from 
water  brought  from  Keichenhall,  over  moun- 
tains, a distance  of  14  miles,  by  means  of 
pipes  and  engines ; 16  miles  wnw  of  Salz- 
burg. 

I Trayguera,  a town  of  Valencia,  in  Spain, 

I 30  miles  s of  Tortosa.  . ,7-  • 

Trautenau,  a town  m the  circle  ot  llom- 
i gingratz,  Bohemia,  21  miles  n of  Konigui- 

^ Trehhin,  a towm  in  the  Middle  Mark, 
i Brandenburg,  22  miles  ssw  of  Berlin.  ^ 

I treasury  islands,  lying  from  Ion. 

34  to  156  B,  and  from  lat.  6 38  to  7 30  s. 

Trebia,  a river  of  Italy,  which  has  its 
source  in  the  territory  of  Genoa,  and  run» 
ning  by  Babbio  in  Milanese,  falls  into  the 
Po,  a little  above  Placentia. 

Trehigna,  a towui  of  European  Turkey, 
in  Dalmatia,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Trebeuska,  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  and  is  a 
bishop’s  see,  14  miles  n of  Ragosa.  _ 

Trebisond,  a large  town  of  Asiatic  1 ur- 
key  in  Roum,  and  a Greek  archbishop  s 
see.  The  walls,  built  of  the  ruins  of  anew 
^ ent  structures,  on  which  are  inscriptions  not 
legible,  are  square  and  high,  with  battle- 
ments The  castle  stands  on  a fiat  rock, 
strengthened  by  ditches.  The  houses  are 
one  story  high,  and  the  town  is  interspersed 
with  gardens.  The  harbour  is  at  the  e end 
! of  the  town.  It  stands  at  the  foot  of  a very 
steep  hill,  on  the  Black  sea,  104  miles  nw 
of  Erzerum,  and  160  ene  of  Tocat.  Lon. 
39  30  B,  lat.  41  0 N. 

Trebissiaei,  or  Trebisaccia,  a town  of 
Naples,  in  Calabria  Citeriote,  on  the  gulf  ot 
Tarento,  10  miles  ene  of  Cassaiio. 

TrebU:,  a town  of  Moravia,  seated  on  the 
In-lau,  with  a mauufacture  of  cloth,  iron, 
and  glass,  21  miles  sK  of  Iglau. 

JVebnitz,  a town  of  Silesia,  m the  princi- 
pality of  Oels.  It  has  a Cistertian  nunnery, 
and  lies  12  miles  K of  Breslau. 

Tre6se«,a  town  in  Misma,  Upper  Saxony, 
on  the  Mulda  14  miles  e by  s of  Leipsic. 

Treecastk,  a town  of  Brecknoeksh.te 
South  Wales,  formerly  an  extensive  borough 
and  market  town.  It  has  many  annual 
fairs  13  miles  w of  Brecknock. 

a town  ol  North  Wales  m 

Caernarvonshire,  noted  tor  a f ? 

strongly  impregnated  with  common  salt,  and 

for  hlvin/bad  a palace  of  Llewelyn  the 
Great,  three  miles  from  Idanwryst. 


Trefurt,  a town 


and  territory  of  Upper 


Sat’onv,  in  Lower  Hesse,  with  a casdie  on  a 

hul  near  the  Werra.  The  town  is  36  miles 

town  of  South  Wales  in 
Cardiganshire,  with  a market  on  Thursday, 


T R E 

stands  on  a branch  of  the  Tyvy.  It  has  a 
handsome  church,  and  several  annual  fairs^ 
15  miles  SE  of  Aberistwitb,  and  204  w by  k 
of  London. 

Tregony,  a decayed  town  in  Cornwall, 
situated  on  the  river  Fale.  It  is  governed 
by  a mayor,  a recorder,  and  seven  capital 
four'iC^ses,  and  sends  two  members  to  parlia- 
ment, elected  by  the  potwaliopers.  The 
chief  manufacture  is  that  of  serge.  It  has 
an  inconsiderable  weekly  market,  and  four 
annual  fairs.  It  lies  six  miles  e of  Trero, 
12  KNE  of  Falmouth,  and  153  w by  s of 
London. 

Treguier,  a sea  port  in  the  department  of 
Cotes  du  Nord,  France,  stands  on  a peninsula 
near  the  English  channel,  and  lately  the  see 
of  a bishop,  22  miles  nw  of  St  JBrieuc.  Lou. 

3 13  w,  lat.48  47  N. 

Trelleborg,  a sea  port  of  Sweden,  in 
Schonen,on  the  Baltic,  26  miles  s of  Lund, 
and  30  se  of  Copenhagen.  Lon.  13  26  e, 
lat.  55  26  y. 

Tretshnish,  or  TresJiunish  Isles j a cluster 
of  small  uninheibitfcd  islands  of  the  Hebrides, 
belonging  to  Argyllshire,  about  four  miles  w 
of  the  Isle  of  Mull. 

Tremesan,  or  Tlemsan,  a city  of  Algiers, 
in  the  province  of  Mascara,  inhabited  by 
poor  Arads,  Moors,  and  Jews.  It  was  the 
residence  of  pow'erful  princes,  in  the  time  of 
the  Arabs,  but  is  not  now  above  one-fifth  of 
its  former  extent.  Its  ancient  masterpieces 
of  architecture  have  disappeared,  and  its 
once  flourishing  manufactures  of  carpets  and 
woollen  coverlets  are  in  a state  of  decay, 
100  miles  ssw  of  Oran.  Lon.  1 12  w,  lat. 

34  56  N. 

TREMITI,  the  name  of  three  islands  of 
Italy,  in  the  gulf  of  ’'^^encie.  They  are 
called  Capraiio,  St  Nicholo,  and  St  F)omi- 
no,  and  are  15  miles  from  the  coast  of  Capi- 
tariata.  St  Nicholo  is  the  principal,  and 
has  a castle,  and  a Benedictine  convent. 
Lon.  15  30  E,  lat.  42  10  n. 

lYemotiilley  a town  in  the  department  of 
Vienne,  France,  stands  on  the  Bennaiie,  35 
miles  E by  s of  Poitiers. 

Tremp,  a town  in  Catalonia,  Spain,  seat- 
ed on  the  Noguera  Pallaresa,  20  miles  n of 
Baiaguer. 

Trenschin,  capital  of  a county  of  its 
name,  in  Hungary,  seated  near  the  Waag, 
has  an  ancient  castle  on  a rock,  and  is 
famous  for  its  hot  baths,  70  miles  nne  of 
Presburg.  Lon.  18  0 e,  lat.  48  58  n. 

TRENT,  THE  TRENTINO,a  principa- 
lity, lately  a bishopric  of  Germany,  in  the 
s part  of  Tyrol,  siiuated  among  the  Alps, 
w^hich  divide  Italy  from  Germany.  It  pro- 
duceexcellent  w ine. 

Trcnty  ail  ancient,  populous,  and  consi 
derahle  towm  of  Germany  capital  of  the 
above  principality.  It  is  situated  at  the 
foot  of  Alps,  on  the  river  Adige.  It  has 
a castle,  a cathedral,  a college,  three  parish 
churches,  and  some  convents ; and  is  cele- 
brated in  church  history  for  a famous  oo^un- 


T R E 

oil  which  sat  here  from  1545  to  15BS; 
lJurmg  the  late  wars  this  city  was  several 
imes  in  the  possession  of  the  French  6T 
■niles  NW  of  Venice.  Lon.  10  55  lat.’  48 

Trenty  a large  river  of  England,  running 
a course  of  near  200  miles.  It  rises  from 
three  springs  to  the  w of  Leek  in  Stafford- 
shire, and  running  se  through  the  county  to 
tbe  sw  borders  of  Derbyshire,  receives  the 
Tame,  and,  flowing  ne,  divides  the  two 
counties  till  it  receives  the  Dove,  then  crosses 
the  s angle  of  Derbyshire,  a part  of  Not- 
tmgham  and  Lincolnshire,  and  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Yorkshire  meets  the  Ouse,  where 
their  united  stream  forms  the  Humber. 
This  river  is  of  itself  navigable  from  Bur- 
ton to  Staffordshire,  and  communicates  by 
canals  with  the  Mersey,  the  Severn,  and  the 
Thames. 

Trenty  Q.  Tiver  of  North  Carolina,  which 
joins  the  Neus  at  Neuburn,  where  it  is  three 
quarters  of  a mile  broad. 

Trentony  a town  of  Hunterdon  county- 
capital  of  the  state  of  New’’  Jersey,  situated 
on  the  e side  of  Delaware  river,  opposite 
the  falls.  This  town,  with  Lamberton, 
which  joins  it  on  the  s,  contains  2000  inha- 
bitants. It  has  a flourishing  academy,  and 
four  places  for  public  w^orship.  It  is  34 
miles  NE  of  Philadelphia.  Lon.  75  50  w 
lat.  40  15  N.  ^ 

Trentony  the  chief  town  of  Jones  county, 

N Carolina,  stands  on  the  Trent,  18  miles 
sw  of  Neubern. 

Trentony  a town  of  Hancock  county, 
district  of  Maine,  opposite  the  ne  of  Mount 
Desert  island,  30  miles  ENExif  Castine. 

Treporty  a towm  in  the  department  of 
Lower  Seine,  France,  stands  on  the  English 
Channel,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Bresle,  and  is 
the  port  for  the  town  of  E«,  about  two 
miles  distant,  17  miles  ne  of  Dieppe. 

TreptOy  a town  and  castle  of  Upper  Sax- 
ony, in  Hither  Pomerania,  duchy  of  Stettin, 
on  the  Tollensee,  and  borders  of  Mecklen- 
burg. It  is  25  miles  n of  New  Strelitz,  and 
43  KE  of  Stettin. 

TreptOy  Newy  a town  of  Further  Pomera- 
nia, stands  on  the  Rega,  near  its  mouth  in 
the  Baltic,  and  has  manufactures  of  woollen 
stuffs,  and  stockings,  16  miles  ene  of 
Camin. 

Trequiry  a sea  port  in  the  department  of 
North  Coast,  France,  22  mib  s nw  of  St 
Brieiix.  Lon.  3 10  w,  lat.  48  47  n. 

Treseuy  or  Trosoy  a sea  port  of  Sweden, 
in  Sudermania,  35  miles  sw  of  Stockholm, 

Lon.  17  29  e,  lat.  59  0 n. 

Tretkimrowy  a tow  n of  Lower  Volhynia, 

45  miles  below  Kiow. 

Trenenhrietzeny  a town  in  the  Middle 
3Iark,  Brandenburg,  20  miles  s of  Branden- 
burg. 

TREVES,  or  Tieus,  a late  archbishop- 
ric and  electorate  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  the  Low'er  Rhine,  bounded  on  the  s by  the 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine  and  Lorrain,  w by 


tre 

X niiemliurc,  N by  tha  electorate  of  Cologne,  II 
bv  Watterlvia.  It  is  about  100  nules 


Sind  E by  "WQ-^tcrciviti . ^ - ^ 

fn  len-rth,  and  from  20  to  50  in  breadth.  I> 

is  uU  o mountains  and  forests  but  n^sar 
the  rivers  Rhine  and  Moselle  the  soil  is 

fruitful,  abounding  m e 

small  pan  of  this  electorate  lies  on  ih.  e 

^Idforthe  Rhine,  ^^“^^1 

indemnity  to  the  prince  of  'y**, 

burg,  in  1800 ; but  the  ptmojipdl  part  w 
thellhine  is  now  annexed  to  fraime,  and  i 
iScluderin  the  departments  of  Rhine  and 

TrcMs!  or  ^TriTs,  a large,  populous,  and 
celebrated  city,  late  of  Germany,  capital  of 
an  archbishopric  of  its  name,  . 

France  in  December  1797,  and  capit 
the  department  of  Sarre.  It  is  ® ^ 

gee.  and  has  a castle,  an  university,  and 
„any  fine  churches  and  palaces  and  num  - 


composed  by  the  Jesuits  of  the  college  of 
Louis  le  Grand.  Trevoux  is  situated  on 
.ae  river  Saone,  12  miles  n of  Lyons,  and 
188  s by  E of  Paris.  Lon.  4 51  e,  lat.  45 

^^Treysa,  a town  of  Germany,  in  II 
Hesse,  and  capital  of  the  county  of  Zie, 
stands  on  a hill,  near  the  Schwalm,  16 
miles  ENE  of  Marburg,  and  32  sw  of  Cassel, 
Tretzzo,  a town  of  Italy,  m Milanese, 
stands  on  the  Adda,  on  the  borders  Of  th® 
Bergamasco,  18  miles  nk  of  Milan. 

Triana,  See  Rancagua, 

Triangle  Island,  a small  island,  one  ot 
the  Bahamas.  Lon.  69  53  w, lat.  20  51  n. 

Trihau,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Jimuts, 
Moravia.  30  miles  nv/  of  Olmutz. 

Triberg,  a town  in  Brisgau,  Swabia,  seat- 
ed on  the  Guttaoh,  15  miles  ne  of  Fn- 


fous  remains  of  antiquity 


burg. 


,uence  orthe  wars  is  "now  neither  large  nor 
nXus.  Treves  is  situated  on  the  river 
Moselle,  over  which  is  an  elegant  g ^ 
between  two  mountains  covered  with  vine- 
yards, 20  miles  of  Luxemburg,  and  55  s 
by  E of  Cologne.  Lon.  6 43  e,  Ut.  41 

Treves,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Card,  France,  12  miles  e of  Vigan. 

Trevi,  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of 
Snoleto,  12  miles  n by  w of  Spoleto. 

^Trevico,  a town  of  Naples,  mPrincipato 
Ultra,  25  miles  e of  Benevento.  , 
Trevier,  de  Courtes,  St,  a towm  in  th 
department  of  Aine,  France,  20  miles  nnw 

•f  Bouts:  en  Bresse,  . , 

Trevier  enDombes,  Si,  a town  in  the  c - 
partment  of  Ain,  France,  18  miles  sw  of 

Bours:  en  Bresse.  ^ 

Treviglio,  a town  in  the  Milanese,  Italy, 

17  miles  ENE  of  Milan.  . 

Trevino,  a town  of  Spain,  in  Biscay 
stands  on  a hill,  near  the  Aguda,  with  a 
citadel,  10  miles  s of  Vittoria. 

Trepfsamo.a  marquisate  in  the  late  aristo 
cratio  state  of  Venice,  transferred  by  the 

treaty  of  Presburg  to  tae  kiag 
ke  Joil  is  so  fertile,  that  it  was  called  the 
Garden  of  Venice.  It  produces  corn,  wine, 
and  wood,  and  exports  cattle,  “1 

woollen  cloths.  Treviso  is  the  principal 

JVecMC.ror  Trevigio,  a large  ,aud  ancient 
city  of  Italy,  capital  of  Trevisano,  and  an 
Sishop  "see.^t  is  situated  on  the  river 
Sile,  at  the  junction  of  the  PlaveseUa. 
is  the  residence  of  many  noble  families,  and 
had  a university,  which  was  transferred  to 
Padua,  18  miles  nnw  of  Venice.  L,on.  12 

18  E,  lat.  45  44  N.  , , 

Trevonx,  an  ancient  town  in  the  depart- 
meat  Of  Ain,  France,  and  betore 
tion,  capital  of  the  principality  of  Dombes. 
The  most  noted  edifices  are  the  ancient 
mint,  the  late  parliament  house,  the  g^^er- 
uor^s  house,  and  the  printing  oflice.  ine 
Utter  is  famous  for  the  literary  journals 


Tribsees,  an  ancient  town  of  Pomerania, 
on  the  frontiers  of  Mecklenburg,  which 
commands  the  pass  into  that  country,  stands 
oh  the  Trebel.  It  is  22  miles  ssw  of  Stra^- 
sund,  and  28  ese  of  Rostock.  , ^ ^ . 

Tribstadt,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Mont  Tonnere,  France,  lately  of  Germany, 
in  the  duchy  of  Deux  Fonts;  16  miles  ene 
of  Deux  Fonts. 

Tricala,  a towm  of  European  Turke}  , 
in  Macedonia,  on  the  Strimon,50  miles  ene 

tricala,  a towa  in  Thessaly,  European 
Turkey,  near  the  Salembria,  36  miles  w by 

s of  Larissa.  , , 

Tricarico,  an  episcopal  town  of  Naple.s, 
in  Basilicata,  13  miles  se  of  Acerenza,  and 

21  sw  of  Malera.  . 

Trieeto,  a town  in  Calabria  Citra,  Naples^ 

14  miles  se  of  Scalea. 

Tricolore,  a town  in  the  Carnatrc,  Hin- 
doostan,  where  Tippoo  Sultan  was 
by  the  English  in  1790,  44  miles  w of  Pen- 

a town  and  district  of  Italy 
10  miles  N of  Udiiia. 

Triers.  See  Treves. 

Triest,  a small  and  ancient  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  Caniiola,  with  a harbour  on  a 
euli  of  its  name,  which  is  the  nb  part  of 
the  gulf  of  Venice.  The  harbour  is  spa- 
cious, defended  by  a wall  and  bastion.  I he 
town  is  seated  on  the  side  of  a hill,  on  the 
i top  of  which  is  a castfe,  in  which  the  gover- 
nor  of  the  town  and  territory  resides.  A 
, beautiful  suburb  stands  on  the  nw  side  of 
I the  town,  where  formerly  were  salt  pits 
The  inhabitants  estimated  at  30,000,  have  a 
considerable  trade  in  salt,  oil,  almoiub,  mon, 
&c.  brought  from  Laubaoh.  In  17J<,  it 
was  taken  by  the  French,  but  evacuated 
the  same  year,  and  in  1809  >t  was  mided  by 
Autsria  to  France;  and  is  U miles  N of 
Capo  d^  Istria,  and  80  ne  of  Venice.  Lon. 

^‘^Triesu'hland%  small  island  at  the 
bottom  of  Campeachy,  w of  Port  Rojal 
island,  about  three  leagues  from  e to  w. 


T R I 


T R I 


Triniy  the  county  town  of  Meath,  in 
Leinster,  Ireiand,  seated  on  the  Boyne.  It 
is  governed  by  a sovereign,  a recorder,  and 
town-clerk.  It  was  formerly  walled  round 
and  of  great  strength.  It  has  a strong 
castle,  and  the  ruins  of  another.  Here  was 
an  abbey,  a gray,  and  dominican  friary  ; 
and  in  the  immediate  vicinity  are  the  ruins 
of  a beautiful  abbey,  of  a priory,  and  of  a 
monastery.  At  a small  distance  are  the 
ruins  of  several  castles.  Trim  has  a char- 
ter«chool,  and  a barrack  ; and  is  27  miles  nw 
of  Dublin.  Lon.  6 48  w,  lat.  S3  32  n. 

Trincomale,  a town  of  Asia,  in  the  e side 
of  Ceylon.  The  harbour  is  reckoned  the 
finest  in  the  E Indies,  and  is  defended  by 
two  forts,  Trincomale  and  Ostenburg,  the 
latter  stands  upon  a cliff,  projecting  1500 
paces  into  the  sea.  The  circumference 
within  the  walls  is  about  13  miles.  In  1782 
the  English  took  it  from  the  Dutch,  and  w’ets 
taken  by  the  ‘French  the  same  year,  restored 
to  the  Dutch  at  the  peace  of  1783,  and  re- 
taken by  the  English  in  1795.  It  is  si-  ! 
tuated  on  a gulf  of  the  same  name,  JOO  i 
miles  KNE  of  Candy.  Lou.  81  52  e,  lat.  8 
45  N. 

Trincomahj,  a town  of  Hindoostan,  in 
the  Carnatic,  45  miles  ssw  of  Arcot,  and  52 
WNw  of  Pondicherry.  | 

Tring,  a small  town  in  Hertfordshire,  I 
seated  near  the  Grand  Junction  canal,  with 
a market  on  Friday,  and  a fair  September 
29tb.  It  has  a good  trade  in  corn,  a hand- 
some church,  and  a charity  school  It 
lies  22  miles  w of  Hertford,  and  31  wnw  of 
London. 

Trinidad,  a town  of  Terra  Firma,  in  ! 
New  Granada,  seated  on  the  Madalena,  5S  ■ 
miles  Kw  of  Santa  Fe.  Lou.  73  45  w,  lat.  4 i 
45  N.  I 

Trinidad,  or  Trinity,  a small  island  in 
the  South  Atlantic  Ocean,  due  e off  Spiritu 
Santo  in  Brazil.  Lon,  41  20  w,  lat.  20  I 
30  s. 

TRINIDAD,  or  Trinidada,  an  island 
near  the  coast  of  Terra  Firma,  at  the  n 
part  of  South  America.  It  partly  forms  the. 
gulf  of  Paria,  from  which  it  is  separated  by 
a channel  10  miles  wide,  and  from  Cumana 
on  the  w,  by  the  gulf  of  Paria,  and  is  much 
larger  than  any  other  upon  the  coast.  It  is 
36  leagues  in  length,  and  18  or  20  in 
breadth,  but  the  climate  is  rather  unhealthy, 
and  little  of  it  is  cleared.  The  island  pro- 
duces sugar,  fine  tobacco,  indigo,  ginger, 
a variety  of  fruit,  some  cotton,  and  Indian 
corn,  and  has  abundance  of  fine  timber  trees. 
Here  flourish  many  trees  brought  from  Ota- 
heite  and  the  E Indies ; and  cinnamon  is 
abundant.  The  whole  amount  of  the  cul- 
vated  land  is  about  34,000  acres.  The 
lake  Brea,  or  of  Pitch,  covers  about  150 
acres,  and  is  capable  of  supplying  all  the 
dockyards  of  Great  Britain.  In  1595,  this 
island  was  taken  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  ; 
and  in  1676,  by  the  French,  who  plundered 
and  left  it.  In  1797,  it  was  taken  by  the 


. British  and  ceded  to  them  at  the  peace  of 
I Amiens.  It  is  situated  between  59  and  62. 
w Ion.  and  10  n lai.  The  chief  town  is  St, 
Joseph. 

Trinidad,  a city  of  New  Spain,  provinc© 
of  Guatimala,  seated  near  the  head  of  a bay 
of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Acajutia,  its  port,  is 
two  miles  from  the  city,  and  is  the  nearest 
, landing  to  Guatimala,  for  all  merchandise 
that  comes  from  Mexico  and  Peru,  and 
therefore  a great  trading  place,  110  miles 
ESE  of  Guatimala.  Lon.  90  80  lat.  13  46  n, 
Trinidad,  a sea-port  on  the  s part  of  the 
island  of  Cuba.  The  town  was  almost  de- 
stroyed by  a hurricane  in  1812;  several 
ships  in  the  harbour  were  sunk,  and  others 
driven  on  shore,  40  miles  sw  of  Spiritu 
Santo.  Lon.  80  10  w,  lat.  21  48  n. 

Trinidad,  an  open  town  of  Veragua,  in 
North  America,  New  Spain,  seated  near 
the  mouth  of  a river  that  enters  the  Cari- 
bean  sea,  20  miles  se  of  Conception,  Lon, 
81  23  w,  lat.  8 40  n. 

Trinidada,  three  rocky  islets  in  the  At- 
lantic Ocean,  600  miles  e of  Spiritu  Santo, 
in  Brasil.  On  the  largest  which  is  about 
three  miles  in  circuit,  the  Portuguese  hav^ 
a small  garrison  to  prevent  contraband 
trade  with  the  Brasils. 

Trinity,  a sea-port  on  the  n side  of  Mar- 
tinico,  has  an  extensive  and  safe  harbour, 
and  a good  trade. 

Trinity- Cask,  a parish  in  Perthshire,  and 
in  the  district  of  Stratherne,  formed  by  the 
united  parishes  of  Kinkell,  and  Wester- 
Gash.  It  stretches  for  several  miles  along 
the  banks  of  the  Erne,  and  is  in  general 
level  and  fertile ; A Roman  road  leading 
from  Stormont  to  Ardoch  passes  through  the 
parish.  A spring  of  w'ater,  in  this  parish 
was  formerly  supposed  to  have  the  virtue 
to  preserve  every  person  who  was  baptized 
with  it  from  the  plague.  At  Kinkel,  is  an 
antibuTgher  meeting-house,  where  the  Rev, 
John  Muckersie,  author  of  a well  known 
catechism,  w^as  long  minister  to  a numerous 
congregation.  Population  about  769. 

Trinity  Isle,  lies  near  the  coast  of  Pata- 
gonia, in  South  America.  Lat.  50  37  s. 

7riW(?,atown  of  Piedmont,  in  Montferrat. 

Its  fortifications  are  now  nrariy  destroyed. 

It  lies  eight  miles  nw  of  Casal. 

Trinomaly  a town  in  the  Carnatic,  Hin- 
doosUm.  Here,  in  1768,  the  troops  of  Hy- 
der  Alley  were  defeated  by  the  British,  45 
miles  ssw  of  Arcot,  and  52  wnw'  of  Pondi- 
cherry. 

Tripatore,  a town  in  Marawar,  Hindoo- 
stan, 36  miles  ene  of  Madura,  and  55  sw 
of  Tanjore. 

Tripoli,  a considerable  city  of  Africa,  in 
Barbary,  capital  of  a country  of  the  same 
name,  with  a castle  and  a fort,  and  surround- 
ed by  a wall  with  six  bastions,  The  prin- 
cipal mosque,  fronting  the  basbaw^s  castle, 
is  an  elegant  structure.  The  houses  of  the 
consuls  and  better  sort  of  the  inhabitants  are 
built  of  stoue,  and  whitewashed;  those  of 


T R 


iTie  infenoT  orders  are  constructed  of  snsall 
stones  and  mortar,  and  are  ot  a square  torm, 
with  flat  roofs,  and  have  no  windows  to 
the  street.  The  streets  are  remarkably 
clean.  The  numerous  bazars  are  kept  in 
the  best  order.  The  harbour,  defended  by 
a mole,  is  capacious,  and  admits  of  sjips 
not  drawing  more  than  1 8 feet  water.  1 he 
population  is  estimated  at  25,000,  among 
whom  are  Moors  and  Jews.  The  latter 
carry  on  all  the  traffic  of  the  place,  and 
fabricate  all  the  gold  and  silver  ornaments 
for  the  Arab  and  Moorish  women.  Hence 
are  exported  drugs,  barilla,  ^alt,  trona, 
skins,  ostrich  feathers,  gold  dust,  ivory, 
dried  fruits,  and  dates,  some  of  which  are 
brought  from  Morocco,  Fezzan,  and  other 
interior  parts.  Tripoli  was  taken  b}  the 
emperor  Charles  V.  who  settled  the  knights 
of  Rhodes  here,  but  they  were  expelled  by 
the  Turks  in  1551.  It  is  situated  on  tne 
coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  275  miles  ssE 
iof  Tunis.  Lon.  13  12  e,  lat.  32  5 N. 

TRIPOLI,  a country  of  Barbary,  on  the 
Alediterranean.  It  is  about  925  miles  along 
the  sea  coast,  from  Ike  gulf  of  Cabes  to 
the  s extremity  of  the  gulf  of  Sidra,  but 
the  breadth  is  various.  On  the  coast  are 
luimerous  harbours,  and  some  of  them  capa- 
cious, and  in  a fine  country,  but  the  interior 
is  not  fertile,  and  the  e part  is  a desert.  It 
has  the  carre  of  a kingdom,  but  is  now  go- 
verned by  a bashaw,  who  is  nominally  sub- 
ject to  the  Porte. 

Tripoli,  an  ancient  and  considerable  towu 
of  Asia,  in  Syria,  on  the  Mediterranean,  de- 
fended by  a citadel.  All  the  houses  have 
fountains  belonging  to  them.  There  is  one 
handsome  mosque,.  The  inhabitants  ar© 
nearly  60,000,  consisting  of  Turks,  Christi- 
ans, and  Jews.  It  is  the  residence  of  a ba- 
shaw, who  governs  the  adjacent  country, 
which  abounds  in  mulberry  trees  and  other 
fruits.  It  has  a harbour  two  miles  v/  from 
the  town,  before  which  is  a sand  bank,  that 
increases  so  much,  that  in  the  course  of 
time  it  is  likely  to  destroy  the  port.  On 
each  side  is  a bulwark  to  protect  the  en- 
trance. Coarse  silk,  used  for  laces,  is  the 
chief  article  of  commerce.  It  is  120  miles 
s ot  Scaudarooii,  Lon.  38  20  e,  lat.  34 
50  N. 

Tripolizza,  capital  of  the  Morea,  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  stands  in  the  valley  of  Tegea, 
beneath  one  of  the  tops  of  the  mountain 
Maenaleon,  and  is  surrounded  by  a strong 
stone  wall  with  bastions,  and  has  a square 
fort  on  an  eminence.  The  palace  of  the 
pacha  is  a large  quadrangular  edifice  con- 
structed of  wood,  with  a spacious  court  in 
the  centre,  and  galleries  round  the  four 
sides.  Here  are  six  Greek  churches,  and 
four  mosques.  It  is  the  residence  ot  the  pa- 
triarch 01  Morea,  and  its  chief  trade  is  in 
corn,  wool,  &c.  It  is  a modern  town,  and 
the  port  is  Lerua,  30  miles  n of  Misitra. 
Lon.  22  34  e,  lat.  37  40  n. 

Tripura,  a town  in  the  pravinc©  of  Coim- 
15 


betore,  Hindoostan,  stands  on  the  Noyelar, 
with  a fort  in  the  vicinity,  called  Palat, 

27  miles  Nxw  of  Daraporam. 

Trist,  an  uninhabited  island  ot  Aew 
Spain,  on  the  coast  of  Tabasco,  in  the  bay 
of  Campeacby,  separated,  on  the  e,  from 
the  isle  of  Pert  Royal,  by  a narrow  chan- 
nel. It  is  five  miles  in  length,  and  almost 
as  much  in  breadth.  The  E point  is  in  Ion. 

92  45  w,  lat.  18  15  N.  . , , • 

TRISTAN  D’ACUNHA,  an  island  in  the 
Atlantic  ocean,  15  miles  in  circumference. 

The  land  rises  gradually  to  a great  height 
in  the  centre  of  the  island,  where  there  is  a 
lofty  conical  mountain,  covered  with  tree?. 

The  coast  is  frequented  by  albatrosses,  pen- 
guins, seals,  and  sea  lions.  Lon.  15  38  w, 
lat.  37  8 s. 

Tritchinopolij,  a town  of  the  Carnafic, 
Hindoostan,  encompassed  by  a double  wall 
flanked  with  towers,  and  surrounded  by  a 
ditch.  In  1751,  it  was  taken  by  the  Eng- 
lish, 30  miles  w of  Tanjore,  and  208  ssw  ot 
Madras.  Lon.  78  46  E,  lat.  10  49  N. 

Trivadi,  a town  in  the  Carnatic,  Hrfl* 
doostan,  has  a pagoda,  for  its  citadel,  2o 
miles  sw  of  Pondicherry.  , 

Trivento,  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples, 
in  the  country  of  Molise,  stands  on  a hill, 
near  the  Trigno,  ii  miles  n of  Molise. 

Trochtdjingen,  a town  of  Swabia,  on  the 
Smeieha,  16  miles  n of  Buchau,  and  29  s ot 

Siutgard.  , i .u 

Trogen,  a town  of  Switzerland,  and  the 
principal  place  of  the  protestant  part  of  the 
canton  of  Appenzel,  has  manufactures  of 
cloth,  and  near  it  is  a mineral  spring,  seven 
miles  NNE  of  Appenzel.  , 

Trcja,  a populous  town  of  Naples,  in  Ca- 
pitanata,  on  the  Chilaro,  32  miles  ene  of 
Benevento,  and  60  nw  of  Naples.  Lon. 

15  E,  lat.  41  2!  N. 

Trois  Rivieres.  See  Three  Rivers. 
Troina,  a town  in  Val  di  Demoua,  Si- 
cily, celebrated  for  fine  limber,  40  miles  w 

of  Taormina.  . 

Troki,  a town  of  Lithuania,  capital  ot  a 
palatinate  of  the  same  name,  stands  among 
lakes,  1 8 miles  w of  Wilna,  and  85  ne  ox 
Grodno.  Lon.  25  13  E,  let.  54  38  N. 

Trolhattc,  a town  in  W Gothland,  Swe- 
den, has  four  cascades  that  fall  100  feet  in 
the  space  of  two  miles.  A canal  for  vessels 
to  pass  by  these  falls  is  cut  through  the 
midst  of  rocks,  45  miles  nne  of  Gotbe- 

Tronda,  or  Trondray,  a small  island  of 
Shetland,  about  three  miles  and  a-half  long, 

by  two  broad.  • .i  ^ 

Tron,  St,  or  St  Trauen,  a town  in  the 
territory  cf  Liege,  Netherlands,  with  a Be- 
. nedicune  abbey.  It  is  13  miles  from  Mae.^ 
iricht,  and  21  Kw  of  Liege.  . . r 

: Troon,  a point  of  land  in  the  parish  of 

iDundonald,  Ayrshire,  jutting  into  the  I rith 

] of  Clyde,  near  Irvine,  at  the  extremity  of 
which  is  a curious  octagonal  structu^ 


modern  ©rection. 


Here  is  a harbour  affori^ 
3 S 


T R O 

jng  s-afe  anchorage  at  ail  times  of  thei; 
tide. 

Tropea,  di  small  town  of  Naples,  in  Cala- 
bria Ulteriore,  stands  on  a rock  in  the  gulf 
of  St  Eufeinia,  10  miles  nw  oi’Nicotera. 

TropeZi  a sea  port  in  the  department 
of  Var,  France,  stands  on  a bay  of  the  Me- 
diterranean, and  has  a citadel,  12  miles  sw 
of  Frejus,  and  38  ene  of  Toulon.  Lon.  6 
40  E,  lat.  43  16  n. 

Troppaii,  a large,  strong,  and  handsome 
town  of  Upper  Silesia,  capital  of  a principa- 
lity of  its  name,  belonging  partly  to  Austria 
and  partly  to  Prussia,  seated  in  a fertile 


1 K 


U 


country,  on  the  Oppa.  It  has  an  ancient 
palace,  an  university,  three  churches,  four 
convents,  and  a cornmandery  of  the  order  of 
St  John.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  regency  for 
all  the  Bohemian  part  of  Silesia,  and  was 
captured  by  the  Prussians  in  1741,  and 
again  in  ]7<56,  but  restored  to  Austria,  by  a 
treaty  after  each  capture,  40  miles  n by  e 
of  Olmutz,  and  90  sse  of  Breslau.  Lon. 
17  54  E,  lat.  49  52  k. 

Troqiieer,  or  Troqmre,  a parish  in  Kir- 
cudhrightshire,  lying  on  the  river  Nith,  op- 
posite the  town  of  Dumfries,  and  having 
commuDioatiou  with  it  by  a handsome 
bridge,  at  the  end  of  which  is  a considerable 
Village,  named  from  its  situation  Bridge-end. 
The  parish  is  about  seven  miles  and  a-haif 
long  by  four  and  a- half  broad.  . The  soil  is 
fertile  and  well  cultivated.  In  the  parish 
is  a popish  chapel,  a school  endowed  by 
the  society  for  propagating  Christian  know- 
ledge, and  near  Bridge-end,  excellent  mills 
foj  every  kind  of  corn.  Population  about 
2774.  See  Bridge-end,. 

Trosachs^  certain  rugged  and  stupendous 
masses  of  rocks  in  Perthshire,  on  the  road 
leading  to  Loch  Catterin.  The  general 
appearance  is  as  if  a mountain  bad  been 
shivered,  and  the  fragments  of  w^oods,  rocks, 
<fec.  scattered  around  on  both  sides  of  the 
lake  for  tw’o  miles  of  its  length,  10  miles  w' 
of  Callander. 

Tro.  p,  a village  in  Banffshire. 

Trowbridge,  a populous  town  in  Wilt-  j 
shire,  stands  on  a hill  by  the  Were.  It  has  , 
long  been  considerable  for  the  manufacture 
of  broad  cloth  and  kerseymeres,  and  has  a ij 
market  on  Saturday,  and  an  annual  fair  I 
2Jth  duly.  In  1801,  the  population  was 
/i799,  and  in  1811,  6075.  It  is  23  miles  sw^ 
of  Marlborough,  and  99  w of  London. 

Trcg,  was  an  ancient  and  famous  city  of  | 
Asr-a,  near  the  Archipelago.  There  are  I 
sfill  as  many  of  the  ruins  remaining,  as  to! 


it  stood.  Lon.  26  3()  e,  lat. 


.'■hew  where 
39  40  N 

Trog,  a post  towm  in  New'  York,  the 
largest  in  Reniselaer,  is  seated  on  the  e 
side  of  rhe  Hudson,  and  is  a place  of  cciisi 
derable  trade,  three  nules  s of  Lausinburg. 

Troyes,  an  aiicient,  large,  rich,  and  hand- 
some City,  capital  of  the  department  ol 
Aube,  France,  with  ti  ct.stle  in  which  the 
ancient  counts  of  Champagne  resided.  It  is 


surrounded  by  good  walls,  but  the  houses 
are  mostly  of  wood,  and  there  is  a scarcity 
of  water.  It  is  a bishop’s  see.  Its  com- 
merce, once  very  llourishiug,  now  consists 
only  in  some  linens,  dimities’,  fustians,  wax 
candles,  and  wine.  It  is  situated  on  the 
river  Seine,  28  miles  e by  n of  Sens,  and 
82  ESE  of  Paris.  Lon.  4 5 e,  lat.  48 
18  N. 

Trugillo,  a towm  of  Terra  Firma.  120 
miles  s of  the  lake  Maracaybo.  Lon.  7 40 
w,  lat.  9 46  N. 

Trumpington,  a village  two  miles  s of 
Cambridge,  still  famous  for  the  ruins  of  the 
mill  commemorated  by  Chaucer  in  his 
Miller\s  Tale, 

Trims,  a town  of  Switzerland,  in  the 
country  of  the  Grisons.  It  is  situated  on 
the  Rhine,  seven  miles  w of  Ilantz. 

Truro,  a towm  in  Corinvall,  one  of  the 
best  in  the  county.  Here  and  at  Badmin 
are  held  the  summer  assizes  alternately. 
It  has  the  benefit  of  the  coinage  of  tin,  and 
its  chief  business  is  in  shipping  tin  and  cop- 
per ore.  Here  is  also  a manufactory  for 
converting  block  tin  into  bars  and  ingots. 
Truro  has  undergone  a complete  alteration 
of  late  years.  Its  central  situation,  trade, 
improvements,  and  buildings,  may  be  said 
to  entitle  it  to  the  denomination  of  the  me- 
tropolis of  Cornw'all.  Here,  after  the  bat- 
tle of  Naseby,  the  forces  of  Charles  1.  under 
lord  Hopeton,  surrendered  to  general  Fair- 
fax. It  is  governed  by  a mayor,  who 
claims  also  to  he  mayor  of  Falmouth,  four 
aldermen,  and  20  capital  burgesses,  who 
elect  tw^o  members  to  represent  the  towm  in 
parliament,  and  a recorder,  and  contains 
about  4542  inhabitants.  Truro  has  tw'o 
markets  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday,  and 
four  annual  fairs.  Truro  stands  between 
the  rivers  Kenw}*!!  and  St  'Allen,  at  the 
head  of  Falmouth  haven,  10  miles  n of  Fal- 
mouth, 79  w by  s of  Exeter,  and  257  w by  s 
of  London. 

Truro,  a towm  of  Nova  Scotia,  in  Halifax 
county,  at  the  head  of  a narrow  gulf  in  the 
bay  of  Fundy,  40  miles  n by  w of  Ha- 
lifax. 

Truro,  a town  of  Massachusetts,  situated 
in  Barnstaple  county.  It  is  on  the  n part 
of  the  peninsula  of  Cape  Cod,  nine  miles  s of 
Priucetown,  and  57  se  of  Bosion. 

Truxillc,  a considerable  town  in  Estre- 
madura,  Spain,  stands  on  the  side  of  a hill, 
on  the  summit  of  W’'hich  is  a citadel,  near 
the  Magasoa,  and' is  noted  as  the  birth  place 
of  the  celebrated  Francis  Pizarro.  It  is  70 
miles  N’E  of  Bada  joz,  and  90  ^W’  of  Toledo. 
Lon.  5 43  w,  lat.  39  26  x. 

Truivillo,  a towm  of  New  Spain,  in  the 
government  of  Honduras,  with  a good  har- 
bour, on  the  gulf  of  Honduras,  situated  three 
miles  from  the  sea,  between  iw'o  rivers,  the 
mouths  of  w’liich,  and  some  islands  before 
them,  form  the  harbour,  which  is  the  prin- 
cipal one  on  the  coast,  140  miles  xe  of 
Valladolid,  Lon.  86  30  w,  lat.  15  40  x. 


T S C 

TRUXlLI-O,  the  first  province  in  the 

f-  ' r/rn-i  it»  Peru.  It  contains 
audience  ot  Luna,  in  rcru. 

above  50,000  native  Americans,  tributaij  to 

a sea  port  and  one  of  the  pria- 
cinal  ciiies  of  ihe  above  province,  If  leagues 
fronr  Choeope,  and  103  of  Linw.  It  i 


stands  hnhe'  vai'ley  of  Chiino,  on  a sniall 
river,  and  is  surrounded  with  \vails.  ^ ‘ 

built  by  Pie^rro,  in  1.553,  in  a teiri  oiy 

abounding  in  corn,  wine,  olives  and  sug^r 

Two  lj:v,gue3  ,0  the  N .s  .he  port  ef  Guan^ 
ohaco,  the  channel  oi  «s  trade.  Lon.  T8 

"'m'  V'town  in  Venezuela  Terra 
Firma,  on  a river  tiiat  falls  into  the  lake 

5!aracaybo,a..d  has  a 'tade  i..  sheep  an, 

goals  5k, ns,  cheeses,  and  " 

by  E of  Venezuela.  Lon.  70  i5  v,,  lut.  8 

Tsanad,  n town  of  Hungary,  seated  on 
the  Maro.?,  23  miles  e by  s of  Segedin.  ^ 

Tscher!cask,  the  capital  of  the  .ern.r.iy 
of  the  Dun  Cossacs,  stands  on  an  .slant, 
formed  by  the  Don,  mid  so  intersected  by  the 
river  and  canals  th.ot  it  resembles  .eiiice,  ^ 
Here  are  a univer.^ily,  four  churches  bmit  ^ 
of  stone,  and  three  of  wood  ; one  of  the  la,- 

ter  belongs  to  the  Tartars,  who  inhabit  a 

particular  part  of  (he  town.  Pe.er  the 
Great  founded  the  first  church  here,  and  in  i. 
are  deposited  the  rich  standards,  flags,  lanc- 
es, &c.  presented  by  different  sovereigns. 
The  houses  are  of  wood,  and  are  geneiany 
erected  on  piles  to  prevent  their  being  ovs^^t- 
flowed  by  the  inundauous,  which  conlmue 
from  April  to  June.  Along  the  middle  of 
tb®‘  greater  part  of  the  streets  are  lojty 
wooden  bridges,  and  from  the  door  of  each 
house  a bridge  communicatingwith  them, 
and  where  these  are  wanting,  boats  are  used 
in  time  of  the  inundation.  The  inhabitants 
are  a mixture  of  several  nations  and  amount 
lu  15,000.  The  Cossacs  are  cleanly,  po- 
lite, sincere,  humane,  generous,  and  hospi- 
table, aijfl  have  a dignided  appearance.  A 
blue  jacket  turned  up  with  red,  with  a 
waistcoat  and  trow’sers  of  white  dimity, 
form  the  dress  of  the  men.  The  women 
wear  a cap  resembling  the  mitre  of  a Greek 
bishop.  Under  this  cap  the  married  women 
tuck  up  their  hair,  and  it  is  adorned  with 
pearls,  gold,  or  flowers.  The  dress  of  the 
girls  consists  of  a silk  tunic,  trowsers  fast- 
ened bv  a girdle  of  solid  silver,  yellow  boots, 
and  an  Indian  kerchief  round  the  head.  In 
private  both  sexes  indulge  in  intoxication. 
Here  are  two  public  baths,  and  numerous 
shops  stored  with  the  produce  of  Greece  and 
Turkey.  The  town  is  situated  on  the  n 
side  ol  the  main  stream*  of  the  river,  40 
miles  EXL  of  Asoph,  and  340  s by  E ot  Ve- 
ronetz.  Lon.  39  56  E,  lat.  47  4 N. 

7'schemahoray  a tow’n  in  the  circle  of 
Bvin.  Moravia,  has  a castle  on  a mountain, 
13  miles  NNw*  of  Brin. 

Tschernemt,  a town  in  Carniola,  Ger- 
ii'?any,  with  a castle,  and  a commandery  of 


TUB 

I the  Teutonic  order,  33  miles  sE  of  Lau« 

I a town  in  the  principality  of 

Glogmi,  Silesia,  has  a castle,  and  good 
‘‘cloth  manutactures,  22  rrdles  ene  of 

Tschopatc,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  m 
Misnia,  on  a river  of  its  name,  and  is  cele- 
brated for  its  manufacture  of  blue,  seven 
miles  SE  of  Chemnitz. 

TSCHUTSKI,  a country  situaUu  on 
the  NE  extremity  of  Asia,  near  the 
coast  of  America,  being  bounded  by  aio 
Anadir  on  the  s.  Lon.  168  41  w,  lat.  66 

5 N. 

Tshetsen.  See  Kisti. 

llsiampa.  See  damp i. 

r,st'aan,  a city  of  China,  oapi.al  of  the 
province  of  Chang-ioiig.  It  '.s  s.tuate  ! on 
the  river  Tri,  or  Tsingho,  and  v ...s  formerly 
(he  reUdence  of  a long  'er.es  of  king--, 
whose  iomhs,  rising  on  the  neighbouring 
rnoimlains,  aflor  l a beautiiul  prospect.  2.^6 


pjiles  s by  s of  Pekin.  Lon.  1 1'^  25  e,  lat. 

Tsi-ning,  a city  of  China,  of  the  second 
rank,  in  the  province  of  Cuangiong.  It  is 
.seated  on  the  grand  canal,  27c  miles  s ot 
Pekin.  Lon.  116  24  e,  lat.  35  34  K. 

Tsin-ieheou,  n c\ty  of  the  first  r ,hk,  ia 

the  province  of  Chang-tong,  China,  250  miles 
ssE  of  Peking.  Lon.  119  2 s,  lat.  3j 

'*^TSOXG-MINlG,  an  island  of  China,  15 
miles  long  and  10  broad,  lying  at  (he  mouth 
of  the  Kian-kn,  and  separated  iron,  the 
province  of  Kiang-uan,  by  two  chamieL, 
about  13  miles  broad.  The  island  contains 
only  one  city  of  the  third  rank,^  but  presents 
almost  a continued  range  of  viUnges. 
<-oiintry  is  delightfu',  and  intersected  by 
many  canals.  The  revenue  arises  princi- 
pally from  salt,  which  is  made  here  m great 
abundance.  The  city  is  of  the  same  name, 
and  situated  at  the  se  end.  Lon.  121  55  e, 

lat.  30  15  N.  . . 

Tsonqrad,  capital  of  a comity  of  its 
name,  Hungary,  stands  on  the  Teissc,  oppo- 
site  the  junction  of  the  Koros,  26  niilea  n o 

%tiam,  an  ancient  city  in  the  eomity  of 
Galway,  Connaught,  and  an  archbishop 
see,  but  is  now  reduced  to  a small  place. 
The  cathedral  serves  as  the  parish  churem 
The  greater  part  of  the  inhabitants  m this 
archbishopric  are  Roman  Cathol.es.  It  is 
20  miles  xne  of  Galway.  Lon.  9 b w,  lat. 
53  33  N 

Tnlai,  one  of  the  Society  islands,  m the 
S Pacific  ocean,  about  four  or  five  leagues 
NNW  of  Bolabola.  Lon.  151  44  w,  lai.  !-> 

^^Tuhav,  one  of  the  strongest  towns  of  Ja- 
va, with  k harbour,  seated  on  the  n side  o 
the  island,  and  has  a king  ot  its  own.  Lon, 
111  51  E,lat.  6 0 k. 

Tubingen,  a town  of  Suabia,  the  second 
in  ^yirtembu^g^  with  or>  umveisity,  end 
'A  R ?■ 


' T V E 

fortified  castle  on  a njountaic*  Intkc  town 
house  is  a curious  clock.  The  surrounding 
territory  abounds  in  corn  and  wine,  and  la 
the  town  are  good  stuff  raanutaclures.  It 
is  situated  on  the  river  Neckar,  20  miles  sw 
of  Siutgard,  and  50  e by  s of  Strasburg. 

9 iO  E,  iai.  48  32. 

TUCUMAN,  an  extensive  territory  oi 
South  America,  situated  e of  the  Andes,  be- 
tween Peru  and  Chili  on  the  w,  and  Chaco 
and  Paraguay  on  the  e.  It  extends  from 
Rio  Vermejo  to  Rio  Quarto,  almost  from 
!at.  24  deg.  to  34  deg.  s,  and  from  e to  vv 
where  broadest,  from  the  river  Salado  to  the 
ridge  of  the  Cordilleras,  separating  it  from 
Chili,  almost  from  Ion.  62  to  69  30  w.  The 
s part  is  an  immense  plain  almost  without  a 
tree,  the  soil  a deep  and  fertile  mould  wa- 
tered by  many  streams  from  the  Andes,  and 
covered  with  perpetual  verdure.  Here  the 
cattle  and  horses  imported  from  Europe 
have  multiplied  to  an  almost  incredible  de- 
gree; and  hence  Peru  is  supplied  with 
horses,  cattle,  and  mules.  The  n part  is 
interspersed  mu th  mountains,  plains,  and  val- 
lies,  abounding  in  seeds,  plants,  and  fruits 
of  all  kinds,  fine  timber,  coiton,  and  tobacco. 
The  climate  is  healthy  and  temperate.  The 
two  principal  rivers  are  the  Dolce  and  Sa- 
lado. All  the  other  rivers,  after  having 
flowed  many  leagues,  disappear,  forming 
lakes  or  losing  themselves  in  the  earth.  The 
natives  are  somewhat  civilised  by  the  Spa- 
niards. The  country  is  in  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  vicereyalty  of  Buenos  Ayres.  Its 
capital  is  St  Michael. 

Tueuyo,  a town  of  Venezuela,  in  Terra 
Firma,  seated  on  a river  of  its  name,  60 
miles  R of  Truxillo,  and  200  s of  Maracaibo. 
Lon.  68  36  w,  lat.  T 10  n. 

TuddmgtouyOT  Toddingto7ijaiSxnQ\\  town 
in  Bedfordshire,  noted  for  a handsome 
church,  containing  many  fine  monuments. 
It  has  a market  on  Thursday,  and  several 
annual  fairs,  and  is  five  miles  nw  of  Dun- 
stable. 

Tudelay  a considerable  town  in  Navarre, 
Spain,  with  a castle.  It  stands  on  the  river 
Ebro,  in  a country  that  produces  good 
wine.  Here,  in  1808,  the  French  obtained 
a victory  over  the  Spaniards,  44  miles  s of 
Pamplona,  45  nw  of  Saragossa,  and  100  e 
of  Burgos.  Lon.  1 38  w,  lat.  41  12 

TVER,  a government  of  Russia,  former- 
ly comprised  in  the  government  of  Novogo- 
rod.  The  number  of  inhabitants  in  this 
district  has  of  late  greatly  increased.  The 
country  produces  abundanew  of  wheat,  rye, 
barley,  oats,  buck-wheat,  hemp,  flax,  and 
all  kinds  of  vegetables,  its  forests  yield 
oak,  birch,  alder,  poplar,  mountain  ash, 
pine,  fir,  jumper,  (fee.  The  animals  and 
birds  are  the  same  as  in  all  the  n of  Europe. 
A species  offish,  called  the  sterlet,  is  highly 
esteemed  for  its  flavour,  and  the  finest  ca- 
viare is  made  from  its  roe.  This  was  the 
first  province  modelled  according  to  the 
code  of  Caiberine  11. 


T u L 

TneTy  a considerable  commercial  town  of 
Russia,  capital  of  the  government  of  the 
ame  name,  situated  at  the  confliieLce  of 
.ne  Tverza  and  the  Volga,  along  which  are 
conveyed  all  the  goods  and  merchandize 
sent  by  w^ater  from  Siberia,  and  the  southern 
provinces,  towards  Petersburgh,  It  is  an 
archbishop^s  see,  has  a citadel,  and  is  divided 
itiio  the  old  and  new  town.  Tlie  former 
stands  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Volga,  and 
consists  of  wooden  cottages.  The  latter, 
having  been  burnt  in  1763,  rose  fair  and 
beautiful  out  of  its  ashes.  The  governor's 
house,  the  episcopal  palace,  the  exchange, 
the  courts  of  justice,  the  prison,  and  some 
other  public  edifices  were  built  at  the  ex- 
p 'Dce  of  Catherine  II.  The  streets,  which 
are  broad  and  long,  issue  in  strait  lines  from 
an  octagon  in  the  centre,  and  are  built  of 
bricks,  stuccoed  w^hite,  and  have  an  elegant 
appearance.  Here  is  an  ecclesiastical  se-^ 
minary,  which  admits  800  students,  founded 
by  the  empress  m 1776,  and  an  academy  for 
the  education  of  120  of  the  young  nobility  of 
the  province.  Tver  contains  above  15,000 
inhabitants,  and  is  100  miles  nnw  of  Mos- 
cow. Lon.  36  5 e,  lat.  56  7 n. 

Tujtonborougky  a town  oi  the  United 
States,  in  Strafford  county,  New  Hampshire^ 
on  the  E side  of  the  lake  Winipiseogee. 

Tuggurty  a town  of  Barbary,  capital  of 
a county  of  the  same  name,  lying  s of  Al- 
giers, 310  miles  sse  of  Algiers.  Lon.  5 10 
E,  lat.  32  40  N. 

Tuggurty  capital  of  a district  called 
Wadreag,  Biledulgerid,  260  miles  w^Nw  of 
Gademis,  and  280  sse  of  Algiers.  Lon.  6 

15  E,  lat.  20  35  N. 

TULx4,  one  of  the  41  governments  of 
Russia,  formerly  a province  of  Moscow,  the 
capital,  of  the  same  name,  is  situated  on  the 
river  Upha,  and  has  manufactures  of  lea- 
ther, hardware,  and  fire  arms.  Near  it  are 
valuable  iron  mines. 

Tulehrasy  a town  in  Navarre,  Spain, 
stands  on  the  Queios,  seven  miles  w of 
Tudela.  • 

Tullamore,  a town  in  King^s  county, 
Leinster,  sealed  on  the  grand  canal,  and  in- 
tersected by  the  small  river  of  its  name.  It 
gives  the  title  of  baron  to  the  family  of 
Moore,  and  is  10  miles  w by  s of  Philips- 
tO'wn,  and  46  w of  Dublin. 

TuUe,  a considerable  commercial  town, 
capital  of  the  department  of  Correze,  France, 
It  is  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  rivers 
Correze  and  Solane,  and  was  lately  a bishop's 
see.  The  cathedral  is  noted  for  its  high  and 
curious  steeple.  The  vicinity  is  mountain- 
ous. It  is  37  miles  sse  of  Limoges,  and 
62  sw  of  Clermont.  Lon.  I 42  e,  lat.  45 

16  N. 

Tulliallany  a parish  in  Perthshire,  bound- 
ed on  the  s by  the  Forth.  It  extends  about 
four  miles  in  every  direction,  the  greater 
part  of  which  is  highly  cultivated.  In  the 
parish  are  valuable  quarries  of  white  free- 
stone, some  of  which  is  exported.  The  coal 


T U N- 

and  salt  works  are  not  carried  on  to  their  i 


1 U N- 

the  river  Tun,  one  of  the  five  branches  of  the 


■former  extent.  In  the  parish  are  the  re-  1 
mains  of  Tulliallan  citstla.  Tne  aounshiug 
town  of  Kincardine,  in  this  parish,  stand,- 
on  the  banks  of  the  Forth,  and'lias  a good 
roadstead.  Population  of  the  town  and 

tarish  about  2800. 

^ TuUoWy  a town  in  the  cov\nty  of  Carlow', 
Ireiami,  seated  on  the  Sianey.  It  has  a 
neaL  market  house,  an  elegant  bridge  of  six 
arches  over  the  river,  and  the  remains  ot  an 
Aui^ustine  monastery . This  place,  iormeriy 
of  *^reat  strength,  made  a vigorous  resist- 
ence  to  Oliver  Cromwell,  who  to  ok  it  with 
treat  slaughter,  nine  miles  e by  s ot  Car- 
low,  and  about  45  ssw  ot  Dublin. 

Tnll^ncstle,  a mountainous  parish  ot 
Scotland,  in  Aberdeenshire,^  about  tour 
miles  long  by  two  and  a-hali  broad,  lying 
ca  the  N bank  of  the  Bon.  Population 

about  330.  ^ • i 

Tuhn,  a small  island  of  the  Hebrides, 

near  the  n coast  of  the  isle  of  Skye. 

Ta/H,  a town  of  Austria,  seated  near  the 
Danube,  is  a bishop’s  see,  15  miles  w of  Vi- 
enna.  Lon.  16  6 e,  lat.  48  14  N. 

Tulpehocken,  a town  of  the  C mteu  States, 

65  miles  Nsv  of  Philadelphia. 

Tulsk,  a borough  in  Roscommon,  Con- 
naught, Ireland.  It  does  not  now  consist 
of  above  a dozen  of  thatched  houses,  but 
from  the  numerous  ruins  ot  castles,  church- 
es, and  other  edifices,  it  must  have  been  Oi 
note  formerly.  It  has  a charter  for  a 
weekly  market,  and  before  the  union  sent 
tw'O  members  to  parliament,- 1 1 miles  n o 
Roscommon. 

Tumhez,  a town  on  the  road  to  Lima,  in 

Peru,  in  the  yarisdiction  of 

leagues  from  Salto,  and  in  lat.  3 U lb  s. 
This  town  is  seated  on  a river  oi  the  same 
name,  which  falls  into  the  bay  of  Guayquu. 
Here  the  Spaniards  under  Pizarro  first 
landed  in  1526.  It  had  then  a magnificent 
temple,  and  a palace  of  the  incast  of  the 

country.  , 

Tumeuru,  a town  in  Mysore,  Hmucostan, 
situated  in  a fine  open  country,  and  has  a 
well  built  fort,  and  about  600  bouses,  32 

miles  sE  of  Sera.  . 

Tumen,  a town  in  the  province  of  To- 
bolsk, Siberia,  150  miles  wsw  of  Tobolsk. 

Tumi,  a town  of  Napaul,  with  a famous 
temple,  six  miles  ese  oi  Calmandu. 

Tummely  a rapid  river  of  Perthshire^, 
w'hich  issues  from  Loch  P^annoch,  and 
flows  eastward  through  the  romantic  dis- 
trict of  Athol,  and  after  forming  many  beau- 
tiful cataracts,  spreads  into  a lake,  caked 
Loch  Tumroel,  in  which  is  an  island  partly 
artificial,  having  an  ancient  castle,  once 
the  residence  of  the  chief  of  the  clan  Ro- 
bertson. It  again  contracts  into  a river, 
and  having  in  its  course  met  the  Garry, 
falls  into  the  Tay  near  Logierait. 

Tunimer,  a town  in  Somersetshire,  near 
Milburii  port,  three  milesfrom  Sherborn. 

Tunbridyey  a town  in  Kent,  situated  on 


Medway,  over  each  of  which  is  a stone 
bridge,  with  a market  on  Friday.  Here  are 
the  remains  of  a large  Castle,  hidll  hy  Rich- 
ard Earl  of  Clare,  natural  son  of  Richard  i. 
and  a celebrated  free- school  founded  by  Sir 
Andrew  Judd,  lord  mayor  of  London,  in  1551. 

It  is  noted  for  elegant  turned  goods,  and 
other  toys,  12  miles  wsw  of  Maidstone.  In 
this  parish,  five  miles  s of  the  town,  are  the 
celebrated  chalybeate  springs,  called  Tun-> 
bridge  w'ells.  It  is  30  miles  sse  of  Lon* 

1 "^^^Tunbridge  Wells,  a town  of  Kent,  five 
miles  s of  Tunbridge,  but  in  the  same  parish. 

It  is  much  resorted  to  in  summer,  on  account 
of  its  chalybeate  waters,  discovered  m I60b 
by  Dudley  lord  North,  who  recovered  trom 
a deep  consumption  by  drinking  them,  it 
stands  at  the  toot  of  three  hills  called  mount 
Sinai,  mount  Ephraim,  and  mount  Pleasant, 
on  which  are  some  good  houses,  gardens,  and 
orchards.  There  are  buildings  requisite  tor 
the  accomodation  of  the  visitants,  with  a 
plentiful  market,  a chapel  ot  Ease,  and  shops 
noted  for  their  elegant  turnery  ware.  A 
mile  and  a-half  from  the  wells  are  some 
! rocky  cliffs,  some  of  which  are  75  feet  in 
i height,  with  clefts  and  chasms  between  them. 

' A charity  school  for  70  children  is  wiiolly 
supoorted  by  contributions  of  ihe  company 
attending  the  wells,  which  is  five  miles  s of 
Tunbridge,  and  35  sse  of  London. 

Tunginskoiy  a town  of  Russia,  seated  on 
the  Irkul,  80  miles  sw  of  Irkutsk.  Lon. 

103  15  E,  51  18  N.  ^ 

Tunja,  a city  of  New  Granada, ^ m Teria 
' Firma,  South  America,  in  a district  of  the 
same  name,  seated  on  an  eminence  in  a val- 
ley. Near  it  are  mines  of  gold  and  eme- 
Fciids.  Saltpetre  is  also  found  in  such  plenty, 
that  here  are.  the  only  manufactures  of 
powder  in  the  kingdom.  It  abounds  in 
corn,  cattle,  and  iriut.  It  is  about  30  miles 
I sw  of  Truxillo,  and  90  n by  e of  St  Fe. 

1 Lon.  73  8 w,  lat.  5 ^0  n. 

TONIS,  a kingdom  of  Africa,  bounded 
on  the  NE  by  the  Mediterranean  and  the 
kingdom  of  Tripoli,  on  the  s by  several 
tribes  of  Arabs,  and  on  the  w by  the  kingdom 
of  Algiers  and  the  country  of  Esab ; 

300  miles  in  length,  from  e to  w,  and  250 
in  breadth,  from  n to  s.  This  country  is  a 
republic,  under  the  protection  of  the  lurks, 
and  pays  a certain  tribute  to  the  bashaw  who 
resides  at  Tunis.  The  air  in  general  is  heal- 
thy, but  the  soil  in  the  eastern  parts  is  but- 
indifferent  for  want  of  water;  the  western 
part  IS  the  most  lertile.  It  produces  plenty 
of  citrons,  lemons,  oranges,  dates,  grapes, 
and  other  fruits;  also  wheat,  barley,  oil, 
wool,  bees  wax,  and  tallovv.  There  are  also 
olive  trees, roses, and  odoriferous  plants.  In 
the  mountains,  near  Tunis,  are  mines  ot  sil- 
ver copnei,  and  lead,  but  the  inhabitants  are 
too  indolent  to  derive  much  profit  from 
them  In  the  woods  and  mountains  are 
Usosj’wili  beeves,  ostridiei,  muiikies,  ca- 


T U R 

inelcons,  roebucks,  hares,  pheasants,  partrid-  \ 
ges,  &c.  The  most  remarkable  rivers  are  * 
. the  G uadi  I car  bar,  Magrida,  JViag.  rada,  and  I 
Caps.  The  goverameni  is  coiiaucted  by  a I 
divan,  or  couiicii,  whose  president  is  the  l)ey  ! 
who  chooses  the  members  of  tiie  div<-'n.  'j’he  i 
bashaw  is  a Turk,  re.  idiri,^  ai  Tunis,  whose 
' Itusiness  is  to  receivt*  the  tribute,  and  protect 
ibe  republ.c.  There  are  generally  about 
12,000  Christian  slaves  n (he- country;  and 
the  inhabitants  carry  on  a great  trade,  in  linen 
and  woollen  cloth.  In  Uk  city  of  Tunis 
alone  are  about  3000  clothiprs  and  weavers. 
They  have  also  a trade  in  horses,  Morocco 
ieather,  gold  dust,  lead,  olives,  oil,  simp,  and 
cstnch  eggs  end  feathers.  Tiie  political 
establishment  of  religion  is  Maiiometanism  • 
all  public  instruments  are  written  in  the  Ara- 
bic tongue,  but  commerce  is  usually  carried  i 
on  in  the  Lingua  Franca;  and  the  iuhabi- I 
tants  consist  of  Moors,  Turks,  Arabs,  Jews, 
and  Christian  slaves.  j 

TumS)  a large  and  ceiebratedcity  of  Bar-  | 
feary,  capital  of  a kingdom  of  the  same  i 
name.  It  is  situated  on  the  point  of  the  gulf  | 
of  Goietta,  about  10  miles  from  the  pFace  ij 
where  the  famous  city  of  Carthage  stood.  || 

It  is  in  the  form  of  an  oblong  retdano-ie, 
and  is  five  miles  in  circumierence,  with  a 
lofty  wall,  10  large  streets,  five  gates  and  35 
mosques.  In  general  it  is  built  without  re- 
gularity, the  streets  are  narrow  and  dirty. 

The  houses  are  one  storey  high,  and  all 
built  oi  stone,  with  fiat  roofs.  An  extensive 
piazza,  near  the  centre  of  the  city,  is  said 
formerly  to  have  contained  3000  tradesmens 
shops. ^ The  great  mosque,' the  beys  palace, 
and  a few  others  are  the  only  elegant  struc- 
tures. The  inhabitants,  including  30,000  | 
Jews,  are  estimated  at  130,000.  The  divan 
assemble  in  an  old  palace,  the  former  re-  f 
sideiice  of  the  bey.  The  Mahomed.ans  have  i 
nine  colleges  for  students,  and  a great  num- 
ber of  inferior  schools.  Without  the  walls, 
are  two  suburbs,  which  contain  1000  houses. 


T u R 


Within  the  walls  are  10,000  families.  The 
harbour  of  Tunis  has  a very  narrow  entrance. 
It  is  a place  of  great  trade,  and  has  manii- 
lactures  of  linen  and  wmolien,  velvets,  silks, 
Morrocco  leather,  fire  arms,  swords,  and  red 
caps  worn  by  the  inhabitants  and  is  situated 
on  the  w side,  of  a shallow  lake  10  miles 
from  the  sea,  320  nxw  of  Tripoli,  and  380 
E of  Algiers,  i 

Tuckhtimy  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Upper  Rhine,  France,  about  a mile  xw 
of  Colmar. 

Tiircoin,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Kord,  France.  Here,  in  1794,  the  French  j 
defeated  the  allies  under  the  duke  of  York  ; 
six  miles  NNE  of  Lisle. 

TURCOMANIA,a  country  of  Indepen- 
dent Tartary,  situated  between  the  lake  Aral 
and  the  Caspian  sea.  Though  wholly  un- 
cultivatf  d,  it  is  said  to  be  very  populous. 
Ihe  inhabitants  are  .sunnis,  and  deemed  in- 
fidels by  the  Persians.  They  are  subject  to 
hO  particular  governor,  but  each  tribe 


chooses  a nominal  chief  who  settles  differ- 
ences amongst  th^m,  and  arranges  their  ci- 
vil economj . They  live  in  tents  of  black 
norse  hair,  which  th^yv  carry  about  from 
place  to  place,  iik  ' ai)  tl-o  wandering  na« 
oons,  they  are  r 'lncirkaeie  for  their  hospita- 
oty  within  ibeir  o\mi  b.-undaries,  and  for 
univrrsai  iepredetirNu  abroad.  T^ey  make 
incursions  into  Persia  across  tbe  wiue  inter- 
vening desart  ot  sand,  and  surprize  and  car- 
ry off,  from  th  • e nitre  of  Towns  men,  wo- 
men, and  chiidren.  lu  these  prefatory  ex- 
cursions they  go  in  narfes  o cO  o."  30  with 
moredibie  sp.ed.  being  im^m.ed  on  norses^ 
which,  like  their  riders,  undergo  immense 
fatigue,  -vith  a small  portion  of  looJ.  These 
horses  are  bought  by  the  neighbouring  na- 
tions at  great  prices,  which,  with  the  sale  of 
their  captives,  camels,  shrep,  (fee.  are  the 
chief  sources  of  a Turcoman's  wealth. 
Having  no  corn,  the  people  subsist  on  the 
I milk  of  mares  and  camels,  and  sheep.  They 
make  a large  hole  in  the  gTound,  in  which 
they  make  a fire,  and  placing  their  meat  in 
the  embers,  cover  it  up  tilL  it  be  baked. 
The  Kamchaliks,  who  are  said  to  be  most 
ferocious  and  warlike,  and  hitherto  miccn- 
quered,  live  to  the  northward  of  Turcomania. 
All  these  inhabit  the  eastern  coast  of  the 
Caspian  sea. 

TUPtCOMANS,  Terkemens,  orTuRKH- 
MEXfiixs,  a people  of  Asia,  who  speak  (he 
Turkish  dialect  of  ihe  Tartar  language,  and 
inhabit  (he  eastern  slope  of  mount  Caucasus, 
the  coast  of  the  Caspian  about  Boinac, 
Berbent,and  Utemith,  and  the  southern  pro- 
montories beween  ihe  sea  and  the  river  Ala- 
zan. 

Ttirrenne,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Correze,  France  with  a castle,  Id  miles  ssw 
of  Tulle,  and  42  s of  Limoges. 

I ^ T urhi,  an  ancient,  populous,  and  flourish- 
I ing  city  of  Italy,  the  capital  of  Piedmont, 
j and  formerly  the  ordinary  residence  of  its 
I sovereign  (he  king  of  Sardinia,  and  an 
j archiepiseopal  see.  It  is  situated  on  a va^t 
j plain,  at  the  foot  of  the  Alps,  and  at  the 
' confluence  of  ihe  rivers  Doria  and  Po,  and 
the  capital  of  the  department  of  the  Po.  It. 
is  one  of  the  handsomest  places  in  Italy ; 
has  many  extensive  .<^quares,  the  most  spa- 


Clous  of  which  is  that  of  St  Charles,  with 
archades  on  each x side,  and  handsome  edi- 
fices. Most  of  the  streiHs  are  well  built, 
straight,  uniform  and  terminate  on  some 
agreeable  object.  The  finest  and  largest  is 
the  Strada  di  Po,  it  leads  to  the  royal  palace, 

I and  is  adorned  with  piazzas,  filled  witii 
shops ; as  are  several  others  of  the  best 
streets  ; all  of  which  tire  kept  clean  by 
means  of  a canal  from  • the  Dorea,  with 
sluices  that  flow  through  them  into  the  Po. 
Hs  ancient  cathedral  is  a plain  edifice.  Se- 
veral of  the  churches  are  di.siingiiisbed  for 
(heir  magnitude,  their  pillars,  or  the  mar- 
bies  with  which  they  are  decorated.  The 
j.alace  consists  of  two  elegant  structures,- 
united  by  a gallery,  turnished  with  statues^ 


T U R 


Bictures,  ant!  valuable  aDtiquitics.  The 
ritadel  \s  deemet!  tbs  strongest  in  Europe, 
is  a master-piece  of  architecture;  .n  li  re 
'•sui  extensive  arsenal,  a cannon  loueu^r), 
a cbymical  laboratory,  &c.  There  are  one 
■walks  on  the  ramparts,  which  require  two 
hours  to  pass  round  them.  The  universcv 
is  an  extensive  edifice  with  two  colleges  ae 
pendent  on  i*.  Here  is  also  an  academj . 

Oa  the  baults  of  the  Po,  near  the  ciiy,  is 
the  beautiful  castle  of  Valentin,  llie  gard.-n 
of  which  is  applied  to  Botanical  studies. 
The  house  called  La  Charite  is  remaritalue, 
as  it  contains  room  for  3000  poor  peoplf^'. 
in  1700.  the  French  besieged  this  city,  but 
nruice  Eugene  defeated  their  army,  and  com- 
pelled them  to  raise  the  siege.  In  decerr.ber 
1795  it  was  entered  by  the  French  repubii' 
cans,  without  opposition,  and  obliged  jhe 
king  to  retire  to  Sardinia,  but  in  May  1^99, 
they  were  driven  out  of  it  by  the  Austuans. 

In  the  following  month,  however,  they  re- 
gained possession  ; and  although  it  was  sti- 
pulated by  the  treaty  of  Amiems,  that,  along 
with  the  whole  of  Piedmont,  it  should  be 
restored  to  the  king  of  Sardinia,  yet  they 
most  unwarrantably  maintained  possession 
oi  the  eouutrv,  until  in  1814,  they  were  de- 
feated by  the  aides,  and  the  emperor  Napo- 
leon wa.s  forced  to  abdicate  the  throne  of 
France.  The  populedun  is  computed  at 
80 ,000.  Turin  is  pka^  antly  situated  at  the 
foot  of  a mountain,  68  miles  nw  of  Genoa, 
80  sw  of  Milan,  ana  280  NW  of  Rome. 
Lon.  T 40  E,  'at.  45  3 n. 

Turinge,  a town  in  the  province  of  Su- 
dermanland,  Sweden,  24  miles  wsw  of 
Stockholm, 

Turinsk,  a town  in  the  government  oi 
Tobobk,  Russia,  has  a fort,  190  miles  w by 
s of  Tobolsk.  Lod.  03  44  k,  iat.  58^5  n. 

Turivatavij.  a town  in  Alysore,  Kindeo- 
stan,  consisting  of  two  forts,  defended  by  a 
mud  wall  and  a ditch.  At  a small  disia.iee 
is  an  open  suburb.  Here  are  two  temples 
cf  curious  worman^hip,  34  miles  s of  Sera, 
and  50  x of  Seringapatam. 

Turkeshm^  a county  of  Western  Tartar}, 
of  which  the  capital  is  Taraz.  it  is  bounu- 
ed  on  the  s by  Bokharia,  on  the  w by  the 
lake  Aral,  and  on  the  x and  e by  the  country 
of  the  Ivalmucs.  The  chief  of  the  country 
is  usually  styled  the  Ivhan  of  the  Iveraku,!- 
paks. 

TURKEY,  a large  empire,  extended  over 
partoi  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa.  Turkey- 
in  Europe  is  bounded  on  the  x by  Russia, 
Poland,  and  Sclavonia,  on  the  e by  the 
Black  sea,  the  sea  of  Marmora,  and  the 
Archipelago,  on  the  s by  tl'.e  Alediteranean, 
and  Oil  the  \v  by  that  sea  and  the  \eneti  »n 
and  Austrian  territories.  It  contains  Bes- 
sarabia, Aloldavla,  Walachia,  P>ulgaria. 
Servia,  Bosnia,  Romania,  Macedonia,  Jaona, 
Livadia,  Epir.us,  Albania,  Thessaly,  part 
of  Dalmatia,  and  Croatia,  and  the  Morea, 
* These  countries  lie  betw’een  Ion.  17  0 and 
40  0 E;  and  beUveen  lat.  36  0 and  49  0 n ex- 


T U R 

tending  about  iOOO  miles  in  length,  and  909 
labreadm.  Turkey  in  Asia  is  bon nded  oi» 

Hie  X bv  ihe  Block  sea  and  Cii  c .s.«ia,  on  Ihi^ 

E b}  Pers  a,  on  the  s b>  A.-bia  ana  the  Aie- 

• d mrra  am,  and  on  t ie  w by  the  Arc  lipeia- 
piMhe  ^ea  of  Marmora,  and  the  straits  of 
£onstantmupie.  It  l es  between  27  9 and 
46  b E,  ana  between  lat.  28  0 and  4 > 0 x, 
cxten.ilug  lOdO  miles  in  length,  v.nd  800  in 

! br-adih,  and  containing  the  countri'  S oi 
I Irac,  Arabia,  I darbeek , Cuvdtsta  y Armenia, 

: uart  of  Cmaas  ia,  Natolia,  ^^yna,  and  Pales- 
i tine.  In  Africa  the  TurKS  have  sti  i a pre- 

I canotis  sovereignty  over  Egypt. ^ pal!  of 
i Nubia,  and  Barca,  and  the  states  oi  Tripoii, 

' Tunis,  and  Aigiery  are  under  their  protec- 

* tion  O.  thesi  counines.  the  climate,  pro- 
' auctions,  manner.-,  <^c.  are  various.  Con- 
il  stantinople  is  the  c pOat  of  all  Turkey. 

I •'^h^  Turks  are  general] v stout,  well  snapedp 

mid  Oi  a good  mien.  Tilt.}  shave  iheii  heads, 
but  wear  long  beards,  except  tho.H  m the 
Se’-aglio,  or  palace,  imd  military  men,  wno 
weai  iniiy  wh.skvrs.  The  ■-u-ban  worn  by 
the  men  is  white,  and  consists  cl  long  pieces 
of  thin  linen  made  up  together  in  several 
tcjds,  V nd  none  but  Turks  dare  presume  to 
W'-'ar  a wnite  turbau.  Their  ciolhes  are 
long  and  full.  They  sit,  eat,  and  sleep  on 
the"floor  on  carpets  and  niatresses.  ^ Oa  en- 
tering a mo  que  they  puli  od  their  shoes, 
and  Keep  th.  head  covered,  they  turn  in  their 
toes;  mount  mi  the  right  side  of  a horse, 
put  their  guests  into  a room  first,  and  out  of 
' it  last,  Serve  themselves  at  table  firs!  ; . 

tiie  WKiii  5 and  pass  hastily  in  sign  oi  f'-” 
speot.  Beheading  they  deem  more  disgrace  > 
ful  than  str.  -ugling  ; they  cut  the  hair  frop3  tins 
head  and  leave  it  oa  the  chin,  they  invito 
with  the  hand  by  throwing  it  backward  not 
draw  nig  it  toward  them;  their  mourning 
habit  IS  wdiite.  In  general,  the  Turks  are 
very  moderate  in  eating,  and  their  meals  arfe 
quickly  dispatched  ; nee  is  their  principal 
article  of  food ; their  frugal  repast  is  suc- 
ceeded by  fruit  and  cold  v/ater,  which  are 
followed  by  Imt  coffee,  and  pip&s  with  to- 
bacco. With  opium  they  procure  wnat 
they  call  a kirf,  or  intoxication.  They  are 
lovers  of  rest  and  idleness,  and  consequently 
not  very  fit  to  undergo  fatigues.  Draught? 

' and  chess  are  favourite  games,  and  the  baths 
and  coffee-houses  furnish  other  species  ot  , 
amusement.  Polygamy  is  allowed  among 
them  ; but  their  wives  are  no  move  than 
four  in  number.  The  women  in  Turkey  are 
kept  under  a rigorous  confinement : the  ha- 
rem which  signifies  a sacred  or  prohibited 
thing,  is,  in  tiie  fullest  sense  of  the  woia 
U'cd  bodi  of  the  habitation  of  the^women, 
and  of  the  women  themselves.  Drinking 
v;ine  is  prohibited  by  the  Koran  ; yet'  the 
Turks  use  it  occa-aonaily,  v-iti.out  any 
scrupie;  but  their  usu  d siibstituie  for  wine 
is  cherbet,  a liquor  made  of  honey,  spices, 
and* the  juice  of  fruits.  They  expend  great 
sums  on  fountains,  not  only  in  towns,  but  in 
the  country,  and  other  solitary  places,  tor 


T U g 


tire  reFreshment  of  travellers  and  labourers. 
They  are  charitable  towards  strangers, 
whatever  their  religion  be,  and  no  nation 
Slithers  adversity  with  greater  resignation. 
The  grand  signior  is  absolute  master  of  the 
goods  and  lives  of  his  subjects,  insomuch 
that  they  are  little  better  than  slaves,  yet  he 
seldom  extends  his  power  to  persons  in  pri- 
vate life,  for  these  may  remain  as  quiet  as  in 
any  other  part  of  the  world.  The  titles  he 
assumes  are  Gcd  upon  earth,  the  shadow  of 
God,  the  brother  of  the  sun  and  moon,  the 
disposer  of  crov/ns,  <kc.  The  grand  vizier 
is  the  chief  next  the  emperor.  The  nobility 
are  the  chief  military  officers,  judges,  and 
Ecclesiastics.  It  is  commonly  observed, 
that  his  bashaws,  governors,  and  officers  of 
state,  are  the  children  of  Chrisiiaa  parents, 
who  are  commoiily  taken  in  war,  or  pur- 
chased. The  Turks  have  always  very  nu- 
merous armies  on  foot,  the  chief  of  which 
are  the  Janissaries,  who  have  been  bred  in 
the  Seraglio,  and  have  been  used  to  military 
discipline  from  their  infancy,  of  these  there 
are  always  25,000,  and  there  may  be  100,000 
who  have  that  name.  The  whole  amount 
of  the  army  is  about  300,000  men,  including 
aiixiiliaries  from  the  tributary  princes,  such 
as  those  of  Moldavia  and  Wallachia,  The 
navy  consists  of  about  40  ships,  which  are 
laid  up  at  Constantinople,  but  in  time  of 
M^ar,  auxilliary  ships  are  supplied  from  Al- 
giers, Tunis,  and  Tripoli.  The  Turks  be- 
lieve in  one  God,  and  that  his  great  prophet 
is  Mahomet. 

Turkheim,  See  Durkheim, 

Turkiny  a towm  of  Russia,  in  the  g^vern- 
ment  of  Caucasia,  -situated  on  the  Caspian 
sea,  HO  miles  s of  Astracan.  Eon.  47  15  e, 
lat.  44  15  N. 

TURKS  ISLANDS,  several  small  islands 
in  the  West  Indies,  about  35  leagues  ne  of 
the  island  of  St  Domiugo,  Lon.  71  5 w, 

lat.  21  18  N-. 

Tnrmgaiuy  Capcy  a cape  on  the  E side 
of  the  northern  island  of  New  Zealand. 
Lod.  170  50  w,  lat.  40  28  s. 

TurnoMy  a town  in  the  circle  of  Buntj:- 

lau,  Bohemia,  on  the  Iser,  12  miles  nke  of 
Jung  Buntzlaii. 

Turnberryy  an  old  castle  seated  on  a pro- 
montory on  the  frith  of  Clyde,  in  the  parish 
of  Kirkoswald,  Ayrshire,  anciently  the  re- 
sidence of  the  earls  of  Carrick.  It  is  evi- 
dent from  its  ruins  that  it  \vas  a place  of 
great  strength  and  magnificence.  Martha,. 
Countess  of  Carrick,  mother  of  king  Robert 
Bruce,  who  resided  here  in  1274,  was  that 
year  married  to  his  father,  Robert  Bruce, 
iord  of  Annandale.  Jn  130G,  this  castle 
w as  in  the  hands  of  the  English,  from  whom 
!t  Wcis  taken  and  demolished,  a few'  years 
flftorwards,  by  king  Robert. 

Turner’s  Pidd/ey  a small  town  in  Dorset- 
.shire,  two  miles  e of  Aifpiddle. 

TurtiJiouty  a town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
Brabant,  in  the  vicinity  of  which,  in  1586,  j 
prince  Maurice  of  Nassau,  totally  defeated  ; 


. a Spanish  army  of  6000  men,  with  only  800 
, horse,  24  miles  ne  of  Antwerp. 

1 Tureffy  a parish  in  the  n part  of  Aber- 
. deenshire,  of  an  irregular  figure,  extendinir 
i about  four  miles  and  a-half  around  the  towm 
j of  Tureft  in  fevery  direction  except  the  nw. 
i It  contains  nearly  17,000  acres,  all  capa- 
- ble  of  cultivation  ; but  only  about  one  third 
1 IS  at  present  under  tillage.  The  soil  is  iu 
i geueral  light  and  fertile.  The  town  of  Tu- 
r reff,  w'hich  stands  on  the  nw  bank  of  a ri- 
5 vulet,  four  miles  e of  the  Deverou,  is  a bo- 
' rough  of  barony,  entitled  to  hold  a weekly 
market  and  two  annual  fairs,  and  contain- 
[ ‘Qg  tibout  700  inhabitants.  Here  is  a school 
, endowed  by  the  earl  of  Errol,  and  an  epis- 
copal chapel.  An  hospital,  dedicated  to 
, at  Congau,  was  founded  here  in  1272  by 
. Alexander  Camming  earl  of  Bnohan,  having 
in  some  measure  the  pitviledges  of  a Sanc- 
tuary, to  which  some  lands  w'ere  added  by 
Robert  Bruce.  The  principal  manufacture 

15  that  of  linen  yarn,  thread,  and  brown 
linens.  Here  are  five  annual  fairs.  Popu- 
lation in  1801,  2090,  10  miles  se  of  Banff. 

Turun^  a sea-port  of  Cochin  China,  on  a 
bay  of  its  name,  in  w^hich  the  largest  ships 
can  ride  in  safety  at  all  seasons.  In  the 
vicinity  are  plantations  of  sugar  canes  and 
tobacco,  40  miles  se  of  Hue.  Lou.  107 
40  E,  lat.  16  9 No 

Turpa  €alay  a town  of  the  Turkish  Ar- 
menia, stands  near  the  loot  of  a high  moun- 
tain, on  the  slope  of  a conical  hill,  on  the 
summit  of  which  is  a strong  castle,  100 
miles  ESE  of  Erzerum. 

Turshisk.  See  Terskiz. 

Tursi,  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples  in 
Basilicata,  on  the  Sino,  eight  miles  w'  of  the 
gulf  of  Tarento,  and  30  s of  Matera.  Lou. 

16  32  E,  lat.  40  25  n. 

TURTLE  ISLAND,  in  the  South  Pacific 
Ocean,  is  nearly  a league  long,  and  not 
half  so  broad.  Lou.  177  57  we  lat.  19 
49  s. 

Turmheourty  a small  town  in  Bucking- 
harashire,  five  miles  from  Heuley-upon- 
Thames. 

Tiisoy  a town  in  Val  di  Bemona,  n coast 
of  Sicily,  seated  on  a high  hill,  has  a strong 
cattle,  and  is  celebrated  for  wine  and  oil,  15 
miles  ESE  of  Cefala. 

TUSCANY,  a late,  sovereign  state  of 
Italy,  with  the  title  of  a Grand  Duchy 
bounded  on  the  n by  Romagna,  the  Bolog- 
nese, the  Modenese,  and  the  Parmesan,  on 
the  E and  s by  the  Pope’s  territories,  and  on 
the  w’’  by  the  Mediterranean  aud  the  terri- 
tories of  Lucca  and  Genoa.  It  is  about  120 
nines  in  length,  and  80  in  breadth  ; is  di- 
vided into  three  provinces,  Florentino,  Pisano, 
aud  Siennese ; and  is  W'atered  by  several 
rivers  of  'which  the  Arno  is  the  chief. 
There  are  several  mountains  in  which  are 
found  mines  of  iron,  alum,  and  vitriol. 
There  are  also  quarries  of  marble, alabaster, 
and  porphyry,  besides  hot  baths,  and  mine- 
ral waters.  Many  parts  of  it  are  fruitful 


# 


TUT 


T W E 


^ wu.,  plen,,  of  n ^ ^ S" 


citrons,  oranges,  poiTiegra nates  and  oilier 
friiiis.  Manna  is  collected  in  the  nuirshy 
lands  near  the  sea,  and  it  has  rich  salt  pits. 
The  inhabitants  apph’  tiieniyelves  to  trade  ; 
they  chiefly  nianut’actnre  silks,  stalls,  titie 
earthen  ware,  and  gilt  leather.  On  account 
o{‘  their  politeinss  and  the  parity  of  tbeir 
language,  whicii  is  the  ualuin,  they  are 
Biiich  visited  by  ioreig tiers,  .iohn  Gcrsion, 
ihe  last  duke  oi  Tuscany  ot  tiie  house  oi 
Medici  di;  d tn  i737.  without  leaving  any 
heirs  malei  By  the  treaty  of  lomion,  in  i 
IT  18,  the  emperor  ot  Gerruany,  Charles  v 1.  i 
b id  promised  Tuscany,  as  a fief  ot  the  empire,  I 
to  Don  Carlos  infant  ot  Spain,  as  being  the 
nearest  nude  heir ; but  in  1735,  when  the 
sovereignty  of  Naples  and  Sicily  was  con- 
firmed to  that  prince,  iie  renounced  his  right 
to  Tuscany',  in  iavour  o|  I^rancis,  duke  ot 
Lorrair:,  as  an  aquivaient  tor  that  duchy, 
which  he  had  ceCicd  lo  h ranee.  Fiancis 
succeeded  to  the  grand  dc.chy  in  1735,  and 

was  elected  emperor  of  Germany  in  1745 

__  1 


...  Of 

Irkutsk.  Lon. 'i 05  40  e,  lat.  54  40  r 
!i  Tuajordy  a town  in  Noai-'g'iauismre, 
ji  having  a market  on  Monday,  two  annual 
ij  fairs,  and  a well  endowed' Iree-scaool.  it 
lies  13  miles  nnw  of  Newark,  and  137  u 
by  w of  London.  . 

Tmj,  a well  fortified  city  of  Spam,  on  tl:e 
frontiers  oi  Galicia,  seated  on  a mountain, 
near  the  river  Miiiho.  It  is  cT  bishop's  see, 
is  Wv’li  suppUed  with  ariioery,  being 
tier  town  towards  Portugal,  58  uiiUss  o.. 
Ccmpostella,  and  200  wnw  of  Mauria. 
Lon.  8 32  w,  lat.  42  4 N.  ^ 

Tiizluy  a town  in  Caramania,  Asiatic  1 ur- 
k^y,  stands  at  the  western  extremity  Ot  a 
lake  of  its  name,  28  miles  n of  Cogni. 

Tu'eedy  a large  river  which  issues  from  a 
‘=!)rini*'  called  Tweens  well,  in  the  uioun 

1 ^ ^ . » . . „ 1 : ^ 1 r 


J1.T..WW / 

lainous  tract  of  Peebies-shire  called  Tv  e..t  s- 
muir,  near  the  place  where  the  coimties  ot 
Peebles,  Dumlries  and  Lanark  join, 
ruiles  N of  Motfat,  near  the  source  of  Lie 
Annan,  and  the  (dyde.  h runs  K aoout  I' 


was  elected  emperor  ot  Germany  in  i u ^ the  Core,  the 

when  Tuscany  was  annexed  to  the  house  oi  |j  mues,  when  i a^  ^ and  di- 

Austria.  On  the  ascendency  of  the  {-rencu  ; iwuiu,  the  ia  c.  - into  two 

in  Italy,  in  iSOl,  tbe  Austrian  archduke  " es^  tll^,  tov^-ns  of 


Ferdinand  was  obliged  to  cede  Tuscany  to 
Louis  son  of  the  duk;v'  of  Parma,  a Spanish 
prince,  to  whom  the  French  gave  the  so 


equal  jiaris.  This  river  passes  the, 
tinlashiels,  Melrose,  Kelso,  and  near  iolrt- 
Stream,  becomt!S  the  division  between  feco  - 


prince,  to  whom  the  Prenen  gave  luc  i V rr-tn  it  into  the  Ge 

vereignty  by  the  name  of  the  kingdom  of  .j  iaml  and  Lngldnd,  until  li  m In 

Etruria,  and  it  was  confirmed  to  him  by  the  man  Ocean  ai  ^ , 

’ . ^ T .,..,.,->1.  ,■  rtf  it  rpccives  luanv  Sir 


treaty  of  Luneville.  In  1807,  this  couniry 
was  formerly^  ceded  to  1 ranee,  hlorecce  is 
the  capital. 

TUSCARORAS,  a tribe  of  Indians,  in  the 
state  of  New  York.  About  the  year  171 
the  migrated  from  N Carolina,  and  from  a 
similarity  of  language,  were  adopted  by  the 
Oueidas,  Their  village  stands  on  Oneida 
Creek. 

Tusisy  a towui  in  the  canton  of  Grisoris, 
Swizzerland,  Stands  near  the  Torrent  NoAa, 
id  miles  s by  w of  Coire. 

Tvtapariy  a large  town  on  the  w coast  of 
Nc'vv  Mexico,  bn  ihe  N Pacific  Ocean. 

■ Tuthury,  a town  in  .Staffordshire,  situated 
on  the  Dove.  It  has  some  remains  of  a 
kirge  casile  of  which  several  towers  remain, 
a large  cotton  manufactory  which  employs 
a great  nuroi  er  of  hands.  It  has  a market 
on  Tuesday,  and  three  annual  fairs.  Tut- 


ts  course  it  receives  many  streams  and  ri- 
vulets ; particularly  the  Gala  at  Ga-dsmeAS, 
the'  EUnck  near  Selkirk,  the  I' 

Afeirose,  the  Tiviot  at  Kelso,  the  Till  below 
Coldstream,  and  the  Whitadder  near  one 
mile  aul  a-balf  iVomits  mouih.  The  Tweed 
aboundis  in  trout,  and  the  salmon  fisheries  are 
particularly  valuable.  From  its  source  to 
the  Ocean  is  about  80  miles  m a uirect  fine, 
but  tracing  its  course  it  is  above  iOO.  It^ 
banks  exhibit  beautiful  scenery,  and  it  is 
much  renowned  in  song. 

TWEDDALE,  a name  sometimes  give'* 
to  the  county  of  Peebles,  in  Scoilawl.  Sec 

I Peebles.  , . 

Tweedmouthy  a village  at  the  s eirl  ot 
Berwick  bridge,  in  the  detached  part  ot  i)m- 
bam,  called  Isiandshire.  It  may  be  comi- 
dered  as  a suburb  of  Berwick. 

Tweedsmuivy  a hilly  parish  in  the  sw  e\ 


on  i uesuiiy,  ana  iiiie«  rtuu-.iui  r - ^ . . Mbout  nine 

bury  lies  lour  miles  NW  of  Burton,  and  lo  j tremity  of  Peeblts-siu. ^ 

;iip.  E Of  Stanord.  . ! miles  long,  an.l  in  many  . L 

.Tutacoriny  a populous  town  of  the  penin- 


. ...,  ...  

Silla  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Carnatic,  oppo 
siiC  to  the  island  of  Ceylon,  on  the  gulf  of 
Manara.  Here  the  Daich  bad  a factory, 
29  miles  e by  n of  Paiamcotia,  (30  ne  ol 
cape  Comorin,  and  65  s of  Madura. 

Tutlingen,  a town  of  Germany,  in  Sua- 
bia,  with  a castle  on  a mounlain  beicrngiug 
to  the  duchy  of  Wirtemberg.  In  the  vi- 
cinity is  the  celebrated  foundery  of  I.udwigs- 
thal.  It  is  situated  on  the  Danube,  over 
w^hich  is  a bridge,  53  miles  ssw  of  Stulgurd. 
Lon.  8 48  e.  lat.  48  2 x. 

* Tuima,  a town  in  the  governmefii 
U 


III  111  llKliijr  ^ 

same  broad.  It  is  adapted  to  pasture,  aim 
abounds  in  a valuable  breed  ot  s n . p*  * ^ 
1793  there  were  only  three  resident  'ntm 
in  the  parish.  The  great  road  Irom  i im.- 

iVies  to  Edinburgh  passes  tlircngli 
contains,  on  this  road,  the  iuus  o 
ffeiid,  and  Tvveedshavv'i.  In  tue  pans.i  ^ 
vestiges  of  the  castlesof  Oliver,  ot  ' 

Hnckshavv.  The  river  Tweed  rims  in  the 
sw  of  this  parish.  Population  is  ah- ut 

'‘ikvELVE  I.SLES,  or  Twelve  Aios- 
TLF.s,  isles  on  the  s side  of  Lake  bufJwUU., 
f I''  North  America. ' ' 

il  3 F 


Twickenham,  a fine  village  in  Middl^ex, 
'©n  the  Thames.  '1  hk  village  is  celebrated 
as  the  favourite  residence  of  the  famous 
Alexander  Pope,  who  was  interred  here,  a> 
was  also  his*  father  and  mother,  voMhose 
niemory  he  ereQted  a monument  in  his  life- 
time, and  had  one  erected,  by  bishop  War- 
burton,  to  his  own  memory.  The  house  in 
which  Pope  lived  has  been  niueb  enlarged 
and  ornamented,  as  have  also  the  gardens 
and  lawn.  Here  Pope  planted  the  firs> 
weeping  willow  that  grew  in  England. 
Here  is  a charity  school  for  50  boys,  and 
ill  the  vicinity  on  the  small  river  Crane  are 
oil  and  powder  mills.  In  the  neighiioiir- 
hood  are  many  handsome  villas,  particular- 
ly Strawberryhill,  the  elegant  retreat  of  the 
iate  Horace  Walpole,  earl  of  Oxford.  At  | 
Twickenham  park,  now  the  seat  of  lord 
Frederic  Cavendish,  the  great  Sir  Francis 
Bacon  spent  some  of  his  early  years  in  study. 
3t  is  three  miles  ssw  of  Brentford,  and  II 
wsw  of  London. 

Twiford,  a small  town  in  Berkshire,  on 
Ibe  Loddou,  over  which  are  here  four  brid- 
ges, Being  a great  thoroughfare  on  the 
Bath  road,  the  town  is  furnished  with  gooti 
inns.  It  is  four  miles  and  a-haif  ne  of 
Beading. 

Twicerton^  a small  town  in  Somersetshire, 
twm  miles  sw  of  Bath. 

Twynholmy  a parsh  in  Kirkcudbright- 
shire, united  with  that  of  Kirkchrist.  The' 
united  parish  is  about  cine  miles  long  and 
two  broad:  The  surface  is  mostly  high 
land,  vrith  many  inequalities.  The  soil  is 
various,  ami  generally  well  cultivated.  The 
parish  contained  about  683  inhabitants  in 
JSOl. 

Tyhe,  an  island  of  the  United  States,,  on 
the  coast  of  Georgia,  at  the  mouth  of  Savan- 
nah river.  Lat,  31  57  n, 

Tycckziuy  a town  in  Polachia^  Poland, 
cn  the  Narew,  23  miias  kw  of  Bislsk,- 
Tgdorey  one  of  the  Molucca  Islands,  10 
miles  to  the  s of  Ternale. 

Taynun,  a town  in  the  eonnty  of  Armagh, 
Ireland,  seven  miles  w of  Armagh.  In  the 
vicinity  is  a ruinous  castle,  surrounded  bv 
trees, 

Tyndrumy  a village  ia  Perthshire,  12 
2iiil?s  from  Dalmally,  and  about  the  j^ame 
distance  from  Killin.  There  is  a lead  mine 
in  the  neighbourhood. 

I'ynCyiL  river  of  England,  in  Northumber- 
land, formed  of  a south  branch  IVonv  the 
county  of  Uurhum,  and  a north  one  from 
^he  hill?  on  the  bord  rs  of  Scotland.  Tliese 
'iiiiiiing  a little  above  Hexham,  form  a large 
irlver,  which  bowing  to  Newcastle,  enters 
Gern.iUi  ocean  <xi  Tynemouth. 

Tuney  a rapid  river  which  rises  in  the 
rroto! tains  in  the  s of  Haddingtonsliiie,  wu- 
Uus  the  town  of  Haddington,  and  enters  the 
German  Ocean,  below  Linton. 

Tynemoitlh,  or  Tinmouthy  a sea-port  in 
‘-ortl  .’.mbnland,  situated  at  the  mouth  of 
'I  ^ jiC.  iu  th«  tuwa  and  nsighbourhood 


are  several  salt  works  ; but  the  principal 
article  of  trade  is  coal,  of  which  upwards  of 
770,000  ehaidrons  are  annually  exported  to* 
London  alone.  Tyuemouth  has  a large  and 
and  stately  castle,  seated  on  a very  high 
rock,  inaccessible  on  the  sea  sfde,  and  weii.- 
mounted  with  cannon^  a strong  fort  that 
commands  the  entrance  of  the  river  and  ex* 
tensive  military  barracks.  There  is  a bar 
across  the  mouth  of  the  river  which  is  not 
c bove  seven  ieet  deep  at  low  water.  There 
are  dangerous  rocks  about  it  called  the 
Hldck  itiiddens.  To  avoid  whict.  there  are 
lighthouses.  In  1801,  the  number  of  inha- 
biian^  was  3856,  and  in  18  il,  5834  It 
lies  nine  miles  ene  of  Nevr^oastie,  and  277  n 
by  w of  London. 

Tynumyhame,  a parish^  in  Haddington- 
shire, extending  along  with  Whitekirk,  to 
whicli  it  is  united,  about  six  miles  in  length  ' 
and  four  in»breadth,  bounded  on  the  N and' 
E by  the  Frith,  of  Forth.  The  surface  is 
level  and  the  soil  is  in  general  a rich  gra- 
velly loam..  At  Tynningharn  is  one  paro- 
chial school  ami  at  Whitekirk  another. 
Here  is  the  elegant  .seat  of  the  earl  of 
Haddington,  surounded  with  extensive  and 
thriving  plantaiions  Population  of  the  uni- 
ted parish,  in  1801,  025; 

Tynrouy  a parish  iLt  Dmufries-shire  e of 
Minnibive,  about  15  miies’  long,  and  four 
broad.  It  is  chiefly  adapted  lor  sheep  pas- 
ture. A Roman  road  runs  through  its 
w’hole  length  along  the  face  of  hills. 
Tynron  Boon,  or  Dun,  is  a very  steep,  and 
almost  inaccessible  mountain,  seen  at  a 
considerable  distance,  on  the  top  of  which 
are  the  remains  of  a fortifled  castle.  Popu- 
lation is  about'563. 

Tynetvald  Hilly  or  Tynwald  Conri,  in  the 
Isle  of  Man,  a large  Danish  borough  of  a, 
conical  lonn,  and  handsome  arcbiiecture, 
about  four  miles  and  a-haif  E^of  Peel,  and' 
.seven  \\  of  Douglas.  The  summit  of  this 
hiU,  which  is  reached  by  a spacious  flight  ot 
grassy  step.s,  is  about  six  feet  in  diameter.  ‘ 
Here  formerly  was  placed  the  king^s  chair 
of  state,  in  which  he  sat,  while  the  deem- 
sters promulgated  the  laws  ta  the  people, 
Arouud  the  chair  were  three  circular  seats,* 
the  highest  of  which  was  occupied  by  the 
barons,  the  second  by  the  members  of  the' 
hou.se  of  Keys,  and  the  third,  which  wa* 
140  feet  in  circumlj^ence,  by  the  knights, 
esquires,  and  yeomen,  while  the  plebeians 
stood  round  the  hiih  To  this  day  the  laws' 
framed  by  the  legislative  body,  which  are 
called  acts  of  Findwald,  must  be  publicly 
'5;r<^okumed  from  this  hill. 

Tyrconnel ; See  Donegal, 

\ Tyre  See  Svr, 

j , Tyriey  £i  parish  of  Scotland,  in  Aberdeen* 
j shire,  about  10  miles  long,  and  four  and 
I a-Lalf  broad,  having  its  surface  agreeably 
diver.sified,  and  a great  proportion  of  th« 
soil  fertile.  It  is  well  w^atered  by  a num-' 
ber  of  line  rivulets  and  .springs.  The  ex- 
perts are  iinen^  and  linen  yarn  manufactured 


A I 


T Z U 

from  flaX)  the  produce  of  the  parish,  black 
cattle,  sheep,  wool,  hogs,  butter,  cheese,  and 
peats.  A village  called  Nev.V  Pitsiigo,  un- 
der the  patronage  of  Sir  VVilliam  Forbes, 
yRnth  a bleaciifield  and  other  conveiuences  ■ 
for  manufactures,  has  lately  been  founded 
hure.  The  church,  which  is  called  the 
Whitekirk  of  Buchan,  is  old,  and  said  to 
have  been  built  as  early  as  1004  when  the 
thane  of  Buchan  defeated  the  Danes  on /the 
contiguous  hills.  Population  is  about 

1044r 

Tyrnawy  a large  town  of  Upper  Hungary, 

20  miies  ne  of  Presburg. 

Tyrol ; Se.e  Tirol. 

TYRONE,  a county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  Ulster  46  miles  in  length,  and 
37  in  breadth^  bounded  ,cn  the  N by  Lon- 
donderry ; on  the  e by  Armagh  and  Lough 
Keagh ; on  the  sw  by  Fermanagh,  and  on 
the  w by  Donegal.  It  is  a rough  and  nig- 
'ged  country,  but  tolerably  fruitful.  It  cop 
tains  35  parishes,  hnd  about  125,000  inhabi- 
tants. Near  Dungannon  are  good  coaler ies, 
and  a canal  from  the  village  of  coal  islanu, 
to  the  Biackwater  opens  .a  communication 
With  Lough  Neagh  The  principal  rivers 
are  the  Foyle,  the  Biackwater,  and  the  Ca- 
meron, but  it  abounds  with  fii'je  rivulets  and 
small  lakes.  Its  sends  three  members  lo 
the  imperial  parliament,  two  for  the  county, 
.and  one  for  the  borough  of  Dungannon, 
which  is  tile  capital.  The  assize  town  is. 
Omagh.  The  linen  manufacture  is  esti- 
mated at  £.257,444  yearly,  ^ , 

Tgsted,  a town  of  Denmark,  m N Jut  ^ 
land,  and  territory  of  Alburg,  with  a cita- 
del, on  the  gulf  of  Lyinfoid,  46  miles  w of 
Alburg.  Lon.  8 25  lat.  56  54  N. 

Tivy,  or  Teioyj  a river  of  Wales,  in  Car- 
diganshire, has  its  source  in  a lake  on  the 
E side  of  ihe  county,  and  directs  its  course 
by  Tregannou,  Llanbeder,  Newcastle,  and 
Cardigan,  into  Cardiganbay.  Opposite  its 
mouth  is  a small  island. 

Tzadurilla.  a town  of  Natolia  Proper,  63 
miles  SE  of  Isnic. 

Tzaritzyriy  a town  of  the  Russian  empire 
in  the  government  of  Saratol,  stands  on  the 
Valga,  120  miles  miles  nw  of  Astracan. 
Lon.  45  25  E,  lat.  48  0 n. 

Tzernitzy  a town  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Bouania,  near  the  Tzeriia,  32  miles  nne  of, 

Adrianople.  : 

Tzivilsk,  a town  in  the  government  oi 
Kasan,  Russia,  56  miles  w of  Kasan.  Lon. 
47  25  E,  lat.  55  40  N. 

Tzuruehatu,  Staroiy  a town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Irkutsk,  Russia,  on  the  Argunia, 
€.nd  the  frontiers  of  China.  It  is  160  miles 
jf,E  of  Neiouinsk.  Loa,  119  32  E,  lat.  49 
L8  N, 


V 


"^TAAST,  St*,  a town  in  the  department  ctf 
▼ Manche,  France,  has  a small  harbour, 
and  sail-works,  five  miles  from  Haerlleur, 
and  14  rse  of  Cherburgh. 

Vabres,  a town  in  the  department  -oi  Ave- 
iron.  France,  lately  an  episcopal  see,  stands 
at  the  junction  of  two  small  rivers  that  lall 
into  the  Tarn.  It  has  some  manufactures 
of  serges,  dimities,  and  cottons.  It  is  3Q 
miles  ssE  of  Rodez,  and  32  e of  Alby. 

Vacea.9y  Cayo,  one  of  ihe  Tortuga,  off 
Florida  Keys,  to  the  K of  Bahia  Honda^ 
iS  in  lat,  24  35 

Vachay  a town  of  Upper  Hesse,  on  the 
Werra,  40  miles  sE  of  Cassel. 

VACHE,  or  Cow^s  Island,  an  island  ern 
the  s coast  of  the  southern  peninsula  of 
the  Uland  of  St  Domingo,  about  13  miles 
long,  and  in  the  broade.si  part  four  and  a- 
half  from  n ,to  s.  It  is  12  miles  from  the  s 
coast  of  St  Domingo,  opposite  St  Louis. 

Vacheluse,  one  of  the  Lipari  Islands, 
three  miles  s of  Stromboli. 

Vadocurrayy  a town  in  Malabar,  Hindoo- 
Stan,  on  the  sea  coast,  at  the  n end  of  a long 
inland  navigation.  It  has  a fort  on  the  top 
of  a hill,  and  is  a place  of  considerabl© 
trade,  12  miles  sse  of  Tellicbery. 

Vadagaryy  a town  in  the  province  of  Ma- 
dura, Hiadoostan,  64  miles  wsw  of  Ma- 
dura. . 

Vadiriy  a town  in  Bessarabia,  European 
Turkey,  ou  the  Daaube,  93  miles  w of  NU 
copoli. 

Vadoy  a town  of  Tuscany,  at  the  raoutU 
of  the  Cecina,  26  miles  sse  of  Leghorn, 

VadOy  a sea-port  of  Genoa,  on  a bay  of 
the  Mediterranean,  three  miles  s oj  Savona, 
and  24  sw  of  Genoa.  Lon.  8 8 lat.  44 

■ ^ VadsteiUy  a towm  of  Sweden,  in  Gothland, 
seated  on  the  lake  Wetter,  near  the  river 
Motala.  Here  the  kings  of  Sweden  had  a 
palace,  now  in  ruins,  32  noUes  w of  Norko- 

, ing.  . , . . 

^adutZy  a town  and  castle  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Lichtenstein,  Swabia,  26  miles  s 

of  tiindau.  ..  . 

Vaenuy  ^ town  in  Andalusiia,  Spam,  on 
the  Castro,  23  miles  se  of  Cordova.  Lon.  3 
50  w,  lat,  37  40  n. 

Vaiqatch;  See  VVaigatz.  . 

Vaihendy  a town  in  Segastan,  Persia, 
seated  on  a river  of  its  uame,  40  miles  es« 
of  Arokho-ge.  ^ ^ ^ 


T A t 


V A L 


Vae^s  Island,  Anthony,  a ?mall  island  on 
tbc  E coast  ot  Brazilj  in  South  America. 

Vaihingen,  a towu  of  the  duchy  of  V/ir- 
teirdmr^,  Swabia,  on  the  Ebs,  18  miles 
KNW  of  Stutgcird. 

laila,a,  small  island  of  Shetland,  annexed 
to  the  rarish  oi  Walls,  and  Sandne^s. 

I aiseoyo',  a small  isia'  ct  on  the  coast  of 
Louisiana,  with  a harbour. 

Vaison,  a towu  in  the  dej;arlment  of  Vau- 
clusc,  brauce,  stands  on  a moumaiu.  near 
the  river  Oreze,  and  the  ruins  of  ancient 
Vaison,  which  was  one  of  the  chief  cities 
ot  the  (fauls.  It  was  lately  a bishop's  see 
and  subject  to  tbe  Pope,  22  miles  ne  of 
Avignon,  and  23  sse  of  Motelimar, 

lal,  a.  village  in,  the  Netherlands,  three 
miles  w of  Maestricht.  Here,  in  1744, 
the  duke  of  Cumberland  was  defeated  by 
marshal  Saxe. 

Valais  ; See  Vallais. 

I alclcoicar,  a town  of  Sclavonia,  on  tbe 
Walpo,  near  its  influx  into  tbe  Danube,  70 
miles  wNw’  oi  Belgrade. 

P aldai,  a town  of  Russia,  in  the  go  fern 
merit  of  Novogorod,  stands  on  tlie  side  of  a 
lake  of  the  same  name,  .surrounded  by  hills. 
It  contains  several  brick  buildings;  and  the 
wooden  houses  are  more  handsome  than  the 
generality  of  Russian  cottages.  The  lake 
is  20  miles  in  circumference,  and  has  an  is- 
land in  the  middle,  on  which  is  a convent 
surrounded  by  trees,  72  miles  se  of  Novo- 
gorod. Lon.  33  44  e,  lat.'37  .50  n. 

VAL  DI  DEMON  A,  or  the  Vailf.v  of 
Devils,  a province  of  Sicily,  so  called  be- 
cause mount  Etna,  which  is  in  it,  throws 
out  flames  continually.  By  the  ignorant 
and  superstitious  it  was  believed  to^  be  the 
chimney  of  hell.  Messina  is  the  capital, 

VAL  DI  MAZARA,  a province  in  the 
\v  angle  of  Sicily,  has  its  name  from  the 
tow’n  of  Mazara.  This  province  contains 
Palermo,  the  capital  of  the  whole  island. 

VAL  DI  NOTO,  one  of  the  three  pro- 
vinces of  Sicily,  so  named  from  the  capital 
town  It  lies  between  the  Val  di  Mazara, 
Val  di  Demona,  and  the  sea.* 

Palleggw  or  Vallezzo,  a town  of  Italy, 
14  miles  sw  of  Vei;ona. 

Vale  of  While  horse,  a fertile  tract  of 
England  in  Berkshire  extending  from  Far- 
ringdon  to  A biiingdon.  It  derives  its  name 
from  an  exactly  proportioned  figure  of  a 
white  hor.^e  out  upon  the  side  of  a hill,  and  oc-  I 
ciipying about  an  acre  of  land.  This  figure 
which  j.s  of  unknown  antkinity,  is  still  care-  j 
fully  kept  in  repair,  form, and*  colour,  by  the 
neighbouring  inhabitants. 

Paldnjaes.  a town  in  Tra  los  Montes,  Por- 
tugal, ninr  vulva  ^f  Miraudola.  | 

(r-  ('l(u:ly)(ro7i^  a town  in  the  province  of  j 
Leon,  .Spam,  sf‘a ted  near  the  source  of  tbe 
3*^.  miles  \k  of  I eon. 

Valdi'cahras,  a town  in  New'  Castile,  j 
Spain,  {T;  mil-'s  >;nf.  of  Cuenza.  j 

J' ahlcrr’’,-:^  n town  in  C-'talonia,  Spain,  I 

Jit.’V.s  c l,v  vr  o(  To\to;ji4.  ' i 


' VaJdemQTo,  a town  in  Xt%v 
; Spruii,  13  miles  s of  xMacIrid. 

I Valdepenas,  u town  in  Ddancha,  .Spain, 
I 28  miles  ese  of  Cuidad  Real. 

I Valdigetn,  a tow  n in  Beira,  Portugal, 
seated  near  the  Douro,  tour  miles  ne  of 
Laniego. 

Voldirki^  a city  and  sea-port  in  the  In* 
dian  part  of  Chili,  surrounded  by  walls  con- 
structed of  earth,  and  defended  by  several 
forts  and  batteries.  The  two  entrances  of 
its  capacious  harbour  have  also  numerous 
piece.s  of  cannon  on  each  side.  It  waf^  built 
by  Pedro  de  Valdivia,  in  L5d2  after  he  had 
subdued  the  country.  The  city  and  its  dis- 
trict extends  inland  about  36  miles  and  is  IS 
broad,  on  both  sides  the  river  Valdivia,  ia 
the  midst  of  the  country  inhabited  by  the 
Araucauinians.  The  city  stands  on  the  s 
side  of  the  river,  and  the  vicinity  abounds  in 
valuable  timber,  and  the  purest  gold  dust, 
10  miles  from  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  210  s 
^ of  Conception.  Lon.  72  20  w,  lat.  30 
I 46  s. 

Valence,  an  aii'^’icnt,  considerable,  and  po- 
pulous city,  in  tlie  department  of  Drome, 
France,  with  a citadel,  and  school  of  artil- 
lery. It  is  .surroinuk'd  by  w^alls,  and  the 
public  places  and  many  private  houses  are 
adorned  by  fountains.  Ir  is  a bishop’s  see, 
and  besides  the  cathedral,  there  are  many 
other  churches,  and  conyeip'.  Valence 
stands  on  the  Rhone,  and  is  30  mih^s  n by  e 
of  Viviers,  and  33<5  s by  e of  Par.s.  Lon.  4 
.52  E lat.  44  .55  n. 

Valence,  a town  in  the  department  of  Lot 
and  Garonne,  France,  on  the  Garonne,  13 
miles  from  A gen. 

j Valence  d^ Alcantara,  or  Valenza  d\il- 
canfara,  a considerable  and  populous  town 
in  Estremadnra,  Spain,  stands  on  a rock, 
near  the  frontiers  of  Portugal.  It  is  sur- 
rounded with  walls  and  has  an  old  castle,  28 
miles  sw  of  Alcantara,  and  45  nnw  of  Ba- 
dajbz. 

VxALENCTA,  a province  cf  Spain,  for- 
merly a kingdom  ; bounded  on  the  k and 
by  the  Mediterranean,  on  the  n by  Catalonia, 
and  Arragon,  and  on  the  xv  by  New  Castile 
and  Murcia.  It  is  about  220  miles  in 
length,  and  from  20  to  60  broad,  and  is  the 
most  populous  and  pleasant  country  in  Spain, 
for  here  they  enjoy  a perpetual  spring.  It 
is  watered  hj'  many  streams  both  natural 
and  artificial.  It  is  fertile  in  all  the  neces- 
saries (»f  life,  espec  ally  fruits,  oil,  and  wine. 
There  are  V(*ry  rugged  mountains,  in  which 
are  mines  of  gold,  silver,  iron,  and  alurnn, 
and  quarries  of  marble,  jasper,  and  lapis  ca- 
bin linaries.  It  produces  ak^o  much  silk, 

cotton,  and  hemp,  the  manufacture  of  which 
employs  the  iidjahitants,  who  notwdthstand- 
ingali  this  abundance  are  generally  j)Oor. 

Valencia,  a edy  of  Spain,  capital  of  tbe 
above  province.  It  contains  about  12,000 
hoiK'ec  wifbin  the  walls,  besides  those  in  (he 
suburbs,  and  pleasure  gardens  which  amount 
to  about  the  same  number.  It  is  handsumtiii 


V A L 

pheasant,  and  .adorned  with  very  fine 

structure'?.  It  is  an  ;arch-bishop‘s  see. 

The  oathedral  has  one  side  oi’  the  choir  in- 
crusted  with  alabaster,  and  ornamented  witn 
paintings  of  scripture  history.  Tne  othrr 
edifices  most  worthy  of  notice  are  the  pa- 
lace of  viceroy,  that  of  Ciuta,  the  monastery 
of  St.  Jerom,  the  exchange,  and  the 
arsenal.  Here  are  several  remains  of  .anU» 
qnitj^  The  university  consists  of  seveial 
colleo-es.  It  has  several  good  manufacioiies 
of  cloth  and  silk,  carried  on  with  great  in- 
du  .try  and  success.  In  1705,  this  city  was 
taken  by  the  earl  of  Peterborough,  but  lost 
it  two  3' ears  afterwards.  In  1812,  it  sur- 
rendered to  the  French,  after  a bombaramem 
cf  four  days.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on 
the  river  Guadalquiver,  over  which  are  five 
bndees.  It  is  53  miles  from  the  Mediter- 
ranean, and  130  ese  of  Madrid.  Lon.  0 
27  E,  lat.  39  27  n.  . r ^ 

Valencia,  a city  of  the  province  of  Carac- 
cas,  in  Terra  Fivma,  stands  in  an  extensive 
plain,  near  the  lake  Forcurigiia.  Some  o'  j 
the  streets  are  v;eil  biult,  but  the  houses  are 
generally  low  and  irregubir.  On  the  e side  | 
of  th'^  great  square  is  the  principal  caiirch.  { 
This  city  was  nearly  destroyed  by  an  eartn-  ' 
quake  in  1812, 57  miles  sw  of  Porto  Cabello. 
Lon.  68  30  w,  lat.  9 50  n. 

Vahnfiiennes,  an  ancient,  strong,  and 
considerable  city  of  France,  in  the  depart-  j 
fjieni  of  the  North,  and  late  province  of  Hain- 
aiiit.  It  contains  about  20,000  souls.  The 

J^cheldt,  on  which  are  some  tine  sluices,  divides 

it  into  two  parts,  the  streets  are  narrow  and 
i/regular,  and  many  of  the  houses  construc- 
ted of  wood.  Lewis  XIV.  took  this  city 
^‘roni  the  Spaniards,  and  had  it  coniirmed 
to  him  by  the  treaty  of  Nimeguen,  in  1678. 

It  was  taken  by  the  allies,  in  1793,  after  a 
severe  siege,  but  was  retaken  03  the  French 
n^'xt  year.  It  is  a very  important  place. 
Lefore  the  war,  this  place  was  noted  for  its  ^ 
niarjulactures  of  laces,  wooiieu  stuHs,  and 
very  fine  linens.  It  is  20  miles  w^-w  of 
Mons,  28  SE  of  Lisle,  and  120  nne  of  Pans. 
Lon.  3 32  e,  lat.  50  21  n. 

VALENTIA,  an  island  of  Ireland,  which 
forms  a fine  harbour  on  the  sw  coast  of  Ker- 
ry, Munster.  It  is  about  five  miles  long,  and 
t’Vo  broad,  the  sea  runuing  between  it  and 
the  main,  about  half  a mile  broad. 
ij^land  forms  a parish  in  the  diocese  of  .^rd- 
fert,  and  give.s  title  of  Viscount  to  the  family 
of  Annesiey.  Lon.  10  30  w,  lat.  51  40  x. 

Vaientine,  a town  in  the  departmeiil  of 
Upper  Garonne,  France.  It  is  nine  miles 
jiR  of  St  Bertrand. 

Valenzay  or  Valentia,  a town  Oi  Italy, 
ip  ?vliiaiiese,  the  capital  of  the  Lumeline.  It 
is  situated  on  a mountain,  near  the  Po,^  and 
has  been  often  taken,  12  miles  ese  of  (fasal.  ' 

Valenzo  do  Minho,  a town  of  Portugiil, 
cpposite  Tuy  in  Spain,  near  the  Minho,  80 
miles  NNW  of  Braga.  Lou.  8 II  w,  lat.  42 

% N.  . 


V A L 

Valestra,  a town  in  Madenese,  Italy,  12 

miles  sw  of  Modena.  1 

Valetfa,  a city  of  Malta,  and  capital  of 
the  island,  stands  on  a peninsula  between 
two  of  the  fine.i  ports  in  the  world,  whinh 
are  defended  by  almost  impregnable  foru- 
fioaiions.  The  largest  is  on  the  se  side  of 
the  oHy  runs  two  miles  inland,  and  afior  is 
the  safest  anchorage  for  the  largest  ships  m. 
the  most  stormy  weather.  In  this 
five  distinct  harbours  a'.l  equally  sate,  ihe 
entrance  is  about  a quarter  of  a miie  broad^ 
and  is  defended  by  strong  batteries  on  each 
I s'de,  ana  has  a quadruple  battery  in  fronty 
' one  abc  -^  another.  The  harbour  on  tne  n 
side  L commodious,  and  well  defended,  and 
on  an  island  in  the  centre  is  a castle  and  a 
lazaret.  The  town  has  three  gates,  and  all 
the  streets  are 've-l  paved;  the  house,  are 
UuiU  of  stone,  with  fiat  roots,  and  most  of 
them  have  a ‘ aicony  lO  tne  street,  Ti:e 
principal  ediiic  =s  are  the  palace  ot  the  grand 
ma-ter,  .he  mivrmm*},  the  conservatory,  and 
Hi  t superb  ciuirch  of  St  John,  the  pavement 
bl  whi  di  composed  entirely  of  sepulchral 
moiiumenls  of  the  finest  marhie.s,  porphyry, 
la  is  lazuli,  and  other  v duable  Hones. 
There  are  other  cbu’:cii  richly  endowed, 
and  several  cenv^*nls.  An  aqueduct,  ere c-cd 
at  the  expense  of  one  oi  the  grand  YnaHbrs, 
conveys  water  to  tiie  city  from  the  vicauty 
of  Citia  Vtcchia.  Here  is  a mosque  m 
which  the  Mahomedan  slaves  are  permrLted 
to  enjoy  their  religion.  The  populatio  i i> 
estimated  at  50,600,  of  whom  the  half  are 
said  to  be  foreigner'.  In  1566,  the  Turirs 
besieged  this  city,  but  after  their  utmost 
exertions  were  compelled  to  raise  the  siege, 
with  the  less  of  3u,000  men.  In  1798,  it 
surrendered  to  the  French,  under  Bonaparte, 
and  in  1800,  was  taken  by  tne  British,  after 
ablocadeof  two  years.  It  is  70  mdrs  sb 
of  Cape  Passaro,  in  .Sicily.  Lon.  15  34  e 

iat.  35  54  N.  , . c 

Valette,  a town  in  the  department  cf 
Charenie,  France,  10  miles  sol  Angouleme. 

Valkenbnrg,  or  Fauquemont,  a town  m 
Limburg,  Netherlands  on  ihe^Geule.  It 
w^as  taken  by  the  French  in  1672,  when  its 
fortifications  were  demolished,  eight  imies  e 


by  N of  Maesiricht. 

Valladolid,  an  ancient,  large-  and  hand- 
some city,  in  Leon,  Spain,  capit  A of  a prin- 
cipality of  the  same  name,  and  a bishop's 
see,  with  an  university.  It  ‘s  e^nbeiii.^hed 
with  handsome  buildings,  ki^ge  pubho 
squares,  and  fountains,  wiin  iine  long  and 
broad  streets.  Timre  are  70  mona-tHies^ 
and  nunneries,  the  fim  st  of  w'l.ich  is  ihat  of 
the  Domini  cans,  noted  or  its  ciiurch  which 
is  the  most  svioevb  in  the  city.  T:  e murx'H- 
place,  called  El  Cumpo,  is  7U0  pace  , in  cr- 
cuiiiference,  surrounded  by  a grea.  nu  i.ber 
of  convents.  The  town  huuM>  tak  . p tno 
entire  side  of  a squar-u  In  the  no.  oi  the 
inquisition  there  are  no  wmdows,  out  a lew 
holes  which  let  in  a small  glimmering  of 


V A L 

The  kings  resided  long  at  this  place ; 
the  royal  palace,  which  still  remdins, 
IS  Oj  very  large  ext  nt,  though  but  two  sto  * 
ffies  high.  The  population  does  not  exceed 
X0,000.  The  environs  of  the  city  are  cover- 
ed w^th  gardens,  orchards,  vineyards,  (fee. 
It  IS  situated  on  the  river  Escurva  and  Pi- 
suerga,  SZ  miles  sw  of  Burgos,  and  74  ssf 
of  Leon,  and  100  nnw  of  Madrid.  Lon.  4 
47  \y,  lat.  41  SO  n. 

Valladolid.  Q.  considerable  town  of 
Spain,  capital  of  the  government  of  Mech')..- 
can,  15^0  miles  w of  Mexico.  See  Meehoa- 
can. 

Valariolidy^.  town  of  New  Sirain,  in  the 
J>rovinoe  of  Yu'  atan,  with  abundance  of  cot- 
ton in  the  environs,  94  miles  e by  s of 
Minda. 

Valladolid,  or  Camayagna,  a city  of  New 
Spam,  capital  of  the  province  of  Honduras 
situated  in  a plain,  is  a bishop’s  see,  280 
miles  E of  Guatimala.  Lon.  82  20  w,  lat. 
34  35  N.  ' 

Valladolid,.^  town  of  Peru,  near  the  An- 
des. Lon.  75  5 w,  lat.  6 2 s. 

VALLAIS,  a country  of  Switzerland,  ex- 
tending from  E to  w about  100  miles,  and  20 
Abroad,  and  divided  into  Upper  and  Low<-r 
Vaiiais.  The  former  reaches  from  mount 
Furca  to  the  river  Merge,  below  Sion  ; and 
the  latter  from  that  river  to  St  Gingou,  si- 
tuated on  the  Idke  of  Geneva.  The  Vailais 
contains  about  100,000  inhabitants,  who. 
profess  the  Romish  religion.  From  Mount 
Furca,  its  eastern  boundary,  tw'o  vast  ranges 
of  Alps  inclose  the  Vailais,  The  southern 
chain  separates  it  from  the  Milanese,  Pied- 
mont, and  part  of  the  departmet  of  Mom 
Blanc  ; the  northern  divides  it  from  the  can  - 
ton  of  Bern.  A country  entirely  inclosed 
•within  high  Alps,  and  consisting  X)f  plaim', 
elevated  valleys,  and  lofty  mountains,  must  ne- 
cessarily exhibit  a great  variety  of  situatioi.^, 
climates,  and  productions.  The  principal 
mountains  are  the  great  St.  Bernard,  Sim- 
plon, Grinisei,  and  Furca,  whose  tops  are 
never  free  from  snow.  Accordingly,  the 
Vailais  presents  a quick  succession  of  pro- 
spects, as  beautiful  as  they  are  diversified  ; 
vineyards,  rich  pasture  grounds,  covered 
■with  cattle,  corn,  fiax,  fruit-trees,  and 
forests,  occasionally  bordered  by  naked 
ffocks.  The  soil  in  the  midland  and  lower 
districts  is  exceedingly  fertile,  and  produces 
<abundanee  of  corn,  and  wine  for  the  con- 
sunipt  of  the  i-nhabitants.  In  the  ^»ore  ele- 
vated parts  barley  is  the  only  grain  that 
can  be  cultivated  with  success.  There  are 
no  manufactmes  of  any  consequence  in  the 
Vailais.  The  people  have  hitherto  been  ac- 
coumed  both  ignorant  and  indolent.  Val- 
lais  was  constituted  an  independeivt  republic, 
tiijdcr  the  guarraniee  of  France,  Swissf^rland. 
w'ln  1 Italy,  in  1S02  ; but,  in  1810,  it  was  an- 
nexed to  France,  and  constituted  a 'nenv  de- 
partment called  Fimploj.  Sion  is  the 
<^apit<uL 


V A L 

VALLA Y,  one  of  the  Hebrides,  lying  ^ 
from  the  island  of  North  Uist,  from  which 
it  is  separated  by  a narrow  sound  dry  at  low 
water.  It-is  a mile  and  a-half  long,  and 
half  a idle  broad,  with  a light,  fertile  sandy 
soil. 

Vallelonga,  a town  in  Calabria  Ultra, 
Naples  18  miles  ene  of  Nicotera. 

Vallemont,  a town  in  the  de|>ar*ment  of 
Lower  Seine,  FrMice,  16  mites  k by  w of 
Uaudebec,  and  22  nw  of  Rouen. 

V allencay,  a town  in  the  departmemt  of 
indie,  trance,  on  the  Nabon,  28  miles  n by 
w of  Ciiateauraux. 

Vallengin,  8i  tov;n  of  Switzerland,  capital 
of  a county  of  the  same  name,  united  to  the 
principality  oi  Neuehatel,  seated  on  the 
S(  yon,  three  miles  nnw  of  Neuehatel,  and 
25  NW  of  Bern. 

V allers,  a tow  n in  the  department  of 
Inure  and  Loire,  France,  celebrated  for 
mineral  water.  It  is  four  miles  nw  of 
Tours. 

Vallery,  St,  a coraraerciad  town  in  the 
department  of  Somme,  France,  sian  is  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Somme,  whose  entrance  is 
dangerous.  It  10  miles  w'nw  of  Abbe- 
vnle,  ^nd  100  n by  w of  Paris. 

V allery  en  Ceaux,  St,  a town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Seine,  France,  with  a 
harbour.  Hence  sailed  William  duke  0;f 
Normandy,  when  he  made  a descent  upoa 
England,  J5  miles  from  Dieppe,  and  100 
or  Paris. 

V allier,  St,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Drome,  France,  near  the  Rhone,  sevea 
miles  NB  of  Tournon,  and  18  n of  Va^ 
lence. 

V ails,  a town  in  Catalonia,  Spain,  has  a 
manufacture  leather,  10  miles  n of  Tar- 
ragona. 

V alna,  a town  in  Andalusia,  Spain,  near 
tne  river  Guadalqiiiver. 

Valogne,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Channel,  Franco,  eight  miles  from  the  sea, 
and  158  w by  n of  Paris, 

Valona,  or  Avlona,  a sea  port  town  of 
Turkey  in  Europe,  ifi  Upper  Albania,  and  a 
bishop's  see.  Hence  are  exported  the  oil, 
wool,  and  timber  of  the  surrounding  country. 

It  is  sit.'ated  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  near  the 
mountains  of  Chimera,  70  miles  s of  Du- 
-azzo.  Lon.  19  36  e,  lat.  40  48  n. 

Falparayso,  a large  and  populous  town 
of  Chili,  in  South  America,  in  the  province 
of  Quillota,  with  a well  frequented  harbour, 
defended  by  a fort.  Its  commerce  consists 
chiefly  of  wheat  tallow,  leather,  cordage, 
and  dried  fruits.  It  is  situated  on  the  bay  of 
tue  Pacific  ocean,  at  the  foot  of  a high 
mountain,  75  miles  nw  of  St.  Jao-o.  Lon. 
72  14  w,  :at.  33  3 s. 

Valperga,  a town  in  Piedmont,  16  miles  v 
of  Turin. 

Valreas,  a town  in  the  department  of* 
Vaucluse,  France,  18  miles  ne  of  Orange. 

Vais,  a town  in  the  department  of  Aide- 


VAN 


France,  noted  for  its  mineral  springs. 

It  is  S'  ated  on  the  Ardeche,  three  miles  n of 

Auhenas,  and  1%  Nwof  Viviers. 

Valtelimy  called  by  the  inhabitants! 
Valle-telmOy  a fine  fertile  valley  of  Swit-  j 
zerlan  i,  lately  subject  to  the  Gfi>oiis,  but  i 
annexed  to  Ttaiy  by  the  French.  It  ©xtonds  , 
from  the  confines  of  Bormo  to  the  lake^  ot 
Chiaverma,  about  rniics,  and  iroui  to 
J5  broad.  It  is  enclosed  be  ween  two  chains 
of  high  mountains.  The  n chain  separates 
ii  from  tlie  Grisous  ; the  s trom  the  V ene- 
tiuo  territories.  The  river  Adda  runs  through 
its  whole  lee  gth,  into  the  lake  Como,  and  it, 
consists  of  three  districts,  the  Upper,  Middle, 
and  Lower,  the  chief  towns  vl  which  are 
Tirano,  Sondrio,  and  Murbegiio.  The  Val- 
telines  export  wine,  silk,  pianks,  cheese, 
butter,  anil  catile.  They  have  no  niaiui- 
factures.  The  number  of  mhabitaats  is 
coiwputed  at  d'^,000.  The  inhabitants  are 
Komanists.  On  the  20th  of  July,  1020, 
there  was  a general  massacre  of  ihe  proies- 
tauis  in  this  valley. 

Valua,  a to\vn  in  Abnizzo  Citra,  Naples, 
IS. miles  ssw  ofGivitadi  Chieti. 

Valverde,  a town  in  Esiremadura,  Portu- 
gal, 27  miles  of  Alcantara. 

Valterds,  a town  in  Esiramadura,  Spain, 
^^ight  miles  from  Bndajoz. 

Van,  a strong  city  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
ill  Kurdistan,  near  the  frontiers  of  Persia. 

It  has  a strong  castle,  on  a mountain,  in 
which  is  a numerous  Turkish  garrison. 

It  is  governed  by  a beglerheg,  situa^^fed  on  a 
lake  of  the  same  name,  160  miles  In  circum- 
ference, 80  miles  ne  of-  Betbs.  Lon.  43- 
39  E.lat,  38  28  N. 

Vandulia,  a duchy  of  Pomerunia,  subject 
to  Prussia.  Stolp uen  is  the  oapiutl. 

VANDALIA,  a country  of  Mecklenburg, 
15  miles  in  length  and  ■^ven  in  breadth.  It 
contains  several  lakes,  and  the  principal 
town  is  Gmtrow. 

VAN  DIEMEN'S  LAND,  long  supposed 
• to  be  a part  of  New  Holland,  hut  now  found 
to  be  an  uland  160  riTiles  long  and  80 
broad,  separated  from  the  coast  of  New 
Holland,  by  a channel  30  leagues  wide, 
sailed  Bass  Strait,  It  was  discovered  by 
Tasman  in  1642,  and  in  1799  was  found  to 
be  an  island.  In  1777,  captam  Cook  called 
here  for  supplies  of  wmocl,  water,  and  grass. 
The  natives  were  of  t.e  common  sla'.ure, 
bit  rather  slender,  tjie  sk;n  black,-  with 
woolly  hair.  Tne  hair  and  beards,  and 
some  of  the  faces  were  smeared  with  red 
ointment.  They  preferred  birds  to  all  other 
food,  their  houses  resemble  those  of  New 
Soa'h  Wales,  The  land  is  elevamd,  but 
diversified  with  bills,  valleys,  wood  and 
water.  The  forest  trees  are  tali  and  quite 
straight,  to  the  height  of  masts,  and  seem  to 
be  all  of  one  kind.  The  quadrupeds  are 
oppossiim'*'  anti  kangaroos.  The  birds  are 
similar  to  those  of  New  Holland.  In  1804, 
a British  settlement  was  established  on  the 
sjs  coast,  near  the  mouth  cf  the  Derwent, 


VAR 

which  is  called  Hobart,  The  altar  of  it3 
church  is  over  the  vault  of  colonel  Collins^ 
the  first  lieutenant  governor,  who  died  here 
in  1810.  Lon.  148  20  k,  lat.  42  30  s. 

VAN  DYKES,  JOST,  and  LITTLE^ 
'two  of  the  smaller  Virgin  Islands,  situated 
to  the  Nw  of  Tortola.  Lon.  63  I'5  w,  laU 
18  25  N, 


Vaniam  Bady,  a town  in  Mysore,  Hin- 
doostan,  55  miles  wsw  of  Arcot,  and  130  is 
ol  Seringa  patam. 

Vannes,  a trading,  populous,  and  ancient 
town  in  the  depurtuieni  of  Morbihan,  France, 
with  a harbour,  and  is  a bishop's  see,  on  tb»3 
gulf  oi  Morbihan  Corn,  fish,  and  bar  iron, 
form  the  principal  articles  of  cormneree,. 

It  is  three  miles  from  the  sea,  56  sw  oi  Ren- 
nes, and  255  w by  s of  Paris.  Lon.  2 46  v/ 
lat.  47  39  N. 

VAR,  a. department  of  France.  It  takes 
its  name  from  a river  which  Has  its  source 
in  the  county  of  Nice^  and  tails  into  tb« 
j Mediterranean,  three  miles  w of  Nice.  It 
1 includes  part  of  the  late  province  of  Pro- 
vence. Toulon  is  tlie  capital.  - 

Varcdlo,  a strong  town  in  the  MilanesSy 
Italy,  on  the  borders  of  Piedmont,  stands  on 
the  Sesia,  33  miles  e of  Aosta,  and  47  wnw 
of  Milan.. 

Varambon,  a town  in  the  department  oi 
Ain,  France,  seated  on  the  Am,  14  miles 
ssE  of  Bourgen  Bresse. 

Varasdin,  a town  of  Croatia,  near  the 
Drave,  with  a castle  and  citadel,  65  miles,, 
NNE  of  Carlstadt.  Lon.  16  32  e,  lat.  46 
25- N. 

Vardar,  a riv^r  which  has  its  source  m 
mount  Scardus,  European  Turkey,  and  runs 
s through  Macedonia,  into  the  gulf  of  Salo- 
iiica. 

Varella,  a cape  of  the  kingdom  of  Ciam- 


pa,  _ 

mountain,  noted  for  a high  rock,  like  a 
tower,  on  its  summit.  Lon.  109  17  b,  lat, 
12  50  N. 

Varendore,  a well  fortified  town  of  Ger- 
many, situated  on  the  Embs. 

Varennes,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Allier.  France,  on  an  eminence  near  the 
Allier,  20  miles  s of  Moulins. 

Warennes,  a small  town  in  the  department 
of  the  Meuse,  France.  Here  Louis  XVIo 
his  que^n,  sister,  and  two  children,  were 
stopped,  in  their  flight  from  the  capital,  in 
1791,  and  conducted  back  to  the  Tuilliries,- 
It  is  13  miles  n of  Clermont,  and  13  w by 
N of  Verdun. 

Varesa,  a town  of  Genoa,  13  miles  nnw 
of  Brugneto. 

VciT6S€,  or  Varssio,  a town  of  Italy,  in 
Milanese,  stands  near  a lake  of  the  same 
name,  and  the  source  of  the  Olona.  Here  a 
number  of  the  Milanese  nobility  reside.  It 
is  26  miles  nw  oi  Milan.  Lon.  8 51  e,  lat» 

45  48  N. . • , . 

Varhely,  a town  of  Trausylvama,  4(1 
miles  s of  Weisseiiburg. 

Varinas;^.  to'.vn  in  the  rrovince  of  Ven®*. 


situated  on  the  e coast.  Near  it  is  a 


V A U 

^hola,  Terra  Firma,  and  capita!  of  a district 
of  (he  same  name.  It  abounds  in  all  kinds 
of  fruit,  and  is  famous  for  chucoiate,  ISO 
miles  s by  e of  Venezuela.  Lon.  70  0 w, 
iat.  8 10  N. 

Varmiy  a considerable  town  of  European 
Turkey,  in  Bulgaria,  and  capital  of  the 
territory  of  Drobiigia,  with  a harbour,  seated 
Bear  the  month  of  the  Varna,  in  the  Biack 
sea,  and  is  an  archbishop’s  see,  2>2  miles  n 
of  Mesembria,  and  145  nw  of  Constaniinople, 
Lon.  28  28  B,  lat.  42  44  n. 

Varzeyy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Nievre,  France,  24  miles  n of  Nevers.' 

Vasily  a town  in  the  government  of 
Novogorod,  Russia,  on  the  Volga,  60  miles 
E of  Novogorod.  Lon.  45  44  e,  lat.  56 

16  K. 


. tr  c K 

Lyons,  who‘ opposed  the  doctrines  of  fh'» 
church  of  Rume,in  1160. 

PaavtUe^y  a town  in  the  department  of 
Manche,  France,  seated  on  a b' y of  tho 
same  name,  nine  miles  w of  Cherbu.g. , 
fauxhally  a village  im  Surry,  situated  on 
the  Tuames,  and  celebrated  for  its  gardens, 
which,  as  a place  of  public  entertainment, 
are  »..e  linest  in  Europe.  These  gardens 
are  open  to  company  every  day  of  the  week, 
excep;  Sunday  and  Friday,  at  half  past  six 
o’clock,  from  about  the  beginning  of  May 
to  the  end  of  August.  Upwards  of  100,000 
pprs(;ns  have  been  assembled  h“re  at  once, 
and  70c 0 have  supped  in  one  evening.  On 
gala  nights  14,000  lamps  have  been  used  in 
the  gardens  at  one  time,  two  miles  sw  of 
London. 


Vassalboroughy  a post  town  of  the  United 
States,  in  Lincoln  county,  district  of  Maine, 
stands  on  the  Kennebec,  nine  miles  n of 
Halloweii. 

Vasserbnrgy  a town  of  Bavaria,  in  the 
territory  of  Munreh,  28  -miles  e of 
Munich. 

Vassgy  a town  in  the  department  of  Upper 
Marne,  France,  seated  on  the  Blaise.  Here 
Ui  .7562,  commenced  a bloody  persecution  I 
of  the  protestants  by  order  of  the  duke  of 
Uuise,  10  miles  mv  of  Joinviile. 

Vatariy  a.  town  in  the  department  of  Indre, 
France,  eight  miles  mw  of  Isoudon. 
f Vati,  the  principal  harbour  of  the  isle  of 
Jarnos.  Lon.  27  13  e,  lat.  37  46  n. 

Vptica,  a sea  port  in  the  Morea,  European 
Turkey,  seated  on  a large  bay  of  its  name 
44  miles  se  of  Misitra.  Lon.  23  2 n,  lat. 
36  38  N. 

VAVAOO.oneof  the  Friendly  islands,  in 
the  South  Pacific  Ocean. 

Vauhariy  Fort,  See  Louis  Port, 

^ VaucouleurSy  an  ancient  town  in  the  de 
J^a^tment  of  the  Meuse,  Frtince,  stands  on 
the  side  of  a hill,  near  .the  Meuse,  10  miles 
w of  Toul,  and  23  se  of  Bar  le  Due. 

- Vauchf.sey  one  of  the  finest  springs  in  Eu- 
rope, celebrated  by  Petrarch,  eight  miles 
from  Avignon,  in  France.  It  gives  name  to 
one  of  the  new  departments  in  France,  of 
w hich  Avignon  is  the  capital 

VAUD,  PAYS  DE,  a pleasant  country  of 
Switzerland,  in  tbe  canton  of  Bern.  It  ex- 
tends along  the  lake  of  Geneva  ; and  is  rich- 
ly laid  out  in  vineyards,  corn  fields,  and 
luxuriant  meadows,  and  ohequfired  with  con- 
tinued bamlets,  villages  and  towns.  Lau- 
sanne is  the  capital. 

VaudableSy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Puy  de  Dome,  France,  live  miles  from 
Issoire. 

Vaademonty  a town  in  the  department  of 
MeHiribe,  France,  15  miles  se  of  Toul,  and 
18  s by  w of  Nancy. 

VaudoiSy  the  vallies  of,  lie  in  Piedmont,  in 
Italy,  N of  the  rnarquisate  of  Saluzzo,  the 
chief  town  in  w hich  is  Lucerna.  The  inha- 
bitants are  called  Vaudois,  and  also  Wald- 
icss,  from  Peter  Waldo,  a merchant  at 


Vaypura,  a town  in  Malabar,  Hindoostan, 
stands  at  the  mouth  cf  a fine  river,  by 
w’hich  much  teak  timber  is  floated  down  to 
the  sea  port,  seven  miles  s of  Calicut. 

Ubeduy  a considerable  and  populous  town 
I in  the  province  of  Andalusia,  Spain,  with  a 
j castle.  It  is  seated  in  a fertile  country, 

I near  the  Guadalquiver,  five  miles  ne  of 
Baeza,  ajjd  22  ne  of  Jaeri. 

UbberlmgeUy  a free  and  late  imperial  city 
of  Suabia,  in  West  Furstenburg,  ceded  to 
Baden  in  1802.  It  is  situated  on  a high 
rock,  near  the  lake  of  Constance.  Near 
it  are  celebrated  baths.  The  chief  trade  is 
in  corn  to  Switzerland,  seven  miles  n'  of 
Constance. 

VbersIiOy  a town  in  the  circle  of  Chrudin, 
Bohemia,  10  miles  ene  of  Chrudin. 

UbeSy  Sty  or  Setuoal  a fortified  town  in 
Esiremadura,  Portugal,  with  a citadel,  and 
a good  harbour,  defended  by  three  forts.  It 
is  built  on  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Setebriga, 
near  tbe  mouth  of  the  river  Cadaon,  and 
stands  at  the  end  of  a fine  plain,  five  miles 
long,  very  fertile  in  corn,  wane,  and  fruit. 

I The  N end  is  bounded  by  mountains  adorned 
! with  pines  eind  other  trees,  and  containing 
I quarries  of  jasper  of  various  colours.  It  has 
j a fine  fishery,  and  the  people  have  a very 
good  trade,  particularly  in  salt,  a great 
quantify  of  which  is  sent  to  the  American 
colonies.  It  is  22  miles  s£  of  Lisbon.  Lon. 
8 54  w,  lat.  38  22  n. 

UbigaUy  a towm  in  the  duchy  of  Saxony, 
on  the  Elster,  28  miles  se  of  Wittenberg. 

UBY,  or  PuEO  Uby,  an  islaiKt  of  Asia, 
in  the  Indian  ocean,  at  the  e side  of  the 
entrance  of  the  bay  of  Siam,  20  miles  in 
circumference.  It  affords  good  water,  and 
plenty  of  wood,  and  is  10  miles  irom  Pulo 
Condor.  Lon.  104  46  e,  lat.  8 55  x. 

Vcayal,  See  Apurimae. 

llcedOy  or  UzedUy  a lowui  in  New  Castile, 
Spain,  has  a castle,  and  stands  on  the  Xa- 
rama,  32  miles  nne  of  Madrid. 

Uchey  an  Indian  town,  .viiuated  on  the 
Citata  Uebe  river,  N America. 

Ucker,  a river  of  Germany,  which  issues 
from  a lake  of  the  same  name,  near  Prenzlo, 
in  the  Uckcr  Mark  of  Brandeiibuig,  run:*  n 


V E £ 


Hither  Pomerar^ia,  and  receiving  the  Ran- 
Hio,  Hows  into  the  Frisch  Haff,  at  Ucker- 

jnunde.  ^ „ 

Uckermunde,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
in  Hither  Pomerania,  duchy  of  Stettin, 
stands  near  the  Frisch  Haff,  at  the  mouth  ot 
the  Ucker,  25  miles  nw  of  Stettin. 

Uddemlla,  a sea  port  in  the  province  ot 
Eahus,  Sweden,  stands  on  a bay  of  the  Cate- 
gat.  It  has  spacious  streets  ; the  houses  are 
constructed  of  wood,  paintea  red,  or  yellow. 
Here  are  a strong  fort,  an  arsenal,  tar  and 
iron  works,  and  rope  walks.  It  has  a 
trade  in  iron,  planks,  and  herrings , 4fa 
miles  N of  Gothehurg.  Lon.  1 1 56  e,  lat. 

5S  20  N.  . . 

IJdenskoiy  or  Udin^^koi,  a town  in  Siberia, 
in  Irkutzk,  sealed  on  the  Selinga,  150  miles 
E of  Irkutzk.  Lon.  108  30  E,  lat.  52 

Ok.  . 

Udina,  or  Udene,  a handsome  and  consi- 
derable town  of  Friuli,  Italy,  capital  of 
Friuli,  containing  about  16000  inhabitants, 
with  a citadel.  On  the  suppression  of  the 
patriarchate  of  Aquilica,  in  1750,  it  became 
the  see  of  an  archbishop.  Here,  in  1797, 
a,  treaty  was  signed  between  the  trench  and 
Austrians.  The  towm  stands  in  a large 
plain,  on  the  river  and  canal  called  Roia. 

It  is  20  miles  kw  of  Aquileia,  and  65  ne  of 
Venice,  Lon.  13  3 e,  lat.  46  12  n. 

UdipUy  a lowui  in  Canara,  Hindoostan, 
with  a small  fort  in  the  vicinity.  It  has 
three  temples  in  a common  square,  sur- 
rounded by  1 4 convents.  The  town  is  seated 
amid  rice  fields  and  palm  gardens,  two 
miles  from  the  sea,  and  36  nnw  of  Manga- 

lore.  ^ . . 1 

Udmjy  a fertile  and  well  cultivated  parish 
in  Aberdeenshire,  sw  of  Ellon,  about  seven 
miles  and  a-hali  square,  of  a beautifully  va- 
riegated surface,  and  healthy  clima.te. 
Here  are  quarries  of  limestone  and  granite, 
£ind  some  valuable  woods.  Population 
about  1242. 

Udskoiy  a towm  in  the  province  of  Okotsk, 
Siberia,  on  theUd,  300  miles  sw  of  Okotsk. 
Lon.  135  30  E,  lat.  55  6 n. 

Vechtay  a fortified  town  of  Germany,  in 
Westphalia,  in  the  principality  of  Munster, 
on  a river  of  its  name,  27  miles  s of  Olden- 
burg, and  35  nne  of  Osnaburgh. 

Vecht  a river  of  Holland,  which  branches 
off  from  the  Rhine,  at  Utrecht,  and  falls 
into  the  Zuyder  Zee,  at  Munden. 

Vecht,  a river  of  Germany,  w^hicb  has  its 
.source  near  Munster,  in  Westphalia,  flows 
through  the  counties  of  Senfort  and  Ben- 
theim,  and  entering  Overyssel,  washes  Om- 
men,  Hasseit,  and  Swartzluys,  and  dis- 
charges itself  into  the  Zuyder  Zee,  under 
the  name  of  Swart  Water. 

Vedenskoiy  a town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Archangel,  on  the  Vokscaa, 
200  miles  ese  of  Archangel.  Lon.  46  44 
E,  lat.  58  45  N. 

Veere.  See  Tervere^ 

15 


Veepcy  Sty  a town  in  Cornwall,  two  mika 
from  Fowey. 

VegOy  a town  in  Asturias,  Spain,  near  th« 
sea,  34  miles  nw  of  Oviedo. 

Vegay  a town  in  the  province  of  Leon, 
Spain,  22‘ miles  nne  of  Leon.  Another  55 
miles  w of  Leon. 

P^eguy  a town  in  St  Domingo,  in  the 
finest  and  most  extensive  valley  in  the  is- 
land, seated  on  the  river  Yague,  65  miles  w 
of  Samana. 

Vegaymatiy  a town  in  the  province  ot 
Leon,  Spain,  28  miles  nne  of  Leon. 

VEGLIA,  an  island  in  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
nice, on  the  coast  of  Dalmatia,  and  to  the 
K of  Chersor  It  is  90  miles  in  circumfe- 
rence, rocky,  and  badly  cultivated,  but  is 
the  most  pleasant  and  populous  island  on 
this  coast,  and  abounds  in  wine  and  silk. 

Its  only  town  is  of  the  same  name,  and  has 
a good  harbour,  a strong  citadel,  and  is  a 
bishop^s  see,  17  miles  nW  of  Arba.  Lon. 

14  56  E,  lat.  45  22  N. 

Veglianciy  a town  of  Piedmont,  stands  on 
an  eminence,  near  the  Doria,12  miles  nw 
of  Turin. 

Vehy  a town  in  Moultan,  Hindoostan,  at 
the  conflux  of  the  Setledge  and  Indus,  63 
miles  ssw  of  Moultan.  Lon.  70  .5  e.  la\, 
29  8 N. 

Veirosy  a town  in  Alentejo,  Portugal,  on 
on  the  Anhalowra.  It  lies  10  miles  ssw  oi' 
Pcrtalegre. 

Veissenhurgy  a town  in  the  government  of 
Revel,  Russia,  near  the  gulf  of  Finland,  56 
miles  E of  Revel. 

Veity  St,  a town  in  Carinthia,  Germany* 
has  an  old  castle,  and  is  seated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Glau  and  Wunich,  three  miles  n 
of  Clagenfurt. 

Veit,  in  Istria.  See  Fhme. 

Vela,  a cape  on  the  n coast  of  Terra  Fir- 
ma,  160  miles  ene  of  St  Martha.  Lon.  7i. 
25  w,  lat.  12  30  N.  ^ 

Velay,  a late  province  of  France.  It  is 
full  of  high  mountains  covered  with  snow 
the  greatest  part  of  the  j’ear,  but  abounds  in 
cattle,  and  now  forms  the  department  of 

Upper  Loire.  ....  4. 

Velhurg,  a jtown  in  the  principality  ot 
Neubiirg,  Bavaria,  has  a decayed  castle, 
22  miles  nw  of  Ratisbon. 

VeldentZy  a town,  late  of  Germany,  in  tae 
palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  but  annexed  to 
France  in  December  1797,  and  included  m 
the  department  of  the  Sarre  and  Moselle. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Moselle,  and  tne  environ v 
produce  excellent  wine,  19  miles  ne  ot 
Treves. 

Veletri,  an  ancient,  pleasant,  and  _ hand- 
some  town  of  Italy,  in  Campagna  di  tvoma. 
It  is  seated  on  an  eminence,  and  has  esteo- 
sive  squares  adorned  with  fountains,  ana  a 
superb  palace  belonging  to  the  bishop  ot 
Ostia,  18  miles  sE  of  Rome. 

Ve!ex,  a town  in  New  Castile,  Spam,  -50 
miles  sE  of  Madrid. 

3 G 


V E N 

. Veley  dc  Gomara,  a town  of  Fez,  with  a 
harbour  on  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean, 
with  a castle,  seated  between  two  high 
mountains,  120  miles  ne  of  Fez.  Lon,  4 0 
w,  lat.  36  10  N. 

Vdez-Malaga,  a town  in  Granada,  .Spain, 
stands  in  c rich  plain  betw’^eu  two  rivers^ 
near  the  Mediterranean,  in  the  vicinity  is 
a manu'aciure  of  playing  cards,  13  miles  e 
by  N of  Malaga  , and  62  sw  of  Granada. 

7 clicalay  a tow'll!  on  the  head  of  the  penin- 
sula of  California,  near  the  coast  of  the 
North  Pacific  ocean.  Lon.  116  40  w\  lat. 
20  35  N, 

Vehkuy  a town  of  Sclavocia,  on  the  river 
Bakawa,  10  miles  e of  Cruetz,  and  60  nw 
of  Fosega. 

leJiki  Udiuffy  a province  of  Russia,  in 
Toiogda.  listing  is  the  capital. 

Ve/ore,  a town  of  the  peninsula  of  Hin- 
doostan,  in  the  Carnatic,  seated  on  the  Pa- 
liar,  wuth  a large  and  beautiful  fort,  which 
is  strongly  garrisoned.  The  town  is  pretty 
extensive,  and  well  built.  Above  it  are 
three  hills,  on  each  of  which  is  a fort.  It 
was  the  residence  of  the  late  sultan  of  My- 
sore, 14  miles  w of  Arcot,  and  about  90  w 
of  Madras, 

Veltzen,  See  Vltzen. 

VenufrOy  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in 
Terra  di  I.avoro,  stands  near  the  Volturno, 
26  miles  n by  w of  Capua. 

V enaissiny  a small  territory  on  the 
Rhone,  France,  lately  depending  on  the 
pope^s  dominions,  but  now  included  in  the 
<lepartment  ot  Vaiicluse.  It  is  pleasant  and 
fertile.  Carpentras  is  the  capital. 

Venanty  Sty  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Straits  of  Calais,  France,  on  the  Lis,  six 
miles  K by  w of  Bethuiie,  and  27  se  of 
Dunkirk. 

Venasqtie,  a town  in  Arragon,  Spain,  seat- 
ed in  a valley  of  its  name,  on  the  river  Es- 
sara.  It  is  47  miles  nne  of  Balbastro.  . 

Penasquey  a towui  in  the  "department  of 
the  \ aucluse,  France,  seated  on  theNasque, 
19  miles  ESE  of  Carpantras,  and  18  ene  of 
Avignon. 

Vcneaticherryy  a town  in  the  e part  of 
Mysore,  Hindoostan.  In  the  vicinity  iron 
is  smelted  from  black  sand.  Here  are  the 
ruins  of  the  rajahls  palace,  and  the  remains 
of  a fort.  It  was  ceded  to  the  English  by 
the  treaty  of  Seringapatam,  and  is  37  miles 
w of  Arcot,  and  38  e of  Bangalore. 

re«cc,  nn  ancient  towui  in  the  department 
of  V^ar,  F'rance,  lately  an  archbishop^s  see, 
nine. miles  N of  Antibes,  and  nine  w'  of 
Nice.- 

VENDEE,  a department  of  France.  It 
comprehends  part  of  the  late  province  of 
Poitou, extending  about. 60  miles  in  length 
from  w to  E,  ami  about  30  in  breadth  from 
w to  s,  but  towards  the  wvit  is  not  above  13 
broad.  It  has  its  name  from  the  small  river 
Vciidee.  F’onieuay  Je  Compte  is  the  capi- 
fni.  This  depurtmeiit  was  one  coutiimed 
seeue  of  biooLbhed  during  the  greater  part  of 


VEN 

the  revolutionary  war,  being  full  ©f 
grants  and  royalists. 

Vendeuy  a town  in  the  . government  of  Ri^ 
ga,  Russia,  seated  on  the  Aa,  36  miles  eke 
of  Riga. 

y endomcy  a considerable  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Loire  and  Cher,  France,  seated 
on  the  Loire,  30  miles  ne  of  Tours,  and  03 
sw  of  Paris. 

J’endrely  a town  of  Catalonia,  Spain,  23 
miles  vvsw  of  Barcelona. 

Veneritty  a town  of  Piedmont,  which  de- 
rives its  name  from  a magnificent  hunting 
seat  built  by  the  duke  of  Savoy.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Stura,  and  has  manufactures  of 
silk  and  wool,  eight  miles  nnw  of  Turin. 

VENEZUELA,  a province  of  Terra  Flr- 
ma,  in  the  government  of  Carac?as,  South 
America,  bounded  on  the  s by  New  Grana-* 
da,  on  the  n by  the  Caribbean  sea,  k by 
Caraccas,  and  w by  Rio  de  la  Dacha  and 
St  Martha.  It  stretches  round  a gulf  of  its 
name,  (which  runs  90  miles  inland  and  is  80 
broad,)  and  the  lake  Maracaybo.  When 
the  Spaniards  landed  here  in  1499,  they  ob- 
served some  huts  in  an  Indian  tillage  built 
upon  piles,  in  order  to  raise  them  above  the 
stagnated  water,  w^hich  induced  them  to 
give  this  place  the  name  Venezuela,  or  little 
Venice.  The  tops  of  the  lofty  mountains 
near  the  sea  coast  are  barren,  but  their 
lower  parts  are  fertile,  and  gold  is  found  in 
the  sands  of  the  rivers.  It  produces  plenty 
of  corn  twice  a-year,  with  fruits,  sugar,  to- 
bacco, cocoa,  <fec.  It  is  about  800  miles  in 
length,  and  as  much  in  breadth.  At  present 
it  is  said  to  contain  100,000  inhabitants,, 
who  live  tolerably  happy,  and  raise  great 
numbers  of  European  sheep,  and  mahufac^ 
turo  cotton  stuffs.  It  has  many  populous 
towns.  Its  capital,  of  the  same  name,  or 
Coro,  stands  near  the  sea  coast,  about. 50 
miles  SE  of  Cape  St  Roman.  This  town  is 
a bishop^s  see,  and  suffered  greatly  by  the 
earthquake  in  1812.  Lon.  70  13  w,  lat.  10 
30  N.  See  terba  firma. 

VENICE,  a late  celebrated  aristqcrati* 
republic  of  Italy,  which  comprehended  14 
jirovinces.  In  the  4th  century,  when  Attila, 
the  king  of  the  Huns,  called  the  Scourge  of 
God,  ravaged  the  n part  of  Italy,  many  of 
the  inhabitants  abandoned  their  country,  and 
retired  into  thjc  islands  of  the  Adriatic  Sea. 
As  these  islands  are  near  each  other,  they 
found - means  to  join  them  together,  by 
driving  piles  on  the  side  of  the  canals,  and 
on  which  they  built  houses,  and  thus  the 
superb  city  of  Venice  had  its  beginning. 
The  late  government  of  Venice  was  highly 
aristocratic.  The  doge  was  elected  by  a 
plurality  of  voices,  and  the  ducal  cap  was 
placed  on  bis  head  with  great,  ceremony,  in 
the  church  of  St  Mark,  He  held  his  dig- 
nity during  life ; and  bis  office  was  to 
marry  the  Adriatic  sea,  in  name  of  the  re- 
public ; to  preside  in  all  assemblies  of  the 
state ; to  superintend  all  the  members  of 
the  magistracy^  and  to  nominate  to  all 


V E N 

lh«  benefices  annexed  to  fue  cliuroU  of  St 

Mark  Oo  the  other  hand,  there -were  five 

.Vu  .0  n. 

be  has  been  justly  debDed  to  be 


in  habit 

ind  state,  a king;  in 

lor  ; in  the  city,  a prisoner  ; and  out  ot  i , 
a private  person.  This  constitution,  how- 


ever,  now  no  longer  exist." 


jNv  iiv  wvv  - over- 

thrown Vn  lT9T7and  by  “’'’.f 
Formio,  the  city  and  territory  of  ' '■i.ice, 
lying  to  the  s and  w of  the  Adige,  was  cf^cd 
to  Austria,  the  Venetians  are  Romanisls, 
but  they  tolerate  the  Greeks  and  Mahome- 
tans. The  Protestants  were  not  allowed  the 
free  exercise  of  their  religion,  but  they 
were  not  otherwise  much  persecuM.  1 ht 
head  of  the  clergy  is  patnarc h of  Ve- 
nice, who  must  bo  a noble  Venet  an,  and 
was  elected  by  the  senate.  The  clergy  m 
eeiieral  are  accounted  ignorant,  and  yet 
they  are  pretty  good  orators.  The  famous 
carnival  begins  wiih  the  year,  and  continues 
t'll  the  Lent : all  which  time  is  emplojed  in 
sports  and  diversions.  Then  libertinism 
rcip-us  through  the  city,  and  thousands  o 
foreip-ners  frequent  it  from  all  parts  ot  Ku- 
rop^."  The  principal  spot  of  the  masquerade 
is  St  Mark’s  Place,  where  there  are  some- 
times above  15,000  people,  and  it  swarms 
with  harlequins,  jesters,  mountebanks,  rope- 
dancers,  'and  puppet-shows.  Even  the 
'priests  and  monks  enjoy  tne  diversions  ot 
the  carnival ; but  when  these  are  over,  no- 
thing is  heard  from  the  clergy,  but  sermons 
about  repentance.  This  the  Venetians  ex- 
perienced annually.  But  whatever  degree 
of  licentiousness  may  prevail  among  the 
Venetians,  jealousy,  poison,  and  the  stiletto, 
have  been  long  banished  from  their  gallant- 
ry, and  the  poor  people  of 


some  qualities  very  rarely  to  ft  goncy. 


row:  and  so  are  I'le  canals,  except  the 
grand  canal,  which  is  very  broad,  and  has  a 

serpentine  course,  through  the  middle  oi  th^ 
city.  There  are  nearly  500  bridges  in  the 
dtv,  but  most  of  them  are  only  single  arch- 
es thrown  over  the  canals.  The  Rialto  con- 
sists of  a single  area,  but  it  is  a very  noble 
one,  and  of  marble,  built  across  the  grand 
canal,  near  the  middie,  where  it  is  narrow^- 
est.  The  arch  is  90  feet  Wide,  and  feet 
hio-h.  It  is  encumbered  on  the  top  with  two 
rows  of  bootiis,  or  shops.  The  view  from 
the  Rialto  is  equally  grand  and  magnifi- 
cent : the  canal  covered  with  boats  and 
ffondolas,  and  Banked  on  each  side  by  superb 
palaces,  churches,  and  spires.  The  only 
place  where  a person  can  walk  with  ease 
mid  safety  is  in  the  Piazza  di  fet  Marco  ; a 
kind  of  irregular  quadrangle,  lormed  by  a 
number  of  marble  edifices ; 
ducal  palace  ; the  churches  of  St  Mark  and 
St  Geminlano  ; and  a noble  range  of  build- 
ings, in  which  are  the  museum,  the  miiu, 
the  public  library,  &c.  The  patriarchal 
church  of  St  Mark,  though  one  of  the  rich- 
est and  most  expensive  in  the  world,  does 
not  attract  the  eye  at  first.  It  is 
by  five  domes.  The  treasury  of  St  Mark  is 
very  rich  in  jewels  and  relics.  In  the  nmi^e- 
rous  churches  and  convents,  the  pai/itings 
are  the  most  to  be  admired,  and  m this  ves^- 
pect  Venice  far  surpasses  even  Rome  ‘tselt. 
The  ducal  palace  is  an  immense  building, 
entirely  of  marble,  and  before  the  revoluuon 
it  contained  the  appanments  of  the  doge, 
halls  and  chambers  for  the  senate,  and  the 
different  councils  and  tribunals ; and  an  ar- 
mory in  which  a great  number  of  muskets 
were  kept,  ready  charged,  that  th  ‘ noblc:* 
might  arm  themselves  on  any  sudden  emer- 
® - ‘ --1-.-^^  ^3  a covered 


From  the  palace 


tuuic:  ^uciiivx.-o  .v-.^  ^ I of  pornmunication  to  a state  prison, 

that  sphere  of  life,  being  remarkably  -obe.  | „e 

and  obliging  to  ^ ^TheVe-  meaU  of  the  ducal  palace  ave  ornamented 

their  intercourse  with  each  other,  ine  ve  j|  . 


netians,  in  general,  are  tall,  and  b^ive^a 
ruddy  brown  colour,  with  dark  eyes.  The 
women  are  of  an  easy  address,  and  oi  no 

'''*^’nie7*^a*cfiy  of  Italy,  one  of  the  most  ||  lofty  pillars  of  gramte 

celebraS  m the  world,  'a’nd  capital  of  the  .1  race  ts  a fortd.cation 
late  republic  of  the  same  name,  sioiated  in 
the  Dogado,  It  has  an  university,  ana 
stands  on  72  little  islands  in  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
nice. The  aproaeh  to  the  city  i marked  by 
TOWS  of  stakes  on  each  side,  which  direct 
vessels  of  a certain  burden  to  tivoid  the  shal- 
lows. Tlr*  lake  on  which  Venice  stands, 
about  five  miles  from  the  main  land,  is  a 
kind  of  small  inner  gulf,  separated  from  the 
large  one  by  some  islands,  at  a few  miles 


l.by  the  pencils  of  Titian,  Paul  Veronese, 
Tiiitoret,  Palma,  the  Bassaris,  mul  ctati 
I painters.  There  is  an  opening  from  br 
i Mark’s  place  to  the  sea,  on  which  stands  . w o 
■ " ’s  of  granite.  The  ar.>enal  of  v e- 

uiee  is  a fortification  of  between  two  und 
three  miles  in  compass ; it  is  ntouco  it  dock 
yard,  and  a repository  for  naval  and  militury 
stores.  Here  the  Venetians  ibed  to  bund 
their  ships,  cast  their  emmoos,  make  lii  nr 
cables,  sails,  anchors,  &c.  I'  m Venttians 
have  a flourishing  trade  m silk  manula.. 


distance.  T 


ho  number  of  inhabitants  is 


computed  to  be  about  160,000.  The  houses 
are  built  on  piles,  and  the  greater  part  of 
them  have  a door  opening  upon  a caual,  and 
another  into  a rtreet,  by  means  of  which, 
and  of  the  bridges,  a person  may  go  to  al- 
most any  part  <jf  the  city  by  land,  as  well  as 
by  water.  The  streets,  in  general,  are  nat- 


mres,  boneiace,  a^nd  all  sorts  ol  glasses,  nn.l 
mirrors,  which  make  their  principal  employ- 
ments  The  handsome  structure  called  li 
Fonfiia  di  Tedeschi,  coutainmg  _21i  __^hop_s 


and  500 


rooms,  is  that  where  the  German 

merchants  lay  tlieir  I -’t  ■ 

bank  of  Venice  is  supposed  to  bo  t le  i,  ., 
of  tne  kind  in  Europe,  after  the  model  ot 
which,  those  of  Amsterdam  and  Humburgli 
were  established.  There  are  two  academies 
of  puintinit,  to  which  belong  very  skiUul 
masters,  In  this  city  a famoas  caimvat  is 
iJ  G 2 


V E R 

beld  from  Gbristmas  till  Ash-wcdnesday, 
during  which  libertinism  reigns  through  the 
city,  which,  altracts  thousands  of  foreigners 
from  all  parts  of  Europe.  The  chief  diver- 
sions are  ridottos  and  masquerades,  and  St 
Mark  is  the  general  rendezvous.  This  city 
was  one  of  the  richest  and  most  commercial 
in  Europe  ; for  this  it  was  indebted  at  first, 
to  the  monoply  of  the  commerce  of  India ; 
the  goods  of  that  country  being  conveyed, 
in  the  middle  ages,  up  the  gulf  of  Persia,  the 
Euphrates,  and  the  Tigris,  as  far  as  Bagdad  ; 
thence  by  land  across  the  desert,  to  Palmy- 
ra ; and  thence  to  the  ports  iu  the  Mediter- 
ranean : and,  afterwards  the  supplying  of 
the  crusaders  with  provisions  and  military 
stores  was  a source  of  wealth  and  power. 
The  discovery  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  by 
the  Portuguese  in  1486,  with  its  consequen- 
ces, has  reduced  Venice  from  a state  of  the 
highest  splendor  to  comparative  insignifi- 
cance. In  no  place  have  the  effects  of  Bo-^ 
naparte’s  usurpation' been  more  sensibly  felt 
than  here ; the  total  stagnation  of  com- 
merce, produced  by  Napoleon’s  anti-Britan- 
iiic  regulations,  have  reduced  many  opulent 
iamiiies  to  a state  of  absolute  beggary. 
Venice  is  included  in  the  province  called 
the  Dogado,  and  is  72  miles  e by  n of  Man- 
tua ll^KEof  Florence,  140  e of  Milan, 
212  N of  Rome,  and  300  n by  w of  Naples, 
Lou.  12  10  E,  lat.  45  26  n. 

Venice^  Gulf  ofy  or  the  Adriatic  Sea,  a 
sea  between  Italy  and  part  of  Turkey  in 
Europe.  It  is  the  ancient  Adria*ioum 
Mare,  and  is  yet  called  the  Adriatic  sea.  In 
it  are  numerous  islands,  and  many  bays  or 
small  gulfs,  on  each  const.  The  ceremony 
of  the  doge  of  Venice  marrying  the  Adriatic 
annually  on  Ascension-day\  by  dropping  into 
it  a ring  from  his  state  barge,  attended  by 
all  the  nobility  and  ambassadors  in  gondolas, 
was  internaitted  in  1707,  for  the  first  time, 
for  several  centuries. 

renlOy  a town  in  Upper  Guelderlaud,  Ne- 
therlands. It  is  situated  on  the  e side  of 
the  river  Mfiese,  oppo  :te  Fort  St  Alichael, 
where  there  is  a commodious  harbour. 
Venlo  was  taken  by  the  allies  iu  1702,  and 
confirmed  to  the  Dutch  by  the  barrier  treaty 
in  1715,  and  surrendered  to  the  French  in 
1794,  12  miles  n of  Ruremonde,  Lon.  6 6 
JE,  lat.  D I 22  N. 

»'  ^iiosuy  a town  of  Naples,  in  Basilicata, 
on  the  Gi'amo,  18  miles  nw  of  Acerenzu. 

Venta  dt  Cruz,  a town  of  Terra  Firma, 
on  the  is  hm us  of  Diirien,  and  cn  the  Chag- 
re.  Hither  the  Spaniards  were  wont  to 
bring  the  merchandize  of  (thili  and  Peru  on 
mules  from  Panama,  to  be  conveyed  by  the 
river  to  Porto  Bello,  20  miles  n of  Pa- 
nama. 

VenzOne,  a tov  r in  the  country  of  Friuli, 
Italy,  sfe^ds  cu  the  Tagliamento,  J8  miles 
ol  ioh. 

/ mi  ancient  town  in  Granada,  Spain, 
with  a bnrboiir.  It  is  32  mHcs  sw- of  Car- 


VER 

thagcna,  34  nne  of  Almeria,  and  89  ® 
Granada. 

Ver<ty  a towm  in  Navarrb,  Spain,  seated 
on  the  Bidassoa,  28  miles  n by  w of  Pam*^ 
plona. 

Vera  Cruz,  a city  of  New  Spain,  in  Tlas-^ 
cala,  and  the  grand  port  of  Mexico,  or  New* 
Spain,  having  a safe  harbour,  defended  by  a 
fort,  on  a rock  of  the  island  St  Juan  de 
Ulua,  nearly  adjoining.  It  is  i^erhaps  one 
of  the  most  considerable  places  for  trade  in 
the  world,  being  the  natural  centre  of  the 
American  treasure,  and  the  magazine  for  all 
the  merchandise  sent  from  New  Spain,  or 
that  is  transported  thither  from  Europe.  It 
receives  a prodigious  quantity  of  East  India 
produce,  by  way  of  Acapulco  from  the  Phi- 
lippine islands.  On  the  site  of  this  town, 
Cortez  landed,  in  1519,  with  590  Spaniards, 
and  undertook  the  conquest  of  Mexico,  and 
being  determined  to  conquer  or  die,  he  sunk 
the  ships  which  conveyed  his  handful  of 
men  thither.  The  Old  Town,  16  miles  to 
the  Nw^,  is  deemed  the  first  colony  founded 
by  Cortez.  The  city  is  regularly  and  ele- 
gantly built,  of  materials  drawn  from  the 
bottom  of  the  sea,  as  no  rock  is  to  be  found 
in  the  environs,  nor  any  portable  springs. 
The  inhabitants  are  supplied  by  rain  water 
preserved  in  cisterns  The  number  of  Spa- 
nish inhabitants  is  about  3000,  mulattoes  and 
mongrels,  and  the  whole  population  is  esti- 
mated at  16,000,  exclusive  of  the  militia  and 
sea- faring  people.  An  annual  fair  is  held 
here  for  the  merchandise  of  the  Old  World, 
which  is  much  frequented.  It  is  situated  in 
the  E extremity  of  the  province  of  Tiascala. 
Vera  Cruz  is  190  miles  e by  s of  the  city 
of  Mexico.  Lon.  96  9 w,  lat.  19  12  n. 

VERAGUA,a  province  of  New  Spain,  in 
the  audience  of  Guaiimala.  It  is  about  125 
miles  long,  and  40  broad ; and  is  a moun- 
tainous and  barren  country.  It  was  graut- 
ed  to  Christopher  Columbus,  with  the  title 
of  duke,  and  his  posterity  still  enjoy  it,  A 
good  deal  of  gold  and  silver  is  obtained 
here.  The  capital  is  St  Jago. 

VER  APAZ,  a province  of  New’  Spain,  in 
I the  audience  of  Guatimala.  It  is  about  144 
miles  in  length,  and  28  in  breadth,  and  is 
full  of  dreadful  mountains,  and  thick  for- 
ests, yet  there  are  many  fertile  valleys. 
The  chief  commodities  are  cocoa,  cotton, 
drugs,  and  wool.  There  are  also  many 
towms  and  villages  of  the  native  Americans. 
The  capital  is  of  the  same  name.  It  is  si- 
tuated on  a river,  W’hich  runs  into  the  gulf 
of  Dulce,  and  is  a bishop’s  see,  though  an 
incohsiderabl " place,  120  miles  nk  of  Gua- 
timala. Lon.  91  2 w,  lat.  14  46  n. 

Verhano.  See  Maggiore, 

Verberie,  an  ancient  towm  iu  the  depart- 
ment of  Oise,  France,  on  the  Oise,  10  miles 
NE  of  Senlis. 

Verceliy  aii  ancient,  handsome^  and  consi- 
derable city  of  Piedmont,  capital  of  a- lord- 
ship of  the  same  name,  and  now  the  capital 


V E R 


of  the  department  of  Sessia,  It  is  situated 
at  the  confluence  of  the  rivers  Sessia  and 
Cerva,  Its  lortiftcation^  were  demolished 
bv  the  French  iiv  1705.  The  governor's  pa- 
lace, the  town-house,  and  the  hospital,  are 

handsome  edifices.  The  population  amounts 

to  20,000,  10  miles  of  Cassal,  and  40 
NB  of  Turin.  Lon.  8 24  e,  iat.  45  31  n, 
Vercfiolensk,  a town  of  Russia,  in  the 
jroverunient  ot  Irkutsk,  on  the  Lena,  1 
miles  N of  Irkutsk.  Lon.  i05  35  E,  lat. 

54  0 N.  . . , 

yerchoturaySL  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Perm.  It  is  a bishop’s  see, 
and  was  the  first  town  built  by  the  Russians 
in  Siberia.  It  stands  near  the  Tura,  120 
miles  N of  Catherinenburg,  Lon.  60  15  e, 
lat.  50  45  N. 

Verd,  Cape,  a promontory  on  the  w coast 
of  Africa,  145  miles  to  the  sw  of  the  mouth 
of  the  Gambia.  Lon.  17  31  w,  lat.  14  44 
VERD,CAPE  DE,  ISLANDS,  lie  m the 
Atlantic  ocean,  about  400  miles  w of  the 
cape  of  that  name,  between  lat.  13  0 and 
19  0 N.  The  principal  are  10  in  number, 
viz.  St  Antonio,  St  Vincent,  St  Lucia,  St 
Nicholas,  the  isle  of  Sal,  Bonavista,  Mayo, 

St  Jago,  Fuego,  and  Bravo.  They  are 
said  to  have  been  known  to  the  ancients, 
under  the  name  of  Gorgades,  but  not  visited 
by  the  moderns  till  1446,  when  Anthony 
Noel,  a Genoese,  in  the  service  of  Portugal, 
discovered  them,  and  from  their  situation, 
gave  them  the  general  'name  of  Cape  Verd. 

St  Jago  is  the  principal. 

Verdej  or  Green  Island^  on  the  n coast  oi 
South  America,  stands  at  the  mouth  of  the 

nver  St  Martha.  , . , rw  * 

VERDEN,  a duchy  in  the  circle  of  M est- 
phalia,  Germany,  on  the  e oi  the  Weser, 
extending  in  length  and  breadth  about  28 
miles.  It  consists  chiefly  of  high  dry  lands, 
and  heaths  ; but  on  the  rivers  Alter  and 
Weser  are  rich  marshes.  Formerly  it  was  ’ 
a bishopric,  but  was  secularised,  ai  the 
peace  of  Westphalia,  and  ceded  to  Sweden. 
The  Danes  took  it  in  1712,  and,  in  1715, 
ceded  it  to  the  electoral  house  of  Brunswick, 
which  cession  in  1718,  was  confirmed  by 
the  Swedes.  The  inhabitants  are  Luthe- 
rans. _ , 

Verden,  the  capital  of  the  above  duchy, 
stands  on  a branch  of  the  Alter,  contains 
four  churches,  and  is  18  miles  ese  of  Bremen, 
Lon.  9 29  e,  lat.  52  58  n. 

Vcrderonney  or  La  Bourlarderie,  an  is- 
land on  the  E cca^rt  of  Cape  Breton.  It  is 
about  seven  or  eightleagues  in  length. 

Verdun,  an  ancient  and  ccusiderable 
town  in  the  department  of  Meuse,  France, 
and  a bishop’s  see.  The  citadel  was  con- 
structed by  Vauban,  who  was  a native  of 
this  place.  Besides  the  cathedral,  there  are 
one  collegiate,  and  nine  parish  churches  j 
and  it  is  divided  into  the  Upper,  Lower,  and 
New  towns.  • In  1792,  Verdun  surrendered 
to  the  Prussians,  but  was  retaken  soon  after. 
It  is  situated  on  the  river  Maese,  42  miles 


V E R 

S5W  of  Luxemburg,  and  140  e by  N of  Paiis*- 
Lon.  5 28  e,  lat.  49  9 n. 

Verdun,  a small  but  handsome  and  popu- 
lous  town  in  the  deiiartment  of  Upper  Ga- 
ronne, France,  seated  on  the  Garonne,  29 
miles  NNW'  of  Toulouse.  Lon.  I 20  e,  iat. 

43  54  N. 

Verdun,  a town  in  the  department  of  Sa- 
oue  and  Loire,  France,  stands  on  the  Saoue. 
at  the  junction  of  the  Doubs,  27  miles  s of 
Dijon,  and  30  e by  s of  Autun. 

Verea,  a town  in  Macedonia,  European 
Turkey,  48  miles  w of  Salonita. 

Vereria,  a town  in  the  government  of 
Moscow,  Russia,  56  miles  wsw  of  Mos- 
cow. 

Vergennes,  one  of  the  most  flour fsbing 
and  commercial  towns  oi  Vermont,  in  Addi- 
son county,  stands  on  Otter  creek,  six  mites 
from  its  mouth  in  lake  Champlain,  and  10 
N of  Middleburg. 

VERGORAZ  and  NARENTA,  a pro- 
vince of  Dalmatia,  36  miles  long,  and  13 
broad,  with  17,000  inhabitants. 

Verim,  a town  of  Terra  Firma,  in  the 
province  of  Comana,  stands  on  a gulf  of 
the  Atlantic.  It  is  famous  for  its  tobacco, 
and  is  45  miles  e of  Comana.  Lon.  63  44 
\v,  lat.  10  8 N. 

VERMANDOIS,  a late  territory  ot 
I France,  in  Picardy,  now  included  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aisne,  It  is  fertile  in  com 
and  excellent  flax. 

Verraanton,  a town  in  the  department  ot 
Yonne,  France,  14  miles  sse  of  Auxerre. 

Vermejo,  or  Bermejo,  an  island  end  port 
on  the  coast  of  Peru.  Also  a river  that 
has  its  source  in  Tucuman,  on  the  frontiers 
of  Peru,  runs  se  and  enters  the  Paragua,  a 
little  above  its  junction  wdtli  the  Panara. 
Vermillias  Barryeras,  on  the  coast  of 

Brazil.  ^ 

VERMONT,  one  of  the  United  States  oi 
America,  lies  between  Ion.  71  32  and  73  25 
w,  and  between  lat.  42  44  and  45  0 n- 
j Computing  by  the  latitudes,  taa  length  oi 
the  state  Irom  s to  the  n boundary,  is  about 
) 157  miles,  and  the  main  width,  from  e to  w, 
about  65.  It  is  divided  into  11  counties, 
Windham,  Windsor,  Orange,  Caledomu, 
Essex,  Bennington,  Rutland,  Addison,  Chit- 
tenden, Franklin,  and  Orleans.  These  are 
subdivided  into  upwards  of  230  townships, 
which  are  generally,  six  miles  square.  In 
180 1 , according  to  the  census  then  taken, 
the  number  of  inhabitants  in  this  state  \yas 
154,465,  ill  1810,  217,913.  The  number 
has  since  greatly  increased.  The  peop.u  are 
an  industrious,  brave,  hardy,  aclive,  Irugtu 
race.  The'  soil  is  deep,  and  oi  a dark  co- 
lour, rich,  moM,  warm,  and  loamy.  It 
bears  corn  and  olher  kinds  ol  gram. 
Throimh  this  state  there  is  one  continued 
ran2:e  uf  mountain.',  called  the  Green  moun- 
tains, from  their  perpetual  verdure,  and 
which  gave  name  to  the  state.  Kennington 
Peak,  one  of  the  highest,  is  3454  leet  above 
the  iJvel  of  the  ocean.  The  natural  growth 


V E R 

Upon  this  chain  of  mountains  is  hemlock^ 
pmes,  spruce,  and  otuer  ever-greens  From 
tiiese  mountains  issua  numerous  streams  and 
rivers:  the  iaigest  are  on  the  v.-  side,  ami 
the  chief  are  Oner  Creek,  Onion  river. 
IMoilie,  and  Mischisooui ; the  most  nume- 
rous are  on  the  e side,  the  larg-est  of  which 
are  West  river,  White  river,  and  Poousoom- 
suc.  Iron  and  lead  ores  of  several  kinds, 
pipe-clay,  which  has  been  wrought  into  du- 
rable crucibles,  and  quarries  of  wdiite,  grey, 
gild  variegated  marble,  have  been  found  in 
ditterent  parts  of  this  state.  The  trade  of 
\ ermont  is  principally  to  Boston,  Hartford, 
and  New  York.  In  no  country  is  educa- 
tion more  attended  to.  A charier  for  a 
richly  endowed  university  was  granted  by 
the  iegislature  of  this  state,  in  1791,  to  be 
established  at  Burlington.  In  1792,  the 
state  of  the  militia  was  a.«  follows  : 20  re- 
giments of  infantry,  15  companies  of  caval- 
ry, and  six  companies  of  artillery  ; the 
whole  computed  at  18,500.  Vermont 
sends  two  representatives  to  congress,  and 
has  been  settling  only  since  about  the  year 
T764,  Bennington  is  the  chief  town. 

Fernet.  See  Is^oire, 

FcrueuU,  a town  in  the  department  of 
the  Eure,  Franee,  seated  on  the  Aure,  22 
miles  sw  of  Evreux,  and  65  w by  s ef 
Paris. 

Verneuil,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Allier,  Franee,  three  miles  from  the  river 
Aiiier,  and  15  s of  Moulins. 

Vernois,  a considerable  town  of  Russia, 
ill  ihe  government  of  Rezzan,  Lon.  42  29 
E,  lat.  53  15  N. 

Vernouy  a handsome  and  populous  towm 
in  the  department  of  Eure,  France,  has  a 
fortress  at  the  end  of  the  bridge,  over  the 
Seine,  27  miles  se  of  Rouen,  and  42  nw  of 
Paris. 

Feroli^  an  ancient  town  of  Italy,  in  Cam- 
pagna  di  Roma.  It  is  a small  but  populous 
place,  at  the  foot  of  the  Appenines,  ou  the 
Cosa,  three  miles  s of  .diatri. 

Feroruiy  a large,  ancient,  and  famous 
city  of  Italy,  and  capiial  of  the  Veronese, 
and  a bishop^s  see.  It  is  surrounded  by 
thick  vvalls,  deep  ditches,  and  good  ram- 
parts, and  has  three  forts.  The  streets  are 
neither  straight  nor  clean,  the  best  is  that 
called  the  Cut  so.  There  is  a handsome 
square  called  the  Piazza  d’Armi.  The  ri- 
ver Adige  divides  it  into  two  parts,  which 
are  conrectcd  by  four  liandsonie  bridges. 
The  most  remark  able  stiuciure  in  this  eily 
is  the  ancient  amphiiljratre  built  by  the  Ro- 
mans, in  which  there  arc  44  rows  of  seats  or 
benciics,  of  white  marbb-,  which  w ill  con- 
veniently hold  about  25,009  peiKcns,  In 
the  tOwn-liouse  are  the  statues  of  live  illus- 
trious natives  of  Verona;  namely  ( atullus, 
T^miilius,  Marcus,  Coruelius  Nepos,  the 
r der  Pliny,  and  X^itruvius.  Besides  the 
railjcdral,  an  ancient  (udliic  structure, 
are  48  parish  churches,  4 1 tnuiveiUs, 
hospitals,  and  13  churches  cd’  other 


V E R 

denominations.  In  the  palaces  of  Bevilac- 
qua  and  Seipio  Maffei  are  many  valuable 
paintings,  antiques,  and  other  curiosities. 
Above  60  kinds  of  marble  are  found  in  the 
neighbourhood,  with  w hich  most  of  the  hou- 
ses are  built.  Verona  is  situated  bn  the  river 
Adige,  by  which  they  transport  considera- 
ble quauiiiies  of  merchandise  to  Venice* 
Near  the  city  is  a delightful  place,  called 
Campo  Marzo,  w'here  two  annual  fairs  aia 
held  in  Alay  and  November.  Verona  w^as 
taken  by  the  French  in  1796,  and  retaken 
by  the  Austrians  in  1799.  It  is  20  miles  ne 
of  Mantua,  and  45  w of  Venice*  Lon.  1 1 
18  E,  lat.  45  26  N, 

VERONESE,  a province  of  Italy,  in  the 
territory  of  Venice,  bounded  ou  the  n by 
FrentinOj  e by  Vicenliiio,  s by  Mantuan,  and 
w by  Bresciano,  about  35  miles  in  length, 
and  27  in  breadth.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
fertile  countries  in  Italy,  abounding  in  corn, 
wine  fruits,  and  cattle.  It  is  comprehentled 
under  the  kingdom  of  Italy. 

Veroritzay  a strong  town  of  Sclavocia, 
near  the  Drave,  65  miles  \ w of  Essek. 

Verrez,  a town  of  Piedmont,  has  a for- 
tress so  strong  by  nature,  as  to  be  deemed 
impregnable.  It  is  15  miles  sse  of  Aosta, 
and  35  n of  Turin. 

Verrieresy  a town  of  Switzerland,  in  the 
territory  Of  Neufchatel.  The  vicinity  is  fa- 
! mous  for  excellent  cheese.  It  is  six  miles 
ENE  of  Pontarlier,  and  20  wsw^  of  Neu- 
chatel. 

Verrua,  a town  in  AlontsCrrat,  Piedmont, 
seated  on  a hill  near  the  Po.  In  1705,  it 
was  taken  by'  the  French,  after  a severe 
siege  of  six  months,  but  it  did  not  surrender 
till  the  commander  had  blown  up  the  forti- 
fications, and  the  place  had  become  a heap 
of  ruins,  IS  miles  w of  Casal,  and  20  ne  of 
Turin. 

Versailles f a town  in  the  department  of 
Seine  and  Oise,  France,  10  miles  w'sw  of 
Paris.  It  contains  60,000  inhabitants.  In 
the  reign  of  Lewis  XITI.  it Avas  only  a small 
village,  in  a forest,  30  miles  in  circuit ; and 
here  this  prince  built  a hunting  seat.  Al- 
thougii  the  situation  w^as  low^  and  very  unfa- 
vourable, Lewds  XIV.  enlarged  it  into  a 
magnificent  palace,  which  was  the  usual  re- 
sidence of  the  kiiigs  of  France,  till  ihe  6th 
of  October  1789,  w hen  the  lat(^  unfortunate 
Lewis  XVI-  ami  his  famil}  were  reniowd 
from  it  to  the  Thuilleries.  The  buildings 
and  the  gardens  are  adorned  w ith  a vastmini- 
ber  of  statues,  done  by  the  finest  artists ; and 
the  water-w'Orks  are  much  admired.  The 
great  gallery  is  thought  to  be  as  curious  a 
piece  of  workmanship,  of  that  kind,  as  any 
in  the  world.  The  gardens,  with  th  ‘ park, 
are  live  miles  in  cinuimference,  and  siir- 
rounded  by  walls.  ■ There  are  three  fine 
avenues  to  Versailles.  x4fter  the  revolution 
it  wTs  made  a bishop’s  see.  Lon.  2 7 e, 
lat.  48  48' 

Versailles,  the  chief  towm  of  Woodford 
countn*,  Kentucky,  stands  on  a rivulet,  that 


V E S 

into  Kentucky  river, 
w’by  s of  texingtoii. 

I'er^ti,  a town  in  II\ingary 


UFA 


It  lies  13  miles 
Here  are 


extensive 


barracks,  and  in  lUe  viouiity  tuc^ 
ruins  of  a castle,  18  miles  N of  Vipalanca, 
and  40  s of  Temeswar 


oteat  fertility,  beauty,  and  popnlatioQs 
Next  ai)Ove  lliis  is  a scene  of  deva4?ition 
covered  svith  lava.  Th(3  upper  part  r sem- 
biing  a truncated  cone,  is  covered  almost  en- 
tirely with  afehes,  and  extremely  ditlicuit 
of  ascent.  Tiie  top  exhibits  a narrow  ledge 


was  made  to  form  a harbour,  in  opposition 
to  Geneva,  but  theenterprize  was  soon  ahan^ 
doned,  six  miles  se  of  Gex,  and  7 N of 
Geneva> 

Vert  Bay;  See  Fundy, 

Vertus,  a town  in  the  department  of  liiar- 
ne,  France,  stands  at  the  foot  of  a mountain, 
enriched  by  good  vineyards,  17  miles  sw  of 
Chalons,  and  78  ke  of  PaVis.  ^ 

Verviers,  a town  of  the  Netherlands,  m the 
bishopric  of  Leige,  seated  on  the  Weze,  and 
Las  a trade  in  cloth,  four  miles  $w  of  Lmi- 
burg,  and  17  ese  of  Leige. 

VerviMS,  a town  in  the  department  of  A is- 
ne,  France,  on  the  Serre,  celebrated  for  a 
treaty,  in  1598,  between  Philip  11.  ot  fepam^ 
and  Henry  IV  oi  France,  40  miles  NE  Oi 
Soissons^  and  110  from  Paris 


OI  asuom.  A UU  — -Ja- 

. ^ of  Ain.  1 of  burnt  earth,  or  cinders  about  two  miles 

a town  m the  . attliel  in  circuit,  with  the  crater  open  beneath, 

France,  stands  on  the  lake  ^ - aHenipt  I nearly  350  fe^3t  in  depth.  Its  shelving  sides 

mouth  of  the  Aer^oix.  Ini  > . J I ashes,  and  cinders,  intermixed 

with  rocks  and  masses  of  lava,  inclosing  at 
the  bottom  a flat  space  of  half  a mile  in 
diameter.  To  the  s of  this  cone,  separated 
by  a deep  deli,  is  a ridge  cailal  Monte  di 
Somma,‘irom  a town  that  stands  near  its 
I base.  The  distance  in  a straight  line  be- 
I tween  these  two  summits,  is  about  3000  fCeL 
On  the  side  tov/ards  the  cone,  the  ridge  ex- 
hibits a TU:.^ged  i;recipiec,  but  the  other  side* 
slope  gently  to  the  plain.  The  fust  erup- 
tion of  t!ii.  vole,  no  was  in  the  ye,  r 79  of 
the  Christian  era,  under  Titus.  It  was  ac- 
contpanied  by  an  earthquake,  which  over- 
turned  several  cities,  pa.ticulariy  Pompeii 
and  Herculaneum.  In  this  eruption,  Pliny 
the  naturalist,  by  his  too  great  curiosity, 
jj  lost  his  life.  Great  quantities  of  ashe^;  and 


issons,and  110  rom  i ^ ^ g^^oke  were  carried  not  only  to 

Fer«wc/o,atownot  Pieamom,seaiea  iiia  i Mediterranean 


fertile  soil,  neat  the  Vratia,  has  a castle, 
and  is  surrounded  with  ancient  walls,  flank-  j 
cd  with  tow'ers,  three  miles  s of  Saluzzo* 
Veselevo,  a village  of  Lithuania,  on  the 
Berezine.  Here,  in  1812,  Bonaparte  in  his 
retreat  from  .Moscow,  threw  two  bridges 
over  the  river,  by  which  part  of  his  army 
passed  on  November  27,  but  being  attacked 
in  the  rear  by.  the  Russians,  he  burnt  the 
brUlo’es,  and  those  which  had  not  passed  laid 
dowm  tlieir  arms;  all  'their  baggage  was 
taken,  including  what  had  been  pillaged 
from  the  churches  and  inhabitauts  of  Mos- 
cow, 11  miles  wNvv  of  Borisow.  See 
Zimbiii. 

Veselize,  a town  in  the  department  oi 
Meurthe,  France,  seated  on  the  Brenon,  12 
miles  s of  Nancy,  24  se  of  toul,  and  102 
SE  of  Paris. 

Vedey,  a town  in  the  department  ot  Ais- 
r.e,  France,  on  the  Aisne,  10  miles  exe  of 
Soissons. 

Vesoul,  a town  in  the  department  ot  Up* 
per  Saone,  France,  near  the  river  Burgeon, 
at  the  foot  of  a mountain.  It  is  the  capital 
of  thg  department,  and  has  a medicinal  spring 
in  the  vicinity,  24  miles  n of  Besancon,  and 
108  ESE  of  Troys.  Lon.  6 S e,  lat.  47  36  N. 

Vespririy  or  Wehhrain,  a populous  town 
of  Lower  Hungary,  capital  of  a county  ot 
the  same  name,  with  a castle,  seated  on  the 
Sed,  19  miles  w by  s of  Stuhlwei-senburg, 
33  SE  of  Vienna,  and  70  ese  of  Presburg. 
Lon.  17  57  E,lat.  47  1(3  N. 

VESUVIUS,  a celebrated  volcano  of 
Italy,  in  Naples,  yeven  miles  e of  Naples. 
The. mountain  is  about  30  miles  in  circum- 
ference at  the  base,  and  3600  feet  high. 
The  lower  parts  of  the  mountain  are  covered 
with  towns  villages,  and  villas,  exhibiiing 


Rjme,  but  also  across  the  Mediterranean 
into  Africa,  Another  violent  eruption,  in 
in  1631,  totally  overwheime.l  the  town  of 
Torre  del  Grego.  Hamilton  mentions  that 
the  eruption  in  1767  was  the  27th  from  the 
time  of  Titus,  since  which  there  have  been 
U others  ; next  to  those  of  79  and  1031,  the 
eruption  of  1794  was  the  most  violent 
and  destructive.  The  lava  overflowed 
5000  acres  O'  cultivated  land  and  Ihe  town 
of  Torre  del  Greco  was  again  laid  in  ruins  ; 
the  top  of  the  crater  also  fell  in,  and  was 
enlarged  in  its  dimensions.  It  takes  about 


two  hours  to  ascend  to  the  summit;  the 
mouth  of  the  volcano  is  now  little  short  of 
two  miles  in  circumference.  Vcsciviiis  i.s; 
six  miles  E of  Naples. 

Veoay,  a handsome  town  of  Switzerland, 
capital  of  a bailiwick  of  the  same,  in  the 
Pays  de  Vaud,  seated  near  the  lake  of  Ge- 
neva. It  has  a manufacture  ot  hat.s,  an  ex- 
tensive trade  in  cheese  and  excellent  win*# 
It  is  situated,  10  miles  e by  s of  Lausanne, 
and  37  miles  sw  of  Bern,  Lon.  7 0 w,  lai. 

46  25  N.  c 

Vaudre,  a town  in  the  department  ot  Ab 
Her  France,  on  the  Allier,  17  miles  nw  of 
Moulins. 

Veyney  a town  in  the  department  ot  Up- 
per Alps,  France.  It  is  12  miles  w by  s oi 

Vezelay,  a town  in  the  department  oi 
Yonne,  France,  stands  on  the  top  ol  a moun- 
tain,  near  the  Cure.  Being  in  posses.sion  ol 
the  Calvinists  in  1560,  it  was  br sieged  b> 
Charles  IX,  who  lost  loOO,  and  Was  obiigeu 
to  abandon  his  interpuse,  Th.'adwre  Berza, 
was  a native  of  this  place,  26  miles  e by  s 

ofAuxetre.  . 

UFA,  one  of  the  14  ^overnmonU  oi  Russia, 


V I A 


V I C 


included  in  fliat  of  Tobolsk,  Siberia.  It  is 
iiivided  into  the  two  provinces  of  Ufa  and 
Orerburg. 

Ufa,  a town  of  Russia,  capital  of  a go-i, 
vernment  of  the  same  name,  in  Siberia, « 
stands  on  the  Ufa,  near  its  j auction  v,ith  the 
Bieiaia,  760  miles  e by  s of  Moscow, 
Lon.  6G  0 E,  lat.  54  40  n. 

Uffenheim,  a towi.  in  the  principality  of 
Anspach,  Franconia,, seated  on  the  Gollacb, 
has  a castle,  and  is  15  miles  n by  e of  lio- 
tenburg,  a i d 22  se  of  VYurtzburg. 

Ufcolumf),  a town  in  Devonshire  JO  miles 
from  Bradnmcb. 

Ughoro,  a town  in  Cam  wall,  near  tiie  Ta- 
mar, three  miles  from  Modbtiry. 

Ugento,  a populous  town  of  Naples,  in 
Terra  d 'Otranto,  eight  miles  w of  Aieesana, 
and  20  sw  of  Otranto. 

Ugle,  a river  in  Aberdeenshire,  composed 


of  the  Deer,  and  the  Striohen  which  have 
their  sources  in  the  i:w  of  the  county  meet, 
five  or  six  miles  e of  Old  Deer,  when  the  uni- 
ted stream  gets  the  name  of  Ugie,  and  en- 
ters the  German  Ocean  bolow  Inverugie, 
two  miles  n of  Peterhead.  The  tide  flows 
a mile  and  a-haif  up  the  river. 

Ugliani,  a town  in  Piedmont,  nine  miles  N 
of  Ivrea,  and  16  ese  of  Aosta. 

Uglieh,  a town  in  ttie  government  of 
Jarosiaui,  Russia,  stands  on  the  Volga,  and 
has  a trade  in  soap  and  leather,  45  miles  w 
of  Jarosiaul. 

IJgccz,  a small  town  in  Upper  Hungary, 
15  miles  n of  Zatmar. 

Vgogna,  or  Vogogm,  a town  in  fliilanese, 
Italy.  It  is  sitiiated  on  the  Tosa,  16  miles 
N of  Varollo,  and  45  nw  of  Alikin. 

Ugrocz,  a town  of  Hungary,.  16  miles  n 
of  Fopoltzaii. 

Viadana,  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  Alan- 
tuan,  situated  on  the  Po,  eight  miles  x of 
Parma,  and  17  s of  Mantua. 

Viana,  a tow  n in  Navarre,  Spain,  stand.s 
on  the  Ebro,  four  miles  ne  of  Longraiio 
and  42  miles  sw  of  Pampeluna. 

Viana,  a considerable  town  in  Entre- 
Duero-e-Miiibo,  Portugal,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Lima,  with  a good,  harbour,  defended 
by  a fort,  20  miles  w by  n of  Braga. 

Vianden.  a town  in  Luxemburg,  Nether- 
lands, divides  it  into  Old  and  New  Town  by 
the  river  Ureu.  It  has  a castle  on  a rock, 
a tannery  and  cloth  manufacture,  and  lies 
22  miles  nw  of  Luxemburg,  and  22  nw  of 
Treves. 

Vianen,  a town  of  S HoHaud,  on  the  river 
Lech,  with  a castle.  In  1672,  it  was  taken 
by  the  French,  who  demolished  its  fortifica- 
cations,  seven  miles  s of  Utrecht,  and  30  e 
by  N of  Rotterdam. 

Vintka,  a government  of  the  Russian  em- 
pire, which  w as  formerly  a province  of  Ca- 
san,  has  its  name  from  the  river  Viatka, 
which  passes  thr\)ugh  ihe  country,  and  joins 
the  Kama. 

k Viatka,  a town  of  Russia,  capital  of  a 
governraent  of  the  si^me  name,  and  a bishop's- 


I 


see  with  a castle,  on  the  Viatha,  its  forme? 
name  w'as  Khlynof,  100  n of  Casan. 

Viazma,'  a.  town  in  the  government  of 
Smolensk,  Russia,  seated  on  a river  of  the 
1 same  name,  and  covers  a great  extent  of 
ground.  It  has  32  churches,  but  is  neither 
regularly  built,  nor  populous.  The  greater 
part  of  it  was  burnt  by  the  Russians,  in  1812, 
before  they  evacuated  it  on  the  approach  of 
the  French,  80  miles  ene  of  Smolensk. 

Viberg ; See  Wihurg. 

Vic,  a town  in  the  department  of  Meur- 
the,  France,  on  the  Seilie,  15  miles  exe  of 
Nancy. 

Vie,  or  Vigue,  a city  in  Catalonia,  Spain, 
and  a bishopV  see,  seated  in  a fertile  plain, 
©n  a small  river,  that  unites  with  the  Ter. 
It  w^as  formerly  much  more  considerable 
than  at  present.  It  is  35  miles  n of  Bar- 
celona. Lon.  2 13  E,  lat.  41  55  n. 

Vic  Bigorc,  a tow’n  in  the  department  of 
Upper  Pyrenees,  France,  on  the  Adour,  12 
miles  N of  Tarbes. 

r/e  le  Compte,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Pays  de  Dome,  France,  near  the  AlUef, 
with  a palace,  the  residence  of  the  former 
counts  of  Auvergne.  In  the  vicinity  is  a 
medicinal  well,  i5  miles  se  of  Clermont. 

Vicegrad,  or  Vizegrad,  a small  town  of 
Lower  Hungary,  with  a castle  on  the  tep 
of  a rock,  in  which  the  crown  of  Hungary 
was  formerly  kept.  It  is  situated  on  the  s 
side  of  the  Danube,  eight  miles  se  of  Gran 
and  16  xwv  of  Buda. 

VICENTINO,  a territoiy  of  Italy,  and 
a country  of  Venice.  It  is  about  35  miles  in 
length,  and  27  in  breadth.  It  is  a very, 
pleasant  and  fertile  country,  and  is  called  the 
Garden  and  flesh  market  of  Venice,  There 
are  also  great  numbers  of  mulberry  trees, 
mines  of  silver,  iron,  and  stone,  almost  as 
fine  as  marble. 

Vicenza,  a large  and  ilouTisking  city  of 
Italy,  and  capital  of  the  Vicentino,  and  a 
bishop's  see.  Though  it  is  not  large,  it  con- 
tains above  20  palaces  from  the  designs 
of  a Palladio,  who  was  a native  of  this  citj^ 
An  the  cathedral,  which  is  embellished  with 
marble,  are  some  fine  paintings.  There  are 
upwards  of  60  churches.  In  that  of-St  Co- 
rona, the  high  altar  and  the  painting  by 
Paul  Veronese  of  the  Magi  paying  adoration 
to  Christ,  attract  particular  attention.  In 
the  square  before  the  town-house  are  two 
lofty  columns,  the  one  surmounted  wuth  St. 
Mark's  winged  lion,  the  other  with  a statue 
of  our  Saviour.  The  other  places  most  wor- 
thy of  notice  are  the  Monte  della  Picta  with 
its  elegant  library,  the  Palazzo  Vechio  wutb 
its  superb  paintings,  the  Theatrum  Olympi- 
cum,  and  the  triumphal  arches  in  the  pro- 
menade of  Campo  Alazzo.  The  chief  ma- 
nufactures are  damask,  silk,  and  taffeta. 
On  a mountain,  about  four  miles  from  the 
city,  is  the  church  of  Della  Madonna  di 
Monte  Berico,  w’bich  has  a fine  frontis^ 
piece,  with  a convent  close  by,  and  is  much 
frequented  by  pilgrims.  It  is  situated  iu  a 


VI;E 

fertile  plain,  between  the  rlvaiets  Er.ohig-  j 
Hone  and  Reroue,  13  miles  NW  c.  Padua,  i 
22  E of  Verona^  ami  3^  w gf  Venice,  Lon.  ^ 
il  40  B,  lat.  4<5  28  N,  . ^ 

■ Vic  FezenzGC,  a townia  the  oepanm.  o. 
of  Gers,  France,  on  the  1«5  mdei  w 

of  Aucb,  . at 

Vichy,Oiio\ya  in  the  aepartmenl  of  Al- 

lier,  France,  siiualed  on  the  Tiver  Aicby,  and 
famous  lor  the  mineral  v/aters  near  it.  It  is 
15  miles  SE  of  Gannat^  and  40  s of  Moulinso 
Vico,  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  m 
Priue  pato  Citra,  near  tae  sea,  five  miles 

NE  of  SoreniQ.  .x. 

Fiso,  a town  of  Corsica,  near  the  gulf  oJ 
Sagona,  in  which  is  the  cathedral  ol\i:ie 
bishop  of  Sfigona,  a town  now”  in  rums,  lO 
iDiles  NSB  of  Agaccio,  M.d  27  sw  of  Corle. 

Viciosas  Isles, yles  of  the  bay  of  Hoaaa, 
on  the  coast  of  Honduras.  . 

Vicovaro,  a town  of  Italy,  in  the  pro- 
yince 


of  Sabina,  stands  near  the  Teverone, 


10  miles  NE  of  Tnvoii.  , 

Victoria f a town  in  the  province  of  Cara- 
cas, Terra  Finim,  stands  on  a fertile  district, 
near  the  Tuy.  l^cre  is  one  of  the  most  eie- 
gant  churches  in  the  couniry,  30  miles  sw 
of  i/con. 

Victoria,  an  island  on  the  coast  of  Brazil, 

E of  St  SebastimPs  island. 

Victoria  Fort ; See  Mancout, 

VieUk,  a town  ip  the  government  of  Vo- 
kgtla,  Russia, on  the  Vaga,  156  miles  nne 
©f  Vologda.  Lon.  41  45  e,  lat.  61  40  n. 

VicnncL,  the  capital  of  the  w’hole  Aus- 
trian empire,  tho  residence  of  the  emperor, 
and  an  arohbishop^s  see.  It  is  uol  of  great 
extent,  bet  is  very  populous  being  thought 
tu  CO' -tain  above  T8,000  iuhabitauts.  Ihe 
streets  are  in  general  narrow  and  tee  houses 
h\p-h.  There  are  sOfUe  iinesqurAes,  and  in  that 
called  Joseph  square,  is  a coiiossal  equestrian 
siatuo  of  Joseph  II.  m bronze,  ^^ome  oi  the 
public  buildings  are  magmllccnt.  Tne 
principal  are  the  Imperial  palace,  the  ii- 
brary,  and  the  museum;  the  paiaeJos  ol  the 
'oriaces  Lichieostein,  Eugene,  the  imperial 
ebaucery,  the  im;>eriai  arsenal,  the  mint,  the 
general  ho-;pital,  the  town-house,  the  cus- 
tom house,  an!  the  bank.  No  houses  wit^h- 
Oiit  the  wails  are  allowed  to  be  biuit  wiihin 
.600  yards  oi  the  glacis,  which  has  a fine 
effect.  The  magrhiicent  suburbs,  apd  the 
lowm  together,  ars  said  to  Cvgpfain  above 
3t>0,0i}0  inhabitants;  yet  the  former  are  not 
near  so  populous,  ia  proportion  to  tbe;r  size, 
as  the  town.  As  many  houses  have  oxtensivs 
gardens  the  city  and  suburbs  arc  upwards 
of  18  miles  iu  circuit.  Miny  families  Wuo 
Hve  vjiiidn  the  fortilicatiotis  in  ^7lnte^,spen^ 
the  summer  iu  toe  suburbs.  The  cathedrai 
is  built  of  free  ;-s  1 14  yards  )oog,  and 

48  broad,  and  the  steeple  is  447  feet  high,  in 
which  is  a bell  of  •^ucqmrr.on  magnitude, 
cast.  r>ir,  of  the  cannon  taken  irom  the  Turks. 

to  this  church  is  the  palace,  the  front 
of  Vy’bicli  Is  very  tuie.  Beside.?  the  univer- 
sity, several  thousand  3tuden*s, 

15 


there  is  the  academy  of  c er  Austria  ; And. 
the  archditcal  library  is  much  frequented  by 
foreigners,  as  it  contains  above  100,360 
printed  books,  and  10,000  mauuscnpis. 
The  academy  of  painting  is  remarkable  tor 
the  Hue  pictures  it  produces.^  Tue  arebdu- 
treasury,  and  a cabinet  o*  curio- 
sities of  the  house  of  Austria,  contain  great 
rarities.  The  inhabitants  lu  general  live  m 
ti  splendid  manner.  They  have  fiouiisLing 
manufactures  o)  silk,  stulfs,  gold  an.,  silver 
luce,  tapestry,  &c.  The  harbour  on  tue 
Danube  is  very  extensive,  and  has  maga  .nes 
of  naval  store.?,  and  ships  have  .y 
oat  on  that  river  to  serve  against  the  i -i  ^.s. 
The  Danube  is  here  very  wi.le,  and  co.a  ■•.  ..;!& 
several  isles  covered  with  wood,  one  o . a 

is  the  prater,  or  imperial  pariv.  I 

^d  1683,  Vienna  was  inetlectualiy  c- eu 
by  the  Torks ; at  the  latter  period,  v.?c  si^ge 
v/tas  raised  by  John  Sobrieski,  king  Po- 
land, v/ho  totally  routed  the  Turkis.ty.--riiiy. 

In  1805  this  city  sarreudersd  to  t l .eneh, 
but  was  given  up  by  the  peace  oi  ^resbarg. 

It  is  situated  at  the  place  whora  .ue  nv ‘r 
Vienna  falls  .into  the  Danube,  o - miles  w 
of  Presburg,  350  nse  of  Roro'  , 5*0  sf.  b)-  s 
of  Amsterdam,  570  Eof  Par--  and  6^0  Esi? 
of  London.  Lon.  16  16  E,  A..  48  I3av. 

Vienna,  a port  of  enry  and  post  towm  ot 
the  eastern  shore  of  Maryland,  in  Dorches- 
ter county,  has  a good  trade  with  the  iieiga- 
bouring  sea  pons,  and  stands  on  the  Nanti- 
cok  % r50  miles  sw  of  Philadelphia. 

Vierina,  the  capital  of  Greene  county, 
Kentucky,  seated  on  the  x side  of  Green 

river.  . , 

Vienne,  a very  ancient  town  m the  ae- 
panmeiK  of  Isere,  France,  seated  on  the 
Rhone,  over  which  it  had  formerly  a bridge 
only  some  piers  of  which  now  remain.  In 
tiic  fifth  century  it  was  the  capital  oi  a Bur- 
gundian kingdom.  Before  the  revolutmn  it 
was  the  eee  cf  an  archbishop,  and  he  capi- 
tal of  the  province  of  Viennois.  The  caue- 
cral  is  a handsome  gothic  structure.  Here, 
In  131  i,  a general  council  was  held,  m 
which  pope  Clement  V.  presided,  and  the 
suppression  of  the  knights  templars  was 
enacted.  Its  commerce  consists  in  wine, 
silk,  and  cuiery,  which  last  is  hignly  e.s- 
teemed.  Vienne  is  15  miles  ssn  L ons, 
and  38  xw  of  Grenoble.  Lou.  4 56  e,  lai. 

VIENNE,  a department  of  France,  it 
comprehends  a part  of  the  late  province  of 
poiiou,  and  is  about  65  miles  long,  and  ot 
broad  at  a medium.  It  takes  its  name  tioni 
e nver,  which  has  its  source  in  the  d P 
aent  oi  Correze,  .nd  falls  i.itotbe  LoirP,  fivo 
miles  above  Saumur,  Poiiiers  is  (lie  ea- 
pital. 


VIENNE,  UPPER;  u department^ 


of 

France.  It  coniains  the  iate  province  of 
Llmosin,  and  is  about  5.5  miles 
N to  s and  from  Z5  to  45  broad.  Limoj^es 

i,s  the  chief  city.  , • .uc 

fieiT^-.den,  a town  of  Braai^mburg;  m tha 
5H 


V I G 

Ticker  Mark,  on  the  Vesle,  at  its  junction 
with  Oder,  22  nailes  ese  of  Prenzlo. 

VterzcUy  a very  ancient  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Cher,  France,  on  the  Cher,  near 
the  junction  of  the  Yevre,  noted  for  its  for- 
ges, 17  miles  nw  of  Bourges,  and  48  s by  e 
of  Orleans. 

Viesti,  or  FeisM,  a small  town  of  Naples, 
in  Capitanata,  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
in  the  place  called  the  spur  of  the  boot,  and 
at  the  foot  of  mount  Gargano,  25  miles  ne 
of  Manfredonia.  Lon.  16  40  e,  lat*  41  51  n. 

f'iet,  Sty  or  St,  Vith,  a town  in  Luxem- 
burg,  Netherlands,  near  the  source  of  the 
Uren,  24  rules  ssE  of  Limburg,  and  48  n of 
l-uxernburg. 

Ijig,  a parish  in  Iloss-sbire,  situated  in  the 
sw  district  of  the  island  of  Lewis,  above  20 
miles  long,  and  about  13  broad.  The  coast, 
inciuding  its  windings,  is  about  60  miles  in 
length,  and  every  where  alTords  safe  ancho- 
rage lor  shipping.  The  sea-coast  is  level, 
and  cultivated,  but  the  interior  is  mountain- 
ous. The  inhabitants  mostly  reside  in  villa- 
ges along  the  shore,  and  employ  them- 
selves occasionally  in  fishing.  About  300 
burn  kelp,  and  as  many  make  nets.  The 
names  of  places  are  Norwegian,  but  the 
gffilie  is  almost  universally  spoken.  In 
1794  there  was  in  this  parish  an  extraordin- 
ary instance  of  lusvs  naturcE,  in  a woman 
who  had  four  distinct  breast.-.  Alderman 
Mac  Aiilay,  ot  London,  w^as  a native  of  this 
parish.  Population  of  the  parish  2080  in  1801. 

Vigan,  a town  in  the  department  of  Card, 
France,  22  miles  wsw  of  AIais,and  38  wnw 
of  Ni.smes. 

Figeansy  St,  a parish  in  Forfarshire,  about, 
seven  miles  long,  and  from  three  to  four 
broad,  Ijing  on  the  sea-coast,  to  the  n and 
E ol  Arbroath,  and  comprehending  part  of 
its  suburbs.  The  surface  which  is  pretty 
level,  but  rising  gradually  from  both  sides  of 
the  Brotbwick,  contains  9385  acres.  The 
soil  is  exoeedingly  various,  but,  on  the 
whole,  fertile.  The  coast  for  about  a mile 
E from  A her  broth  wick  is  excavated  into  nu- 
merou.s  extensive  caverns.  One  called  the 
Maiden  Castle-cove,  is  231  feet  long,  and 
from  12  to  25  broad.  The  Gaylet  Pot  of 
Auchmithie  is  a great  natural  curiosity. 
About  a quarter  of  a mile  from  this  curiosity 
is  the  small  village  of  Auchmithy.  The 
chief  cnipluyrrcnt  of  the  inhabitants  is  the 
manufacture  of  lin«m  for  the  market  of  Ar- 
broath, which  town,  contains  at  least  2500 
of  the  population  of  this  parish.  The  whole 
parish  contained  4248  inhabitants  in  1801. 

Vige^  ano,  a towm  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont, 
has  a strong  ca.stle  on  a rook.  It  is  situa- 
ted near  the  Tessino,  12  miles  se  of  Novara, 
and  16  sw  of 

V iijnamcnty  a tuwm  of  Leige,  two  miles 
N of  Huy, 

Vignof,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Meuse,  Fiance,  on  the  Meuse,  16  miles  e 
ot  Bar-le-duc,  anil  24  sse  of  Verdun. 


VIL 

Fignuola,  or  Vignola,  a in  the  Mo- 
denese, Italy,  15  miles  se  of  Modena. 

Vigo,  a tow'n  in  Galicia,  Spain,  with  a 
good  harbour.  It  is  situated  on  the  Atlan- 
tic, defended  by  a fort  on  an  eminence,  and 
au  old  castle.  Here  is  a safe  harbour,  into 
which  in  1702,  the  English  and  Dutch  fleet 
forced  their  passage,  and  obtained  possession 
of  the  Spanish  plate-fleet  on  its  arrival  from 
America.  In  1719  the  English  took  the 
town  but  abandoned  it  after  raising  coun- 
tributions,  Vigo  stands  in  a fertile  country, 
eight  miles  sw  of  Redondella,  and  14  wnw 
of  Tuy,  and  47  s of  Compostelia.  Lon.  8 
40  w,  lat.  42  14  N. 

^ihiers,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Mayenne,  and  Loire,  in  France.  It  is  situated 
on  a lake,  20  miles  s of  Angers,  and  20  w'  by 
s of  Saumur. 

Vilaine,  a river  which  has  its  source  in 
the  department  of  Mayenne,  France,  washes 
Vitre  and  Rennes,  separates  the  department 
of  Morbihan  from  that  of  Lower  Loire,  and 
falls  into  the  bay  of  Biscay,  below  Roche 
Bernard. 

Villa  Arragonese,  a town  of  Sardinia,  17 
miles  KE  of  Sassari. 

Villa  Bohim,  a town  of  Alentejo,  10  miles 
sw  of  Elvas. 

Villac,  a handsome  towm  of  Austria,  in 
Carinthia.  Its  inhabitants  carry  on  a great 
trade  with  the  Venetians.  It  is  1 2 miles  sv/ 
of  Clagenfurt. 

Villa  de  Conde,  a town  in  Entre  Duero-e- 
Minho,  Portugal,  wiih  a small  harbour,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Ava,  10  miles  e of  Barce- 
los,  and  20  n of  Oporto.  Lon.  8 23  w,  lat. 
4114n. 

Villa  Flor,  a town  in  Tralos  Montes,  Por- 
tugal, 28  miles  s by  w of  Braganza. 

Villa  de  Horta,  the  principal  towm  of  the 
island  of  Fyal,  one  of  the  Azores.  It  is 
Stated  on  the  w coast,  and  has  a harbour 
iand  locked  on  every  side  except  the  e and 
NE  and  defended  by  several  forts.  Lon.  28 
36  w,  lat.  38  32  n. 

Villa  de  Hermosa,  a town  of  New  Spain, 
in  9’abasco,  on  the  river  Tabasco,  60  miles 
sw'  of  Tabasco,  and  70  ne  of  Chiapa. 

Villa  del  Rey,  a towm  in  Estremadura, 
Spain,  17  miles  nw  of  Badajoz. 

Villa  Franca,  a sea-port  of  Italy,  in  the 
county  ol  Nice,  three  miles  e of  Nice.  Lon. 
7 25  E,  lat.  43  42  n. 

Villa  Franca,  a tow’n  of  Italy,  in  the  Ve- 
ronese, with  a silk  manufactory,  10  miles  s 
Ol  Verona. 

Villa  Franca,  the  capital  of  the  island  of 
St  Michael,  one  of  the  Azores,  defended  by 
a fort,  and  other  works.  Opposite  to  this 
place,  half  a mile  from  the  shore,  is  a basin 
in  which  50  vessels  can  ride  in  safety,  16 
miles  E by  n of  Punta  del  Guda.  Lon.  25 
30  w%  lat.  37  50  n. 

Villa  Franca,  a towm  in  Estremadura, 
Portugal,  stands  on  the  Estuary  of  the  Tajo, 
20  miles  ne  of  Lisbon, 


i 


V I L 

Villa  Franca  de  penadesy  a handsome 
fown  of  Catalonia,  Spain,  here  are  manufac- 
tures of  linen,  and  small  arms,  and  distileries 
of  Brandy,  18  miles  w by  s of  Barcelona. 

Villa  Herniosa,  a town  of  Valencia, 
Spain,  stands  near'the  river  Millas,  58  miles 
KW  of  Valencia. 

Villa  d’lnglesiasy  a town  and  bishop’s  see 
in  Sardinia,  35  miles  wsw  of  Cagliari. 

Villa  Joiosa,  or  Joysa,  a town  in  Valencia, 
Spain,  on  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean, 

18  miles  ene  of  Alicant,  and  24  s of 

Gandia.  . . 

Villa  Nova  da  Cervera,  a town  in  Entre 
Douro-e-Minho,  Portugal,  on  the  Minho, 
near  its  mouth,  2T  miles  NW  of  Braga,  and 
45  N of  Oporto. 

Villa  Nova,  a town  of  Brazil,  about  120 
miles  w of  Porto  Seguro.  | 

Villa  Nova  d^Astiy  a fortified  town  ot 
Piedmont,  10  miles  E of  Turin,  and  14  w of 
d’Asti. 

Villa  Nova  de  Portimao,  a fortified  sea- 
port in  Algarva,  Portugal,  seated  on  a river 
that  forms  an  extensive,  and  commodious 
harbour,  defended  by  two  torts.  It  is  nine 
miles  ENE  of  Lagos,  and  42  w by  s of  Tavira. 
Lon.  8 41  w,lat.36  12  n. 

Villa  Nova  de  Porto,  a town  in  Entre 
Doure-e-Minho,  Portugal,  stands  on  the 
Douro,  and  is  defended  by  several  forts. 

Villa  Novade  Frincipey  a town  in  Brasil, 
seated  near  the  Diamond  mines,  130  m.les 
w of  Porto  Seguro, 

Villa  Panda,  or  Villalpando,  a town  in 
Leon,  Spain,  26  miles  w of  Toro,  and  37  s 
of  Leon. 

Villa  Real,  a town  in  Tra  los  Montes, 
Portugal,  capital  of  Comarca,  stands  at^the 
junction  of  the  Corgo  and  Riliera,  12  miles 
N by  E of  Lamego,  and  38  se  of  Braganza. 

Villa  Real,  a town  in  Valencia,  Spain, 
near  the  Minsares,  40  miles  nne  of  Va- 
lencia, 

Villa  Real,  a town  in  the  province  of 
Spiritu  Santo,  Brasil,  158  miles  w by  s of 
Spiritii  Santo. 

Villarica,  a sea-port  of  New  Spain,  200 
miles  E of  the  city  of  Mexico.  Lon.  103 
87  w,  lat.  20  0 n. 

Villa  Rica,  a town  of  Chili,  stands  on  the 
lake  Malabangeu,  60  miles  ne  of  Valdivia, 
and  62  from  the  Pacific  ocean.  Lon.  72 
41  w lat.  39  15  s. 

Villa  Viciostty  a pretty  large  fortified 
town  in  Alentejo,  Portugal,  has  an  old  cas- 
tle, a palace  formerly  the  residence  of  the 
dukes  of  Braganza.  In  the  suburb  is  an  an- 
cient temple,  originally  dedicated  to  Pro- 
serpine ; and  in  the  vicinity  are  quarries  of 
fine  green  marble.  It  is  12  miles  sw  of 
Eivas,  33  NE  of  Evora,  and  83  se  of  Lisbon. 

Villa  Viciosay  a sea-port  in  the  province 
of  Asturias,  Spain,  seated  on  the  bay  of  Bis- 
cay, 22  miles  ne  of  Oviedo. 

Villachy  a town  in  Carinthia,  Germany, 
stands  at  the  junction  of  the  Geil  and 


Drave,  with  a castle,  and  medicinal  baths 
in  the  vicinity,  16  miles  w by  s of  Clagen- 
furt. 

Villainey  a town  iu  the  department  of 
Mayenne,  France,  16  miles  k by  n of 
Mayen  ne. 

Villalgordo,  a town  in  New  Castile, 
Spain,  stands  on  a hill,  near  the  Cabriel,  59 
miles  sE  of  Cuenza. 

Villamiely  a town  in  Leon,  Spain,  48 
miles  s of  Cuidad  Rodrigo. 

VillarinOy  a town  in  Leon,  Spain,  stands 
on  the  Douro,  and  borders  of  Portugal,  45 
miles  WNW  of  Salamanca. 

Ville-Dieu,  a town  in  the  department  ot 
the  Channel,  France,  12  miles  nne  of  Av- 
ranche,  and  18  se  of  Coutances. 

Villefort,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Lozere,  France,  18  miles  b of  Mende,  and 
19  N of  Alais. 

Pllle  FranchCy  a handsome  town  in  the 
department  of  Rhone  and  Loire,  France, 
stands  on  the  Saone,  and  is  surrounded  with 
walls,  18  miles  n by  w of  Lyons. 

Ville  Franche,  a town  in  the  departinent 
of  the  Eastern  Pyrenees,  stands  on  tbe  river 
Tet,  and  has  a fort,  22  miles  ne  of  Puycer- 
da,  and  25  wsw  of  Perpignan. 

Ville  Franche,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Aveiron,  France.  It  carries  on  a great 
trade  in  linen  cloth,  and  stands  on  the  Avei- 
ron,  28  miles  w of  Rhodes. 

Villefranehe,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Upper  Garonne,  France,  on  the  Canal 
royal,  22  miles  se  of  Toutouse. 

Ville  Juifve,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Paris,  four  miles  s of  Paris. 

Villemur,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Upper  Garonne,  France,  on  the  Tarn,  12 
miles  NNE  of  Toulouse. 

Villena,  a town  of  Murcia,  Spain,  has  a 
castle,  formerly  of  great  strength.  In  the 
vicinity  is  a morass,  from  which  salt  is 
made,  18  miles  ssb  of  Almanza,  and  59  n 
by  E of  Murcia. 

Villeneitve,  a town  iu  the  department  of 
Lot  and  Garonne,  France,  sealed  on  the  Lot, 
17  miles  n of  A gen. 

Villeneuve,  a lowu  in  the  department  of 
Gard,  France,  stands  on  the  Rhone,  opposite 
Avignon,  21  miles  ene  of  Nismes. 

Villeneuve,  a town  in  the  canton  of  Bern, 
Swisserluud,  stands  at  tbe  e end  ol  t-he  lake 
of  Geneva,  three  miles  from  the  irifiux  ot 
the  Rhone,  and  14  ese  of  Lausanne. 

Villeneuve  de  Berg,  a town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ardeche,  France,  12  miles  nw  of 
Niviers,  and  13  s of  Privas.  t,  i 

Villengen  a town  of  Suabia,  in  the  Black 
Forest.  It  is  strong  by  nature,  being  sur- 
rounded by  mountains  with  narrow  passes. 
It  has  a Benedicti :je  abbey,  and  a good 
bath  in  the  vicinity,  20  miles  e by  n ot 

Friburg.  ’ , j * 

Killer’s  Coterets,  a towh'dn  the  depart- 
ment of  Aisne,  France,  12  miles  sw  of  Sois- 
sons,  and  44  ne  of  Paris. 

3H2 


¥ IN 


V I R 


Viilia,  a tov^n  and  river  in  Spai^. 
Tt  is  about  seven  leagues  from  Nata,  border 
ing  on  Panama. 

ViUeck,  a town  and  castle  of  Franconia, 
in  the  principality  oj"  Bamberg.  In  the  vi 
einity  are  several  fouuderies.  It  is  situated 

tbe  Vils,  20  miles  n of  Am  berg. 

Vilshofen,  a town  of  Low’er  Bavaria,  on 
the  Danube,  at  tbe  junciion  of  the  Viis,  1 1 
miieS“N  by  w of  Passau.  in  174<5,  tbe  Aus- 
trians took  it  by  storm. 

Vilvordenaytx  town  of  Brabant,  Nether- 
lands, stands  on  tbe  Senne,  and  bas  an  anci- 
ent castle,  seven  imles  nnk  of  Brussels^ 

Vimiero,  a tovv’n  in  Aientejo,  Pcrtogal,  12 
miles  w by  N of  Estreoios, 

Vimient,  a village  in  Estremadura,  Por- 
tugal, celebrated  ior  a victory  obtained  by 
tbe  British  over  ti:e  French,  in  1808,  30 
miles  N of  Lisboa. 

Vimioso^  a towm  in  Tra  los  Montes,  Por- 
tugal, \5  miles  WNW  of  Miranda,  and  17  se 
of  Braganza. 

Viuaroz,  a town  in  Valencia, Spain,  seat-  1 
ed  on  the  Mediterranean,  at  the  in  flux  of  | 
the  ServoL  The  environs  abound  jn  vine-  j 
yards,  and  much  wine  is  exported,  23  miles  ; 
s of  Tortosa,  and  88  nne  of  Valencia. 

PlneenneSy  or  Vincent,  capital  of  India- 
I5d,  United  States,  seated  on  tbe  \¥ abash,  at  i 
the  junction  of  the  Ombra,  bas  a fort,  and  is  j 
J60  miles  wnw  of  Frankfort,  in  Kectucky. 
icn.  85  30  w,  lat.  30  0 x. 

Vincent,  Cape,  a promontory  of  Portugal, 
t5  miles  w by  s of  l agos.  Olf  this  cape 
tbe  Spanish  fleet  was  defeated  in  February 
1797,  by  the  British  under  Sir  John  Jervis. 
Lon.  9 0 w,  lat.  37  2 n. 

Vincent,  St,  a town  in  Asturias,  Spain, 
on  the  bay  of  Biscay,  nine  miles  w by  s of 
Santi  liana. 

Vincent,  St,  a town  in  Old  Castile,  Spain, 
138  miles  ke  of  Madrid,  Lon.  2 40  w,  lat. 
42  30  N, 

Vincent,  St,  one  of  tbe  Cape  de  Verd  is- 
lands, on  the  coast  of  Africa,  12  miles  long 
and  three  broad-  It  is  uninhabited.  On 
the  Nw  side  is  a good  bay,  where  ships  may 
be  supplied  with',  good  water,  and  wild  goats 
Lon.  25  30  w,lat.  17  30  n. 

VINCENT,  ST,  tbe  most  southerly  cap- 
tainship of  Brazil,  iu  South  America.  The 
odpitel  is  an  inconsiderable  place,  and  the 
harbour  wdll  not  receive  large  vessels.  Lou. 
45  10  w,  lat.  23  40  s.  See  Saxtos. 

Vincent,  St,  a town  on  tbe  coast  of  Brazil, 
Lon.  46  30  vj,  lat.  24  15  s. 

VINCENTES  ST,  one  of  the  Caribbee 
Mands,  lying  between  Ion.  6i  10  and  6!  18 
w',  and  between  lat.  13  5 and  13  19  x,  being 
about  24  miles  long  ami  10  broad.  It  is  in- 
habited by  Cbaribs,  a warlike  race  of  Indi- 
ans, who  are  evidently  a distinct  people 
from  the  Aborigenes  of  the  larger  islands ; 
and  are  supposed  to  have  come  originally 
from  North  America,  as  their  language  has 
SLOKie  aflhnity  with  that  ol  Florida,  and  in  their 
•qpmers  are  more  fterce  than  the  S Americans. 


' Tifty  retain  the  ancient  custom  of  destyoy«' 
ing  all  the  males  takei  in  war,  and  preserv- 
ing the  females  either  for  slavery  or  for 
breediug.  It  is  extremely  fruitful,  the  soil 
being  a black  mould  upon  a strong  loam,  on 

hieh  sugar  and  indigo  thrive  remarkably 
well,  as  do  the  bread  fruit  trees  brought 
from  Ofaheite.  Here  also  they  cultivate 
cinnamon,  mango,  seasamurn,  varilla,  China 
fallow  tree,  cami'hor,  gum,  storax,  <fee.  St 
^'inceiit^s  is  divided  into  four  parishes,  and 
1450  white  inhabitants,  and  11,853  slaves. 
It  'was  long  a neutral  island  ; but  at  the 
peace  of  1763,  the  French  agreed  that  the 
right  to  it  should  be  vested  iu  the  English. 
The  latter,  socu  after,  engaged  in  a war 
against  the  Charibs,  on  the  windward  side 
of  the  island,  who  obtained  peace  by  con- 
ceding a large  tract  of  land  to  the  crown. 
Being  offended  at  this  they  greatly  assisted 
the  French  in  4capiuring  the  island,  in  1779, 
but  it  was  restored  to  the  British  in  17SS. 
In  J795,  the  French  landed  some  troops,  and 
again  instigated  the  Charibs  to  revolt,  w’hich 
w^as  not  quelled  for  several  months.  A 
chain  of  mountains  runs  through  the  island, 
the  highest  of  w hich,  called  Souffrier,  is  at 
the  N extremity.  In  1812,  this  mountain, 
after  the  lapse  of  a century,  was  convulsed 
by  a dreadful  volcanic  erupticu,  and  poured 
forth  a great  quantity  of  lava,  with  undu- 
lating earthquakes.  For  three  days  the 
island  was  involved  in  darkness,  and  whollw 
covered  by  showers  of  sand,  cinders,  calcin- 
ed pebbles,  and  other  volcanic  matter.  It 
is  about  60  miles  w of  Barbadoes.  King- 
ston is  the  capital. 

Vincent  de  da  Fazes,  St,  or  Onda,  a 
town  of  Popayan,  South  America,  about  25 
miles  E of  St  Sebastian. 

Finer Island,  in  Hudson bay,  lies  kk 
of  the  mouth  of  Albany  river. 

Vingorla,  a tovyu  in  Concan,  Hindoostan,. 
stands  near  the  mouth  of  a river.  About 
10  miles  to  the  wxw,  are  some  rocks  in  the 
sea,  called  Vingorla  rocks,  25  miles  xxw 
of  Goa.  Lon.  73  27  e,  lat.  15  51  x. 

Vintimiglia,  an  ancient  town  of  Genoa, 
seated  on  the  Mediterratiean,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Eotta,  with  a harbour,  and  a castle 
on  a high  rock.  It  was  taken  by  the  king 
of  Sardinia,  in  1746,  but  the  Ger:08.se  aided 
by  the  French  recovered  it  next  year,  eight 
miles  bjE  of  Monaco,  26  xe  of  Nme, 
and  24  sw  of  Oatglia.  Lon,  7 27  E,  lat. 
43  53  N. 

Wipalanka,  or  15 j Palanka,  a town  in 
the  bannat  of  Temeswar,  Hungary,  with  a 
fortress,  on  the  Karass,  near  its  influx  into 
tbe  Danube,  42  miles  e of  Belgrade,  and  58 
s of  Temeswar. 

Viqne,  See  Vie. 

Vire,  a considerable  town  in  tiie  depart- 
ment ot  Calvados,  France,  with  several  ma- 
nufactures of  coarse  linen  cloths.  It  i situ- 
ated on  the  river  Vi'C  30  miles  se  of  Cou- 
tances,  ; nd  i50  \V  of  Paris. 

Virgin  Cape,  u cajie  at  tbe  entrance  of 


the  strait  of  Magellan,  Patagonia.  Ma-  i 
<rellan  gave  it  this  name,  becanse  u v/as  dis- 
covered on  the  feast  of  St  Ursula.  Lon. 
67  54  w,  lat.  52  23  s. 

VHIUIN  GOilDA,  or  Spanishtown,. 
one  oftbeprinGipai  of  the  Virgin  islands,  in 
the  Wes  (Indies,  has  two  good  harbours,  and 
is  defended  by  a fort,  four  leagues  E of  Tor- 
tula.  It  is  about  18  miles  in  length.  Lon. 
64  0 w,  lat.  18  18  n. 

VIRGIN  ISLANDS,  a group  of  small 
islands  in  the  West  Indies,  e of  Porto  Rico, 
belonging  to  the  English  and  Danes.  To 
the  former  belongs  Tortola,  to  which  are 
attached  lost  Van  Dyke,  Little  Van  Dyke, 
Guana,  Beef,  and  Thatch  islands;  to  the 
latter  belongs  Virgin  Gorda,  wiih  which  are 
connected  Anegada,  Nicker,  Prickly  Pear, 
the  Musquitos,  the  Coinmanoes,  (fee.  The 
chief  of  the  Danish  islands  are  St  Thomas 
and  St  John.  They  are  about  30  in  num- 
ber, and  extend  about  24  leagues  from  e to 
w,  and  about  16  from  n to  s.  These  islands 
lie  about  Ion.  63  0 \v,  lat.  1 20  n. 

VIRGINIA,  one  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  Ijing  betw'een  Ion.  75  54  and  83 
8 w,  and  between  lat.  36  30  and  40  30  n. 

. It  is  446  miles  long,  and  224  in  breadth, 
containing  about  70,000  square  miles.  This 
state  is  divided  imo  82  counties.  By  the 
census  taken  in  1801,  the  total  number  of 
inhabitants  was  886,149,  of  whom  346,968 
Were  slaves.  Ir^  1810  they  amounted  to 
965,079.  On  the  sea  coast  the  land  is  low,  j 
generally  within  12  feet  of  the  level  of  the 
sea,  intersected  jn  all  directions  with  salt  1 
oreek.s  and  rivers.  The  uncultivated  lands  | 
are  covered  with  large  tree.s  and  thick  un- 
derwood. The  chief  rivers  are  Roanoke, 
Jameses,  Nansemond,  Chickabominy,  Appa- 
matox,  Rivanna,  York,  Piankaiank,  Rap- 
pahannock, Patowmac,  Shenandoah,  and 
the  Great  Kanhaw'ay.  These  rivers  are 
full  of  convenient  harbours,  and  many  of 
them  capable  of  navigating  the  largest  ships. 
Near  the  rivers  the  soil  is  richest,  and  pro- 
daces  timber  of  various  .sorts,  surprisingly 
large.  The  mountains  commence  at  about 
150  miles  from  the  sea  coast,  and  dffe  dis- 
posed in  ridges,  one  behind  another,  running 
nearly  parallel  with  the  sea  coast.  See 
Alleghany  Mountains.  The  moun- 
tains of  the  Blue  Ridge,  atA  of  these  the 
Peaks  of  Otter,  are  thought  to  be  of  a 
greater  height,  measured  from  their  base, 
than  any  Oihers  in  Virginia,  and  perhaps  in 
North  America.  The  highest  peak  is  said 
to  be  about  4000  feet  perpendicular.  T’he 
Onafioto  nioiu)tain.s,  are  50  or  60  ihiles 
wide  at  the  Gap.  These  mountains  abound 
in  coal,  lime,  and  freestone,  i he  .'^oil  be- 
low the  mountains,  though  not  rich,  is  well 
suited  to  the  growth  of  tobacco  and  Indian 
corn,  and  pans  of  it  for  wheat.  Good  crop 
of  cotton,  ftax,  and  henip  are  also  raised. 
Caves  among  the  mountains  have  iat(iy  been 
(iiscGvered,  which  yi*  Id  saltpetre,  in  such 
abundance,  that  500,000  nounus  of  it  might 


be  collected  from  them  r-cnually.  Virginia 
is  the  most  pregnant  with  miuerals  and  fos- 
sils of  aay  slate  in  the  union,  and  many  me- 
dieiiivT  springs  have  been  discovered  in  dif- 
herent  places.  On  the  Great  Kanbaway 
are  mines  cf  lead.  Every  able  bodied  free- 
man, between  the  ages  oi  16  and  50,  is  en- 
rolled in  the  militia.  If  the  militia  bear 
the  same  proportion  to  the  number  of  inha- 
bitants now,  as  in  1782,  they  amount  to 
about  80,000.  This  state  is  not  divided  into 
towmships.  The  greatest  quantity  of  tobaC' 
CO  ever  produced  in  this  oomiir^y  in  one 
year,  was  70,000  bds.  in  1758.  Virginia 
was  settled  permanently,  after  several  un- 
successful attempts,  in  1610,  being  the  ear- 
liest established  of  any  of  the  United  States. 
Richmond  is  the  capital, 

Virginia,  a town  in  Cavan,  Ulster,  IT 
miles  s by  E of  Cavan,  and  50  N of  Dublin. 

Virnenberg,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Rhine  and  Moselle,  France,  lately  of  Ger- 
many, in  the  electorate  of  Treves.  It  stands 
near  the  Nesse,  26  miles  wnw  of  Cob- 
lentz. 

Virton,  a town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the 
duchy  of  Luxemburg,  22  miles  w of  Luxem- 
burg, 

Visagapatam,  a town  in  the  circar  of 
Cicaeole,  Himioostan,  50  miles  sw  of  Cica- 
cole,  and  100  nE  of  Rajamundry. 

Vi‘ich-ma,  a town  in  the  government  of 
Tobolsk,  Russia,  268  miles  sw  of  Tobolsk. 
Lon.  6i  22  e,  lat.  62  36  n. 

V'heu,  a city  in  Keira,  Portugal,  seated 
amid  oioumains,  is  a bis^sop’s  see,  was  iound- 
ed  by  the  Eomai)s,  who  called  it  Vi.sontium, 
50  aiiies  ne  of  Coimbra.  Lon.  7 42  vv,  Uu, 
40  56  K. 

Viset,  a fortified  town  in  the  duchy  of 
■ Limbmg,  Netberland.s,  seven  miles  n of 
Liege,  and  22  w of  Luxemburg, 

Vishnei  Toloteliok,  or  Voloshok,  a town 
of  Russia,  in  the  government  of  Tver.  It 
is  remarkable  for  its  canal,  w'hieh,  by  umt 
iug  the  Tvertza  and  the  Mesta,  connects  the 
inland  navigation  between  the  Caspian  <uut 
tii0  Baltic,  and  above  4000  vessels  pass  ii 
animally.  To  this  place  are  bro?iglit  tlie 
merchandize  of  Astracan,  and  Qtuer  parts  ot 
the  s of  Russia.  It  is  a spacious  placOf 
and  full  of  shops,  a.nd  stands  on  ihe  rivet 
Zua.  It  is  80  miles  nw  of  Tver.  Lon.  35 
0 e,  lat.  57  23  n, 

VISIAFOUR,  a territory  of  ILndoostat}, 
in  the  Deccan,  .situated  e of  Concan,  be- 
tween the  Beema  and  the  Kistna.  It  is 
.subject  to  the  Poonah,  and  celebrated  for 
rich  diamond  mine^. 

Visiapour,  or  Bejapoicr,  a considerable 
cit)'  of  the  Deccan,  of  Hindoo.stan,  capital  of 
the  above  territory.  It  is  now  in  the  hand.s 
of  the  Poonah  Afahrattas,  and  is  150  miles 
sE  of  Poonah,  and  340  n by  w of  .Seringa- 
j.utam.  Lon.  75  19  e,  lat.  17  26  N. 

Visa,  a mountain  of  tiie  Maritime  Alps, 
in  Piediuont,  in  which  is  tue  source  of  me 
celebruied  river  Po; 


Vissogrod,  a town  of  Great  Poland^  ^0 
miles  Nw  of  Warsaw. 

Uiit,  North  and  South y two  islands  of 
the  Helrrides, belonging  to  the  county  of  In- 
verness-shire, The  former  is  about  20  miles 
long  and  from  12  to  18  broad.  The  e coast 
has  two  harbours,  Rucheva  and  Kellin. 
The  arable  soil  is  sandy,  and  lies  mostly  on 
the  sea  coast.  It  is  pleasant  in  summer, 
yielding,  in  favourable  seasons,  luxuriant 
crops  of  oats  and  barley,  and  the  richest 
pasture.  There  are  about  1200  tons  of  kelp 
manufactured  here  annually.  North  Uist, 
with  some  contiguous  smaller  islands,  the 
chief  of  which  are  Boreray,  Berneray,  and 
Heisker,  form  an  extensive  parish,  in  which 
are  no  few^er  than  six  places  of  v/orsbip,  and 
about  3000  inhabitants.  In  1795,  here  were 
one  schoolmaster,  one  surgeon,  one  shop- 
keeper, and  four  female  weavers  ; 183  small 
boats,  two  sloops,  200  ploughs,  and  a school 
liberally  endowed  by  the  trustees  for  the 
royal  bounty.  Deer  formerly  abounded  in 
the  parish,  but  are  now  extirpated.  In  the 
bogs  and  morasses  large  trees  are  found  un- 
der ground,  but  wood  does  not  grow  in  the 
island.  Here  are  many  Druidical  temples 
and  Danish  forts,  the  latter  of  w^hich  are 
frequently  situated  on  islands  in  lakes.  In 
the  parish  there  is  not  one  inn,  nor  four  slated 
houses,  and  a baron  bailiie  is  the  only  acting 
magistrate.  The  principal  exports  are 
black  cattle  and  kelp.  The  island  of  South 
Uist  is  about  32  miles  in  length  by  about 
nine  or  10  in  breadth,  and  is  situated  between 
Benbecula  on  the  n,  and  Karray  on  the  s. 
It  greatly  resembles  North  Uist  in  surface, 
soil,  and  productions.  The  principal  har- 
bours are  Loch  Skiport,  Loch  Eynort,  and 
Boisdale,  wuhch  are  well  adapted  tor  fishing 
stations.  The  adjoining  sea  abounds  in 
gie.4i  variety  of  fish.  The  whale  and  seal 
fish  frequently  make  their  appearance.  The 
latter  is  frequently  caught,  the  former  sel- 
dom. The  rocks  are  frequented  by  vast 
flocks  of  fowls.  The  parish  of  South  Uist 
comprehends  the  island  Benbecula,  and  some 
smaller  ones.  It  has  no  church,  and  there- 
fore, public  worship  is  performed  alternately 
in  two  school  houses.  In  the  parish  are 
three  Roman  Catholic  chnpeis.  The  pro- 
prietors are  Macdonald  of  Boisdale,  and 
Macdonald  of  Cianranold.  The  inhabi- 
tants of  tlie  parish  amount  to  about  4000. 
Kelp,  black  cattle,  and  sheep  are  the  staple 
of  the  Bland.  It  exports  1 100  tons  of  the 
former  annually.  Neither  of  these  islands 
produce  corn  sufficient  lor  the  consumption 
of  the  inhabitants, 

Vistula,  the  largest  river  in  Poland  Proper. 
It  has  its  source  in  the  Carpathian  moun- 
tains, and  the  borders  of  Hungary  and  Mo- 
ravia, passes  through  Poland  and  Prussia,  by 
Cracow',  Sandomir,  W'arsaw,  Culm,  Marien- 
burg,  and  fulls,  by  three  mouths,  into  the 
Baltic,  below'  Dantzic. 

Viterbo,  an  ancient, Targe,  and  handsome 


(OW'D  of  Italy,  capital  of  the  department  of 
Cimino,  stands  at  the  foot  of  a mountain,  in 
a beautiful  valley,  and  is  a bishop^s  see.  It 
contains  about  15,000  inhabitants,  16  parish 
churches,  numerous  convents,  and  m&ny 
palaces  and  fountains.  In  the  vicinity  is  a 
hot  mineral  spring,  much  -frequented.  It  is 
20  miles  se  of  Orvieto,  and  40  nj^w  of  Rome. 
Lon.  12  26  e,  lat.  42  25  n. 

Vfth.  See  Viet,  St, 

Vitre,  a town  in  the  department  of  Ille 
and  Vilaine,  France,  stands  on  the  Viiaine^ 
and  has  a trade  in  linen  cloth,  knit  stock- 
ings, and  gloves.  It  is  20  miles  ne  of 
Rennes,  and  52  se  of  St  Maio. 

Vitri  le  Francois,  a considerable  town  in 
the  department  of  Marne,  France,  built  by 
Francis  I.  after  the  destruction  of  Vitry  lo 
Brule  by  Charles  V.  It  is  populous,  and 
the  inhabitants  carry  on  a great  trade  in 
corn,  <fec.  It  is  seated  on  the  Marne,  15 
miles  SE  of  Chalons,  and  100  e of  Paris. 

Vitry  le  Brule,  a village  of  France,  once 
a large  town,  burnt  by  Louis  VII.  and 
therefore  called  Brule.  In  the  war  with 
Charles  VII,  the  English  and  Burgundians 
set  fire  to  Vitry,  and  it  was  afterwards 
burned  and  ruined  by  Charles  V.  two  miles 
NE  of  Vitry  Francois. 

Vitteaux,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Cote  d’Or,  France,  stands  on  the  river 
Braine,  amid  mountains,  in  which  are  mar- 
ble quarries,  12  miles  se  of  Semur,  and  'Zi 
w of  Dijon. 

Vittorio,  a considerable  city  of  Biscay, 
Spain,  capital  of  the  province  of  Alava, 
seated  in  a valley,  fertile  in  corn  and 
grapes.  It  has  double  walls,  and  the  prin- 
cipal streets  are  lined  with  trees.  In  the 
large  square  are  the  town  house,  tw'o  con- 
vents, and  a tine  fountain.  They  carry  on 
a great  trade  in  hardwares,  particularly  in 
sword  blades.  Here,  on  the  2 1st  of  June^ 
1813,  the  allied  forces,  under  the  duke  of 
Wellington,  obtained  a signal  victory  over 
the  French.  It  is  32  miles  se  of  Bilboa, 
and  155  N of  Madrid.  Lon.  2 38  w,  lat,  42 
45  N. 

Vittoria,  a town  in  Val  di  Noto,  and 
county  of  Motlico,  Sicily,  seated  in  a plain, 
and  has  a trade  in  corn,  wine,  and  oil,  15 
miles  WNW  of  Modica. 

Vivarez,  a late  territory  in  the  ne  part 
of  Languedoc,  France.  It  now  forms  the 
department  of  the  Ardeche,  It  is  situated 
on  the  banks  of  the  Rhone,  w^hieh  separates 
it  from  Dauphiny. 

Vivero,  a town  in  Galicia,  Spain,  stands 
at  the  foot  of  a steep  mountain,  near  the 
Vivero,  or  Landrova,  w'hich  fulls  into  the 
bay  of  Biscay  ; 22  miles  nw  of  Mondonedo, 

Viviers,  a town  in  the  department  of  Ar- 
deche, France,  stands  amongst  rocks  on  the 
Rhone.  It  w'as  formerly  a bishop's  see. 
The  cathedral  is  seated  on  a rock,  16 
miles  s by  e of  Privas,  Lon.  4 41  e,  lat. 
44  29  N. 


I 


U L L 

Vhini)  a town  iu  Val  di  Noto,  Sicily,  25 
miles  NNW  of  Note. 

Ukenskoij  a tow^n  of  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Tobolsk,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Irtisch  and  Obey,  190  miles  n of  Tobolsk. 
Lon.  69  15  e,  lat.  61  10  n. 

UKRAINE,  a large  country  of  Europe, 
lying  on  the  borders  of  European  Turkey, 
Poland,  Russia,  and  Little  Tartary.  Its 
name  denotes  a frontier.  By  a treaty  be- 
tween Russia  and  Poland,  in  1693,  the  lat- 
ter retained  that  part  of  Ukraine  v»^hich  lies 
'w  of  the  Dnieper,  which  formed  a palati- 
nate called  Kiof : the  e side  was  allotted  to 
Russia,  and  called  the  government  of  Kiof. 

By  the  partition  in  1793,  the  latter  power 
obtained  possession  of  the  Polish  part,  which 
is  but  indifferently  cultivated,  while  that  on 
the  E side  of  the  Dnieper,  inhabited  by  Cos- 
sacs,  is  under  better  management.  The 
principal  town  is  Kiof,  See  Cossacks. 

Vladimir.  See  Volodimir, 

Uladislaw,  or  Inowsladislow,  a strong 
and  considerable  town  of  Poland,  capital  of 
Cujavia.  It  is  39  miles  ne  of  Gnesna. 

Ulala,  a town  in  Canara,  Hindoostan, 
stands  on  the  w side  of  the  southern  arm 
of  the  lake  of  Mangalore,  three  miles  sw  of 
Mangalore. 

ULCAMI,  or  ULCUMA,  a kingdom  of 
Guinea,  between  those  of  Adres  and 
Benin. 

Ulea.ov  Uleahorg,  a sea  port  of  Sweden, 
and  the  largest  town  in  E Bothnia,  with  a i 
commodious  harbour,  and  the  ruins  of  a i 
castle  upon  an  island,  seated  at  the  mouth  j 
of  the  Ulea.  In  1714,  this  town  was  de-  i 
rnolished  by  the  Russians,  and  in  1808,  the 
Swedes  ceded  ii  to  the  Russians.  The  prin- 
cipal exports  are  tar,  butter,  tallow,  and 
dried  fish.  It  is  340  miles  n by  e of  Abo. 
Lon.  24  40  E,  lat.  65  18  N. 

Vlieland,  See  Flie, 

Ulierbeckf  a town  in  the  department  of 
Dyle,  France,  two  miles  e of  Louvain. 

ULIETEA,  one  of  the  Society  Islands, 
in  the  Southern  Pacific  Ocean.  The  princi- 
pal harbour  is  on  the  w'  side  of  the  island, 
and  is  called  Ohamaneno.  Lon.  151  26  w, 
lat.  !6  45  s. 

Ullapool,  a village  in  Ross-shire,  situated 
on  the  KE  side  of  Locli-Brooni.  It  conUiin- 
ed  in  1792,  nearly  400  inhabitants.  In  the 
village  is  a society  school,  a hou.-e  for  curing 
red  herrings,  and  tin  excellent  harbour.  It 
derives  its  name  from  a rivulet,  which  rises 
on  the  borders  of  Sutherland,  and  falls  into 
the  sea  at  this  village.  A road  is  made  from 
hence  to  Dingwall,  38  miles  distant  to  the 
SE,  which  cost  government  £4,500. 

Ultswater,  a lake  in  Westmoreland,  10 
miles  N of  Ambleside,  and  four  sw  of  Penrith. 
It  is  about  eight  miles  long,  and  abounds 
with  greiU  variety  of  fish,  and  the  visiting 
navigators  are  much  amused  by  the  wonderful 
re-echoing  effect  produced  by  firing  of  guns. 
The  lake  is  surrounded  by  mountains  except 


U L S 

at  the  NE  end,  where  it  has  its  outlet  in  the 
river  Eamoigt. 

Ulm,  a free  and  imperial  city  of  Suahia, 
the  chief  place  of  that  order  in  the  circle, 
whose  territory  is  27  miles  long,  and  21 
broad.  It  is  a large  fortified  and  handsome 
place.  Here  were  preserved  the  archives 
of  the  imperial  towms  of  Swabia,  and  the 
diet  of  the  circle  was  usually  held.  The  in- 
habitants are  protestants.  It  has  an  excel- 
lent college,  with  a theological  semi  nary 
annexed.  The  cathedral  is  a magnificent 
structure.  Here  is  a convent  for  the  daughters 
of  the  nobility  and  citizens,  who  are  here 
educated  and  afterward  at  liberty  to  marry. 
The  other  most  conspicuous  structures  are 
the  abbey  of  St  Michael,  the  town-house, 
the  arsenal,  the  magazines,  and  the  valuable 
town  library.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  and 
best  towns  in  Germany,  and  is  situated  on 
the  Danube.  In  1702,  the  duke  of  Bavaria 
took  it  by  stratagem,  but  surrendered  it 
after  the  battle  of  Blenheim,  in  1704.  Tho 
French  took  it  in  1796,  and  again  in  1805. 
The  population  is  estimated  at  15,000.  The 
trade  chiefly  consists  in  linen,  fustians,  hard- 
ware, and  wmol.  It  is  38  miles  w by  n of 
Augsburg,  and  40  se  of  Stutgard.  Lon.  9 56 
E,  lat.  48  24  N. 

Ulmen,  a town  included  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Rhine  and  Moselle,  in  the  electorate 
of  Treves,  Germany.  It  lies  30  miles  ne  of 
Treves, 

UlothOy  or  Vlothoio,  a town  in  county  of 
Ravensburg,  Westphalia,  has  a medicinal 
spring  in  the  vicinity,  six  miles  s of  Min- 
den. 

Ulrichstein,  a town  in  Upper  Hesse,  Ger- 
many, With  a strong  castle,  25  miles  se  of 
Marburg. 

Ulrieshamn,  a town  in  W Gothland, 
Sweden,  had  its  name  changed  from  Boge- 
sand,  m 1741,  in  compliment  to  cpieen  Ulri- 
ca Eleanora.  The  principal  trade  is  iu 
cattle,  provisions,  and  tobacco ; 50  miles  s 
of  Gotheburg, 

ULSTER,  a province  of  Ireland,  bounded 
on  the  E by  the  Irish  sea,  on  the  n by  the 
Northern  Ocean,  on  the  w by  the  Western 
Ocean,  on  the  s by  the  province  of  Leinster, 
and  on  the  sw  by  that  of  Connaught,  being 
about  118  miles  in  length,  and  100  in  breadth. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Bann,  the  Lough- 
foyle,  the  Sv/illy,  the  Newry  water,  and  the 
Maine.  It  abounds  with  large  lakes  ; the 
soil,  iu  general,  is  fruitful  in  corn  and  grass. 
It  contains  the  counties  of  Donegal,  Derry, 
Antrim,  Tyrone,  Fermanagh,  Cavan,  Ar- 
magh, Monaghan,  and  Down.  Next  to  Dub- 
jin,  and  its  vicinity,  this  quarter  is  best  cul- 
tivated, most  populous,  ci  iizHci,  and  trading. 
This  in  a great  rneasur  * is  to  be  ascribed  to 
the  Scottish  colonies,  who  fled  to  Ireland  in 
the  persecuting  reigns  of  James  I.  and 
Charles  II.,  and  introduced  the  linen  manu- 
facture, which,  to  this  day,  is  so  great  a 
source  of  the  wealth  of  Ireland.  The  presby- 


U M M 

U N S 

terian  religion  is  most  prevalent  in  this  pro- 
vince. 

Ulster,  a mountainous  and  hilly  county 
of  New  York  It  is  divided  into  16 

townships.  Chief  town,  Kingston.  i 

VUzen,  or  Vettzeii,  a tow'n  of  the  duchy 
iof  Lo\ver  Saxony,  in  Luneburg,  stands  on  the  j 
lioiienau,  and  has  a trade  in  liour  and  wool,  i 

ULVA,  a small  island  of  the  Hebrides,  I 
situated  on  the  mouth  of  Lochmankell,  on 
the  w coast  of  Pdull,  Argyleshire. 

ULVERSTONE,  a neat  town  in  Lan- 
cashire, in  the  hundred  of  Furness,  called  by 
the  people  Ouston,  with  a market  on  Mon- 
day. It  stands  at  the  foot  of  hills,  near  a 
shallow  arm  of  the  Irish  sea,  and  has  a canal 
to  the  estuary  of  the  Leven.  Since  the  de- 
cline of  Dalton  it  has  considerably  increas- 
ed, and  has  a considerable  trade  in  iron  ores, 
pig  and  bar  iron,  limestone,  oats,  barley, 
ioid  beans.  Besides  furnaces  for  forging 
^s-gricultural  utensils, they  have  manufactures 
of  cottons,  checks,  canvass,  hats,  <fec.  This 
town  is  the  port  of  the  district  of  FuTne-s. 
It  is  iS  miles  kw  of  Lancaster,  and  261 
:sNw  of  London . Lcn.  3 12  w,  lat.  S4  j 

24  K. 

Uma,  or  Umea,  a sea  port  in  West  Both-  | 
iila,  Sweden,  stands  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Uma,  in  the  gulf  of  Bothnia.  The  houses 
are  constructed  of  wood.  It  is  310  miles  n 
by  E of  Stockholm.  Lon.  19  1§  e,  lat.  63 
58  N. 

Urnago,  a town  of  Istria,  with  a harbour, 
nrrtr  ihe  Gulf  or  Largona,  12  miles  sw  of 
Capo  Istria. 

Umbersleg,  a small  town  in  Warwdck- 
sbire. 

Umbria,  a name  sometimes  given  to  the 
duchy  of  Spoleto.  Umbria  \vas  the  northern 
province  of  ancient  Italy,  extending  north 
from  the  Nar  to  the  Rubicon.  See  Spoleto. 

Umhriatieo,  a town  of  Naples,  in  Cala- 
bria, Citeriore,  on  the  river  Lipuda,  15  miles 
w by  N of  St  Severina. 

Umm(:rapGora,or\eQL  the  most  flourishing 
and  well  built  cities  of  As«a,  the  metropolis 
<'A  the  Birman  empire,  with  a large  fort 
completeiy  lortified  afler  the  Eastern  mari- 
iK-r.  It  \vas  founded  in  1783  by  Minderagree  > 
the  emperor,  four  miles  to  the  ke  of  Ava, 
the  ancient  capital.  The  streets  are  all 
straight,  many  of  them  wide,  and  the  houses 
raised  on  posts  from  the  ground;  the  larger 
supported  by  strong  timbers,  and  the  smaller' 
by  Bamboos.  The  royeJ  palace  is  a splen- 
did ediilce.  The  temples  and  monasteries 
are  numerous.  The  gilding  which  is  bestow- 
ed oa  the  outside  of  the  roofs,  and  particu- 
bwly  on  the  spires,  gives  them  more  than 
ordinary  splendor.  lu  1810,  20,000  houses, 
t ie  palace,  fort,  and  many  temples  were 
vcnsvimed  by  lire,  and  1400  lives  were  lost. 
Ibumera;  oora  is  situated  on  a peninsula, 
fojiued  by  the  Iirawady  on  the  wg  and  n 
narrow  ehaiittel  branching  e from  the  river, 
H-ud  expands  to  the  k side  of  the  city,  to  the 
■y'xtent  of  seven  miles  long,  and  a mile  and  | 

I a-balf  broad.  It  is  520  miles  e of  Calcutta,, 
and  620  nnw  of  Siam.  Lon.  76  7 e,  lat.  2i 
57  N. 

- Uniiersiven,  or  Undersen ^ a handsoirre 
town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of  Bern. 
It  is  25  miles  sse  of  Bern. 

Underwalden,  a canton  of  Switzerland, 
bounded  on  the  n by  the  canton  of  Lucerne 
and  the  lake  of  the  four  cantons,  e by  high 
mountains  which  separate  it  from  the  canton 
of  Uri,  s by  mount  Brunich,  which  parts  it 
from  the  canton  of  Bern,  and  w by  that  of 
Lucern.  It  is  about  25  miles  in  length,  and 
17  in  breadth,  and  is  divided  into  two  parts, 
the  Upper  and  Low’er  Valley,  by  the  forest 
of  Kesterwald,  which  passes  through  the 
canton  from  n to  s.  The  country  abounds 
in  cattle  and  fruit,  but  produces  little  corn 
and  no  wine.  The  people  are  of  the  Romish 
church.  The  capital  of  the  Lower  Valley 
is  Stanz,  and  that  of  the  Upper  Valley  and 
w^hoie  canton  is  Sarnen. 

Ungvar,  a towm  of  Upper  Hungary,  capi- 
tal of  a county  of  the  same  name,  stands  on 

1 an  island  formed  by  the  Ung.  It  is  57  miles 
j B of  Cassovia.  Lon.  22  23  e,  lat.  48  48  N. 

1 Uniegow,  a town  of  Poland,  in  the  palati- 
1 nate  of  Lenczicz,  has  a fine  castle  belonging 
to  tlie  archbishop  of  Gnesen,  20  miles  ssw  of 
Lenczicz 

Union,  a post  town  of  the  L^nited  States, 
New  York,  in  Tioga  county,  sealed  on  the 
Susquehana,  w of  the  junction  of  the  Chenan- 
go. Here  the  judicial  courts  are  held  in 
October  ; 50  miles  e by  s of  Newtown,  and 
150  Nw-  of  Ivew  York. 

UmoUf  a post  town  of  Fayette  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  Redstone  Creek,  14  miles 
s by  E of  Brouusville,  and  28  ne  of  Mor- 
gantown. 

UNITED  PROVINCES  of  the  NE- 
THERLANDS, a name  given  to  the  seven 
protestant  states  of  the  Netherlands,  w^hich 
freed  themselves  from  tfa«  yoke  of  Spain, 
end  w'ere  erected  into  an  independent  repub- 
lic, See  Holland. 

UNITED  STATES  of  AMERICA. 
See  America. 

Unna,  a tow;n  of  Westpheiia,  in  the 
county  cf  Marck,  situated  on  the  Kottel- 
1 beck.  It  is  siirfourided  by  'vall.**  and  ditch'^s, 

{ and  was  formerly  a considerable^  han.sealic 

I lowD,  ifi  miles  ssw  of  Ham. 
j Unna,  a raer  of  European  Turkey,’  wdiich 

1 iins  its  source  in  Bosnia,  on  the  borders  of 
Croatia,  flows  by  Witsch,  and  unites  with 
ihe  Sn  vo,  16  miles  above  Grad  vca. 

UNNARY,  a province  of  Smoiand,  Swe- 
den, 43  miles  w of  Wxieo. 

UNSHA,  one  of  the  two  provinces  of  the 
government  of  Kos:roma,  in  Russia.  Ma- 
karief  is  the  capital. 

UNST,  the  most  remote  of  tr.e  Sh.'jUand 
! islands,  and  of  the  British  do?Tiir«i<)rj3,  ex- 
j teu(hng  beyond  lat.  €1  It  cuUud 

Vuht.OT  Vuista,  by  Buchanar.,  and  is  about 
12  mile^  long, and  four  broad.  In  the  island 
are  a number  of  lakes.  The  surface  is  gene- 

V O L 

Tally  kvi*l,  but  tbeje  are  s^everal  mouritains 
of  eon.videiabie  heigiit.  The  horses,  neat 
cattle,  and  sheep  are  very  small,  bilt  the 
wool  is  very  fine,  and  the  beef  and  mutton 
uncommonly  delicious.  The  crops  consist 
of  blaek  oats,  beer,  potatoes,  cabbages,  d:c. 
The  two  principal  harbours  are  Uya  Sound 
on  the  s,  and  Ealta  Sound  on  the  E,  shelter- 
ed by  the  isUs  of  Uya  and  Balta,  at  Lamha- 
iiess  the  ne  point,  the  tide  runs  with  un- 
common rapidity.  ’ The  cod,  ling,  and  tusk 
fi’>heries  employ  about  70  boa,ts,  and  339 
men.  Ironstone  abounds  here.  There  are 
large  veins  of  serpentine,  and  rock  chrystals 
of  great  beauty  here  ; and  ireestone,  lime- 
stone, gray  sdates,  and  mavl  abound. 
Quartz  is  washed  ashore,  and  a beautiful 
garnet  was  some  years  ago  picked  from  a 
rock.  The  exports  are  beef,  line  woollen 
stockings,  fish,  and  kelp.  Unst  with  a few 
contiguous  islets,  forms  a parish  of  itself,  and 
contains  about  2,259  inhabitants.  The  in- 
habitants are  frank,  bold,  hardy,  humane, 
and  fond  of  music  and  dancing.  In  the 
island  are  some  ieudal  castles,  several  mouncis, 
concentric  circles,  rude  obelisks,  and  24 
chapels.  Lambaness  is  in  Ion.  0 10  w,  lat. 
60  65  N. 

Unterseerty  a town  in  the  canton  of  Bern, 
Swisseriand,  stands  on  the  Aa,  betweep  the 
lakes  Breutz  and  Then.  In  the  vicinity  is 
the  celebrated  cavern  of  St.  Fat,  23  miles 
ssE  of  Bern. 

Unza,  a town  in  the  government  of  Kos- 
(rama,  Russia,  in  a province  of  its  name,  j 
seated  on  the  Unza,  92  miles  kke  oi  Kos- 
trama.  Lon.  44  15  e,  lat.  57  56  n. 

Foerden^  or  JVoerden,  a town  of  S Hoi- 
land,  seated  on  the  Khme,  iO  miles  w of  ^ 
Utrecht.  ^ | 

Vogiiera,  a fortified  town  of  Italy,  in  the  ; 
Tvlilanese,  on  the  Staffora,  nine  miles  ne  of  j 
Torton  j,  and  14  sw  of  Pavia.  | 

Vogiabruck,  a town  of  Austria,  on  the  | 
%^ogel,  28  miles  ne  of  Salzburg,  and  38  sw 
ejf  Liutz, 

Void,  a toxvn  in  the  department  of  the 
Aleuse,  France,  10  miles  from  Toul,  and  IS 
ssE  of  Bar  le  due. 

VOIGTLAND,  a territory  of  Upper 
Saxony,  in  the  sw  part  of  the  Marquisate  of 
Misnia,  E of  Thuringia,  and  Franconia.  It 
rises  into  hills,  and  abounds  in  wood, 
but  the  vallies  are  fertile  in  corn,  and  its 
pastures  feed  a great  number  of  excellent 
cattle.  The  principal  place  is  Flatten. 

Voigisherg,  a town  and  citadel  in  Voigt- 
iand,  Upper  Saxony,  five  miles  s by  e oi 
Fiauen. 

Vairsherg,  a town  in  Stiria,  Germrtny,  on 
the  Kainaci),  18  miles  w by  s of  Gratz. 

Vekeimark,  or  iVolkenkmarck,  a town  of 
Germany,  in  Carinihia,  on  tbe  Crave,  17 
miles  E by  s of  Clagenkirt. 

Volano,  a seaport  of  Italy,  in  Ferrarese, 
at  the  the  mouth  of  the  Po,  in  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  34  miles  e of  Ferrara.  Lon.  12 
36  E,  lat.  44  52  n. 

15 


V O 1. 

VOLCANO,  one  of  the  most  consulerabla 
of  the  Lipari  islands,  in  the  Medueriaiu  un, 
lying  to  the  s of  that  of  Lipari,  from  which 
it  is^’pai ted  by  a deep  channel,  a mile  and  a 
half  broad,  ft  is  12  miles  in  oireumterenee, 
and  is  a volcano,  in  the  form  of  a broken 
cone,  but  now  emits  smoke  only. 

VOLCANELLO,  a small  volcanic  island, 
between  Lipari  and  Volcano. 

VOLCANIC  ISLAND,  an  island  in  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  between  Swallow  island  and 
Sama  Cruz.  Lat.  10  30  s. 

Volga,  tlis  largest  river  in  Europe.  It 
has  its  source  in  two  small  lakes  in  the 
government  of  Pleskof,  in  Russia,  about  80 
miles  w of  Tver,  and  forms  part  oi  tbe  boun- 
dary between  Europe  and  Asia.  It  waters 
some  of  tbe  finest  provinces  in  the  Russian 
empire,  and  flows  by  Jaroslaul,  Kostramai 
Nisnei,  Novogorod,  Casan,  SimbifSK,  Saraioi, 
Tzaritzin,  and  Astracan.  By  means  of  the 
Volga,  the  river  Tveiza,  and  a canal,  there 
is  a navigable  commuuication  between  the 
Caspian  sea  and  the  Baltic,  and  enters  the 
Caspian  sea  by  several  mouths,  below  As- 
tracan. 

Volhinia,  a palatinate  of  Russian  Polana, 
about  220  miles  in  length,  and  130  in  breadth, 
bounded  on  the  n by  Polesia,  w by  Austrian 
Poland,  s by  Podoiia,  and  e by  Kiof.  Its 
fertile  plains  are  watered  by  a great  number 
of  rivers.  Lucko  is  the  capital. 

VoilenliGven,  a toxvn  in  Overyssel.  Hol- 
land, with  a castle,  situated  on  the  Zuyder 
Zee,  eight  miles  from  Steenwick,  and  12 
Nw  of  Zwoll. 

VOLLENHOVEN,  a territory  of  Hol- 
land, included  in  the  department  of  Yssel. 

Volniar,  a town  in  the  government  of 
Riga,  Russia,  on  the  river  Aa,  60  miles  kb 
of  Riga. 

Volo,  an  ancient  town  of  European  Tur- 
key, in  the  province  of  janna, Thessaly,  with 
a Citadel  and  a fort.  It  is  seated  on  a gulf 
of  the  same  name,  and  has  a good  harbour. 
In  1655,  it  W' as  taken,  and  almost  ruined,  by 
the  Venetians,  30  miles  se  of  Larissa.  Lon. 
22  55  E,  lat.  39  2i  n. 

I VOLODIMAR,  or  Vladimir,  a govern- 
ment of  the  Ptussian  empire,  once  a province 
of  the  government  of  Moscow.  The  soil  is 
extremely  fertile,  and  the  lorests  abound 
with  innumerable  swarms  of  bees. 

Volodimir,  or  Vladimir,  the  capital  of 
the  above  governmeni  situated  on  the  river 
Kliasma.  It  is  iiO  miles  E by  n of  Mos- 
cow. Lon.  40  28  e,  lat.  55  58  n. 

VOLOGDA,  formerly  the  largest  of  all 
the  Russian  European  governments.  It  is 
now  divided  into  the  two  piovinces  of  Vo- 
logda and  Veliki  Ustiug.  It  is  full  ot  lakes, 
rivers,  and  marshes,  and  celebrated  for  line 
wool. 

Vologda,  a town  of  Russia,  capital  of  the 
aboie  province,  and  an  arcubidiop^s  see» 
seated  in  a marsh  on  the  Vologda,  which 
flows  into  the  Sukhona,  with  a castle  and  a 
‘ortress.  Besides  the  magnificent  cathedral, 
3 1 


V O R U P L 


It  bfls  several  eliiirches.  The  iuhalbitauts  | 
carry  on  a considerable  tmde,  in  hemp,  ' 
maitinfif,  tallow,  and  leather.  It  is  257 
miles  K by  e of  Moscow.  Lon.  39  46  E, 
lat.  -59  20  N. 

Volsky  a town  in  t^e  government  of 
Saratof,  Russia,  stands  on  the  Volga,  76 
miles  NE  of  Saratof.  Lon.  47  45  e,  lat. 
52  1-5  X. 

Volia,  a river  of  Guinea  which  separates 
the  gold  coast  from  the  slave  coast,  and  falls 
into  the  Atlantic  ocean. 

Voltogio,  a town  of  Genoa,  1,5  miles  N 
by  w of  Genoa.  | 

Volterra,  an  ancient  and  considerable  [j 
town  ot  Tuscany,  in  Fisa,  stands  on  a ( 
mountain,  is  surrorinded  by  walls,  and  con- 
tains several  antirpiities,  30  miles  ssw  of 
Florence,  and  32  se  of  Pisa. 

Voltriy  a town  in  the  state  of  Genoa,  in 
the  vicinity  of  winch  the  Austrians  were  de- 
feated by  the  French  in  1796,  sis  miles  w of 
Genoa. 

Volturaray  a town  of  Naples,  in  Capita- 
cata,  seated  at  the  foot  of  the  Appeniiiiiies, 
20  miles  w of  Lucera,  and  52  ns  of ! 
Naples.  j 

Volturnoy  a river  which  has  its  source  in  i 
the  Appennirxes,  fiows  by  Isernia  and  Capua,  !| 
and  falls  into  the  gulf  of  Gaieta.  |j 

Volme,  a town  in  the  department  of  [ 
Puy  de  Dome,  France,  has  in  iha  vicinity  j 
immense  quarries,  whence  materials  are  I 
ohiamod  for  building  the  adjacent  towns,  | 
and  for  the  statues  ia  the  churches,  two  1 
miles  from  Riom,  and  six  n of  Ciermoat.  [ 
Vohintown^  a township  of  the  United  j 
States,  Windham  county  e of  Plainfield.  i 
VofiUza,  a town  with  a castle,  in  Livadia, 
European  Turkey,  stands  at  the  head  of  a 
deep  bay  on  the  s side  of  the  gulf  of  Arta, 

17  miles  ssw^  of  Arta.,  and  60  nw  of  Le- 
panto.  j 

VOORN,  an  i^and  of  Holland,  between  ] 
the  mouths  of  the  Meuse,  20  miles  long,  and  | 
five  broad.  V’ith  Goree  and  Overslackee 
it  forms  the  territory  of  Vocrnland,  which 
formerly  belonged  to  Zealand.  Brief  is  the 
capital. 

Voorny  a town  and  fort  of  Guelderland,  : 
Holland,  seated  on  an  island  formed  by  the  | 
Waal  and  the  Meuse,  at  the  e cud  of  Eom-  I 
nielv/ert,  seven  mil?s  k by  n of  BommeL  | 
VordeUy  a town  in  the  principality  of  j 
Osnaburg,  Vrestpbalia,  20  miles  nne  of 
Osnaburg. 

Vordoriy  a town  of  W Prussia,  on  the 
Vistula.  Here  a toll  is  levied  from  ships  i 
going  up  and  down  the  river.  It  is  15  miles  1 
5SW  of  Culm.  j| 

Voruigeuy  a town  of  Susbia,  in  the  princi-  j 
pafity  of  Hohenzollern,  stypds  on  the  Lau- 
chart,  JO  miles  sk  oI  Holieuzollern. 

VORONETZ,  one  of  the  41  government.s 
of  Russia,  and  our  of  the  richest  countries  in 
the  empire.  It  abounds  in  corn,  cattle,  and 
orli.er  necessaries  > , 

J''iJraKe72,ca]'ital  of  the  above  government. 


seated  on  the  Voronetz,  near  its  junction 
with  the  Don.  The  town  is  strong  by  na- 
ture. Here,  Peter  the  Great,  when  he  pro- 
jected the  conquest  of  the  Black  sea,  built 
his  first  ship.  It  was  then  composed  of 
about  100  v;cx)dea  Luts,  but  is  now  a hand- 
some town,  and  trades  with  all  parts  of  the 
empire.  Vv'oUen  cloth  and  haickware  are 
the  principal  manufactures.  Tallow  is  a 
chief  article  of  cemmerce,  230  miles  sse  of 
Moscow.  Lon.  39  44  e,  lat,  52  .36  n. 

VOSGES,  a department  of  Fr  nee.  It 
comprehends  the  se  part  of  the  late  province 
of  Lorrain,  It  has  its  name  from  a chain  of 
mountains,  foirnerly  covered  wuth  wood, 
that  .separates  this  department  from  those  of 
Upper  .Saone,  and  Upper  Rhine.  Epinal  is 
the  capital. 

Votkerfieldy  a small  town  in  Hampshire^ 
s of  Alton. 

Vonilley  a village  in  the  department  of 
Vienne,  France,  celebrated  for  a victory 
gained  by  Clovis,  over  Alaric,  king 'of  the 
Visigoths,  in  507,  which  extended  the 
French  empire  from  the  Loire  to  the  Pyre- 
nees. 

Vonrlay  a town  in  Natolia,  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, stands  on  two  eminences  near  the  gulf 
of  Smynia,  30  miles  w by  s of  .Smyrna. 

Voit  tchangy  a city  of  China,  capital  of 
the  province  of  Hou-quang.  It  is  tne  ren- 
dezvous of  ail  the  commercial  people  in  the 
empire.  Its  port  on  the  Kian-ku,  is  always 
crowded  with  vessels,  frequently  six  niih^s  in 
length.  In  addition  to  the  continual  iiitUj;s 
of  strangers,  its  beautiful  cnrystal  fountains, 
the  plentiful  crops  of  fine  tea,  and  the  pro- 
digious sale  of  the  Bamboo  paper  render  it 
famous.  It  is  655  miles  s of  Pekin.  Lon. 
U2  25  E,  lat.  30  30  n. 

VozierSy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Ardennes,  France,  on  the  Aisne,  28  miles  s 
of  Mezieres,  and  32  ene  of  Rheims. 

Upchurchy  a town  m Kent,  on  the  Med- 
way, three  miles  and  a-haif  nw  of  Milton, 
and  six  e of  Chatham. 

UphaU,  or  Strathbroky  a parish  in  Lin- 
lithgow^shire,  containing  3120  a res,  Tha 
.soil  is  exceedingly  Pudile.  Population 
about  786.  It  is  a well  known  stage  on 
the  Glasgow  road,  and  is  about  10  miles  w 
cf  Edinburgh.  The  surface  is  varied,  fer- 
tile, and  well  cultivated.  Cou^,  free  stone, 
lime  scone,  ba^altes,  potters  clay,  fullers 
earth,  and  marl  are  {ouud  in  the  p^-rish. 

Up  Bollandy  a considerable  mannfa  Tur- 
ing village  in  I.ancashire,  tliree  miles  w'  of 
Wigan,  with  some  vestiges  of  a priory 
ibunded  by  Robert  de  Holland,  duke  of 
Exeter. 

Uphewen,  a town  in  Wiltshire,  10  miles 
s by  w of  Mariboj^ough. 

UPLAND,  a provii  ce  cf  Sweden  Proper. 
It  is  about  70  miles  in  leugili,  aud  45  in 
breadth,  is  chieily  ooM'red  with  forests  of 
piLe,  and  shapeless  stones,  but  has  inex- 
haustible mira  s of  copper,  silver,  iron,  and 
lead,  in  the  mauufhcture  of  which  the 


u R 


gtockliolni 


santry  are  obietiy  employed 
M-al.ham,  ^ ,p„ng  bardly  ever 

known  .o  be^Uished  by  droegbr,  .nree 

avid  compact  town 
j weekly  market, 

u.".r»v”"r‘“ 

in  Upland,  with  ,ee.  A 

university,  an  it  'o  'be  ‘“ke  Maeler. 

srbuili  of  bric^,  but  tbe  I 

Tth  mrr'if  Jon’ains  exclusive  of  .be  sto- 

dents,  about  4000  .nbabUant^^^P^ul^^’^^ 

^'S'tn  "’b“b  ""  usef  ^ te 

r^rinoiTuftru-fpr:!^ 

fovaf  society  here  is  tUe  uuc>eu‘  “>*;■- 
tiition  of  the  kind  in  the  norm.  From  ns 
ctee-vatory.  planned  by  tbe  famous  telsus^ 
the  Swedish  Geographers,  uumpute  b 
lomriinde.  Tire  Botanic  gaideu,  wmcU 
long  Die  the  care  ol  the  caebrated  Linae, 

Ts  ar.;tt  dSoltteii,  hu,  a new  and  larger 
r^ro  ii,  - on  the  w side  of  the  pciiaee.  Upsal 
siamrira  vast  open  plain,  feriiie  in  conr, 
and  is  40  miles  nnw  ol  Stockholm.  L..U. 

17  F litt.  .t 

SiTf  i. '«»«.»«  «i’«i  oe««  »• 

f]^v  and  four  annuid  iairs , ciud  lies  i 
illtflcs  s irom  Worcester,  and  Ulwawot 

"“Sr.ABA.  a province  of  Terra.  Firma,  on 

^ ^'Tto'.va  of  Wirtembi’Tg,  Swabia, 

has  a"  de’cayed  castle,  on  a mountatn,  and 
a ccnviderab.e  trade  in  l.nen  damasks,  an 

^V<!gVAY,  E f 

of  Pareguay,  in  booth  America,  has  its 
nanre  f om  a large  river,  that  unues  with 
the  Pamna,  VO  miles  above  Buenos  Ayres 

J 4h.v.e^v£:  4hp  ppiebrated  ni’t^r  ricUt*. 

jj,‘.vi\vas  ceded  by  the  Spaniards  to  Por- 
i>r  the  cuicny  ci  St.  Sacrament,  in 
nTv,  ibilt  the  Uragnay  might  be^he  bourn 
dary  b ■iweeu  tbe  two  uroivus.  Bos  tiojes 

‘"n^fe/rc«!r;own  and  bishop’s  see  in 
BivaJia,  European  Turkey,  governed  Ij  a 


hey,  and  U seated  on  the  left  bank  of  the 


Hies  WfVVV 

liver  of  tbe  Russian  empiie^ 


wb?cb  has^riouroe  in  Caucasus  in 

Asia,  runs  by  Orenburg, 
fails  into  the  Caspian  .^ca,  hj 

"f a ridge  of 
stretebiug  irom  .»  to  t)7  ^ 

1150  mites,  called  by  w® 

b,HCk-bo..e  of  the  world,  PuUda 

the  higuest  of  these  luouu tarns,  _ i ^ 

451tS  feet  above  sea  level.  Tins  c 
forms  a considerab.e  part  of  the  bouauury 

between  Europe  and  Asui. 

URALIAN  COftSACb,  ^ PruP' 

iubaoit  tbe  Russian  prcvuice  of  Ovei|^^  B 

in  Asia,  on  the  s side  o^  ,yom  tho^e  of 
These  Cossacs  are  ^ religion, 

' the  Don.  They  profess  the  Cekrg^^^ 

But  there  are  dissenters  "-u  f^.^.ersks 

:;f,J2Xhk.u,ci. 

have  their  own  pr.ests  amt  cei 

The  Uraiian  Cossaos  are  eatbu^a^, 

ancient  ritual,  and  viuae 
equal  to  their  lives.  A Russu 
having  ordered  a number  o YaitsU  m 
publickly  shaved  in  tbe  ‘own  ol  ts  ^ 

rebellion.  This  was  suppresi^u  by 

throw,  and  execution  Ol  bnis 

order  to  exiinguisu  all  ^ 

enjoy  the  right  of  fishing  on  the  coas 
tispiun  sea,  for  47  miles  on  u-b  S';®  ^ 
the  river  Ural.  In  consequence  ol  .bn 
fisheries  these  Cossacs  are  veiy  ncu. 

“a,  a town  Ol  the  Russian  empire,  u 

Oreubiirgh,  and  goverumeut  of  ^ 
iormeriy  called  \ailsk,  an  s 
Ural,  375  miles  nne  of  Asiracan. 

the  island  of  Hueii,  Denmark,  ^ ^ 

Tycho  Btaelie,  tbe  o®-®bt«'f 
wbo  called  it  Uranburg,  or  tne  ofstbi  o 
Heavens,  liere  he  made  bis  obsonaiions, 

but  it  is  DOW  in  rums.  Lou.  i4  > ■ 

i ol  Ml.  lo;*'  ;";K 

oi'i'“o-  

I lS40a,lat.4dd^  to. 

« LVbauna,  a posi  o,, 

State's  ill  Miuulesex  eoiuii),  \ ir^  * . » 
fiirRaiq^bani  Oc,  rd  miles  Iroin  us  moulh, 

' Ti^  7H  \iii  of  iiichmoiid.  . 

Vriino,  a duoby  of  Italy  compr-bendad 


U R Q 

in  (h?  Roman  repuhlic.  The  air  is  r'ckon-  i 
oh,ef  pro  no, .00  ,.s  silk,  and  it  abounds  in 
dd  in  breadlL 

Vrbino,  a city  of  Italy,  and  capital  of 
the  duoiiy  ot  Urbino.  Tbe  city  is  an  arch- 
bishop s see.  The  university  contains  a 
noble  college  and  16  convents.  It  is  the 
birtii-place  of  the  iliustnous  painter  Ra- 

Sreat  qnanti- 

-s  of  fine  earthen  ware,  manufactured  here. 
It  ^va..  taken  by  the  French  in  1798.  It  is 
seated  on  a hill,  between  the  rivers  Metro 
tmd  Fogija,  18  miles  s of  Rimini,  58  e of 

'S:  - 

by  Midcbeham,  Rjppon,  Boroughbridge,  and 

“>e 

[/redan,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
’Wunster,  Westphalia,  stands  on  the  Berckel 
and  has  maniiiacturps  of  excellent  linen,  20 
iinles  Vv  Nw  of  Munster. 

an  ancient  town  in  Catalonia, 
fepain,  capital  of  a county  of  the  same 


name,  and  a bisi  op^s  see.  It  stands  in  a 
ferule  plain,  on  the  Segra,  amid  mountains, 
covered  with  vineyards.  It  is  60  miles  w of 
FiU'pigiian,  and- 78  n.\w  of  Barcelona.  Lon. 
I ^8  E,  lat.  42  24  n. 

Urghenz,  a town  of  the  country  of  Cha- 
ipm,  formerly  its  capital,  stands  on  a small 
liver  ti7at  falls  into  the  lake  Aral,  190 
miies  NMw  of  Khiva.  Lon.  68  30  e,  lat.  42 

Vri,  the  most  southern  of  the  cantons  of 
...uiizeivand,  and  the  fourth  in  rank.  It  is 
aoout  30  mibs  in  length,  and  12  broad, 
boun!.et,  o.i  the  n by  the  canton  of.Schweitz 
and  the  Vraldsladter  See,  e by  the  cantons 
o uri.'fOns  and  Clarus,  s by  the  bailiwics  of 
i.aiy  and  w by  the  cantons  of  Underwalden 
and  Bern.  Altorf  is  the  capital.  See 
»^catve^tz. 

Vri,  Lake  rf ; See  TValdstadter  See. 

lJrUvgfcTd,ii  town  in  Kilkenny,  Leinster, 
12  miles  Nw  of  Kilkenny.  In  the  vicinity 
are  the  ruins  of  Kilcooiy  abbev,  and  of  a 
ea.stle. 

Urmia,  or  Orourni,  a large  town  in  Ader- 
h'J^'n,  Per.sin,  stands  in  a fertile  plain,  on 
tne  sw  of  a lake  of  the  same  name,  of  an 
ov,u  form,  160  miles  in  circuit,  and  some- 
times called  Sliahee  Lake.  On  the  e side 
the  lake  is  penelrated  to  its  centre  bv  a long 
mounuiim  Its  waters  produce  much  .salt 
and  on  i/M  liorders  are  vast  masse.s  of  the 
marble  of  Tabriz;  90  miles  sw  of  Tabriz 
Ion.  -1.6  6 E,  ial.  37  22  n. 

Urmtuid,  a town  m the  department  of 
Lower  Meu-e,  in  the  duchy  of  Juiiers,  lately 
of  (u'rnifiny,  stands  near  the  Meufc?,  ib 
mile;^  NXE  of  Maestrichf. 

Li a parish  in  Murra3’shire,  about 
lour  miic.s  long  and  three  broad,  lying  on 


USB 

Ihe  coast  of  the  Moray  Frilh  between  the 
rivers  Spey  and  Lossie.  Agriculture  is  h.r 
behind.  The  greater  part  of  it  belongs  to 
the  earl  ot  Fife,  who  has  planted  large  tmets 
of  waste  ground.  Population  is  about  1023, 

Urquhart  and  Gleiimoriston,  a moun- 
tainous parish  in  Inverne.ss-sbire,  about  30 
miles  long,  and  10  broad  on  an  average. 
The  rivers  are  the  Moriston,  Enneric,  and 
Celtic,  all  of  which  fall  into  Loch  Ness, 
Agricultural  improvements  are  pro&re«sive" 
limestone  abounds,  and  is  wed  as  maimre! 
In  the  parish  are  four  burying  places,  a 
church,  three  chapels,  a parochial,  and  two 
society  schools..  The  cieiical  duty  of  Glen- 
luoristoii  is  frequently  performed  by  a mis- 
sionary stationed  at  Fort  Augustus.  Urqu- 
hart  castle,  formerly  a royal  fort,  and  ca- 
pable of  accommodating  6,000  men,  stands 
on  a promontory  jutting  into  the  nw  side  of 
Loch  Ness,  18  miles  .sw  of  Inverness.  It 
was  taken  by  Edward  I.  of  England,  and  is 

26ls  i®  about 

VrqiOiart  and  Logie-u-e.ster,  an  united 
parish  in  Ros.s-shire,  about  nine  or  10  miles 
long,  and  from  three  to  four  broad,  Iviiur 
along  the  head  of  the  Frith  of  Cromarty” 
the  surface  is  pretty  level,  mid  agreeably 
diversified  with  fertile  fields,  plantations,  *c 
It  has  quarries  that  produce  excellent  mill- 
stones. Here  are  salmon  fisheries,  disti'- 
lenes,  and  besides  the  parochial  school,  there 
are  two  endowed  by  the  society  for  iirona- 
gating  Christian  knowledge.  In  ibis  parish 
is  tne  barony  of  Ferrihtosli.  (See  Perrin- 
tosh.J  Population  is  about  2820. 

Urr.  See  Orr. 

Vrrag,  a parish  composed  of  the  united 
parishes  of  Urray  and  Kilchrist,  lying  for 
the  mo-st  part  in  Ross-shire.  It  is  about 
sevtn  miles  long,  and  .six  broad,  lying  along- 
the  s banks  of  the  Conan.  The  suriace  is 
variegated  by  corn  fields,  geiitlemen\s  seats, 
piantatioD.s,  natural  woods,  rivers,  and  wastes 
It  is  iinersecied  by  the  road  leading  fiom 
Inverness  to  Sutherland  and  Caiihness,  and 
by  one  leading  to  the  W Highlands.  In  the 
parish  i.s  the  seat  of  lord  Seaforth ; tbe 
church  is  elegant;  and  besides  the  paro- 
chial, there  is  a socieiy  school.  There  is  a 
shell  marie  to  be  lotind,  and  n^ar  the  w end 
of  the  parish  a sulphureous  spring.  Fonuia- 
tion  about  2083. 

Urseren,  a town  in  the  canton  of  Uri, 
Sw’isserland,  .stands  on  the  Reuss,  in  an  ele- 
vated valley,  17  miles  sse  of  Altorf. 

Ursitz,  a towm  in  the  late  bishopric  of 
Ba?el,  Swisserland,  which  originated  from 
a hermitage,  built  in  the  seventn  century,  by 
St  Ursiniiis.  It  stands  on  the  Doubs,  six 
miles  .s  of  Poreirtriii. 

CRVAIG,  or  Urv^jg.a,  a province  of 
Soirth  /Vmeriea,  ('xtending  irom  lat  26  0,  to 
•33  20  s.  it  is  about  410  mile.-;  in  iengih,  and 
130  in  lireadth. 

IhSBEC  TARTARY,  a vail  coun  ry  of 
Western  Tartgry,  bounded  on  the  \ by  Uiui 


u s s 


TT  T*  O 


o?  the  Ktamvics,  on  the  e by  Thibet,  on  the 
s bv  Ilindoostan,  and  on  the  w by  Persia 
and^the  Caspian  sea.  These  Tartars  are 
divided  into  several  tribes,  governed  by  their 
respective  khans  or  princes.  When  govern- 
ed by  one  sovereign,  they  were  toe  most 
lormidahle  of  all  the  Tartar  nations.  I he 
principal  khans  trace  their  descent  to  Id- 
nmrlaiie,  who  was  horn  iii  Sa^areaml,  the 
present  capital  of  the  country.  1 be  Usbecs 
Lave  fairer  complexions  and  neater  features 
than  the  Kalmucks.  Their  religious  pro- 
t’essron  is  Mahometanism. 

USEDOM,  au  island  of  Hither  Pomera- 
nia,  situated  between  the  mcuths  of  the 
Peene  ami  Svviii,  (with  two  tons  named 
after  these  two  rivers,)  on  the  Baltic,  be- 
tween which  and  the  island  of  Wollon  is  a 
passage,  callea  the  Swin.  It  has  a town  ot 
Lhe  slme  name,  on  the  sw  coast,  and  is 
subject  to  Prussia;  40  miles  nw  ol  Stettin. 
Lon.  14  11  B,  lat.  54  6 N. 

Userche,  an  ancient  and  well  built  town 
in  the  department  of  Correze,  France,  37 
miles  sE  of  Limoges. 


Vstdnio,  a town  of  Italy,  in  Cremo'a0-6f 
12  miles  ne  of  Cremona. 

Vstaritz,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Lower  Pyrenees,  France,  six  miles  sse  of 

USTICA,  a small  iHand  in  the  Mediter^^ 
ranean.  It  produces  wheat,  barley,  soda, 

I &c.  and  the  vicinity  are  coral  banks.  It  vvas 
1 not  inhabited  till  1765,  when  a colony  sealed 
* and  built  a citadel.  There  are  no  springs  lu 
the  i'slard,  and  the  inhabitants  are  supplied 
with  fresh  water  by  rain  preserved  m cis- 
terns. It  lies  35  miles  N of  Palermo  in  Sici- 
ly. Lon.  13  26  E,  lat.  38  42  n. 

Vsiipa,  a town  in  the  government  of 
Vologda,  Russia,  and  capital  of  a province 
of  the  same  name,  and  an  archbishop  s see. 
It  stands  on  the  Dwina,  at  the  junction  oi 
the  Sukhano.  Hence  are  exported  great 
quantity  of  grain.  It  Iks  464  miles 
^ - Lon.  16  30  E,  lilt.  61 


USHANT, 


an 


island  on  the  coast  of 


Finisterre,  Fraime,  opposite  Conquet.  It  is 
eio-ht  miles  in  circumference,  and  contains 
sieve  al  hamlets,  and  a castle.  Lon.  5 0 w, 

lat.  48  30  N.  IT* 

Ushneach,  a mountain  in  V/  Meath,  Lein- 
ster Ireland,  on  which  the  Druids  kindled 
fires  in  honour  of  Beal,  or  the  .sun.  It  was 
the  grand  Bealtinne  of  the  northern  parts  of 
Leinster,  where  the  states  assembled,  and 
tried  criminals,  and  such  as  were  condemned 
to  die,  were  burnt  between  two  fires  of  Beal. 
Children  and  cattle  were  made  to  pass  be- 
tween these  fires,  by  way  of  purification. 

n^inoen,  a town  of  Germany,  inWatiera- 
vla  and  county  of  Nassau-Weilburg,  stands 
on  the  Usbach,and  has  a handsome  castle. 

It  is  12  miles  .sse  of  Weilburg. 

Usk,  a town  in  Monmouthshire,  situated 
on  the  river  Usk,  at  its  junction  with  the 
Byrdhin.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  a castle 
and  priory,  the  church  of  which  is  now  the 
parisa  church,  and  another  part  of  it  is  con- 
verted into  a farm-house.  It  is  a large  and 
wxdl  built  place,  has  a manufacture  of  ja- 
panned ware,  a w’^eeklv  market  on  Monday, 
and  two  annual  fairs,  and  lies  12  miles  sw 
of  Munmouth.  , 

H.s7c,  a river  of  South  V aies,  vihico 
rises  on  the  w side  of  Brecknockshire. 
It  passes  by  xVbergaveiiny,  Usk,  and  Caer- 
. icon,  and  enters  the  Bristol  Channel  below 

Newport.  . 

Ucikelt,  a town  in  Yorkshire,  near  the 
xiver  Wherle,  ke  of  Sherborn. 

Uskiub,  See  Sccpia. 

town  in  the  principality  of  Calen- 
b»Tg,  Lower  .^axony,  14  miles  nw  of  Gol- 

Cs.sel^  fi  town  in  the  department  of  Correze, 
France,  five  mues  ire  ot  the  castle  of  Ven- 
udour,  32  NE  of  Tuile,  and  53  ese  of 
Limoges, 


ne  of  Moscow. 

IJtawas,  a river  which  rises  from  the  lak» 
Tenaiscamin,  is  in  part  the  boundary  Im^ 
between  Upper  and  Lower  Canada,  and  alter 
running'  se  -above  300  miles,  enters  the  fct 
Lawrence  at  the  islanfi  of  Montreal,  In  its 
course  are  several  rapids  and 

UTRECHT,  one  of  the  United  Province^^, 
bounded  on  the  n by  Holland  and  the  2mder 
Zee,  E and  s by  Guelderland,  and  w by  hoR 
land  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  the  country 
Dieasant.  The  length  oi  it  is  not  above  30 
miles,  and  the  breadth  only  20,  and  it  is  npt 
subject  to  inundations,  as  in  the  other  pro- 

V tSlCPS« 

Utrecht,  a handsome,  large,  and  celebrat- 
ed city  of  Holland,  capital  of  the  province 
of  Utrecht.  It  is  of  a square  form,  and 
about  three  miles  in  circumlerence,  viuth- 
out  its  four  suburbs,  which  are  considera- 
ble. It  has  a famous  university.  Ine 
aeeple  of  the  cathedral  is  very  high,  and 
the  most  elegant  in  Holland.  Here  are 
many  churches  and  hospitals.  The  town 
house  is  a magnificent  edifice.  Two  canals 
called  the  New  Graeft,  and  the  Vaert,  run 
hrough  the  city,  and  are  crossed  by  36 
stone  bridges.  The  principal  manuiactures 
are  silk  and  fire  arms  ; and  in  a place  called 
the  Mall  is  an  extensive  fomidinw  for  can- 
non balls.  The  population  is  estimated  at 
20,009.  The  environs  arc  ador  ed  with  nu- 
merous gurden.s,  walks,  an<I  groves,  which, 
together'  with  the  purity  of  the  air,  maivc 
this  city  one  of  thi^  most  agreeable  plact^ 
of  residence  in  tho.se  parts.  Here,  in  1 
commenced  the  union  of  the  seven  United 
piovincts,  and  here  was  concluded  thotieaty 
which  terminated  the  wars  of  queen  Ann, 
in  1713.  In  1787,  Uirecht  surrendered  to 
the  Prussians,  and,  in  1795,  to  the  French, 
each  time  without  any  resistance.  It  is  si- 
tuated on  the  ancient  cliannel  ol  l be  Rhine, 
18  miles  sk  of  Amsierdam,  27  me  oi  Rutte.- 
dam,  an<l  35  NNW  of  Nimeguen.  Lon.  5 8 e, 

lat.  52  7 E.  r 1 • 

Utrecht  New,  a town  of  New  York,  i« 


W A A 

King’s  county,  Long  Island^  with  a Dutch 
church. 

Utrera^  a town  ia  Andalusia,  Spain,  has  a 
salt  spring  in  the  vicinity,  12  miles  se  ol 
Seville. 

Uttcrby,  a town  in  Lincolnshire,  three 
miles  Irom  Louth. 

Uttooceter,  a large  to\vn  in  Stafford.  hire, 
situated  on  a rising  ground,  near  the  river 
Dove.  Its  marltet  is  the  greatest  in  thi^ 
part  of  England.  Iron  manufactories ' are 
carried  on  he^re  to  a consideiabie  extent. 
The  weekly  market  is  on  Wednesday,  and  it 
has  two  annual  fairs.  It  contains  about 
3,000  inhabitants;  and  lies  13  miles  ne  ol 
Stafturd,  and  135  nnw  of  London. 

Utznach,  capital  of  a baiiiwic,  belonging 
to  the  cantons  of  Schweitz  and  Giaris,  Swis- 
seriand,  stands  three  miles  k of  the  lake  oi 
Zurich,  and  15  N by  w of  Giaris. 

Uxbridge^  a town  in  Middlesex,  consisting 
principaily  of  one  street  a mile  in  length’ 
near  the  extremity  of  the  county,  intersected 
by  the  Coin,  in  two  streams,  and  washed  h} 
the  Grand  Junction  Canal.  The  church,  or 
rather  chapel,  is  as  old  as  the  reign  of  king 
Henry  Vi.  Here  a negociation  was  car- 
ried on  between  Charles  I.  and  the  parlia- 
ment, in  1644,  and  the  hobse  in  w^hich  the 
plenipotentiaries  rnet,  is  still  called  the 
Treaty  House.  |Iere  was  once  a monastry, 
and  near  it  are  the  vestiges  of  a Roman  camp. 

It  is  governed  by  two  baiiiifs,  two  constables, 
and  lour  beadboroughs.  Tbe  town  is  well 
furnished  with  inns ; the  bread  made  here  is 
remarkable  for  its  whiteness,  and  it  has  two 
annual  fairs.  It  is  15  miles  n by  w of  Lon- 
don, on  the  Oxford  road, 

Uxbridge^  a town  of  Worcester  county, 
Massachusetts,  40  miles  sw  of  Boston. 

UYA,  the  name  of  two  of  the  Shet- 
land islands;  I.  lying  off  the  n coast  of 
Mainland  ; 2.  lying  off  the  s coast  of  Unst 
Uzeda,  See  Ucedo.  ' 

Uzel,  a town  in  the  -department  of  tbe 
>7orth  Coast,  France.  It  has  a consider- 
able trade ; and  is  17  miles  sw  of  St 
Brieux. 

Uzerche^  a town  in  the  department  of  Cor- 
reze,  Lrance,  s’ands  on  a Oraggy  rock,  on 
the  Vezere,  10  miles  Nw  of  Tulle,  and  36  sst 
of  Limoges. 

a lov/n  in  (he  dejvartment  of  Gard, 
I't'cince,  suuids  in  a country  abounding  in 
corn,  oil,  Silk,  catile,  and  good  wine  12 
railes  of  Nismes,  20  w of  Avignon,  ami  20 
sw  of  Orange.  Below  the  bishop^s  palace 
is  a spring  that  supplies  the  aqueduct  of 
■Nismes. 


W A £ 

passes  by  Leopolds  tad  t,  and  falls  into  the , 
Danube,  opposite  the  island  of  Schut. 

fVaal,  or  Wahal,  the  s branch  of  the  river 
Rhine  below  Emmerick,  runs  w through 
Guelderland,  by  Nimegueii,  Thiel,  Eommel, 
and  Gorcum,  and  which  unites  with  the 
Meuse  at  Briel. 

IVabashy  a be^tiful  navigable  river  of 
the  United  States,  in  the  North  Western 
Territory,  which  rises  near  some  small  lakes 
to  the  w of  lake  Erie,  takes  a ssw'^  ccorsc  of 
400  miles,  and  fklls  into  the  Ohio,  by  a 
mouth  270  yards  wdde,  above  iOO  miles  above 
tbe  junction  of  that  river  wdth  the  Mississippi, 
in  lat.  37  4i.  It  is  navigable  340  miles, 
and  approaches  within  nine  miles  of  the  na- 
vigable  waters  of  lake  Erie.  On  this  river 
is  perhaps  the  richest  vein  of  native  copper  ia 
the  w'hole  earth. 

Wachenheiniy  a towm  in  the  department 
of  Mont  Tonnerre,  France,  lately  of  Ger- 
many, in  the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  17 
miles  ssw  of  Worms. 

Wachovia  or  Dobb's  Parish,  a tract  of 
land  in  North  Carolina,  consisting  of  about 
loOjOOO  acres,  ia  Stokes  and  Surry  countu  .s, 
situated  between  the  rivers  Dan  and  Yadkin, 
The  Moravians  purchased  this  tract  from 
Lord  Granville  in  J 751,  and  called  it  Wacho- 
via from  an  estate  of  count  Zinzendorf’s,  in 
Austria.  In  1755  it  was  made  a separate 
parish.  It  contains  several  settlements,  the 
chief  of  which  is  Salem. 

Watchteudonek,  a town  in  Upper  Guelder- 
land, Netherlands,  stands  in  a morass,  on  the 
Niers.  It  is  five  miies  s of  Guelders,  and 
22  Nw  of  Dusseldorf. 

Wachtersbach,  a town  in  Watteravia, 
Germany,  has  a castle,  belonging  to  the 
count  of  Isenburgh  Wachtersburg,  20  miles 
ENE  of  Hanau. 

Wadhorough,  a town  in  Worcestershire, 
three  miles  nw  of  Pershore. 

W ADDAHS,  a people  of  Asia,  in  the 
island  of  Ceylon.  They  neither  till  the  land, 
nor  feed  cattle,  bdt  depend  entirely  aipon 
their  bows  and  arrows  for  subsistence,  and 
collecting  honey  from  hollow  trees.  They 
have  no  houses,  and  reside  near  the  rivers 
under  large  trees.  Their  only  covering  is  a 
piece  of  cloth  which  they  wrap  round  their 
waist. 

Wadeshorough,  the  chi«-f  town  of  Anson 
<iounty,  in  Fayetteville  district.  North  Caro- 
lina, stands  on  a loftv  hiil.  50  miles  ssk  iw 


^AAG,  a ri\er  of  Hungary,  which  has 
its  source  in  the  Carpathian  mountains, 


Ima,  stands  on  a lolty  60  miies  ssii  of 
Saiisbur}'. 

WADHAM  ISLANDS,  .several  islands 
near  the  ne  coa^t  of  Newfoundland.  Lon, 
53  37  w,  lat.  49  57  n. 

Wadstena,  a town  in  E Gothland,  Sweden, 
seated  on  the  lake  We{ier,was  built  in  1744, 
by  Gus{avr.s  V'asa,  26  miles  w of  Lin- 
kopi  ng. 

WaES,  a trrritory  of  Austrian  Flanders, 
has  plenty  of  corn  and  Uax,  fine  meadows 
and  good  pastures.  Here  horses  are  in  high 
esieem.  St  Nicholas  and  Rupelmonde  un 
the  principal  places, 


W A K 


mgeninsen,  or  fVagenhein  the  of 

TieUu«  an  ancient  town  ot  Hollana  in 
Gdderund,  stands  oi,  the 
a trade  in  cattle  and  tobacco,  miles 

“^WAGMiA,  or  Waoerland,  a ter^ 

ritorv  of  Lower  Saxony,  »* 
rtTLltie.  It  is  abotil  20  miles  in  length, 

Sul  15  in  breadth.  Lubec  is  the  princpal 

^'^''waara<n  a village  of  Austria,  ne  of  Vi- 

ennr,  where  an  ^Ihe  TrSch  “ in 

between  the  Austrians  and  the  ^rencu,  m 

5Sri809,  iu  which  the  latter  were  sue 

a town  in  the  principality  of 
TrS'X  Silesia,  14  miles  ssE  of  Troppan. 
JValr’en,  a town 

Mecklenburg,  stands  near  , 

U miles  s of  .Malchin,  and  2T  WNW  ot  ivew 

^^'fVakrenbrvck,  a town  of  the  ^“chy  of 
Saxony,  on  the  Elster,  14  miles  a of  tor 

^^'waihlingen,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  M ir- 
tetnburg,  siabia,  on  the  Rems  seven  miles 

^^IrJidhamtn!  a town  in  the  palatinate 

tSt  fow;rl' Austria, 
on  the  Ips,  23  miles  sw  of  St  Polten. 

Waidloven,  Sohmiseh,  a town  and  castle 
of  Austria,  on  the  Teya,  10  m.lcs  RNW  of 

^Ikigaiz,  or  raigatch,  straits  between 
Nova  Zembla  and  Russia,  with  an  is  and  of 
the  same  name.  Lon.  93  30  B,  J®'-  '•  ' 

Wainfieet,  a neat  compact  town  in  Lin- 
oolnsbire,  situated  on  the  river  Limb,  neat  a j 
creek  of  the  sea  by  means  of  whicn  «t  has  , 
some  sea  trade.  It  has  a vTe_ekly  inarket 
on  Saturday,  and  four  annual 
14  miles  nb  of  Boston,  and  2S  N by  E ot 

^ }VaUzen,ox  lEait*,  a town  of  Hungary, 
noted  for  a large  annual  fair,  and  is  a hi-; 
XpV  see.  It  has  frequenily  been  oapturea 
by  the  Turks,  and  was  burnt  by  them  u 
1685.  It  is  situated  on  the  Danube,  j8  miles 
EsBof  Presburg.  Lon.  19  15  e,  lat.  4. 

fycA-ejfcld,  an  ancient,  large,  and  hand- 
some town,  simatSd  on  the  river  Calder,  near 
tL  centre  of  the  W R.ding  of  Yorksmre. 
The  church  is  a large  gothic  structure  ai^^l 
stands  near  the  centre  of  the  town.  Bes.des 
this  there  is  another  church,  several  meeting 
hou  es  for  .Lssenters,  ami  a f''-'® 
school,  which  have  several  exhil.iaons  to 
both  tiie  universities.  In  the  market-place 
is  an  elegant  cross,  with  a lanihein  top, 
under  which  is  a room  where  the  public 
business  is  transacted. 
ctouebiidge  over  the  Calder,  EdAnard  IV. 
erected  a chapel,  to  the  memory  ° .® 

ther,  who  fell  in  the  memorable  bait.e  with 
queen  Margaret,  tought  near  this  m 

'466.  The  orincipul  trade  is  m Ah.t 


cloths  and  tammies.  JI*®  "7;' J.”!^tero 
“rrsomeViblif  libraries  here.  Wakefield 
containe./in  1801,  8133 

1811,  8593.  being  a weeL 

verued  by  a chiel  constable.  It  has  a week 
Iv  market  on  Friday,  for  corn  and  provisions, 
a market  every  fortnight  for  caMle 
and  four  annual  farrs.  It  is  28  miles 
of  A^ork,  and  184  NUW  of  London. 

mikerlev  or  fVakchj,  a town  in  He.t- 
ior.lshi:-e,  sw  of  Buntingford,  and  hall  amil^ 

S of  BoiksdteU*  ^ „ 17 nrnn'^rlll 

WALACHIA,  a province  "^^^“25 
Tnrkev  beio^'  175  miles  in  length,  and 

bounded  on  the  n by  Transy - 
vania,  B by  Moldavia,  s by  the  Damme, 
and  w by  Hungary  It  is  and 

mcrous  rivers.  The  soil  ts  very  f®J; ‘ ® > 
produces  all  kinds  of  wine,  oil, 
nean  fruits.  Here  are  excellent  TtT 

Ck  cattle,  and  mines  of  sevem  kinds, 
i Tn  173Q  it  was  ceded  to  the  lurKs  ^ 

;".my  of  Llgrade.  The  greater  part  of  he 
inhabitants  a?e  of  the  Greek  ctmron.  It  is 
governed  by  a waywade,  or  Prince,  ca  ^ 
llso  the  bospodar,  who  is  a vassal  of  the 
pmobc  Biichorest  is  ti>e  capuai.  ^ 
fVaiadia,  a town_of  ^^neo'es* 

spacious  plain,  which 
Q'lrv  as  well  as  luxury  of  life.  It  has  a larg 

harbour,  ibe  entrance  to 
by  rocks,  130  miles  WNW  of  Morocco, 

Lon.  8 25  w,  lat.  31  56  N.  Holland 

WALCHEREN,  an  island 

It  is  separated  from  the  islands  of  - 

Bevelaiid,  by  a narrow  channel,  d.i-^ 

, from  the  province  of  Dutch  Flanders  > 
i mouth  of  the  .Scheldt?  bemg 
' the  other  sides  by  the  Gerrnan  00®®";  “ ' 

ubout  nine  miles  in  length,  ® 
breadth,  and,  lying  very  low,  ® j 

inundations,  bnt  is  very  ®“''®-„7l88q  V ut 
was  taken  by  (he  British  in  .luly,  P"' 

shortly  after  evacuated  on  account  of  i - 
epidemical  stats.  -Aliddleburg  is  the  ca- 

I town  in  Lincolnshire,  near  the 

TrLt,  has  a "balyheute  spring  iormerl/ 
much  frequented,  five  miles  w of  1 att  i.. 

mur,  seated  on  the  Heura.  it 
consumed  by  fire  in  1615,  ane  ^ 

French  sustained  great  loss  m an 
i attempt  to  take  it,  12  miles  s of  C.arlero^ 
and  27  sw  of  Namur. 

Waldhurg,  a castle  f 
gives  name  to  a county  l}iog  ^ ^ ^ 

Danube  and  the  Iier»  It  ^ 3,!^ 

mountain,  seven  miles  N of  Wang  , 

' wIlDECK,  a principality  of  Westpba- 
i®.  .O'-  » -.,‘r"-’!„’’i:'^ith^“u1s 


lia,  NW  01  nA&>t;  . cr  . 

miles  in  length,  and  . and 

mountainous,  and  covered  ’ 4 

has  mines  of  .™^_®oi;Pri  T-o  M b.  ’ 


r,  I IV  firv 


W A L 

fValu’eei,  a town  of  Germany,  in  'V' 
ooiin-y  of  the  same  name,  with  uaiiie" 
bach Steinbach,  six  miles  se  of  Cor- 

m,l<ie.n.,  or  S/ifran  Walden,  a town  in 
- of  Essex,  stands  on  an  emim-iiee 

lime  of  o*«o»fae- 

ture  of  bolting  cloths,  checks,  and  fastians, 
and  a great  trade  in  malt,  Tlie  town  is 
torge  and  popnlons,  but  irregularly  built. 
Besides  the  church,  which  is  a faic  gothit' 
structure,  here  are  a Presbyterian,  a baptist, 
and  a quaker  meeting-iiouse,  a free.  sehooi, 
afid  a well  endowed  alms-house.  The  Veen 
ol  tis  castle  is  .still  visible.  Saffron  Wal- 

m,rt  a "’‘’yof  and  alderman, 

ci.id  has  a weekly  market,  on  Safurdtty,  and 

-'*2  N by  E of  London, 

. ^'Udenowrg,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony 
M Misnia,  situated 'on  the  MitWau,  has  a 
cas.le  ot  its  name.  The  old  town  on  the 
.pposue  side  of  the  river,  is  noted  for  brown 

If  Zwickmr'^*^^ 

WaJdeHbnrg,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
hoheuloke,  Fr.anconm,  with  an  anoisnt  cas- 
tle on  a mountain,  six  miles  e by  n of 
Ohnnajen.  ^ 

Waldheim,  a lowa  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Alisuia,  seated  on  the  Zsohop.a.  Th<»  an 
eient  monastery  is  now  converted  into  an 
orphan  home  aud  house  of  correction  in 
vnucii  several  tn-nufactures  are  carried  on, 
olv  miles  sE  ot  Leipsie. 

on  th,.  Eitz  SI.X  mi!e,s.sNK  of  Fribur^. 

Wuldmuncken,  a town  of  the  paiati.eafo 
of  Bavaria,  seated  on  the  Schwarsa,  a? 
uules  Rss  of  Amberg 

^ValdohoTDugh.Ti  tov/n  and  port  of 
^ntry  of  (he  Uuued  States,  in  the  district  of 
.faille,  in  Lincoln  county,  16  miles  e of 
M iscci^set,  and  >:e  of  Philadelphia. 

yyaldsassen.ixiosYn  hi  the  paiaduate  of 
-.Havana.  In  the  vicinity  is  a rie.h  Ci,«ter- 
uari  abbey,  whose  Abbot  wa.s  formerly  a 
prince  oi  the  empire,  44  miles  nne  of  Am- 
ber^. 

fValdsee,  a to^yn  of  Swabia,  with  a castle 
lU  miies  NNR  of  Raveusbur^. 

Waldschut,  a slronp^  town  of  Suabia,  in 
lhunno;!a,  stands  on  the  Rhine,  at  the  en- 
trance ol  the  Black  forest,  hiheg  one  of  the 
Sour  iorest  towns,  eight  miles  nsv  of  Nord- 
haasen,  and  19  wswuf  ^liaifh.tusen. 

Wald^tadt,  a name  given  to  the  S%viss 
cantons  of  Lucern,  Uri,  Sohvveitz,  and  Un- 
derwalden.  Waldstaat  denovcs  Forest 
Towns;  thc.«e  canton^  contasniu'r  a o-reat 
number  of  forest.s,  tor  the  Waidstad't  of 
fevvabia  ; See  Forest  Tc wns. 

Wi(Uhtadta\  Sec,  or  Lake  of  the  Pour 
Cantons,  one  of  the  dn-  st  uike.s  in  Swiizer- 
land.  It  consists  of  three  principal  iiran- 
ches,  ciiled  the  lakes  A Lucern,  Schweitz, 
and  Jri.  The  Upper  branch,  or  lake  of  Lii- 
ceru  stretches  from  Kussnaich  to  i>ull3n- 


w A L 

'I  W.'tl,  a small  village  near  Suntz,  ft  ,> 
|1  I’o'tudea  towards  the  town  by  ouliivateii' 
j,  itlU,  sloping  giadualiy  to  (ha  water,  con- 
jl  tra>„ed  on  the  opposite  side  bv  an  enormou.s 
,1  mass  of  barren  and  craggy  rocks;  Mount 
,1  Pilate,  one  of  the  highest  mountains  in  Sw  is- 
serlarid,  rising  boMiy  from  the  lake.  To- 
ward the  e of  this  branch,  the  lake  contracts 
nito  a narrow  creek,  scarcely  a mile  wide. 
Soon  after,  it  again  expands,  and  forms  ths 
second  branch  or  lake  of  Schweitz  ; havino- 
on  tne  w side  the  canton  of  Underwaiden 
and  on  the  e that  of  Schweitz.  Here  the 
mountains  are  more  lofty,  and  beautifully 
varied  ; some  covered  to  the  very  summits 
with  lively  verdure,  others  perpendicular  and 
craggy.  Near  Briimen  is  the  third  branch 
or  lake  of  Uri,  which  takes  a se  direction! 

It  IS  deep  and  narrow,  about  nine  miles  iong- 
and  bordered  on  boih  sides  by  rocks  unco nt' 
monly  wild  and  romantic,  with  forests  of 
beech  and  pine  to  the  edge  of  the  water. 
Ihrough  this  lake  flows  the  river  Reuss. 

WALES,  a principality  in  the  w of  the 
isirand  of  Great  Britain,  comprehendino'  12 
(|  yi52*  Anglesey,  Caernarvonshire, 

■j  Uenbigh,shire,  Flintshire,  Merionethshire,  and 
• Alontgomeryshire,  in  North  Wales  ; Breck- 
nocK'shire,.Cardjoanshire,  Caermarthen.shire, 
Glamorganshire,  Pembrokeshire,  and  Rad- 
norshire, in  South  Wales.  It  is  120  miies 
iong.and  80  broad,  and  contains  8125 square 
mues,  or  5,200,000  acres.  This  eoinury  is 
for  the  most  part  mountainous,  but  its  pro- 
duce is  Sufficient  for  the  maimenauce  of 
the  inhabiiants.  It  is  the  countrv  to  whioh 
the  ancient  ^Britors  ficd,  wnen-''ihis  island 
was  invaded  by  the  victorious  Saxons.  They 
are  now  called  Welsh,  and  continue  to  pre- 
serve their  own  ianguBge.  Tiie  w part  i.s 
oounded  by  St  George’s  channel  and  the 
Irish  sea,  the  s by  the  Bristol  channel,  the 
N by  the  Irish  sea,  and  the  e by  the  counties 
of  Chester.  Salop,  Hereford,  and  Monmouth. 

It  eontdins  751  parishes, 58  market-towns, 
and  in  1801,  541,546 ' inhabitants,  and 
in  182 1,  61  1,788,  exclusive  of  those  in 
the  army  and  navy,. for  which  a thirtieth 
part  may  be  added.  The  Welsh  were  long 
governed  by  iudcDendent  kings,  (ill  the  reign 
of  Edward  I,  when,  their  last  prince  Lle- 
weiiin,  being  vanquished  and  slain  in  the 
year  1283,  Wales  was  united  to  Enjrland. 

Tho  inhabitants  submitted  to  the  English 
yoke  with  extreme  reluctance,  which  in- 
duced Edward  to  promise  them  for  their 
prince  a Welchman  by  birth,  and  one  who 
could  speak  no  other  language.  He,  there- 
fore besiowed  ihe  principality  on  his  second 
son,  Edvard,  then  an  infant  who  bad  been 
born  at  Caernarvon.  And  Alpbon.so,-  his 
eldest  311.  dying  soon  after,  young  Edward 
became  heir  also  of  the  English  monarchy, 
and  unitv^d  both  nations  under  one  govern- 
ment.  From  the  reign  of  Edward  "ll.  the 


Cidest  s('n  of  the  king  of  England  has  al- 
'va3  s been  created  Prince  of  Wales.  The 
j is  clear  aud  sharp,  the  cattle  small,  and 


W A L 

provisions  in  general  good  and  cheap.  It  is 
particularly  noted  for  goats.  It  is  watered 
by  many  rivers,  the  principal  of  which  are 
noted  in  the  different  counties. 

WALES,  NEW  NORTH,  and  SOUTH, 
a country  of  North  America,  in  New  Bri- 
tain, lying  w and  sw  of  Hudson  bay,  subject 
to  Great  Briiain,  but  little  known.  See 
Britain  New. 

WALES,  NEW  SOUTH,  the  eastern 
coast  of  New  Holland,  extending  from  lat. 

10  37  to  43  49  s being  the  northern  and  sou- 
hern  extremities  of  that  vast  island.  This 
coast  was  first  explored  by  captain  Cook  in 
1770.  A design  was  formed,  in  consequence 
of  his  recommendation,  to  settle  a colony  of 
convicts  at  Botany  bay.  Arthur  Philips, 
Esqr.  being  appointed  governor  of  the  in- 
tended settlement,  as  well  as  commodore  on 
the  voyage,  sailed  from  Portsmouth  in  1787, 
on  board  the  Sirius  frigate,  accompanied 
by  several  vessels  which  had  on  board  a de- 
tachment of  marines  and  778  convicts  of 
which  220  were  women.  He  arrived  cit 
Botany  Bay  in  the  beginning  of  178S,  and 
fixed  upon  Port  Jackson,  about  three  leagues 
and  a-half  n of  Cape  Banks  ; and  here  the 
settlement  was  begun,  which  he  called  Syd- 
ney Cove.  With  respect  to  the  country,  a 
vast  chain  of  lofty  mountains,  named  the 
Blue  mountains,  runs  nearly  in  a n and  s 
direction  farther  than  the  eye  can  reacbj 
about  60  miles  inland.  The  surface  is  di- 
versified with  gentle  risings  and  small  wind- 
ing valleys,  covered,  for  the  most  part  with 
large  spreading  trees,  affording  a succession 
of  leaves  in  all  seasons.  A variety  of  flow- 
ering shrubs,  almost  entirely  new  to  an 
European,  and  of  exquisite  fragrance,  abound 
in  many  places.  With  respect  to  climate, 
the  heat  is  not  excessive  in  summer,  nor  is 
the  cold  intolerable  in  winter.  Storms  of 
thunder  and  lightning  are  irequent,  as  in  all 
warm  countries,  but  the  atmosphere  is  gene- 
rally bright  and  clear,  ice  is  very  seldom 
seen,  and  no  snow  has  yet  appeared  except  • 
on  the  highest  ridges  of  the  remoter  moun- 
tains. The  quadrupeds  hitherto  discovered 
are  principally  of  the  opossum  kind,  of 
which  the  most  remarkable  is  the  kangaroo. 
There  is  also  a species  of  dogs  very  different 
from  those  of  Europe.  There  are  many 
beautiful  birds  of  various  kinds ; among 
which,  the  principal  are  a black  swan,  and 
the  ostrich,  or  cassowary.  There  are  like- 
wise many  curious  fishes.  Some  very  large 
sharks  have  been  seen  in  Port  Jackson,  and 
two  smaller  species.  The  inhabitants  of 
New'  South  Wales  go  entirely  naked  ; and 
though  pleased  at  first  with  some  ornaments 
that  were  given  them,  they  soon  threw  them 
away  as  useless.  They  all  express  a great 
desire  for  the  iron  tools  which  they  see. 
their  neighbours  make  use  of.  Their  colour 
is  rather  a deep  chocolate  than  a full  black  : 
but  the  filth  with  which  their  skins  are  co-  j 
vered,  prevents  the  true  colour  of  them  from  ' 
appearing.  Notwithstanding  their  disregard  [ 
L-> 


W A L 

for  European  finery,  they  are  fond  of  adorn- 
ing, or  rather  deforming,  their  bodies  wiih 
scars,  which  have  an  uncommon  appearance. 
Some  of  them  perforate  the  cartilage  of  the 
nose,  and  thrust  a large  bone  through  it. 
Their  hair  is  generally  so  much  clotted  with 
red  gum  that  their  heads  resemble  a mop. 
They  paint  themselves  with  various  colours, 
and  ornament  themselves  with  beads  and 
shells.  Most  of  the  men  want  one  of  the 
fore  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw,  and  it  is  very 
common  among  the  wmmen  to  cut  off  tw'o 
joints  of  the  little  finger,  as  badges  of  ho- 
nour. The  Nev/  Hollanders  appear  ex- 
tremely deficient  in  the  useful  arts.  Of 
the  cultivation  of  the  ground  they  have  no 
notion,  nor  can  they  be  prevailed  upon  to 
eat  bread  or  dressed  meat.  Hence  they  de- 
pend entirely  for  subsistence  on  the  fruits 
and  roots  they  can  gather,  and  the  fish  they 
catch.  They  bake  their  provisions  by  th® 
help  of  hot  stones,  like  the  inhabitants  of 
the  islands  in  the  Southern  Ocean.  If 
bread  be  given  to  them,  they  chew  and  spit 
it  out  again,  seldom  choosing  to  swallow  it* 
They  like  salt  beef  and  pork  rather  better ; 
but  they  could  never  be  brought  to  taste 
spirits  a second  time.  Their  huts  are  for- 
med in  a very  simple  manner.  They  con^ 
sist  only  of  pieces  of  bark  laid  out  toge- 
ther ‘ in  the  form  of  an  oven,  open  at  one 
end,  and  very  low,  though  long  enough 
for  a man  to  lie  at  full  length.  They  also 
take  shelter  in  the  caverns  with  which  the 
rocks  abound,  and  in  the  trunks  of  large 
trees,  which  they  excavate  by  means  of  fire. 
They  can  imitate  the  songs ‘and  language 
of  the  Europeans  almost  instantaneously, 
much  better  than  the  latter  can  imitate 
theirs  by  long  practice.  In  their  persons 
they  are  active,  vigorous,  and  stout,  though 
generally  lean.  Few  of  the  w'omen,  com- 
paratively speaking,  have  been  seen ; and 
such  of  the  females  as  have,  have  soft  and 
pleasing  voices,  and  seem  to  be  very  chaste. 
They  certainly  burn  their  dead,  w'hich,  per- 
haps, has  given  rise  to  the  story  of  their 
being  cannibals.  So  little  idea  have  tney 
of  thieving,  that  they  leave  their  spears  and 
other  implements  on  the  open  beach,  in  per- 
fect security  of  their  remaining  untouched. 
They  are  very  expert  at  throwing  their  jave- 
lins, and  will  hit  a mark  with  great  cer- 
tainty at  a considerable  distance.  These 
people  are  more  numerous  than  w'^as  at  first 
imagined  ; yet  tbe  number  of  inhabitants 
must  be  accounted  ie\v  in  comparif^on  to 
the  extent  of  the  country.  The  jealousy  of 
the  Europeans,  which  originally  existed  has 
now  entirely  disappeared,  but  they  have  not 
improven  either  in  civilization  or  refine- 
ment in  consequence  of  the  proximiiy  of 
the  British  colony.  The  British  settlement 
has  continued  to  flourish  and  extend  from 
Sidney.  In  1809,  the  number  of  inhabitams 
I w'as  9336,  of  whom  above  two-thirds  main  - 
1 tained  themselves,  and  tlie  rest  are  supported 
by  government.  Most  men  of  trade  or  pro- 

' a K 


W A L 

Cession  continue  to  pursue  their  calling,  and 
labourers  are  employed  by  settler^  to  culti- 
vate their  lands.  The  laud  under  culture 
at  /hat  time  consisied  ot  6887  acres  of 
wheat,  3389  or  maize,  <534  of  barley,  93  of 
101  of  pease  and  beans,  301  ol  potPt- 
toes.  i3  of  turnips,  <546  of  orchard  and  gar- 
den ground,  3<5  of  flax,  hemp,  and  hops  : 
and  the  live  stock,  consisting  of  horses, 
beeves,  sheep,  goats,  and  pigs  were  become 
very  numerous.  Coal  of  a superior  quality 
is  ^asry  provured,  and  precious  stones 
abound,  of  which  the  white  and  3 ellow  to- 
pazes are  of  gre<iier  worth  than  those  which 
are  iound  in  Brasil.  Tne  jurisdiction  of 
the  g{  vernoT  of  New  South  Walts  extends 
over  t;.e  latitude  .Jiveady  ueulioned,  and 
frO'  • the  sea  coast  westw  ard  to  135  e Ion. 
and  thence,  .rooeeding  in  an  easterly  direc- 
tion, includes  ail  the  islands  in  the  Pacific 
ocean  within  the  above  latitude.  See 
Sidne^f, 

Wulety  : apital  of  Beeroo,  Negroland,  lies 
100  miles  n by  w of  Sego,  and  270  w 
by  s of  Tombuctoo.  Lon.  3 0 w,  iat.  IS 
4S  N. 

iValhofy  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Cour- 
land,  in  the  vicinity  of  which  the  Swedes  de- 
feated the  Poles,  in  1626.  It  is  34  miles  e 
of  M?uaw, 

f'J'  olkenreid y a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Thuringia,  stands  on  the  Sorge,  eight  miles 
Kw  oi  Nordhausen,  and  20  sw  of  Halber- 
stedi. 

Wallacetowriy  a thriving  and  populous 
villt<ge.  joining  to  the  New  Town  of  Ayr, 
cont  ining  960  inhabitants.  It  is  in  the 
parish  of  Si  Quivox. 

W allacc  Hall,  the  name  of  the  celebrated 
acculemy  near  Closeburn  church,  in  Dum- 
fries-shire,  which  was  liberally  endowed  by 
the  bequest  of  Mr.  Wallace  of  Glasgow,  a 
native  of  that  parish,  who  died  in  1723. 
This  seminary  enjoys  ample  revenues,  the 
school  house  is  elegant  and  commodious, 
the  situation  is  pleasant  and  salubrious,  and 
the  master^s  house  capable  of  accommodat- 
iug  a great  number  of  genteel  boarders. 
The  trustees  are  the  presbytery  of  Penpont, 
the  minister  of  Closeburn,  the  town  clerk  of 
Glasgow,  and  several  gentlemen  of  the 
name  of  W’'ailace.  This  school  is  free  to 
the  inhabitants  of  Closeburn.  See  Close- 
hum, 

fVullajapetta,  a town  in  the  Carnatic, 
Hindoostan,  seated  on  the  n bank  of  the 
Faiiar,  nearly  opposite  Arcot.  The  towm  is 
regularly  built  and  populous,  and  is  the  een- 
fre  of  commerce  between  the  sea  coasi  and 
the  territory  above  the  Gauts,  63  miles  w 
by  s of  Madras. 

' JVaUenhurg,  a tow'n  of  Switzerland,  in 
the  canton  of  Basle,  stands  on  the  Ergetz, 
and  has  a castle  on  a high  rock,  12  miles  s 
by  E of  Basle,  and  15  ne  of  Soleure. 

IVoUeuatudty  a lowu  of  Switzerland  in- 
eorporated  in  the  baiiiwic  of  Sargoans,  but 
enjoys  many  distinct  privileges.  It  is  seated 


WAX. 

I at  the  E end  of  a lake  of  its  name,  and  is  a 
great  (horougbfare  for  the  merchandize  of 
Germany,  passing  through  the  country  of 
the  Grisons,  into  Italy,  nine  miles  w ol  Sar- 
gans,  and  IS  nw  ol  Coira. 

Wallemtadty  a lake  oL Switzerland,  about 
10  miles  long  and  tw’o  broad,  early  sur- 
rounded by  high  mountains.  Those  on  the 
E side  of  Glarns  are  cultivated  and  adorned 
wdth  small  villages ; on  the  other  side,  for 
the  most  part,  the  rocks  are  craggy  and 
perpendicular.  The  Mat,  which  joins  the 
hi  th,  and  forms  the  Limmat,  runs  through 
this  lake.  This  lake  is  exceedingly  clear, 
deep,  aod  cold. 

Wallerstein,  a town  of  Swabia,  v/ith  a 
castle,  six  miles  sw  of  Oetiuger!. 

Wallingford,  a town  in  Eerkshire,  situat- 
ed on  the  Thames,  over  which  is  a handsome 
stone  bridge,  above  300  yards  long,  having 
19  arches.  It  is  a place  of  great  anliquit}', 
w’as  once  surrounded  by  a wall,  and  htui 
a castle,  now  demolished.  It  consits  of  four 
parishes,  but  has  only  one  church  now  in 
use.  The  town  has  a free  school,  and  is 
occasionally  the  seat  of  the  assizes  for  the 
county.  Wallingford  is  governed  by  a 
mayor,  bigh-steward,  recorder,  six  aider- 
men,  a town  clerk,  two  bailiffs,  a chamber- 
lain, and  18  burgesses.  It  has  weekly  mar- 
kets on  Tuesday  and  Friday,  a great  trade 
in  corn  and  malt,  and  four  annual  fairs.  It 
sends  tw’o  members  to  parliament,  chosen 
by  the  inhabitants  paying  scot  and  lot,  who 
may  amount  to  140,  14  miles  nw  of  Read- 
ing, and  46  w of  London. 

Wallingford,  a post  town  of  the  United 
States,  in  New  Haven  county,  Connecticut, 
13  miles  nb  of  New  Haven,  and  13  sw  of 
3Iiddleton. 

Wallkill,  a town  in  Ulster  county,  New 
York,  seated  on  a creek  of  its  name,  II 
miles  w of  Newburg.  Its  district  contains 
2571  inhabitants. 

Wallot,  or  Wallesea,  Isle,  an  island  of 
Essex,  in  the  river  Crouch.  It  is  five  miles 
long  and  one  broad. 

Walls  and  Flcia,  a parish  in  Orkney, 
conjprehending  a part  of  the  island  of  Hoy, 
the  island  of  Flota,  and  the  small  islands  of 
Farva,  Cava,  -and  Granspy.  Population  in 
1794,  993.  but  in  1802  they  amounted  only 
to  709.  Cod-fish  are  taken  and  cured 
here,  and  kelp  is  manufactured.  The  dis- 
trict is  frequented  by  tw’O  singular  species 
of  fowls,  the  embergoose,  and  the  lyar. 
The  former  appears  only  in  w inter,  and  is 
never  seen  out  of  the  water,  or  in  the  act  of 
flying.  The  latter  feeds  on  some  unknow-n 
marine  substance  that  has  not  been  disco- 
vered, even  by  opening  its  stomach. 

Walls  and  Sandness,  a parish  of  the 
mainland  of  Shefland,  of  a triangular  fig 
gure,  about  1 1 miles  long  by  mne  broad. 
It  lies  on  the  western  part  of  the  island,  and 
is  much  intersected  by  arms  of  the  sea. 
The  farms  are  small,  the  climate  moist,  but 
the  soil^  is  generally  sharp  and  kindly,  and 


y 


W A L 


nrbdaees  mare  corn  on  nn  average  tlian 
Lpports  the  inhabitants.  Fishm^  is  pro^e- 
c ued  wilt,  spirit,  especiaUv  for  img  upon  a 

bank  Illed  the  kU  50  or  80  miles  dts- 

tont  at  sea;  part  of  the  land  rent  is  paid  in 
fish.  This  parish  comprehends  the  i.lan-s 
of  Papa-Stour  and  Fowla,  and  contains 

an  Sand  on  the  coast  of  the  n 
part  of  Lancashire,  nine  miles  loj'S 
Uad,and  protects  the  hnndred  of 
against  the  waves  of  the  "" 

face  is  flat,  and  at  each  end  is  a rabnit  wa.- 
ren.  The  cheerful  and  comfortable  inhabi- 
fauts  of  this  insula, ed  district  re-de  -nostly 
in  the  villages  of  Biggar  and  feouthend. 
The  channel  which  separates  Wainey  from 
the  mainland  is  dry  at  low  water.  Dalton 
is  the  nearest  market  town. 

fValpo.  a town  of  Sclavoaia,  and  capital 

of  a county  of  the  same  ® .'1“  i 

the  river  Walpo,  and  has  a casue,  2'^  “““  ! 
w of  Esseck,  and  1 10  s of  Buda.  Lon.  19  | 

22  E,  lat.  4-5  35  N.  , . I 

PValpole,  a post  town  of  Cheshire  county,  j 

New  Hampshire,  seated  on  I 

II  miles  s of  Chariesiowa,  14  n by  w ot  ; 
Keene,  and  108  w of  Portsmoutb.  ^ 

fVaUall,  a flourishing  and  populous  town  j 

of  Staffordshire,  situated  1 

hill,  with  manufactories  ot  nails,  bridle  b , | 
stirJups,  spurs,  bellows,  &c  and  contained  . 
5G48  inhabitants,  in  1811.  D isgov.rn.i 
by  a mayor,  and  has  a weekly  market  on  , 
Ihiesday,  and  three  annual  iairs,  and  lies  15 
miles  s of  Stafford,  and  115  Nw  ol 
■ fValsham,  North,  a handsome  “ 

Norfolkshire.  U has  an 
market  on  Tuesday,  a free  school,  andean 
annual  fair,  and  lies  10  miles  E of  Norwich, 
and  125  nke  of  London. 

Wahingham,  sometimes  ’ 

orNem  tVahingham,a  ® ; 

folk,  situaied  near  the  sea,  and  no 
excellent  saffron.  It  i-j  of  I 

ruins  of  a mi^aastery,  which  had  a ! 

the  Viro'in.  mucti  resorted  to  by  pilg 
This  mo'nastery  was  visited  by  king  Henry 
VIII.  barefooieJ,  not  many  J/**"’ ^before  he 
ordered  it  to  be  damolisned,  the  lady  o! 
Walsingham  to  be  burnt,  and  her  "‘imense 
treasure  to  be  seized  to  hw  own  use.  It  has 
a weekly  market  on  Fridays  and  an 
fair,  and  lies  25  miles  nw  of  ^otvvtch  and  j 
113  NSB  of  London.  North-east  oi  the 

town  is  the  village  ? of"l  une- 

tVdsrode,  a town  in 

hfir>r  Lower  Suxoay,  seated  on  the  Bohme, 
Ls^rcoavent  of  nuns  ot  noble  extraction, 
IS  miles  E by  s of  Verden. 

IVulston,  a p>ir;sb  ui  Lanarkshire, 
sonihe-n  boundary,  and  containing 
3000  acres,  of  which  2000  are  ^ 

the  rest  pasture.  There  are  two  * 9;^! > ^ 
kes  in  tlie  parish,  and  lU  tue  dislnol  a 
hiSh  mountain,  called  Walston  SlBatK 
Mount,  and  a spring  called  Walston  Vt  , 


formerly  in  great  repute  for  cutaneous  dis. 
eases.  PopmatioQ  about 

fValtenbuch,  a town  m the  duchy  of  a tr- 
tembnrg,  Swabia,  seated  on  the  Aich,  1 

in  Thuringia,  which,  with  the 

tie  of  Tenaeberg,  belongs  to  Saxe  Gotha. 

It  is  situated  on  the  Horsel,  “d Jias  maan- 
laotures  of  cloth,  five  miles  sw  of  Gotua. 

towa  in  Hampshire,  with  a market  on  l^ri 
day.  Here  was  a stately  palace  beiongi  „ 
toke  bishops  ot  Wmohester,  it^w^s  de- 
stroyed  in  tae  civil  wars, 
eiirht  miles  s of  Winchester. 

Vaitham  Abbey,  or 

a town  in  Essex,  with  manufactures  ot 
tinteTiinens  and  pins.  Government  has 
:o“e  powder  mills  here.  It  is  — or 

the  remains  of  a ‘”y>, 

kioff  H irold,  who.  With  his  two  ‘^^otDer. , 
was^  interred  here  after  the  battle  of  ha,- 
. Md  a smne  coffin,  supposed  to  be 
h^was  Lcovered  in  the  reign  of  E isabeth. 

“ ”f  s “JrST’i.. 

ikie  oUUe  ri.et  I.:.,  ''hick  I'cje  fc'cc'  'c'C- 

ral  islands,  12  miles  n by  e 

Waltham.  Cross,  a village  >“  Hertford 
shire  a mile  w from  Waltham  Abbey,  on 
the  road  to  Were,  famous  for  one  of  those 
ancirorcrosses  erected  by  Edward  I.  to  the 
m^niorv  of  his  wife,  queen  Eleanor. 

Waltham  on  the  Would,  a 
T eicester-hire,  with  a market  ou  luiirscUy, 
almost  ^ nnd  “ September  19u. 
four  miies  E of  Loughborouga,  and  19  Nt. 

°^wluhamstow,  a town  in  Essex,  on  the 
liver  Lea,  has  a large  and  ^9n'isO'‘ns 
a free  school,  and  many  elegant  villas,  fi 

miles  NE  of  London.  , 

Walton,  a village 

Thames  ovef  whioii  it  has  a t - 
bridge’  The  houses  are  agreeably  imer- 
mlxfd  with  fields  and  trees,  six  miies  w by  s 

Dale,  a pl--t  and  populous 
village  in  Lancashire,  stands  near  the  Lan 
c^tlr  canal  and  the  Ribble,  and  has  consi- 
derable manufactures  common  to  the  county, 

TtowaTn“Mysore,  Hindoosten, 
seamd  in  a fertile  country,  with  maftntoo- 

tures  of  cotton  cloth,  and  coarse  blankets,^, 
two  miles  E by  N of  shire, 

S.b’r«..  tali; 

3 ^ 


distant  from  each  other.  Population  about 

Wanderslebeny  a town  in  the  principality 
of  Altenburg,  Upper  Saxony,  nine  miles  sw 
of  Erturt, 

Wandiwash,  a town  in  the  Carnatic,  Hin- 
doo,stan,  27  miles  sse  of  Arcot,  and  38  nnw 
of  Pondicherry. 

tVanctsworth,  a large  village  in  Surry,  si- 
tuated ou  the  nver  Wandle,  near  its  conflu- 
ence with  the  Thames.  Besides  the  an  of 
.dying  cloth,  there  are  al.so  several  manufato- 
Ties,  for  bolting  cloth,  printing  calicoes  and 
kersimeres,  and  whitening  and  pressing 
stmts;  likewise  oil,  iron,  and  white  lead 
mills,  vinegar  works,  and  extensive  distille- 
ries. It  has  a modern  church,  with  an  anci- 
ent  tow^er.  The  methodist  meeting  house 
was  originally  a church  lor  French  protes- 
tants.  Here  are  a school  for  poor  boys, 
and  several  other  charitable  institutions,  also 
a Quaker  meeting  house,  and  two  schools 
under  their  patronage.  Contiguous  to 
VVandsworth,  on  the  s,  is  Garret  Lane,  ce- 
lebrated for  a mock  election,  after  every 
general  election  of  parliament,  of  a Manor 
aj  Garret^  to  which  Foote’s  dramatic  piece 
of  that  name  gave  no  small  celebrity.  It  is 
five  miles  wsw  of  London. 

a town  in  Lower  Hesse,  Ger- 
many, sealed  on  the'  M^erra,  L5  miles  w of 
Muihaiisen,  and  36  ese  of  Cassel. 

WANGARA,  a country  lying  to  the  s of 
Boniou,  Negroland.  It  is  fertile,  aad  wa- 
lered  by  the  Niger,  which  here  divides  into 
several  streams.  The  capital  is  Ghanara. 

a town  of  Swabia,  lately  impe- 
nal,  on  iJie  Overarg,  and  has  a trade  in 
linen,  hardware,  fine  paper,  and  wine.  It  is 
18  miles  ne  of  Lindau,  and  21  w of  Kemp- 
ton.  , ^ 

fVangen,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
J^ovver  Rhine,  France,  stands  on  the  side  of 
a lull,  am!  encompassed  by  a wall,  12  miles 
w of  Strasburg, 

Wangen,  a town  in  the  canton  of  Bern 
fewisseriand,  stands  on  the  Aar,  and  is  capi- 
tal of  a baiiiwic,  iO  miles  e otSoieure,  and 
23  N?v  E of  Bern. 

fTanlockhead,  a considerable  village  in 
the  N part  of  Dumfriesvshire,  situated  in  the 
^ Sanquhar,  a mile  w -r 

m the  Leadhills,  containing  about  543  inha- 
bitams,  who  are  employed  in  the  productive 
ead  mines  at  this  place,  which  were  the 
^Je  occasion  of  the  building  of  the  village, 
ihe  metal  is  washed,  smelted,  and  cast  into 
Pig-s  on  the  spot.  The  village  and  works 
-^re  situated  near  the  head  of  the  Wanlock. 

In  thi.s  and  other  three  streams  Mennock 
Giengoner,  and  Shortcleugh,  gold  was 
found,  collected,  and  w^rought,  in  the  niino- 
rijy  of  Jame.s  VI.  by  Abraham  Gray,  a 
LiUchman.  After  him,  Mr  Bowe.s,  an  En- 
gi.'sbman,  had  considerable  success  iu  the 

dixiict. 

f^niLstcady  a village  in  Essex,  on  the  bor- 
ders of  E])pmg  forest,  noted  for  its  line  mo-  , 


dern  church,  and  Wanstead  House,  one  of 

e most  magnificent  seats  in  England,  sis 
miles  NE  of  London. 

JVaniage,  a pleasant  town  in  Berkshire, 
ormcr  y a royal  residence,  and  noted  for 
^ing  the  birth  place  of  king  Alfred,  and  the 
scene  of  many  battles  with  the  Danes.  It 
as  a manufacture  of  sacking,  a weekly 
market  ou  Saturday,  and  four  annual  fair.s. 
It  IS  seated  on  a branch  of  the  Ock,  12 

miles  s by  w of  Oxford,  and  60  w of  Lon- 
don. 


fVantzenau,  a town  in  the  department  of 
iiower  Rhine,  France,  was  taken  by  the 
Austrians  in  1793,  six  miles  n of  Stras- 


JVanzlehen,  a town  in  the  principality  of 
Magdeburg,  Lower  Saxony,  12  miles  wsw 
01  iViagdeburg. 

, WAPUWAGAN  ISLANDS,  on  the  La- 
brador  coast,  N America,  lie  between  Ion. 
59  65  and  60  30  w,  and  between  lat.  60 
5 N. 


Warn,  capital  of  Bergoo,  Negroland,  320 
miles  SSE  of  Boriiou.  Lou.  25  25  E,  iat. 
15  30  N. 


fVaradin,  Great,  a large  town  of  Hunga- 
ry,  capital  of  a county  of  the  same  name, 
and  a bishop’s  see,  with  a citadel.  In  1660, 
It  wp  taken  by  the  Turks,  and  retaken  by 
the  Austrians  in  1692.  The  town  itself  is 
uot  large,  but  has  three  suburbs  of  very  con- 
Merabie  extent.  It  is  situafed  on  the 
Reres,  117  miles  nne  of  Peterwardm, 
and  150  ese  of  Buda.  Lon.  21  50  e,  lat. 
47  5 N. 


fVaradin,  Little,  a strong  town  of  Croatia, 
capital  of  a country  of  the  same  name,  stands 
on  the  Drave.  It  is  34  miles  n by  e of 
Agram,  and  50  se  of  Gratz.  Lon.  15  55  e 
lat.  46  40  N.  " 

Warangole,  (the  Arinkill  of  Ferishta,) 
formerly  the  capital  of  Golconda,  in  the 
deccan  of  Hindoostan.  The  old  ramparts 
still  shew  the  ancient  extent  of  the  towm.  A 
modern  fortress  is  constructed  wdthin  it,  and 
belongs  to -the  nizam  of  the  deccan.  It  is 
62  miles  nne  of  Hydrabad.  Lon.  79  30  e 
lar  18  6 N.  ^ 

Warherg,  a town  in  Halland,  Sweden, 
with  a casiie  at  the  mouth  of  the  harbour, 
on  a rock  surrounded  by  winter,  near  the 
Categat,  31  miles  sse  of  Gottenburg.  Lon 
11  58  E,  lat.  57  12  n. 

W arhorg,  a pretty  large  town  of  Germanj^, 
in  Westphalia,  and  principality  of  Pader- 
born,  stands  on  the  Dymel,  27  miles  sse  of 
Paderborn. 


Warde,  a town  of  Denmark,  in  N Jutland, 
stands  near  the  mouth  of  a river  of  its  name 
15  miles  n of  Ripen.  ^ 

fVardhuys,  a sea  port  of  Dani.sh  Lapland, 
situated  on  a small  island  of  the  same  name, 
near  the  continent,  and  has  an  old  fort  in 
w-hicb  the  governor  resides.  It  is  150  miles 
ESE  of  the  North  Cape.  Lon.  31  12  e lat 
70  23  N. 


JVordabridge,  a post  town  of  Ulster 


WAR 

county,  New  York,  stands  on  the  Walkill 
creek,  16  miles  w by  s of  Newbiirg. 

fVaree,  a town  of  Guinea,  capital  of  a 
territory  of  its  name,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Benin,  TO  miles  ssw  of  Benin.  Lon.  6 0 e, 
lat.  5 .58  N. 

Ware,  a town  in  Hertfordshire,  situated 
on  the  NE  side  of  the  river  Lea,  by  which 
great  quantities  of  corn  and  malt  are  sent  to 
London.  In  1408  this  town  was  destroyed 
by  an  inundation.  It  has  four  principal 
streets,  one  of  which  is  about  a mile  long  ; 
and  a market  on  Tuesday.  It  is  two 
miles  N by  e of  Hertford,  and  21  n by  e of 
London. 

Warehridge,  or  fVaadhridge,  or  Wade- 
hridge,  a town  in  Cornwall,  situated  on  the 
Camel,  and  noted  for  its  bridge  over  that 
river,  having  about  20  arches.  It  is  five 
miles  s of  Padstow. 

Wareham,  a town  in  Dorsetshire,  situated 
between  the  rivers  Frome  and  Biddle,  at  their 
entrance  into  Lochford  lake,'  the  w part  of 
Poole  harbour.  This  was  anciently  a large 
town,  had  eight  churches,  now  reduced  to 
three,  also  a wall  of  earth,  and  a castle. 
The  harbour  is  now  nearly  choked  up,  yet 
it  retains  some  sea  trade,  particularly  in 
iron,  coals,  tobacco,  and  pipe  clay.  Above 
the  bridge,  over  the  Frome,  is  a good  sal- 
mon fishery.  Its  ancient  priory  is  now  con- 
verted  into  a dwelling  house.  In  1762,  two 
thirds  of  the  town  was  destroyed. by  fire,  but 
has  been  rebuilt.  The  town  is  governed  by 
a mayor,  a recorder,  six  capital  burgesses,* 
and  12  assistants,  and  is  represented  In  par- 
liament by  two  members,  elected  by  the 
magistrates,  the  freeholders,  and  the  inhabi- 
tants paying  scot  and  lot.  This  is  the  birth- 
place of  the  celebrated  Horace  Walpole. 
It  has  a weekly  market  on  Saturday,  and 
three  annual  fairs,  and  is  20  miles  e of  Dor- 
chester, and  112  w by  s of  London.  Lon.  2 
16  w,  lat.  50  43  n. 

Warendorf,  a fortified  town  in  Westpha- 
lia, in  the  principality  of  Munster,  stands  on 
the  Ems,  and  has  a good  linen  manufature, 
12  miles  e by  s of  Munster. 

Waringstoum,  a town  in  Down,  Ulster, 
w^here  a linen  manufacture  is  carried  on,  16 
miles  s by  \v  of  Belfast. 

Wark,  a small  village  and  an  ancient  cas- 
tle on  the  s banks  of  the  Tweed,  two  miles 
w of  Coldstream.  It  was  R former  times  a 
barrier  against  the  Scots,  and  was  frequently 
takeu  and  retaken.  The  soil  in  the  vicinity 
is  naturally  rich,  and  in  a high  state  of  cul- 
tivation. The  castle  is  in  ruins. 

Warka,  a handsome  town  in  the  duchy  of 
Masovia,  Poland,  seated  on  the  Pilsa,  45 
miles  s by  e of  Warsaw. 

Warkworth,  a town  and  magnificent  cas- 
tle of  Northumberland,  situated  on  the  n 
side  of  the  river  Coqnet.  Near  it  on  the 
banks  of  the  river  is  a hermitage,  divided 
into  three  apartments  cut  out  of  a rock. 
The  spire  of  the  church  of  Warkworth  is  100 
feet  high,  and  in  the  middle  of  the  church  is 


WAR 

spacious  cross.  Near  the  village  are  sail 
pans,  and  in  the  river  a valuable  salmon 
fishery,  five  miles  se  of  Alnwick. 

Warminster,  a large  trading  town  in  Wilt- 
shire, situated  at  the  spring  head  of  the  river 
Willy.  It  has  two.  churches,  and  a consi- 
derable trade  in  cloth,  malt,  and  corn.  Tha 
general  quarter-sessions  are  held  here  once 
a-year ; and  the  inhabitants  amount  to 
about  5000.  It  has  a weekly  market  on 
Saturday,  and  three  annual  fairs,  and  is 
22  miles  nw  of  Salisbury,  and  96  w by  s of 
London. 

Warminster,  a post  town  in  Amherst 
county,  Virginia,  on  the  n side  of  James 
river,  70  mUes  w by  n of  Richmond. 

Warnemtmde,  a town  of  Lower  "Saxony, 
in  Mecklenburg!,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
'Warne,  nine  miles  nnw  of  Rostock,  and  26 
NE  of  Wismar. 

Warneton,  a town  in  Flanders,  Nether- 
lands, on  the  Lis,  eight  miles  nw  of  Lisle. 

Warren,  uptown  in  Lincoln  county,  dis- 
trict of  Maine,  seven  miles  w of  Thomas- 
town. 

Warren,  a post  town  in  Bristol  county, 
Rhode  island.  It  carries  on  a brisk  trade, 
and  is  remarkable  for  shipbuilding.  It  is 
seated  on  Warren  river,  and  the  ne  part  of 
Naragonsetbay,  10  miles  sse  of  Provi- 
dence. 

Warren,  a town  of  Virginia,  stands  on 
the  N side  of  James  river,  10  miles  ene  of 
Warminster,  and  21  ssw  of  Charlottes- 
ville. 

Warrens  Point,  a considerable  village  in 
the  county  of  Dowm,  Ireland,  stands  on  the 
NE  banks  of  Carlingford  bay,  noted  for  its 
linen  manufacture,  six  miles  sse  of  Neury. 

Warrenton,  the  capital  of  Warren  county, 
North  Carolina.  It  has  a respectable  aca- 
demy, with  about  70  students.  It  is  35 
miles  w by  n of  Halifax,  54  nne  of  Pialegh, 
and  390  miles  from  Philadelphia. 

Warrington,  an  ancient,  large,  and  hand- 
some town  in  Lancashire,  situated  on  the 
river  Mersey,  over  which  there  is  a curious 
stone  bridge  leading  into  Cheshire.  It  has 
a large  manufactory  ol  sail  cloth  and  sack- 
ing. Glass  works,  pin  making,  a pottery, 
a file,  and  edge  tool  manufactory,  some 
copper  works,  and  cotton  manufactories, 
are  also  established.  It  is  noted  for  its 
malt  and  ale.  Here  are  two  churches, 
meeting  housesi  for  presbyteriaris,  baptists, 
metbodists,  quakers,  and  a Roman  catholic 
chapel,  a free  school,  and  a noted  academy 
for  the  education  of  youth,  chiefly  supported 
by  the  subscriptions  of  dissenters  with  a 
good  public  library.  In  1801  the  number 
of  inhabitants  was  10,567,  and  in  1811, 
11, 738.  There  are  two  weekly  markets  on 
Wednesday  and  Sat\irday,  and  two  annual 
fairs  continuing  10  days  each,  for  horses, 
cattle,  and  cloth.  Tlie  land  in  the  vicinity  is 
rich,  the  gardens,  which  are  numerous,  pro- 
duce excellent  vegetables,  and  the  best 
gooseberries,  both  for  size  and  variety,  of 


WAR  WAS 


aliTiosl  aDy  place  in  England.  It  is  16 
miles  E of  Liverpool,  and  182  nnw  of  Lon- 
don. 

JVarriore,  a town  in  the  Carnatic,  Hin- 
doosuin,  32  miles  nnE  of  Tanjore,  and  65 
ssw  of  Pondicherry. 

WarsatVj  a large  city  of  Poland,  the 
former  c(>pital  of  that  country,  and  of  the 
province  of  Masovia.  It  is  built  partly  in  a 
plain,  and  partly  on  a gentle  ascent  arising 
from  the  banks  O'  the  Vistula.  This  city 
and  its  suburbs  occupy  a vasf  extent  of 
ground,  and  are  supposed  to  contain  between 
60,000  and  70,000  inhabitants,  among  whom 
are  a great  number  of  foreigners.  The 
streets  are  spacious,  but  ill  paved,  and  the 
churches  and  publ.c  buildings,  large  and 
magnihcent ; the  palaces  of  the  nobility 
numerous  and  splendid,  but  the  greatest  part 
of  the  houses,  particularly  in  the  suburbs, 
are  mean  wooden  hovels.  The  empress  of 
Russia,  in  order  to  accomplish  her  ambi- 
tious purposes,  put  a garrison  into  this  city, 
early  in  1704,  but  it  was  expelled  by  the  [ 
citizens.  The  king  of  Prussia  invested  the  | 
city  in  July,  bui  was  compelled  to  raise  the  | 
siege  in  September.  In  November,  the 
Russians  took  by  storm  the  suburb  of  Praga, 
ma^, sacred  the  inhabitants,  and  nearly  re- 
duced it  to  ashes.  The  city  immediately 
surrendered  to  the  Russians,  who,  in  1796, 
gave  it  to  the  king  of  Prussia,  Itwasac- 
cupied  by  the  French  tow^ard  the  end  of 
1806.  By  the  treaty  of  Tilsit,  the  city  and 
this  part  of  Poland,  were  ceded  to  Saxony, 
to  be  held  under  the  title  of  the  duchy  of 
Warsaw.  Warsaw  is  160  miles  se  by  s of 
Dantsick,  130  nnb  of  Cracow,  and  300  | 
by  N of  Vienna.  Lon.  21  6 e,  Jat.  <52 
14  N. 

WARSAW,  or  Wassaw,  an  island  and 
sound  on  the  coast  of  the  state  of  Georgia. 

JVartay  a town  of  Lower  Poland,  in  the 
palat  nate  oi  Siradia,  sealed  on  the  Warta, 

1 2 miles  N of  Saradia. 

Warta,  a river  w^hicb  has  its  source  in  i 
Little  Poland,  parses  through  Great  Poland,  | 
by  Siradia  and  Posnan,  flows  by  Dressen  jl 
and  T and, ‘‘berg  in  Brandenburg,  and  fails  j| 
into  the  Oder  at  Custrin.  I| 

Warteiiberg,  a town  of  Silesia,  in  the  j 
principality  of  Giogau,  20  miles  KW  of  j 
Giogau. 

fVartenhcrg,  of  a lordship  of  its 

ram;’  in  Silesia,  wiih  a castle.  Plxcept  the 
old  castle,  now^  converted  into  a brewery, 
rbe,town  was  entirely  reduced  to  ashes  in 
1742  It  is  38  miles  ne  of  Breslau. 

Warton,  an  agreeable  little  town  in  Lan- 
cashire, .seated  on  the  n side  of  the  Rtblde, 
about  nine  miles  v.’  of  Pre.uon.  Here  are  a 
neat  church,  a good  gramtnar  school,  a:; 
lio-pitai,  and  a library, 

V/arn  ick,  an  ;inei<  nt  and  large  town  in 
Vrarwioksliire,  capital  of  the  county.  It 
has  a iiue  castle,  vvliere  there  is  a stom* 
bridge  ol  12  aiehes,  undone  of  a single  arcii 
of  JOO  feet  Span.  The  casilc  is  the  residence 


of  the  earls  of  Warwick  : it  is  117  feet  high 
to  the  battlements,  and  the  whole  height  to 
the  top  of  the  pinnacles  is  142  feet.  The 
town  wall  is  now  in  ruins.  Here  were 
formerly  six  monasteries,  and  six  churches  ; 
of  the  latter  only  two  remain.  It  has  also 
a handsome  shi rehouse,  a free  school,  some 
ei  arity  schools,  a jioted  hospital  for  12  de- 
cayed gentlemen,  two  for  decayed  trades- 
men, and  one  for  poor  women.  It  is  W'ell 
supplied  with  w’ater  conve3'ed  in  pipes.  In 
1694,  the  town  was  nearly  destroyed  by  fire. 
In  1801,  the  number  of  inhabitants  was 
<5594.  and  in  1811,  6497.  It  sends  tw'O 
members  to  parliament,  chosen  by  such  as 
pay  to  church  and  poor  in  the  borough,  who 
amount  to  about  500.  The  town  is  governed 
by  a mayor,  a recorder,  12  aldermen,  and 
24  common  councilmen.  The  streets,  which 
are  spacious  and  regular,  meet  in  the  centre 
of  the  town.  In  the  town-hall,  are  held  the 
assizes  and  quarter  sessions.  It  has  a 
weekly  market  on  Saturday,  and  nine  annual 
fairs.  It  stands  on  a rocky  eminence,  by 
the  river  Avon,  10  miles  sw  of  Coventry,  39 
NE  of  Gloucester,  and  90  Kw  of  London. 
Lon.  1 35  w,  lat.  52  17  n. 

Warwick,  a town  of  Virginia,  chief  of  a 
county,  seated  on  the  right  bank  of  James 
river,  15  miles  se  of  Richmond. 

Warwick,  the  chief  town  of  Kent  county, 
Rhode  Island,  about  eight  miles  s of  Provi- 
dence. A cotton  manufactory  is  established 
here. 

Warwick,  a post  town  of  Cecil  county, 
Maryland,  on  the  e shore  of  Cheasaj>eak, 
bay,  15  miles  sw  of  Philadelphia. 

WARWICKSHIRE,  a county  of  Eng- 
land, bounded  at  its  n extremity  by  a point 
of  Derbyshire,  on  the  nw  by  SialTovdshire, 
on  the  NE  by  Leicestershire,  on  the  w by 
Worcestershire,  on  (he  e by  Northampton- 
shire, on  the  sw  by  Gloucestershire,  and  on 
the  sE  by  Oxfordshire.  It  extends  from  N 
to  s about  47  miles,  and  30  from  E to  w. 

It  is  the  most  central  county  in  the  king- 
dom ; and  is  divided  into  4 hundreds  aiul  one 
liberty;  and  contains  one  city  (Coventrj',) 
13  market  towns,  205  parishes,  and  in  1801 
208,198  inhabitants,  and  in  J811,  228,735. 
The  air  is  very  mild,  pleasant,  and  healthy. 
The  N pari,  called  the  Woodlands,  is  divided 
from  the  s,  called  Feldon,  by  the  Avon,  and 
the  soil  in  both  is  rich.  The  breeds  of  cattle 
and  sheep  are  of  a superior  kind.  This 
county  produce.s  corn,  malt,  wool,  cheese, 
coal,  and  lime  stone.  The  principal  rivers 
are  the  Avon,  Tame,  and  Arrow.  The 
count)  is  also  intersected  by  several  canals, 
which,  communicating  with  others  that 
unite  with  the  rivers  Thames,  Severn,  Mer- 
sey, and  Trent,  greatly  facilitate  its  trade 
and  commerce.  The  capi:al  is  Warwick, 
but  Birmingham  is  the  largest  town. 

WiUii,  a sea  port  in  E Roilinia,  Sweden, 
stfinds  at  the  mouth  of  a river  on  the  gulf  of 
Bothnia.  40  miles  k by  e of  Christiuestadt. 
Wasiigne,  a town  in  the  department  of 


WAS 

Sambre  and  Meuse,  Fracce,  10  miles  from 

” WASmSGTON,  a comity  o.'' 

of  A-tain  s and  the  most  easterly  m the  Umio 

sin-e  is  very  considerable,  thicl  tcAU  ■ 

^^WASFIXGTON,  a maritime  county  of 
the  s.efe  'o!  Rhode  Island,  containing 
13  015  'inbabimms.  Somh  Kingston  ts  we 

a'siUNGTON,  a county  of  the  state  of 

New  York,  formerly  called  ChaRLOTTK. 

Tt  contains  about  14,04a  'nlmnitants.  It  s 
divided  into  12  townships,  ol  which  Sakm 

WASHINGTON,  a connty  of  PennsyN 
vama,  in  tlie  sw  corner  of  the  state  It  is 
divided  into  21  townships;  and  contains 
23  806  inhabitants  Mines  ol  copper  am 
iron  ore  have  been  found  in  this  county. 

Washington,  the  capital  of  the  above 


connlVv  IS  siciittit-ii  - - 

creek,  aitd  is  considerable  for  a 
manufaetures.  It  is  10 
gatiza,  and  22  ssw  of  Pittsburg.  Lon.  80 

^^W.a'sHINGTON,  a comity  of  Maryland, 
on  the  w shore  of  Chesapeak  bay.  Lime 
stone  and  iron  ore  are  found  h-re  ; and  coin 
siderable  quantities  of  pig  and  bar  iron  are 
manufactured.  . Elizabeth  Town  is  tne 

^''WASHINGTON,  a district  of  the  Upper 

country  of  South  Carolina,  comprehend, ng 
the  count.es  of  PendU-ton.  and  Grenville  I 
contains  14,610  inhabitants.  Pickeusville  is 

WASH^'i'nGTON,  a district  of  the  state 
of  Tennessee,  comprehending  the  counties  o 

Washington,  Sulivan,  ’fhV 

Carter.  It  contains  about  29,5dl  mhab. 
tants.  The  capital  is  Jonesborougb. 

Washington,  capital  of  Mason 
Kentucky,  stands  in  a fin®  "f;!'  ‘‘  S 

Ohio,  is  a commercial  place,  * 
miles  ENE  of  Franktort.  Lon.  83  33  w, 

^^^wlsUngton,  a post  of  entry  f ^ 
town  in  Beaufort  county.  North  Carolina. 
It  was  formerly  called  Bath,  and  has  a 
comn-,o.lious  harbour  near  the  mouth  ol  the 
river  Tar,  38  miles  ne  of  Newbern.  Lon. 
77  23  w,  lat.  35  50  N, 

Washington,  a po.U  town  of 
and  the  capital  of  Wilkes  county.  On  he 
E of  the  town  is  an  antiscorbutic  spring,  thcit 
issues  from  a hollow  tree.  The  inside  ol 
which  is  incrustated  with  a thick  coat  ot 
maUer,  and  the  leaves  around  the  spring  are 
covered  with  a white  substance,  50  mi  es  wnw 
of  Augusta.  Lon.  82  30  w,  lat.  33  12  n. 

WASHINGTON,  or  the  Ledeual  City, 
in  the  territory  of  Columbia,  was  ceded  by 
the  Slate  of  Virginia  and  Maryland  ot  ^ne 


IS 


situated  on  a branch  ol  Coarti 


r^s 


United  States,  and  by  them  established  to  b 
1 le  seat  of  their  government^  alter  the^  year 
1800.  This  city,  whioh  is  now  liuiid,n„, 
stands  at  the  junction  of  the  river  Patowniac, 
niid  the  eastern  branch,  extending 
four  miles  up  each  river  The  eastern 
branch  is  one  of  the  safest  and 
dious  harbours  in  America,  being 
deep  tor  the  largest  ships,  ior  about  four 
mite  above  iis  mouth,  while  tlw  chan 
lies  olose  along  the  bank  adjoining  th-  . tty, 
and  affords  a lirge  and  convenient  harbour 
The  Patowmao,  although  only  navig 
for  small  craft,  will  nevertueiess  afford  a 
capacTous  summer  harbour.  The  situatton 
of^this  metropolis  is  upon  the 
road,  equidistant  Irom  the  N and  s exfemi- 
ttes  of  the  Union,  and  nearly  so  from  the 
Atlantic  and  Pittsburg,  upon  the  be.st  navi- 
gation, and  in  the  midst  of  a cummerctal 
territory,  probably  the  nchasi,  and  com- 
manding the  most  extensive  inter,  al  resource, 
of  any  in  .America.  The  plan  ol  this  ci  } 
appears  to  contain  some  important  improve- 
S^upontha.of  the  best 
the  world,  combining,  m a 
gree.  convenience,  regularity,  elegan 
prospect,  and  a free  cireulation  of  air.  Ihe 
capitol  is  situaied  on  a most  beautuul  emi- 
nence, commanding  a complete  view  of 
I every  part  oi  the  c.ty,  and  ol  a con-iderabla 
part  of  the  country  around.  Tne  presides  s 
' bouse  stands  on  a rising  ground,  possessm| 
a delightful  water  prospect,  together  with 
a commanding  view  of  tne  ^ 

most  material  parts  oi  the  city.  ,1‘>®  ^and 
avenues  and  such  streets  as  lead  imnieduite- 
w to  public  places,  are  from  130  to  160  lent 
vBe,  including  a pavement  oi  10  feet  wide, 
and  a gravel  walk  of  30  feet  planted  with 
trees  on  each  side,  and  80  feet  ot  payeu  stree. 
n the  middle  for  carriages  The  other 
streets  are  from  90  to  IIO  leet  wide.  The 
squares,  or  divisions  of  the  city,  amount  to 
1150.  The  retang^ular  ones  contain  irom 
three’to  six  acres,  and  e re  divided  into  lots  of 
irom  40  to  80  feet  in  front,  and  their  depth 
from  110  to  300,  according  to  the  size  o! 
them.  All  the  houses  must  be  ol  bnok  or 
stone.  Upon  a small  eminence,  where  a 
line  due  w from  the  capitol,  and  due  s Irom 
the  president’s  house,  would  intersect,  is  an 
equestrian  statue  of  general  Wasl.unglou, 
and  the  first  president  of  the  Uniten  -.tales. 
Places  are  marked  out  Ibr  other  puhlio 

buildings;  as  a marine  hospital,  with  i_s 
gardens;  a general  exchange,  and  iG  piib- 
rc  walks;?  city  hall,  chmehes 

market  houses,  theatres,  &c.  The  fiber, 
which  is  the  principal  stream  that  passes 
through  the  city,  is  to  be  collected  in  a 
greiid^resei  voir  near  the  cap  tol,  whence  it 
lill  be  carried  in  pipes  to  difterent  parts  of 
the  city.  The  plan  of  this  city  was  lormed 
by  major  L’Eiifaot.  The  Potomac  afionU 
communication  by  water  between  1.he 
city  and  tbe  iiiierior  parts  of  Virgin.d  and 
t Maryland,  by  means  of  the  Shanaandoah, 


tiie  s branch,  Opecan,  Cape  Capon,  Palter- 
son,  Creek,  Conoochegue,  and  Monocasy 
lor  upwards  of  200  miles  through  a healthy 
region,  producing  tobacco,  hemp,  maize, 
wheat,  and  other  small  grain,  with  fruits  and 
vegetables  in  abundance.  The  lauds  upon 


WAT 


the  Potomac,  above  the  city,  all  around 


It. 


and  for  60  miles  below,  are  high  and  dry’ 
abounding  with  springs  of  excellent  water’ 
and  covered  with  timber  trees  of  various 
kinds.  A few  miles  below  the  city,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Potomac,  are  inexhaustible 
mouniains  ot  tree  stone,  and  above  the  city 
are  immense  quantities  of  excellent  coal 
lime  stone,  marble,  and  blue  slate.  Many 
years  will  be  required  to  oomuiete  the  plan. 
In  1800,  after  the  adjourummt  of  congress 
at  their  last  session  in  Philadelphia,  the’ 
public  office,  records,  and  property  were 
removed  to  this  city  ; and  on  the  22d  of 
November,  the  congress  assembled  here  for 
the  first  time.  In  1810,  the  population  of 
this  city  and  its  district  amounted  to  24,023. 
The  first  enemy  that  assailed  it  was  the  Bri- 
tish on  the  24th  of  August  1814,  who  by  a 
naval  and  military  force  defeated  the  Ame- 
ricans in  the  vicinity;  then  entered  the  city, 
set  on  fire  the  cap.tol,  the  president's  house, 
other  public  edifices,  the  dockyard,  &c. 
and  retired  the  next  day.  It  is  12  miles  sw 
by  s of  Baltimore;  SQO  from  Boston,  248 
from  New  York,  144  nw  of  Philadelphia, 
232  from  Halitax,  in  North  Carolina,  and 
630  from  Charleston,  in  South  Carolina. 
Lon.  77  0 w,  iat.  38  53  n. 

WASHINGTON'S  ISLANDS,  on  the  nw 
coast  of  N America.  There  are  three 
principal  islands,  besides  many  small  ones. 
See  Ingraham  Islands. 

^ ASKEMxlSHIM,  an  island  in  the  gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence,  on  the  coast  of  Labrador. 
Lon.  59  55  w,  iat.  50  3 n. 

fVasseuhevg y a town  in  the  department 
of  Roer,  France,  lately  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Juliers,  on  the  Roer,  IT  miles  nw 
of  Juliers. 

fVasserburg,  a town  of  Bavaria,  situated 
on  the  Inn,  has  a castle  and  four  churches. 
The  chief  trade  is  in  salt.  The  French 
look  it  by  storm  in  1800,  28  miles  e of 
Munich,  and  38  Nw  of  Salzburg. 

Wassertrudingeny  a town  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Anspach,  Franconia,  stands  on  the 
Wernitz,  six  miles  n of  Oetingen. 

Jf  ast  IVuteVy  a lake  in  Cumberland,  three 
miles  long,  and  above  half  a mile  broad, 
lying  in  Westdale,  amid  the  western  moun- 
tains. A very  high  ridge  of  mountains  cal- 
led the  Serees,  runs  along  the  se  side  of  the 
lake.  Its  outlet  is  at  the  sw  extremity  by 
the  river  In,  which  enters  the  sea  at  Raven- 
glass.  The  lake  is  seven  miles  nne  of 
Ravenglass,  and  about  15  se  of  White- 
haven. 

fVamngeny  a town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
Thuringia,  seated  on  the  Werra.  The  an- 
cient castle  of  Mayeuluft  stands  on  a moun- 
tain lollie  N,  five  miles  n of  Meinungeu, 


nn  a town  in  Somersetshire,  situated 

on  he  Ensto  channel,  at  the  mouth  of  a 
1 etty  good  harbour,  frequented  by  coal 
ships,  which  are  freighted  hence  with  lime 
alabaster.  . Some  coarse 
woollens  are  manufactured  in  (he  town  and 
neighbourhood.  It  has  a market  on  Satur- 
day,  arid  is  14  miles  nw  of  Taunton,  and 
. 156  w by  s of  London. 

j WATEEOO,  an  island  in  the  Soutbrea 
pacific  Ocean,  about  six  miles  in  leuFth 
tour  10  breadth,  and  18  in  circumference. 
It  IS  a beautiful  spot,  with  a surface  covered 
with  verdure,  and  composed  of  hills  and 
■ plains.  The  manners  of  the  people,  their 
general  habits  of  life,  and  religious  ceremo- 
nies, resemble  those  th^it  prevail  at  Otaheite. 
Lon.  158  18  w,  Iat.  21  I s. 

Waterhurgy  a town  in  York  county,  dis- 
trict  of  Maine,  on  Mousom  river,  15  miles 
NW  of  Wells. 

VTaterfordy  a city  and  sea  port  in  Mun- 
ster, Ireland,  capital  of  the  county  of  its 
name,  and  a bishop^s  see  united  with  Lis- 
more.  The  streets  are  narrow,  and  the  air 
IS  not  very  healthy  ; but  it  has  an  excellent 
harbour,  well  situated  on  the  s banks  of  the 
feuir,  five  miles  above  its  junction  with  the 
Nore,  and  the  Barrow.  It  is  well  built, 
mid  the  cathedral  is  an  ellegant  structure. 
Here  are  three  other  churches,  four  Romish 
cnapels,  one , for  French  protestants,  and 
several  meeting  houses.  The  population  is 
o5,000,  and  it  sends  one  member  to  the 
Imperial  parliament.  Its  commerce  is 
very  considerable.  In  one  year  Waterford 
has  exported  upwards  of  200,000  barrels  of 
corn,  12000  do  of  beef,  ,20,000  of  pork, 

and  bread, 

T8,000  do  of  butter  of  superior  quality,  a 
considerable  quantity  of  apples,  some  linen, 
and  many  other  articles.  The  white  glass 
and  other  manufactures  are  in  a flourishing 
state.  Packet  boats  sail  regularly  hence 
for  Milfordhaven  and  S Wales.  It  is 
governed  by  a mayor,  sheriffs,  recorder,  &c. 
eight  miles  n of  St.  George^s  channel,  26  s 
of  Kilkenny,  and  85  s by  w of  Dublin.  Lon. 

^ 24  w,  Iat,  52  18  n. 

WATERFORD,  a county  of  Ireland, 

46  miles  in  length,  and  25  in  breadth, 
lioiinded  on  the  s by  St.  George's  channel, 
w by  Cork,  n and  ne  by  the  river  Suir, 
which  separates  it  from  Tipperary  and  Kil- 
kenny, and  E by  Waterford  haven,  which 
parts  it  from  Wexford.  It  contains  34 
parishes,  and  about  110,000  inhabitants,  and 
sends  four  members  to  parliament,  namely 
two  for  the  county,  and  one  for  Waterford, 
the  capital,  and  one  for  Dungarvau.  The 
principal  rivers  are  the  Black  water  and  the 
Suir.  The  surface  is  diversified. with  hills, 
and  mountains,  but  in  general  it  is  a fine 
country,  very  pleasant  and  rich. 

fVaterfordy  a town  in  Albany  county, 
New  York,  seated  at  the  conflux  of  the 
Hudson  and  the  Mohawk,  nine  miles  n of  ’ 
Albany. 


W A V 


WATERLAND,  an  islanfl  in  the  Son- 
tiK'rn  Paciiie  ocean.  Lon.  144  iO  w,  lat. 

WATERS  AY,  one  of  the  ITebrides  L- 
iamls  about  one  mi’^e  to  the  s ot  Barra.  It 
abunt  three  miles  one  broad,  amt 

inhabited  by  about  10  families,  ami  tolerably 
fertile.  It  bus  an  excellent  and  well  shel- 
tered harbour  lor  ships  ol  any  burden,  at  the 
E end.  It  is  included  in  the  parish  ot  Lavra 
Deer  island,  at  the  entrance  of  the  harbour. 
Lon.  T 28  w,  lat.  5G  ol  X. 

V/atertGimi,  a very  pleasaiu 
United  States,  in  Middlesex  county,  A assa- 
chusetts,  on  Charles  river,  seven  miles  w 
by  N of  Boston,  and  nine  ese  ot  Lon- 

IVafford,  a town  in  Hertfordshire,  chiefl} 
consisting  of  one  street  about  a mile  m 
Imwth,  seated  on  the  Coin,  in  and  near  t ie 
town.  It  has  three  silk  mills,  a weekly 
market  on  Tnesday,  and  two  nn''iia‘  *airs, 
and  lies  seven  miles  s by  w ot  St.  .\lbans,  and 
15  NW  of  Loudon. 

WATLANl)  LSLAND,  one  of  the  Baha- 
ma islands  in  the  Vrest  Indies.  The  s point  , 

isin  loo.  T4  0 w,  lat.  24  0 N.  | 

fVatlington,  a town  in  Oxford.diire,  si- , 
tuated  under  the  Chiliern  bills,  on  a rivulet, 
which,  with  the  continued  ridge,  parts  the 
county  from  Buckinghamshire.  It  has  a 
xveekly  market  on  Saturday,and  two  annual 

iairs  ; and  is  14  miles  se  ot  Oxloid,  and  4b 

w of  London.  . r ^ 

JVatteu,  a town  in  the  department  of  tae 
Nord,  France,  situated  on  the  river  Aa,  five 
miles  N of  St  Omer. 

Wattiiiy  a level  parish  m the  centre  ot  the 
coimtv  of  Caithness,  about  14  miles  long, 
and  To  or  11  broad.  It  abouiuls  m moor.-^ 
and  mos.ses,  but  has  a considerable  extent  Oi 
excellent  .arable  land  laying  between  them. 
Alarl  and  limestone  abound  in  the  parish,  it 
comprehends  a beautiful  lake,  called  M attin 
Loeh,  three  miles  long,  and  two  broad,  ire- 
cuented  by  a great  variety  of  sea  fowl,  and 
sometimes  by  swans,  and  is  watered  also  bj 
the  Wick,  and  several  of  its  tributary  streams. 
Populaiion  is  1246. 

fVatton,  a town  in  Norfolk,  which  sends 
great  quantities  of  butter  to  London  ; seated 
near  the  Stoke,  and  is  a great  thoroughtare. 
It  has  a weekly  market  on  Wednesday,  and 
three  annual  lairs,  and  lies  18  miles  sw  ot 
Norwich,  and  91  kne  ot  London.  ^ 

iVaiichoue,  a beautiful  river  in  Dumfries- 
shire, which  ruus  through  Wauchopedale, 
and  unites  with  the  Esk  above  Langholm. 
On  its  bunks  are  the  ruii:s  of  the  cusfde  o 
Wanchope  formerly  of  great  strength,  and 
the  first  reUdence  in  Scotland,  of  the  taimu 

of  T imlsay.  , 

fVavenng,  a river  that  rise-  on  the  borders 
of  -Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  and  flows  e b} 
llarlestone,  Bungay  and  Beceles  \ar- 
rnouih,  near  which  , it  is  joined  by  the  Aare. 
it  is  navigalde  about  24  miles. 

yVaoiTcn,  a town  in  Brabant,  Nether- 
id 


V V ih  JCf 

lands,  on  the  Dyle,  12  miles  s of  Lou- 

IVaverhj  Ahhey,  said  to  be  the  first  Cis- 
(ertian  monastery  founded  in  England,  is  si- 
tuated SE  of  Farnhum,  in  Suvi y,  and  covered 
60  acres  of  land.  Some  fine  remams  ot  this 
edifice  are  still  visible. 

hVaxuolin,  a fortress  on  the  coast  ot  Swe- 
den, in  the  Baltic,  on  a small  islainl  at  the 
eni ranee  of  the  lake  Maeicr,  16  miles  E ot 
S'iockbolni.  Here  all  homeward  bcuaa  ship^ 

are  searched.  , , 

WAY,  an  island  situated  near  the  n point 
of  that  of  Sumatra,  and  the  largest  of  the 
islands  that  form  the  enirance  of  the  channel 
of  Acheen.  It  is  pi'oplcJ  by  men  Immshed 
from  Acheen.  I.oa.  94  50  e,  lat.  5 da  n. 

yVatjnesboroughy  n post  town  of  the  LuiU-t 
Slates,  in  North  Carolina,  24  miles  uom 

Kingston.  n u i 

fVaynesborough,  a post  town  ot  the  Cmte  i 
State.s,  chief  of  Burke  couny,  Georgia, 

25  mites  ssw  of  Augusta.  Lon.  82  5 w,  iat. 

32  56  N.  . 

JVeary  a beautiful  river  that  has  its  source 
in  the  western  extremity  of  the  count}  Oi 
1 Durham,  on  the  borders  of  Cumberlaua,  not 
* far  from  the  rise  of  the  Tees,  Hows  se  . 
Stanhope,  to  Bishop  Auckland,  and  tnence 
NE,  by  Durham  to  Simdermnd,  where  it  tails 
into  the  German  ocean. 

fVearmoiith  M.nk,  a town  in  the  county 
of  Durham,  on  the  x side  of  tne  mouth  ot  ihe 
Wear  opposite  to  Sucderland.  The  Scots 
demolished  its  extensive  monastery.  Li 
]8il,  the  number  of  inhabitants  was  5d<D5. 
Its  trade  and  prosperity  bear  proportion  to 
that  of  Sunderland. 

Wearmoutli  Bishop,  a towm  in  the  comi- 
ty of  Durham,  seated  on  the  s side 
Wear,  adjoining  Sunderland  on  the  w.  H ere 
is  an  iron  bridge  over  the  river,  of  one  area 
236  feet  Span,  erected  in  1796,  and  the  first 
ever  constructed  of  parts  so  formed  as  to 
unite  in  the  manner  of  keystone.-.  In  1811, 
the  population  was  7060.  Here  are  manu- 
factures of  canvas,  and  its  commerce  is  simi- 
lar to  that  of  Sunderland,  268  imlcs  n by  w 

of  London.  r -.x 

I WeathtTsfield,  a town  of  the  United 
’ State.s,iii  Windsor  county,  Vermont,  it  is 
a flourishing  town,  and  cota  ns  1097  iniia- 
bitants.  . , t-  a 

WeatUctsfieMy  ^ ^ ^ UnUe4 

States,  in  llartlord  county,  Connecticut,  lAve 
miles  s oi  Hartford. 

WEAUS,  or  VfEEAS,  an  Indian  tribe, 
whose  towns  lie  on  the  head  waters  ol  Wa- 
bash river.  i i 

IVecldenschweil,  a town  m Swilzeriam., 
ill  the  canton  ol  Zuricli,  sitwi's  on  ilifi  w sni« 
i f t!ie  lake  of  Znrioli,  iO  se  ui 

Zurich.  , . 

• JVednescovgh  Gveen,  a large  and  ir.eru.s- 

ing  Village  in  Ch  shir  ',  in 
ALuiram,  aloul  ii.iT  a nuie  XE  ul  tmt 

Wodne^Mirg,.^  very  acvi.m  wown  to  Vvo 

w L 


Z It  is  famous  for 

’r.>xj  ore  ai-d  iron  manufactures.  It 
was  a .y  market  on  Wednesday,  and 
l e seven  .cues  nw  of  Birmingham,  13  ssw 
ofXondon. 

>»  Northamptonshire, 
eated  on  tue  Gr^nd  Junction  Ca..al,  with  a 

depot,  and  barracks,  eight 
Kill  . NNw  u lowcester.  ° 

Highland  parish  in 

LochT3  "7®^?-  th"^‘ideof 

Loch  l.,j  till,  ejuroii  stands  near  Tar- 

!^r, '®  watered  by  the 
i]  Lochay,  and  Dochart. 

N&ir  the  oburch  is  Castle  .Menzies,  the 

iZlZirn!  f *"■  jtJeuzies,  who 

abouUajT?^ 

• „ ^ or  Wert,  a town  of  the  territory 
^ r^iege  Netherlands,  seated  on  the  river 
mty  Jij  1702,  Its  castle  W'as  demolished  by 
77o/  -r*  "''‘'i  ‘i'®  to’M;  and  ii 

rJvv,’  ‘J  ’’I'  1'“'®“®*'  i 10  miles 

^^  >.w  cj  Ruremonde 

<-er,  a river  that  rises  in  the  N part  of 
Saropsbire,  runs  through  Cheshire,  meets 
th.  Dane  from  the  e,  and  falls  into  the 
es.uarj  of  the  Mersey.  It  is  navigable 
soBie  miles  above  Northwicb,  in  Cheshire. 

s«B  Germany,  15  miles 

SSE  oi  Held  el  burg. 

fVciehseIhurg,  a town  of  Germany.  It 
has  a castle  on  a mountain,  and  a celebrated 

TT^  Q V 1 1 1 3 ^ s ^ M ...  ly  f*  « 


W E I 

Lon.  8 20  B,  lut.  50 


\'KW  of  Frankfort. 

2t>  N. 

fVeile,  a sea  port  in  N Jutland,  Denmark. 
Stands  on  a bay  m the  Little  Eeit,  33  miles 
ssw  of  Arhuscn,  and  38  ne  of  Ripen.  Lou. 
9 20  E,  lat.  33  45  N. 

Weilheim,  a town  of  Wirtemburg,  Swa- 
bia, on  the  Lauter,  20  miles  se  of  Stut- 


gard. 


Miiu  a ccicuraiea 

mariu.acture  of  fine  stockings,  and  is  10 


Kiiie.s  SE  of  Laubaeh. 

michterbach,  a town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  the  Upser  Rhine  and  county  of 
Isenburg,  on  the  Kiiitzig,  with  a castle,  20 
miles  SE  01  Giessen,  and  23  me  of  Frank- 
lort. 

_ mickersheirn,  a town  in  the  principality 
ot  Hohenlone,  Fraticonja,  on  the  Tauber, 
uiis  a fine  castle,  three  miles  b of  Mer- 
geutheim, 

Weida,  a (own  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Voif^t- 
land,  stands  on  the  .^niall  river  Weida,  at  Its 
pinction  with  the  Elster,  nine  miles  s of 
Gera. 

Weidert,  a towui  of  Bavaria,  seated  on  the 
Nab,  noted  tor  ‘ome  manufactures  of  linen, 
woollen  stuffs,  and  saltpetre;  18  miles  xe 
of  Amberg. 

Wevjhton,  a town  in  E Yorkshire,  has  a 
canal  to  the  head  of  the  Humber,  and  a 
market  on  Medne.sday;  18  miles  ese  of 
iOrk,  and  100  x by  w ol  Loudon. 

fCuV,  or  IVtilerstadt,  a town  ofSuahia, 
lately  imp:  rio],  in  the  duchy  of  Wirtember.^ 
■staids  on  the  Worm.  It  is  12  miles  w Sf 
Stutg;ard, 

kfett,  or  Wyl,  a town  in  the  terrilorv^  of 
the  abbot  of'St  Gall,  i5vvis.seriand,  .‘^eated  on 
the  Tliiir,  19  miles  .ssw  of  C.’onstunce. 

Weilburp,  a town  of  Weteravia,  Germany, 
capital  of  the  county  of  Nassau  Weilburo-. 
The  pnncv^^s  palace  is  an  ancient  edifice 
It  is  situated  on  the  Lahn,  over  v/hich  i.s  a 
bridge,  12Z  miles  sw  of  Wctzlar,  and  23 


Wheilheim,  a town  of  Bavaria,  seated  on 
the  Amper,  with  a castle,  28  miles  ssw  of 
Munich. 

^ ^Veimar,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
hurii^ia;  capital  of  the  princi/aiiiv  of 
fcaxe  Weimar.  The  duke^s  palace  contains 
oneo}  the  most  extensive  libraries  in  Ger- 
many, and  has  a cabinet  of  coin;,  and  medals, 
me  gallery  of  paintings,  and  some  other 
parts  of  the  castle  were  destroj'ed  by  fire,  in 
1774.  It  IS  situated  on  the  river  Urn,  12 
miles  NE  ot  Erturt,  and  2d  wsw  of  Naum- 
burg.  ^ Lon.  11  27  e,  iat.  31  2 n. 

Weingartin,  a town  of  Germany,  in  the 

J?, ^ Kiiies  s by  e of 

Philipsburg. 

Weinheim,  a town  in  the  late  palati- 
nate of  the  Rhine,  on  the  Wekchnitz,  five 
niues  E of  \Yorms.^  Lon.  8 16  e,  lat  4^ 
33  N. 

Weinsherg,  a town  of  Wirtemburg,  Swa- 
bia, seated  partly  on  a hill,  and  partly  in  a 
valley,  celebrated  for  wine.  The  castle  is 
in  ruins,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  tow  n 
was  consumed  by  fire,  in  1707  ; five  miles 
NE  ot  Heilborn. 

fVeisbaden,  a town  of  Germany,  situated 
eight  miles  ne  of  Mentz. 

Weisselmunde,  a fortress  of  W Prussia, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Vistula,  to  defend  the 
harbour  of  Danizic. 

Weissembvrg,  a town  in  the  department 
of  the  Low'^er  Rhine,  Fraut'e,  seated  on  the 
Lauter.  Betw^een  this  place  and  Lauterburg, 
are  the  famous  lines  from  which  the  Aus- 
trians were  driven  by  the  French  in  1744. 
In  1793,  the  Prussians  drove  the  French 
from  the  same  position,  10  miles  sv/  of  Lan- 
dau, and  22  ne  of  Strasburg.  Lon.  8 1 1 e. 
lat.  48  33  N.  ^ 

Weissenburg,  a town  of  Franconia,  lately 
imperial,  in  the  bishopric  of  Aichstadt, 
on  '^the  Rednith,  five  miles  n ot  Papenbeim, 
and  30  sw  of  Nuremburg. 

Weissenburg,  or  Alba  Julia,  or  Carhburg, 
a town  of  Transylvania,  capital  of  a county 
of  tbesame  name,  stands  on  the  side  of  a hill, 
near  the  Maros,  with  a university,  and  is  a 
bishop’s  see.  It  is  situated  42  miles  wnw' 
of  Hermanstadi.  Lon.  24  0 e,  iat.  43 
35  N.  - 

Weissenburg,  or  Stulweissemburg,  a 
towui  of  Lower  Hungary,  36  miles  sw  of 
Buda. 

Weissenburg,  a town  of  Germany,  2G 
mile.<  from  Wirtemberg. 

Weissenburg,  a town  in  the  canton  of 
Bern,  Swusseriand,  famous  for  its  niiuerai 
W'atcrs,  2C  imies  s of  Bern- 


W E L 


W 


T?  T 


Weissenfellsy-Si  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  m 
Thurinffia.  It  is  situated  on  the  fcaale, 
above  the  town,  upon  a white  rock,  is  the 
fine  citadel  called  Augustusburg,  1/  miles 

svv  of  Leipsic.  , . . , 

JVeissenhorn,  a town  of  Swabia,  witn  a 
castle,  in  a county  of  the  same  name,  stands 
on  the  Roth,  10  miles  se  of  Uim,and  ^8  w ot 

Augsburg.  . . 

missenseey  a town  m Thuringia,  Upper 
Saxony,  formerly  in  (be  vicinity  ot  a lake, 
which  in  1705,  was  drained  and  converted 
into  dry  land,  21  miles  nb  of  Laugenfalza. 

Weissenstadt,  a town  of  Franconia,  in 
the  margravate  of  Bayreuth,  on  the  Eger. 

It  is  17  miles  w of  Culrabach. 

fVelaUy  a town  of  E Prussia.  It  is  situ- 
atfefi  on  the  Regel,  and  is  famous  for  the 
treaty  concluded  with  Poland,  in  1857,  when 
the  elector  Frederic  William,  obtained  the 
sovereignty  of  Ducal  Prussia  j 30  miles  ese 
of  Konigsberg 

fVelbeck  Abbey,  anciently  a monastery, 
now  a seat  of  the  duke  ol  Portland,  stands 
in  an  est.nsive  and  well  wooded  parL?, 
adorned  with  a fine  piece  ot  water,  and  many 
trees  of  uncommon  magnitude  and  antiquity, 
particularly  one  called  the  Greendale  oak, 
which  is  about  14  feet  in  diameter,  where 
the  branches  is€ue,  .53  feet  long  in  the  trank, 
and  having  a cavity  througu  it,  large  enough 
to  -dmit  a coach. 

Welch  Tract,  a small  territory  ot 
■ Pennsylvania,  firsi  settled  by  a Welchman. 

Weldoti,  Great,  a town  in  Northampton- 
shire. It  has  a.  wet'kly  market  on  Wednes- 
day. A Roman  pavement  and  a number  of 
Roman  coins  have  been  discovered  here. 
It  has  four  anriU'  l fairs  and  is  situated  in 
Rockingham  forest,  eight  miles  w ol  Oundle, 
and  83  nnw  ol  London. 

JVeldon,  Little,  a town  in  Northampton- 
shire, near  Great  Weldon. 

Welland,  a river  that  has  its  source  on 
the  borders  of  Ncrihamptonshire,  and  divides 
that  county  from  Liecestershuv,  Rutland- 
shire and  Lincolnshire,  passes  by  Deeping 


sists  principally  in  the  manufacture  of  nailv, 
1.^  .v.,v  vri/^initv  rp.  iron  mines,  foundeiies. 


to  .Siarnlord,  and  is  thence  navigable  to  the 
Fcssdike  Wash,  into  which  it  fails  below 
Spaicin^. 

Wtilinyberovgh,  a town  in  Ncrtb^mpton- 
sliiie.  situated  on  me  asc-.-nt  of  aiiiii,  on  the 
w hank  Of  the  river  Nen,  wi:li  aararket  on 
W'*di:csduy.  It  is  a Uug  hantl  populous 
piuce\  and  has  a coun-iv  ah.e  triolc  in  the 
rnamiiacinre  oi  lace,  shoes,  bools.  It 
is  reckoned  the  second  t<>wn  m < le  county. 

bore  is  d 
;ind  fikiin- 


Tiie  church  is  haudsome,  a; 
charity  ichool  for  the  education 
tenance  oi  40  chilivea.  Near  ii  is  a chary- 
beaie  s- r-ng  coll;  d lied  ' cll.  Here*, in  ["ioH, 
cl 'fire  coijfUiriCd  800  bouses;  I'd  tiuies  ne 
of  >-ortLampLGo,  a.-d  07  n by  w ot  London. 

WdUiigU.n,  a town  in  Shropshire,  in  a 
low  situ.io.u  -.t’cir  the  certre  of  me  touir} . 
Tne  . ire?  s -tre  in  general  narrow,  and  lia; 
town  c •n-iUiis  about  3,000  luhabiutnis,  bin 


th(‘  palish  cor.iahis  .icariy  8,000.  Tne  trad 
which  is  coiisidciub’e,  and  increasing,  cou 


. 1 


n the  vicinity  are  iron  mines, 

■ nd  coal  works.  The  town  is  aov  i ned  liy 
a bailiflf ; has  a weekly  maiki  ■ on  rhnvs- 
day,  and  three  annual  fairs  ; and  is  sitUiAtecl 
near  Wrekinhill,  13  miles  E oi  Shrewsbury, 
and  150  nw  of  London. 

Wellington,  a well  built  town  in  Somer- 
setshire, having  a manufactory  ot  serge* 
druggets,  «fec.  and  a considerable  pottery. 

It  is  seated  on  the  Tone,  and  has  a weekly 
market  on  Thursday,  and  an  annual  fair, 
and  lies  15  miles  ne  of  Exeter,  and  148  w uy 
s of  London. 

Wells,  a sea  port  in  Norfolk,  with  a cori- 
siderable  corn  trade.  It  has  a large  church, 
and  contains  about  3,000  iuuabiianls.  It  is 
27  miles  n by  e of  Swafi’ham,  and  118  n>!E 

of  Loudon.  . i? 

Wells,  0.  town  in  York  county,  district  Oi. 
Maine,  situated  on  a bay  of  its  name,  88 
i miles  N by  E of  Boston.  Lon.  70  53  w,  lat. 

1 43  20  N.  ^ . 

I Wells,  a populous  city  in  Somersetshire, 
so  named  from  the  numerous  wells  and 
springs  in  its  vicinity.  Jointly  Wiih  Bath  it 
li  is  the  see  of  a bishop  withm  the  province  ot 
I Canterbury.  The  city,  which  is  in  general 
i;  well  built,  has  broad  streets,  and  good  pave- 
1 ments.  The  cathedral  is  a stately  edifice, 

P and  the  bishop^s  palace  is  like  a castle, 
beiii<>^  surrounded  by  walls  and_a  moat.  Tl  lie 
numto  of  inhabitants  in  18H,  was  5140. 

The  summer  assises  are  held  here,  and  at'  ^ 
Bridgewater  alternately.  It  has  a consider- 
able trade  in  bone  lace.  It  has  weekly 
markets  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday,  nd 
five  annual  fairs.  It  is  the  centre  o-  a greaj; 

I manufactory  o:  knit  worsted  stocking  . The 
I corporation  consists  of  a mayor,  recorder, 
i seven  masters,  and  J 6 common  oounci!  men  ; 

I and  the  town  .sends  iwo  members  to  parlia- 
nient,  elected  by  such  freemen  as  have  been 
admitted  into  some  one  of  the  seven  < oum 
! panieis,  or  gilds,  within  the  city,  and  t ntitied 
thereio  by  birth,  or  servinide,  which  voiers 
amount  to-  about  500.  It  is  16  miles  s of 
Bristol,  and  l20  w of  London. 

Wells,  a town  of  W Florida,  stand  on 
the  w side  of  St  Andrew  Bay,  80  miles 
w of  St  Marco.  Lon.  85  50  lut.  30 
24  N. 

i Weis,  a town  of  Austria,  seated  on  the 
Traun,  with  a castle,  and  a gr  at  trade  in 
I timber,  having  a forest  in  the  vicinity,  14 
mil  s ssw  of  Lintz. 

Welshpool,  a very  ancient  corporate  'own 
of  Montgomerj shire,  in  North  ales,  situ- 
ated in  a rich  vaie,  on  the  Severn.  1,'  ;s  the 
princifal  trading  tovrii  in  yhe  county,  being 
the  great  mark  t icr  tluuncls,  catile,  cud 
provisions.  H re  r-  a spacious  lowuhall, 
in  W’liicii  the  a.'-i  .es  a'c  lidiL.^  Near  the 
town  aie  the  r m;'.iu.s  of  ?owis  ciustle,  a 
i iTge  structure  seal  cl  on  uii  eminence ; it 
was  the  residence  of  the  princes  of  Powy^s  $ 
land,  or  the  midland,  of  Wales,  .and  com.  ois 
some  valuable  antiquities.  TiiC  pt)pc...aion 
iu  1811,  was  3440.  It  has  a weekly 
3 It  2 


■ WEN 

market  on  Monday,  and  six  annual  fairs  ; 
aiiil  is  nine  miles  n of  Montgomer}*,  and  116 
K\v  Lon'.; on. 

Wehvayn.  a town  in  the  circle  of  Raco- 
nitz,  Bohemia.  13  miiCs  f of  Prague. 

tVeUnjUy  a* village  in  HertfordsliirC,  noted 
for  a chalybeate  spring.  Dr  Young,  Au- 
tnor  cf  the  Night  Tlioughts,  was  rector  of 
this  parish,  ami  composeil  (bat  celebrated 
work  here  ; live  miles  of  Hatfield. 

IVdziuim,  capital  of  a Lordship  of  its 
name,  in  the  dueby  of  V^inemlierg,  Swabia, 
siaifds  on  (he  Lein,  19  miles  e of  Stut- 
gard. 

JVem,  an  ancient  town  in  Shropshire, 
sealed  on  (he  Roden,  noted  for  a liberally 
endowea  free  .«=-chooL  It  has  a large  weekly 
market  on  Thursday  for  cattle  and  provi-  j 
sions,  and  two  anmul  fairs,  and  is  nine  ' 
miles  N of  Shrewsbury,  and  172  nw  of  i 
London. 

^Femifss,  a parish  in  Fifeshire,  extending 
aboin  six  mile.s  along  the  shore,  and  abcut  j 
cue  and  a-hall  broad.  From  the  shore, 
Vvdiich  is  rocky,  the  surface  gradually  rises 
to  the  N side,  and  is  all  arable.  There  are 
seieral  small  towns  and  villages  in  this 
parish,  viz:  Wester  Vfe myss, Ea>ter  Wemyss, 
Bucivhaven,  Methii,  aPxd  the  East  and  West 
Coal  towns,  two  villages  inhabited  by  coi- 
Ij^er.^,  containing  nearly  4'ilO  itdiabitants. 
There  are  many  valuable  seams  of  coal  here, 
which  are  wroiijjjt  to  great  extent.  There 
is  aL^o  limestone,  bc'^ides  fref'^uone  of  which 
the  rocks  are  chiefly  coirpLesed.  In  the 
Clerical  lunelions  the  miitister  is  as>isled 
hy  a eatecdust,  who  is  paid  a yearly  salary, 
sunk  lyy  tin-  earl  of  Cromarty  in 
170, Population  about  3,204. 

IVemijs'i,  fVesttr,  a considerable  burgh  of 
barony' in  the  above  parish,  which  ifas  a 
good  hc.rhour.  Kere  is  some  ship  building, 
and  ar.  extensive  wade  in  the  e.^portation  of 
sal;  and  coals.  Near  this  village  stands  the 
imcient,  large,  and  magurlicent  castle,  of 
WTic}  ss,  the  elegant  seat  of  general  Weinyss. 

Ta  this  castle,  Lord  ikirnley  had  his  first 
iuterv.cw  with  qir-en  Alary,  his  future  con- 
sort. on  the  loih  of  February,  idOd.  It  is 
govcrn'cd  by  two  l>ailies,  a*  treasurer,  and 
council,  aiki  contains  about  770  inhalh- 
WUs. 

fVer.!i>,ss,  Rader,  another  viHage  in  tlie 
fame  j.arish,  on  the  coast,  with  an  incon- 
veihCiit  barhour.  eoniainii'.g  800  inhanitaui.s. 
Tne  church  is  mt  old  b’oihu^  building  in 
form  of  a cross,  hue  has  lately  been  convert- 
c { into  a oOiUmoiiious  and  well  lighted  place 
<d  Worship.  (In  (he  shore,  on  a rising 
ground,  are  (lie  ruins  of  a castle,  said  to  have 
le  u luuU  in  the  ilih  oenlury  by  MaedulT, 
created  earl  of  Fife,  })y  Malcolm  Ccinmore. 
A(‘ar  the  (Uistlc  are  sewral  caves. 

a (own  in  the  duchy  of  Wir-  I 
X'  uihiM'g,  Fwa’da,  stands  on  the  NT‘ckai,  at 
Le‘  bmetum  cl  (he  L.mter,  12  miles  ssic  of 
.‘■hu'.'.rard, 

Ir'c-u-.QViV.  i\  Inrgh  in  ruckinghamsliire. 


W E R 

I Though  on  inconsiderable  place,  it  is  a 
borough  by  subscription,  and  sends  two 
members  to  parliament,  elected  by  the 
housetiolders,  not  receiving  alms,  and  tha 
returning  officers  are  the  constables  choseu 
at  the  court  leet  of  the  lord  of  the  mi.i)or, 
who  is  sole  proprietor  of  the  houses  in  the 
borough.  It  has  a vveekly  market  ati^ 
Tijur.sday,  and  two  annual  fairs  ; and  lies 
seven  miles  se  of  Aylesbury,  and  35  w by  n 
of  London. 

IVenlocky  or  3Iuch  Wenlock,  a town  in 
Shropshire.  It  is  an  ill  built  dirty  place, 
and  jointly  with  Brosley  and  Little  ^Yeri. 
lock,  sends  two  members  to  parliament.  It 
has  the  oldest  chartered  right  extant  to  send 
a member  to  parliament,  of  any  borough  in 
England.  The  charter  is  dated  November 
29tb,  1478.  The  corporation  consist.s  of  a 
bailiff,  recorder,  and  12  bailiff's  peers.  It 
has  a weekly  market  on  l\Ionday,  and  four 
annual  fairs  ; and  lies  1 2 miles  se  of  Shrew's- 
bury,  and  148  Nw  of  London. 

fi^enriierty  one  of  the  Gallipago  islands,  on 
the  coast  of  Peru. 

fVmner,  the  largest  lake  of  Sweden,  in 
West  Gothland,  being  about  iOO  miles  in 
length,  and  in  some  places  40  broad,  and 
contain^  several  islands.  It  receives  24 
rivers;  its  outlet  is  by  the  Gotha,  at  the  sw 
extremity;  and  its  surface  is  about  140  feet 
higher  than  the  sea.  It  is  situated  to  the  kw 
of  the  lake  Wetter. 

JVcimcrdmnj,  a town  situated  at  the  sw 
extremity  of  the  above  lake,  where  the  Go- 
tha issues  from  tin'  lake,  and  is  the  staple 
for  ail  the  iron  sent  from  the  province  of 
Werme  and  to  Gotheburg,  50  miles  xxe  of 
Gothel'urg.  Lon.  12  48  e,  lat.  58  20  v. 

ffdidey,  a town  in  the  North  Hiding  of 
Yorkshire,  near  Aiidlam. 

Wensyssely  a towm  of  Denmark,  17  miles 
xwv  of  Aaiburg. 

JVentworthy  a village  in  Y’orkshire,  has  a 
charily  school,  where  50  poor  children  are 
clothed  and-  taught.  Here  is  Wentworth- 
house,  a noble  seat  built  by  the  late  marquis 
cf  Rockingham.  The  principal  front  is  600 
feet  in  length.  The  stables  are  the  grandest 
in  England,  and  the  parish  is  about  eight 
miles  ill  circuit,  titree  miles  >:\v  of  Rotheram, 
and  seven  nxe  of  .Sheffield. 

IVcchJijy  an  ancient  town  in  Hereford-- 
I shire.  It  is  noted  for  fine  ale,  and  lias  a 
j weekly  u'arkel  cn  Tuesday,  and  (wo  aniiu:.! 
j fairs.  The  site  of  it?  ancient  oa*tIe  is  nov.'- 
a bowling  green.  It  sends  two  members  to 
parliament,  elected  hy  the  resident  owners  of 
certain  properties,  called  Jacieut  Vote^ 
housis,  of  the  value  of  20  shilling'  or  up- 
wards. It  is  eight  miles  xw  of  Hcreloid, 
and  147  wxw  of  London. 

tVerbeUy  a town  in  the  old  marke  of  Bran- 
denburg, at  (he  juuction  of  the  Havel  Mid 
Elbe,  three  miles  w of  Haveibmg. 

tyerchtircuy  a town  in  Brabant,  XelluT- 
lands,  at  the  junction  of  the  Dumer  and  the 
Dyle,  niue  miles  ese  of  Mechlin. 


W E R 


Wer^m,  a town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 

”Hrs?c7rL-=“-s 

pital  of  a ta.l.«ic  01 

5A=^?^SSS'.“" 

hfi>rn  f»r(4  22  NW  oi  IllSpniCK.  J , . 

IVerfen,  a town  and  fortress  in  the  duchy 
of  Saliburg,  Germany,  seated  on  the  Suiza: 

*?‘2  milps  s bv  E ot  fetilzbur^ 

town  of  Westphalia,  s ands  on 

the  Isek,  with  a cmtle,  eight  m.les  s of 
Karn,  and  30  s of  Munster. 

M ERMELAND,  a province  of  Sw<den 
in  West  Gothland,  bounded  n by  Dalecarha. 

K iw  Westmania  and  Neric.a,  s by  the  lakes 
Weiiner  and  Dal'a,  and  w by  tue  mountains 
of  Norway;  being  about  100  niues  loo?, 
and  broad.  It  is  iertile,  and  diversifie  ^ 
by  mountains,  rocks,  hills, an  ' dales  clothe., 
wiin  forests  of  pine,  fir,  mountain  asb,  bircb, 
and  poplar.  It  iiboumts  in 
vvilich  immcTous  nviuets  isMie,  and  fo.m. 
sometimes,  small  pmmrcsqne  eamructs 
Tbe  prineipol  river  is  the  Clara,  St 
lilbe,  in  which  is  a prcducuve  sa  men  fish- 
efv  '^'ho  province  produces  silver,  leac, 
copper. 'and  iro..,  which  have  forges  and 
ioumleries  belonging  to  them.  Carensladt  is 

the  uriucipal  to\yn.  ... 

iVern,  uitown  of  Westphalia,  in  the  prm- 
cipaliiyof  Munsler,  stands  near  fhe  ^ie, 
aifd  has  a monastery,  six  miles  w of 

IVernjqcrode,  capital  of  a oonnty  ol  i.^ 
name,  Upper  Saxony,  wilh  a cast.e,  on  a 
n.ounla.n:  directly  above  the  town,  the  resr- 
(lence  of  the  counts  of  Stoloerg,  with  a va 
limble  library.  Tbe  country  abounds  m 
mf  ual;.  the  chief  of  winch  is  .be  Great 
Btochen,  or  Bloeksberg,  said  to  most 

lofty  mountain  in  all  Germany.  Here  are 
n,-  «ulactnres  of  cloths  and  stnlls,  k'-eweries, 
and  distilleries,  12  miles  w by  s ot  Halbu- 
tiad.t,  and  23  ssE  ol  Wollenbuttle.  Lon.  10 

68  K,  Uit.  5 1 '33 -V.  . . 

JVerra,  u river  which  has  its  sourt  C m 

tb'‘  prineiiiality  of  Colburg,  Germany,  three 
miles  above  Eissficld,  and  passjs  by  liild- 

burabaus,  n,  Meinungen,  aoba, 

I-rsiiiri,  Waulried,  Ailendorl,  and 
biuisen;  then  entering  tbe  dueby  of  Biuns- 
wi  k,  unis  by  Mundeu,  below  winch  it 
noue-s  with  the  Fidda,  and  lose  their  names 
in  iliat  of  theWeser.  . 

fTerfAeim,  a town  of  Ftaucoma,  cap  lal 
of  a county  of  the  same  nanie,  stands  at  the 
liuioiioi'.  ol  the  Tauber  mid  the  Maine.  I ht 
county  is  20  miles  ioag,  and  nearly  as  many 
bread,  mid  prodluv.s  excellent  wme.  Here 
an-  palaces  boib  of  the  princes  and  count, 
of  I'owemiein  Weiibeim.  The  former  are 
t'alholios,  but  the  counts,  (he  iriagislrafes, 


w E S 

and  the  o-reater  part  of  the  piopulation,  are 
ProtesLuir  Itl  16  miles  w of  Wurtzbprg. 

lands  on  the  Lis,  eight  miles  se  of  \ pres. 

Wesl  \ large  and  hand-some  town  of 
Westphalia,  in  tbe  duchy  of  UTeves,  has  a 
Jrong  citadel,  seated  on  the  Rhine,  at  the 
iunction  of  the  Lippe.  Here  are  two  ohuicb- 
is  for  the  CaVmists,  one  for  the  Lutherans 
and  one  for  the  Catholics.  In  1759,  it  was 
taken  by  tbe  French,  but  restored  >«  1’62. 
Tn  1S08  it  was  ceded  to  the  French.  It 
["s  25  miles  Te  of  Cleves,  af  f -w  of 
Munster.  Lon.  6 37  F.,lat.  51  38  e. 

Wesel,  Upper,  a town  m the  department 
of  Rhine,  and  Moselle,  France,  lately  of 
Germany  in  the  electorate  of  Treves  stands 
rear  the  Rhine.  On  a mountain  m tbe  vici- 
nUy  Is  the  ruined  castle  of  Stolberg,20  miles 

* IfSurj,  a well  fortified  town  of  Rus- 
v ia,  ill  the  government  of -Esthonia,  stands  on 
the  Wiss,  13  miles  se  of  Revel.  Lou.  Zo  48 
E.  iat.  49  10  N. 


IclL  X vl  • 

JVeser  a eonsiderabie  river  of  Germany, 
form^by  the  junction  of  lhe  Ft.hia  and 
MT'rra,  at  Muuden,  ill  the  uumiy  ol  Brun^ 

wick.  U runs  along  the  coniines  ot  Me,t- 
phalia  and  Lower  Saxony, by 
tin,  .Alinden,  and  Hoj^e ; " 

and  Verdeii,  flows  by  Bremen,  and  falls  into 
the  German  ocean  at  Carlsburg. 

fVest  Barns,  a village  m the  parish  of 
Dunbar,  about  three  miles  w ot  ‘hat  town, 
has  an  elegant  set  of  flour  mills,  adistilleiy, 
and  one  of  the  ptroebial  schoms. 

IVestbury,  a burgh  in  M iltshire,  in  a salu- 
brious situation,  very  favourable  to  lo'-ft  ' 
vitv,  on  tile  w side  of  Salisbury  plain.  I.  is 
safd  to  bare  risen  from  the  ruins  of  a Bom.m 
town,  that  stood  a little  to  (he  i«  of  it.  It 
has  a great  trade  in  nrialt,  bat  that  ’* 

ot  most  consequence  is  us  ' ' 

facture.  On  a hill  to  the  e is  Brat  on  tas- 
He,  the  remaiiKs  of  a fortification,  where  the 
Danes  held  out  24  days  against  the  F.ti- 
irli^h  The  corporation  consists  ol  a ma>or, 
Recorder,  and  12  burgesses.  It  semis  two 
members  to  parliament,  aud  has  a small 
weekly  market  on  Friday,  and  three  annual 
fairs;  and  lies  26  miles  Nwof  Salisbury, and 

99  w of  London.  , . 

Wedhury,  a village  in  Gloucestershire, 
formerly  celebrated  for  a magmlicent  col- 
of  a castellated  appearance,  v*‘“en 

civil 


l(*we  I — X 3. 

was’ burnt  by  prince  Rupert  in  the 
wars,  three  miles  N by  w ot  Bristol. 

msteras,  capital  of  Westmania,  .Sweden, 
aud  a bishop’s  see,  seated  on  the  x .side  d 
the  lake  Maeler,  has  a citadel,  ® 

college.  The  tower  and  spire  of  (Ik.  cathe- 
dral are  said  to  be  the  highest  in  the  king- 
dom. In  it  is  the  tomb  ol  tli"  nn  uHunate 

Pric  XtV.  Here  are  tbe  ruuis  ot  dii  anci- 
cat  palace.  U has  a considfrahle  trai.e,  par- 
licnlarly  in  copper,  brass,  and  iron,  lar^ 
qiiamitlL  of  which  are  sent  to  Stockholm, 


liOD.  17  0 


45  miles  tTNw  of  Stookaolm, 
lat.  59  oS  N. 

fVe6terbtirg,  a town  of  Germany,  in  Wer- 
teravia,  with  a castle,  17  miles  e\e  t.' 
Coblentz,  and  45  nw  of  Frankfort. 

fVesterham,  a town  in  Kent,  situated  o 
the  river  Darent,  which  rises  from  mu 
, springs  near  this  town.  It  has  a weekn 
market  on  Wecinesday,  and  an  annual  fair. 
In  this  town  were  born  bishop  Hoadly,  a>  o 
general  Wolf,  five  miles  w of  Sevenoaks 
and  22  sse  of  London.  ^ 

fVester-Kir/(, chilly  parish  in  Dumfries- 
shire, extending  about  nine  mixes  in  length 
and  its  breadth  varies  from  two  to  eight 
miles.  The  arable  land  lies  chiefly  on  the 
banks  of  the  Esk.  Great  part  of  the  parish 
is  mountainous  and  verden  , and  good  sneet. 
pasture.  In  the  parish  are  vestiges  of  Druidi- 
cal  circles  and  encampments.  Outi  of  foe 
most  productive  mines  ot  antimony  in  Gretit 
Britain  on  (he  grounds  of  Glindinning 
where  there  is  a smelting  house  for  us  rna- 
miiacture.  For  the  accoi;  nioaation  of  th^ 
miners,  there  is  a neat  village  c&hed  James^ 
town,  built  in  a pleasant  situation  on 
banks  of  the  Megget.  The  late  governed 
Johnston  was  born  and  is  buried  here,  and  an 
elegant  mausoleum  has  been  erected  to  his 
memory.  Population  about  638. 

Westerly,  a post  town  on  the  coast  of 
Washington  county.  Rhode  island,  seated  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Paukatue.  It  has  exten- 
si  « fisheries,  and  a good  coastiog  trade, 
fiv  miles'  E of  Stonington,  in  Connecticut. 

ESTERN  ISLANDS,  HEBRIDES,  or 
Aebuda,  coUective  names  of  about  300. 
islands  of  the  Atlantic,  on  the  w coast  of 
Scotland.  The  principal  of  them  are  Skye 
St  Kiida,  Lewis,  Tiree,  Barra,  Harris’ 
North  and  South  Uist,Staffa,  Cannay,  xMull, 
Ilia,  Jura,  Benbecula,  cfeo.  which  see  in 
their  order.  They  lie  between  Ion.  5 30 
and  8 30  w,  and  betw^een  lat.  55  0 and  59 

Westerwald,  See  Wetteravia, ' 
WESTERN  ISLES.  See  Azores. 
WESpRN  TERRITORY,  a country 
ol  North  America,  comprehending  all  that 
part  of  the  United  Slates  which  lies  to  the 
NW  of  the  river  Ohio.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
w by  the  Mi.wsisvippi,  ^ by  the  lakes,  e by 
1 emi.'.j  Ivauia,  and  sc  and  s by  the  Ohio. 

It  contains  11,000  Sf^nure  niiics.  This 
oountry,  which  Ls  intended  to  be  divided  into 
several  new  slates,  is  affirmed  to  be  the 
most  beallby  and  feriilc  spot  in  America 
Its  principal  rivers  are  tbe  Muskingum, 
lloekhoeking,  S.-iota,  Great  Miami,  and 
Wabash,  which  run  into  Ih?  Ohio;  and  the 
Illinois,  Oniscon  ing,  and  Chippeway,  whici' 
flow  into  the  Mississippi.  The  chief  town  , 

Cim  i -nuti. 

msturto^rn,  a village  in  the  county  <n 
Ulacknitir  naij,  coniaiuing  upwards  of  20i. 
inl.abiuints. 

Westerwivk,  a sea  port  of  Sweden,  in  Sino- 


-mthe^Ealtt^®  o <iuay, situated 

oer,  and  all  sorts  of  naval  stores,  and  a ma- 
nufacture  of  cloth,  56  miles  n of  Calmar 

eou^v^wf’  in  Hampshire 

county,  Massachusetts,  stands  on  a riv-er  of 
tls^mo,  10  miles  w of  Springfield. 

c 'iepartment  of 

Lower  Rhine,  France,  12  miles  w of  Stras. 

“ J°"'“  in  ‘he  department  of 
Mont  Tonnere,  France,  lately  of  Germanv 
in  the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine.  Here  are 

VIESTMAKIA,  or  WesmaNLAND  a 
province  of  Sweden  Proper,  being  abou’t  75 
nules  111  length,  and  45  in  breadth.  It 
abounds  ,n  copper  and 'iron  mines.  The 

mXnd  “'®/‘>™‘0'.i\diversilied  like  Wer- 
meland.  V\  esieras  is  the  capiral. 

iVeslmimter,  a city  of  Middlesex,  the 
r^sidenoa  o!  the  monarchs  of  Great  Britain, 
iheseat  ot  tue  p,  rliamem,  and  ot  the  high 
Courts  of  justice,  and  constituting,  wkb 
^oudon  and  Somhwatk,  the  metro^oli.  of 
t.ie  Bruish  empire.  The  name  is  derived 
rem  «,  i"  distinction 

ReSre  ‘■“iied  Eastminster. 

before  the  mssolimon  of  its  abbey  in  1541 

Hcnf“  VITT  g'^'‘-'''aor  of  the  town’ 

Henry  VIII.  m 1541,  erected  it  into  a bi- 
shopric,  appointing  the  whole  of  Middlesex, 
pulham  excepted)  lor  the  diocese.  U had 
however,  but  one  prelate,  for  Edward  VI 
soon  alter  dissolved  it ; ; nd  the  abbey  is 
now  only  a collegiate  churen.  It  still  nears 
the  title  ot  a city,  of  which  the  chief  niarris- 
trates  are  the  high  steward,  comp.ionly  a 
peer  elected  by  the  de„n  ahd  chapter,  a de- 
putj  steward  named  by  the  high  steward,  and 
confirmed  by  the  dean  and  chapter;  a high 
teihir  named  by  the  latter,  and  approveu  by 
the  former  The  high  bailiff  has  the  power 
ot  a steriff.  These  all  hold  their  places  for 
life.  A high  constable,  16  burgesses,  mid 
as  many  assistai;ts  are  ciiosen  annuallv  at 
tiie  court  leet  From  tiie  burgesses  are  cho- 
Sv‘D  two  capital  burgesses,  one  of  whom  acts 

The  I'bert  es. 

I he  other  14  burgesses  .superintend  each  one 
of  the  14  wards  into  w hich  the  city  .sm(  u' 
berties  are  divided.  Tiie  courts duinedimelv 
belonging  to  this  division  of  the  metrnco'is 

■re  tbe  (jiiart.  r se.ssioiis,  \Vestmihsler  court 
s court,  of  records,  for  i be  (rip;  of  personal 
actions  with.n  (be  i,reeihc(s  .!‘..^t  ftlariin’s  le 
Brand,  two  courts  of  requesas,  and  three 
police  courts.  In  the  city  are  two  parish 
/ .urpues,  fet  MargrueUs  and  St  .Tonn-s.  c-d 
‘ ven  in  the  liberties,  namely,  St  t'lement 
• St  PauPs,  Covent  Garden,  St  M iv^s 
Strand,  St  Martin  sin  the  Field,  St  AiiiPs 


■ono,  bt  James’s,  and  St  George’^,  Hanover 


uluare.  This  cay  sends  two  members  to 
parltameut,  chosen  by  die  iiihabiiant  house- 


WES 

hoWeis  paying  scot  and  lot  '^'VV^onnb'a-' 


WES 

,Vetden,  the  tot.n  of  Donmnnd  the 


about  17,000.  In  >S01,  the  number  ofinha- 
bitunts  was  153,272,  and  in  1811,  162,080. 

^^^VestmMer,  a town  in  Windham  co™*y> 
Vermont,  seated  on  Connecticut  river,  ^ o- 
site  Walpole,  in  New  Hampshire,  40  miles 

^ WE^MORELAND,  a county  of  England, 
bounded  on  the  n and  Nw  by  Cumberland, 
on  the  B and  sn  by  Yorkshire,  and  on  the  s 
and  sw  by  Lancashire.  It  is  mt|es  m 
lengtn,  and  aboiu  40  in  breadth  , ^ 

nerllly-divided  .nto  the  baronies  of  Kendal 
and  Westmoreland,  and  these  again  into  two 

wards  each.  The  barony  of  ivendal  is  very 
mountainoas,  but  tbe  latter  is  a Urge  cham- 
®,ig«  country.  This  county  con  a.ns  eight 
market  towns,  32  parishes,  and  m , 
41,617  inhai.itants,  and  in  1811, 

It  sends  four  members  to  parliament,  ine 
soil  is  various,  that  on  the  mountains  being 
very  barren,  while  timt  in  the  vallies  is 
' fertile  in  corn  and  grass.  The  air  is  clear, 
sharp,  and  salubrious.  This  country  yields 
the  tiiiesi  slate ; and  in  the  hilly  parts  on 
the  w borders  are  some  mines  oi  copper,  but 
the  ore  lies  very  deep.  It  abounds  in  ‘i"'e- 
sione,  and  is  noted  for  the  abuii..ance  ot  ex- 
cellent cured  nams.  The  manuiactures  are 
coarse  woo.len  cloth,  flannels,  worked 
stockings,  tanned  leather,  and  gunpowder. 

Tbe  two  lar«-est  fresh  water  laKes  in  England 
bound  this  county  for  several  miles,  nanjely, 

Wi  idermere,  which  separates  it  rom  Lan- 
cashire, anti  Ulleswater  which  divides  it 
from  Cumberland  The  principal  rivers  are 
the  Eden,  the  Lune,  and  the  Ken.  Appleby 
is  the  couu  y town  and  the  only  one  in  the 
co'.nty  that  sends  members  to  parliament, 
but  'endal  is  tbe  most  considerable  m size, 
trade  and  popiiUition.  Westmoreland  gives 
the  i le  of  earl  to  the  family  of  Fane,  and 
the  office  of  its  high  si.eriff  is  hereditary  in 
tbe  farfiily  of  the  earl  of  Thanet. 

WESTON'S  ISLANDS,  groups  of  islands 
in  James’  bay  N America.  . 

WESTPHALIA,  one  of  the  circles  in 
Germany,  bounded  on  the  e by  tiie  circle  ol 
Lower  Saxony,  on  the  s by  Hesse,  fester 
walde,  and  the  Rhine,  on  the  w by  Holland, 
and  on  the  n by  the  German  ocean.  Ine 
air  is  cold,  but  the  soil  produces  excellent 
pastures  and  corn.  There  are  a great  many 
marshes.  The  hr^  ses  are  large,  and  ta 
bogs  are  in  hir  t^steem,  especially  the 
hams,  knowi  »'  the  name  of  Westph.lia 
ham.<=J.  The  prii.  -ipal  riv-rs  are  the  Wesser, 
the  Embs,  tbe  Lippe,  and  the  Roer.  con- 
tained the  sovereign  bishoprics  ol  Osnabu;g, 
Munster,  and  Paderborn,  the  abbey  of  Cor- 
vey,  the  principality  of  Minden  the  countie-i 
of  Fi-avensburg,  Tecklenburg,  Ritzburg  Lip- 
pe, Lemgow,  Spiegelberg  Sch  iwenburg; 
Hoye,  Diepholt,  Delmennorst,  Oldenbu  g, 
Embden,  East  Friesland,  Beiuhen,  Lingen, 
and  Stensor  ; these  are  of,  the  river  Lippe, 
To  the  s of  it  are  the  abbeys  of  E&sen  and 


of  Maick:  Hmuburg,  and  R«»oklUckhau^ 

seu,  and  tUe  duchies  ol  “jrde 

Cleves.  In  1800,  the  part  of  this  circle 
wL  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  being  full 
a third  of  tbe  territory  was  untied  to  France. 

Since  tbe  dissoluiion  of  the  German  empire, 

1 the  confederation  ol  the  states  on  the  Rhine, 
and  the  fall  oi  Prussia,  ^onsjder  .bie  par  of 
this  circle  has  been  uuued  to  other  r 

riPs  and  erected  into  a kingdom,  tor  one  of 

B^t^rttellites,  cancel  Westphaiiiu  , 

On  the  final  abdication  of  Bonaparte,  m U 

1815,  the  coniederation  of  the  js 

dissolved,  and  the  kingdom  ot  Wesiphavii 
annihilated  Thi>  kingdom  was  compo.sed  •) 

r hP  tates  Mon-ing  to  Brunswick  WoL  |l 

Mark  sin.  .md  j . 

to  the  left  of  tbe  Elbe  ; the  bishopric  ot  P<i  v. 

derborn,  tbe  prificipality  of  Mmden,  and  j 

county  of  Ravensberg,  the  territory  ol  m e,  . 
me  country  of  Hildesbeim,  tbe  city  of  l.os- 

la^r  Smitryof  Halberstad,  the— y 

of  Kohenstein,  the  territory  of  j; 

buTo-h,  the  county  of  Mansfield,  Etchlieia, 
Muhlhausen,  Nordhausen,  all  J 

ihe  spoils  of  Prussia:  the  county  of 
bar.',  the  territories  of  Hesse  Cassel,  with  . 
RiiUeln,  and  Schaumburg,  Lippe  ; f 

of  the  territory  of  Haiiau,  Sphmal.  Malden, 
and  Castellenbogea  of  the  EtoS;  Eottm^n,  i 

and  Grubenhagea,  with  the  distrsCU  c-i  H ; 

henslein  and  Elbingerode,  the  bishopric  of  |, 
Osnabut'r,  illegally  seized  from  the  elector  |. 

of  Hanover.  The  political  cof  f 

this  kingdom  is  not  yet  completely  es  a- 
bllshed.  Munster  is  tbe  most  considerablo 

WESTPHALIA,  a duchy  in  the  above 
circle,  s of  Munster  and  Osn  burg,  bout  4Q 
miles  long,  and  z.s  broad  It  is  mountainou. 
and  full  of  wood,  but  moderately  fertile.  It 
belonged  to  the  elector  of  Cologne,  but  is 
now  s^ubject  to  the  prince  of  Hesse  Darm- 
stadt.  Arensburg  is  tbe  capital. 

West-Point,  a strong  fortress  on  Uie  w 
liank  of  Hudson’s  river,  in  the  stme  of  .sew 

York,  20  miles  s of  ‘ 

N of  New  York  city.  Tins  fonress  .s  called 

tbe  Gibralter  of  America. 

Westport,  a sea  perl  town  m Jlayo,  sea  ed 
at  ihe  mouth  of  a fine  small  river, 
runs  through  a <> 

into  Clew  bay.  In  the  vicinity  is  a magiiift- 
■ent  seat  oi  the  marquis  of  Sligo,  "'^^3 
..V  of  Castlebar.  Lon.  9 22  w,  fat.  53 

"'^WESTRAY,  one  of  the  Orkney  islands, 
about  20  miles  N from  Kirkwall.  It  is 
about  10  miles  long  and 
miles  and  in  some  place.7>  six  broad. 

:i;!:flV  under  pasture,  and  roduces  .some 
kelu.  The  coast  is  iii  geiu-ral  rock} , ^hei^® 
i i-eilig  no  o.iier  harbour  than  that  oulled  Py- 
r .wail,  siti.ated  on  the  bw  coast.  The 
parish  Of  Vfesiray  includes  f 

Wostray.  and  con  ai;,s  upward  of  1600  inaa 
bitaUS:  i-  Vrestroy  are  two  churches,  thre# 


\v  r 

iTiiiis  going  by  water  and  one  by  wind.  At 
tiie  bead  of  Pyravval  bay,  are  the  rujns  of  a 
stati’iy  gothic  structure  called  NoUland 
castie,  said  to  have  been  buiit  for  an  asylum 
to  .queen  Mary,  and  her  husband  Bothweil. 
Lon.  2 47  w,  lat.  ()9  8 n. 

Westrogothia.  See  GothJanch 

Westriitherj  a parish  in  Berwickshire, 
about  five  miles  long,  and  four  broad,  situa- 
ted on  the  s side  of  the  Lammermuir  moun- 
tains, and  adjoining  the  parish  of  Greenlaw 
on  the  w.,  it  is  iniersected  by  the  great  road 
from  Edinburgh  to  Newcastle,  by  Cold- 
stream. The  soil  is  partly  arable  and  part- 
ly pasture.  Weatheriee  place  is  a seat  of 
Lord  Blantyre,  and  Spotti.swoocle,  that  of, 
John  Spostiswoode,  Esq.  of  Spoitiswoode. 
There  are  two  villages  here,  viz.  Westru- 
ther,  and  Hounslow,  the  latter  is  on  the  j 
ab()ve  mentioned  road,  and  is  31  miles  se  of 
Edinburgh.  The  ruin  of  Ivejy  castle,  the 
walls  of  which  are  still  pretty  entire,  stands 
in  the  ne  corner  of  the  parish.  It  was  one 
of  those  castillated  places  of  residence,  that 
w^ere  common  on  the  borders,  before  the 


W E 


union  of  the  two  crowns  in  the  reign  of 


James  VI.  The  parish  contained  774  inha- 
bitants in  1801,  and  822  in  1811. 

IVeter,  a lake  of  Sweden,  in  Gothland, 
Ijdng  to  the  se  ol  the  lake  Weiiner,  into 
which  above  forty  small  streams  enter.  It 
is  about  80  miles  in  length  from  n to  s and 
14  in  breadth  from  e to  w.  Its  outlet  is 
the  river  Molala,  which  flows  e into  the 
Baltic.  The  surface  of  this  lake  is  140 
feet  higher  than  that  of  the  Wenner,  and  it 
contains  a few  islands  one  of  which  is  cal- 
led Wisingfo. 

WATTERAVIA,  or  Weteraw,  a pro- 
vince of  Germany.  It  is  divided 'into  twm 
parts  by  the  river  Labn,  called  Weteravia 
proper,  which  is  in  the  circle  of  the  upper 
Ilhirie,  and  North  Weteravia  or  Westerwal- 
de,  belongs  to  the  circle  of  Westerwaid.  It 
contains  .''everai  smaii  counties. 

fVetherhu,  a town  in  the  West  Biding  of 
Yorkshire,  situated  on  the  fiver  Wharfe, 
over  which  there  is  a liand.some  stone  brido-e.^ 
Here  (he  quarter  sessions  for  the  W Ridmg 
are  held  once  every  year.  Wetherby  has  a 
weekly  market  on  Thursday,  and  three  an- 
nua) lairs,  and  lies  U miles  w by  s of  York,  j 
and  191  N by  w of  London.  ' j 

fVet/in,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Magde 


bur 


fe> 


Lower  Saxony,  seated  on  the  Saal, 


has  a castle  on  a mountain,  there  is  a ferry  I 
over  the  river,  nine  miles  n\w  of  Halle.  j 
Wettingcriy  a town  in  the  county  of  Ba-  | 
den,  Swi.^serland,  noted  lot  its  wooden  ' 
bridge,  240  lect  long,  of  a .S:r)gle  arch,  over  1 
the  Limmat,  one  mile  s of  Baden. 

fVttzlar,  a town  of  Weteravia,  Germany, 
oapital  of  a county  of  its  name,  surrounded 
by  (litclr's  and  walls  flanked  with  tower.-, 
ft  \vas  lately  an  imperial  town.  In  the 
vicinity  is  the  castle  of  Carlsnmnd,  or  Kals- 
chinitt.  The  imperial  chamber  was  remo- 
ved hither  Ij'jn..  Spir',  in  on  licnn.  ^Di 


j of  the  wars  which  ravaged  tlie  palatinate. 
The  inhabitants  are  protestants.  It  is  si  ma- 
ted at  the  confluence  of  the  Labn,  Disle, 
and  Dillen,  3l)  miles  n of  Frankfort.  Lou. 
8 37  E,  lat.  aO  33  x, 

fVevelsbiirg,  a town  and  citadel  of  West- 
phalia, in  the  principality  of  Paderborn, 
niiie  mile.s  s of  Paderborn. 

WEXFORD,  a county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  Munster,  39  miles  long,  and  20 
broad,  bounded  n by  Wicklow,  r by  St. 
George^s  channel,  s i)y  the  Atlantic  Ocean’ 
w by  Waterford  and  Kilkenny,  and  n by 
Catherlough.  It  contains  109  parishes, 
43  churches,  and  i 15,000  inhabitant^.  The 
county  is  partly  mountainous  and  the  soil 
clayey,  and  is  distant  from  lime.  Part  of 
it  iiow’cver  is  in  a high  state  of  improvement, 
and  is  fertile  in  corn  and  gras.s.  ' This  was 
among  the  fust  districts  settled  by  the  Eng- 
lish. It  was  the  scene  of  much  disorder 
and  bloodshed  in  the  late  rebellion.  It  .sends 
four  members  to  the  imperial  paWiament, 
two  for  the  county,  one  for  Wexford  the  ea- 
pJtal,  andone  for  Ennisconhy.  The  prin- 
cipal rivers  are  the  Barrow  and  .Slancy 
on  the  banks  of  the  latter  is  much  pictu- 
resque and  romantic  scenerj'. 

Wexj'ordy  a sea-port  of  Ireland,  capital 
of  the  above  county.  Adjoining  it  is  the 
barony  of  Forth,  the  inhabitants  of  which, 
descendants  of  an  ancient  British  colony, 
retain  their  native  language,  manners,  and 
many  singular  customs,  till  this  day.  Vrex- 
ford  was  once  reckoned  the  chief  city  in 
Ireland,  being  the  first  colony  of  the  Eng- 
lish. It  is  still  a large  town,  with  a com- 
modious harbour,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Slaney,  on  a bay  of  St  George^s  channel. 
The  harbour  is  defended  by  two  forts,  but 
the  Water  is  not  deep  enough  for  large  ves- 
sels to  come  uj)  to  the  town.  The  town  was 
built  by  the  Danes,  and  was  formerly  of 
great  strength,  as  appears  by  the  remains  of 
its  walls.  The  barracks  are  formed  out  of 
its  old  castle.  The  church,  market  house, 
and  town- house  are  hand.some  buildings. 
Over  the  river  is  a v/ooden  bridge  1360  feet 
in  length.  Here  are  ruins  of  several  abbey? 
and  other  religious  hou.ses.  In  the  town  and 
vicinitj'  much  wmollen  cloth  is  mauufactur- 
I ed.  The  inhabitants  are  estimated  at  9000 
and  the  town  is  under  the  government  of  a. 

! mayor,  recorder,  and  bailiffs,  and  sends  one 
member  to  parliament.  It  is  76  miles  s of 
Dublin.  Lou.  6 16  w,  laL  32  IS  x. 

JViWiOy  a .sea  po.tof  Sweden,  ia  Smaland, 
and  capital  of  a di.vtrici.  Jt  is  seated  on 
the  lake  Hegla,  which  contains  a number  of 
woody  islands,  34  miles  wxw  of  Calmar^ 
and  133  sw  of  Siockhcim.  Lon.  14  13  k, 
lat.  36  31  X. 

fVcg,  a rive-  (hat  rises  in  Hampshire, 
passes  through  .Surrey  by  Farnhaui,  Godaim- 
jng,  ai  d Guildford,  and  aniu's  with  thrf 
Thanu's  at  Weybridge. 

IVegbridgc,  u •.•iilage  in  Surrey,  stands  at 
tie:  y.w  otion  of  the  Thames  aiui  the  Wav. 


W H E 

Here  is  Woburn  farm,  the  plantations  of 
which  were  the  first  specimens  in  Euglana 
of  the  ornamented  farm,  two  miles  e oi 

Chartsey.  . 

Weyhilly  a village  in  Hampshire,  cele^ 
brated  for  an  annual  fair,  for  all  kinds  of 
cattle,  cheese,  ho^s,  leather,  and  pedlary, 
which  lasts  10  days,  three  miles  w of  An- 

dover.  • . 

Weymouth,  a town  m Dorsetshire,  incor- 
porated with  that  of  Malcomb-Regis,  go- 
verned by  a mayor,  and  the  communication 
between  them  is  by  means  of  a bridge.  It 
is  situated  on  the  w side  of  an  inlet  of  the 
sea,  and  on  the  s side  of  the  mouth  of  the 
wey,  which  separates  it  from  the  borough  of 
Jtlelcomb- Regis.  Its  harbour  is  much  in- 
jured by  sand,  and  its  trade  reduced,  but  it 
is  a great  resort  for  the  purpose  of  sea-ba- 
thing, and  has  been  often  honoured  by  the 
presence  of  ihe  Royal  family.  Here  are  a. 
handsome  battery,  a royal  assembly  room, 
and  a theatre.  In  the  church  is  a fine  altar- 
piece  executed  by  Sir  James  Thornhill,  who 
was  a native  of  Melcomb-Regis,  In  the 
vicb-iity,  at  the  village  of  Nothingtoo,  is  a i 
celebrated  sulphureous  s;  ring.  A tew  plain 
and  striped  cottons  are  made  here.  It  is 
nine  miles  s of  Dorchester,  and  1^58  w'sw  of 
London.  Lon.  2 34  w,  lat  50  40  n. 

Weymouth,  a town  in  Norfolk  county, 
Massachus  ts,  seated  on  the  s side  oi  Bos- 
ton harbour,  14  irdies  se  of  Boston. 

a large,  village  in  Lancashire 
celebrated  for  the  ruins  ot  its  ancient  large, 
and  ma/uificent  abbey,  on  the  banks  of  the 
Caider."  Tae  village  has  a school,  which 
has  several  schol-  rships  in  Brazen  Nose 
coliedge,  Oxford  four  miles  s of  Ciithero, 
and  seven  ne  of  Blackburn. 

WHALE  CO  V E ISLAND,  tbs  most  nor- 
therly of  two  islands  lying  to  the  s of  Mar- 
ble ,sland,  N America,  about  lat.  63  0 n. 

Whde  Fish  Island,  in  the  river  Essequi- 
bo,  on  ttie  coast  of  South  America. 

WHAf  E ISLAND,  lies  at  the  mouth  of 
M'K^mzje's  river  in  ihe  Erozen  Ocean,  on 
the  N CO  of  the  Nvv  part  of  North  Ame- 
rica. Lat-  69  14  N. 

WHA  SAY,  an  island  of  Shetland,  near 
the  E coa  t of  Mainland,  ab'ui  six  miles 
long,  a id  .nree  bread,  and  included  in  tiie 
pa.'oohial  charge  of  Nesting.  The  surface 
is  teriile,  ha.  uneven,  it  contains  about 
1000  inhabiiarits.  Wuen  a ship  comes  near 
this  island,  tne  ne-edic  of  the  comias.s  vanes, 
whence  i.  i ■ o iOiUU.:;d  that  the  island  con- 
tains run  muies. 

Wjiarf,  a n '-r  of  Yorkshiie,  which  ri.ses 
in  the  w pan  of  the  N Riding  runs  by  Ad- 
dingham,  OiL:y,  and  Welnerby,  and  falls 
inio  ihe  Ouse  ut  Cawo^ri. 

Wheeling , a po  t-town  of  Virgin  a,  in 
Ohio  coiiniy,  si  ua  d a . tne  uiou.  i ot  u 
creek,  on  tne  e bank  of  the  Oaio,  45  mile.'- 
sw  of  Pittsburg,  ui.d  it  IS  333  miles  [rum 
Philadelphia, 


W H I 

Whennuiah,  a small  island  in  the  Soutfe 
Pao  fic  Oceiin,  near  the  island  of  Otaha, 

Whernside,  the  highest-  mountain  in  York- 
shire, is  situated  in  the  W Riding  oi  th0 
county,  near  the  borders  of  Westmoreland, 
Its  summit  is  2384  feet  above  sea  level, 
and  near  the  top  are  four  or  five  taros,  or 
small  lakes.  In  its  extensive  ba§e  are  seve- 
ral spacious  caverns,  the  chief  of  which  aro 
the  Yordas,  Gatekirk,  and  Green  sid® 
Caves,  12  miles  nnw  of  Settle. 

WHIDAH,  a kingdom  of  Africa,  on  the 
coast  of  Guinea,  and  to  the  w of  the  Gold 
coast;  extending  about  10  miles  along  tha 
sea.  It  is  a populous  country,  vveli  funiisli- 
ed  with  large  villages  ; and  there  are  so 
many  small  ones  that  they  are  not  above  a 
musquet  shot  from  eac^  other.  Europeans 
who  have  been  in  this  country  extol  it  as  tha 
most  delightful  in  the  world,  and  that  spring; 
and  autumn  reign  in  alternate  succession.. 
The  fields  are  always  green,  and  they  culti- 
vate beans,  potatoes,  and  fruits  ; nor  will 
the  negroes  here  iei;  a foot  of  ground  remaia 
uneultivated.  They  sow  again  the  very 
next  day  after  they  have  reaped.  Taosa 
that  are  rich  employ  their  v/ives  and  slaves 
in  tilling  the  land,  and  they  carry  on  a con- 
siderable trade  with  (be  product,  as  well  as 
in  slaves,  for  some  of  them  are  able  to  deli- 
ver 1000  of  the  latter  every  month.  The 
people,  in  their  manners,  have  been  compar- 
ed-to  the  Chinese  ; having  the  same  perse- 
vering industry,  cerenionious  civility,  jeaU 
ous  affeetiou  for  their  wives,  and  thievish 
i inclinations  in  trade.  Bows,  arrows  a-sa» 
j gays,  and  clubs,  are  their  principal  weapons 
of  war.  They  have  no  exact  distinction  of 
hoeirs,  days,  weeks,  months,  or  years.  They 
are  said  to  have  but  a faint  idea  oi  the  su- 
preme Being,  to  whom  they  ascribe  omnz- 
potence,  and  consider  him  as  the  creator  of 
j the  universe.  He  is,  they  say,  too  highly 
exalted  to  have  any  concern  about  his  crea- 
tures, and  leaves  the  government  of  the 
world  to  the  fetiches,  which  they  consider  as 
mediators  between  God  and  them.  The  rite 
of  circiimeision  is  used  here,  but  they  aro 
not  able  to  tell  whence  it  is  derived.  They 
have  a vast  number  of  idols  : and  they  deify 
the  animal  that  they  see  first  in  a morning, 
and  even  stocks  and  stones.  Their  princi- 
pal reganl  is  said  to  be  for  snakes,  very  high 
trees,  and  the  sea.  They  have  oxen,  cows, 
goats,  sheep,  hogs,  turkies,  ducks,  and  hens, 
which  last  are  extremely  plentiful.  Tnere 
are  many  elephants,  buffaloes,  tigers,  seve- 
r.ii  kinds  oi  deer,  and  a sort  of  hares.  The 
; fruits  are  cicTons,  lemons,  oranges,  bananas^ 
tamarinds,  <fec.  and  they  have  va.st  nuui tiers 
! of  palm-trees,  from  which  they  obtain  wine. 
I The  trade  consists  in  slave.',  eiephauis  lee-.h, 
wax,  honey,  and  slaves,  anl  the  prlneipal 
manufactures  are  cloths  umbrellas,  basl.ets, 
pitchers  lor  beer,  plates  and  tl»shes  of  wood, 
'gourds  finely  ornamented,  w.ite  and  blue 
■ paper.  Whidah  was  conquered  by  the  king 
3 M 


15 


W HI 

of  Dahomy,  and  reduced  to  a dependant  pro- 
vince in  1T27.  The  English  factory  is  200 
miles  E of  Cape  Coast  Castle,  within  land. 
Xavier,  or  Sabi,  is  the  capital. 

AYHIDDY  ISLAND,  an  island  on  the 
coast  of  Cork,  opposite  to  Bantry. 

Wtiuhiu  a sea  port  in  the  North  Riding 
of  Yorkshire,  commodiously  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Esk,  on  the  German 
ocean.  It  is  a considerable  town,  having  a 
great  trade  in  the  building  of  ships,  and  in 
the  carrying  business,  and  a manufacture  ef 
canvass.  Iis  harbour  is  the  best  on  this 
coast,  and  has  a fine  pier  ; but  no  river 
communication  with  the  inland  country. 
Several  ships  are  sent  hence  to  the  Green- 
land fishery.  lu  1801,  Whitby  contained 
7483  inhabitants,  and  in  1811,  6969.  In 
1787,  a strong  new  built  tjuay,  running 
parallel  to  a high  cliff,  and  supporting  a pile 
of  building  80  feet  above  the  margin  of  the 
sea,  fell  with  a dreadful  crash,  followed  by 
large  masses  of  the  cliff.  On  this  cliff 
stood  t!ie  remains  of  an  abbey  cburch,  and 
since  the  above  accident  many  parts  have 
fallen  to  the  ground.  In  the  vicinity  of  the 
town  are  vseveral  allum  works.  On  the 
beach  are  found  numbers  of  spiral  stones, 
resemlling  peirified  serpents.  It  is  the 
bir(h~place  of  mat  great  circuiTinavigator 
captain  James  Cook.  It  has  a large  weekly 
maiket  on  Satur/iay,  and  tw^o  considerable 
annual  fairs,  and  is  48  miles  NNEof  York, 
and  243  n of  London.  Lon.  0 30  w\  lat.  64 
30  N. 

Whitchurch,  a burgh  in  Hampshire,  seat- 
ed on  the  Test,  near  its  source.  It  is  a 
borough  by  prescription,  is  governed  by  a 
mayor,  w^ho  is  annually  elected  at  the  court 
ieet  of  the  Dean  and  chapter  of  Winchester, 
and  sends  two  members  to  parliament.  Its 
manufactures  consist  of  shalloons,  serges, 
&c.  both  white  and  grain-dyed.  It  has  a 
weekly  market  on  Friday,  and  three  annual 
fairs,  and  lies  12  miles  n of  Winchester,  24 
E by  N of  Salisbury,  and  66  w by  s of  Lon- 
don. 

Whitchurch,  a large  and  populous  town 
in  Shropshire.  It  has  a weekly  market  on 
Friday,  and  two  annual  fairs.  Here  are  a 
free  school,  and  six  almshouses.  In  the 
church,  arc  several  ancient  monuments,  par- 
ticularly one  to  the  memory  of  Sir  John 
Talbot,  first  earl  of  Shrewsbury,  of  that  fa- 
mi])’.  It  lies  20  miles  n of  Shrewsbury, 
auH  K’O  Kw  of  London. 

tr  flit  church,  a village  in  Middlesex,  near 
Edgeware,  celebrated  for  the  m-mommon 
eh’gc.iice  ot  its  small  church,  W’hich  was 
built  by  thefir.st  duke  of  Chandos. 

Whitchurch,  a large  village  in  Dorset- 
shire, wh.'cb  had  fornu^rly  a market  and  fair, 
five  mihts  wnw  of  Lridport. 

Vf  hticuduer,  Whitaddcr,  or  Whifewater, 
a river  iormed  of  several  strearn.s,  that  rise 
in  the  I/HTmnermuir  mountains,  passes  the 
ghbi'v  of  St  Bathens,  flows  tw'o  miles  n of 
the  town  of  Dunse,  and  keeping  an  easterly 


w H I 

direction  through  a fertile  and  picturesque 
country,  unites  with  the  Tweed,  about  two 
miles  above  Berwick,  and  about  30  from  its 
source.  It  abounds  with  trout,  an^  is  fre- 
quented by  Salmon. 

Whitehurn,  or  Whitburn,  a pretty  level 
parish  in  the  sw  corner  of  the  county  of 
Linlithgow,  extending  about  six  miles  in 
length,  and  between  two  and  three  in  breadth. 
It  is  intersected  by  the  s road  from  Edin- 
burgh to  Glasgow.  It  has  extensive  strata 
of  coal,  and  good  freestone  quarries.  This 
parish  was  disjoined  from  that  of  Liviog- 
stone  of  which  it  w^as  formerly  a part  in 
1730.  The  soil  is  generally  inclined  to  wet, 
and  the  crops  are  late.  The  village  of 
Whiteburn  is  about  21  miles  from  Edin- 
burgh, and  contains  about  500  inhabitants. 
In  the  village  a number  of  people  are  em- 
ployed in  the  cotton  manufacture.  Here  the 
students  of  the  Antiburgher  perswasion  were, 
for  many  years  taught  divinity  by  the  late 
Rev.  Archibald  Bruce,  a scholar  and  Divine 
of  superior  eminence,  as  appears  from  his 
various  printed  works.  Population  of  the 
parish  and  village  in  1801,  1904. 

Whitehaten,  a large,  well  built,  and  po- 
pulous towm  in  Cumberland,  stands  on  a 
creek  of  the  Irish  sea  on  the  s end  of  a high 
hill,  washed  by  the  tide  on  the  w side,  where 
there  is  a large  whitish  rock,  and  a strong 
stone  wall  that  defends  the  harbour.  It  has 
its  name  from  the  white  cliffs  along  the 
coast,  both  to  the  n and  s.  The  basin 
which  forms  the  harbour  is  divided  into  many 
parts  by  the  quays  which  project  into  it. 
Ship-building,  and  manufactures  of  ropes, 
sail-cloth,  <fec.  are  carried  on  here  very  ex- 
tensively ; but  the  working  of  the  coal 
mines,  some  of  which  run  a considerable 
way  under  the  sea,  forms  the  greatest  part 
of  the  business  of  the  place.  From  these  a 
great  part  of  Ireland,  and  other  places,  are 
constantly  supplied  wdth  coal.  A good 
deal  of  business  is  also  done  in  the  foreign 
and  coasting  trade.  Here  are  several  cop- 
per works,  and  a packet  sails  hence  weekly 
to  the  isle  of  Man.  The  town  is  defended 
by  batteries  and  has  three  neat  churches, 
and  meeting-houses  for  English  presbyter- 
iaijs,  Scotch  anti  burghers,  Roman  Catholics, 
Methodists,  and  Quakers.  In  1566,  it  had 
but  six  houses;  and  in  1801  it  had  8742 
inhabitants  and  in  1811,  10, ICG.  It  has  a 
number  of  vessels.  It'  is  13  miles  sw'  of 
of  Cockermouth,  37  sw’  of  Carlisle,  ar.d  294 
NNW  of  London.  Lon.  3 35  yv,  lat.  54 
25  N. 

Whitehills,  a considerable  fisiiing  tow’n 
in  the  parish  of  Boyndie,  in  Banifshire,  con- 
taining about  480  inhabiiavts. 

White  Mountains,  the  highest  part  of  a 
ridge  of  mountains  in  the  state  of  New 
Hampshire,  North  America.  From  their 
summit,  in  clear  w’eather,  is  a grand  view, 
extending  69  or  70  miles  in  every  direction. 
Their  highest  summit  is  5500  feet  above  ijie 
level  of  an  adjacent  meadow,  and  the  mca- 


W H I 


dow  is  3500  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea, 
anil  in  lat.  44  n.  Their  tops  are  covered 
with  snow  nine  months  in  the  year,  whence 

they  have  their  name.  tt  i 

^hite  Plains,  a township  of  the 
States,  West  Chester  county,  New  York. 

It  is  remarkable  for  a battle  fought  here  be- 
tween the  British  and  American  forces.  It 
is  15  miles  e by  N of  Kingsbridge. 

fVhite  Sea,  a large  bay  of  the  Frozen 
Ocean,  in  the  n part  of  Russia,  on  the  e side 
of  which  stands  the  city  of  Archangel. 
Whitehall ; See  Skeneshoroiigh, 

Whitekirk  ; See  Tynningham. 

Whitestown,  a town  of  the  United  States, 
in  Herkemer  county,  New  York,  on  the  s 
side  of  the  Mohawk.  In  1796  it  contained 
7359  inhabitants,  30  miles  wnw  of  Cana- 

Whithorn,  a royal  burgh  in  Wigtonshire, 
situated  nearly  at  equal  distances  from  the 
bay  of  Glenluce  and  that  of  Wigton.  It  is  a 
place  of  great  antiquity,  having  been  a Roman 
Station,  and  the  first  bishopric  in  Scotland. 
The  houses,  which  are  neat  and  commo- 
dious, are  chiefly  disposed  in  one  street  ^n- 
nino*  N and  s having  alleys  branching  off  to 
the" sides.  It  joins  with  New  Galloway, 

Wigton,  and  Stranraer  in  sending  a member 
to  parliament,  and  is  governed  by  a provost, 
two  bailies,  and  15  councillors.  The 
church  stands  on  the  site  of  an  ancient  priory, 
which  vvas  liberally  endowed.  In  the  vici- 
nity are  the  remains  of  several  ancient  for- 
tifications. The  parish  of  Whithorn  lies  at 
the  south  extremity  of  that  peninsula  lor- 
med  by  the  bays  of  WMgton  and  Luce,  and 
extends  about  eight  miles  in  length  and  four 
in  breadth,  having  nine  miles  of  a sea  coast. 
The  soil  is  naturally  highly  improved  by  the 
application  of  marl  and  sea  shells,  both  ot 
which  are  found  in  the  parish,  and  lirne 
brought  from  Cumberland.  The  Isle  ot 
Whithorn,  in  the  vicinity  of  Burghhead,  is 
a safe  harbour,  with  a village  containing 
350  inhabitants.  Near  the  Isle  of  Whithorn, 
are  the  ruins  of  a church,  said  by  some  to 
have  been  the  earliest  erection  of  the  kind 
in  Scotland.  Near  it  is  a stone  inscribed 
Hie  est  locus  Petri  Apostoli.  A good  deal 
of  marble  and  slate  are  got  here. 
tion  of  the  town  and  parish  lu  1801,  1904. 
It  is  11  miles  s of  Wigton,  and  116  sw  of 

Edinburgh.  . 

Whitsom  and  mton,  an  united  parish  in 
Berwickshire,  about  [dir  miles  and  a-halt 
lono*  and  two  and  a-half  broad.  The  land  is 
mostly  a deep  rich  clay,  and  in  a high  state 
of  cultivation.  The  village  of  Whitsom 
contains  about  140  inhabitants.  Population 
of  the  parish  and  village  in  1801,  560,  and  in 

1811,536.  , ^ „ 

Whitstahle,  a village  on  the  coast  oi 
Kent.  It  is  a small  port,  whence  Canterbury 
is  supplied  with  coais,  and  has  several  ves- 
sels trading  to  London^  seven  miles  nxw  ot 
Canterbury. 

Whilsuinisland,  one  of  the  New  Hebrides, 


w I B 

in  the  South  Pacific  ocean,  about  30  miles 
long  and  eight  broad,  and  was  discovered  b/ 
nnrvTnin  Wallls.  OH  Whitsunday,  Uo7. 


cantain  Wallis,  on  Whitsunday, 

Whittinghani,  a parish  in  Haddington- 
shire,  about  11  miles  long  and 
The  village  of  W bittmgham  contains  about 
HO  Inhabitants,  and  lies  about  five  m.  es  s 
of  Haddington.  Near  it  stands 
mansion  called  Wliittingha.n  house  on  an 
eminence,  overlooking  the 

ed  banks  ot  the  Whittingham,and  su,ro.infte(l 

by  much  delightful,  natiira!,  and 
scenery.  Part  of  the  pansli  is  in  Lammcr- 
muir,  the  other  part  is  higb.y  cuitivated  and 
productive.  Population  about  . 

Whittington,  a village  in  ’ 

celebrated  for  a thatched 
upper  story  of  which  the  glorious 
of  1688  was  planned  ; and  on  Novembei  , 
1788,  the. hundredth  anniversary  of  that  aus- 
picious day  was  celebrated  here,  by  the 
descendants  of  the  illustrious 
numerous  gentry,  three  miles  % of  Cheste 

^^^Whittleburg  Forest,  a forest  in  the  s part 
of  Northamptonshire,  nine  , ^"5. 

and  three  in  breadth.  In  the  first 

duke  of  Grafton  was  appointed ra^nger  of  tn 
forest,  in  which  is  a line  seat  called  ake- 

Wiblktgen,  a towm  of  Swabia,  seated  near 
the  confluence  of  the  Her  and  *e  Danube, 
with  a Benedictine  abbey,  three  miles  ssw 

"^'wlBDRG,  or  Viborg,  one  of  the  41  go- 
vernments ot  Russia,  being  the 
lately  called  Russian  Finland,  which  was 
comprised  in  Carelia.  It 
to  the  Swedes,  and  was  ceded  to  the  Russi- 
ans, 'partly  by  the  peace  ot  Nystaut  in  T21, 
and  partly  by  the  treaty  of  Abo,  m n43. 

Besides  pastures,  the  country  product,  rje, 
oats,  and  barley,  but  not  suffiewnt  for  tl  e 
inhabitants.  In  the  governor’s  f 
ness  is  transacted,  in  the  Swedish,  German, 
and  Russian  tongues.  The  peasants  Uuk 
only  in  the  Finnish  dialect;  but  the  tnlt  u- 
tants  of  the  towns  understand  Swedish  also, 
and  many  of  them  German,  ^'‘'^'"iraiii^u  is 
the  established  religion,  but  Greek  worship 
has  been  introduced  by  the  Russians. 

Wiburg,  a rich  trading  sea  port  ’ 

containing  about  9COO  inhabitants.  It  is  tiie 
capital  of  the  government  of  Wiburg,  at 
which  the  principal  part  of  its 
carried  on,  and  a bishop’s  see,  with  a s,ron 
citadel.  The  houses  are  almost 
built  of  stone.  Th,e  surrounding  country  s 
uleasant,  and  in  the  viciaily,  at  Imatra,  is 
the  celebrated  cataract  of  the  wb"-'  i 

makes  a noise  more  stunning  t aii 
the  Rhine  at  Lauffen.  Tiie  principal  exports 
■t,r.e  planks,  tallow,  Wtob,  and  tar.  In  1 
it  wasalmosl  destroyed  by  fire. 
ed  ot  the  N side  of  the  gull  of  Fi“^’  ‘"T. 
miles  N by  w of  Nortburg,  and  110  ot 
pttersburL  L®".  20 

Wiburg.  a c:tv  o. 

3 -.1  2 


W I c 

in  North  Jutlaml,  capital  of  a diocese  of  the 
same  mine.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  chief 
court  of  justice  in  the  province.  The  cathe- 
dra), a church,  the  town  house,  and  the  bi- 
shop's palace  were  des.royed  by  tire  in  1726. 
It  IS  seated  on  a lake, 'in  a peninsula,  9<5 
miles  N of  Sieswhck,  and  ilO  nw  of  Copen- 
hrr  en.  Lon.  9 50  e,  lat.  50  20  n. 

iLiee  Caithness 

a h jrgh  and  sea  port  in  Caithness- 
shu  situa-ed  the  inllux  of  a small  nver 
of  tii  same  name  into  the  German  ocean,  s 
ol  hoj::s-head.  The  houses  are  small,  and 
the  sireets  nerrow,  yet  there  are  some  good 
building  , which  serve  to  ornament  the 
town.  The  harbour,  as  it  now  is,  is  very 
inconceruent,  but  it  is  proposed  to  improve  it 
by  tu8  erection  of  piers,  cfec.  The  chief 
branch  oi  commerce  and  industry  is  the 
fiSiieries,  W'hich  are  prosecuted  with  great 
advantage.  The  market  is  on  Friday?  It 
■wav  erected  into  a burgh,  in  J589,  and  is 
governed  by  a provost,  two  baiilie.s,  a dean 
of  guild,  a treasurer,  and  seven  counsellors. 
It  is  connected  with  Tain,  Di  .gwall,  Dor- 
no  k,  and  Kirkw  all,  in  sending  a member  to 
parliament.  In  a niche  of  the  wall  in  the 
church,  is  a stone  figure  of  St  Fergus,  the 
tutelar  saint  of  this  parish.  The  population 
of  the  town  is  about  1800.  The  parish  of 
Wick  is  about  520  miles  long  and  10  broad, 
of  a semicircular  form,  of  w^hich  the  sea 
forms  the  diameter.  Besides  the  harbour  of 
W^ick,  there  are  several  safe  boat  stations, 
particularly  at  Staxigue,  Broadhaven,  and 
Loui.sburg.  The  parish  is  flat  and  fertile, 
though  immense  tracts  are  left  uncultivated. 
Limestone  is  abundant,  and  near  the  castle 
of  Oldwick,  a copper  mine  was  discovered, 
and  for  some  time  wu-ought,  and  near  Castle 
Sinclair  ar3  pits  producing  emery  and  yel- 
low ochre.  At  Staxigoe  is  a good  slate 
quarry.  In  the  ^parish  are  seven  charity 
scDouls,  besides  the  parochial  school,  and 
seven  burying  places  besides  the  churchyard, 
and  the  ruins  of  several  chapels.  Popula- 
tion of  the  parish  in  J801,  3986, and  in  1811 
5080.  The  town  is  60  miles  nne  of  Dor- 
nock,  and  270  n of  Edinburgh.  Wick  is 
IS  the  county  town,  and  the  seat  of  the  sheriff 
cou  t.  Lon.  3 2 iat.  58  30  n. 

/E/c/r,  a river  of  Scoiland,  in  Caitbness- 
sbire  w inch  rises  in  the.  parish  of  Latheron, 
and  falls  into  the  sea  at  the  town  of  \Vick. 

^ere  are  very  productive  salmon  fisheries 
cere. 

PVicky  a fortified  town  in  the  duchy  of 
Limburg,  Netherlands,  seated  on  the  Meuse 
opposite  Maastricht,  w’ith  which  it  communi- 
cate.s  by  a bridge. 

Vf'^ick  Diurstedc.  See  Vuerstede. 

IVie.kerardy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Roer,  Prance,  latdy  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Juliers,  has  two  castle.^,  12  miles  n 
of  .Tulier,*!. 

a,  town  in  Washington  county. 
Rhode  island,  seated  on  the  w side  of  Naira- 
g'-mset  bay,  opposite  the  n end  of  Canonicut 


w I E' 

island,  10  miles  nw  of  Neii port,  and  20  s of 
Providence. 

kFickham  Market^  a town  in  Suffolk,  situ- 
ated on  the  Deben,  with  a small  market  on 
Saturday.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  civil  and 
spiritual  courts  for  the  archdeaconry  of  Suf- 
folk. Here  are  several  good  inns,  and  a 
considerable  trade,  82  miles  ne  of  Lon- 
don. 

W^ICKLOW,  a county  in  the  province  of 
Leinster,  Ireland,  bounded  on  the  n by  the 
county  of  Dublin,  on  the  r by  the  Irish  sea,, 
on  the  s by  Wexford,  and  on  the  w by  Kil- 
dare and  Catberfough.  It  is  33  miles  in 
length,  21  in  breadth,  and  contains  58  parish- 
es, and  about  58,000  inhabitants,  and  sends 
two  members  to  parliament.  The  moun- 
tainous parts  of  it  afford  the  most  beautiful 
and  romantic  views  ; the  lower  lands  are 
fertile,  and  well  cultivated.  In  the  hills 
rich  veins  of  copper  and  other  minerals  are 
found,  and  lately,  considerable  quantities  of 
gold  have  been  discovered. 

Wicklow,  the  capital  of  the  above  county, 
situated  on  the  sea  side,  with  a narrow'  har- 
bour, at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Leitrim.  It 
has  been  long  celebrated  for  the  excellence 
of  its  ale,  of  which  it  sends  large  quantities 
to  Dublin.  On  Wicklow  bead,  two  miles  se 
of  the  town,  are  two  light  houses.  It  is 
about  28  miles  sse  of  Dublin.  Lon.  6 7 w', 
lat.  52  58  N. 

Wickware,  a town  in  Gloucestershire.  It 
is  governed  by  a mayor  and  alderman  ; and 
has  a weekly  market  on  Monday,  and  two 
annual  fairs.  It  is  watered  by  two  brooks, 
has  a well  endowed  free  school,  and  plenty 
of  coal  in  the  vicinity,  17  miles  ne  of  Bris- 
tol, and  111  w of  London. 

Widdin,  Widen,  or  Viden,  a fortified 
town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Bulgaria.  It 
is  an  archbishop^s  see,  and  has  been  often 
taken  and  retaken  by  the  Turks  and  Aus- 
trians. It  is  situated  on  the  Danube,  88 
miles  NE  of  Nissa,  100  n by  w of  Soffa, 
and  140  ese  of  Belgrade,  Lon.  24  27  e, 
lat.  44  12  N. 

Widehope,  or  Wiihop,  an  extensive,  moun- 
tainous, and  woody  tract  in  Cumberland, 
which  forms  the  ne  part  of  the  parish  of 
Lorton,  and  the  sw  boundary  of  the  spacious 
lake  of  Basingthv/aite.  It  is  four  miles  from 
Cockermouth.  Several  villages  are  scatter- 
ed through  it. 

WIED,  a small  county  of  Westphalia,  at 
the  conflux  of  the  rivers  W’ied  and  Rhine^ 

It  is  composed  of  two  parts,  the  Upper  coun- 
ty, and  the  Lower  county.  The  capitals 
are  Dierdorf  and  Neuwied. 

Wied,  a town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  Lower 
country  of  W'ied,  has  an  ancient  decayed 
castle  on  a mountain,  nine  miles  nnw  of 
Coblentz. 

Wielim,  a town  of  Poland,  in  Siradia, 
with  a good  castle,  16  miles  s of  Siradia. 

Wielitska.  a village  of  Poland,  near  Cra- 
cow, celebrated  lor  its  salt  mines.  These 
mines  have  been  worked  above  609  years. 


W 1 G 

Beforf?  the  partit'on  of  Poland,  in  1T72,  they 
furnished  a *onsiderable  part  of  revenue 
of  t io  ki.io’,  Wdo  (Ire  v fr  t n tbe»!i  an  average 
proi.  01  a .oet  3,5^,000  Polish  florins,  or 
£.97  . 4^.  6rf.  Scerling.  Tn  these  mines 

are  several  small  chapels  excavated  in  the 
salt,  and  a great  part  of  the  inhabitants  re- 
side mostly  in  the  mines,  eight  miles  sE  of 
Cracow, 

JViesenthally  a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Misuia,  noted  for  its  manuiactures  of  iron. 
5teel,  and  fire-arms,  and  a considerable  trade 
in  leather.  It  is  seated  on  a rivulet  of  its 
name,  on  the  borders  of  Bohemia,  15  miles 
N by  E of  Carlsbad.  , 

iViesensteig,  a town  of  Swabia,  stands  in 
a valley  enclosed  by  mountains,  on  the 
river  Fils.  It  is  the  capital  of  a lordship, 
and  has  a castle,  16  miles  WNW  of  Ulm,  and 
25  FSE  of  Slutgard. 

Wigariy  a large  and  well  built  town  in 
Lancashire,  situated  near  the  river  Douglas, 
which  is  navigable  to  the  Kibble,  and  joins 
to  a panal  from  Liverpool,  where  the 
strongest  checks  are  made,  and  other  articles 
of  linen  and  cotton  manufacture.  Brasiery 
has  long  been  a staple  article,  and  there  is 
a large  pottery  of  fine  ware.  The  parish 
abounds  with  an  uncominonly  valuable 
species  of  canal  coal,  of  which  snuff  boxes, 
and  a variety  of  toys  are  made.  In  the 
neighbourhood  are  extensive  iron  works. 
Besides  the  church,  which  is  of  great  anti- 
quity, there  is  a chapel,  a town  house,  a 
free  grammar  school,  some  alms  houses,  and 
a work  house.  The  town  is  plentifully  sup- 
plied witii  water,  from  a reservoir  at  Whit- 
tle. The  town  has  lately  been  much  Im- 
proved in  its  appearance  by  new  buildings. 
Wigan  Spa,  or  New  Harrowgate,  is  a strong 
sulphureous  water  lately  discovered  in  bor  ng 
for  coals  in  a field  near  the  scroles  bridge. 
Wigan  is  governed  by  a mayor,  a recorder, 
J2  aldermen,  two  bailiffs,  and  a mace  bearer, 
and  retvirn.s  two  members  to  parliament, 
chosen  by  the  burgesses,  about  200  in  num- 
ber, and  in  1811,  contained  14,060  inhabi- 
tants. It  has  a weekly  market,  and  three 
annual  fairs.  In  1850,  a battle  was  fought 
here  between  the  forces  of  Charles  1.  and 
those  of  the  parliament,  in  which  the  latter 
were  victorious;  the  earl  of  rby,  who 
commanded  the  royal  army  was  taken 
prisoner,  and  afterwards  beheaded.  At  a 
small  di.stance  is  a monument  to  the  memory 
of  Sir  Thomas  Hildesly,  who  was  killed  on 
that  spot,  in  this  battle,  fighting  for  the  king. 
It  is  39  miles  s of  Lancaster,  and  196 
NNW  of  London.  Lon.  2 50  w,  lat.  53 
34  N. 

WIGHT,  an  island  of  England,  on  the 
s coast  of  Hampshire,  from  which  it  is  se- 
parated by  a narrow  channel,  from  about 
one  and  a-half  to  seven  miles  broad.  It  is 
about  21  miles  in  length,  and  13  in  breadth. 
It  is  nearly  divided  into  two  ec’ual  parts  by 
the  river  MediiiJ^  CoweS;  which,  rising 


M7  I G 

in  the  southern  angle,  enters  at  the  iiortbern 
into  the  channel,  at  the  town  of  Cowe  , op- 
posite tue  mouth  of  Southampton  bey.  t iio 
SE  coast  is  fenced  with  a range  of  ciiffs, 
composed  of  chalk  and  treestone,  and  .ho 
we.^ier*)  extremity  presents  a front  still  mora' 
formidable.  From  the  slender  form  and 
erect  position  of  two  of  its  lof'y  rocks,  one 
of  which  lately  fell  into  the  sea,  the  w point 
is  called  the  Neeules.  Between  the  island 
and  the  main  are  various  sand  banks,  espe- 
cia  ly  off  the  e part,  where  is  the  safe  road 
of  St  Helen  s.  The  variety  of  pro  peois 
which  this  island  affords,  its  mild  air,  and 
the  neat  manner  in  which  the  fields  are  laid 
out,  render  it  a very  delightful  spot.  A 
ridge  of  fine  downs  crosses  tne  island  from 
E to  w,  which  feed  a number  of  fine  fle.iced 
sheep,  rabbits  and  poultry  are  plentiful.  It 
is  one  of  the  uriocipal  ivs^mr  es  of  the  Lon- 
don market  for  uumaltcd  barley.  Among 
its  products  ar  to  be  reckoned  a pure  white 
pipe  clay,  and  a fine  white  enrysiciUine  sand. 
Great  quantities  of  the  latter  are  export  d iOr 
the  use  of  the  glass  wwks  ib  var.  iU-s  parts., 

In  1811,  the  number  of  its  inhabitants  was 
24,120.  The  island  is  well  watered  with 
springs,  some  of  w^hich  are  aiedi"*inal.  Its 
principal  town  is  Newport : it  iiKcwisie  con- 
tains the  two  small  towns  of  Nev/ton  and 

Yarmouth.  , 

WIGHT,  Isle  op,  in  the  United  .States. 
See  Gardner's  Island,  and  jlsLE  of 

Wight.  . ^ i . 

Wigton,  a neat  town  m Cumberlana, 
situated  among  the  Moors.  It  has  a market 
on  Tuesday,  manufactures  of  coarse  hnen 
and  cotton,  and  an  annual  fair;  and  lies 
12  miles  sw  of  Carlisle,  and  304  nnw  of 
London. 

WigtoUy  a burgh  and  sea  port  in  the 
county  of  Wigtonshire,  pleasantly  situated 
on  the  side  of  a hill,  on  the  bay  of  \Yigton, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Biadenoch.  It 
is  the  capital  of  the  county,  the  seat  of  a 
presbytery,  and  o-  the  sheriffs  and  commis- 
sary courts,  and  a port  of  the  custom-house. 
The  town  is  governed  by  a provost,  two 
bailies,  and  12  counsellors;  and  unites  with 
Whithorn,  Stranraer,  and  New-Gnllow^ay  in 
sending  a member  to  parliament.  The 
parish  of  Wigton  is  something  of  a reclan- 
<rular  figure,  extend. ng  about  five  mue  and 
a-half  in  length,  and  four  in  b ead  h,  and, 
containing  about  5500  acres.  The  lun a is 
fertile,  and  highly  cultivated.  It  is  wa.er- 
ed  by  the  Biadenoch.  The  schon.  is  well 
endowed,  and  correctly  taughi.  The  town 
contains  about  1000  iahaia:anls.  .-iid  ihe 
town  and  parish  contain'  d 14’<5  inhahiturits 
in  1801,  and  ITU,  in  1811  The  low.n  is 
nine  rniies  ss  -.  ol  Ne-’ tO'istewar  11  n of 
Whh.born,  acd-  i05  sw  by  s of  Edinburgh. 
Lot'.  4 43  w-  lai.  ->4  17  n. 

Wigton  a fine  safe  bay  of  Scotland, 
runu-r’g  N from  .he  Solway  Frith  into  the 
interior  of  Galloway,  md  possessing  scveial 


W I L 

^ood  harbours,  particularly  at  the  Isle  of 
Whithorn,  Garlieston,  Wigton,  Creeiown 
and  Gatehouse. 

WIGTONSHIRE,  a county  of  Scotland, 
sometimes  called  Upper,  or  West  Gallo- 
WAV.  It  is  bounded  on  the  n by  Ayrshire, 
on  the  E by  Kirkcudbrightshire,  and  on  the 
s and  w by  the  Irish  sea.  It  is  indented  by 
Lochryan  on  the  w,  and  the  bay  of  Luce  on 
the  E,  by  which  means  the  sw  part  is  formed 
into  a peninsula  called  the  Rhynds.  Its 
greatest  extent,  in  any  direction,  does  not 
exceed  40  miles.  The  n part,  called  the 
Moors,  is  naked  and  mountainous.  But  the 
greater  part  of  it  is  arable,  and  in  general 
well  cultivated  and  productive.  It  is  cele- 
brated for  a superior  breed  of  black  cattle, 
without  horns,  of  a bone  and  shnpe  much 
prized  by  graziers.  Great  quantities  of  these 
cattle  are  sent  to  England.  Marl  and  sea 
shells  are  found  in  the  county,  and  applied 
as  manures.  But  there  is  neither  lime  stone, 
free  stone,  nor  coals.  It  is  well  watered 
with  lakes  and  streams,  and  has  several 
commodious  creeks  and  harbours.  The 
principal  rivers  are  the  Luce,  Cree,  Blade- 
noch  and  Tarf,  and  none  of  them  are  large. 
It  is  intersected  by  the  great  road  from  Lon- 
<lon  to  Port  Patrick.  The  county  is  divided 
into  17  parishes,  which  in  1801,  contained 
22,918  inhabitants  and  in  1811,  26,891. 
They  are  in  general  a well  informed,  indus- 
trious, sober,  and  polite  people.  The  real 
land  rent  is  estimated  at  <53,8901.  Sterling. 
The  county  sends  one  member  to  parlia- 
ment. 

fVihaeSy  a frontier  town  in  Bosnia, 
European  Turkey,  stands  on  a lake  formed 
by  the  river  Unna,  40  miles  sE  of  Carlstadt, 
and  220  V/  of  Belgrade.  Lon.  16  10‘e,  lat. 
4<5  34  N. 

Wildhad,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Wirtem- 
berg,  Swabia,  has  a celebrated  warm  bath, 
and  stands  on  the  Enz,  24  miles  w of  Stut- 
gard. 

fVildherg,  a town  in  the  Middle  Mark, 
Brandenburg,  28  miles  n of  Brandenburg. 

Wildhergy  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Wir- 
temberg,  Swabia,  seated  on  the  Nagoid,  10 
miles  sw  of  Stutgard. 

Wildeshauserty  a town  of  Westphalia, 
capital  of  a small  bailiwic,  situated  s of  the 
duchy  of  Oldenburg,  on  the  river  Hunte, 
20  miles  sw  of  Bremen.  Lon.  8 27  e,  lat. 
52  53  N. 

Wildungeriy  a town  in  the  county  of 
Waldeck,  Germany,  has  a castle,  and  in 
the  vicinity  mineral  springs,  and  mines  of 
copper,  iron,  and  lead,  14  nuies  ssE  of  Cor- 
baci]. 

Wilhefmstein,  a fortress  of  Germany, 
in  the  county  of  Sahauenburg.  It  stands 
near  the  town  of  Steinliude  on  an  island 
formed  of  stones  sunk  lor  th^  purpose  in 
Stdiihudermerp.  It  was  built  by  William 
count  of  Shauenburg  Lippe,  in  1765,  18 
miles  wxvv'  of  Hanover. 

HWies^  u ^:Q3t  town  of  North  Carolina, 


W I L 

capital  of  a comity  of  that  name,  near  the'- 
source  of  the  Yadkin,  40  miles  nxe  of 
Morgantown.  Lon.  81  38  w,  lat.  36  4 n. 

Wilkomiersj  a town  of  Lithuania,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Wilna,  stands  on  the  Sweita, 
48  miles  NNW  of  Wilna. 

Wilkaharrey  or  Wilkshurg^  a post  town 
of  Pennsylvannia,  and  capital  of  Luzerne 
county,  situated  on  the  e branch  of  the 
Susquebaunah,  118  miles  wnw  of  Philadel- 
phia. Lon.  76  13  w,  lat.  41  13  n. 

William,  Fort,  See  Calcutta, 

William,  Fort,  a fort  in  the  Northern  part 
of  Argyleshire,  is  of  a triangular  form,  with 
two  bastions,  mounting  15  12-pciinders,  and 
several  mortars.  A fort  was  first  built  here 
by  general  Monk,  called  the  garrison  of 
Inverlocby,  which  was  rebuilt  on  a smaller 
scale  by  king  William,  from  whom  it  de- 
rives its  present  name.  It  is  garrisoned  by 
a company  of  Invalids.  Adjoining  it  on  the 
sw,  is  the  village  of  Mary  burg,  where  is  a 
post  office,  a jail,  and  a mason  lodge,  and  it 
is  the  seat  of  the  parish  school  of  Kilmalie, 
and  the  residence  of  a missionary  minister. 
Here  is  a considerable  coasting  trade,  which 
wdll  be  increased  on  the  completion  of  the 
Caledonian  canal,  which  commences  near 
the  fort.  It  is  situated  oh  Loch  Eil,  where 
it  receives  the  rivers  Lochy  and  Nevis,  30 
miles  sw  of  Fort  Augustus,  64  ssw  of  Inver- 
ness, and  128  nw  of  Edinburgh.  Lon  5 
6 w,  lat.  56  50  n. 

William  Henry,  or  Sorel,  a town  of 
Lower  Canada,  at  the  junction  of  the  Sorei 
and  the  St.  Laurence,  has  a protestant,  and  a 
Roman  Catholic  church,  and  is  the  channel 
of  a great  trade  with  the  United  States,  40 
miles  KE  of  Montreal,  and  120  sw  of  Que- 
bec. Lon.  73  22  w,  lat.  45  55  n. 

Williamslorough,  a post  town  of  North 
Carolina,  and  capital  of  Granville  county, 
seated  on  a creek  that  flows  into  the  Roano- 
ke. It  carries  on  a brisk  trade  with  the 
back’  counties,  and  a flourishing  academy, 
50  miles  wnw  of  Halifax. 

Williamsburg,  a post  town  of  Virginia, 
between  two  creeks  falling  into  James  and 
York  rivers.  It  was  formerly  the  capital  of 
that  state,  contains  about  1400  inhabitants. 

It  has  a college  with  six  professors,  but 
.since  it  ceased  to  be  the  seat  of  government, 
this  and  other  public  buildings  are  much 
decayed.  This  town  is  60  miles  ese  of 
Richmond.  Lon.  77  3 w,  lat.  37  16  n. 

Williamslnu'g , a post  town  of  Ontario 
county,  New  York,  stands  on  the  e side  of 
the  Genessee,  30  miles  sw  of  Canaudaqua. 

Williumspori,  a post  town  in  Washington 
county,  Maryland,  stands  on  the  Potomac, 
at  the  mouth  of  Conegocheaque  creek,  six 
miles  sw  of  Elizukeihtown,  and  75  nnw  of 
Washington. 

Wiliiamstadt,  a handsome,  well  frequenL 
ed  sea  port  of  Koliand,  built  by  William  L 
prince  of  Orange.  It  is  one  of  the  keys  of 
Holland,  stands  on  that  part  of  the  Meu'e^ 
called  Butierhiet;  and  has  a good  harbour^ 


W I L 

In  nos,  it  made  a gallant  defence  against 
the  French,  who  were  compelled  to  raise 
the  seige,  but  surrendered  to  them  in  1795. 

It  is  15  miles  ne  of  Bergen-op-Zoom,  and 
:25  WNW  of  Breda.  Lon.  4 30  e,  lat.  51 

39  N.  . , . 

fVilliamstoum,  the  capital  of  Martin 
county,  North  Carolina,  stands  oa  the 
Zoanoke,  24  miles  w of  Plymouth,  and  55 
SE  of  Halifax. 

Williamston,  a town  in  Berkshire,  coun- 
ty, Massachussets.  Here  is  a flourishing 
seminary,  called  William^s  college,  in 
honour  of  its  liberal  founder,  28  miles  n of 
Lenox,  and  150  wnw  of  Boston. 

WILLIS  ISLAND,  a rocky  island  in  the 
s Atlantic  Ocean,  near  the  nw  end  of  South 
Georgia.  It  was  discovered  in  1775,  and 
contained  many  thousand  nests  of  shags. 
Lon.  38  30  w,  lat.  54  0 s. 

fVillisaUy  a town  and  balliwic  in  the 
canton  of  Lucern,  Swisserland,  stands  amid 
mountains  on  the  Wiger,  16  miles  wnw  of 
Lucern. 

Willoughby,  a tov/n  in  Warwickshire, 

E of  Lemington  Hastings,  stands  near  the 
junction  of  the  Leame  and  the  Avon,  is 
thriving  and  commercial,  has  a market  on 
Tuesday,  and  a fair  on  Whitsun  Mon- 
day. 

Wilmanstrand,  a town  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Wiburg.  It  is  situated  on 
the  s side  of  the  lake  Saima.  Near  this 
town,  in  1741,  a battle  was  fought  between 
30G0  Swedes  and  16,000  Russians,  but  at 
length  the  latter  proved  victorious  in  conse- 
quence of  superiority  of  numbers,  40  miles 
NNW  of  Wiburg,  and  100  nnw  of  Peters- 
burg. 

Wilmington,  a maritime  district  of  North 
Carolina,  comprehending  the  counties  of 
Brunswick,  New  Hanover,  Onslow,  Dup- 
lin, and  Bladen.  It  contains  26,035  inha- 
bitants. 

Wilmington,  the  capital  of  the  above 
district,  situated  on  the  ne  branch  of  Cape 
Fear  river,  34  miles  from  the  sea,  and  90  s 
of  Newbern.  It  has  a considerable  trade 
with  the  adjacent  states  and  the  West  Indies. 
Lon.  78  20  w,  lat.  34  5 n. 

Wilmington,  a post  town  of  Delaw^are,  in 
Newcastle  county,  the  most  considerable  in 
the  state,  situated  on  the  n side  of  Christiana 
creek,  two  miles  from  the  Delaw^are,  and  28 
s\v  of  Philadelphia.  The  town  is  regularly 
laid  out  in  squares,  and  contains  3000  inha- 
bitants. Its  olbcers  are  two  burgesses,  six 
assistants,  and.  two  constables,  all  annually 
chosen.  Here  are  six  edifices  for  public 
worship,  it  is  the  greatest  seat  of  manufac- 
tures in  the  United  States,  and  almost  the 
whole  of  the  foreign  exports  of  the  state  are 
from  hence.  Lon.  75  40  w,  lat.  39 
43  N. 

Wilm^low,  a town  in  Cheshire,  seated  on 
the  Bolin,  v/ith  a market  on  Saturday, 
13  miles  n of  Ccngletoii,  and  174  nw  of 
London. 

Wiino,  a large,  rich,  populous,  and  trad- 


w I L 

ing  town  of  Lithuania,  in  a palatinate  of  the 
same  name,  with  an  university,  a royal  pa- 
lace, and  an  ancient  castle,  seated  on  the 
Wilia,  and  stands  on  several  small  eminen- 
ces. It  has  tw'o  considerable  suburbs  called 
Antokollo  and  Rudaiska,  and  upwards  of  40 
churches,  13  of  which  were  destroyed  by  fire 
in  1748,  and  in  the  following  year  another 
fire  occasioned  by  lightning  consumed  six 
churches,  the  Jewish  synagogue,  the  coun- 
cil house,  33  palaces,  numerous  stone  edifi- 
ces, and  other  buildings.  The  churches 
have  been  rebuilt,  but  the  city  has  not  re- 
covered its  former  splendour.'  In  1794, 
Wilna  was  taken  by  the  Russians,  and  to- 
gether with  its  territory  annexed  to  the  em- 
pire. Bonaparte  in  his  progress  to  Russia 
entered  it  in  1812,  and  in  his  flight  re-enter- 
ed it  on  December  ls4  but  immediately  fied 
in  disguise  for  France.  On  the  lUh,  it  was 
retaken  by  the  Russians.  It  is  situated  12 
miles  E by  s of  Troki,  180  e of  Konigsberg, 
and  240  ne  of  Warsavv.  Lon.  25  28  e,  lat. 
54  41  N. 

Wilsdorf,  a town  in  Misnia,  Upper  Sax- 
ony. Here,  in  1745,  the  Saxons  were  del 
feated  by  the  Prussians,  nine  miles  w of 
Dresden. 

Wiisnach,  a town  of  Brandenburg,  m tha 
mark  of  Pregnita,  14  miles  nw  of  Havel- 

berg.  g 

Wilsontown,  a village  iu  the  county  of 
Lanark,  and  parish  of  Carnwath,  erected 
about  the  3'ear  1787,  by  Messrs.  Wilsons  of 
London,  near  their  extensive  iron  foundery. 
This  work  is  happily  situated  for  materials, 
as  coal,  limestone,  ironstone,  and  fire  clay 
abound  on  the  very  spot.  About  400  per- 
sons are  employed  in  the  different  branches 
of  this  manufacture,  18  miles  s of  Borrow- 
stonness,  and  20  sw  of  Leith. 

Wilsonville,  a town  of  Pennsylvania,  120 
miles  N of  Philadelphia. 

Wilsowitz,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Hra- 
disch,  Moravia,  15  miles  ene  of  Hradisch. 

Wilster,  a town  in  Holstein,  Lower  Sax- 
ony, 10  miles  n of  Gluckstadt. 

Wilton,  an  ancient  town  in  Wiltshire, 
stands  between  the  rivers  Nad der  and  Willy, 
formerly  the  capital  of  the  county,  and  bud 
once  12  churches,  and  several  convents,  but 
has  now  only  one  church,  and  is  much  de- 
cayed. It  has  a famous  manufactory  of 
carpets,  which  bear  its  name,  and  ot  thin 
woollen  stuffs.  The  corporation  consists  ot 
a mayor,  recorder,  five  aldermen,  three  capi- 
tal burgesses,  and  1 1 common  council  men, 
who  elect  the  fwo  members  that  represent 
the  town  in  parliament.  Wili^ii  house,  on 
the  E side  of  the  town,  the  seat  ot  the  earl 
of  Pembroke,  is  one  of  the  mo  t siu  puions 
mansions  in  England,  and  eoruains  a iamous 
collection  ol'  antiques.  It  is  threi;  miles 
w by  X of  ^iiaiisbury,  and  85  w by  s of  Lon- 

don.  , _ . , 

Will  on,  a parish  in  Roxburgnsh  tre,  1^  ing 
on  the  banks  of  the  Tevioi,  adjoin.  < ; o 
Hawick  on  the  n,  and  contamii.g 
5000  acres.  The  surface  is  irregular^  but 


W TM 

in  g^eneral  fertile  and  well  ouUlvafed.  The 
village  of  Wilton,  in  this  parish,  is  noted  jd, 
the  rnanufactuve  of  facets  carpeting,  lo 
the  vicinity  is  Wilton  lodge,  the  seat  of  lord 
Napier.  Population  about  ldu7. 

WILTSHIRE,  a county  of  England,  so 
called  from  Wilion,  once  its  capUal.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  ne  a^^d  e by  Berlvsiii^e,  on 
the  E by  Hampshire,  on  he  w by  .Somer- 
setshire, on  the  s by  Do  sets  hi  re  ad  p,  rt  oi 
Hampshire,  and  on  the  nw  and  n ly  01  u- 
cestershire.  Its  length  from  n to  s eaj 
54  miles,  and  its  breadth  from  e lo  w 3o 
The  air  is. healthy.  The  land  in  the  nor- 
thern part  is  generally  hilly  and  woody  ; 
but  the  southern  part  is  nch  and  lertile. 
The  chi' f commodities  arc  sheep,  wool, 
wood,  and  stone.  Of  this  last  there  are  ex- 
ceLent  quarries  on  the  banks  or  the  ladder, 
w^here  some  of  he  stones  are  23  yards  in 
length,  and  four  in  thickness,  without  a 
flaw.  The  Wiltshire  downs  are  celebrated 
for  ihek  flocks  of  .sheep,  and  in  the  values  - 
whicii  divide  the  dov  ns,  are  fertile,  corn 
fi<  iris,  and  rich  mehdnw^s.  The  chief  rnanu- 
fto  ures  are  the  difierent  branches  of  the 
clotiiing  trade.  The  principal  rivers  sre  the 
(Jpp^T  and  Lower  Avon,  the  Naddef,  Willy, 
Bourne,  and  Kennet.  This  county  is  divid- 
ed into  28  hundreds,  contains  one  city,  24 
market  towns,  304  |.arishes,  and  in  18 M, 
contained  193,828  inhabitants.  The  free- 
heiders  of  the  county  elect  two  knights  of 
the  ‘ hire  to  represent  it  in  parliament,  and  this 
-privilege  they  exercise  independent  of  the 
influence  either  of  the  ministry  or  nebviiity. 
The  city  of  Salisbury  is  the  capital. 

WirMedorij  a village  in  Surry,  on  a fine 
heaiii,  seven  miles  sw  of  London.  At  VTim- 
Ifl  :on  are  'ome  copper  mills,  a manuiac 
toiy  f )r  printing  calicoes,  and  another  of 
JcpMi  war< . On  the  sw  angle  of  the  com  [ 
mod  is  a circular  encampment,  comprising 
•seven  a'^res  ; the  trench  deep  and  entire,  sup- 
pof-ed  to  have  been  the  scene  of  a battle  in 
■508,  hetw  en  Ceauiin  king  of  the  W Saxons, 
and  Ethei’oer?  k.ng  of  Kent,  in  which  the 
iaticr  was  defl  ated.  On  this  common  is  a 
f'pnng  that  never  freeztts.  Here  are  several 
fine  seals;  the  manor  is  at  present  the  pro- 
perty of  earl  Spencer,  and  has  attached  to 
a jU.k  containing  acres,  -(.domed  w'ich 
pi;  taUf'ns  and  a sheet  ot  water  covering 
.>«  ac«es.  The  church  is  unoommoniy  CiC- 
g lii,  a a fiticd  up  in  *he  t recian  siyle.  In 
ti  e eiiU  ch  yard  is  a sumptuous  sepulchre 
for  the  family  of  Benjamin  Bo}d  Hop- 
ki?  K qr.  ' 

fViinOttrn,  or  Wimhorn  Minster,  • town  in 
Dor  rtshiie,  seated  between  the  Sioiir  and 
Alien,  with  a market  on  I'riday.  Its  noble  j 
chuicii,  called  the  B'Jinster,  a name  derived  • 
from  amionastciy  that  stood  hM’e,  in  which 
Wrro  interred  the  W Saxon  kings  Etheldred  j 
and  Sigew( nil,  and  quecu  Klhelbu'ga,  was  |j 
formerly  coib’giate.  Here  are  a presbyte- 
tericn  meeting-house,  . an  h;)srilai,  aiid  . 
haniliiome  work  house.  It  is  governed  in 


W I N 

two  bailiffs  ; and  has  uwee  annual  fairs ; six 
miles  of  Poole,  and  iOO  of  Londoc;. 

Wimmerbif,  ^ lowu  in  Sm  >iaud,  Sweden, 
28  miles  ww  of  Wests:  wick, 

fVimmis,  a town  iii  tue  canton  of  Bern, 
Swisserlind,  stands  on  the  Sibnen,  IS'^miles 
s of  Bern. 

Wimpfen,  a town  of  Suabia,  lately  reo 
and  imperial.  It  coasicts  of  two  .o  ns, 
called  Wimpsen  on  ih  Motm  ain,  and  VvT  up- 
sen  in  the  Valley  ; ;b  i er  is  a c -ho- 
lie  abbey,  and  a rnonast  vy,  and  in  the  or- 
mer  a Lutberari  parish  chtircu,  and  a gram- 
ir.ar  school.  A salt  work  was  begun  here 
in  1701.  It  was  ceded  to  Baden  u 1802. 
It  stands  o the  Neckar,  eight  miles  n of 
Heiibronn,  and  22  e of  Heidelberg. 

Wincaunton,  a town  in  Somersetshire, 
stands  on  the  side  ol  a The  inhabi- 

tants carry  on  a considerable  trade  in  the 
manufacture  of  ticks  and  dowlas,  serges 
and  stockings,  and  also  in  cheese.  It  has  a 
weekly  market  on  Wednesday,  and  two  an- 
nual fairs,  and  lies  24  miles  s of  Bath,  and 
108  w by  s of  London. 

fVinchcomb,  a large  town  in  Gloucester- 
shire, situated  on  a streamlet  called  the  Is- 
bourne.  It  was  formerly  celebrated  for  its 
abbey,  whose  milred  abbot  sat  in  parliament. 
In  the  vicinity  is  the  ruin  of  Sudely  castlo 
where  Catherine  Parr,  queen  of  Henry  VIII. 
and  afterward  wife  to  Sir  Thomas  Seymour, 
died  in  childbed,  not  without  suspicion  of 
poison.  It  contained  1256  inhabitants  in 
1801,  has  a weekly  market  on  Saturday,  and 
three  annual  fairs,  and  lies  15  miles  ke  of 
Gloucester,  and  99  wnw  of  London. 

fVinchehea,  a town  in  Sussex,  stands  on 
a rocky  cliff,  on  an  inlet  of  the  sea.  It  is  aa 
appendage  to  the  Cinque  ports,  governed  by 
a mayor,  with  a market  on  Saturday.  It 
was  bui  t in  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  about 
three  miles  from  the  site  of  a more  ancient 
town  of  Its  name,  which  had  18  churenes, 
but  bad  been  swciLowed  up  by  tue  sea..  The 
new  town  being  ^acked  by  the  French  and 
Spaniards,  and  deserted  by  the  sea,  dwindled 
into  a mean  place  Three  of  its  ga:..s  are 
yet  standing,  but  much  decayed,  and  the 
Harbour  fl  cnoked  up  ; two  miles  ene  of 
< he  town,  on  the  level  relinquished  by  the  sea, 
is  Camber  castle,  built  by  Henry  VIII. 
The  marshes  contiguous  to  the  hca  are  de- 
■ ended  by  huge  mou.ids.  It  had  lately  oniy 
three  legal  voters,  who  returned  twoiirembers 
lo  parliament,  an  is  four  miles  sw  of  Rye, 
and  64  sr  of  London. 

WINCH  ELSE  A,  an  island  in  (he  S Pa- 
cific Ocean.  It  is  about  30  miles  s by  e of 
Sir  Charles  Hardy's  island. 

Winchendoii,  a post  town  of  the  Unit-; 
ed  Stntes,  in  Worcester  county  Blassa- 
chiis.^tis. 

fVinchestcr,  a very  ancient  city  of  Hamp- 
shire, situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Itch- 
tug,  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  county. 
Utider  the  Romans,  this  became  a very  oou-» 
iideuable  place,  they  having  hud  manufetories- 


i W I N 

tof  cloth,  and  t^vo  temples,  one 
Apollo,  and  the  other  to  Concord.  On  the 
OiStlution  of  the  Saxon 

became  the  capital  oi  the  kingdom. 

crowned  here,  the  first  sole  monarch  ot 
Eaeland.  During  the  reign  of  Henry  1. 
Winchester  rose  to  the  summit  of  her  glory, 
and  was  occasionally  the  royal 
Here  Henry  11.  held  a fl* 

resided,  Henry  HI.  ’’iV  m trl 

are  eight  chnrohes,  beside  the  cathedral,  m 
whiclfwere  interred  several  Saxon  kings  and 
queens.  In  it  also  is  the  marble  cothn  ol 
William  Rufus.  On  a fine  eminence  over- 
lookin-  the  city,  stood  the  casile  which  was 
taken  from  Charles  I.  and  alterwards  demo- 
lished, except  the  magnificent  hall,  in  wh'on 
the  assizes  are  now  held.  A palace  bu.lt  by 
Charles  !I.  but  never  finished,  is  now  con- 
verted into  a barrack  for  1800  infantry'. 
Near  this  place  is  Si  Mary’s  college,  found- 
ed by  William  of  Wickham,  lor  a warden, 

70  scholars,  10  fellows,  &c.  The  scholars 
are  educated  for  New  College,  O-xford^ 
N»ar  the  s end  of  the  city  is  the  hospital  o, 

St  Cross,  founded  by  a bishop  of  this  see,  tor 
a master,  nine  poor  brethren,  and  four  out 
pensioners.  All  travellers  who  call  at  this 
hospital  have  a right  to  demand  some  bread 
and  beer,  wiiioli  is  alway.s  brought  to  Ihena. 
Near  the  E gate  of  this  city  is  St  John  s 
hospital,  in  ihe  hall  of  which  the  corpora- 
tiol)  give  iheix  entertainments.  Another 
hospital  was  erected  in  the  cathedral  church 
yard,  and  endowed  by  bishop  Moriey 
for  clergymen’s  widows.  The  corpora- 
tion consists  of  a mayor,  a recorder,  six 
aldermen,  two  bailiffs,  and  ^4  common 
council  men,  who  have  the  excltisive  righ 
of  elecrtino'  the  two  members  who  represent 
the  city  iiT  parliament.  This  town  has  one 
broad  avid  several  narrow  streets.  The 
walls  are  greatly  decayed.  The  iiamber  ol 
mhabitants,  including  j 

college,  was  58^6  m 1801,  and  6<0o  . ii 
1811.  It  has  two  weekly  markets  on  Wed- 
nesday and  Friday,  and  four  annual  lains, 
and  is  21  miles  nw  of  Chichester,  and  62 
w by  N of  London.  Lon.  I 12  w,  lat.  51 

Winchester,  or  Frederickstown,  the  capi- 
tal of  Frederick  county,  Virginia,  seated 
near  the  head  of  Opeckon  creek,  which  runs 
into  the  Potomac.  It  is  a handsome,  flou 
Tlshing  town,  has  four  edifices  lor  public 
v/orship,  and  contains  nearly  2000  inhabi- 
Winchester, capital  of  Clark  countj, 
Kentucky,  stands  between  the  head  waters 
of  the  Licking  and  the  Kentucky. 

Windau,  a town  of  Courland,  with  a har- 
bour at  the  mouth  of  a river  of  its  name,  on 
the  Baltic.  It  has  a castle,  and  .exports 

pitch 


W I N 


tar;  wax 


,,  and  some  ships  are  built 
16 


here  76  miles  nw  of  Mittan,  and  100  n by 
E of  Memel.  Lon.  21  50  e,  lat.  57  50  n. 

Windermere  Water,  or  Winander  Mere, 
the  most  extensive  lake  in  England,  lying 
between  Westmoreland  and  Lancashire,  and 
exhibiting  a great  variety  of  beautiful  pros- 
pects. It  is  about  10  miles  in  length  from 
N to  .‘5,  but  in  no  part  broader  than  a 
mile.  Opposite  Ecclesrig  Crag  it  is  22‘4 
feet  deep. 

Windham,  See  Wijmondham, 

WINDHAM,  a county  of  the  United 
States,  in  the  se  corner  of  Vermont.  It 
contains  22  townships,  and  17,693  in- 
habitants. Chief  towns,  Newfaiie  and 
Futney » 

WINDHAM,  a county  of  the  United 
States,  in  the  ne  corner  of  Connecticut. 

It  contains  l3  townships,  and  28,921  inha- 
bitants. 

Windham,  the  capital  of  the  above  coun- 
ty, seated  on  the  Shetucket,  14  miles  nnw 
of  Norwich,  22  ese  of  Hartford,  and  253 
ne  of  Philadelphia.  . . ^ 

Windisgratz,  a town  in  Siiria,  Germany, 

24  miles  nw  of  Ciller.  , 

Windlingen,  a town  of  Suabia,  m th« 
duchy  of  Wirtemberg,  stands  on  the  Lauter, 
at  its  junction  with  the  Neckar,  12  miles 
SE  of  Slutgard. 

Windsbach, -dio^’n  in  the  margravate  ot 
Anspach,  Suabia,  with  a castle,  on  the  Ked- 
iiitz,  10  miles  se  of  Anspach. 

Windskeim,  a town  of  Franconia,  ceded 
as  an  indemnity  to  Bavaria  in  1802.  The 
ramparts  that  surround  it  serve  as  a prome- 
nade. It  is  situated  on  the  .Aiscli,  30  miles 
SB  of  Wurtzburg,  and  32  ssw  ot  Bamberg. 

Windsor,  a post  town  of  the  United 
States,  capital  of  Bertie  county.  North  Ca- 
rolina, sealed  on  the  Cushai,  23  miles  w by 

! s of  Eden  ton.  • r 

Windsor,  a town  of  Vermont,  capital  ot 
a county  of  the  same  name,  stands  on  the 
Conneciicut.  The  assembly  of  the  state  sits 
here  and  Rutland  alternately.  It  is  40 
miles  K by  s of  Rutland,  and  70  ne  of  Ben- 
nington. Lon  72  4 v/,  lat.  43  2r  n. 

Windsor,  a town  in  Hartford  county, 
Connecticut,  .seated  on  the  Conneciicut,  at 
the  junction  of  Windsor  Ferry  river,  and 
the  Connecticnt,  seven  miles  n of  Hart- 
ford. . 

Windsor,  a town  in  Berkshire  county, 
Massachusetts,  stands  among  hills,  20  rniles 
NNW  of  Lenox,  and  136  n by  w ot  Los- 

Windsor,  a town  of  Nova  Scotia,  .seated 
on  a river  of  its  name,  lias  a college  found- 
ed by  royal  charter,  in  iS02,  25  miles  nw 

ot  Halilax.  . 

Windsor,  New,  a town  in  Ulster,  county. 
New  York,  stands  on  the  w side  of  tho 
Hudson,  just  above  the  high  lands,  six 
mile«  N of  West  Point. 

Windsor  Forest,  an  exten.sive  forest  in  the 
E part  of  Berkshire,  about  50  miles  in  cir- 
cumference. It  contains  several  towns  and 
3N 


W I N 

ifillagesj  of  which  Okingham  is  the  princi* 
pal.  Biofield,  in  this  forest^  was  the  birth 
place  of  Pope,  who  here  composed  his 
Windsor  Forest.^^  Though  the  soil  is 
generally  uncultivated  and  barren,  it  is  di- 
versified by  hills  and  dales,  woods  and  lawns, 
and  pleasant  villas. 

Windsor,  a large  and  handsome  town  in 
Berkshire,  situ  aed  on  an  eminence  on  the 
Thames,  wiih  a market  on  Saturday.  It  is 
well  paved  and  lighted.  The  town  is  cele- 
brated lor  its  magnificent  castle,  built  origi- 
nally  by  ^Yilliam  I.  and  enlarged  by  suc- 
ceeding monarohs.  It  is  situated  on  a high 
hill,  which  rises  by  a gentle  ascent.  Its 
line  terruv’e  faced  with  a rampart  of  free- 
stone, 1870  feet  in  length,  is  one  of  the 
finest  walks  in  Europe.  From  the  Round 
Tower,  which  is  much  more  elevated  than 
the  rest,  is  an  extensive  view  to  London,  and 
into  the  counties  of  Berks,  Middlesex,  Essex, 
Herts,  Bucks,  Oxford,  Wills,  ^Hants,  Surry, 
Sussex,  Kent,  and  Bedford.  The  royal 
apartments  are  adorned  with  many  valuable 
paintings,  particul.  rly  with  the  celebrated 
cartoons  of  Raphael,  formerly  of  Hampton 
court.  Here  is  the  royal  college  of  St 
George,  consisting  of  a dean,  12  canons, 
seven  minor  canons,  and  18  poor  knights^. 
Opposite  to  the  se  side  of  the  castle  is  a neat 
modern  mansion,  called  the  Queen's  Lodge, 
which  is  the  royal  residence  in  summer  : 
and  below  this  is  the  Lower  Lodge,  for  the 
accommodation  of  the  younger  branches  of 
the  royal  family.  Adjoining  to  the  Queen's 
Lodge  is  the  Little  Park.  But  on  the  s side 
of  the  town  is  a much  larger  park,  called 
the  Great' Park,  which  is  14  miles  in  cir- 
cumference. On  the  death  of  the  last  ran- 
ger, Henry  Frederic,  duke  of  Cumberland, 
his  majesty  took  the  management  of  this 
park  into  his  own  hands,  and  has  made  con- 
siderable improvements  with  respect  to  beau- 
ty and  utility.  Windsor  contains  six  prin- 
cipal and  several  inferior  streets.  It  was 
constituted  a free  borough  in  the  ,5th  year 
of  king  Edward  I.  and  has  regularly  return- 
ed members  to  parliament  ever  since  the 
2,5  th  of  Henry  VI.  It  contains  several 
alms-houses  and  other  charities  : has  a 
weekly  market  on  Saturday,  and  three  an- 
nual fairs.  In  1801,  the  population  w^as 
3301,  and  in  1811,  6145.  It  is  17  miles  n 
by  E of  Reading,  and  22  w of  London^  Lon 
0 36  w,  lat.  51  30  n. 

Wifuiendeuy  a town  and  castle  in  the 
duchy  of  Wirtemburg,  Swabia,  12  miles  ene 
of  Stutgard. 

Windward  Islands,  such  of  the  Carribean 
Islands,  in  the  West  Indies,  as  lie  between 
Martinique  and  Tobago. 

Windward  Passage,  the  strait  between 
Point  Maizi,  at  the  e end  of  the  island  of 
Cuba,  and  Cape  St  Nicholas,  at  the  nw  ex- 
tremity of  Hispaniola. 

Winington,  a town  in  Shropshire,  nw  of 
Cowes  Castle^  la  this  parish  was  born,  in 


W I N 

148 3,  Thomas  Parr,xvho  lived  to  the  age  of 
152  years. 

Winnicza,  a town  of  Podolia,  Poland, 
capital  of  a territory  of  the  same  name, 
stands  on  the  Bog,  35  miles  n of  Brack- 
law, 

Winnipeg,  or  Winnipeck,  a lake  in  Up- 
per Canada,  nw  of  Lake  Superior.  It  is 
240  miles  long,  and  irom  50  to  100  broad. 
It  receives  the  waters  of  several  small 
lakes  in  every  direction,  and  con  tains  a num- 
ber ot  small  islands.  Its  banks  aii^ound 
with  the  sugar  tree  and  wild  rice. 

if  innipeg,  Little,  a lake  which  lies  wcf 
the  former.  It  is  80  miles  long,  and  15 
broad, 

Winshcrough,  a post  town  of  the  United 
States,  capital  of  Fairfield  cuuniy,  South 
Carolina,  stands  on  the  \^'ateree  creek 
which  falls  into  the  river  of  its  name.  It 
has  a flourishing  college,  called  Mount 
Zion,  36  miles  n by  w of  Columbia.  Lon. 
15  w,  lat.  34  28  n. 

Winschoten,  a fortified  town  of  Holland, 
in  Groningen.  In  1568,  Lewis,  brother  to 
the  prince  of  Orange,  at  tlie  head  of  the  re- 
volted  Dutch,  defeated  the  Spaniards  at  this 
place.  It  is  situated  19  miles  ese  of  Gro- 
ningen. 

if  insen,  a town  of  Luneburg,  Lower 
Saxony,  seated  on  the  Luhe,  near  its  junc'* 
tion  with  the  Ilmenau,  with  a castle.  It  is 
15  miles  wnw  of  Luneburg.  Another,^ 
stands  on  the  Aller,  six  miles  below  Zell, 
and  47  ssw  of  Luneburg. 

Winsford,  a village  in  Cheshire,  seated  on 
the  Weever,  has  a manufacture  of  salt,  and 
abundance  of  salt  rock,  of  which  great  quan- 
tities are  exported  from  Liverpool,  four  miles 
w by  N of  Middlewich. 

ifinslow,  a town  in  Buckinghamshire,, 
on  the  road  leading  from  London  to  Bir- 
mingham. It  is  of  great  antiquity,  and  is 
at  present  a neat  w'eli  built  place,  consist- 
ing chiefly  of  three  streets.  The  parish 
contains  about  110 1 inhabitants,  Winslow 
has  a weekly  market  on  Tuesday,  and  four 
annual  fairs  for  cattle,  besides  three  for 
servants,  lies  seven  miles  nw  of  Aylesbury, 
and  49  wnw  of  London. 

Winslow,  a town  in  Lincoln  oOnnty,  dis- 
trict of  Maine,  seated  on  the  Kennebec,  w'itii 
a fort,  18  miles  n of  Harrington. 

Winterberg,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  West- 
phalia, 12  miles  sw  of  Corbach. 

Winterberg,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Pra- 
chin,  Bohemia,  25  m-iles  wsw  of  Piseck. 

Winterburg,  a fowui  in  the  department  of 
Rhine  and  Moselle,  France,  lately  of  Ger- 
many, in  the  county  of  Sponheim,  10  miles 
WNW  of  Creutznach,  and  12  sse  of  Sim- 
mern. 

W inster,  a town  in  Derbyshire,  situated 
near  rich  mines  of  lead.  It  has  a market 
on  Saturday,  and  is  26  miles  nnw  of 
Derby. 

H interingham,  a town  in  Lincolnshire, 


W I R 

goiTsmed  by  a mayor,  but  has  no  market. 

3t  is  situated  Dear  the  Humber,  miles 

of  Lincoln.  ^ 

Winterthur,  a handsome  to*a  of  Swit- 
zerland, in  the  canton  ot  Zurich.  It  is  si- 
tuated on  the  river  Ulach.  Here  are  n ne- 
ral  baths,  and  manufactures  of  cotton^ 
striped  camlets,  and  earthen  ware.  Ih- 
iti^es  made  by  smiths  and  turners  are  m 
creat estimation,  12  miles  bne  oi  Zurich. 

^ Winlerton,  a town  near  Wintertonness,  on 
the  E coast  of  Norfolk.  On  the 
of  Wintertonness  is  a light  house,  10  mile 
N by  w of  Yarmouth. 

mnthropy  a towu  in  Lincoln  county, 
district  of  Maine,  ID  miles  w by  s of  Har- 

^^^mntoriy  a po4  town  of  the  Unit^  States, 
capital  of  Hartford  county,  Nona  Caroima, 
seated  on  the  Chowan,  12  miles  sse  of  Mur- 
freesborough,  and  30  nw  of  Edenton. 

Winweiler,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Mont  Tonnere,  lately  of  Germany , capital 
of  the  county  of  Falkenstein,  24  miles  wsw 
of  Worms,  and  27  nb  of  Deux  Pouts. 

Winwick,  a village  in  Lancashire,  said  to 
be  the  richest  rectory  in  the  kingdom.  Un 
the  s side  of  the  church  is  a Latin  mscrip- 
tion,  intimating  that  this  was  once  a avo- 

rite  residence  of  Oswald,  king  of  Northum- 

berland.  , _ . 

Wipperfurt,  a town  of  Westphalia,  in  ^he 
duchy  ol  Berg,  stands  near  the  source  of  the 
Wipper,  -25  miles  exe  of  Cologne,  and  dO 

ESE  of  Dusseldorf.  t m 

Wippra,  a town  in  the  county  of  Mans- 
feld.  Upper  Saxony,  on  the  Wipper,  10  miles 

WNvv  of  Eisleben.  . 

Wiraiyov  WireJialy  a tract  in  Cheshire. 

It  is  16  miles  long,  and  eight  broad,  and  was 
once  a forest. 

Wire.  See  Wyre. 

Wirksworthy  a large  populous  town  ot 
Derbyshire,  remarkable  for  having  the 
greatest  lead  market  in  England.  It  is 
principally  supported  by  working  the  lead 
mines.  .Millstones  are  dug  near  this  town, 
and  ruins  of  antimony  are  sometimes  found. 

It  comaius  3000  inhabitants,  has  an  hospi- 
tal a weekly  market  on  Tuesday,  and  lour 
annual  fairs,  and  is  seated  in  a valley,  near 
the  source  ot  the  Ecciesboni,  eight  miles  N 
by  w’  of  Derby. 

V/lRTEMiSURG,  or  Wurtbnburg,  a 
sovereign  d\ichy  of  Germany,  in  tbe  circie 
of  Swania,  65  miles  long,  and  nearly  as 
broad  ; bounded  on  the  n by  Franconia  and 
dhe  iialaiinate  of  the  Rhine,  e and  s by  se-  i 
veral  province.s  of  Suabia,  and  w by  ibe 
Black  forest  and  the  marquisate  ot  Rav.eu. 
It  abounds  in  mountains  and  woods,  but  >s 
one  of  the  mo>t  faiitful  countries  in  Germa- 
ny. Here  are  mines,  salt  springs,  and  plen- 
ty of  game,  also  Iruit,  corn,  and  tine  pas 
tures,  and  plenty  of  Neckar  wine,  whien 
takes  its  name  from  the  river  Neckar,  whico 
flows  through  the  duchy.  Four  miles  b of 


W I s 

Stutgard,  the  capital,  stands  the  sneiem cas- 
tle of  Wirtemburg.  ‘ 

Wisbaden,  a handsome  town  of  Vi  etera- 
via,  Germany,  cliiet  place  of  a lordship  ol 
ihat  name.  Here  is  a palace  belcnging  to 
the  prince  of  Navsuu-U.singen,  and  soma 
warm  baths  formerly  mucu  resorted  to. 
The  adjacent  country  is  bounded  by  pleasant 
hills,  which  yield  excellent  wdne.  It  is  siJt 
miles  N of  xMeutz,  and  22  w ot  Frank- 

^^^Wuheach,  a town  in  Cambridgeshire,  in 
the  isle  of  Ely,  on  a navigable 
miles  from  the  sea,  and  may  be  called  the 
port  of  Ely.  The  castle,  built  by  kmg 
William  I.  and  since  rebuilt,  has  long  oeea 
a palace  of  the  bishops  ot  Ely.  It  is  well 
built,  and  has  a considerable  trade  m the 
export  of  corn  and  oil.  The  population  in 
1811  was  6300.  It  has  a weekly  market 
oil  Saturday,  and  five  annual  lairs,  and  is 
miles  N of  Ely,  34  nw  of  Cambridge,  and 

89  N of  London,  . 

Wisbyy  a sea  port  town  of  Sweden  m 
Gothland,  on  the  Baltic,  capital  ot  the  isle 
of  Gothland,  and  a bishop’s  see,  with  a cas- 
tle, 129  miles  s by  e of  Stockholm.  Lon. 

18  41  w,  lat,  57  36  n. 

Wiscassety  a flourishing  post  town  ot  tfte 
United  States,  in  Lincoln  county,  district  ot 
Maine,  stands  on  the  Sheepscut,  near  the  sea, 
32  miles  net  of  Brunswick.  Lon  69  46  w, 

lat.  43  68  N.  , j 

Wischgrody  a town  of  Poland,  in  tne  pa- 
latinate of  Plocksko,  stands  on  the  Vistula, 

18  miles  e by  s of  Plocksko,  and  58  WNW 
of  Warsaw.  Lon.  19  50  e,  lat.  52  38  n. 

Wislochy  a town  of  Germany,  in  the  pala- 
tiiiate  of  the  Rhine,  OD  the  Elsatz,  14  tiiiles 
K by  N of  Spire. 

Wismary  a large  town  of  Mecklenburg, 
Lower  Saxony,  with  a citadel  and  a har- 
bour, at  the  bottom  of  a bay  ot  the  Baltic' 
The  most  remarkable  edifices  are  tlie  three 
principal  churches,  the  town  house,  and  the 
palace  of  Mecklenburg.  In  1648.  by  the 
peace  of  Westphalia,  it  was  transferred  to 
Sweden:  but  it  sufiered  much  in  suDsexpieiit 
wars,  particularly  in  1716,  when  u was 
taken  by  the  northern  confederates,  wuo,  m 
tbe  following  year,  blew  up  and  razed  lU 
fortificaiions.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  Royal 
Swedish  Tribunal  for  the  German  dominions 
of  thiit  crown.  It  lies  30  miles  e by  n ot 
Lubec,  and  33  wsw  ot  Ro.stocR.  Lon.  11 

44  E,  lat.  53  54  N.  , , • 

WistoHy  a borough  in  Pembrokeshire,  go- 
verned by  a mayor,  and  connected  witH 
Pembroke  in  sending  a member  to  parlia- 
ment. Its  extensive  casile  is  now  in  nnnS 
SIX  miles  ene  of  Haverfordwest,  and  248 

WNW  of  London.  -i  i • 

IVMotm,  a hilly  parish  in  Lanarksliire, 
to  which  ihat  of  Roherloim  was  iiiiued  m 
1772.  The  united  purisn  extends  about  five 
miles  in  length  along  the  w hank  of  the 
Clyde,  and  nearly  as  much  in  breadth.  U 
^ ^ ^ 3 N 2 


W I T 

contains  three  villages,  viz.  Rohertoun,  Wis- 
toun,  arid  New  Town  of  Wistonn,  each  of 
which  contains  about  1-50  inhabitants.  Po- 
pulation about  767.  In  1791,  the  number 
was  740,  of  whom  exactly  the  half  were 
males.  Here  is  an  elegant  seat  of  the 
Macqueens  of  Braxfield,  which  was  much 
improved  and  ornamented  by  the  late  lord 
justice  Clerk.  In  each  of  the  parishes  is  a 
public  school.  Wistoun  is  a corruption  of 
'Woolstoun,  so  called  from  a wool  market 
formerly  held  here. 

WitepsMy  a strong  town  of  Lithuania,  ca- 
pital of  a palatinate  of  the  same  name,  but 
now  subject  to  Russia,  and  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Polotsk.  It  stands  in  a morass  at 
the  junction  of  the  Widsba  and  the  Dwina, 
62  miles  ese  of  Polotsk,  and  7-5  wnw  of 
Smolensk.  Lon.  29  40  e,  lat.  55  43  n. 

Witgenau,  a town  of  Lusatia,  seated  on 
the  Elster,  17  miles  nnw  of  Budissen. 

fVitgenau,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Bechin,  I 
Bohemia,  on  the  Lausnitz,  14  miles  e of 
Eudweis 

TVitgenstein,  a castle  of  Germany,  in 
Westerwald,  which  gives  name  to  a county 
appendant  to  that  of  Sayii.  It  stands  on  a 
high  rock,  and  is  13  miles  nw'  of  Marburg. 

Witliam,  a neat  town  in  Essex,  situated 
on  the  great  road  to  Harwich,  in  a salubrious 
atmosphere,  near  the  Biackwater.  The 
towm  has  a number  of  good  inns  and  it  is 
the  residence  of  many  families  of  distinction. 
Its  church  stands  a mile  from  the  town. 
Witham  spa  occasions  a great  resort  of  fa- 
shionable company  to  this  town  in  summer. 
Witham  contains  above  2000  inhabitants, 
has  a weekly  msirket  on  Thursday,  and  two 
inconsiderable  annual  fairs,  and  is  eight 
miles  NE  of  Chelmsford,  and  38  ene  of 
London. 

Witham y a river  in  Lincolnshire,  which 
^'aters  Lincoln,  and  thence  runs  se  by  Tat- 
tc-rshall,  and  enters  the  German  ocean  be- 
low^ Boston.  From  Lincoln  it  has  a com- 
munication with  the  Trent,  by  a naviga- 
ble canal  called  the  Fossdike,  cut  by  king 
Henry  I. 

Witlieh,  a town  in  the  department  of  | 
Sarre,  France,  lately  of  Germany,  in  the 
archbishopric  of  Treves.  I(  has  a castle 
called  Ottenstein,  and  in  the  vicinity  are 
many  copper  mines.  It  stands  on  the  Leser, 
19  miles  ixne  of  Treves.  j 

JVitmundy  a town  in  East  Friesland,  | 
Wcstpfialia,  on  the  Harle,  20  miles  ne  of  I 
Embden. 

Witney,  a populous  town  in  Oxfordshire, 
seated  on  the  Wind  rush,  noted  for  its  manu- 
factories of  the  tinest  blank('ts,  and  other  i 
thick  woollens,  called  bearskins  and  ker-  I 
seys.  1m  the  blanket  manufactories  there  ; 
are  above  3600  pc'ople  emplo3  »'ii^  and  80  | 
packs  of  wool  consult'd  weeklju  They 
iuivc  also  a trade  in  leather  breeches  and 
jackets,  which  are  sent  :o  the  neighbouring  i 
counties,  HiTo  is  an  hospital  for  six  poor  ' 
widows  of  bkiiikct-makors,  and  a.  charity  j 


w L o 

school.  It  has  a weekly  market  on  Thu???- 
day,  and  three  annual  fairs,  and  lies  1 1 mileg 
WNW  of  Oxford,  and  65  wnw  of  London. 

Witstock,  a town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the 
Mark  of  Pregiiitz,  stands  on  the  river  Dosse, 
noted  for  its  cloth  manufactures,  17  miles 
XNw  of  Ruppin. 

Wittenberg,  a noted  town  of  Germany, 
capital  of  Saxony  Proper,  with  a famous 
university  and  a castle.  Here  are  held  the 
general  assemblies  of  Upper  Saxony.  In 
1517,  Martin  Luther  began  the  reformation 
io  this  place,  and  he  is  buried  in  a chapel 
belonging  to  the  castle.  This  town  has  suf- 
fered greatly  by  wars,  particularly  in  1760, 
when  it  was  besieged  by  the  Austrians.  It 
is  situated  on  the  Elbe,  over  which  is  a 
bridge,  65  miles  nw  of  Dresden.  Lon.  13 
45  E,  lat.  51  54  n. 

Wittenhnrg,  a town  of  Brandenburg,  in 
the  mark  of  Pregnitz,  situated  on  the  Elbe, 
seven  miles  ssw  of  Perleberg. 

Wittenhnrg,  a town  in  Mecklenburg, 
Lower  Saxony,  15  miles  wsw  of  Schwe- 
rin. 

Wittenhall,  an  extensive  village  in  Staf- 
fordshire, which  shares  in  the  trade  of  Wol- 
verhampton, from  which  it  lies  three  miles 
to  the  E.  • 

Wittenstein,  a town  in  the  government  of 
Livonia,  Russia,  40  miles  se  of  Revel. 

Wittlesey-mere,  a lake  in  the  ne  part  of 
Huntingdonshire,  six  miles  in  length  and 
three  in  breadth,  four  miles  se  of  Peterbo- 
rough. 

Witzeiihausen,  a town  in  Lower  Hesse, 
Germany,  on  the  Werra,  18  miles  n by  e of 
Casse) . 

Wivelscomh,  a town  in  Somersetshire,  si- 
tuated on  the  Tone.  It  has  had  a woollen 
manufacture  for  above  two  centuries.  It 
contains  near  1600  inhabitants,  has  a week- 
ly market  on  Tuesday,  an  hospital  for  12 
poor  people,  and  tw^o  annual  fairs,  and  is  20 
miles  N of  Exeter,  and  153  w by  s of  Lon- 
don. 

Wivenhoe,  a village  in  Essex,  on  the 
Coin,  three  miles  se  of  Colchester,  of  which 
it  is  the  port.  It  has  a custom  house,  and 
the  Colchester  oysters  are  barrelled  at  this 
place. 

Wladikairkas,  a town  and  fortress  in  the 
province  of  Caucasia,  Russia,  stands  at  the 
E extremity  of  the  valley  of  the  Terek,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  river.  It  is  the  key  to 
the  military  road  into  Georgia  through  the 
Caucasus,  30  miles  w by  s of  Kiziar,and  90 
E of  Catharinograd, 

Wiadislaw,  a town  of  Poland,  capital  of 
a palatinate  of  the  same  name,  and  of  the 
province  of' Cujavia,  with  a iort.  It  is  the 
residence  of  the  bishop  of  Cujavia,  and  is 
seated  on  the  Vistula,  98  miles  wnw  of 
Worsttw.  Lou.  18  50  E,  lat.  52  54  n. 

Wiodximibrz,  a town,  in  Voihinia,  Little 
Poland,  CM  the  Bug,  with  a castle,  46  miles 
w of  Lucko. 

Wloiho,  a town  in  the  county  of  Ravens- 


WOK 

turg,  Westphalia,  stands  on  the  Weser,  se- 

ven  miles  sw  of  Mioden.  , . i • i j,, 
WOAHOO,  one  of  the  Sandwich  islands, 
lying  to  the  NW  of  Morotoi,  at  the  distance 
of  sfven  leagues.  From  the  “ 

the  KE  and  nw  pans,  it  is  the  finest  island 
nf  the  PTOim.  A bay  is  formed  by  the  tm 
and  w extremities,  into  which  a river  flows 


TXT  r\  T 


has  a market  on  Tuesday,  and  two  annual 

^ n'olau,  a strong  town  of  Silesia,  capital 
of  a duchy  of  the  same  name,  with  a htiB 
castle,  and  many  handsome  buildings,  lha 
o-reatest  part  of  the  inhabitants  are  employed 
" fn  the  woollen  manufactory.  It  is  situated 
vhich  a river  nows  ,,  near  the  Oder,  surrounded  hy  a 
tlnongh  a deep  valley.  tLely  any  t^ng  , miles  Ew  of  Breslau.  Bon.  lb  4a  E,  lat. 

can  exceed  t''® iii'L'ted  1 IFo/iee/c,  a town  in  the  principality  of 

dStayk  The  island  contains  about  


Jll*T)Vd  • • t T 

Woldeck,  a town  in  AIccklenburg,  Lowt 
Saxony,  21  miles  ene  of  Strelitz.  , . • 

WoJfachy  a town  and  castle  of  Suabia,  m 

the  principality  of  Furstenburg,  stands  on  a 

river  of  its  name,  at  its  junction  with  the 
Kintzig,  19  miles  nne  of  Friburg. 

WOLFENBUTTLE,  a’  principality  ot 
Lower  Saxony,  which  constitutes  a part  oi 
the  duchy  of  Brunswick.  The  n part  pro- 


inhabitants.  Lieutenant  ^ergist,  who  had 
been  sent  from  England,  in  179  , wit  ha 
supply  of  provisions  for  captain  Vancouve  , 
then  L a voyage  of  discovep’,  was  here  sur- 
prised and  murdered  by  the  “a*'''®®’ ^ j 
Mr  Gooch,  the  astronomer.  Lon.  157  5i 

' Woburn,  a town  in  Bedfordshire.  It  w'as 

formerly  famous  for  'j  dTc^rb'iindance'of  grass,  grain,  flax,  hemp 

belongs  to  the  duke  of  Bedlord,  and  “J'®  I of  pulse  and  fruit. 
Lun.ry  seat.  The  ^4*;’  Tpan  is  hill  fand  has  little  arable 

she  late  duke  on  the  site  of  the  an®’®"‘  ^ ^ • j ,g  of  timber  and  iron  ; 

bey,  equally  celebrated  tor  its  ho  pitality  as  and,  biU^y^em^^P  ^^^y 

tv,r  its  suleiidour,  is  (ne  principal  ornan  _ joelain,  with  a very  rich  mine  of  salt  m 

the  HartK  Forest.  The  principal  rivers  are 
the  Weser,  Leine,  and  Ocker.  Tlie  esta- 
blished  religion  is  the  Lutheran. 

Wolfenbuttle,  a strong  city  of  Lower 
Saxony,  capiial  of  the  above  principaliljs 
with  a castle,  in  which  the  dukes  loDg  resid- 
ed. Here  is  a cabinet  of  curiosities  relat- 
i ing  to  natural  history,  and  a valuable  ii- 
' brary.  The  ducal  great  school,  or  academy , 
is  famous.  In  the  principal  church  is  the 
burying  place  of  the  princes,  which  is  an 
elegant  piece  of  architecture.  This  town 
stands  in  a marshy  soil  on  the  Ocker,  seven 
miles  s by  w of  Brunswick,  and  ao  w ot 
Halberstadt.  Lon.  10  45  B,  lat.  52  10  N. 

WOLFERSPIKE,  an  island  of  Holland, 
in  Zealand,  between  North  and  South 
Beveiand. 

Wolfsherg^  a town  of  Lower  Carmthia, 
on  which  a district  about  it,  of  20  miles  m 


for  its  splendour,  is  the  principal  ornamen 
of  this  town.  Here  are  a free  school  am 
a charity  school,  for  the  instruction  and 
clothing  of  30  boys  and  i5  guls.  In  the 
church  are  several  ancient  ^^^numents. 
The  town  was  burnt  down  in  1724. 
it  is  found  great  plenty  of  fuller's  earth.  It 

carries  on  a.very  considerable  manulacUire 

of  thread  laee  and  jockey  caps.  It  con- 
tains about  1860  inhabitants,  and  has  an  ex- 
cellent weekly  market  on  Friday,  for  butter 
and  cheese,  and  four  annual  lairs.  L is 
12  miles  s of  Bedford,  and  42  Nttw  of  Lon- 

Wodenshorovgb,  a town  in  Kent,  near 

Sandwich.  . . 

Wodniariy  a towui  of  Bohemia,  in  the  cir- 
cle  of  Pracbiii,  on  the  Bianitz,  12  miles  s of 
1 • 

Woerden.  See  Voerden. 

Wokeii,  or  Obey,  a village  in  Somerset- 
shire. on  the  s side  of  the  Mendip  mils,  two 


kn  leet  fn°"heTghfltsC- ll 


a spacious  vault  80  feet  in  height,  resem- 
bling the  inside  of  a cathedral,  the  roof 
composed  of  pendant  rocks,  whence  a clear 
water  of  a petrifying  quality  continually 
drops.  From  this  a narrow  passage  leads 
to  a second  grotto;  and  beyond  a second 
narrow  passage  is  a third  grotto.  The  ex- 
tremity is  more  than  200  yards  from  its  en- 
trance". A rivulet  glides  through  this  ca- 
vern 'which  turns  several  mills  soon  after  it 

issues  from  it.  _ 

Woking y a small  town  m 
river  Wye,  five  miles  nke  ot  Guiliord.  It 
has  a very  neat  nuuket  house.  In  the  ma- 
ncr  hmise  here  died  Margaret,  countess  of 
Richmond,  mother  of  Henry  VIT.  Ihe 
shell  of  the  guard  room  still  remains.  H 


JVoIgasty  a -uell  built  and  considerable 
town  ofUpper  Saxony,  in  Hither  Pomerania, 
capital  of  a territory  of  the  same  name,  with 
one  of  the  best  and  largest  harbours  on  the 
Baltic.  The  tower  of  its  ancient  castle  is 
still  standing.  It  is  seated  on  the  Peene. 
It  is  subject  to  Sweden,  and  is  25  miles  sB 
of  Stralsund,  and  54  x w of  Stettin.  Lon.  J 4 
4 E,  lat.  54  In. 

Wolnfienniorck.  See  J oke/n) or. <. 

H^olkensteia,  a town  in  the  circle  of  Erz- 
geherg,  Lower  Saxony,  has  a castle  on  a 
! rock,  near  the  Zscliopa,  15  miles  ssB  c) 

! Chemnitz.  , c 

WoLkonigsky  a town  in  the  palatinate  of 
Novogrodeck,  Lithuania,  stamLs  on  the  Ilos, 
} 23  miles  se  of  Grodno, 


w o o 


of  Novogcrod,  100 
Novogorod.  Lon. 


^^olkGjJcoiy  a town 
miles  SE  of  the  ci!y  of 
34  20  E,  lat.  57  n. 

^ollin,  a fonined  town  of  Upper  Saxo- 
ny, in  Hither  Poiiierania,  with  a imrbour  on 
tne  Baltic.  It  is  the  capital  of  an  island  of 
the  same  name,  between  the  two  branches 
of  the  Oder,  and  belongs  to  the  king  of 
Prussia.  It  is  seated  on  the  Diwenow,  10 
miles  w of  Camin,  and  .SO  n of  Stettin. 

Lon.  14  39  e,  iat.  <54  4 n, 

T'/olmar,  a town  of  Livonia,  38  miles  n 
of  Kiga. 

Wolmirstadty  a town  in  the  duchy  of 
Magdeburg,  Lower,  Saxony,  seated  on  the 
Ohra,  10  miles  n of  Magdeburg. 

^Volsingham,  a town  in  the  county  of 
Durham,  with  a market  on  Tuesday,  stands 
on  the  Wear,  surrounded  by  mines  of  coal 
and  lead.  It  has  a fair  May  18th,  16  miles 
of  Durham,  and  267  nkw  of  Lon-  I 

don. 

miverliampton,  a large  and  flourishing  | 

4own  in  Staffordshire.  It  is  chiefly  noted  i 
for  its  iron  manufactory,  consisting  of  locks, 
hinges,  buckles,  cork-screws,  and  japanned 
ware.  The  locksmiths  are  the  most  inge- 
iuous  in  England,  and  perhaps  in  the  world. 

It  IS  very  populous,  and  most  of  the  streets 
ere  broad  and  paved.  The  church  is  colle- 
giate, and  is  annexed  to  the  deanery  of  Wind- 
sor. Here  a very  handsome  chapel.  The  > 
number  of  inhabitants  in  180],  was  12,666,  1 

the  freemen,  who  amount  to  about  200. 
Here  Alfred  the  great  translated  Boetius  c/g 
consolatione  Philosophirt,  It  has  a manu- 
lacture  of  steel  chains  for  w*atches,  and  ex- 
cellent glmres.  . It  has  a weekly  market  on 
iuesday,  and  eight  annual  fairs,  and  is 
! eight  miies  nw  of  Oxford,  and  62  wnw  of 
i London. 

i Woodstock,  the  capital  of  Shenandoah 
I counH^,  Virginia,  seated  on  a branch  of 
the  Stienandoah.  It  is  situated  24  miles 
^ ssw  of  Winchester,  and  80  w\w  of  Alexan- 
j dria. 

^ yVoGdstown,  a post  town  of  Salem  county, 
New  Jersey,  12  miles  n by  e of  Salem,  and 
26  ssw  of  Philadelphia. 

Woohr,  a town  in  Northumberland,  situa- 
ted on  the  side  of  a hill,  with  a market  on 
j Thursday,  seated  on  the  river  Till,  near  (he 


WOO 

capital  of  Woucester  couaty. 

New  Jersey,  stands  on  the  Delaware,  nine 
I miles  s of  Philadelphia.  ' 

a village  in  Gloucester- 
shire,  noted  lor  its  manufactures  of  broad 
cloth  and  silk.  In  the  church  yard  is  a 
esselated  pavement,  120  feet  in  length,  said 
to  have  been  the  floor  of  the  habitalfou  of  a 
Homan  general.  Oiher  Roman  antiquities 
strouif*’'^”  fiiicovered  here,  two  miles  s of 

H'oods,  Lake  of  the,  a lake  of  North 
America,  which  makes  part  of  the  north 
boundary  of  the  Western  territory.  It  is  90 
niiles  long,  and  .SO  where  broadest,  but  in 
shape  IS  vCTj#  irregular.  It  is  situated  be- 
tween  the  Winnipeg  and  lake  Superior,  and 
IS  part.y  m the  territory  of  the  United  Stales, 
and  partly  in  Upper  Canada.  In  the  lake 
are  several  islands,  and  its  banks  are  covered 
with  oaks,  pines,  firs,  «fec. 

fVoodstock,  a well  built  town  in  Oxford- 
shire, governed  by  a mayor,  situated  on  a 
rising  ground,  upon  a rivulet.  It  is  chiefly 
remarkable  for  Blenheim  house.  See  Elen 
heim.  In  Blenheim  park  formerly  stood  a 
rnagnificent  royal  palace.  Henry  I.  beau- 
tihed  the  palace,  and  here  resided  Rosamond 
the  mistress  of  Henry  II.  Roth  Edmund, 
the  second  son  of  Edmund  I.  (called  Ed- 
mund of  W^ooclstoek,)  and  Edward  the 
Black  Prince,  were  born  here.  This  was 
uie  prison  of  Elisabeth,  when  confined  by 
her  sister  Mary.  After  the  building  of 


don. 

Woloe^j,  a town  in  Warwickshire,  which 
had  once  a market,  _and  has  siiil  a fair. 

Here  Edward  IV.  was  surprised  and  taken 
prisoner  by  B iehard  Nevil,  earl  of  Warwick 
five  miles  se  of  Nuneaton.  ^ 

Womeldorf,  a post  town  of  the  United 
States,  in  Berks  county,  Pennsylvania,  68 
miles  NW  of  Philadelphia. 

yVoodbriagc,  a town  in  Suffolk,  situated 
lOn  the  E siile  ot  a sandy  hill,  on  the  river 
Deben,  about  eight  miies  from  the  Sr-a.  Its 
principal  .stieet.s  are  well  built  and  paved. 

It  bus  about  2760  iuhabiiauLs.  Here  are 
;several  docks  ior  building  vessels,  with 
•vvharls  and  quaj  s.  It  has  a good  corn  trade, 
and  is  Innious  for  refining  salt.  The  town 
has  a gocd  trade  wiiii  London,  Newcastle, 
liolland,  nnd  other  places,  in  piaiik.s,  butter’  i, 

il  resorted 'to  in  sum: 

an?  has  a iiiir'ilee  ,1  f .“irf vici- 


and  has  a tine  sieej,lc.  It  has  a weekly’  ij  ni(y'„„'  Holjfood"  dayf  irid02,?hrScws' 

eu  lor  DC  sale  of  f;  were  defeated  in  a battle  which  was  .so 


inarkei  on  Wednesdaj',  noted  

hemp  and  cordage,  and  two  annual  fairs,  ami 
seven  miles  ene  of  Ipswich,  and  77  ne 
of  London, 

yioodbridge,  a town  in  Mudeliesex  county, 
New  Jersey,  three  miles  n by  w of  Amboy; 
and  70  NE  of  Philadelphia. 


bloody,  that  it  gave  t.he  name  of  lledriggs  to 
lije  place  where  it  was  fought.  Here  lire 
fairs  May  4th,  and  October  J7th,  where 
j much  line  stock  is  shewn,  18  miles  s of  Bet- 
I wick,  and  317  n by  w of  Loudon. 
iVootpit.  Sue  IVulpit, 


W O R 

Woolwich^  a town  in  Kent,  situated  on  > 
tlie  Thames,  and  of  great  note  for  being  the  j 
most  ancient  military  and  naval  arsenal  in  ^ 
England,  and  its  large  docks  and  yards ; ^ 
and  its  vast  magazines  of  great  guns,  mor 
tars,  bombs,  cannon  balls,  powder,  and  other 
military  stores : men  of  war  were  built  here 
as  early  as  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  Here 
is  a fouiidery  for  casting  ordnance,  and  a 


laboratory,  wdiere  fireworks  and  cartridges 
are  made,  and  bombs,  carcases,  grenados  <fec. 
charged  for  public  service.  Here  are  also 
ext^uisive  artillery  barracks  for  the  accomo- 
dation of  the  officers  and  privates.  A royal 
military'  academy  has  been  established  here, 
between  60  and  70  years  for  instructing 
young  geutleruen  in  the  principles  ot  lortiti- 
cation  and  other  branches  of  military  science. 
The  number  of  inhabitants  e.xclusive  of  the 
military  and  engineer  corps  which  are  alw^ays 
here,  in  1801  was  9S26,  and  in  18 11,  IT, 054. 
Ships  of  any  rate  may  lie  here  with  safety  at 
all  times.  Tbe  tov/n  has  a good  weekly 
market  on  Friday,  for  provisions,  and  is 
eight  miles  e ot  London,  Lon,  0 10  e,  lat. 

15  30  N. 

JVcrcestcr,  a large  and  handsome  city  in 
Wore  stershire,  capital  of  that  county,  plea- 
santly and  cornmodiously  situated  on  the  e 
bank  of  the  Severn.  It  is  a bishop's  see,  and 
besides  the  cathedral  contains  nine  churches, 
and  two  more  without  the  walls  ot  the  city  ; 
also  meeting  houses  for  various  denominations. 
Edgars  tower  is  part  of  its  ancient  castle. 
Here  are  three  grammar  schools,  seven  hos- 
pitals, and  a public  infirmary.  It  is  gover- 
ned by  a mayor,  and  sends  tw’o  members  to 
parliament  who  are  elected  by  the  freemen 
at  large  whether  resident  or  nonresident. 
It  is  a county  of  itself,  is  divided  into  seven 
wards,  and  gives  the  titles  of  marepuis,  earl, 
and  viscount  to  the  duke  ot  Beaufort.  Here, 
in  1651,  Cromwell  gained  a victory  over  the 
Scotch  army,  which  had  marched  into  Eng- 
land to  reinstate  Charles  II.  who,  after  this 
defeat,  escaped  with  difficulty  into  France. 
It  is  well  inhabited,  and  carries  on  a con- 
siderable trade,  in  the  manufacture  of 
woollen  stuffs,  horse  hair,  cloth  and  gloves. 
It  has  also  a manufactory  of  eiegant  china 
w'are.  It  has  a well  contrived  quay.  In 
1801  it  contained  13,671  inhabitants,  and  in 
1811,  13,814.  It  has  weekly  markets  on 
Wednesday,  Friday,  and  Saturday,  the  latter 
chiefly  for  hops,  and  three  annual  fairs,  and 
is  36  miles  nne  of  Bristol,  and  ill  wnw  of 
London.  Lon.  0 w,  lat.  52  10  n. 

Worcester y the  capital  of  Worcester  coun- 
ty, and  the  largest  inland  town  ol  New  Eng- 
land, lies  about  45  miles  w,  of  Boston.  It 
bas  upwards  ot  2000  inliabitauts,  who  have 
a large  inland  trade,  and  mauufac lures  ot 
pot  and  pearl  ash,  cotton,  and  linen  goods, 
and  other  articles.  It  stands  in  a healthy 
vale,  45  miles  w by  s of  Boston.  Lon.  7 1 
55  w,  lat.  42  20  y. 

WORCESTEllSHIRC,  a county  of  Eng- 


W O R 

land,  bounded  on  the  n by  Sliropshire  and 
Staffordshire,  on  the  e point  by  Warwick- 
shire, on  the  sw  by  Herelordshire,  and  on  the 
s by  Gloucestershire;  extending  about  30 
miles  in  length  from  n to  s and  20  in 
breadth.  It  is  divided  imo  seven  hundreds, 
and  contains  one  city,  10  market  towns, 
three  of  wdiich  are  repre.sented  m parliament, 
viz.  Bewdlev,  Evesham,  and  Droitwich,  152 
parishes,  and  in  1801,  139,333  inhabitant.s, 
i and  ill  1811,  160,546.  The  air  is  very  heal- 
j thy,  and  the  soil  in  the  vales  and  meadow's 
! very  rich  producing  corn  and  pasture,  parti- 
I cularly  the  rich  vale  of  Evesham.  The 


Evesham  hilLs,  most  entitled  to  notice  are 
; the  Licky  in  the  n,  the  Bredon  hills  towards 
, the  SE,  and  the  Malvernhills  in  the  svv^ 
i They  feed  large  flocks  of  sheep*  the  wool  of 
I which  is  highly  prized.  In  this  county  were 
two  forests,  which  are  now  nearly  destroyed 
by  the  .salt  and  iron  w'orks.  It  abounds  in 
fruit  of  most  sorts,  particularly  pears,  which 
in  many  places  are  found  growing  in  the  hed- 
ges. The  county  abounds  with  coal.  The 
chief  commodities  of  trade  are  coal,  corn, 
hops,  cloth,  cheese,  cyder,  perry,  and  salt. 

'j  he  principal  rivers  are  the  Severn,  the  Teme, 

* the  Stour  and  Avon.  The  freeholders  who  are 
numerous,  and  as  a body  independent  elect 
two  members  to  represent  them  in  parliament, 

Worcum,  a town  of  Holland,  situated  on 
the  Zuyder  Zee,  with  a harbour,  18  miles 
sw  of  Lewardin. 

pp^orcum,  a town  of  S Holland,  stands  on 
the  s side  of  the  Meuse,  just  below  the  june- 
lion  of  the  Waal,  eight  miles  nnw  of  Hues- 
i den. 

Worden,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Holstein, 
Lowa^r  Saxony,  seated  on  the  Elbe,  10  miles 
NNW'  oiGiuckstadt 

Worden  Grossen,  a towm  in  the  duchy  of 
Bremen,  Lower  Saxony,  10  miles  nnw  of 
I Stade. 

j Wordingborg,  a sea-port  of  Denmark,  on 
; the  s coast  of  the  island  of  Zealand,  from 
I which  there  is  a much  frequented  passage  to 
I the  islands  of  Falster  and  Laiarid.  It  is 
i 46  miles  ssw  of  Copenhagen.  Lon.  11  58  E, 

' lat.  55  3 N. 

' Woringeuy  a town  late  of  the  elect  or  ate 
! of  Cologne,  now  annexed  to  France,  in  the 
i department  of  the  Roer.  It  is  eight  miles 
j Nw  of  Cologne. 

I Workington,  a large,  ancient,  and  popu- 
i lous  tow'n  in  Cumberland,  situated  on  the  s 
j side  of  the  Derwent,  with  a commodious  har- 
I hour,  on  the  coast  of  the  Irish  sea.  The  ri- 
j ver  ad  .its  vessels  of  400  tons  burden.  The 
I town  is  very  irregularly  built.  Ship-bnild- 
j ing,  .sail-cloth,  and  the  muslin  manufactory 
are  conducted  here,  with  large  breweries 
and  much  trade  in  timber.  It  has  long  been 
famous  for  its  thread.  It  has  also  a share 
in  the  Baltic  and  W India  irade.s,  but  the 
coul  trade  is  its  chief  support.  This  town 
has  but  one  church,  but  there  are  meeting- 
houses belonging  to  different  cks3e.s  of  dis- 


W O R 

sinters.  The  population  in  IS61,v/as  6766, 
and  in  I8il,  o*8C7.  Mary  queen  of  Scots, 
lauded  at  (his  port,  when  she  was  driven  to 
lake  relume  in  England,  and  was  hospita1)ly 
entertained  in  Workington-hall,  the  ancient 
seat  of  the  family  of  Curwen,  and  the  room 
m which  she  slept  is  still  called  the  queen’s 
chamber.  About  a mile  distant,  are  the  Sea- 
ton irou-w'orks,  which  are  well  worth  the 
attention  of  strangers.  Near  it  are  exten- 
sive coal  works.  It  has  a weekly  market 
on  Wednesday,  and  two  annual  fairs,  and 

eight  miles  w by  s of  Cockermouth,  and 
502  NNw  of  London.  Lon.  3 35  w,  lat.  64 
d2  N. 

Worksop,  a neat  town  in  Nottinghamshire, 
leland  says  it  was  ancienily  called  Rade- 
fcrd.  On  t_,e  w side  of  the  town  is  a cir- 
cular hill  on  which  formerly  stood  a castle. 
The  gate  of  its  ancient  abbey  still  remains, 
and  also  its  church,  with  two  lofty  towers 
at  the  w end.  The  vicinity  was  formerly 
remarkable  for  the  growing  of  liquorice. 
Near  the  town  is  the  noble  seat  of  the  duke 
of  Norfolk,  the  ancient  struemre  of  which 
■was  burnt  in  1764,  and  two  miles  to  the  se  is 
Clumber  park,  the  seat  of  the  duke  of  New-  I 
oasiie.  The  canal  from  Trent  to  Chester-  | 
field  passes  near  this  pi  ace.  It  has  a week-  j 
ly  market  on  ednesday,  noted  for  the  sale  j 
of  malt,  and  four  annual  fairs,  and  lies  24  * 
miles  .\.of  Nottingham,  and  146  n by  w of  | 
London.  { 

^ Worms,  an  ancient,  large,  and  celebrated  j 
city,  latel}'  an  im])eriai  city  of  Germany,  in 
the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  and  the  capital 
of  a bishopric  of  its  name,  and  its  bishop  a 
sovereign  prince  of  the  empire.  It  is  cele- 
brated for  a diet  held  in  1521,  in  which  Lu- 
ther assis.ed  in  person.  The  principal  Lu-  I 
theran  church  has  a beautiful  altar  and  fine  jj 
paintings.  In  the  war  of  1689,  it  was  taken  Ij 
by  the  French,  and  almost  reduced  to  ashes.  '| 
Here,  in  17^3,  a treaty  was  concluded  be-  j 
tween  Great  Britain,  Hungary,  and  Sardi- 
nia. It  surrendered  to  the  French  in  1792, 
was  evacuated  next  year,  retaken  in  1794, 
but  now  partly  annexed  to  France,  in  the  de- 
t artment  of  Mont  Toimerre,  of  which  it  is  I 
the  capital.  The  magistrates,  and  many  of  I 
140  citizens  are  protesiants  ; but  the  magni- 
'iicent  cathedral  belongs  to  the  Catholics. 

It  is  situated  on  the  Rhine,  20  miles  nw  of 
•Heidelberg,  and  27  ssw  of  Mentz.  Lon.  8 
28  E,  lat.  49  36  n. 

Wcrslaj,  a town  in  Lancashire,  where  is 
the  greatest  manufacture  of  black  lead  pen- 
cils. Herethe  duke  of  Bridgewater’s  canal  for 
conveying  coals  to  Manchester  commeuced 
iu  1769.  It  is  noted  lor  immense  coal 
works.  In  180  I , the  population  was  5062, 
and  in  LSI  I,  6151,  and  is  seven  miles  wnw 
of  Manchester. 

Wars  lead,  or  Worsted,  a town  in  Nor- 
folk, remarkable  for  being  tlie  place  where 
worsteds  were  first  niade^  It  has  likewise 
a manufaciure  of  worsted-  stuffs,  and  of 
stockings  both  knit  and  wove.  It  has  a 


%V  R I 

weekly  market  on  Saturday,  and  an  annual 
fair,  and  is  12  miles  n of  Norwich,  and  121 
NE  of  London. 

Worthinpton,  a post  town  in  Hampshire, 
county,  Massachusetts,  19  miles  w by  n of 
Norlbampton. 

Wuitoii-Basset,  a town  in  Wiltshire,  with 
a weekly  market,  on  Friday.  It  is  of  mean 
appearance,  but  is  a borough  both  by  pre- 
scription and  charter,  governed  by  a mayor, 
two  aldermen,  and  12  capital  burgesses.*'  It 
is  represented  in  parliament  by  tw^  members 
chosen  by  the  inhabitant  householders,  about 
200  in  number.  It  has  three  annnal  fairs, 
30  miles  n of  Salisbury,  and  88  w of  Lon- 
don, 

Wotton  Under  Edge,  a corporate  town  in 
Gloucestershire.  It  is  governed  by  a mayor, 
has  a stately  church,  a free  school,  and  an 
almshouse.  It  has  been  long  famed  for  its 
cloth  manufacture,  one  house  only,  employing 
4000  persons.  It  has  a weekly  market  on 
Friday,  and  an  annual  fair,  and  is  situated 
on  a gentle  declivity  under  fine  hills,  20 
miles  NE  of  Bristol,  and  109  wnw  of  Lon- 
don. 

Wraghy,  a town  in  Lincolnshire.  It  has 
a weekl}^  market,  on  Thursday,  a well  en- 
dowed almshouse,  and  two  annual  fairs, 
and  lies  1 1 miles  ene  of  Lincoln,  and  143 
N of  London. 

Wreldn,  a very  beautiful  hill  or  moun- 
tain, of  gradual  ascent  and  much  of  it  co- 
vered with  wood,  stands  in  a fertile  district 
of  Shropshire,  near  the  Severn.  It  was  a 
famous  Roman  station,  and  is  1320  feet 
above  sea  level.  A common  toast  in  the 
country  is  “ Ail  friends  round  the  Wrekin.’^ 
eight  miles  ese  of  Shrewsbury. 

Wrentham,  a town  in  Norfolk  count)^ 
Alassachusetts,  27  miles  ssw  of  Boston. 

Wrath,  Cape,  a vast  promontory  in  Su- 
therlandshire,  which  forms  the  nw  point  of 
Britain.  Lon.  4 43  w,  lat.  58  35  n. 

Wrexham,  a town  in  Denbighshire,  the 
most  populous  one  in  the  county,  and  indeed 
in  all  North  ^¥ales.  It  is  a place  of  consi- 
derable traffic,  and  noted  for  its  llannels, 
and  an  annual  fair  in  March  which  lasts 
nine  days,  and  is  attended  by  manufacturers 
and  dealers  from  Ireland,  and  many  great 
towns  in  England.  It  has  the  language  and 
appearance  of  an  English  town.  It  has  a 
large  church  with  a lofty  steeple,  and 
two  large  meeting-houses.  In  1801  the  po- 
pulation was  4039,  and  in  1811,  4524.  It 
has  a cannon  foundery,  with  manufactories 
of  military  instruments  in  its  vicinity.  It 
hct.s  weekly  markets  on  Monday,  and  Thurs- 
day, and  four  annual  fairs  ; and  is  seated  on 
a branch  of  the  river  Dee,  13  miles  w by 
s of  Cbestor,  and  188  nw  of  London.  Lon, 

3 10  w,  lat.  53  2 N. 

tVreieze?},,  or  llrictzcn,  a town  in  the  Mid- 
le  JHark,  Brandenburg,  seated  on  a lake 
ormed  by  the  inundations  of  the  Oder,  37 
aiies  ENE  of  Berlin. 

/Eri/Han;  a town  in  Sonaersetshire,  sitiia- 


1 


W U R 

ted  among  the  Mendip  hills.  It  scarcely 
contains  1000  inhabitants.  In  the  vicinity 
are  the  most  noted  mines  for  calamine. 
Much  teasel  is  produced  here,  and  sold  to 
the  cloth  manufacturers.  The  celebrated 
John  Locke  was  born  here  in  a house  on  the 
N side  of  the  church-yard.  The  town  has  a 
weekly  market  on  Tuesday,  and  an  annual 
fair.  It  stands  near  the  source  of  the  \eo, 


nine  miles  N of  Wells,  and  125  w of  Lou- 
don. . , 

Wrathamy  a town  in  Kent,  with  a mar- 
ket on  Tuesday.  The  church  is  large,  and 
contains  16  stalls,  and  the  archbishops  o. 
Canterbury  formerly  had  a palace  here.  It 
has  a fair  April  23d,  and  is  11  miles  wnw  of 
Maidstone,  and  24  miles  se  of  London. 

fVroxetery  a town  m Shropshire,  on  tbe 
banks  of  the  Severn,  five  miles  se  of  Shrews- 
bury, said  to  have  been  a city  built  by  the 
Britons,  three  miles  in  circuit,  surrounded  by 
a,  thick  wall,  and  a deep  trench,  of  which 
there  are  vestiges  in  several  places.  At  low 
water  traces  ot  bridge  are  disceruable. 

fVulpity  or  JVoolpit,  a town  in  Suffolk, 
noted  lor  making  white  bricks.  It  is  situa- 
ted n miles  Nw  of  Ipswich. 

Wunsiedel,  a town  of  Franconia,  m the 
territory  of  Bayreuth,  seated  on  the  Rosslau. 
In  the  vicinity  are  iron  and  copper  mines, 
and  marble  quarries.  It  is  12  miles  w of 
Egra,  and  34  E of  Bayreuth.  . . . 

fVunnenberg,  a town  in  the  principality  ot 
Paderborn,  Westphalia,  took  its  name  from 
a victory  gained  by  Charlemagne  over  the 
Saxons  in  974.  It  is  14  miles  s of  Pader- 

born.  . 

Wunschelhurgy  a town  in  the  county  ot 
Glatz,  Silesia,  has  a good  trade  in  yarn,  10 
miles  wxw  of  Glatz. 

fVunsdorfy  a town  in  tbe  principality  ot 
Calenburg,  Lower  Saxony,  10  miles  wnw  of 
Hanover. 

WurtenJburg,  See  Wirtemburg. 
Wurtzburgy  a late  bishopric  and  modern 
arch  duchy  of  Franconia.  It  is  about  65 
miles  long  and  50  broad,  and  divided  into  50 
bailiwics,  bounded  on  tbe  N by  Henneberg, 
E by  Bamberg,  s by  Anspacht,  HoMenlohe, 
and  Margentheim,  and  w by  Werthiim, 
Mentz,  and  Fulda.  The  soil  is  very  fertile, 
producing  pleuty  of  corn  and  wine.  Tbe  ter- 
ritories of  the  archduke  comprehend  above 
400  towns  and  villages,  of  which  he  is  sove- 
reign, he  is  brother  of  the  emperor  of  Austria, 
and  was  formerly  the  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany 
While  it  was  a bishopric,  its  sovereign  was 
one  of  the  greatest  ecclesiastical  princes  ol 
the  empire.  In  1803,  it  was  given  as  a prinh 
cipality  to  tbe  elector  of  Bavaria,  and  in  1805  , 
by  the  treaty  or  Presburg,  it  was  ceded  to 
the  archduke  Ferdinand,  in  lieu  of  Salzburg. 

fVurtzburgy  a large  and  handsome  city, 
the  capital  of  the  archbishopric  of  the  same 
name.  Here  are  a magnificent  palace, 
au  arsenal,  an  university,  and  a hand- 
some hospital.  The  fortress  is  seated  on  an 
«mitiencC)  and  comnati^tcatos  witll 


WYE 

by  a stone  bridge.  It  contains  the  late  epis- 
copal palace,  and  a church,  supposed  to  be 
the  oldest  in  Franconia.  Besides  the  cathe- 
dral, are  several  collegiate  and  parish  chur- 
ches, colleges,  abbeys,  and  convents.  It  has 
a cannon  and  bell  foundery  ; also  manufac- 
tures of  cloth  and  stuff,  established  in  the 
house  of  correction.  In  1796,  this  city  was^ 
taken  by  the  French,  and  soon  after  retaken, 
but  they  became  masters  of  it  again  in  1800. 
It  is  situated  in  the  river  Maine,  40  milos 


sw  of  Bamberg,  and  60  ese  of  Frankfort. 
Lon.  10  14  E,  lat,  49  46  n. 

fVurzachy  a town  in  the  county  of  Wald- 
burg,  Swabia  has  a castle,  and  stands  on  tho 
Aitrach,  17  miles  n of  Wangen,  and  28  s by 
w of  Ulm. 

WurtzeUy  a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Misnia,  with  a castle.  Being  formerly  a 
bishop^s  see,  it  has  a cathedral  and  two  chur- 
ches. It  has  a great  trade  in  beer,  and  h^ 
fine  bleaching  grounds  for  linen.  It  is  si*- 
tuated  on  the  Muldau,  15  miles  e of  LeipsiCi 
and  44  wnw  of  Dresden. 

fVtisterhaussnj  a town  in  the  Middle 
Mark,  Brandenburg,  on  the  Spree,  15  miles 
ssE  of  Berlin.— Another  on  the  Dosse,  IT 
miles  ENE  of  Havelberg,  and  44  nw  of  Ber- 
lin. 

Wustrauy  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Lune- 
burg.  Lower  Saxony,  stands  at  the  junctioa 
of  the  Durame  and  Jetze,  14  miles  s of  Dan- 
neberg. 

Wgcky  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Lower  Meuse,  situated  on  the  Meuse,  oppo- 
site to  Maestricht.  Lon.  5 41  e,  lat.  50 
52  N.  ^ . 

Wgek  de  Duerstadt,  a town  of  HoUand, 
in  the  late  republican  department  of  the 
Rhine,  five  miles  from  Rhenen,  and  1 1 from 
Utrecht. 

fVycomhy  See  Chipping  fVyccmb.  It 
is  situated  on  the  Wyck.  Between  this  and 
Marlow  are  many  corn  and  paper  mills,  12 
miles  SSE  of  Aylesbury,  and  31  wnw  of  Lou- 
don. 

JVyey  a town  in  Kent,  whose  market  is 
now  disused,  stands  on  the  Stour,  10  miles 
ssw  of  Canterbury,  and  55  se  of  Loudon. 

yVye,  or  Fe,  a river  of  Holland,  or  ratheic 
an  arm  of  the  Zuider  Zee,  out  of  which 
vessels  go,  by  the  river  Spar,  into  the  lake 
of  Haerlem. 

tVyey  a river  that  rises  on  the  s side  ot 
Plinlimmon,  in  the  s part  ot  Montgomery- 
shire, near  the  source  of  the  Severn.  It 
crosses  the  ne  corner  of  Radnorshire,  by 
Rehyadergoury,  where  is  a fine  cataract, 
and  flowing  between  this  county  and  Breck- 
nockshire, it  enters  Herefordshire,  passing 
by  Hay  to  Hereford,  a few  miles  below 
which  it  receives  the  Lug,  then  running  by 
Ross  and  Monmouth,  separating  the  coim- 
lies  ot  Monmouth  and  Gioucesier,  it  enters 
the  Severn  below  Chepsiow.  It  is  navigable 
almost  to  Hay,  and  a canal  from  Heretord 
to  Gloucester  forms  a commujaioatioa  be- 
ween  Wye  aikl  Sevem, 
t 


X A T 

Wymondham,  a town  in  Norfolk,  with  a 
market  on  Friday.  It  has  a manufacture  of 
small  wooden  ware,  and  a free  school 
founded  by  queen  Elisabeth.  The  church  is 
part  of  an  ancient  abbey,  and  on  its  lofty 
steeple  was  hanged  Ket  the  rebel,  in  the 
reign  of  Edward  VI.  nine  miles  wsw  of 
Norwich,  and  100  nne  of  London. 

Wyl.  See  WeiL 

IVynendale,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Lys,  12  miles  se  of  Ostend. 

Wyre,  a river  in  Lancashire,  which  enters 
the  Irish  sea  below  Poulton.  The  mouth  of 
this  river  is  about  nine  miles  w of  Garstrang, 
and  12  sw  of  Lancaster. 


X 


a sea-port  in  Valencia,  Spain, 
near  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean, 
44  miles  ke  of  Alicant.  Lon.  0 3 e,  lat. 
38  48  N. 

Xacea,  or  Saaeca^  a town  of  Sicily,  in 
the  valley  of  Mazara,  with  a harbour,  and 
an  old  castle.  Here  are  manutactures  of 
beautiful  vases,  and  extensive  granaries  for 
corn,  which  with  barille  and  sulphur  form 
the  principal  exports.  Near  it  are  celebra- 
ted hot  baths.  It  is  situated  on  the  e coast, 
at  the  foot  of  a mountain,  30  miles  se  of 
Mazara,  and  38  ssw  of  Palermo. 

Xaguuy  a sea-port  on  the  se  coast  of  the 
island  of  Cuba,  and  one  of  the  finest  in  the 
West  Indies,  situated  on  a bay  15  miles  in 
circuit,  surrounded  by  mountains,  84  miles 
SE  of  Havana.  Lou.  80  45  w,  lat.  32 
10  N. 

Xalapa,  a town  in  the  province  of  TlaS' 
cala.  New  Spain.  It  is  60  miles  e of  An- 
gelos. 

Xaltsco,  a town  of  New  Spain,  in  the 
province  of  Guadalaxara.  It  gives  name  to 
a district,  and  lies  14  miles  nw  of  Compos- 
tella,  the  capital  of  the  district. 

XALI8CO,  a province  of  New'  Spain, 

• extending  about  150  miles  each  way.  It 
has  silver  mines,  and  abounds  in  Indian 
wheat.  Tbe  capital  is  of  the  same  name, 
and  is  a bishop^s  see.  The  wealthiest  mer- 
chants of  Vera  Cruz  have  houses  here,  in 
which  they  enjoy  a cool  retreat,  while  the 
extreme  heat  renders  the  coast  almost  unin- 
habitable. It  stands  at  the  loot  of  a basal- 
tic mountain  in  a very  romantic  situation. 
The  population  is  estimated  at  13,000.  It 
is  50  miles  wsw  .of  Vera  Cruz,  and  130  w 
by  N of  Guadalajara.  Lon.  96  55  w,  lat. 
19  30  N.  But  the  most  considerable  place 
is  Compostella. 

Xarayes,  a large  lake  of  Paraguay,  South 
America,  formed  by  the  river  Paraguay,  in 
its  course  from  n to  s.  , 

Xalim,  or  St  Philip^  formerly  a floufi- 
shiug  towa  iu  Valeacia,  Spain,  staucls  ou 

r.. 


X I M 

i the  sideof  a hill,  by  the  river  Xucar,  and  has 
a handsome  church,  and  several  fine  foun- 
mins.  Having  taken  part  wuth  Charles  IIL 
in  1707,  Philip  V.  ordered  it  to  be  razed,  and 
a new  town  to  be  built  called  St  Philip,  32 
miles  sw  of  Valencia,  and  50  nw  of  Alicant. 
Lon.  0 14  w,  lat.  39  4 n. 

Xavier,  a town  in  Navarre,  Spain,  the 
binh-placeof  tbe  famous  Romish  missionary 
of  that  name ; 35  miles  se  of  Pamplona. 

Xavier,  or  Sabi,  a town  in  Guinea,  capital 
of  the  kingdom  of  Whidah.  A great  market 
for  slaves  of  both  sexes,  oxen,  sheep,  dogs, 
hogs,  fish,  birds,  various  commodities  of  home 
manufacture,  and  every  thing  of  European, 
African  or  Asiatic,  produce,  is  held  every 
Wednesday  and  Saturday,  about  a mile 
from  the  town.  Xavier  is  populous,  and 
stands  near  the  river  Eupnraies,  about  seven 
miles  from  the  sea.  Lou.  2 30  e,  lat  6 
40  N. 

Xavier,  St,  a town  of  South  America,  in 
tbe  province  of  La  Plata,  200  miles  w of 
Janeiro.  Lon.  50  6 w,  lat.  24  0 s. 

Xauocas  a town  of  Peru,  seated  in  a fertile 
country,  on  a river  of  its  name,  celebrated 
for  its  silver  mines,  100  miles  e of  Lima. 

Xenil,  a river  which  has  its  source  in  the 
E part  of  Granada,  Spain,  and  flowing  by 
Granada,  Loxa,  and  Ecija,  falls  into  the 
Guadalquiver. 

Xeres,  a town  in  the  province  of  Nicara- 
gua, New  Spain,  stands  ou  a river  that  falls 
into  Fonseca  bay,  70  miles  nw  of  Leon. 
Lon.  88  20  w,  lat.  13  24  n. 

Xeres  de  Badajoz,  a considerable  town 
in  Estremadura,  Spain,  10  miles  s of 
Badajos. 

Xeres  de  Guadiana,  a town  in  Andalusia, 
Spain,  18  miles  n by  w of  Ayamonte. 

Xeres  de,  le  Frontera,  a handsome  and 
considerable  towm  of  Spain,  in  the  diocese 
of  Seville,  in  Andalusia,  seated  on  a rivulet, 
which  soon  joins  the  Guadalete,  and  is  cele- 
brated for  the  wine  called  Sherry.  It  is 
15  miles  ne  of  Cadiz,  and  38  ssw  of  Se- 
ville. 

Xeres  de  los  Caballeros,  a town  in  Estre- 
madura, stands  near  the  Ardila,  38  miles  s 
of  Badajoz. 

Xeres  de  la  Frontera,  a town  in  the 
southermost  part  of  Zacatecas,  a province 
of  Guadalaxara  audience,  New  Spain,  80 
miles  N by  e of  Guadalaxara.”  Lon.  103 
50  w,  lat.  22  22  n. 

Xerica,  a town  in  Valencia,  Spain,  seated 
on  the  Morviedo,  at  the  foot  of  a mountain, 
on  which  are  the  remains  of  an  ancient 
castle,  15  miles  nw  of  Segorbe. 

Xeriimenha,a.  town  in  Alentejo,  Portugal, 
18  miles  sw  of  Badajoz,  and  36  e of  Evora. 

XICOCO,  an  island  of  Asia,  in  Japan, 
lying  between  Niphon  and  Xlmo,  about  250 
miles  iu  circumference. 

Xicona,  a town  of  Valencia,  in  Segura, 

15  miles  sw  of  Alicant. 

Ximena,  a town  in  Andalusia,  Spain, 
stands  on  the  side  of  a steep  rock,  near  the 


Y A N 

Guaaiaro,  and  has  a foundery 

nons  and  balls ; 18  miles  nsw  of  Gibialtar. 

XIMO,  an  island  of  Japan,  and  the  second 
in  size  and  eminence,  to  the  sw  of  Xipnon, 
from  which  it  is  divided  by  a narrow  ohan- 
oel.  It  is  450  miles  in  circumlerence. 

a town  in  Valencia,  bpaiii,  stands 
amid  mountains,  in  a couniry  tbai  produces 
wine,  ’and  the  valnable  lueuicme 
called  Kermes  ; lo  miles  N of  Alio<.iit. 

Xncar,  a river  which  rises  in  t.ie  part 
of  New  Castile, 

entering  the  province  of  Valencid,  lalls 
into  tlm  gulf  of  Valencia,  at  the  town  of 

^“xudnogrod,  a town  of  Turkish  Crotia,  It 
miles  N of  Sebenico,  and  37  e of  Nzara. 


YABAQUE,  one  of  the  Lucayos  or  Ba- 
hama islands,  situated  w of  Meguana 

island.  Lat„  22  30  N.  x f ir 

Yackta,  a fort  in  the  government  ot  Ir- 
kutsk, Russia,  stands  on  the  frontiers  oi 
Chinese  Tartary,  48  miles  ssw  t)f  Sekngins  r. 

Yadkin,  a considerable  river  of  N Caroli- 
na. See  Pedee,  . 

Yago,  St,  of  St  Jamc.?,.  an  ancient  town 
on  the  N side  of  the  island  of  Hispaniola.  It 
is  52  leagues  n of  the  city  of 
The  territory  of  St  A'ago  contains  28,000 
souls,  and  abounds  in  mines. 

Yaik.  See  Ural. 

Yaitsk.  See  Uralsk.  , ^ . 

Yakobstadt,  a town  of  Courland,  stands 
on  the  Dwina,  75  miles  ese  of  Mittau. 

Yakoubovo,  a town  in  the  government  oi 
Polotsk,  Russia,  with  a castle.  Here  in 
1812,  the  French  were  defeated  by  the  Rus- 
sians in  a battle  that  continued  three  days ; 
26  miles  n by  w of  Polotsk. 

YAKUTSK,  or  Jakutskoi,  a province 
and  its  capital,  in  the  Russian  governnient 
of  Irkutsk,  with  a wooden  lort.  The 
latter  is  situated  on  the  Lena,  960  miles  ne 
of  Irkutsk.  Lon.  129  58  e,  lat.  62  5 n. 

Yale,  a town  in  the  island  of  Ceylon,  ca- 
pital of  a province  of  the  same  name,  56 
miles  SE  of  Candy. 

Yamlio,  a town  of  Asia,  in  xArabia.  Lorn 
40  10  E,  lat.  23  40  N.  ’ 

Yamhurg,  a town  in  the  government  ot 
Petersburg,  Russia,  seated  on  the  Luga,  20 
miles  E of  Narva. 

Yamina,  a.  town  in  Bambara,  Negroland, 
seated  near  the  Niger,  66  miles. sw  ot 
Sego. 

Yang-tcheou,  a city  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Kiang  nan,  China,  seated  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Kian-ku,  where  the  Im- 
}>erial  canal  crosses  that  river.  The  sur- 
lounding  country  is  intersected  by  a number 
pf  canalfi ; and  it  has  a great  trade  in  salt. 


Y A R 

which  is  made  on  the  sea  coai?t  of  this  juris-^ 
diction,  485  miles  s by  e of  Peking.  Lon* 

118  54  E,  lat.  32  26  N. 

Yang  Tse,  a great  river  of  China,  wnicti 
rises  in  the  province  of  A^iman  and  alter  a 
course  of  400  leagues,  enters  the  Eastern 
ocean  opposite  the  island  of  Tsong-meng. 

Yao-gan,  a city  of  (he  first  rank,  in  the 
province  of  Yiin-nan,  China,  seated  in  a 
territory  consisting  of  mom.iains,  fine  forests, 
and  fertile  valleys,  which  abound  in  musk. 

In  the  vicinity  is  a salt  spring,  trom  which 
is  made  very  white  salt ; 100  miles  w by  n 
of  Yun-nan.  Lon.  100  45  e,  lat,  25  12  n. 

Yao^tcheu,  a city  of  the  first  rank,  m 
Kiang-si,  China,  w side  of  the  lake  Poyang, 
TOO  miles  s of  Peking.  Lon.  1 16  40  e,  lat. 

29  8 N.  .r  . 1 U.  4 

Yarbvrgh,  a town  m Lincolnshire,  two 
miles  w of  Thornton.  - ^ ^ 

Yare,  a river  in  Norfolk,  formed  by  the 
confluence  of  several  streams  It  passes 
by  Norwich,  whence  it  is  navigable  to  Yar- 
mouth, below  which  it  falls  into  the  Ger- 
man Ocean.  . « , a 

Yari,  a town  in  Amazonia,  Soutn  Ameri- 
ca, at  the  head  of  a branch  of  the  Amazon 
river,  sw  of  Macapa. 

Y ark  an,  or  Irkeu,  a town  in  the  country 
of  Cashgur,  Tartary,  seated  in  a fertile  coun- 
try, on  a river  of  its  name.  Here  is  a palace 
where  the  Khan  of  the  Eluth  Tartars  gene- 
rally resides,  100  miles  se  of  Cashgur.  Lon. 
79  4 E,  lat.  38  40  n.  . t 

i Yarm,  a towm  in  the  N Riding  of  York- 
! shire,  seated  on  the  Tees,  with  a market  on 
1 Thursday,  and  has  a good  trade  in  com  and 
! lead  ; 17  miles  n by  e ©f  Northallerton,  and 
309  N by  w of  London. 

Yarmouth,  a town  in  Norfolk,  situated 
on  the  Yare.  It  has  been  long  known  as 
one  of.  the 'principal  sea  ports  of  England* 
The  Quay,  which  extends  more  than  1000 
vards  along  the  river,  is  said  to  surpass  an\ 
other  in  Europe,  except  that  of  Seville  in 
Spain.  On  the  quay  stand  the  custom-house, 
the  town- hall,  and  some  merchants'  houses, 
resembling  palaces.  Here  are  tw’o  churches, 
a theatre,  an  assembly  room,  a spacious 
bowling  green,  and  a bathing  room  fitted  up 
with  every  convenience.  Here  is  also  an 
hospital,  and  twm  charity  schools,  in 
about  70  children  of  both  sexes  are  clothed 
and  taught.  Its  foreign  trade  is  chiefly  to 
the  Baltic,  Portugal,  and  the  Mediterranean. 
It  also  .sends  ships  to  (he  Greenland  fishery. 
It  has  a great  trade  in  the  maekeril  and 
herring  fisheries.  Yarmouth  is  much  ^re- 
qiienteti  as  a place  for  sea-bathing,  ihe 
streets,  in  general,  are  very  narrow.  In 
18M,  the  inhabitants  amounted  to  17,y<7. 
A lofty  steeple  here  serves  as  a land-mark 
for  mariners.  Off  the  mouth  ol  the  harbour 
is  a bar,  and  the  many  sand  bunks  at  some 
distance  off  the  const,  form  the  \armoutb 
roads,  so  note.l  for  frequent  shipwrecks. 
Yarmouth  is  a borough  town,  governed  by  a 
mf^vor,  IT  aldermen,  a recorder,  aud  36 
’ 3 0 2 


y A N 

common  conaeilmen,  who  hold  a court  of 
record,  in  which  civil  causes  to  any  extent 
are  tried,  and  a court  of  admirality,  and 
sends  two  members  to  parliament.  It  has 
weekly  markets  ou  Wednesday  and  Satur- 
day, and  an  annual  fair ; and  is  23  miles  e 
of  Norwich,  and  124  ne  of  London.  Lon.  1 
45  E,  lat.  5Z  6S  n. 

Yarmouth,  a town  in  the  Nw  part  of  the 
isle  of  Wij^ht,  on  the  sea  shore,  with  a forti- 
fied castle  and  convenient  quay,  and  stands 
at  the  mouth  otf  the  Yar.  It  is  governed  by 
a mayor  and  the  free  burgesses,  who  elect 
two  members  to  parliament.  It  has  a week- 
ly market  on  Friday,  and  an  annual  fair ; 
and  is  10  miles  w of  Newport. 

Yarmouth,  a sea  port  of  Massachusetts, 
in  Barnstable  county,  stands  on  the  n side 
of  the  Peninsula  of  Cape  Cod,  five  miles  I 
NKw  of  Barnstable.  Lon.  TO  12  w,  lat.  41  i 
SZ  N. 

Yaroslaf,  Se.e  JaroslauL  j 

Yarrowy  a mountainous  parish  in  Selkirk-  I 
shire,  about  18  miles  long,  and  16  broad,  I 
where  broadest.  The  arable  soil,  which  lies  ! 
chiefly  in  the  valleys,  and  on  the  sides  of  the 
hills,  varies  in  qualit}^,  but  is  in  general  well 
adapted  for  culture,  although  rearing  of 
sheep  is  the  principal  branch  of  husbandry. 
Though  this  parish  formed  once  a consider- 
able part  of  the  forest  of  Ettrick,  it  is  now, 
except  a few  lately  formed  plantations,  en- 
tirely destitute  of  wood.  Manj  Scot  the 
Flower  of  Yarrow,  celebrated  for  her  beau- 
ty, was  the  daughter  of  Mr  Scot  of  Dryhope, 
in  this  parish,  and  was  married  to  Mr  Scot 
of  Harden.  Her  daughter  married  Gilbert 
Elliot  of  Stob’s,  ancestor  of  the  late  gallant 
lord  Heatbfieid,  and  of  lord  Minto.  In  the 
parish  are  several  ancient  castles.  It  is  in- 
tersected by  the  rivers  Ettrick  and  Yarrow, 
and  watered  by  St  Mary^s  Loch,  and  the  1 
Loch  of  the  Lows.  Population  is  about  1216.  ^ 

Yarum,  See  Yarm.  1 

Yaruki,  a village  in  the  kingdom  of  \ 
Qiiito,  near  a plain  of  the  same  name,  which  j 
plain  was  choseu  by  Ulloa  and  the  French  j 
mathematicians,  as  the  base  of  the  opera-  j 
tions  for  measuring  an  arch  of  the  meridan,  I 
12  miles  ne  of  Quito.  | 

Yaxley,  ix  neat  town,  in  Huntingdonshire,  | 
near  the  river  Nen,  on  the  road  to  Peter-  j 
borough,  with  a nmrket  on  Tuesday.  It  is  { 
in  general  well  built,  and  has  a handsome 
Gothic  church  with  a lofty  spire.  Barracks 
and  a prison  house  have  been  erected  here 
on  a very  liberal  and  excdlent  plan,  for  the 
security  of  French  prisoners.  Yaxley  stands 
on  un  eminence  near  Wittleseymerc,  three 
miles  s of  Peterborough,  14  n of  Hunting- 
don, and  T8  n of  London. 

Yanan-gheoum,  a town  of  Birmnh,  cele- 
brated for  supplying  the  whole  empire,  and 
other  parts  of  India,  with  genuine  petroleum. 
The  manufacture  of  jars  to  hold  the  oil  em- 
ploys the  inhabitants.  It  stands  on  a creek 
of  the  Irawaddy,  28  miles  s by  e of  Siloah 
xnew.  I 


YEN 

league,  a city  of  New  Grenada, 
Firma,  South  America. 


in  Terr© 


Ydsted.  See  Ystad, 

Ye,  See  Wye. 

Yea,  a town  in  the  audience  of  Lima, 
Peru,  stands  in  a valley  watered  by  a river 
and  has  a trade  in  wine,  brandy,  and  glass  \ 
50  miles  ese  of  Pisco,  and  170  sse  of 
Lima. 

Veavering^Bell,  a beautiful  mountain,  one^ 
of  the  chain  called  Cheviot  hills,  of  a conical 
form  at  the  top,  and  about  2,000  feet  high, 
hrom  the  remains  of  several  enclosures,  and- 
the  impressions  of  fire  still  discernible,  it  is^ 
supposed  that  this  mountain,  in  a particular 
manner,  was  consecrated  by  the  Druids,  to 
Bel,  their  gpd  of  fire.  Not  far  from  its  base 
IS  a rude  stone  pillar,  14  feet  high,  erected 
to  commemorate  a victory  obtained  by  the 
.English  over  the  Scots,  ou  July  22d,  1415. 

YELL,  or  Zell,  one  of  the  most  norther- 
ly of  the  Shetland  isles,  is  about  20  miles 
long,  and  12  broad,  it  contains  several 
lakes.  The  coast  is  bold  and  rocky,  inter* 
sected  by  several  harbours  ; particularly, 
Hamma-voe,  Burra-voe,  and  Mid-Yell-voe. 
The  only  arable  land  is  on  the  coast,  the 
interior  affording  a coarse  pasture  for  sheep. 
It  IS  nominally  divided  into  the  followinff 
parishes;  viz. 


Yell,  North,  or  Yell  and  Fetlar,  which 
contain  about  1389  inhabitants. 

F ell,  Mid  and  South,  now  united,  which 
contained  15T6  inhabitants,  who  are  employ- 
ed both  in  farming  and  fishing,  and  the 
women  spin  and  knit  stockings. 

Yellow  River.  See  Hoang-ho. 

Yellow  See,  or  Leao-tong,  a,  gulf  of  China, 
situated  between  the.  provinces  of  Petcheli 
and  Chang-tong  on  the  w side,  and  the  Pen- 
insula of  Cosea  on  the  e. 

Yellowstone  River.  See  Roch^aune. 

YEMEN,  a province  of  Arabia  Felix, 
comprehending  the  most  fertile  part  of  Arabia, 
lying  on  the  coast  of  the  Red  Sea  and  Indian 
Ocean.  The  principal  grain  is  millet,  but 
coffee  is  most  cultivated,  which  is  all  sent 
to  Beit  el  Faki.  Mocha  is  the  emporium, 
but  Sana  is  the  capital. 

Yenikale,  a town  and  fortress  on  the  strait 
of  Taman,  Crimea.  The  latter  is  seated  ©n 
some  high  cliffs  e of  the  town,  and  com- 
mands the  passage  between  the  sea  of  A.soph 
and  the  Black  sea.  The  vicinity  abounds  in 
antiquities  ; 56  miles  e by  n of  Caff^.  Lon. 
36  22  E,  lat.  45  12  n. 


Yenisei,  or  Jenisa,  a large  river  of  Siberia, 
which  flows  from  s to  \,  and  falls  into 
the  Frozen  Ocean,  to  the  e of  the  bay 
of  Oby. 


Yeniseisk,  a large  and  populous  town  of 
Siberia,  in  the  Russian  government  of  T«- 
bolsk,  and  province  of  Tomsk,  on  the  river 
Yenisei,  310  miles  ene  of  Tomsk.  Lon, 
92  35  E,  lat.  56  47  n. 


Yenne,  a town  of  Savoy,  seated  near  the 
Rhone,  13  miles  nw  of  Chambery. 

Yen-ngan,  a city  of  the  v first  rank,  ia 


¥ 


« 


YES 


Cheusi,  China,  on  the  Yen,  390  miles  sw  of 
Peking.  Lon.  108  50  E,lat.  36  44  n. 

Yeii-ping,  a city  of  ihe  iVfst  rank,  in  Fo- 
kien,  China,  stands  on  the  brov/  of  a moun- 
tain, by  the  Minho,  820  miles  s of  Peking. 

Lon.  116  54  e,  lat.  26  40  n. 

Yen-tcheouy  a city  of  the  first  rank,  m 
Chan-tong,  China,  stands  in  a fertile  district 
between  two  rivers.  The  mountains  are 
covered  with  wood  ; 270  miles  s of  Peking. 

Lon.  1 16  36  E,  lat.  35  44  n. 

Yen-tcheouy  a city  of  the  first  rank,  in 
Tche  kiang,  China.  In  the  vicinity  are  trees 
that  yield  an  excellent  varnish,  which  when 
once  dried  does  not  melt,  and  will  even  stand 
boiling  in  water.  Here  are  aho  copper 
mines;  650  miles  ese  of  Peking.  Lon.  119 
14  E,  lat.  29  38  n. 

Yen-tching,  a town  of  China,  in  Chan- 
tong.  Here  a kind  of  glass  is  made  that 
will  not  endure  the  inclemencies  of  the 
air,  45  miles  se  of  Tsi-nan. 

Yeovil y a town  in  Somersetshire,  situated 
near  the  river  Yeo.  It  is  a corporate  town, 
but  does  not  send  representatives  to  parlia- 
ment. Its  manufacture  of  gloves  employs 
some  thousand  persons.  It  had  formerly  a 
woollen  manufactory;  and  it  now  makes 
gome  of  the  best  sail-cloth  in  England.  It 
has  a considerable  weekly  market  on  Friday 
tor  hemp,  flax,  and  provisions,  and  two  an- 
nual fairs.  It  is  governed  by  a portreeve, 
chosen  annual  y out  ol  12  capital  burgesses. 
Here  is  a charity  school  for  30  boys. 
Yeovil  is  situated  20  miles  s of  Wells,  and 
123  w by  s of  London.  Lon.  2 37  w,  lat. 

50  55  N. 

Yesdy  a town  of  Persia,  in  Irac  Agemi. 

It  has  a silk  manufactory,  and  the  inhabi- 
tants make  tine  carpets  and  porcelain,  and 
is  a place  of  considerable  trade.  The  inha- 
bitants (of  whom  15,000  are  guebres  or  wor- 
shippers of  the  fire)  are  estimated  at  90,000. 

" Both  corn  and  cattle  are  scarce.  It  stands 
an  a sandy  desert  contiguous  to  a range  of 
mountains.  It  is  200  miles  E of  Ispahan. 
Lon.  56  50  e,  lat.  32  0 n. 

Yesdikharty  a town  in  Farsistan,  Persia, 
stands  on  a rocky  eminence,  on  the  borders 
of  Irac- Agemi,  75  miles  sse  of  Ispahan,  and 
130  N by  w of  Shiras. 

Yester,  a parish  in  East  TyOthian,  about 
three  miles  long,  and  two  bread.  The  sur- 
face is  mostly  level,  wiih  a fertile  but  rather 
shallow  soil.  The  village  of  Gifford,  is  a 
borough  of  barony,  containing  about  400  in- 
habitants. In  the  vicinity  of  the  village  is 
Yester  house,  the  seat  of  the  marquis  of 
Tweedale,  who  has  the  title  of  earl  of  Gif- 
ford. It  is  surrounded  with  fine  plantations,  j. 
About  a niile  distant  are  the  ruins  of  the  ' 
ancient  noble  castle  of  Yester,  of  which  a 
large  subterraneous  apartment  remains  en- 
tire. This  castle  anciently  belonged  to  a 
family  of  the  name  of  Gifford.  Near  the  | 
village  is  a bleachfield.  Gifford  has  two  * 


Y O R 

Yctholmy  or  Zctliolm,  a parish  in  Rox- 
j bnrghshire,  about  four  miles  and  a-half 
' long,  aud  two  broad,  lying  contiguous  to 
England  on  the  se,  and  divided  nearly  into 
two  equal  parts  by  the  river  Bowmont.  Tho 
suTlace  is  hilly,  but  the  hills  ufford  excel- 


lent pasture,  for  about  5,000  sheep  of  tho 
largest  Cheviot  breed.  The  soil  of  ihs 
arable  land  is  good,  and  produces  early 
crops.  In  the  parish  are  two  villages,  Kirk- 
Yetholm  on  the  s banks  of  the  Bowmont, 
and  Town- Yetholm  on  the  n banks  of  that 
river.  At  the  former  are  fairs,  June  27th 
for  black  cattle  and  sheep,  October  24th, 
and  a fair  for  wool,  &c.  at  Town-Yethoim, 
July  4th.  Kirk- Yetholm  has,  from  time  im- 
memorial been  noted  as  the  residence  of 
gypsies  and  tinkers.  Both  villages  contaia 
about  800  souls.  Population  of  the  parish 
is  about  1011.  It  is  seven  miles  s by  E of 
Kelso. 

Ye%d,  See.  Yesd. 

Yich-Kennishy  a small  island  of  th« 
Hebrides,  lying  between  North  Uist  ant! 
Benbecuia. 

17a.  See  hlay. 

Yloy  or  Hiloy  a town  of  Peru,  in  Los 
Charcos,  inhabited  by  Indians.  It  has  a 
harbour  within  a mile  of  it,  70  miles  nnw 
of  Arica.  Loo.  71  13  w’,  lat.  17  36  s. 

Yonkers y a post  town  of  New  York,  in 
V/est  Chester  county,  seated  on  the  river 
Hudson,  17  miles  nne  of  New’  York,  and 
114  from  Philadelphia. 

YONNE,  a department  of  France,  in- 
; eluding  part  of  the  late  province  of  Burgun- 
I dy,  has  its  name  from  a river,  which  has  its 
source  in  the  department  of  Nievre,  passes 
by  Cheteau-Chinon,  Clameci,  Auxerre,  Joig- 
; uy,  and  Sens,  and  unites  with  the  .Seine  at 
Montereau.  Auxerre  is  the  capital. 

YORIMAN,  a province  of  South  America, 
' in  Guiana,  150  miles  in  length,  on  the  river 
Amazon.  The' natives  are  robust  and  ac- 


anuual  fairs  for  sheep,  &c. 
the  parish  is  about  920* 


Population  oi 


tive,  and  both  sexes  go  naked. 

York^  an  ancient  city  in  Yorkshire,  of 
w’bich  it  is  the  capital.  It  is  the  ancient 
Eboraciim  of  the  Romans,  and  many  of  their 
coffins,  urns,  coins,  <fec.  have  been  found 
here.  It  is  an  archbishop’s  see,  and  has 
also  been  considered  as  the  capital  of  the 
North,  and  as  the  second  in  the  kingdom  ; 
but  IS  now  snrpasseil  in  wealth  and  populous- 
ness  by  many  of  the  more  modern  trading 
towns.  In  1801,  it  only  contained  16,145 
inhabitants,  and  in  1811,  19,099.  The  ca- 
: thedral  which  is  dedicated  to  181  Peter,  and 
I called  York  Minster,  is  reckoned  the  most 
‘ elegant  and  inagnificent  Gothic  structure  in 
I'  the  kingdom,  and  perhaps  in  the  W’orid,  that 
I of  Lincoln  exct-pied-  The  disu^iice  from 
I which  this  venerable  pile  may  be  seen  is 
j'^  scarcely  credible.  I'nongh  many  of  the 
j churches  of  this  city  have  been  suffered 
I'  to  fall  into  decay,  it  has  now  17  churches 
' within  tl'ie  walls,  besides  seveiJil  in  the 
suburbs,  but  in  the  reign  of  Henry  V.  thcra 
were  44  parish  churches,  17  chapels,  and 


nine  religious  houses.  York  cas<le,  built  in 
the  beginning  of  the  18th  century,  has  its 
name  from  a castle  built  by  William  the 
Conquerer,  on  the  site  of  which  it  stands, 
is  the  .con7nion  gaol  for  the  whole  county  of 
York,  and  is  one  of  the  most  commodious 
in  England.  The  basilico,  or  new  county 
hall,  in  which  the  assizes  are  held,  is  a 
superb  structure.  Near  the  castle,  on  an 
artificial  mount,  is  Clifford's  Tower,  sup- 
posed by  some  to  be  a Roman  edifice,  by 
others  to  have  been  constructed  by  Wil- 
liam I.,  was  used  as  a garrison  iu  the  civil 
wars,  and  was  blown  up  by  the  magazine 
taking  fire  in  1683.  On  part  of  the  site  of 
the  magnificent  abbey  of  St  Mary,  stands 
the  manor,  or  royal  palace,  built  by  Hen- 
ry VIII.  in  which  several  of  the  kings  have 
lodged,  though  it  be  now  neglected.  The 
guild  hall,  built  iu  1446,  is  a grand  structure, 
supported  by  two  rows  of  oak  pillars,  each 
pillar  a single  tree.  There  are  elegant 
assembly  rooms,  a theatre,  and  a mansion 
house,  built  by  the  corporation  for  the  lord 
mayor,  in  1728.  Here  are  an  hospital  for 
elderly  unmarried  gentlewomen  in  reduced 
circumstances,  a lunatic  assylum,  a public 
infirmary  for  the  whole  county,  a boarding 
school  for  young  Roman  Catholic  ladies. 
The  city  is  divided  by  the  river  Ouse  into 
two  parts,  which  are  united  by  a stately 
stone  bridge  of  five  arches.  The  middle  arch 
being  81  feet  wide,  and  51  high.  On  this 
bridge,  part  of  which  seems  to  be  as  old  as 
the  13th  century,  stand  the  great  council 
chamber,  the  court  of  exchequer,  and  the 
city  gaols.  It  is  surrounded  by  a strong 
wall,  on  which  are  many  turrets  or  watch- 
houses,  and  having  four  gates  and  five  pos- 
terns. York  is  a county  of  itself,  governed 
by  a lord  mayor  and  other  officers,  with  12 
aldermen,  two  sheriffs,  and  24  assistants ; 
and  its  county  includes  Ainsty  Liberty,  in 
which  are  35  villages  and  hamlets.  It  is 
nearly  three  miles  in  circuit,  within  the 
walls,  and  has  two  market  places,  the  Pave- 
ment and  Thursday  market.  The  city  has 
but  little  trade,  but  is  much  frequented  in 
winter  by  the  higher  ranks  for  society  and 
cheapness.  It  contains  many  marks  of  an- 
tiquity. The  river  Ouse  is  navigable  to  this 
city  for  vessels  of  70  tons  burden,  although 
it  is  60  miles  from  the  sea.  York  sends 
two  members  to  parliament,  who  are  elect- 
ed -by  the  freemen  ; has  a market  on 
Tuesday,  Thursday,  and  Saturday,  and 
numerous  annual  fairs  ; and  is  70  miles  s by 
E of  Durham,  and  195  n by  w of  London. 
Lon.  1 7 w,  lat.  53  59  n. 

York,  the  capital  of  a county  of.  its  name, 
Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  e side  of  Co- 
drus  creek,  which  runs  into  the  Susque- 
bannah.  It  has  .^ix  places  for  public  wor- 
ship, 88  miles  w of  Philadelphia. 

V York,  a sea  port  and  capital  of  a county  of 
its  name,  in  the  district  of  Maine,  with  a 
liver  of  the  same  name,  which  falls  into 
York  hatbour  below  the  town,  75  miles 


Y O R 

NNE  of  Boston.  Lon.  70  45  w,  lat.  45 
7 N. 

York,  a citj  of  Upper  Canada,  the  present 
seat  of  government  for  that  province.  It  is 
situated  on  the  nw  side  of  Luke  Ontario, 
and  has  an  excellent  harbour,  formed  by  a 
long  peninsula,  on  the  extremity  of  which, 
called  Gibralter  Point,  are  stores  and  block 
houses,  which  command  the  entrance  of  the 
harbour;  and  on  the  mainland,  opposite  this 
point,  is  the  garrison  ; near  the  head  of  the 
harbour,  is  the  govermiient  bouse,  two  miles 
above  the  garrison.  The  front  of  the  city, 
according  to  the  plan,  extends  a mile  and 
a-half  in  length ; several  elegant  squares  are 
projected,  and  the  buildings  are  rapidly  in- 
creasing. The  river  Don  enters  the  har- 
bour a little  above  the  town.  In  1813, 
York  was  taken  by  the  Americans,  who 
destroyed  all  the  public  edifices.  It  lies  45 
miles  NNxv  of  Fort  Niagara,  and  140  w 
by  s of  Kingston.  Lou.  79  36  w,  lat.  43 
45  V. 

YORK^S  ISLAND,  DUKE  OF,  an  is- 
land in  the  South  Sea,  10  miles  long,  and 
so  well  cultivated,  that  it  looks  like  a gar- 
den. The  natives  are  copper-coloured,  and 
go  naked.  Lon.  152  42  e,  lat.  4 7 s. 

YORK  NEW,  one  of  the  United  States 
of  America,  bounded  on  the  se  by  the  At- 
lantic Ocean,  on  the  e by  Connecticut, 
Massachusetts  and  Vermont,  on  the  n by 
Canada,  on  the  nw  by  the  river  St.  Law- 
rence and  the  lakes  Ontario  and  Erie,  and 
on  the  sw  and  s by  Pennsylvania  and  New 
Jersey.  It  is  400  miles  long,  and  300 
broad,  and  is  divided  into  2 1 counties,  name- 
ly, New  York,  Richmond,  Suffolk,  West 
I Chester,  King,  Queen,  Orange,  Ulster 
Duchess,  Columbia,  Rensselaer,  Washing- 
ton, Clinton,  Saratoga,  Albany,  Montgo- 
mery, Herkemer,  Ohandago,  Otrego,  Onta- 
rio, and  Tioga.  It  is  intersected  by  ridges 
of  mountains  running  in  a ne  and  sw  direc- 
tion. Beyond  the  Alleghany  mountains, 
however  the  country  is  pretty  level,  of  a 
fine  rich  soil,  covered  in  its  natural  state, 
with  various  kinds  of  trees.  The  valleys, 
when  cultivated,  produce  w’heat,  hemp,  flax, 
pease,  grass,  oats,  and  Indian  corn.  This 
state  abounds  with  several  fine  rivers  and 
lakes.  The  chief  of  the  former  are  Hud- 
son, and  Mohawk.  In  1810,  the  population 
w as  959,220. 

York  New,  a city  of  North  America, 
capital  of  the  above  state.  It  is  situated 
at  the  sw  point  of  an  island  called  Manhat- 
tan, at  the  confluence  of  Hudson  and  East 
rivers,  and  is  about  five  miles  in  circumfe- 
rence. The  situatiou  is  both  healthy  and 
pleasant,  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  water, 
it  is  refreshed  by  cool  breezes  in  summer, 
and  (he  air  in  wdnter  is  more  temperate  than 
ill  other  places  under  the  same  parallel. 
The  island  is  15  miles  long,  but  not  tw’o 
where  broadest ; and  at  the  n end,  it  is  join- 
ed to  the  Mainland,  on  the  w',  by  a bridge 
called  Kings  bridge.  There  is  no  basin  or 


Y O R 

for  the  reception  of  large  ships,  but  the 
road  where  they  lie  in  East  river,  is  defended 
from  the  violence  of  the  sea  by  the  islands 
which  interlock  wilh  each  other;  so  that 
except  that  of  Rhode  island,  the  harbour  of 
New  York,  which  admits  of  ships  of  any 
burden,  is  the  best  of  the  United  States. 
The  number  of  inhabitants  in  New  York, 
in  IT8G  was  23,814,  and  in  1807,  83,530. 
Here  are  16  churches,  as  many  meeting 
houses,  and  a noble  seminary  called  Colum- 
bia college,  but  the  most  superb  building  is 
Federal  Hall,  in  which  the  illustrious  Wash- 
ington took  his  oath  of  office,  in  1789,  at 
the  commencement  of  the  federal  constitu- 
tion. Here  is  a large  state  prison,  also 
numerous  commercial  institutions  and  lite- 
rary establishments.  The  markets  are 
amply  supplied  with  everything  in  its  season, 
that  laud  and  water  produces,  and  are  well 
regulated.  This  city  is  insecure  iu  time  ol 
war,  but  in  time  of  peace,  enjoys  more 
commerce  than  any  other  town  in  the 
United  States.  It  is  97  miles  ne  of  Phila- 
delphia. Lon.  74  5 w,  lat.  40  43  N. 

York  Fort,  a settlement  on  the  w side  ot 
Hudson  bay,  belonging  to  the  Hudson  Bay 
Company,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  Nelson,  or 
York  River.  Lon.  88  44  w,  lat.  57  15  n. 

York  River,  a river  of  Virginia,  formed 
by  the  junction  of  the  Pamuntry  and  Matta- 
pony,  30  miles  above  York  Town,  near 
which  it  falls  into  Chesapeak  bay. 


YORKSHIRE,  the  largest  county 


in 


England,  bounded  on  the  n by  Westmore- 
land and  Durham,  on  the  e by  the  German 
Ocean,  on  the  s by  Lincolnshire,  Notting- 
hamshire, and  Derbyshire,  on  the  sw  by 
Cheshire,  on  the  w by  Lancashire,  and  on  the 
Tcw  by  Westmoreland.  It  extends  115 
miles  from  e to  w,  and  90  from  n to  s. 
On  the  w side  is  a ridge  of  hills,  which  have 
been  called  the  English  Appenines.  This 
county  is  divided  into  the  North,  East,  and 
West  Ridings,  and  is  subdivided  into  26 
wapentakes,  which  contain  one  city,  bO 
market  towns,  and  634  parishes,  a,nd  sends 
two  members  to  parliament,  elected  by  the 
freeholders  at  large,  amounting  to  16,000. 
In  1801,  it  contained  858,892,  inhabitants, 
and  in  1811,  973,113,  The  air  and  soil  ot 
this  extensive  county  vary  extremely  ; the 
East  Riding,  on  account  of  its  neighbour- 
hood to  the"  German  Ocean,  is  more  humid 
than  the  other  two.  The  West  Riding  en- 
joys a sharp,  but  healthy  air ; and  the  land 
on  the  w side,  is  hilly,  stony,  and  not  very 
fruitful ; but  the  intermediate  valleys  con- 
sist of  much  good  meadow  ground,  and  pas- 
ture for  the  largest  cattle.  Much  flax  is 
raised  here,  aud  large  plantations  of  liquo- 
rice, about  Pontefract.  On  the  side  next 
the  Ouse,  the  soil  is  rich,  producing  wheat 
and  barley,  and  in  its  worst  parts,  very  good 
oats.  Its  other  commodities  are  iron,  coal, 
jet,  alum,  horses,  and  goats.  Here  the 
cloth  manufactures  principally  flourish. 
The  North  Riding,  in  general,  exceeds  the 


Y P R 

other  tv.'o  in  the  salubrity  and  coldness  of 
the  air.  Rape  and  potatoes  are 
great  quantities.  Many  lead 
worked  to  great  advantage,  m the  dn-tnct 
called  Rtchnrondshire,  formerly  ti  county  ol 
itself.  In  Yorkshire  are  also  tne  districts 
of  Cleveland,  on  the  borders  of  Durham, 
Holderness,  on  the  borders  ot 
and  Craven,  on  the  ooufines  of  Westmore- 
land and  Lancashire.  In  this  last  distric 
are  three  of  the  highest  hills  m > 

named  Wharnside,  Ingleborough,  and 
nygant,  which  form  a sort  of  triaug  e ro 
their  tops,  at  the  distances  of  about  hve,  six, 
and  eight  miles,  while  their  vast  bases  newly 
unite.^  The  principal  rivers  ol  Yorkshire 
are  the  Northern  Ouse,  and  those  which  ia.l 
into  it,  as  the  Don,  the  Derwent,  the 
the  Aire,  the  Wharfe,  the  Nidd,  and  the 
Ure,  all  which  terminate  in  the  Humber, 
which  falls  into  the  German  Ocean,  between 
Yorkshire  and  Lincolnshire.  The  Tees 
and  the  Hull  are  also  rivers  of  Yorkshire. 

York  Town,  a post  town  of  Virginia, 
and  capital  of  York  county,  situated  on  the 
s side  of  York  river,  opposite  to  Gloucester, 
near  its  entrance  into  Chesapeak  bay. 
Here  lord  Cornwallis  and  his  army  surren- 
dered to  the  combined  forces  of  the  United 
States  and  France,  on  the  I9tb  of  October, 
1781.  It  is  13  miles  f.  of  Williamsburg, 
and  350  ssw  of  Philadelphia.  / 

Yo-tcheou,  a city  of  the  first  rank  m 
Hou-quang,  China,  on  the  Kian-ku,  and  on 
the  lake  tongting,  which  is  more  than  200 
miles  in  circumference.  The  vicinity 
abouiids  in  a variety  of  ..orange  and  -ffimon 
trees,  and  its  merchandise,  renders  this  one 
of  the  most  opulent  cities  of  the  empire, 
700  s by  w of  Peking.  Lon.  1 12  35  e,  lat. 

29  23n. 

Youghall,  a rich  and  populous  town  in 
the  county  of  Cork,  seated  on  the  w side  ol 
a bay  to  which  it  gives  name,  into  which 
the  river  Black  water  falls.  The  town  is 
surrounded  by  walls,  has  a large  and  elegant 
collegiate  church,  containing  a line  monu- 
ment erected  by  the  first  earl  of  Cork,  now 
much  defaced.  It  has  a very  commodious 
harbour,  and  a fine  quay,  with  a mole,  a 
small  fort,  a custom  house,  and  an  ex- 
change. Besides  a considerable  inland 
trade,  and  a manufacture  of  earthenware, 
it  exports  corn,  meal,  flour,  beet,  pork, 
bread,  butter,  and  linen.  It  sends  001^116111- 
ber  to  the  Imperial  parliament.  This  is 
said  to  be  the  fir.st  spot  in  Ireland,  where 
potatoes  were  planted,  from  a root  imported 
by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  who  was  owner  ot 
thi.s  e.state,  28  miles  e by  N of  Cork.  Lon. 
8 10  w,  lat,  50  5 1 N. 

a large  and  handsome  city  in  h lan- 
ders, Netherlands,  and  a bishop's  see,  .sealed 
on  the  Yperlee.  It  was  one  of  the  barrier 
towns  belonging  to  the  Dutch  till  1781, 
when  the  emperor  Jo.seph  11.  obliged  them 
to  withdraw  their  garrison.  The  chief  arti- 
cles of  trade  are  cloth  and  serges  manufactured 

I'l 


Iier®.  The  canal  of  Bo.'ingen^  and  the  JTew 
Ciitj  greatly  facilitate  the  conveyance  of 
goods  to  Nieiiport,  Ostend,  and  Bruges.  It 
v/as  taken  by  the  French  in  17^4,  and  in- 
cluded in  the  department  of  Lys,  15  miles 
w of  Courtray.  Lou.  2 48  e,  lat.  50 
5!  N. 

YrieXy  St,  a town  in  the  department  of 
Upper  Vienne,  France,  on  the  river  Ille,  2t> 
miles  s by  w of  Limoges. 

Ysendyck,  a strong  town  of  Holland,  in 
the  isle  of  Calsand,  on  a branch  of  the 
Scheldt  called  the  Blie,  eight  miles  e of 
Sliiys,  and  18  nw  of  Ghent. 

Yasel,  or  Issel,  a river  of  Holland,  which 
branches  off  from  the  Rhine,  below  Heussen, 
and  passing  Doesbiirg,  Zulpheu,  Deventer, 
and  Camhen,  falls  into  the  Zuider  Zee  by 
two  channels. 

Yssely  or  Old  Issel,  a river  that  rises  in 
the  duchy  of  Cleve,  Westphalia,  runs  by 
Ysselburg,  into  the  county  of  Zutphen,  and 
fails  into  the  Yssel  at  Doefburg. 

Ysselj  or  Little  Yssel,  a river  of  Holland, 
which  flowing  by  Ysseistein,  Mouford, 
Oudewater,  and  Gouda,  unites  with  the 
llerwe,  above  Rotterdam. 

Ysselburg,  a tov/u  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
duchy  of  Cieve,  seated  on  the  Yssel,  14 
miles  N of  Yfesel. 

YSSELLMOND,  an  island  and  town  of 
S Holland,  situated  between  the  Merve,  on 
the  N,  and  another  branch  of  the  Meuse  on 
the  s.  The  town  is  about  three  rniies  w ox 
Rotterdam. 

YsseUtein,  a town  of  S Holland,  with  a 
castle,  oh  the  Yssel,  five  miles  ssw  of 
Utrecht. 

Yssengeaux,  a town  in  the  department 
of  Upper  Loire,  France,  iO  miles  Is^b  of 
?uy. 

Ystad,  Or  Yasted,  a sea  port  in  Schonen, 
Sweden,  stands  on  a bay  of  the  Baltic,  26 
rniies  se  of  Lund.  Lou.  13  44  E,  lat.  55 

22  N. 


the  province  of  Yun-nan,  China,  seated  oa 
the  Ho-ti,  145  miles  ssw  of  Yun-nan.  Lon 
101  44  E,  lat.  23  37  n. 

Yuen-tcheouy  a city  of  the  first  rank,  Jn 
Kiang-si,  China,  750  miles  s of  Peking. 
Lon.  110  58  E,  lat.  27  50  N. 

Yuen-yang,  a city  of  the  first  rank,  in 
Hou-quang,  China,  on  the  river  Han,  515 
miles  ssw  of  Peking.  Lon.  100  30  b,  lat. 
25  50  N. 

Yoerdun,  a small,  strong,  and  ancient 
town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  county  of 
Vaud,  capital  of  a bailiwic  of  its  name,  has 
a castle,  a college,  and  an  hospital.  Its 
chief  trade  is  in  wine,  and  merchandise  pass- 
ing between  Germany,  Italy,  and  France. 
In  the  vicinity  is  a sulphureous  spring,  and 
some  remains  of  antiquity.  It  is  seated  on 
the  lake  Neuchatel,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Orbe  and  Thiele,  38  miles  wsw  of  Berir. 
Lon.  6 59  e,  lat.  46  50. 

Ycetot,  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Lower  Seine,  France,  seven  miles  nnw  of 
Caudebec, 

Yvica.  See  Ivica* 

YUMA,  or  Long  Island,  one  of  the 
Bahama  Islands,  lying  n of  Cuba,  at  the  nb 
extremity  of  the  great  Bahama  bank,  73 
miles  in  length,  and  eight  in  breadth,  and 
is  inhabited.  Much  salt  with  other  produce 
is  exported  from  the  great  harbour,  on  the  e 
side  of  the  island.  Lon.  74  45  w,  lat.  23 
15  N. 

YUMETOS,  a cluster  of  small  islands 
which  lie  among  the  Bxihama  islands,  under 
the  tropic  oi  Cancer,  to  the  n of  Yuma, 

Yufia,  a river  of  St.  Domingo,  which 
fiows  through  the  fertile  plains  of  Vega 
and  Cotuy,  and  falls  into  the  head  of  Saraa- 
ua  bay. 

Yung  ning,  a city  of  the  first  rank,  at  the 
j N extremity  of  the  province  of  Yan-nan, 

I China,  on  the  frontiers  of  Tibet,  130  miles 
I NNW  of  Yua-nan.  Lon.  100  24  e,  lat.  27 
i 50  N. 


Ystradmeirig,  a village  in  Cardiganshire,  ! 
celcbrtted  lor  a grammar  scnool,  which  | 
has  acquired  a high  degree  of  reputation, 
and  is.^netimes  called,  The  Welsh  Col- 
In  the  vieinily  are  the  rums  of  an 
old  castle,  10  miles  se  oi  Abevynwitli. 

ytkan,  or  Eithan,  a river  in  Aberdeen-  j 
shire,  v/hich  rises  in  the  nw  part  of  the  j 
comity,  flows  in  general  sa,  washes  Ellon, 
on  the  s,  and  a little  to  the  e of  that  town, 
takes  a southerly  direction  till  it  falls  into 
the  German  Ocean  at  the  small  village  of 
Newburgh,  in  the  parish  of  Foveran,  16 
miles  N of  Aberdeen.  Though  this  intersects 
a rich  ccuntr}',  its  imniediate  btiuks  are 
rocky,  barren,  and  covered  with  beaib.  It 
is  navigable  for  sinaii  vessels  three  miles 
from  its  mouth,  where  is  a salmon  fishery, 
and  another  at  Eiion.  Valuable  pearls, 
are  often  found  in  tins  river. 

Yucatan » See  Jucatan. 

Yueii-Liang,  a city  of  the  first  rank,  I 


Yiing-pd,  a city  of  the  first  rank  in  the 
province  of  Yim-nan,  China,  170  miles  nw  of 
Yun-nan.  Lon.  100  34  e,  lat.  26  44  n. 

Yung-ping,  a city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
j vince  of  Pe-tcheli,  stands  on  a river  that 
enters  the  gulf  of  Leao-tong.  In  the  vicinity 
is  the  fort  of  Chnn-hai,  the  key  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Leao-tong,  which  stands  near  the 
beginning  of  tbe  great  wall,  that  is  built  for 
a league  together,  in  a marsh,  from  the  bnl- 
1 wark  to  the  sea,  115  miles  e of  Peking. 
Lon.  108  34  e,  lat.  39  55  n. 

Yuug-ichang,  a city  of  China,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Yun-nan,  situated  amid  mountains 
on  the  borders  of  the  province,  in  the  vici- 
nity of  a rude  people,  w'hose  manners  are 
imitated  by  the  inhabitants  of  this  city. 
The  country  produces  gold,  amber,  honey, 
wax,  and  a vast  quantity  of  silk,  210  miles 
w of  Y un-nan,  and  1270  sw  of  Pekin.  Lon. 
99  2 E,  lat.  25  0 n. 

Yung-tcheou,  a city  of  the  first  iduk,  in 


Z A A 

Hou-quang,  China,  885  miles  ssw  of  Peking. 
Lod.  Ill  15  E,  lat.  26  10  n. 

Yung-king^  a city  of  the  first  rank,  in  the 
province  of  Ho-nau,  China,  430  miles  s of 
Peking.  Lon.  113  52  e,  lat.  33  0 x. 

YUN-NAN,  a province  of  China,  border- 
ing on  the  s of  Thibet.  It  contains  21  cities 
of  the  first  rank,  and  55  of  the  second  and 
third,  and,  being  well  watered  with  rivers 
and  lakes,  is  very  fruitful.  Gold  is  often 
found  in  the  sands  of  the  rivers.  The;e  are 
also  copper  mines,  several  sorts  of  precious 
stones,  wMth  musk,  benjamin,  lapis  lazuli, 
and  fine  marble  of  divers  colours.  It  abounds 
also  in  elephants,  horses,  gums,  and  medi- 
cinal plants,  and  has  linen  manufactures. 
It  is  reckoned  one  of  the  most  fertile  pro- 
vinces, and  its  commerce  and  riches  are  im- 
mense. The  capital  is  of  the  same  name. 
The  Tartars  in  their  various  incursions,  have 
destroyed  all  its  magnificent  buildings, 
tombs,  triumphal  arches,  elegant  squares, 
and  vast  gardens.  It  is  situated  at  the  n 
extremity  of  a lake,  1260  miles  ssw  of  Pe- 
king. Lon.  102  30  e,  lat.  25  6 n. 

Yurctip,  a town  in  Caramania,  Asiatic 
Turkey,  on  the  Kizil-ermuk,  125  miles  ne 
of  Cogni.  Lon.  34  40  e,  lat.  39  40  N. 

Yvoy,  a town  in  the  department  of  Arden- 
nes, France,  12  miles  sw  of  Bouillon. 

Yvry,  a town  in  the  department  of  Eure, 
France,  on  the  Eure,  16  miles  s of 
Evreux, 


Z 


ZAAB,  a district  of  Algiers,  in  the  desert 
behind  Mount  Atlas,  belonging  to  the  pro- 
vince of  Constantine.  The  soil  is  barren, 
and  the  people  poor,  but  they  are  free,  and 
pay  no  tribute.  Dates  are  the  principal 
article  of  food,  and  they  have  large  planta- 
tions of  palm  trees.  Numbers  of  the  poorest 
of  the  people  wander  forth  to  the  larger 
cities  in  quest  of  employment,  and  having 
accumulated  from  five  to  six  zechins  they 
return  home.  In  the  capital  they  are  known 
by  the  name  of  Biscarts,  and  are  the  only 
class  of  free  servants.  Besides  the  language 
of  the  country,  they  speak  the  Lengua, 
Franca,  and  are  very  useful  to  Europeans. 
They  are  in  no  wise  nice  in  regard  to  their 
food,  as  they  eat  dog’s  flesh.  The  inhabi- 
tants carry  on  some  commerce  in  negroes 
and  ostrich  feathers.  The  villages  are 
small.  The  chief  place  is  Biscara. 

ZAARA,  OR  THE  Desert,  an  extensive 
country  of  Africa,  1500  miles  long  and  800 
broad,  bounded  on  the  n by  Barbary,  e by 
Fezzan  and  Cassena,  s by  Negroland  and 
Fouli,  and  w by  the  Atlantic  ocean.  The 
climate  is  very  sultry,  but  wholesome  to 
the  natives.  Amidst  its  sandy  and  barren 
soil  are  interspersed  here  and  there,  verdant 
16 


Z A G 

spots  of  astonishing  fertility,  watered  by 
springs  or  stagnant  water,  and  crowded 
with  inhabitants.  These  spots  are  called 
Oases  or  islands,  and  abound  most  in  tae 
northern  parts.  These  oases  are  formed 
into  a number  of  small  states,  governed  by 
petty  princes.  The  inhabitants  are  rude 
and  ignorant,  and  the  prevailing  religion 
is  mahomedism,  and  are  hospitable  to  each 
other,  but  a Christian  is  every  where  obnoxi- 
ous. Their  language  is  a mixture  of  the 
Arabic,  and  their  intercourse  with  other  na- 
tions is  carried  on  by  means  of  the  caravans, 
which  traverse  this  immense  desert.  Here 
are  few  horses  and  oxen,  but  plenty  of 
camels,  goats  and  sheep.  Antelopes,  wild 
boars,  leopards,  apes,  ostriches  and  serpents, 
are  numerous.  The  Arabs  exchange  provi- 
sions, blue  cotton  cloth,  and  slaves,  for  salt 
produced  in  the  Desert. 

ZaherUy  a town  in  the  department  of 
Mont  Tonnerre,  France,  15  miles  w of  Phi-t 
lipsburg. 

Zahin.  See  Zemhia. 

Zabola,  a town  of  Transylvania,  on  the 
borders  of  Moldavia,  five  miles  sw  of  New- 
mark. 

Zaburtiy  a town  in  the  department  of  the 
Lower  Rhine,  France,  five  miles  n of  Siras- 
burg. 

ZACATECAS,  a province  of  New  Spain, 
in  the  audience  of  Guadalaxara,  bounded  on 
the  N by  New  Biscay,  e by  Pauuco  and 
Mech^suchan,  and  sw  and  w by  Guadalaxara. 
It  is  mountainous,  and  arid,  but  populous : 
and  the  mines  are  reckoned  the  richest  in 
America. 

Zacatecas y the  capital  of  the  above  pro-, 
vince,  and  a bishop’s  see.  The  vicinity 
abounds  with  rich  silver  mines,  and  the 
population  is  estimated  at  33,000.  It  is 
situated  under  the  tropic  of  Cancer,  40  lea- 
gues NNE  of  Guadalaxara,  and  80  nw  of 
Mexico.  Lon.  101  25  w,  lat.  22  56  n. 

Zacatulay  a small  sea  port  town  of  New 
Spain,  in  the  province  of  Mexico,  seated  on 
a river  of  its  name,  near  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
230  miles  wsw  of  Mexico.  Lon.  102  45  w, 
lat.  18  On. 

Zachany  a town  of  Further  Pomerania, 
13  miles  e of  New  Stargard. 

Zadonetzy  a town  in  the  province  of  Vo- 
ronetz,  Russia,  with  a fort,  on  a hill,  on  tli® 
left  bank  of  the  Don,  50  miles  n of  Voroneiz. 

ZafrUy  a small  town  in  Estrcmadura, 
Spain,  seated  at  the  foot  of  a mountain,  near 
the  Guadaxiera,  with  a castle,  20  miles  sw 
of  Medina. 

Zaghardy  a famous  mountain  of  European 
Turkey,  in  Livadia,  one  of  the  tops  of 
mount  Parnassus.  It  was  formerly  called 
Helicon,  from  which  issued  the  tountain 
Hippocrene,  and  wcis  consecrated  to  the 
muses,  who  had  here  a temple.  It  is  almost 
always  covered  with  snow. 

Zagara,  a town  in  BOrnou,  Negroiand, 
stands  on  the  Fit  tree,  170  miles  SE  of 
Bornou. 

3 P 


Z A N 


Z A R 


Zagcria,  See  DevcUo, 

Zagrah.  See  Jgram. 

Zahara,  a town  in  Andalusia,  Spain, 
stands  on  a craggy  rock,  has  a citadel,  42 
miles  SE  of  Seville. 

Zalina,  a town  in  the  duchy  of  Saxony, 
six  miles  ne  of  Wittenberg. 

Zaiiia,  a town  in  the  province  of  Con- 
stantina,  Algiers,  supposed,  from  its  ruins, 
to  have  been  the  ancient  city  of  Zania,  28 
miles  SE  of  Setef,  and  46  sw  of  Constan- 
tina. 

Zaine,  a river  of  Barbary,  which  divides 
the  kingdoms  of  Algiers  and  Tunis,  and  falls 
into  the  Mediterranean  at  the  island  of  Ta- 
barca. 


Zaire,  a large  river  of  Africa,  which  rises 
in  the  kingdom  of  Maiamba,.runs  n to  the 
extreme  borders  of  Congo,  then  turns  to  the 
w,  separating  the  kingdoms  of  Loango  and 
Congo  Proper,  and  falls  into  the  Atlan- 
tic ocean  below  Sogno,  in  lat.  6 s. 

Zalamea,  a town  in  Andalusia,  Spain, 
12  miles  u of  Niebla,  and  .38  wnw  of 
Seville. 

Zalamea,  a town  in  Estremadura,  Spain, 
the  ancient  Ilapa.  It  retains  many  vestiges 
of  its  former  magnificence,  and  is  38  miles 
SE  of  ??Ierida. 

Zamora,  a considerable  city  in  Leon, 
Spain,  seated  on  a hill  by  the  Dourro,  over 
which  is  a bridge.  It  is  a bishop^s  see.  In 
the  environs  fine  turcois  stones  are  foupd,  32 
miles  N by  w of  Salamanca,  and  146  nw  of 
Madrid.  Lon.  5 56  w,  lat.  41  50  n. 

Zamora,  a handsome  town  of  Peru,  in 
the  kingdom  of  Quito,  seated  near  the 
Andes,  230  miles  s of  Quito.  There  are 
several  gold  mines  in  the  neighbourhood. 
Lon.  78  20  w,  lat.  4 10  s. 

Zamora,  a town  of  Algiers,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Constantina,  250  miles  w of  Hama- 
met.  Lon.  6 25  e,  lat.  36  20  n. 

Zamora,  a town  in  Mecboacan,  New 
Spain,  60  miles  kw  of  ?>Iechoacan. 

Zamoski,  a town  of  Poland,  in  the  palati- 
nate of  Beits,  has  a cathedral,  several  other 
churches,  and  a citadel,-  37  miles  ssw  of 
Cheim,  and  44  wnw  of  Beltz. 

Zomjxmo,  a town  of  New  Spain,  situated 
on  the  road  from  Mexico  to  Guaxaca,  and 
on  a small  lake,  30  miles  n of  Mexico. 

- ZAKFARA,  a kingdom  of  Negroland,  to 
the  s of  Zogzeg,  between  Cassina  and  Eor- 
Bou.  The  inhabitants  are  tall,  of  very  black 
complexioi'.,  with  broad  faces,  and  savage 
mauners.  The  capital  is  of  the  same  name, 
and  is  situated  on  a river  that  forms  a l^nke 
N of  Gijariti,  and  then  passes  through  that 
city  into  the  Niger.  It  lies  230  miles  ne  of 
Ghana,  and  450  wsw  of  Bornou.  Lon.  16 
0 K,laf.  18  30  N. 

ZANGUEBAR,  a country  on  the  k coast 
of  Africa,  between  lat.  3 0 n and  9 s.  It 
inelu'lcs  several  petty  kingdoms,  in  which 
the  l^ortuguese  have  various  settlements. 
The  principal  territories  arc  Mombaza,  La- 
mou,  Melinda,  QuicUi,  and  Jubo.  The 


1 


I 


I 

I 


I 


Portuguese  trade  with  the  natives  for  slavey 
ivory,  gold,  ostrich  feathers,  wax,  and  drugs- 
The  inland  territory  is  said  to  lie  low,  and 
lo  abound  with  woods,  forests,  marshes, 
lakes,  and  rivers  ; the  latter,  for  the  most 
part,  covered  with  weeds,  which  render  the 
air  unwholesome,  and  the  inhabitants  sickly 
and  indolent,  and  it  even  corrupts  the  pro- 
duce of  the  soil.  Here  are  mines  of  gold, 
easily  Wrought.  The  inhabitants  are  alt 
black,  w ith  curled  woolly  hair,  and  are  ei- 
ther Pagans  or  Mahomedans,  except  a few 
w^ho  ate  converted  by  the  Portuguese,  but 
the  former  are  much  the  more  numerous. 

ZANTE,  an  island  of  the  Mediterranean, 
near  the  coast  of  the  Morea,  17  miles  s of 
the  island  of  Cephalonia,  It  is  about  14 
miles  long  and  eight  broad,  forms  part  of 
the  republic  of  Seven  Islands,  and  is  verj^ 
pleasant  and  fertile  ; but  its  principal  riches 
consist  in  currants,  w'ith  which  it  abounds, 
which  rival  those  of  Corinth.  Here  are 
springs  of  petrolium  that  have  been  cele- 
brated for  ages,  also  the  finest  peaches  in 
the  w orld,  with  other  choice  fruits,  and  ex- 
cellent wine  and  oil.  The  town,  called 
Zante,  contains  near  20,003  inhabitants. 
The  houses  are  low,  on  account  of  the  fre- 
quent earthquakes.  The  natives  speak  both 
Greek  and  Italian,  though  there  are  very 
few  Romanists  ; yet  they  have  a bishop  as 
w^ell  as  the  Greeks.  This  island  belonged 
formerly  to  the  Venetians;  and  was  ceded 
to  the  French  by  the  treaty  of  Campo  For- 
rnio,  in  October,  1797,  but  was  taken  from 
them  by  the  Russians  and  Turks,  in  Octo- 
ber, 1798.  It  contains  about  50  villages, 
but  no  large  town  except  Zante.  It  is  situ- 
ated on  the  E side  of  the  island,  and  has  a 
good  harbour.  Lon.  21  3 e,  lat.  37  53  n. 

ZANZIBAR,  an  island  and  kingdom  on 
the  E coast  of  Africa,  near  Zanguebar,  be- 
tween the  islands  of  Pemba  and  Monfia,  tri- 
butary to  the  Portuguese.  It  abounds  in 
sugar  canes  and  citrons.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  Mahometans.  Lon.  41  0 e,  lat.  6 
0 s. 

Zanang,  or  Dooshak,  a city  of  Persia,  ca- 
pital of  Segistan.  The  ancient  ruins  cover 
a vast  extent  of  ground,  but  the  modern  city, 
called  Dooshak,  is  small  and  compact.  The 
surrounding  country  produces  wheat  and 
barley,  and  affords  good  pasturage.  The 
city  stands  in  an  open  country , about  eight 
miles  from  the  river  Hermimd,  which  falls 
into  the  Zerch,  140  miles  s by  e of  Herat, 
and  500  e of  Ispahan.  Lon.  61  20  e,  lat» 
32  15  N. 

ZAPOTECHAS,  a province  of  New  Spain. 
It  is  a mountainous  country,  but  indifferent- 
ly fertile,. 

Zara,  an  ancient  city  of  Dalmatia,  capi- 
tal of  a county  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
citadel  and  a harbour,  which  lies  to  the  n, 
is  capacious,  safe,  and  well  guarded.  A 
deep  ditch  hewn  out  of  a rock,  separates 
(he  town  from  the  citadel.  Near  the  church 
are  tw’O  fluted  columns  of  the  Corinthiaa 


Z E A 


Z E A 


order,  supposed  to  have  been  part  of  the  tem- 
ple of  Juno.  It  is  an  arcbbishop^s  see.  It 
was  formerly  more  considerable  than  at 
present,  the  number  of  the  inhabitants  being  , 
now  not  above  TOGO.  The  county  contains 
about  30,000,  of  whom  20,000  reside  in  the  I 
islands.  Zara  is  situated  on  a small  penin- 
.sula  in  the  gulf  of  Venice,  70  miles  nw  of 
Snalatro,  80  sw  of  Jaicza,  and  ISO  se  of  | 
Venice.  Lon.  16  6 e,  lat.  44  30  n.  j 

Zarik^  a town  in  Morea,  European  Tur-  | 
- -key,  22  miles  e of  Misitra. 

ZarkOy  a town  in  Thessaly,  European  | 
Turkey,  stands  in  a spacious  plain,  22  miles 
wsw  of  Larissa. 

Zarnatay  a tov/n  of  European  Turkey,  in 
the  Morea,  stands  on  an  eminence,  20  miles 
wsw  of  Misitra. 

Zarnawy  a town  of  Poland,  in  the  palati- 
nate of  Sandomir,  IS  miles  se  of  Ostrog,and 
32  N of  Sandomir.  | 

ZornowitZyO.  town  in  Pomeralia,  Prussia,  j 

seated  on  a bay  of  the  Baltic,  38  miles  n.\w  j 
of  Dantzic,  I 

Zaslawy  a town  of  Little  Poland,  in  Vol- 
hynia,  seated  on  the  Horin,  IS  miles  above 
Gsfrog,  and  30  nnw  of  Constantinow.  i 

Zatmavy  a town  of  Upper  Hungary,  capi-  ! 
tal  of  a county  of  the  same  name,  stands  on  | 
a small  lake  formed  by  the  river  Samos,  30  i 
miles  K by  s of  Tokay,  and  130  e of  Buda, 
Lon.  22  34  E,  lat.  47  30  x. 

ZatoVy  a town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinate 
of  Cracow,  capital  of  a duchy  of  the  same 
name,  with  a castle,  stands  on  an  eminence, 
stands  near  the  Vistula,  20  miles  sw  of  Cro- 
cow,  and  30  sk  of  Ratibor. 

Zaxneky  a town  in  the  province  of  Khora- 
san,  Persia,  seated  on  the  Tedjen,  20  miles 
from  the  Caspian  sea,  and  80  n of  Mes- 
ched. 

Zivaila,  See  Zueela. 

Zbarasy  a town  in  the  palatinate  of  Podo- 
lia,  Poland,  28  miles  e of  Zborow,  and  68  n 
by  w of  Kaminieck. 

Zborow,  a town  in  tbe  palatinate  of  Lem- 
burg,  Poland.  Here,  in  1649,  ./ohn  Cash- 
mir,  king  of  Poland,  at  the  head  of  20,000 
men,  was  attacked  for  three  days  succes- 
sively, by  110,000  cossacks  and  Tartars,  but 
defended  himself  so  bravely,  that  the  latter  • 
consented  to  ieniis  of  accommodation,  52 
miles  E by  s of  Lemburg.  Lon.  25  46  e, 
lat.  49  46  N. 

Zea,  or  Zeia,  See  Zia. 

ZEALAND,  an  island  of  Denmark,  al- 
most of  a round  form,  about  230  miles  in  cir- 
cumference. It  is  situated  at  the  entrance 
of  the  Baltic;  and  is  bounded  by  the  Shag- 
gerach  sea  oa  the  n,  by  a strait  called  the 
Sound  on  the  e,  by  the  Baltic  on  the  s,  and 
by  a strait  called  the  Great  Belt  on  the  w. 

It  is  the  largest  of  the  isKes  of  Denmark,  and 
exceedingly  fertile,  producing  grain  of  all 
sorts,  and  abounding  with  excellent  pastures. 
The  coast  is  intersecled  by  large  l)ays,  and 
Within  the  country  are  several  lakes,  which, 
t.s  well  as  the  rivers,  abound  in  Qsk.  Co- 


^ penhagen  is  the  capital  of  this  island,  and  of 
the  w'hoie  kingdom.  In  the  late  dreadful 
war  between  the  nations  of  Europe,  this  is- 
land was  the  theatre  of  an  enterprize  which 
attracted  the  notice  of  the  world.  The  Bri- 
tish government,  convinced,  from  the  won- 
derful changes  of  territory  and  government, 
which  had  convulsevd  this  quarter  of  the 
globe,  that  it  was  impossible  for  Denmark 
TO  maintain  that  system  of  neutrality  which 
she  had  adopted,  accordingly  fitted  out  a 
large  military  cind  naval  force,  which,  after 
different  operations,  attended  with  little  lossj 
obtained  possession  of  the  island  of  Zealand, 
and  the  capital,  Copenhagen ; by  which 
event  the  whole  Danish  fleet,  and  naval 
stores,  fell  into  their  hands  ; the  former 
consisting  of  18  ships,  13  frigates,  and  seven 
brigs,  with  which  the  British  evacuated  the 
island,  and  brought  the  whole  withsafty  into 
their  ports,  in  the  end  of  the  year  1807. 

ZEALAND,  one  of  the  seven  ci-devant 
United  provinces  of  the  Netherlands,  sepa- 
rated by  the  sea  on  the  x from  the  isl ‘s  of 
Holland,  by  the  Scheldt  on  the  e from  Bra- 
bant, by  the  Hunt  from  Flanders,  and  on  the 
w it  is  bounded  by  the  German  ocean.  It 
comprehends  eight  islands,  viz.  Waicheren, 
Schowen,  South  and  North  Beveland,  Tolen, 
Doveiand,  ^Yolfe^dike,  and  St  Philip ; be- 
sides six  or  seven  others  of  less  importance* 
The  inhabitants  are  at  great  pains  to  defend 
themselves  from  the  encroachments  of  tho 
sea,  by  keeping  up  their  dikes,  on  which  they 
expend  great  sums  of  money.  In  general, 
they  are  extremely  hardy,  and  are  maintain- 
ed by  their  plentiful  fisheries,  and  by  their 
trade  with  foreign  nations.  The  soil  is 
fruitful,  but  the  air  unhealthy,  especially  for 
strangers.  The  river  Scheldt,  having  passed 
by  Antwerp,  divides  into  two  branches. 
Zealand  formed  tbe  republican  department 
of  the  Meuse,  of  which  Middleburg,  in  thO 
isle  of  Waicheren,  was  (he  capital. 

ZEALAND,  NEW,  in  the  South  Pacific 
ocean,  was  discovered  by  Tasman,  in  1642, 
and  by  him  called  Slat  n Land.  In  1770,  it 
was  circumnavigated  by  Captain  Cook,  who 
found  it  to  consist  of  two  large  islands,  se- 
parated by  a strait  four  or  five  leagues  broad,  ’ 
to  which  he  gave  his  own  name.  On  the 
side  of  this  strait  is  Queen  Charlotte  Sound, 
which  was  a place  of  rende-^vous  in  his  sub- 
sequent voyages*  These  islands  lie  between 
lat.  34  deg.  and  48  deg.  s,  and  Ion.  166  deg, 
and  180  deg.  e,  Along  tbs  coast  there  are 
many  small  islands,  and  it  is  indented  by 
deep  bays,  affording  excellent  shelter  for 
shipping,  and  abundant  supplies  ol  wood  end 
water.  Of  the  two  islands,  the  simthern- 
most  is  for  the  most  part  mountainous  and 
barren.  The  nort  hern  most  island  has  a 
much  better  appearance;  it  is  indeed  net 
only  hilly,  but  mountalROus  ; yet  even  the 
hills  and  mountains  are  covered  with  wood  ; 
and  ever}'  valley  has  a rivulet  or  excellent 
water.  The  winters  are  milder  ihan 
England,  and  tbe  sumVnersnot  hotter,  theug;.' 


z E G - z E L 


more  equally  warm.  There  are  forests  of 
vast  extent,  full  of  the  straightest  and  larg- 
est timber,  fit  ior  building  of  any  kind.  In 
almost  every  cove,  wud  celery  and  a kind 
of  cresses  abound.  Yams,  sweet  potatoes, 
and  cocoas  are  raised  by  culture.  In  1773, 
Couk  planted  several  spots  of  ground  w'ith 
European  garden  seeds;  and  in  1777,  in  se- 
veral of  tnese  spots,  although  totally  ne- 
glected and  overrun  by  weeds,  were  found 
cabbages,  onions,  leeks,  purslain,  mustard, 
&c.  and  a few  fine  potatoes,  greatly  improv- 
ed by  change  of  vsoil.  Cook  also  introduced 
European  poultry,  and  on  his  last  visit,  had 
the  saiisfaciion  to  find  them  increased,  both 
in  a wild  and  domestic  state,  beyond  ail  dan- 
ger of  being  ever  exterminated.  The  only 
quadrupeds  are  dogs  and  rats.  The  birds, 
lieie  the  vegetables,  are  almost  entirely  pecu- 
liar to  the  country.  The  creeks  swarm 
■Witn  fish,  which  are  equally  delicious  with 
tnose;  of  Europe.  The  men  are  stout  and 
fleshy  ; but  none  of  them  are  corpulent,  like 
the  indolent  and  luxurious  inhabitants  of 
Oiaheite  and  the  Society  islands ; they  are 
also  exceedingly  vigorous  and  active.  The 
women,  in  general,  are  smaller  than  the 
men,  and  chiefly  distinguished  by  the  soft- 
ness of  their  voices.  The  bodies  of  both 
sexes  are  marked  with  black  stains,  called 
« amoco,  which  is  the  same  as  tatooing  at 
Otaheite.  Their  dress  is  also  the  same  with 
that  of  the  natives  of  that  island.  Their 
bouses  are  miserable  lodgings  ; their  food 
consists  chiefly  of  fish,  and  instead  of  bread 
they  eat  the  root  of  a kind  of  fern.  In  most 
parts  of  the  northern  island  they  have  sweet 
potatoes,  cocoas,  and  yams ; but  in  the 
^utheru  nothing  is  raised  by  cultivation. 
Their  cookery  consists  wholly  in  roasting 
and  baking.  From  Cape  Kidnappers,  in  iat. 

09  43,  for  upwards  ot  80  leagues  to  the 
northward,  the  {>eople  acknowledge  one  so- 
vereign, called  Teratu,  and  under  him  seve- 
ral subordinate  chiefs.  In  other  parts  the 
inhabitants  are  scattered  along  the  coast,  in 
single  families,  or  iu  large  tribes,  in  a state 

perpeiufil  hosiiiity  Viih  each  ether. 
There  is  reason  to  believe  that  the  inhabl- 
iants  are  cannibals. 

Zchidy  cl  city  in  the  province  of  Yemen 
Arabia.  The  prcseni  buildings  scarcely  oc- 
cupy the  half  of  its  aneient  extent,  and  the 
■wails  are  th'iiioJlshcd.  It  stands  on  a river, 

10  miles  from  the  Red  sea,  and  140  n of 
Mo-ha.  Loa.  4M  e,  lax.  15  10  k. 

or  Sedi/,  one  of  the  Philippine  is- 
lands, Ijing  bcUv<v>n  those  of  heyta  taid 
Negros,  i 10  miles  long  and  30  broad.  On 
the  F.  coast  io  a.  tov/ii  of  its  name.  Lon. 

jii'2  ..10  E,  ]:'j.  10  of)  i'.j. 

ii.  tovm  in  i ho  country  of  Tripoli, 
■flarhar}-,  lands  oii  a hay  of  the  hlediteira- 
nea^j,  ndios  sf.  oi  Tri^'oll. 

Zr^3uin,  or  S'-etjerj,  r,  -Urong  town  of  Kiin- 
> seated  on  the  j at  the  junction 

Oi  i.he  i'.Iaros,  h.;sa  ir  ule  in  corn,  wool,  sali, 

tobacco,  (15  miles  nw  cl  Tcmi.s\yar, 


1 and  98  sb  of  Pest,  Lou.  20  25  e,  iat.  4^ 

20  N. 

ZECtZEG,  a kingdom  of  Africa,  in  Ne- 
groland,  situated  be: ween  Cassina  and  Bor- 
nou.  It  consists  of  plains,  and  mountainSc 
The  latter  are  extremely  cold,  while  the  for* 
mer  are  very  hot,  but  abound  with  water, 
and  are  exceedingly  fruitful.  The  capital  is 
of  the  same  name,  3S0  miles  ne  of  Cassina. 
Lon.  16  0 E,  Iat.  20  45  n. 

Zehdenicky  a town  of  Brandenburg,  in  th© 
Ucker  Mark.  Here  the  Havel  becomes  na- 
vigable, and  the  town  has  a foundery  for 
mortars,  bombs,  and  cannon  balls,  30  miles 
N of  Berlin. 

Zeighentheifiy  a town  of  Germany,  in 
Hesse  Cassel,  30  miles  s of  the  town  of 
Cassel. 

Zeila,  a sea  port  of  the  kingdom  of  Adel, 
seated  on  the  strait  ot  Babelmaudel.  It  is  a 
place  of  considerable  trade,  170  miles  nne 
of  Aucagurel.  Lon.  44  55  e,  Iat.  li 
15  X. 

Zeilay  a sea  port  in  the  kingdom  of  Adel, 
stands  on  a bay  of  the  Arabian  sea.  Lon. 
44  22  E,  Iat.  119  N. 

Zeil,  a town  in  the  principality  of  Bam- 
berg, Franconia,  on  the  Maine,  10  miles  nw 
of  Bamberg. 

Zeily  a town  and  castle  of  Swabia,  on 
the  Aitrach,  four  miles  n of  Leutkirch. 

Zeiton  a town  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Thessaly,  the  see  of  an  archbishop,  with  a 
castle,  stands  on  a gulf  of  its  name,  near 
the  Ecylada.  It  is  50  miles  sse  of  Larissa, 
and  62  n of  Corinth. 

Zeitz,  a handsome  tows  of  Upper  Saxony, 
in  Naumburg,  stands  on  the  Eister,  has  a 
castle,  a collegiate  church,  and  stuff  manu- 
factures, 23  miles  ssw  of  Leipsic. 

Zell,  a town  of  Lower  Saxony,  and  capi- 
tal of  a duchy  of  the  same  name,  in  the 
principality  of  Luneburg,  which  devolved  to 
the  house  of  Hanover,  by  marriage  with  the 
heiress.  It  is  .surrounded  by  ditches  and 
i ramparts,  on  which  are  planted  chesnut  and 
' lime  trees.  It  is  a small  town,  and  hasma- 
nulactures  of  bats,  wax,  and  snuff,  and  the 
high  courts  of  appeal  for  all  the  territories 
of  the  electoral  bouse  of  Lunenburg  are  held 
here,  and  also  the  diets  for  the  principality. 
The  castle  was  -formerly  the  residence  of 
the  dukes  of  Zeii,  and  w-as  repaired  by 
George  III.  ior  the  residence  of  bis  unfor- 
tunate sister,  the  queen  of  Denmark,  who 
died  here  in  1775.  Zeil  stands  on  the  Aller, 
at  the  junction  of  the  Fuse.  It  is  28  miles 
ENK  ot  Hanover,  and  31  kw  of  Brunswick, 
40  ssw  of  Luneburg.  Lon.  10  14  e,  Iat.  52 
j 42 

Zell,  a small  town  of  Snabia,  in  the  vale 
of  Hammersbach,  on  the  Rintzig,  ceded  to 
i Baden  ns  an  iiulemnily  iu  1802.  It  is  15 
I miles  r of  Eadsn,and  IS  se  of  Baden. 

I Zell,  a town  in  the  de,.artment  of  Rhine, 

! and  Moselle,  France,  lately  of  Germany, 

I in  the  electorate  of  Treves,  stands  oh  the 
! Mo-elW,  five  miles  nke  of  Trarbach. 


Z E R 


r rL 


Zell  in  the  Pensgauy  a town  of  Bavaria, 
in  tbe  duchy  of  Salzburg,  stands  on  a lake, 

30  miles  w Of  Radstadt,  and  34  ssw  of  Salz- 

burg*  „ „ 

Zell,  in  Zillerthaly  a town  of  Bavaria, 
in  the  duchy  of  Salzburg,  seated  on  the 
Ziller,  24  miles  e of  Inspruck,  and  52  sw  of 
Salzburg. 

Zellerfeld,  a mine  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
in  the  duchy  of  Brunswick,  in  the  Hartz 
Forest,  close  by  Clausthall,  has  a mine  of- 
fice and  a mint  in  which  200,000  dollars  are 
annually  coined.  It  has  spacious  streets, 
nine  miles  ssw  of  Gosiar,  Lon.  10  22  e, 
lat.5l5lN. 

Zeluia,  a town  in  the  palatinate  ol  JSovo- 
grodek,  Lithuania,  50  miles  wsw  of  Novo- 

grodek.  . 

Zemhiriy  or  Zahin,  a town  iQ  the  palati- 
nate of  Minsk,  Lithuania.  Here  Nov.  28th, 
1812,  the  remnant  of  Bonaparte’s  army  that 
had  crossed  the  Beresina  from  Vaselevo,  was 
attacked  by  the  Russians,  from  Borisow, 
and  pursued  nearly  to  Molodegno.  Zem- 
bin  is  14  miles  nw  of  Borisow,  and  36  ne 
of  Minsk. 

ZEMBLA,  NOVA,  a very  large  island, 
lying  in  the  Northern  Ocean,  n of  Russia, 
from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  strait  of 
Waigate.  It  is  only  inhabited  by  wild 
beasts,  particularly  by  white  foxes  and 
bears. 

Zemlin,  or  Zemplin,  a town  and  county 
of  Upper  Hungary,  capital  of  a county  of 
the  same  name,  stands  on  the  Bodrag,  25 
miles  sEof  Cassovia,  and  27  ne  of  Zockay. 

Zengan,  a large  towm  in  Irak,  Persia,  ca- 
pital of  a rich  d'strict,  which  furnishes  for  I 
the  king  5000  horsemen,  who  are  paid,  fed,  | 
and  clothed  from  its  own  revenue,  160  miles  i 
WNW  of  Teheran.  Lon.  48  15  E,  lat.  36 
26  N. 

Zenguia,  a town  in  the  Pachalic  of  Alep- 
po, Asiatic  Turkey,  seated  on  the  Euphrates, 
55  miles  NNE^f  Aleppo.  I 

Zennen,  a tov/n  in  Cornwall,  near  St  , 

Burient.  . ' 

Zenta,  a town  of  Hungary.  It  is  situa- 
ted on  the  Theysse,  and  is  memorable  for 
a signal  victory  obtained,  in  1697,  by  the 
troops  under  prince  Eugene  over  the  Turivs, 
commanded  by  the  emperor  Mustapha  II. 
52  miles  N of  Belgrade,  and  52  w of  Te- 

meswar.  . 

Zerbst,  a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  An- 
halt, chief  place  of  a district  of  that  name, 
on  the  confines  of  the  duchy  of  Magdeburg, 
with  a fine  castle.  It  is  a handsome  place, 
hiS  manufactures  of  gold  and  silver,  and  is 
famous  for  beer.  The  inhabitants  are  partly 
Lutherans  and  partly  Calvinists.  It  is  iO 
miles  NNW  of  Dessau,  and  26  nnv  of  Wir- 
temburg.  Loii.  12  25  E,  lat.  52  2 N. 

Zerea,  a town  and  fortress  in  tbe  province 
of  Farsistan,  Persia,  18  miles  :<?:£  of  Jshi- 

Zerchj  cr  Zerreh,  a lake  on  tne  ho-aers 


of  Seoistan  and  Chorasau,  Persia,  100  raileis 
long  and  20  broad,  formed  chiefly  by  the  ri- 
vers Hermund  and  Fera.  In  the  dry  season 
it  is  covered  with  reeds  and  rushes,  and  re- 
sembles a marsh.  In  the  centre  is  an  island 
on  which  is  a town  called  Rookhozerd. 

The  lake  abounds  with  fish  and  wild  fowl. 

Zeulen^a.  town  in  the  principality  of  Bam- 
berg, Frauconia,  on  the  Rotach,  21  miles 

NE  of  Bamberg.  . , * tt 

Zeulenroda,  a town  in  Voigtland,  Upper 
Saxony,  has  manufactures  of  stockings  and 
I stuffs,  14  miles  nw  of  Planen. 

Zeybo  ; See  Seibo. 

Zeriga,  a town  of  Persia,  in  Irac  Arabia. 

It  produces  fine  Arabian  horses. 

Zetland,  See  Shetland, 

ZIA,  ail  island  of  the  Archipelago,  the  an- 
cient Ceos,  one  of  the  Cyclades,  to  the  n of 
Thermia,  sw  of  Negropont,  and  12  miles 
from  Coloniia,  which  terminates  Livadia  on 
that  side.  It  is  15  miles  in  length,  and 
eight  in  breadth;  is  very  well  cultivated, 
and  abounds  in  wine,  silk,  and  barley  ; also 
a kind  of  oak,  whose  acorns  are  used  by 
dyers  'and  tanners,  and  are  a chief  article  of 
trade.  The  principal  town  is  of  the  same 
name.  It  resembles  an  amphitheatre,  and 
contains  about  2500  houses.  It  belongs  to 
the  Turks  ; but  most  of  the  inhabitants  ar® 
Greeks,  and  have  a bishop  who  resides  at 
Zia.  The  principal  town,  of  the  same  name, 
stands  on  an  eminence,  and  has  a good  har- 
bour, on  the  w coast.  Lon.  34  24  e,  lat.  3T 

ZiegenhalSy  a town  of  Silesia,  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Neisse,  containing  several  foun- 
deries,*  and  noted  for  its  excellent  glass.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Biela,  1 0 miles  s oi  Neisse. 

Z:egenhayn,  a fortified  town  of  Lower 
Hesse,  Germany,  belonging  to  the  prince  of 
Hesse  Cassel,  with  an  arsenal.  The  suburb 
V/einbausen,  is  more  extensive  '•than  the 
town,  and  more  elegant.  It  is  seated  in  a 
morass,  surrounded  by  the  river  Schwalm. 
It  was  taken  by  the  French,  in  1757,  and  two 
thirds  of  the  town  was  reduced  to  ashes  by 
the  cannonade  of  the  allies  in  the  siege  of 
1761,  who  were  compelled  to  de^iist  Irorn 
their  attempt,  28  miles  sse  of  Cassel. 

Ziegenruck,  a town  in  Misnia,  Upper  Sax- 
ony, on  theSaal,  10  miles  s of  Nieustadt. 

Ziegeser,  or  Ziesar,  a town  and  castle  ol 
Braadenborg,  in  tbe  Middle  Mark,  18  mues 
wsw  of  Brandenburg,  and  22  ese  ot  Mag- 
deburg. „ 1 

Zieiinzig,  a town  in  the  Nev/  Mark,  Bran- 
denburg, has  manufactures  of  cloth.  ^ It  be- 
longs to  the  knights  of  Malta,  20  mites  k- o 
of  Custrin. 

Zierenberg,  a town  in  Lower  Ilcssf-,  ..e, 
hill,  uear  ur.^ 


I many,  seated  on  a 
1 eight  miles  wnw  of  Cassel 
! Zigei.  See  Siget, 

ti  Zigeth,  a strong  town 

I tal  of  a county  of  its  na  i o,  ? 
!'  Alma,  ot  which  itissurrouneh-d, 


H 


Z O F 


Z U G 


several  times  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Aus- 
trians aad  Turks,  48  miles  se  of  Caniscba. 
Lon.  18  16  E,  lat.  46  8 N. 

:.r  Zirchuitzer  Zee y a lake  of  Germany,  in 
^^05ver  Carnioia.  It  is  15  miles  long,  and 
iive'broad. 

Zirio  Ze€y  or  Zerie  Zee y a handsome  town 
of  Holland,  in  Zealand,  capital  of  the  isle 
of  Scbowen.  It  was  a place  of  much  more 
consequence,  when  it  was  the  residence 
of  the  counts  of  Zealand,  than  it  is  at  pre- 
senl‘,  the  port  'which  was  good,  having  been 
.since  filled  with  sand.  It  is  12  miles  ne 
of  Middlebiirg,  18  sw  of  Briel,  and  25  miles 
Nw  of  Hulst.  Lon.  4 10  e,  lat.  51  36  n. 

Zirona,  an . island  on  the  coast  of  Trau, 
in  Dalmatia. 

Zitavy  a town  of  Terra  Firma,  in  South 
America,  situated  near  to  the  gulf  of  Da- 
rien. 

ZittaUy  a handsome  town  of  Germany,  in 
Lusatia,  on  the  frontiers  of  Bohemia,  sub- 
ject to  Saxony.  It  has  four  large  and  six 
small  gates.  The  principal  business  of  the 
inhabitants  is  brewing  beer  ; but  there  are 
above  100  clothiers,  and  in  the  neighbeuring 
villages  above  1000  weavers.  It  has  a good 
trade  in  linens  white  damasks,  and  blue  pa- 
per. The  cathedral  has  three  organs,  eind 
near  it  is  a handsome  college,  where  the  lan- 
guages, drawing,  dancing,  and  other  arts, 
are  taught  gratis.  Joining  to  the  cloister  is 
a library,  the  finest  in  Lusatia,  which  is  open 
twice  a watek,  and  an  orphan-house.  In 
1757,  the  towm  was  almost  destroyed  by 
the  bombs  and  cannonade  of  the  Austrians, 
who  took  it  from  the  Prussians,  who  were 
at  that  time  in  possession  of  the  place.  It 
is  situated  on  the  Neisse,  25  miles  se  of  Dres- 
den. Lon.  15  ] lat.  50  54. 

Znainiy  a large  and  ancient  town  of  Mo- 
ravia, on  the  frontiers  of  Austria,  capital  of 
a circle  of  its  name,  seated  on  the  Teya.  It 
has  a castle  in  which  are  many  pagan  an- 
tiquities. The  vicinity  produces  excellent 
wine;  35  miles  sw  of  Breun,  and  42  nnw 
of  Vienna.  Lon.  10  0 e,  lat.  48  48  n. 

Zoara,  a fortified  town  of  Barbary,  in 
tbe  country  of  Tiipoli,  w^ith  a good  harbour, 
on  the  Mediteranean,  60  macs  w of  Tripoli. 
Lon.  II  35  E,  lat.  32  45  n. 

Zobliizy  a town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Misnia.  Serpent  stone  abounds  in  the  vici- 
nity, from  w hich  are  made  pitchers,  bowls 
tea  and  coffee  cups,  cfec.  The  red  specie; 
of  this  stone,  which  is  deem',  d the  be 

longs  solely  to  the  sovereign,  li  is  47  iici  : ■ 
s of  Frey  berg. 

Zohteriy  a town  in  tl:e  pri  ^ inaiity  of  Sera 
weidnitz,  Silesia,  on  c MiLs  exe  of  Sch- 
weiduilz. 

. Zoff.7i(feny  au  ancient  and  bawl  some 
towuj  of  Sitzerlaud,  in  the  canton  of  Bern 
three  miles  from  Arburg.  It  has  an  elcgyui 
church,  and  a public^lihrary,  in  \Yhicli  ar; 
some  curious  manu>rnpts,  and  in  the  vie  nu 
a forest  containing  the  best  pine  tres  in  Swi  - 
serlund.  It  stands  on  the  Wigger,  and  is  19' 


1 miles  NNW  of  Lucern.  -Lon.  7 56  E,lat.  4T 
i 8 N. 

I ZoUerUy  a town  of  Suabia,  which  gives 
. name  to  the  principality  of  Hohen-Zolleni, 

I which  is  37  miles  in  length,  and  17  in 
( breadth  ; and  is  a very  fertile  country.  The 
! prince  of  Hoben-ZoUern  is  hereditary  cham- 
Ij  berlain  of  the  empire.  It  26  miles  from 

.Stutgard. 

I I Zolnock,  a towm  of  Upper  Hungary,  ca- 
j|  pital  of  a county  of  the  same  nameq  situated 

on  the  Teisse,  at  the  junction  of  the  Sagelia, 
62  miles  e of  Buda,  and  62  ne  of  Colocza., 
Lon.  20  50  E,  lat.  47  10  n. 

ZomboTy  a town  of  Hungary,  stands  near 
the  Moszlonga.  It  is  50  miles  nw  of  Neu- 
satz. 

I Zonsy  a town  of  Germany,  in  the  archbi- 
shopric of  Cologne,  with  a castle,  on  the 
Rhine,  13  miles  nnw  of  Cologne. 

Zorhigy  a town  in  the  circle  of  Leipzic, 
Upper  Saxony,  has  a citadel,  24  miles  nnw  . 
of  Leipsic. 

ZOQUES,  a province  of  New  Spain,  ia 
tbe  government  of  Chiapa.  _It  produces 
plenty  of  silk  and  cochineal. 

Zorlescoy  a fertile  district  of  Italy,  situa- 
ted on  the  Muzza,  near  its  influx  into  the 
Adda. 

Zorndorfy  a village  in  Brandenburg, 
where,  in  1758,  after  a terrible  conflict,  the 
Rassians  were  totally  defeated  by  the  Prus- 
sians, oneYiiile  n of  Custrin. 

Zosseriy  a town  and  castle,  in  the  Middle 
Mark,  Brandenburg,  stands  on  the  Notte,  19 
mile.®  s of  Berlin. 

Zovf.  See  Gaur. 

Zoivan,  a towm  in  the  kingdom  of  Tunis, 
celebrated  for  tbe  bleaching  of  linen  and  the 
dying  of  scarlet  caps,  36  miles  s of  Tunis. 

Zuchmantely-d  tow’n  in  the  principality  of 
Neisse,  Silesia,  is  a bisiiop^s  see,  and  has 
mines  of  gold,  silver,  copper,  and  iron,  15 
miles  s of  Neisse. 

ZueelOy  a town  of  Afriqp,  in  Fezzan, 
stands  on  a remarkably  fertile  district.  The 
remains  of  ancient  buildings,  the  number 
and  size  of  the  cisterns,  and  the  construction 
of  the  vaulted  caves,  exhibit  astonishing 
proofs  of  its  former  splendor.  It  is  60  miles 
ENE  of  Mourzouk.  Lon.  16  34  e,  lat.  27 
59  N. 

Ziig , one  of  the  cantons  of  Switzerland, 

’ : ' ihe  E and  n by  that  of  Zurich, 

a i a w ns  that  of  Lueern,  and  the  Free 

• v .mes,  and  on  thes  by  that  of  Schw’eitz. 
ihe  inhabitants  are  Roman  Catholics. 
The  supreme  power  resided  in  the  inhabi- 
tant.s  of  the  four  districts  of  Zug,  Bar, 
Egeri,  and  Meutzingen.  It  is  rich  in  pas- 
iirage,  auvl  idiounds  in  various  kinds  of  stone 
in  lit,  walnuts,  and  chesnuts,  and  its  w'iue  is 
of  au  acid  flavour. 

Zuenigoi  udy  a towm  in  the  government  of 
^loscow,  Russia,  on  the  Moskva,  28  ^miles 

of  Moscow'. 

Zugy  a liand.some  and  considerable  town 
of  Swiiserluiid,  capitul,  of  a canton  of  the 


Z U R 

<iame  name.  Here  are  several  bandsome  | 
chu’-ches,  and  a good  town-boiise.  It  is  si-  ! 
toated  on  a lake  of  its  name,  ' ^ ^ ^ 

Lucern,  and  42  se  of  Basil.  Lon.  > 

lat  47  4 N.  . • 

Vm  or  Snlau,  a town  of  Silesia,  in  a 

lordship  of  its  name,  five  miles  sw  of 

a town  in  the  duchy  of  JoLers, 
Germany,  on  the  Nassel,  12  miles  s of  Ju- 

^'%ider  JZee,  a great  bay  of  the  German 
Ocean,  which  extends  from  N to  s 
United  Provinces,  between  Friesland,  Ove- 
rvssel  Guelderland,  and  n Holland. 

^ Zuilichau,  a town  of  Brandenburg,  m the 
New  mark,  with  a suburb  larger  than  it-elt. 

The  castle  stands  without  the  walls  of  the 
town,  and  has  a rampart  and  ditches.  Here 
is  an  extensive  orphan-house,  with  a school 
and  an  academy  annexed.  Here  are  manu- 
factures of  cloth,  and  the  serro""/''’! 
try  is  fertile  in  corn  and  wme.  In  lTo9,  tne 

Prussians  were  defeated  by  the  Russians  m a 

battle  fought  near  the  town.  It  is  noted  tor 
its  cloth  manufactures,  and  situated  near 
the  Oder,  24  miles  e by  n of  Crossen.  1.011. 

?5  52  E,  lat.  52  9 N.  . . 

Zuipha,  or  Julfa,  a town  of  Persia,  al-  : 
most  close  into  Ispahab,  to  which  it  is  a sort  . 
of  suburb,  and  separated  from  it  by  the  river  , 
Saiideron.  It  is  inhabited  by  a colony  of 
Armenians,  who  were  brought  rnto  Persia 
by  Shaw  Abbas,  and  contains  several  chur- 
ches  and  monasteries. 

Zulpighy  a town  in  the  department  ot 
the  Roer,  France.  It  is  10  miles  s of  Ju- 

^'“ziilz,  a town  in  the  principality  of  Oppeln, 
Silesia,  14  miles  E by  N ol  Neisse,  and  -h 

*"z»k?^rtown  in  the  canton  of  Orisons, 
Swisserland,  stands  of  the  Inn,  26  miles  se 

Zumampa,  a town  in  Biscay,  Spa'»>  ne“f 
the  coast,  it  is  1 3 miles  w by  s oi  St  Sebas- 

"“zampanoo,  a town  in  the  province'  of 
Mexico;  New  Spain,  100  miles  n by  e ot 
Acapulco,  and  1 05  s of  Mexico 

ZURICH,  one  of  ihe  Id  cantons  of  Swit- 
zerland, about  50  miles  in  length,  and  30 
in  breadth,  bounded  on  the  N by  Schaffnau  ^ 

' sen,  E by  Thurgaii  and  the  county  oi  Toc- 
kenburg  s by  Glares,  Schwertz,  arid  Zug,  ^ 
and  w by  Lucerne,  and  the  county  oi  Baden.  ^ 
Tt  abounds  in  wine,  and  excellent  pasture,  but  ! 
as  there  is  not  a sufficient  supply  of  corn  or  | 
the  consumption  of  the  inhabitants,  the  de-  | 
fioiency  is  supplied  chiefly  Irom 
Zurich  was  admitted  a member  ot  the  Hel-  | 
vetic  confederacy  in  1351,  and  obluined  the 
priviledge  of  being  the  first  canton  tn  rank. 
In  1784,  it  contained  174,562  people,  in-  ^ 
eluding  10,500  in  the  capiuil.  The  sove-  i 
reign  power,  before  the  revolution  in  1798, ; 
redded  exclusively  in  2000  burgesses  ol  the 
town  who  were  divided  into  13  tribes.  The 


Z U T 

legislative  authority  was  vested  by  the 
burghers  in  the  sovereign  council  of  200, 
eonsisiing,  however,  of  212  members,  drawri 
from  tbe'13  tribes.  This  couned  comprised 
the  Senate,  or  Little  Co, . noil.  The  burgoers 
enjoyed  the  sole  right  ot  commerce.  The 
inhabitants  are  Calvinists. 

Zuricti,  an  ancient,  large,  and  populous 
city  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  a canton  ot 
the  same  name,  seated  at  the  n end  of  the 
lake  of  Zurich,  where  the  Limmat  tssues^ 
Pom  the  lake,  and  divides  the  town  Jiito 
two  unequal  parts,  which  communicate  by 
three  bridges.  It  was  formerly  au  imperial 
city,  and  is  one  ot  the  best  built  in  this 
country  ; but  the  streets  are  narrow,  and 
the  houses  high.  The  cathedral  ^ 

statue  of  Charlemagne  its  founder.  Tne 
division  called,  the  Old  town  is  surrounded 
by  the  same  battlements  and  towers  that  U 
had  in  the  13th  century  ; the  other  is  forli- 
lied  in  the  modern  stile.  The  arsenal  is 
well  stored  with  cannon,  muskets,  and  am- 
munition. Besides  the  orphan  house,  and 
an  hospital  for  the  sick  of  all  nations,  which 
usually  contains  600  patients,  there  is  the 
Almosen  Amt,  or  fonudatioii  for  the  poor, 
which  puts  out  chiidreD  as  apprentices  and 
distributes  money,  clothes,  and  books  of  de- 
votion to  the  poor  of  the  town  and  canton, 
to  the  amount  of  ,£.5000  a year.  In  1708, 
Zurich  was  taken  by  the  French,  retaken 
the  following  year  by  the  Austrians,  but 
regained  by  the  former  on  their  obtaining  a 
decisive  victory  over  the  Austro-Russian 
army  near  this  city.  Zurich  was  the  first 
town  in  Switzerland  that  separated  from 
the  church  of  Rome,  being  induced  thereto 
by  the  arguments  of  Ziiinglius.  They  have 
manufactures  of  muslins,  cottons,  linens, 
and  silk  handkerchiefs.  It  is  35  miles  sw  of 
Constance,  40  sB  of  Basil,  and  55  he  oi 
Bern.  Lon.  8 30  e,  lat.  47  20  N . 
i Zurich,  a lake  of  Switzerland,  near  10 
' leao'ues  in  length  and  one  in  breadth.  It  is 
of  an  oblong  form,  and  not  near  so  large  as 
that  of  CoDstance,  but  the  borders  arc  more 
ornameuted  with  villages  and  towns,  and  the 
s part  appears  bounded  by  the  stupendous 
mountains  ol  Claris  andSchweitz.  The  ri- 
ver Limmac  runs  through  the  whole  length 
of  this  lake  to  Zurich.  , ^ . 

Zarita,  a town  in  Old  Castile,  Spam, 
with  a castle,  situated  on  the  Tajo,  near 
Toledo,  38  miles  E ot  Madrid. 

Zurz,  a town  in  the  canton  of  Grisons, 
Switzerland,  seated  on  the  Inn,  20  miles 

I NNWof  Bornou.  r. 

■ Zurzach,  a town  in  the  county  of  Baden, 
Swisserland,  stands  on  the  Rhine,  immedi- 
ately above  the  junction  ot  the  Aar,  nine 

mile.s  N of  Baden.  • r/tc 

Zurzanza,  a town  in  the  province  of  Mo- 
choac-iu.  New  Spain,  stands  on  an  island  in 
a lake,  25  miles  wsw  of  Mechoacan.  • ^ 
Zutphen,  a strong  town  of  Holland,  m 
Guelderland.  It  is  the  capital  of  a county  of 
the  same  name.  The  French,  who  took  it 


!»  !6’r2,  destroyed  the  fortifications,  and 
abandoned  it  two  years  after ; but  they  have 
been  since  repaired.  It  is  situated  at  the 
function  of  the  Berkel  and  Yssel,  nine  miles 
ss  by  E of  Deventer,  and  5S  e by  sof  Amster- 
dam. Lon.  0 13  E,  lat.\52  10  n. 

Zuyst,  a village  of  Holland,  which  is 
adorned  with  shady  walks,  plantations,  and 
the  spacious  buildings  which  count  Zinzen- 
dorf  appropriated  to  the  Hernhutters,  or  Mo- 
ravians, who  employ  themselves  in  variows 
kinds  of  manufactures,  and  their  workman- 
ship excels  that  of  any  other  part  in  Holland. 
In  the  summer  months  the  town  is  much'fre- 
quented  by  merchants,  who  have  no  country- 
seats  of  their  own.  It  is  five  miles  from 
Utrecht. 

Zwenkau^  a town  ahd  castle  in  Misnia, 
Upper  Saxony,  on  the  Elster,  six  miles  s of 
Leipsie. 

Ziveltf  a town  of  Austria,  at  the  junction 
of  the  Zwelt  and  Kemp,  26  miles  wnw  of 
Krems, 

Zmickau,  a handsome  town  of  Upper 
Saxony,  in  Misnia,  on  ihe  borders  of  Voigt- 
land,  seated  on  the  Muldau.  It  has  a cita- 
del, three  churches,  and  a Lad  a school, 
furnished  with  a good  library^;  also  a trade 
in  corn  and  beer,  with  manufactures  of  cloth 
and  leather,  20  miles  nne  of  Plauen,  and  21 
s of  Altonburg.  Lon.  12  28  e,  lat.  50  42  w. 


Zwingenhnrg,  a tow:n  in  the  territory  of 
Hesse  Darmstadt,  Germany,  10  miles  s of 
Darmstadt,  and  12  k of  Worms. 

ZwittaUy  a town  in  the  circle  of  Olmutz, 
Moravia,  It  is  about  40  miles  wnw  of 
Olmutz. 

a town  of  Holland,  capital  of  Over- 
yssel,  seated  on  an  eminence  by  the  river 
Aa.  L has  three  handsome  suburbs.  Near 
this  place  begins  a canal  which  is  defended 
by  forts,  and  extends  to  the  river  Yssel.  On 
the  adjacent  mountains  qf  St  Agnes  was  for- 
merly an  Agustine  convent,  in  w^b-ich  Tho- 
mas Kempis  lived  71  years,  and  died  in 
1471.  It  is  a handsbriie,  large,  and  rich 
town.  It  was  formerly  an  imperial  and  han- 
seatic  town,  and  is  eight  miles  se  of  Cam- 
pen,  and  five  s of  Hassalt.  Lon.  6.  10  e 
lat.  52  33  N.  ^ 

Zwonigradf  a town,  of  Dalmatia,  36 
miles  s of  Bihacs,and  6(rsE  of  Segng,. 

ZwonitZy  a towm  in  Misnia,  Upper  Sax- 
ony, 14  miles  ssw  of  Chemnit?. 

Zwomicky  a town  in  Bosnia^.  European 
Turkey,  60  miles  e of  Seraio,  and  68  sw  ^ 
Belgrade. 

Zygeth,  See  Zigeth, 

ZytomierSy  a town  ip  Volhynia,  Poland, 
stands  on  the  Ciecirief,  70  miles  w of  Kiow, 
and  120  e of  Lucko.  Lon.  20  22  e,  lat. 
150  35  N. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOI8-URBANA 


3 0112  077580352 


